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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Philip Melanchthon, by 
+Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of Philip Melanchthon
+
+Author: Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
+
+Translator: Gottlob Frederick Krotel
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2012 [EBook #39734]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF PHILIP MELANCHTHON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER's NOTES:
+
+  Text in italics is surrounded with underscores: _italics_.
+
+  Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from
+    the original.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected without note;
+    however, irregularities with quotation marks have been retained
+    from the original.
+
+  Pages 56-60 were printed out of order as described in the "Notice"
+    after page 2. These pages have been put into the correct order
+    in this eText.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MELANCHTHON.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE LIFE
+  OF
+  PHILIP MELANCHTHON.
+
+  BY
+  CHARLES FREDERICK LEDDERHOSE.
+
+  Translated from the German,
+  BY THE
+  REV. G. F. KROTEL,
+  PASTOR OF TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH, LANCASTER, PA.
+
+  PHILADELPHIA:
+  LINDSAY & BLAKISTON.
+  1855.
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by
+  LINDSAY & BLAKISTON,
+  in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
+  the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
+
+
+
+
+NOTICE.
+
+
+By an oversight on the part of the pressman whose duty it is to revise
+the sheets on the press in my Printing Office, the following pages of
+this work (The Life of Melanchthon), are transposed, 56, 57, 58, 59, and
+60. This error makes the book appear at first sight to be incomplete,
+the reader, however, will find all the pages, as above, but transposed.
+The error was not discovered until the whole edition of the work was
+bound, and largely distributed, consequently too late to be corrected in
+any other way than by this notice.
+
+                                           C. SHERMAN, Printer,
+                                    for LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, Publishers.
+
+PHILADELPHIA, NOV. 30, 1854.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+Luther occupies so great, unrivalled, and apostolical a position among
+the Reformers, that we should not feel surprised to see his life and
+labors presented to the evangelical community again and again. Although
+we are far from encouraging an idolatrous worship of the man, we believe
+we are acting in the spirit of the word of God, when we encourage men to
+follow his faith. But we should act very ungratefully if, on account of
+this Prince in Israel, we should lose sight of the other distinguished
+men of God in the days of the Reformation. And among these, PHILIP
+MELANCHTHON occupies the highest place. The age in which he lived called
+him the Teacher of the German people, because he exerted a powerful
+influence upon the scientific and Christian culture of Germany. And we
+too may give him the same name, for his writings continue to exert a
+great influence, and justly claim our consideration. To show that this
+is indeed true, that he is still calculated to be the teacher of the
+German people, especially of the evangelical community, is the object
+of this Biography. As this volume was prepared for the general reader,
+all learned discussions were necessarily avoided. It does not enter into
+critical investigations, but faithfully appropriates known facts, in
+order to present them to the reader in an intelligible manner. A candid
+examination must decide how far the author has succeeded in
+accomplishing this object. It is the first attempt of the kind, for the
+Life of Melanchthon has not been written often; and when it was written,
+it was not treated in a popular manner.
+
+It was therefore the principal aim of the author of the present volume
+to present a truthful picture of the faith and the life of the Reformer.
+The man who wrote the Augsburg Confession, and its Apology, Confessions
+which, after three hundred years, are still a stumbling-block to some,
+but also an encouragement and consolation to many; a man who,
+notwithstanding all his scientific attainments, in which he no doubt
+excelled the great majority in our own day, yet held fast to the
+fundamental principles of Christianity, to the manifestation of God in
+the Flesh, to the Redemption, to Justification by Faith, in life and in
+the hour of death,--undoubtedly deserves to be introduced from the past
+into the present, in order to preach salvation in Christ to the present
+generation.
+
+If Melanchthon's godly walk and conversation should be instrumental in
+leading him who is a stranger to salvation in Christ, to seek this; if
+it should serve to comfort and strengthen others, then may that word of
+the Scriptures be remembered: "_The memory of the just is blessed_;" and
+may every one gratefully rejoice, with the Reformer, in that glorious
+promise: "_And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the
+firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness, as the stars for
+ever and ever._"
+
+Ardently desiring that this volume may be useful and profitable unto
+salvation to very many, we suffer it to go forth upon its way.
+
+St. G.   On the first Sunday in Advent, 1846.
+
+                                                                 L.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+Melanchthon has been called the most amiable, the purest, and most
+learned of the celebrated men of the sixteenth century. The
+distinguished Erasmus confesses, that he was a _general favorite_, that
+honest and candid men were fond of him, and _even his adversaries cannot
+hate him_. And he has succeeded in securing the affections of posterity,
+and, more than any other one of the valiant champions of the
+Reformation, is the general favorite of all evangelical Christians, and
+still seems to stand as the gentle mediator between the two great
+divisions of the Protestant Church formed at that time, claimed and
+loved by both.
+
+Yet, notwithstanding all this, we venture to say, that a very large
+proportion of Protestant readers know no more of the life of this lovely
+man of God, than that which is interwoven with the life of Luther. His
+life has not been written for the people even by his own countrymen, and
+our author presents us with the first attempt of this kind. In our own
+language we have but one Life of Melanchthon, the one written by Dr.
+Cox, the first American edition of which, from the second London
+edition, is now lying before us, bearing the date 1835. Admirable as
+this work has been acknowledged to be, we believe the work of
+Ledderhose to be still more calculated for general reading. Our author
+assures us that it was "his principal aim to present a truthful picture
+of the faith and the life of the Reformer;" and it is this constant
+exhibition of his inner life, even in his own words, which is calculated
+to edify as well as instruct. Besides this, many incidents in his own
+life, and interesting events and questions after the death of Luther,
+omitted or briefly mentioned in Dr. Cox's work, will be found here. A
+number of facts, mentioned by Cox and others, have been added by the
+translator, and will be found in the notes scattered through the volume.
+The style is very simple and popular, and this simplicity and frequent
+quaintness of expression, especially in the numerous extracts from
+letters and declarations of faith, rendered the work of translation more
+difficult, especially as it seemed necessary and desirable to retain the
+homeliness of the German as much as possible.
+
+Believing that this portraiture of the life of Melanchthon cannot offend
+the feelings of any Protestant Christian, but that it is calculated to
+afford instruction and edification to the old and young, the translator
+humbly trusts, that it may not only make Lutherans, but many other
+evangelical Christians, better acquainted with the "faith and life" of
+the faithful friend of Luther, and distinguished author of the Augsburg
+Confession.
+
+                                                                G. F. K.
+
+LANCASTER, November, 1854.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                              Page
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE                                                 3
+
+TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE                                             7
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+  His Youth                                                     13
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+  The University                                                21
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+  His Debut in Wittenberg, and at the Leipzig Disputation       29
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Building and Fighting                                         35
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+  Melanchthon without Luther                                    41
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Labors, Recreation, and Trouble                               51
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+  The War of the Peasants                                       59
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  His Labors for the Church and Schools                         67
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+  The Diet of Spire                                             75
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+  The Conference at Marburg                                     81
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+  The Diet of Augsburg                                          89
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+  The Position of the Evangelical Party after the Diet
+    of Augsburg                                                117
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+  The Kings of France and England, and Melanchthon             123
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+  The Wittenberg Form of Concord                               131
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+  Recreation and Trouble                                       139
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+  The Convention at Smalkald                                   147
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+  Conflicts in the Evangelical Camp                            153
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+  The Assembly of the Princes at Frankfort, and the
+    Victories of the Reformation                               159
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+  Help in a Dangerous Illness                                  167
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+  Worms and Ratisbon                                           177
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+  Progress of the Reformation                                  194
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+  The School of Tribulation                                    200
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+  Worms and Ratisbon again                                     205
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+  Luther Dies, and Melanchthon Mourns                          211
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+  War and the Misery of War                                    221
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+  Restoration of the University of Wittenberg                  229
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+  The Diet of Augsburg and its Interim                         236
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+  How the Interim fared in the Electorate of Saxony            244
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+  Disputes about the Leipzig Interim                           254
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+  The Conflict with Osiander                                   263
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+  The Changed Attitude of the Elector Maurice                  270
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+  Doctrinal Controversies, and Attempts to bring about
+    a Union                                                    278
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+  The Religious Conference at Worms                            297
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+  The Last Years of his Life, real Years of Sorrow             307
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+  His Domestic Life                                            322
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+  Something more of Melanchthon's Merits                       335
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+  He Dies                                                      339
+
+
+
+
+Life of Melanchthon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HIS YOUTH.
+
+
+In a hilly part of the Kraichgau lies the city of BRETTEN. In former
+times it belonged to the Electors of the Palatinate, and in the year
+1504 defended itself bravely against Duke Ulrich of W�rtemberg, and also
+manifested a brave loyalty to its hereditary sovereign in the war of the
+peasants. It is now included in the Grand-Duchy of Baden. It has
+acquired an imperishable name, because a great man, PHILIP MELANCHTHON,
+was born in it. We will begin by hearing what an old account relates of
+his ancestors and parents, his birth and youth.
+
+"In the days of the Count Palatine PHILIP, Elector on the Rhine, there
+lived in Heidelberg, before the mountain, a worthy, pious man, named
+CLAUS SCHWARTZERD. With Elizabeth, his wife, he begat two sons, HANS and
+GEORGE, and from their youth up trained them in the fear of God, and the
+practice of every virtue. The Count Palatine Philip took so great a
+liking to GEORGE, who was a very active and ingenious lad, and
+discharged every duty most diligently, that he took him to Court, and
+permitted him to examine a number of professions, in order by this
+means to satisfy himself what his inclinations were, and what might be
+made of him. When the boy, therefore, took delight in armor, the Elector
+placed him in charge of a master in Amberg. He learned the trade so
+rapidly that every one was astonished, and the journeymen became so
+hostile to him, that one of them on a certain occasion burned him with
+hot lead in so dangerous a manner that his life was despaired of, and he
+was only saved by Divine mercy, and very faithful nursing." By order of
+the Elector he was then sent to an armorer in Nuremberg. Here also he
+made rapid advances. "For the boy was so ingenious, that, as we commonly
+say, his hands could imitate whatever his eyes saw. He could forge as
+neatly as if it had been done with a file." In a few years he was able
+to make everything needful for the tournament. The Elector again took
+him to Court, and appointed him an armorer or armor-bearer. He became so
+celebrated, that even foreign potentates courted him. Even the German
+Emperor MAXIMILIAN had his armor made by him. For a very skilful suit of
+armor, the Emperor presented him with a family coat of arms,
+representing a lion sitting upon a shield and helmet, holding tongs and
+a hammer in his paws. George's son, our Philip, never made use of this
+coat of arms, his own representing the serpent upon the cross, alluding
+to the well-known typical event in the wilderness. When George was
+thirty years old, the Elector thought of having him married. A
+well-known citizen of Bretten, HANS REUTER, "a very fine, sensible man,
+who had even studied," enjoying great respect, having served as Mayor of
+the place for several years, had a daughter called BARBARA. "She was a
+virtuous and well-bred maiden. By the providence of Almighty God, and
+the negotiations of the Elector, she was promised to him in marriage,
+and they were married in Spire, in the presence of many knights, who
+appeared to do honor to his espousals." The ancient account goes on to
+say: "The married couple continued to love and esteem each other, for
+the said GEORGE SCHWARTZERD was a just, pious, God-fearing man, serving
+God earnestly, praying diligently, and observing his hours of prayer as
+strictly as any priest, permitting nothing to hinder him from the
+discharge of this duty, so that he would arise in the night, fall upon
+his knees, and pray with earnestness. No one ever heard him utter a
+profane word, or saw him intoxicated, or even heard of anything of the
+kind of him to the day of his death." He did not concern himself
+especially with laying up this world's goods, and he was never seen in
+the courts to carry on lawsuits. His wife, besides her piety, and
+domestic, frugal spirit, exercised benevolence towards the poor and
+afflicted. The familiar saying was often upon her lips: "Alms do not
+impoverish," and the lines also--
+
+  Whoever wishes to consume more
+  Than his plough can support,
+  Will at last come to ruin,
+  And die upon the gallows.
+
+After living childless for four years, a son was born to them on the
+16th of February, 1497, on the Thursday after the first Sunday in Lent,
+who, in baptism, received the name of PHILIP. "Thus does God bless this
+pious and godly man with the gift of such a child, which afterwards
+became a blessing to the whole land, yea, many lands, and the whole of
+Christendom, and will remain so to the end of the world." Their marriage
+was further blessed by the birth of another son and three daughters.
+
+PHILIP, and his brother GEORGE, four years younger than himself,
+attended the town-school of Bretten, to acquire the rudiments of human
+learning. But because a malignant disease was raging at that time, and
+their teacher himself was confined with it, their careful grandfather
+Reuter removed the boys from school, fearing lest they too might be
+attacked, and provided a private tutor for them in his own house. His
+name was JOHN UNGER. A little grandson, John Reuter, enjoyed these
+instructions together with the two boys. Unger was an excellent teacher,
+who laboured to give his pupils a thorough education. He took especial
+pains in his Latin instructions. Melanchthon, who was "a master in that
+language," in after years could not sufficiently praise the teacher of
+his youth. He says of him: "He loved me as a son, and I loved him as a
+father." Unger was afterwards made court chaplain of the Margrave Philip
+of Baden, and continued to preach the gospel faithfully in Pforzheim to
+a very advanced age. "When their grandfather observed the diligence of
+the boys, he bought them a Missal, in order that they might become
+familiar with the hymns of the church, whilst pursuing their other
+studies; and he required of them to take their places in the choir on
+all holy days. About this time the great Bachanti (so called roving
+scholars) roved through the country. When one of these came to Bretten,
+his grandfather would set Philip to dispute with him. It was a rare
+thing to find one who was a match for him. This pleased the old man, and
+he took special delight in these contests. The boy too became bolder,
+and more fond of study. And his grandfather took care to provide books
+and other things, so that the boy might not be hindered."
+
+The extraordinary gifts of little Philip manifested themselves at an
+early period. He was possessed of a quick perception, a retentive
+memory, and great acuteness. He was continually engaged in asking
+questions during school hours, and afterwards, he would seek out his
+friends, in order to converse more about what he had learned. It was
+impossible not to love the boy, for he was peculiarly amiable and
+modest. His talkativeness found a great obstacle in his stammering
+tongue, which, however, he endeavoured to surmount. It is said of him,
+that in early life he could be very easily irritated; but he would
+sometimes apply to himself the saying: "He cuts and stabs, and yet hurts
+nobody."
+
+His grandfather was particularly attached to Philip, and it is to be
+regretted that the worthy man was so soon to leave the land of his
+pilgrimage, which happened in the year 1507. As Philip's father was
+frequently taken away from home by his many engagements, he was obliged
+to intrust the education of his children to his wife and her father. We
+are told "he enjoined it upon his father-in-law, Hans Reuter, to look to
+his children, so that they might be sent to school regularly, and might
+learn something profitable." In his travels he came to Manheim, in
+Neuburg, in 1504. His sovereign had summoned him thither, in order that
+he might be nearer him in preparing and forwarding ordnance in the
+Bavarian war. Here, however, he found an incurable disease. The wells
+from which he drank were poisoned. As the life of this man was of great
+value to the prince, he left no efforts untried to save him, but all
+proved in vain. It is true he lived for four years after this, but in a
+very helpless condition. About the very time when grandfather Reuter
+died, Schwartzerd was also lying upon his death-bed. Three days before
+his death, he expressed himself to the following effect: "These three
+things I will also leave my little children when I die--that they are in
+the bosom of the true Christian Church, that they are one in HIM, and
+united among each other, and heirs of eternal life." When he felt the
+approach of death, he called for Philip, then ten years old, commended
+him to God, and exhorted him to fear God. Dying, he said, "I have
+experienced many changes in the world, but greater ones are coming. My
+prayer is, that God may rule you in them. I counsel thee, my son, to
+fear God, and live honestly." These words were treasured in the boy's
+memory as long as he lived. In order that he might not behold the death
+of his father, he was sent to Spire. He was naturally very
+tender-hearted, and the communication of his father's illness deeply
+moved him. He says: "Like all children, I had never yet thought of
+sickness and death, nor had I ever seen a sick person or a corpse. When
+my mother, therefore, told me,--'Your father is ill,' I was obliged to
+ask what that imported. But she had scarcely given me an idea of it,
+when I was overwhelmed with grief." On the 27th of October, of the same
+year in which his grandfather Reuter died, his father also finished his
+course, in the forty-ninth year of his age. But a very important outward
+change for the boy was brought about by these two deaths. The three
+boys, who had hitherto enjoyed Unger's instructions, were removed, in
+the autumn of this year, to the Latin school in the city of Pforzheim,
+in Baden. Their mother had a relative, named ELIZABETH, a sister of the
+well-known distinguished scholar REUCHLIN,[1] residing in Pforzheim. The
+boys lodged in her house.
+
+The able Rector, GEORGE SIMLER, and JOHN HILDENBRAND, were their
+teachers. The Latin language was then the principal study, and the great
+object to be reached was, that the pupils should be able to speak it.
+The Greek language was still a very rare accomplishment. Simler, who had
+some knowledge of it, only introduced it to the notice of his ablest
+pupils. It was Philip Schwartzerd's good fortune to be one of this
+number, and he used the opportunity with great profit to himself. Of
+Simler, he somewhere says: "He first unlocked the meaning of the Greek
+and Latin Poets to me, and introduced me to a purer philosophy." He met
+with this teacher again in the University at T�bingen. In Pforzheim he
+was fortunate enough to become better acquainted with the celebrated
+JOHN REUCHLIN, who then resided in W�rtemberg, as President of the
+Swabian Court of the Confederates. Reuchlin took great delight in the
+talented boy, gave him his paternal regard, called him his son, and
+presented him with beautiful and useful books. On a certain occasion he
+also gave him his chestnut-colored Doctor's hat, and placed it on the
+boy's head. "All this greatly pleased Philip, and he so advanced in his
+studies, that he was soon promoted to a place among the largest and
+oldest pupils." Reuchlin also gave young Schwartzerd the name of
+MELANCHTHON,[2] which is the Greek word for his own name, (black earth).
+It was then a very general custom to change German names into Greek.
+After the year 1531, he did not write his name Melanchthon, but
+MELANTHON, most likely because this is more easily pronounced.
+
+But it is time to notice the internal development of the boy. As the
+parents lived in the fear of God, this was also aimed at in the
+education of their children. Philip soon exhibited a great love for the
+public services of the house of God. He was especially delighted with
+the histories of the holy men of the Christian Church. Of these he heard
+much, both in the church and at home. Had the Gospel been opened to him
+at that time, he would doubtless have received it joyfully. However, he
+admits the use of the Legends of the saints in the words: "It was a part
+of our domestic discipline rather to employ the boys with these matters,
+than to permit them to run about the streets, or engage in wild noise."
+As a matter of course, such food, as the Church then profferred, could
+not satisfy an inquiring mind like that of Philip. The law, as it was
+then exclusively employed by the Catholic Church, was barely able to
+plow up the soil of the heart. But when it is yet considered, in
+addition to this, that the laws of God occupied the background behind
+the frequently ridiculous laws of the Church, it is matter for surprise
+that so many spiritual wants were yet felt, as we find to be the case
+with young Melanchthon. But his mind at this time was still principally
+directed to the acquisition of learning, of which he had already
+gathered an unusually large store in Pforzheim, by the instructions of
+Simler, and the encouragement of the deeply-learned Reuchlin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE UNIVERSITY.
+
+
+When he had spent two years in the town-school of Pforzheim, he had
+improved himself so much that he wrote down his own thoughts, both in
+the Latin and Greek languages, with facility. He already composed neat
+verses in these strange languages. Thus it came to pass, that, although
+he was but thirteen years old, he could already enter the University of
+HEIDELBERG. His acquirements were of a superior character. He was
+received as a student on the 13th of October, 1509. In Heidelberg it was
+his good fortune to become an inmate of the house of a distinguished
+scholar, Dr. PALLAS SPENGEL. Although Pallas held fast to the
+established order of things in religious matters, he was not opposed to
+anything better. Melanchthon rejoiced in after life that he had enjoyed
+the intercourse of this aged, and, in his own way, pious professor. He
+was instructed in the elements of astronomy by Dr. C�sarius, and praised
+him in the following words: "I acknowledge that I owe particular esteem
+and gratitude to him as my teacher." But he principally devoted himself
+to the ancient languages, and that with such zeal, that his knowledge of
+them increased more and more, and the learned boy became generally known
+in Heidelberg. On a certain occasion the teacher had proposed a very
+difficult question, and asked, "Where will I find a Grecian?" The
+students cried out with one voice: "Melanchthon! Melanchthon!" He was
+generally called "the Grecian."[3] At another time a teacher was
+suddenly seized with illness during the hour of instruction. He did not
+stop the lecture, however, but without delay said: "Philip, let your
+fellow-students proceed, and do you occupy my place." His quiet and
+decorous conduct procured him the distinction of instructing the sons of
+the Count Louis of Lowenstein. The Counts became so attached to him,
+that they maintained a friendly correspondence with him in after years.
+On the 10th of June, 1511, he was already honoured with the degree of
+BACHELOR OF ARTS. Although he spent many happy hours in Heidelberg, in
+the society of learned men and talented youths, yet did the place no
+longer satisfy him.
+
+This was partly owing to the fact, that the University did not number
+such men among its instructors, under whom he could make any further
+great progress, and partly also to the climate of Heidelberg, which did
+not agree with him. He was annually troubled with fever in the Spring,
+which enfeebled him very much, so that his anxious mother strongly
+wished for a change of residence. To this was added, that he was seeking
+the degree following the Baccalaureate, that of MASTER OF ARTS. His
+instructors, however, considered themselves bound to deny this request,
+"because he was too young, and of too childish an appearance." This
+occasioned great pain to the young man, and made his departure still
+more desirable. In after life, it is true, he formed a correct judgment
+of the refusal of his youthful request: "It is often very good for
+young persons if their wishes are not all gratified. This I experienced
+at Heidelberg."
+
+In the autumn of the year 1512 we find Melanchthon upon the road to the
+University of T�bingen. It had not long before been founded by Duke
+EVERARD with the beard, a man who was ever anxious for the welfare of
+his country.
+
+T�bingen had at that time already a good reputation. That which
+Melanchthon considered the most important, employed his labors also in
+this nursery of science. The Greeks and Romans were his favorites, yet
+not in a one-sided manner; for he was also attracted by mathematics and
+astronomy, to which he was encouraged by the distinguished Professor
+ST�FFLER. When he was therefore engaged in reading the Greek writer
+Hesiod, with his friend HAUSSCHEIN, who became so well known and useful
+in the Reformation under the name of OECOLAMPADIUS, he could obtain an
+explanation of those passages which referred to astronomy, from ST�FFLER
+alone. He also made himself acquainted with jurisprudence and medicine.
+He gathered a mass of information, which in a young man of his age can
+really be called extraordinary. But divinity attracted him above all
+other things. This did not flow from the unrefreshing spirit which then
+pervaded this science. The old beaten track of the middle ages was still
+pursued in all the universities. Altogether neglecting the Bible, the
+only fountain of true Christianity, men were merely concerned with the
+teachings of the Church. These were empty, fruitless subtleties, in
+which a sincerely seeking soul could find no nourishment. He heard
+LEMPUS, the most distinguished Professor in this field, who, when
+explaining transubstantiation to his hearers, could write it down with
+chalk upon the board, to make it more intelligible. Melanchthon read
+the writings of WILLIAM OCCAM, an old scholastic, with great zeal. But
+the curious structure erected by the Catholic church by its system of
+doctrine could not attract him any longer, when he had become the owner
+of a Bible. His beloved cousin REUCHLIN had presented him with one. He
+loved the holy volume more than every thing else, as he became better
+acquainted with its precious contents. As Reuchlin diligently read the
+Holy Book, and took it with him upon his journeys, so now did
+Melanchthon. He carried it with him in his bosom, and could not part
+with it; "he read it carefully day and night." Here he found
+explanations, which no professor in T�bingen, and no priest in the
+church were able to give him. How disgusted he must have been, to hear
+priests upon the pulpits discourse upon a passage of the Greek
+Philosopher Aristotle, or to listen to another who was laboring to
+prove, that the wooden shoe of the Franciscans was made of the tree of
+the knowledge of Good and Evil in Paradise! Whenever therefore he went
+to church, he carried his Bible with him. During the progress of the
+ceremonies, and while the people were reading in the prescribed
+prayer-books, he was wrapt up in the reading of his Bible. Some
+evil-disposed persons took offence at this, and endeavored to render him
+suspected.
+
+It is impossible to show in Melanchthon's case, as it can be done in
+that of Luther, and other great men of Christ's church, how he arrived
+at the knowledge of the Truth, and an experience of the Grace of God.
+This saving change in him seems to have been brought about _gradually_.
+Beyond doubt it was closely connected with the reading and deeper
+searching of the Holy Scriptures. His acquaintance with Reuchlin was
+also propitious. Melanchthon frequently journeyed to the not far distant
+city of Stuttgart, where Reuchlin then resided. The latter also came to
+T�bingen, and did not think it beneath him to occupy the room and eat
+the fare of his youthful friend. Here they conversed much of the corrupt
+condition of the church. But the time was near when mere conversation
+should be changed to open testimony.
+
+At that time great darkness reigned in Cologne. The Theologians, as well
+as the Dominican Monks of that place, had demanded that all Jewish
+writings should be burned. When the Emperor called upon Reuchlin for his
+opinion in this matter, he defended most of these writings. This enraged
+the people of Cologne, who were led by the baptized Jew PFEFFERKORN and
+the inquisitor HOCHSTRATEN. They appealed to the Pope. It gave Reuchlin
+much trouble, and caused much correspondence to and fro. Melanchthon
+also became involved in the matter, together with a large number of the
+most distinguished men, who entered the lists in Reuchlin's defence, and
+were obliged to bear the name of contempt, REUCHLINISTS. We here already
+meet the well-known knight, ULRICH VON HUTTEN, who wielded a sharp pen,
+as well as the brave and noble FRANCIS VON SICKINGEN with the knightly
+sword.
+
+Before this time, January 25, 1514, consequently in the 17th year of his
+life, Melanchthon, as the first among eleven candidates, received the
+degree of MASTER OF ARTS, and the privilege of delivering lectures. He
+lectured principally on Virgil, Terence, Cicero and Livy, and at once
+exhibited his great talents as a teacher. The students listened to him
+with pleasure, and soon many distinguished young men gathered around
+him. But he not only gained applause in his chair in the University; he
+also began to appear as an author. As early as the year 1516, ERASMUS of
+Rotterdam, one of the most learned men of that time, gave him the
+warmest eulogium in the words: "My God, what promising hopes does Philip
+Melanchthon give us, who, yet a youth, yes almost a boy, deserves equal
+esteem for his knowledge of both languages! What sagacity in argument,
+what purity of expression, what a rare and comprehensive knowledge, what
+extensive reading, what a delicacy and elegance of mind does he not
+display!"[4]
+
+A man of such mind and acquirements, and who, besides all this, bore a
+deeper knowledge within, could no longer remain in his confined position
+in T�bingen. The Lord of the Church had selected a different theatre for
+his labors and struggles. When, by the advice of Reuchlin, he had
+declined a call to the bigoted University of Ingolstadt, another
+extensive and richly blessed field of labor was thrown open to him. The
+Elector FREDERICK of Saxony, who has very properly been called the WISE,
+in the spring of the year 1518, wrote to Reuchlin from Augsburg, where
+he was attending the Diet, requesting him to propose to him a teacher of
+the Greek, and one of the Hebrew language, for his University at
+WITTENBERG. Wittenberg had already acquired a great reputation, not only
+in Germany, but throughout Europe, on account of the mighty and bold
+step which an Augustinian Monk, MARTIN LUTHER, had taken about half a
+year before. Who has not heard of the 95 Theses, nailed by that monk on
+the church door at Wittenberg, on the 31st of October, 1517, against the
+doctrine of indulgences, and other matters connected with it, and which
+circulated so rapidly, that it seemed almost, in the language of a
+contemporary, as if the angels had served as footposts? All better
+disposed minds, to which class Reuchlin also belonged, joyfully welcomed
+the appearance of the intrepid monk of Wittenberg. When, therefore, the
+request of the Elector, to seek out two professors, was made to
+Reuchlin, he could not propose a more able and suitable man to Frederick
+the Wise than his own relative Melanchthon. He had received the youthful
+master's permission to do this. The Elector was highly pleased,
+especially as T�bingen had already supplied him with several able men.
+Testimony concerning Melanchthon, such as that given by Reuchlin, could
+not but produce the most favorable impression. He says: "Among the
+Germans I know of no one who excels him, except Erasmus of Rotterdam,
+and he is an Hollander."
+
+As Duke ULRICH felt the loss he was about to sustain, he endeavored to
+retain him. An old narrative gives us the following account: "In the
+meantime, Duke Ulrich, of W�rtemberg, who wished to keep Philip in his
+own land, sent CONRAD VON SICKINGEN, who was then his servant, to master
+Philip's mother, to inform her, that if her son wished to enter the
+priesthood, he could apply to his Grace. Then he would also provide him
+with a good benefice, on account of his sainted father's faithful
+services. However, Philip had no inclination to become a priest, but
+intended to comply with the invitation of the Elector of Saxony, and to
+serve his Grace the Elector and the University, which also eventually
+came to pass."
+
+Reuchlin dismissed his young friend in a parental manner with these
+beautiful words: "'Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred,
+and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will show thee: and I
+will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy
+name great; and thou shalt be a blessing.' Gen. xii. 1, 2. This the
+Spirit tells me, and this hope do I entertain of thee, my Philip, my
+work and my comfort! Go, then, with a cheerful and happy courage!" Thus
+blessed and consecrated by his old friend, whom he was not to behold
+again in this world, he bid adieu to him and all his friends. He also
+paid a parting visit to the beloved ones in Bretten. His teacher,
+SIMLER, who was professor of the Greek language in T�bingen, remarked
+on the day of Melanchthon's departure: "The entire city ought to mourn
+the departure of this Melanchthon, and all those now residing in
+T�bingen have not even advanced far enough in their studies fully to
+appreciate how much they had lost by the removal of this great man." In
+August, Melanchthon is on his way. He made some valuable acquaintances.
+In Augsburg he was admitted to an audience with the Elector, and became
+acquainted with his chaplain and secretary, SPALATIN, "and they remained
+together until the close of the Diet." The celebrated statesman,
+PIRKHEIMER, in Nuremberg, a patron of Melanchthon, also received a visit
+from the young professor. On the 20th of August he reached Leipzig. Here
+the University honored him with an entertainment. He here declined a
+call to Ingolstadt, as well as one from Leipzig. He remained true to his
+promise. On the 25th of August, 1518, he arrived in his new field of
+labor, Wittenberg, to the joy of all, and his reception was a festive
+one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HIS DEBUT IN WITTENBERG, AND THE LEIPZIG DISPUTATION.
+
+
+Four days after his arrival, the 22 years old professor delivered the
+Introductory to his Lectures. The lecture-room was entirely filled. His
+exterior did not promise much. A small, insignificant form, with a timid
+gait, entered the desk, but the lofty brow, and his large blue eyes,
+indicated the mighty mind which tabernacled in this unseemly and frail
+vessel. But when he commenced his Latin address, which treated of the
+improvement of studies, unfolding the deepest thoughts in the most
+chaste language, and resting so entirely upon the word of God, all were
+filled with joy.
+
+Luther, who was also present, was full of enthusiasm; for he felt at
+once how much the University and the good cause of the Reformation had
+gained in the possession of a man so learned, and with so deep an
+insight into truth. He therefore, full of joy, wrote to his beloved
+friend Spalatin as early as August 31: "Philip delivered a very learned
+and chaste address on the fourth day after his arrival, and that too
+with such applause and admiration on every side, that you need not
+trouble yourself further in commending him to us. We must look away from
+his exterior appearance; we rejoice in his gifts, at the same time that
+we are amazed at them; and we heartily thank our gracious prince, as
+well as your own assistance. It is now especially important that you
+recommend him most earnestly to our prince. I by no means desire a
+different teacher of Greek, as long as he remains with us. There is but
+one thing I fear, namely, that his delicate constitution will not be
+able to endure the manner of life in this region. I also learn that he
+has been called with too small a salary, so that the Leipzigers already
+boast and hope that they shall soon be able to draw him away from us;
+for they already courted him before he came to us. I, and many others
+with me, suspect that Dr. Pfeffinger has, according to his usual custom,
+been endeavoring to save the Elector's purse too much in this matter.
+Therefore, my dear Spalatin, to speak freely, that is, with my best
+friend: I pray you, look to it, that you do not despise his person and
+age. This man is deserving of all honor; for I do not wish us and the
+University to do so uncourteous a thing, and give envious persons
+occasion to speak evil of us." Two days after this, he again commends
+him to Spalatin most earnestly: "I would most heartily commend to you
+Philip, the great Grecian, the thorough scholar, and most amiable man.
+His lecture-room is crowded with hearers. It is owing to him,
+principally, that all theologians, the first, middle, and lowest class,
+are studying Greek." And thus Luther also expressed himself towards
+other friends. But the more they learned to know each other, so much the
+more also did their mutual esteem and affection increase. When
+Melanchthon, at a certain time, wrote to his paternal friend Reuchlin,
+and requested Luther to add a letter also, he complied with great
+cheerfulness; for Reuchlin was not only one of the first champions
+against Papal darkness, but it was also owing to him that Melanchthon
+adorned Wittenberg. In his letter he called Melanchthon a wonderful man,
+"in whom everything is almost supernatural; and yet he is the friend and
+confidant of my heart." But Reuchlin could not comprehend the rapid
+progress of the Reformation any more than Erasmus, and latterly had
+become cooler towards Melanchthon, no doubt because he had taken a too
+zealous and active part in the work of the reformation of the church.
+
+As Luther's whole heart was soon devoted to Melanchthon, so also did the
+young professor admire the chosen instrument of God. He soon discovered
+that a turning point had been reached in the history of the Christian
+church, and that Luther, partly because of his humility, and also his
+powerful apostolical faith, was the man chosen by the Head of the Church
+to bring about this blessed revolution. But an opportunity should soon
+be afforded the ingenious youth to step upon the battle-field of the
+Reformation himself, and to fight the good fight at Luther's side. The
+cause of the Gospel, proclaimed trumpet-tongued in Wittenberg, had
+awakened a mighty sympathy. They soon became convinced in Rome that this
+was not an ordinary dispute among Monks, whether the cowls should be
+peaked or round, and matters like these. Although the frivolous
+Medicean, Pope Leo X., regarded the matter very lightly in the
+beginning, its progress soon taught him to take a different view.
+Writings, conceived in the true Roman spirit, and dipped in blood, were
+sent forth. But all was unavailing. Despotic commands, such as had been
+hurled against Luther in Augsburg by the proud CAJETAN, were powerless.
+At first the lion in the Vatican roared, then he fawned. All knew the
+Papal nuncio MILTIZ, who could speak sweetly, and if this would not
+suffice, could even shed tears. An agreement was entered into between
+him and Luther, who in the beginning still entertained a high esteem for
+the Pope's supremacy, in Altenburg, in the year 1519, in which he
+promised silence, provided his opponents would remain silent also. But
+even in the midst of these negotiations, a zealous Romanist brought
+about an unexpected outbreak of the fire that slumbered beneath the
+ashes. This was the well-known Dr. JOHN ECK, Chancellor of the
+University of Ingolstadt, a man ever inclined to noise and disputes. He
+had already attacked Professor ANDREW CARLSTADT, in Wittenberg, in the
+year 1516. At a later period he challenged him to a public discussion,
+although he had his eye fixed upon Luther more than him. As the choice
+of the place and the time of the discussion were left to Dr. Eck, he
+fixed upon Leipzig. It was to be opened on the 27th of June, 1519.
+
+Eck arrived in Leipzig betimes, where he was delighted at being seen and
+admired. On the 24th of June the Wittenbergers also arrived. Many other
+learned men and students were present, besides the two champions,
+Carlstadt and Luther. Philip Melanchthon rode at Luther's side in a
+carriage. A crowd of persons, abbots, counts, knights, the learned and
+unlearned, such as Leipzig had not seen for a long time, were gathered
+together. It does not belong to our purpose to describe at length the
+history of the discussion at Leipzig. It occupied three weeks. First of
+all, Eck disputed with Carlstadt about Free-will, then with Luther about
+the Pope's supremacy, purgatory, indulgences, penance, absolution, and
+satisfaction. The contest often became very hot. Even if Carlstadt did
+not defend his good cause with the greatest skill, Eck found his match
+in Luther, who placed himself in the citadel of the word of God, and
+went forth unconquered from the battle. However, Melanchthon did not
+merely sit by as an idle hearer. It is said that he now and then mingled
+in the contest, and supported his two friends with a few observations.
+Upon this, Eck addressed him in a harsh tone: "Be silent, Philip; mind
+your own business, and do not disturb me!"
+
+Melanchthon, who had inwardly taken a lively interest in the discussion,
+left Leipzig, together with his Wittenberg friends, richly blessed and
+strengthened for his whole life.[5] But he was now to enter into a
+dispute with Eck himself. For he had written a letter to his beloved
+friend Oecolampadius, who regarded the bold stand of Luther and his
+friends with approbation, in which he related the events of the
+disputation, and exposed several weak points in Eck's arguments. But,
+although he did this, he praised Eck's "excellent natural gifts." Of
+course it can be easily seen where Melanchthon's heart was. He thus
+spoke of Luther in this letter: "I must admire the clear head, learning,
+and eloquence, and heartily love the sincere and truly Christian heart
+of Luther, whom I have known intimately for a long time." This letter
+was printed, and was seen by Eck, who felt himself so much aggrieved by
+it, that he printed a very rude reply as early as the 25th of July, in
+Leipzig. He treats the teacher of languages--Philippus--"who understands
+Greek and Latin so well," in a most contemptuous manner, as if he had
+assumed the right of pronouncing judgment in a matter which he did not
+understand, and endeavors to refute Melanchthon's letter by sixteen
+brief remarks. At one time he calls him "the bold little man," then
+again "the Wittenbergian teacher of languages, who fared like the
+shoemaker who wanted to know more than his last," and then again "the
+literalist," and "little language man." Once he addresses him in the
+words: "Thou dusty schoolmaster!" The whole letter is conceived in this
+spirit: but he was mistaken in Melanchthon. In the month of August he
+sent forth from "the celebrated Saxon city Wittenberg," a defence
+against John Eck, in which he does not use similar language. He declares
+in this "that he has been driven to this, more by a holy anxiety and
+zeal for the Holy Scriptures than by any enmity." He declares, in the
+most decided manner, "that it is ungodly to wrest the Scriptures
+according to human will and inclinations." He now refutes Eck's
+principal objections in the clearest manner, and advises him "to suffer
+the cause to strive rather than abusive language." "We owe this," he
+says, "to love, which, as truly as I hope to have a merciful God, I from
+my heart do not wish to grieve or offend."
+
+Luther was much displeased with Eck's conduct. He expresses this in a
+letter to Spalatin, dated August 15th: "I again come to speak of Philip,
+whom no Eck can bring me to hate, and whose testimony in my favour I
+always esteem higher than anything else. The judgment and opinion of
+this single man is of more value to me than that of many thousand
+worthless Ecks, and I would not be ashamed, although I am a Master of
+Arts, of Philosophy, and Theology, and am adorned almost with all the
+titles of Eck, to leave my own opinion, if this Grammarian could not
+agree with it. I have often done this, and do it still, because of the
+divine gift which God has deposited in this frail vessel (although it
+seems contemptible to Eck,) with a bountiful blessing. Philip I do not
+praise, he is a creature of God, and nothing."
+
+But Eck did not consider it advisable to contend further with the
+champions of Wittenberg, who were also supported by other worthy men. He
+was silent, and as he perhaps thought that other weapons were needful in
+such a case, perhaps like those employed against Huss and Jerome a
+hundred years before, he journeyed to Rome, and sought shelter beneath
+the thunders of excommunication from the Papal Chair.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+BUILDING AND FIGHTING.
+
+
+It has happened sometimes in the Church of Christ, that the kingdom of
+God has been built up, whilst the builders were obliged to carry the
+sword against the enemies in one hand. This was the case at Wittenberg
+at that time. By Luther's side we find Melanchthon engaged in this
+double labor. We have already heard with what joy his introductory
+lecture was listened to. He continued to gain more applause from day to
+day. Students from all parts of Germany, yea of Europe, were found in
+his lecture-room. In the year 1520, Spalatin saw about 600 students,
+whereas the whole number of students had formerly not exceeded 200.
+Luther's European reputation, of course, also contributed much towards
+the prosperity of the University. HEERBRAND, in his oration to his
+memory, relates that Melanchthon had as many as 2000 pupils and hearers,
+among whom were princes, counts, barons, and other noblemen. Whilst
+Reuchlin and Erasmus labored more by their writings, Melanchthon
+attracted both by his lectures and his solid writings. To this was
+added, that, whilst Reuchlin and Erasmus from day to day grew cooler
+towards the great movement proceeding from Wittenberg, Melanchthon
+attached himself to it in the most decided manner, and powerfully aided
+it by his mind, acquirements, and great name. He, therefore, did not
+only lecture on the Greek poet Homer, and other writers of antiquity,
+but also treated the writings of the New Testament. His industry was
+extraordinary. In addition to the regular labors of his station, he for
+a time also acted as professor of the Hebrew. For this purpose, however,
+it was necessary that he should first of all make himself thoroughly
+acquainted with this language. Luther wrote to Spalatin, January, 1519:
+"Our Philip is now busy with the Hebrew; the faithfulness and industry
+of the man are too great, so that he hardly permits himself to enjoy any
+leisure." He could generally be found busily engaged in his study at two
+o'clock in the morning. The amount of labor accomplished by him in a
+short time is almost incredible. But to his well-trained mind, his quick
+perception, and his unwearied industry, was added the blessing of God,
+which indeed was most needful, and which he sought with all his heart.
+When the Elector heard of his extraordinary industry, he feared lest the
+worthy professor might ruin his health, and himself wrote to him that he
+should take care of himself. He says in this letter: "We must make
+provision for the body, and if you look upon the other words of Paul as
+true, regard this in the same way, and believe that we ought to obey
+it." Melanchthon was particularly engaged with the epistles of Paul.
+With unusual clearness he comprehended the deeply evangelical truths
+which this Apostle of Justification by Faith had been permitted to see
+and express so clearly.
+
+Luther was not ashamed to appear among the hearers of the youthful
+professor, when he explained the Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians.
+Yea, he even considered it worth while to communicate these lessons of
+the lecture-room to the great public of Christendom. As Melanchthon's
+modesty induced him to retain such productions in his desk, Luther
+secretly published his explanations of the Epistles to the Romans and
+Corinthians, and prefixed an introduction, addressed to Melanchthon, in
+which he jocosely remarks: "It is I who publish your writings and
+expositions. I send you to yourself. If you are not pleased with
+yourself, well and good; let it suffice that we are pleased with you. If
+I have transgressed in this matter, it is your own fault. Why did you
+not publish yourself, for which I so often entreated, prayed, and
+commanded you? Let this be my excuse, that I shall be called, and will
+be, your thief, whether you are angry or whether you laugh." Further on
+he says: "But to those whom you so fear that they will be displeased and
+dissatisfied with it, I will say: 'Dear Sirs, do better yourselves.' I
+proclaim it publicly before the world, that no one has approached nearer
+to, and hit upon Paul's meaning, better than yourself."
+
+Melanchthon now published a series of volumes upon books of Scripture.
+He saw very well that the fountain of divine truth and wisdom, which had
+been obstructed so long, must again begin to flow. And he contributed an
+honest share towards the diffusion of Scripture truth. His books and
+minor publications on the books of the Bible were greatly applauded, and
+met with a rapid sale, so that repeated editions were called for. And
+even yet they deserve not only to be read, but studied by all who
+devote themselves to the discovery of truth. When Luther, at a later
+period, prefaced and recommended Melanchthon's exposition of the Epistle
+to the Colossians, to which he had given great attention, he speaks thus
+of himself and Melanchthon: "I have been born to war and fight with
+factions and devils, therefore my books are stormy and warlike. I must
+root out the stumps and stocks, cut away the thorns and hedges, fill up
+the ditches, and am the rough forester, to break a path, and make things
+ready. But master Philip walks gently and silently, tills and plants,
+sows and waters with pleasure, as God has gifted him richly." Thus did
+Melanchthon write and teach, and mightily build up the kingdom of God.
+About this time he published a work, which is doubtless not only one of
+the best of his productions, but also inclined many hearts towards the
+Reformation.
+
+It is the work LOCI COMMUNES, _the principal articles of Christian
+doctrine_, as they were afterwards called. We have already heard that
+Melanchthon devoted himself especially to the writings of Paul. He
+gathered together all the principal truths of this apostle, and
+presented them to his hearers. These were so highly pleased with the
+production, that they had it published. As Melanchthon, however,
+discovered many imperfections in it, he published it himself in 1521,
+corrected and enlarged. This volume, which may be called the first
+system of religion in the evangelical church, was everywhere greeted in
+the most friendly manner. Luther was quite delighted with it, and once
+said of it, that it was not only worthy of immortality, but even to be
+admitted into the canon of Scripture. In his table-talk he expressed the
+following opinion of it: "Whoever wishes to become a theologian now,
+enjoys great advantages; for first of all, he has the Bible, which is so
+clear, that he can read it without difficulty. Then let him read in
+addition the Loci Communes Philippi; let him read them diligently and
+well, that he may impress them upon his mind. If he has these two
+things, he is a theologian, from whom neither the devil nor heretics
+shall be able to take away anything. To him the whole field of theology
+lies open, so that he is able to read anything he pleases after that
+with edification."
+
+Melanchthon issued improved editions of the work from time to time.
+Seldom has a book met with so extensive a demand. We can form an
+estimate of its value from this fact alone. But it was also totally
+different from the old trash which Melanchthon had become acquainted
+with in T�bingen. It followed the pure dictates of the Bible, and was
+thoroughly practical. Here the doctrines of sin, of the law and the
+Gospel, of Justification, of Faith and Good Works, were developed in a
+convincing manner, as they had been brought to light after a long
+midnight, by Luther himself. With this work he stood entirely upon the
+Bible, and on this account it was so refreshing to friends and annoying
+to enemies. In September, 1519, he was made a Bachelor of Divinity on
+account of his great learning. He would never accept a higher degree,
+and always remained a Magister (Master.) But Luther said of him: "It is
+true he is but a poor Master, but also a Doctor above all Doctors."
+
+Whilst this worthy man was laying the foundation for the building of the
+renewed church, he also bore in his other hand the sword of the Spirit
+to drive away the foe. We have already heard how he smote Dr. Eck with
+it. As early as the year 1520, a publication filled with poison and gall
+appeared against Luther in Rome. It bore the following title: "To the
+Princes and People of Germany against Martin Luther, the Defamer of
+German Glory." The author had chosen the fictitious name THOMAS
+RHODINUS. The Leipzigers, especially the wicked JEROME EMSER, rejoiced
+in this libel, and soon reprinted it, in order to injure the cause of
+the Reformation. But now Melanchthon entered the lists in February of
+the year 1521. He wrote a defence of the greatly slandered Luther, under
+the fictitious name of DIDYMUS FAVENTINUS. He remarks in this: "Judge
+for yourselves, whether those are seeking the welfare and glory of the
+Fatherland indeed, who accuse that man, who has delivered our Fatherland
+from Romish frauds; who has ventured all alone to root out the errors
+which existed for centuries; who has again brought to light Christian
+doctrines which were almost buried by the wicked laws of the Popes, and
+the foolish subtleties of the schools. For this praise is given him by
+all the learned, and not only by me." In this decided tone spoke
+Melanchthon, and declared that everything which opposed the Gospel must
+fall, no matter how ancient it may be. After explaining the manner in
+which the Pope had gained supremacy in Germany, he called upon the
+princes to defend the Church against the power of Antichrist. The battle
+grew more exciting, and Melanchthon took a bolder position, although he
+was a man who might truly, with reference to his inward disposition, be
+called a child of peace. Towards the close of the year 1520, principally
+by Luther's advice, he had married a daughter of Mayor CRAPP, of
+Wittenberg. But of this we shall speak further hereafter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+MELANCHTHON WITHOUT LUTHER.
+
+
+As early as the summer of 1520, the Pope, upon Eck's instigation, issued
+a severe bull against Luther, in which forty-one propositions from his
+various writings were condemned, and he himself was threatened with
+excommunication if he should not recant. But the hero was of good
+courage, for he was suffering for the best cause. Eck triumphed, but the
+Wittenberger was not to be intimidated, and wrote the well-known severe
+work "Against the Bull of Antichrist," and even took the bold step, on
+the 10th of December, 1520, to cast this bull, together with the canon
+law and other papal writings, into the fire, before the Elster gate, in
+the presence of many students and doctors. Thus did he powerfully
+separate himself from the Roman Church and the Pope. All who preferred
+the better way were thus driven to decision. Melanchthon was not wanting
+among these better ones, as he proved by his vindication of Luther.
+
+In the meantime, CHARLES V. had become Emperor of Germany. The papal
+nuncios urged him to execute the bull. But this youthful monarch
+proceeded leisurely. He summoned a Diet to Worms, where, among other
+matters, the difficulties of the Church might also be decided. Although
+the Papal legates endeavored to prevent Luther's summons to the Diet,
+they could not succeed. When parting from Melanchthon, he said: "If I
+should return no more, and my enemies should murder me at Worms, as may
+very easily be the case, I conjure you, dear brother, not to neglect
+teaching and abiding by the truth. In the meantime, labor also for me,
+because I am not able to be here. You can do better than I can.
+Therefore it will not be a great loss, provided you remain. The Lord
+still finds a learned champion in you." It is well known to all with
+what joyful faith Luther received the summons, and with what bold words
+he expressed himself in regard to it. Luther's journey to Worms, and his
+demeanor before the Emperor and the States of the Empire, are among the
+most glorious events of his own history, and of the Reformation in
+general.
+
+Faith, like that exhibited by him at this time, is not often found in
+Israel. "Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise; God help me! Amen!" These
+were Luther's words; he remained faithful, and God helped him. He was
+removed until March, 1522, for it is known that the care of the Elector
+had sheltered him from the malice of his enemies in the silent Wartburg.
+
+During this time, Wittenberg truly seemed to be fatherless, for
+Melanchthon was no Luther. And yet the burden of the Reformation rested
+upon the shoulders of this young man. But, notwithstanding the papal
+bulls, and in spite of the Edict of Worms, which appeared May 26, 1521,
+and spoke in the papal spirit, he was not afraid to stand in the gap. He
+published the acts of the Diet of Worms, and sided with the proscribed
+Luther. Every where his assistance was required, so also to give his
+advice in supplying the professorial chairs in the University. During
+this time, AUROGALLUS, teacher of the Hebrew, and JUSTUS JONAS, in the
+capacity of provost and professor of Theology, arrived in Wittenberg.
+During the same year, Melanchthon published a severe work against the
+Theologians of Paris. These had severely condemned Luther and his
+writings. Against these he wrote his defence of Dr. M. Luther, "against
+the raging judgment of the Paris Divines." It is one of his most cutting
+productions. He begins thus: "Behold, Christian reader, what monstrous
+beasts of Theologians this part of the earth, Europe, gives birth to!"
+He expresses himself unwilling to believe that this production has
+emanated from Paris, because so furious a spirit breathes in it. The
+common people believe that Christian doctrine dwells in the high school
+as in its own palace. But he will disregard the distinguished
+personages, and the high rank of the University, and says: "In our
+common Christianity, Christ's voice alone shall rule. Whoever does not
+hear this, does not belong to Christ." The Universities of Cologne and
+L�wen had also condemned Luther's writings, but they had not acted as
+_crazily_ as the Parisians. He, therefore, found himself obliged to
+believe that the saying of those in the olden time was not altogether
+without foundation: "That the French have no brains." They called Luther
+a heretic because he did not agree with the Universities, the holy
+fathers, and the councils. But here Melanchthon plants himself upon the
+basis of the Bible, and declares this alone can be infallible, and adds:
+"What new articles of Faith do magistri nostri of Paris wish to add to
+this? Perhaps their own gross ones!" In this biting manner he proceeds,
+and in a clear, lively manner, thoroughly refutes the assertions of the
+Parisians. He proves the Scriptures to be the only fountain of knowledge
+in the most triumphant manner, and then proceeds to show that Luther is
+standing upon the Bible, and yet does not contradict the Fathers.
+Luther's defender proves that he is on Augustine's side in the
+doctrines of Free-will and of Grace, and then goes on to show that the
+Parisians themselves are opposed to the Fathers. He concludes thus: "I
+wished to guard you in these things, Christian reader, in order that you
+may not be prejudiced against Luther by the reputation of the
+Sorbonne,[6] the wisdom of which you have been able to see in one or two
+points. From those which I have exposed to you, you may easily guess the
+rest--for the Sorbonne is the Sorbonne. It will be easier for you to
+find Christ among the carpenters than among these people."
+
+So bravely did Melanchthon speak, and yet the position he occupied
+alone, during Luther's absence, depressed him so much that he felt the
+need of consolation. When Luther had reached the Wartburg, Melanchthon
+discovered it, and full of joy wrote to WENZESLAUS LINK: "Our dearest
+father is alive!" He wishes to fold him in his arms very soon, and says:
+"Everything is going on well in the University, except that we are
+deprived of our father Doctor Martinus."
+
+At another time he wrote: "Our Elijah is not yet with us, but we wait
+and hope for him. What more shall I say? My longing for him tortures me
+grievously!" Luther reprimanded him about this, and wrote thus: "Even
+though I should be lost, the Gospel will lose nothing by that; for in
+that you now excel me, and follow Elijah as an Elisha with a double
+portion of the spirit, which may the Lord Jesus bestow upon you in his
+mercy! Amen." Already on the 12th of May, 1521, a letter of comfort
+arrived from PATMOS, as Luther called the Wartburg. He says in it: "And
+what are you doing, my Philip? Do you pray for me, that this my
+involuntary concealment may redound to the greater glory of God?" In
+conclusion, he says: "Here I sit, and all day long place before me the
+picture of the Church, and lament my insensibility that I am not
+drenched in tears, and with my eyes, as with fountains of tears, weep
+for the slain of my people. But there is no one who will arise and
+cleave to the Lord, or oppose himself as a wall for the house of Israel,
+in these latter days of his wrath. Yes, Kingdom of the Pope, thou art
+worthy of this latter time! God be merciful unto us! Do you then, as a
+servant of the word, stand in the midst, and guard the walls and gates
+of Jerusalem, until they come upon you also. You understand your calling
+and your gifts. I pray for you before all other things, if, (as I do not
+doubt,) my prayer availeth anything. Do you likewise. Let us bear our
+burden together. We stand alone in the battle. After me, they will fall
+upon thee."
+
+Melanchthon needed such encouragement in his present position; for as it
+has often been, so was it now in Wittenberg, that enemies are less
+dangerous than friends. With all his storming, Luther yet proceeded
+calmly. It was his primary object to lay on every side the deep
+foundation of Justification by Grace through Faith; and he thought less
+of the finishing of the building. He permitted all those things to
+remain which did not flatly contradict the word of God. But his friends
+in Wittenberg did not think so soberly and prudently. They wished to
+overturn the structure of the Roman Church by rapid assault, and to
+erect something entirely new. Every particle of the Romish leaven was
+to be exterminated from the public worship of God.
+
+First of all, Luther's fellow-conventuals, the Augustinian monks of
+Wittenberg, led by the preacher GABRIEL ZWILLING, appeared with a
+resolution to omit the daily private mass, and to distribute the
+Sacrament in both kinds. When the Elector heard of this, he inquired at
+once into the particulars of the matter, and appointed a commission, to
+which Melanchthon belonged, to investigate the whole matter. The report
+of this commission was decidedly in favor of those who encouraged these
+innovations. After exhibiting the antiscriptural character of the mass,
+and the denial of the cup to the laity, and saying: "It is certain that
+the abuse of the mass is one of the greatest and most abominable abuses
+in the world," they pray the Elector to take hold of the matter
+earnestly, and speedily to abolish the abuse of the masses in his own
+dominions, and not to care if he should be abused as a Bohemian or
+heretic. It is impossible to avoid reviling. They appeal to the
+Elector's conscience, and reminded him of the great day of reckoning.
+But it also gave liberty to conscience, if any one wished to celebrate
+mass alone. But the Elector was not satisfied with this opinion. As he
+generally preferred to act prudently, he considered the step of the
+Augustinians too hasty. He thought that the opinion of so few persons
+could not be decisive, and he also clearly foresaw the consequences,
+should the overthrow of private masses put an end to the legacies for
+this purpose. He communicated these views to the Commission in writing,
+through Dr. BAYER. They returned an excellent reply, full of a joyful
+faith, which we regret not to be able to print entire. The reply said:
+"Although we are the smallest party, the truth of the divine word, which
+is above all angels and creatures, because it is clearly revealed in
+the Gospel and in the apostle Paul, shall not therefore be despised. For
+the smallest party ever received and preached the truth, and so it will
+remain to the end of the world." It concludes thus: "Let no one be
+offended because this matter will cause great offence. For Christ, as it
+is written, came into the world, and was given to those who believe in
+him and his word, that they might improve themselves in him, to obtain
+eternal life. But to those who do not receive him and his word, he has
+been given and set for a stumbling-block, that they may die for ever."
+Luther also, in his work "Of the Abuse of the Mass," expressed himself
+in favor of the omission of private masses. The Elector now permitted
+the matter to take its own course. The movement, which had commenced in
+the Augustinian cloister in Wittenberg, communicated itself likewise to
+those in Meissen and Thuringia. In the month of December of this year a
+provincial assembly of Augustinians from different quarters was
+convened. Their resolutions contemplated the abolition of secret masses,
+cloistral confinement, and other antiscriptural customs. At this time
+appeared Luther's publication "Concerning Priestly and Monastic Vows,"
+which gave the movement scriptural progress. When a minister, BERNHARDI,
+called Feldkirch, relinquished his celibacy, and defended this step,
+Melanchthon was not afraid to step forward to defend the severely
+assaulted man, and to renounce a doctrine which the Bible terms a
+doctrine of devils, and is yet held fast by the Papal Chair with the
+utmost tenacity.
+
+But other events occurred in Wittenberg, which might have done the
+greatest injury to the good cause of the Reformation, had not the Lord
+of the Church watched over it. A fanatical spirit had arisen in the city
+of ZWICKAU. Among other things he rejected Infant Baptism, and boasted
+of the possession of supernatural revelations. At Christmas, three of
+these fanatics came to Wittenberg. These were two cloth-weavers named
+NICHOLAS STORCH and THOMAS MARX, the third being MARCUS ST�BNER, who
+claimed to belong to the learned. In Wittenberg, the private teacher,
+MARTIN CELLARIUS, joined them. They also met with Melanchthon, who had
+even received the chief spokesman, St�bner, into his house. He did not
+possess that deep insight into human nature which distinguished Luther.
+He, therefore, did not at once declare himself opposed to this perverted
+movement. December 27, 1521, he gave notice of this to the Elector, and
+says: "I have conversed with them myself, and they declare most
+wonderful things concerning themselves, viz., that God with a loud voice
+sent them forth to teach, that they enjoy most intimate conversations
+with God, behold future events, and that they are, in short, prophetic
+and apostolical men. I cannot describe how all this moves me. That
+spirits possess them, seems to be established by many reasons,
+concerning which no one can easily form an opinion but Martinus,
+(Luther.) If the Gospel and the honor and peace of the Church are in any
+danger, it is absolutely necessary that these people should have an
+interview with Martinus, especially as they appeal to him. I would not
+write anything to your Electoral Grace about this matter, did not the
+importance of the matter require that steps should be taken in time. For
+it is needful for us to be on our guard, lest the devil entrap us."
+Spalatin relates that the Elector expressed himself about this matter
+very humbly in these words: "This is a very important matter, which I,
+as a layman, do not understand. Now, God has bestowed considerable
+possessions upon me and my brother. If I understood these matters, I
+would rather take a staff in my hands and fly, than act knowingly
+against God." However, the Elector summoned Melanchthon and Amsdorf to
+PRETTIN.
+
+There HAUBOLD VON EINSIEDEL and Spalatin questioned them further
+concerning these matters. They expressed themselves to the same effect
+as Melanchthon had done in his report. Again Luther's judgment was
+solicited. In a letter of Luther's, called forth by Melanchthon, he
+judged very correctly of the spirits of Zwickau. He requires letter and
+seal for their public ministry. As to their spirit, it would only be
+necessary to inquire, whether they had experienced spiritual conflicts
+and divine birth, death and hell. He proceeds to express himself in a
+very decided manner in reference to Infant Baptism, and concludes thus:
+"I have all along expected that the devil would create this ulcer, but
+it was not to be done by the Papists. He desires to bring about this
+great schism among us and ours, but Christ will soon trample him beneath
+our feet. But these fanatics had already gained adherents. Among them
+was the well-known Dr. KARLSTADT,[7] a man of a legal, unsettled mind,
+who, with all his boasting of liberty, knew nothing of true evangelical
+liberty. He commenced a sad work in Wittenberg. Many students joined
+him. They abolished private masses, burned the images, destroyed the
+altars, abolished auricular confession, dropped the hymns and ceremonies
+of the Church, went to communion without previous confession, and did
+many other things of a similar character. Without applying to the
+constituted authorities, without caring for those who were offended at
+their course, they carried everything before them by storm, appealing to
+their liberty, the first commandment, and the Holy Ghost, which they
+possessed. Whoever did not side with them was denounced as an heretic.
+
+This was too much for the youthful professor, the burden was too great,
+and he longed for the faith and strength of that man, who, under these
+circumstances could not endure to remain longer in his Patmos. Luther
+addressed a capital letter to the Wittenbergians, in which he most
+clearly points out to them the true point of view from which Karlstadt's
+innovation was to be examined. But Melanchthon ardently desired Luther's
+return to Wittenberg. His return was absolutely necessary too, yet the
+Elector would not hear of it. At last, on the 7th of March, 1522, Luther
+escaped from the Wartburg. Two letters, addressed to the Elector, and
+which really display an apostolical strength of faith, paved and
+prepared the way. He was received with acclamations in Wittenberg, and
+when he now began, from the first Sunday in Lent until the Sunday
+Reminiscere, to preach eight sermons against these innovations, in a
+convincing, winning manner, all rejoiced, and the turbulent waves again
+grew calm.
+
+Gabriel was convinced, but Karlstadt remained hardened. But the fanatics
+again gathered together secretly, and endeavored to spread themselves.
+The desire was expressed that Luther might have an interview with them.
+Although reluctantly, he at last resolved to hear MARCUS, one of their
+leaders. Melanchthon was present at the interview. Marcus was
+accompanied by the impetuous Cellarius, and several others. When Luther
+pointed out to them, that their pretensions were not founded upon the
+Holy Scriptures, but were really the inventions of over-curious minds,
+or perhaps even foolish and hurtful inspirations of a deceitful spirit,
+Cellarius behaved like a mad-man. They departed with curses, but Luther
+calmly said: "That God, whom I worship and serve, will know right well
+how to restrain your gods, so that none of these things will come to
+pass."
+
+We may well conceive how relieved Melanchthon must have felt, when the
+proper man of the Reformation again stood in the breach.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+LABORS, RECREATION, AND TROUBLE.
+
+
+The Gospel gained greater and greater victories. The preaching of the
+truth found open doors in Denmark and Sweden, in Transylvania and
+Hungary, in Silesia and France. As the spirit of primitive Christianity
+in Germany went forth from Wittenberg through the various provinces, so
+also did ZWINGLI, and Melanchthon's friend and fellow-student,
+OECOLAMPADIUS, labor in Switzerland with blessed results. A new time was
+coming, and its spring had already dawned. Perhaps no other means
+contributed so much to the promotion of the Reformation as the
+translation of the Bible, which we owe to Luther's master hand. In the
+Wartburg he completed the translation of the New Testament, with a
+spirit which to this day has not been excelled. But he was not ashamed
+to make use of the assistance and advice of his friends in this work.[8]
+Among these friends, Melanchthon was the principal one, who, indeed,
+excelled Luther in learning. Melanchthon took very great pains to
+discover the true meaning of the passages, for which his assistance had
+been solicited. If any expression remained dark, he could apply for an
+explanation to the physician, STURTZ, in Erfurt, to Spalatin, and other
+friends. We have before heard that he applied himself to the Hebrew
+language. The knowledge of this language was very serviceable to him in
+the translation of the Old Testament. The Book of Job particularly
+called forth the efforts of the Wittenbergians. Luther somewhere speaks
+of it in a letter: "M. Philip, Aurogallus, and I, are laboring so
+carefully in Job that sometimes we could scarcely complete three lines
+in four days. But Melanchthon labored with especial energy in his own
+field of labor. He saw the importance of a classical education, and
+labored very zealously for its extension. But, although he mightily
+promoted the ancient languages, his heart was yet in the Holy
+Scriptures. This is proved by his explanations of several books of the
+Old and New Testaments, which appeared in 1523.
+
+But his numerous uninterrupted labors were beginning to undermine his
+health. He was particularly troubled with sleeplessness about this time.
+Recreation was indispensable for him, and his friends also earnestly
+advised him to it. When Luther went to Worms, he was not permitted to
+refresh himself by a visit to his home. He now wished to pay this visit.
+One of his friends and colleagues, NESEN, intended to make a trip to
+Frankfort. It seemed best to join him, and from thence to visit his
+beloved native city, Bretten, and to see the dear relatives residing
+there. Luther, to whom he communicated his intentions, approved of them,
+relieved him of all scruples and doubts, and dismissed him with these
+pleasant words: "Go, dear brother Philip, in the name of God. Even our
+Lord Jesus did not always preach and teach, but also journeyed, and
+visited his relatives and friends. All I ask of you is, that you return
+to us soon! I will include you in my prayers day and night. And now
+depart!"
+
+On the 16th of April, 1524, he departed, with a very pleasant caravan of
+friends. NESEN, who taught History, Geography and the Languages, in
+Wittenberg; Philip's fellow-boarder, FRANCIS BURKHARD, of Weimar, who
+afterwards became Chancellor in Saxony; JOHN SILBERBORNER, of Worms; and
+his dearest friend in all the world, with whom he became acquainted
+during the Leipzig disputation, JOACHIM CAMERARIUS, were his
+fellow-travellers. They rode upon horses, which were none of the best;
+but most likely these gentlemen were not among the best of riders. Their
+way led them through Leipzig. There a most worthy man, PETER SCHADE,
+called MOSELLANUS, who had expressed himself much in favor of the
+Reformation, was breathing his last. They visited him, and bade him
+farewell in this world. Thence they went to the city of Fulda. CROTUS
+RUBIANUS and ADAM KRAFT rejoiced in the arrival of the beloved Saxons,
+and entertained them most hospitably. Here the travellers heard of the
+death of the Knight ULRICH VON HUTTEN, who died upon an island in the
+Lake of Zurich. It is well known with what ardor this champion joined
+the Reformation. Neither Luther nor Melanchthon, however, could approve
+of everything in the conduct of the clever freebooter; for he was not
+inspired with the pure, evangelical spirit.
+
+Nesen remained in Frankfort; but Melanchthon and his remaining
+companions, after a short stay, hastened to the end of their journey. It
+is said that when he first beheld his beloved native city in the
+distance, overcome with joy, he dismounted, and falling upon his knees,
+exclaimed: "Oh! my native soil! I thank thee, Lord, that I have been
+permitted to see it again!" And now they went to Bretten, to his
+mother's house. How she rejoiced to behold her son again! She had in the
+meantime ceased to be a widow, and had married a widower named
+Christopher Kolbe. It seems she had remained a good Catholic; and
+perhaps had no other fault to find with her Philip, but that he had
+taken too decided and zealous a part in the Reformation. Now there was
+opportunity to speak of these things; and the son did not neglect to
+instruct his mother as to the object and extent of the Reformation. But
+she seems to have remained steadfast in her old persuasion.
+
+The mother knew very well that her son had gained a great name. She
+could see this with her own eyes during his stay in Bretten. CAMPEGIUS,
+at that time the Papal legate in Germany, was then in Heidelberg on
+account of a great hunt. We can well conceive how anxious he must have
+felt to detach Melanchthon from Luther; and he must have thought it
+worth while to make an attempt to bring about this desirable result. He
+had a very shrewd secretary, named NAUSEA, who was sent upon this
+difficult and important errand. When he arrived in Bretton, he
+immediately repaired to Melanchthon, in order to introduce the matter.
+He seconded his appeal with the best inducements, but he did not find a
+reed that could be swayed to and fro by the wind. The Wittenberg
+Professor declared, in a firm and decided manner: "If I discover
+anything to be true, I hold it fast, and maintain it without any regard
+to the consequence of any mortal, without any regard to advantages,
+honor, or gain. I shall never forsake those who were the first to bring
+better things to light. But in the same manner I shall also continue to
+prove true to myself, that I shall teach and defend the truth without
+quarrelling or abuse. I therefore advise every one who earnestly desires
+peace and unity, to do all he can to heal those wounds which can no
+longer be concealed, and to restrain the mad rage of those who are
+constantly tearing them open again!" He added a small essay on the
+principal points of the Lutheran doctrine, in which he particularly gave
+prominence to the difference between divine and human righteousness, and
+that they were only striving against work-holiness.
+
+Nausea returned to Heidelberg, without having effected his object; but
+Melanchthon received another visit, from three professors of the
+University. These did not come to alienate him from _that_ cause, which
+was the cause of God. On the contrary, they presented him with a richly
+ornamented goblet, as an acknowledgment of his meritorious services, for
+which he returned his cordial thanks in a letter.
+
+Whilst Melanchthon was spending most agreeable days in Bretten, his
+travelling-companions sojourned in Basle. ERASMUS of Rotterdam resided
+in this city, and by his great reputation also attracted these
+Wittenbergians. This will be the proper place to say something of the
+relations existing between this renowned scholar and Melanchthon. It was
+Erasmus who, at a very early period, recognized and admired
+Melanchthon's talents and great acquirements. Melanchthon had taken this
+great man, who exerted such an influence upon the restoration of the
+sciences, for his model. But Erasmus was a man who preferred standing on
+neutral ground, and considered the Reformation commenced by Luther, and
+supported by Melanchthon's learning, as by far too extravagant. He was
+very fond of the honor of this world, which prevents so many learned men
+from arriving at a knowledge of the truth. Although he, therefore, at
+first expressed his approbation of the work in Wittenberg, he gradually
+became more and more opposed to it. He manifested his hostility
+particularly in his work "ON FREE WILL." He shows in this, like all
+persons who do not consult the word of God, and a deep inward
+experience, that the great corruption of this world of sin, and the
+indescribable riches of divine grace, were both mysteries to him. He
+also expressed his views more fully in a letter to his friend at
+Wittenberg, on the 6th of September, 1524; and did not forget to state
+that he could not agree on all points with Melanchthon's book, Loci
+Communes, in which he had, however, found much that was excellent.
+Nothing else could have been expected, for Melanchthon had most
+decidedly expressed the doctrine of the renewed Church. He could,
+therefore, neither be satisfied with Erasmus' publication against
+Luther, nor with his letter to himself.
+
+It is well known to every one acquainted with these disputes, that
+Erasmus had found a powerful opponent in Luther, by means of his work
+"Of the Bond Will," which is one of the ablest and most powerful
+productions of the Reformer. The gulf between these two men became wider
+and wider. All mediation was impossible.
+
+In a letter to Erasmus, in answer to the one already referred to,
+Melanchthon expressed his decided adherence to Luther's doctrine, and
+declared that if the Bible should teach differently, he would gladly
+adopt it. He took Luther's side, and defended him against Erasmus'
+attacks upon his character. But Erasmus adhered to his own opinions, and
+especially censured Luther's violence. He was particularly displeased
+with this violence in Luther's polemic treatise against himself. This
+relation to the great man in Rotterdam caused Melanchthon much trouble.
+It was one of the many sorrows which afflicted him.
+
+But we have thus already returned to Wittenberg, and we must first see
+what happened to Melanchthon on his return. It was difficult to part
+from Bretten, for his mother did not wish him to depart so soon. It
+seemed to her, as we often feel when bidding farewell, that she was then
+beholding him for the last time. But at last, with his companions who
+had returned from Basle, he tore himself away from his home. Not far
+from Frankfort he met with a singular adventure. The young Landgrave
+PHILIP of Hesse, who had early exhibited a warm interest in the progress
+of the Reformation, was travelling with his retainers to Heidelberg. He
+had, no doubt, heard that Melanchthon was on the road. He sees a company
+of travellers approaching, and he feels that Melanchthon must be among
+them. He rode towards them, and asked for him. When Melanchthon
+discovered himself, and was about to dismount in token of respect, the
+Landgrave prevented him, and requested him to change his route, and to
+remain with him over night, because he would like to have many matters
+explained to him. He bade him entertain no fear, but be of good courage.
+Melanchthon assured the Landgrave that he was not afraid, and that he
+was a very unimportant person besides. The prince replied: "But,
+nevertheless, Cardinal Campegius would be not a little rejoiced if you
+were to be delivered into his hands." On the condition that, after his
+return to Wittenberg, he would prepare a written statement concerning
+these innovations in religion and send it to the Landgrave, he permitted
+him to continue his journey, and gave him the promise of a safe conduct
+through the Hessian dominion. This writing was really prepared, and bore
+the title: "An Epitome of the renewed Christian doctrine, addressed to
+his most serene highness the Landgrave of Hesse." The journey was safely
+completed, but he soon experienced great sorrow in Wittenberg. His
+beloved travelling companion, Nesen, wished to cross the Elbe in a
+fisherman's boat, as he had often done before; but upon the present
+occasion, it was July 5th, the boat struck against the trunk of a tree,
+was capsized, and Nesen was drowned. Besides this, his beloved
+Camerarius, who was daily more endeared to him, removed from Wittenberg.
+He felt very lonely and forsaken, and in this frame of mind wrote to
+Camerarius: "I sit at home like a lame cobbler."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE WAR OF THE PEASANTS
+
+
+The hopes raised by the proposed plans for reform, by the new Pope
+Hadrian VI., were not realized. How often have men been deceived in
+their hopes, when they looked towards the city on the seven hills! The
+Diet in Nuremberg opened in a threatening manner, for the Pope and the
+Emperor insisted on severe measures, and the execution of the Edict of
+Worms. But it came to pass here, as the Elector Frederick the Wise is
+said to have remarked before the Diet: "In heaven it has been resolved
+far otherwise than in Nuremberg!" Already in the year 1523, death
+summoned Hadrian from the scene. True to the proverb, "The Pope does not
+die," another one, Clemens VII., of the same spirit as all the rest,
+ascended the throne. He insisted upon the execution of the Edict of
+Worms, and caused this opinion to be proclaimed during the Diet at
+Nuremberg, which had been opened again. The Emperor made the same demand
+by his ambassador. But all these violent measures were defeated by the
+action of the princes, who said "that they would do what they could."
+The more the Gospel began to penetrate to every quarter, to find good
+soil and to strike deep root, so much more the hostility of the
+Catholics increased. Persecutions arose, and martyrs began to bleed for
+the Lord's cause. Melanchthon took an especially deep interest in the
+terrible martyrdom of Henry von Z�tphen, who was burned at the stake
+towards the end of the year 1524.[9]
+
+The _war of the Peasants_, which commenced in Swabia as early as 1524,
+but took a new and dangerous turn in the beginning of 1525, still more
+increased the hate of the enemies of the pure Gospel, and gave them a
+plausible excuse forcibly to exterminate these ecclesiastical novelties
+and the innovators themselves. As when fire has been placed in the
+different quarters of a city, and it breaks out on every side, so that
+the inhabitants do not know where to begin to extinguish it, so was it
+in the peasants' war. Almost everywhere the peasants arose and
+threatened death and destruction to the authorities and existing laws.
+Nothing is more easy than, with preconceived opinions, either to
+proclaim this war a noble struggle for freedom, or, on the other hand,
+to trample under foot the just sighs of the deeply injured peasants. It
+is well known that no event in the days of the Reformation was more
+welcome to its enemies than this desperate and bloody rebellion of the
+peasants. They at once proclaimed this war to be a legitimate fruit of
+the new doctrine. It cannot be denied that this opinion has some
+appearance of truth, but then only if we look at the mere surface of
+things, and carry an evil-disposed heart within us. The peasants
+themselves have partly given occasion for this opinion, because in the
+well-known "twelve articles of the peasants," they mingled spiritual and
+temporal demands together. It is, however, not our purpose to give a
+history of the peasants' war, which still awaits a _true_
+representation, even if it were carried out in the shortest outlines. We
+are here but to consider how the Reformers, particularly Melanchthon,
+demeaned themselves in this critical event.
+
+In Melanchthon's home, the palatinate, this extravagant spirit had also
+seized the peasants. There too they rose up on every side, however
+little reason for it they might have had, under the reign of the Elector
+LOUIS of the palatinate. This prince wrote to Melanchthon, whom he
+esteemed very highly, requesting him to come to Heidelberg to assist him
+by his counsels in this dangerous affair. He says of Melanchthon: "You
+who were born and raised in the palatinate are more learned and
+experienced in the Scriptures than others, celebrated, and doubtless
+favorable to peace and justice." If it was impossible for him to come,
+he should send his advice and opinion, "according to divine and truly
+evangelical Scripture" to him in writing. On this account Melanchthon
+wrote his "Pamphlet against the articles of the peasantry." As Luther's
+writings in regard to the war of the peasants have frequently given
+offence, because he stood firmly by the word of God, which demands
+obedience towards the authorities, so did it also fare with Melanchthon.
+He too, like Luther, must submit to be called a Court-theologian. But
+their theology was drawn from the word of God, and redounded to the
+glory of God, let the enemies to the right and left say to the
+contrary--whatever they please. The peasants declared they would submit
+themselves to the word of God. This Melanchthon seized upon. He wishes
+to present to them "the Gospel, and the true Christian doctrine; for no
+doubt there are many among the masses who sin from ignorance; who, it is
+to be hoped, if they are properly instructed, will forsake such wicked
+practices, and consider the Judgment of God, their own souls, and their
+poor wives and children. But many are so wanton, and blinded by the
+devil, that they do not desire, and cannot abide peace." After having
+spoken of Faith and Love, he proceeds to obedience to government, and
+says: "Whereas this article is even despised by those who call
+themselves evangelical, we will hold before them the Gospel and the Word
+of God, in which they may see how desperately they are fighting against
+God under the pretext of the Gospel."
+
+The beginning of the 13th chapter of the Epistle to the Romans will ever
+be the principal direction in this matter. Melanchthon, too, refers to
+it, and fully and convincingly explains this passage to every one whose
+passions have not blinded and disordered his senses. He proceeds to say:
+"From all this we therefore conclude, that, because the Gospel demands
+obedience to government, and forbids rebellion, although princes may do
+evil; and also further requires that we endure wrong, they act against
+the Gospel, inasmuch as they arise against the government, and use force
+and violence against them. And they prove themselves liars in this, that
+they write they desire to live in accordance with the Gospel, and yet
+thus openly act against God, so that it is easy to observe that the
+devil is instigating them, desiring to destroy their bodies and souls.
+For the end may be whatever it will, such wickedness will be punished at
+last."
+
+Melanchthon now proceeds to consider each of the twelve articles
+separately. In the _first_ article he proves, that the government is
+bound to have the Gospel preached. But if a government, possessed by
+Satan, will not permit it, we ought not to raise a tumult, for God has
+forbidden it. Each one is to profess his faith, and suffer, if the
+government be hostile. "It is not possible to be a Christian, and lay
+the cross upon the shoulders of others; you must bear it yourself." In
+the _second_ article "Of Tithes," he takes the side of right, and
+refutes the misapplied scriptural passages of the peasants. In the
+article "On Vassalage," he also defends the established order of things,
+and proves that the passages quoted by the peasants had no reference to
+bodily, but to spiritual freedom. "Therefore," he says, "the expectation
+of the peasants has no pretext. Yes, it would be better if so wild and
+unruly a nation, like the German, had less liberty than they really
+possess."--"Our authorities indulge the people in all wantonness, and
+only require money of them, but keep them under no restraint, which
+causes great disorders!"
+
+He then reviews the remaining articles, of the chase, forests, services,
+taxes, penalties, &c. Of the right of heriot, a tax, he says that the
+government ought to abolish it, and remember the poor orphans. He
+concludes his pamphlet with very earnest words to the princes and
+peasants. To the former he says, they should humble themselves, because
+they had transgressed in many ways. "For God has always, from the
+beginning, overturned governments, when their wantonness became too
+great." He advises them to abolish the abuse of the mass, the celibacy
+of the clergy, and to appropriate the possessions of convents for useful
+purposes, especially for schools. Thus, should the princes lend a
+friendly hand, there should be some hope that words might answer a good
+purpose; but should this clemency be unavailing, the princes should
+strengthen themselves to treat the rebels as murderers. Melanchthon, who
+completed this pamphlet before the conclusion of the war of the
+peasants, added an appendix as soon as he heard that the peasants had
+been put down on every side. Now, the amiable man is merely a herald of
+peace and clemency. In this appendix he says: "As God has now given the
+victory, and the murderous rabble, which would not have peace, has been
+punished according to the laws of God, the princes should further be
+very careful that no harm befall the innocent, and also show mercy to
+the poor people, some of whom sinned through fear, others through
+folly." He points them to the example of David, who punished at the
+proper time, but at another also showed mercy, and concludes his
+excellent production in the following words--worthy of being taken to
+heart: "The Government should also look to it, that the word of God
+might be preached in the proper way, and that those customs of the
+church which oppose the word of God, be changed. Then God would grant
+them peace and prosperity in their government, as he did to Hezekiah and
+other pious monarchs, who put away the old abuses in the services of
+religion. For he declares, 1 Sam. ii. 30: 'For them that honor me, I
+will honor, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed.'" Not
+all the victorious princes regarded this truly Christian word, but
+punished and oppressed the peasants most severely, whilst they laid the
+blame of the rebellion upon the gospel thus recommended. But the Elector
+Frederick the Wise did not act thus. The peasants had also risen in
+rebellion in his dominions. THOMAS M�NZER, one of the most crazed and
+preposterous of beings, stood at their head. He endeavored to screen
+himself behind divine revelations, for all his violence against the
+government. When the rebellion was increasing, the Elector was confined
+by illness. These events moved him deeply; but in a letter to his
+brother, Duke John, he thus expressed himself: "It is God's sending and
+work, and God grant a happy conclusion." Again, he says: "Perhaps
+occasion has been given the poor people, particularly by prohibiting
+the word of God. Thus the poor are oppressed in many ways by us secular
+and spiritual authorities. God avert his anger from us!" This was
+Frederick's opinion, and his brother fully coincided in it. The Lord
+also gave the victory to the princes in Saxony and Thuringia.
+Melanchthon has described this rebellion in its beginning and close. He
+thus begins his narrative: "After Dr. Martin Luther had preached several
+years, and had taught the pure and true gospel, the devil sowed his seed
+by its side, raised many false and hurtful preachers, in order that the
+gospel might again be darkened and suppressed, and much blood might also
+be shed. For Christ himself has given the devil this name, and has thus
+painted him, that he was a murderer from the beginning, and will cause
+murders to the end of the world."
+
+Before the termination of the war, the Elector fell asleep on the 5th of
+May, 1525, in a truly Christian manner, so that his physician said: "He
+was a child of peace, and died peacefully." As it was desirable to
+prevent all superstitious customs at the funeral of the Elector, Luther
+and Melanchthon were requested to give their opinion. They did so; and
+the funeral ceremonies were conducted in this manner. Not only did
+Luther preach his celebrated funeral sermon, but Melanchthon also
+delivered a Latin oration in the church, which shows how well he was
+able to appreciate a prince of Frederick's character. He spoke of the
+excellent qualities of the deceased, and his love for the word of God,
+and concluded thus: "I pray that God in his mercy may receive into his
+own keeping the soul of Frederick! May he also bless the administration
+of the government by his brother, protect our country in these unhappy
+times, and grant you all that affection for public peace, that you may
+reverence your princes with all fidelity and conscientiousness,
+according to the command of God."
+
+Melanchthon sustained a great loss in the death of this exalted patron;
+but JOHN THE CONSTANT, who now held the reins of government, bore the
+same affection in his heart towards the chosen instruments of the
+Reformation.
+
+He even took a more decided stand than his brother, as we shall see
+hereafter. Melanchthon feared that the wheels of the machine would be
+interfered with too much. The slow, prudent conduct of the Elector,
+which he had extolled in his address, pleased him very well. To his
+fears in this respect another event was added during this year, which
+incited their enemies to increased slanders. This was Luther's sudden
+marriage in June, 1525, to CATHARINE VON BORA, who had been a nun.
+Luther took this step, standing upon the word of God, and in defiance of
+his enemies. But there seemed to be no end to the noise; yet
+Melanchthon, who had declared himself in favor of the marriage of the
+clergy, could not but approve of the marriage. Yet he would have
+prevented it during this period of ferment, had it been in his power to
+do so. But when Luther began to be concerned himself, Melanchthon became
+his comforter.[10]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HIS LABORS FOR THE CHURCH AND SCHOOLS.
+
+
+Although Melanchthon's professional activity was principally directed to
+the education of good teachers and pastors for the schools and churches,
+yet the confidence enjoyed by him, and his splendid reputation, which
+bore his name far beyond the confines of Saxony, soon afforded him an
+opportunity to exert a very salutary influence in the erection of new,
+and improvement of established schools. Even before he had, together
+with Luther, arranged the school in Eisleben, and also one in Magdeburg,
+of which CRUCIGER was Rector, he was invited to Nuremberg, by JEROME
+BAUMGARTNER, towards the close of the year 1524, in order to establish a
+Gymnasium,[11] and to act as its Rector. But nothing could induce him to
+leave Wittenberg. He therefore declined the offer of an appointment in
+Nuremberg, although he had the establishment of this institution of
+learning much at heart. One year after the invitation to visit
+Nuremberg, he undertook the journey with his friend Camerarius. This
+celebrated imperial city, which was then called "the eye of Germany,"
+attracted him on many accounts; for it had an eye open to the Gospel,
+and numbered among its inhabitants many of the most distinguished minds,
+with whom Melanchthon was intimately connected. Among these were
+Pirkheimer, Baumgartner, Lazarus Spengler, Ebner and N�tzel. He entered
+Nuremberg on the 12th of November, 1525. He communicated his views in
+regard to the arrangement of the school, and proposed able men as
+teachers. Camerarius, his beloved friend, was appointed Rector of the
+school. Other men also accepted the call extended to them. In the
+following year we find Melanchthon, true to his promise, in Nuremberg
+again. He formally opened this learned institution with a Latin address,
+May 23, 1526. In this address he uttered weighty words concerning the
+necessity and utility of the sciences. He concluded with the appropriate
+prayer: "I pray Christ that he may assist your important work by his
+grace, and that he may accompany your intentions and the diligence of
+those who shall study here, with his blessing." Among his friends in
+Nuremberg, he also numbered the celebrated painter, ALBERT D�RER, whose
+heart was also with the work of the Reformation. He spent a few very
+pleasant days with him and the rest of his friends, but returned to
+Wittenberg in June. Important business awaited him there, but in the
+middle of July he was seized with a severe illness, and his physician
+considered his recovery doubtful; but the Lord could not spare him yet.
+
+In the beginning of the year 1526, he was formally appointed to deliver
+lectures on Theology, although he remonstrated against it. His salary
+was increased to 200 florins. But the most important duty in which he
+was engaged at that time was in participating in the visitation of the
+schools and churches in Saxony. It may well be imagined that these were
+in a miserable condition. The Apostolic doctrine, which was proclaimed
+in Wittenberg with Apostolical power, had not found an entrance
+everywhere. In some of the schools and churches they still
+pertinaciously adhered to the beaten path. In other quarters it was
+patchwork, a new patch upon an old garment. There was one case of a
+minister who preached the gospel in his principal church, but read mass
+in the under-parochial church where they required a different practice.
+The confusion in doctrine, church customs, and church treasuries was
+truly deplorable. Luther did not complain without reason: "Help, dear
+Lord, what frequent distress have I seen, because the common people,
+particularly in villages, know nothing at all of Christian doctrine, and
+it is but too true that many ministers are unskilful and unfit to teach.
+And yet all are called Christians, are baptized, and enjoy the holy
+sacraments, and do not even know the Lord's Prayer, or the Creed, or
+the Ten Commandments, and live on like the brutes...."
+
+Luther had taken this distress to heart long before, and had earnestly
+appealed to Court, to institute a Visitation of all the schools and
+churches in the land. The Elector John, who was greatly concerned for
+the spread of the truth, ordered such a visitation. It took place in
+1527, and was a real work of necessity, but at the same time full of
+blessings. Different commissions were appointed for different parts of
+the country. Melanchthon was ordered to visit Thuringia, accompanied by
+Jerome Schurff, Erasmus of Haugwitz, and John of Planitz. Great indeed
+was the spiritual distress discovered by them! Melanchthon often went
+out and wept, as he writes himself: "What can be offered in
+justification, that these poor people have hitherto been left in such
+great ignorance and stupidity? My heart bleeds when I regard this
+misery. Often when we have completed the visitation of a place, I go to
+one side and pour forth my distress in tears. And who would not mourn to
+see the faculties of man so utterly neglected, and that his soul, which
+is able to learn and grasp so much, does not even know anything of its
+Creator and Lord." However, the Elector's instructions to the visitors
+enjoined it upon them to proceed in the most lenient manner. They obeyed
+strictly, and no doubt accomplished more in this way than if they had
+fallen upon everything in the stormy spirit of a Karlstadt.
+
+Melanchthon was also commissioned to prepare an _Instruction_ for the
+ministers in the Electorate of Saxony. This called forth a little volume
+with the title, "Instruction of the Members of the Visitation to the
+Pastors in the Electorate of Saxony." It was handed to Luther for
+inspection, who was entirely satisfied with it, and therefore made but
+few alterations. He added a Preface to the book, in which he explained
+the necessity of the Visitation. This volume may be called the first
+Confession of Faith of the Lutheran Church, and on this account already
+deserves to be better known. As might be expected from Melanchthon, it
+is conceived in a spirit of great moderation, and, whilst it gives
+prominence to the principal doctrines of the true Church, treats the
+opposite opinions with great forbearance. Let us select a few passages
+from this book of Instruction. The _first_ chapter treats "_Of
+Doctrine_." It says: "But how many now only speak of the forgiveness of
+sins, and nothing or very little of repentance, and yet there is no
+forgiveness of sin without repentance; and forgiveness of sins cannot be
+understood without repentance. And when we preach forgiveness of sins
+without repentance, it will come to pass that the people will believe
+that they have already obtained forgiveness of sins, and will thereby
+become secure and careless. Therefore we have instructed and exhorted
+Pastors that, according to their duty, they should preach the _whole_
+Gospel, and not one part without the other." In the article "_Of the Ten
+Commandments_," he requires that the people might be brought to a
+knowledge of their sins, by an exhibition of the law and of their sins,
+and proceeds thus: "Besides this, it will be profitable to preach of
+faith, in this manner, that whosoever feels pain and sorrow for sin
+should believe that his sins are forgiven him, not because of any merit
+of his own, but for Christ's sake." But the instruction always reverts
+to this, that faith is nothing without repentance. "Where there is no
+repentance there is a painted faith." After having thus given prominence
+to the two first parts of the Christian life, he proceeds: "The third
+part of the Christian life is to do good works, such as chastity, to
+love our neighbor, to help him, not to lie nor cheat, not to steal, not
+to murder, not to be revengeful, not to take vengeance into his own
+hands, &c. He then enters upon a consideration of the Ten Commandments.
+In treating the second commandment, he requires "_the true Christian
+prayer_." This section fully treats of the manner in which we ought to
+pray, and renounces all abuses. "Whatever it may be, we are to seek help
+_from God alone_." The fourth commandment is treated at length, and
+proceeds to show how children should treat parents, and parents their
+children, and particularly how subjects should conduct themselves
+towards the government. An entire section is devoted to the
+consideration of _Tribulations_, as a part of good works. They are to be
+careful to teach that all tribulations come from God, but also, that God
+is to be called upon in the midst of them. In considering the _Sacrament
+of Baptism_, the lawfulness of Infant Baptism is proved from its
+antitype, circumcision. They should perform the ceremony in the German
+language, in order that those present might understand its meaning.
+Here, too, they are directed to repentance and faith. _Of the Sacrament
+of the body and blood of Christ_, it teaches, "That in the bread is the
+true body of Christ, and in the wine the true blood of Christ," and
+mentions two of the principal passages of the Bible. The miracle is not
+wrought by the merits of the priest, but because Christ has so ordered
+it, that his body is present wherever men commune. They should teach in
+the most decided manner that _both_ kinds, bread and wine, should be
+distributed; yet no one, who, because of the weakness and fear of his
+conscience, could not receive both kinds, should be forced to receive
+both. Under such circumstances the Pastor should offer but _one_. It
+treats fully "_Of true Christian Repentance_." Added to this, is the
+section, "_Of true Christian Confession_." It says: "Papal Confession,
+namely, to rehearse all our sins, is not commanded, for it is impossible
+to do it."
+
+Yet, every one going to communion should be previously examined by the
+pastor. The article "_Of true Christian Satisfaction for Sin_," shows
+that Christ alone has made satisfaction for our sin. In the chapter "_Of
+human Church Regulations_," the pastors are exhorted to insist upon the
+principal matters in their sermons. Sundays and festival-days are to be
+observed. Yea, they even suffer Apostles' and Saints' days to remain.
+But on the latter they are to permit labor. But it is not their
+intention hereby to establish or commend the invocations and
+intercessions of the saints, for Christ _alone_ is the mediator who
+intercedes for us. Matters relating to marriage are also briefly
+considered. Of _free will_ it says, that we are able to perform worldly
+piety and good works by our own strength, given us and preserved for
+this purpose by God. This is the righteousness of the flesh. But they
+also teach--"Man by his own power cannot purify his heart, and produce
+divine gifts, such as true repentance from sin, a true and unfeigned
+fear of God, true faith, cordial love, chastity, an absence of revenge,
+true patience, earnest prayer, freedom from covetousness, &c."
+_Concerning Christian Liberty_, the errors of the vulgar are set aside,
+and liberty in Christ exhibited. We are also freed from the ceremonies
+of the Old Testament. The _Turks_ are not forgotten, and it also
+mentions how the _daily exercise in church_ is to be conducted. Would
+that it were so still in our churches! _Concerning true Christian
+Excommunication_, they teach that it is to be employed against those
+persons who live in open vices, after they have been admonished several
+times. They are not to be permitted to come to the Lord's Supper; but
+they are not prevented from hearing preaching. Overseers, called
+Superintendents, selected from the pastors, were appointed in particular
+districts. Besides this, this instruction of the visitation devotes a
+full chapter to schools.
+
+The Commissions of Visitation labored in this mild, conciliatory, and
+truly scriptural spirit, and that, too, with blessed results. The
+Catholics pretended to find a creeping back, as Luther calls it, in this
+book of instruction, and began to rejoice aloud.[12] When the little
+volume appeared publicly in 1528, and also during the previous years
+when a Latin sketch of it had been printed, different opinions were
+expressed concerning it. But the most singular attack upon the book was
+made by one of the evangelical party. A former friend of Melanchthon,
+JOHN AGRICOLA, rector in Eisleben, considered it unscriptural, and
+leading to the papacy, if repentance was derived from the law, and not
+from the gospel. This dispute made so much noise, that the Elector
+considered himself obliged to arrange a meeting in Torgau, between
+Agricola, on the one side, and Melanchthon, Luther, and Bugenhagen, on
+the other. It was held in November, 1527. Agricola could easily be
+refuted from the Scriptures; however, he was a man obstinately wedded
+to his own opinion, who, as it is well known, stirred up this very
+matter ten years after, in the most violent manner, at which time he
+made use of the most daring expressions, such as "Moses deserves the
+gallows." But this Antinomian spirit, which was manifested by the
+ultra-evangelical party from time to time, was refuted by Luther in the
+most powerful and conclusive manner. Melanchthon refers to this, and
+refutes it in a number of writings.
+
+In the summer of 1527, the university was removed to Jena, because the
+plague had broken out in Wittenberg. When Melanchthon had finished his
+first visitation tour, he continued to lecture in Jena, and wrote
+against the Anabaptists, who were also carrying on their sectarianism in
+various parts of Saxony. In the autumn of 1528, he made his second
+visitation tour into Thuringia, together with Myconius and Menius.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE DIET OF SPIRE.
+
+
+It is reasonable to suppose that the Pope could not have been satisfied
+with the great activity of the evangelical party, and the constantly
+increasing and noble spread of the gospel. He had but too many adherents
+in Germany, who were filled with the most violent rage against the
+Evangelical party. DUKE GEORGE of Saxony, who had been frequently
+attacked by Luther, especially breathed vengeance. He had in his service
+a counsellor, named OTTO VON PACK. It is a mystery to the present day,
+how this man came to reveal a pretended secret to the son-in-law of the
+Duke, the well-known Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, according to which the
+Catholic princes had formed a league against the evangelical states. He
+succeeded in presenting the matter in so plausible a manner, that
+Philip, who was already inclined to fight, believed it necessary to form
+a counter-league. Even the Elector John, who was otherwise more sober
+and calm, was of the same opinion. The Landgrave was not satisfied with
+mere words, but marched to the frontier with his troops; but the Elector
+was prudent enough to ask the opinions of his theologians, among whom
+Melanchthon was included.
+
+Their advice was quite temperate. Although they were highly incensed at
+this Catholic league, they would hear nothing of an attack. How much
+Melanchthon was inclined to a scriptural peace, is shown in a letter
+addressed by him to the Elector on the 18th of May, 1528: "To have a
+good conscience, and to enjoy the friendship of God, is surely the best
+consolation in all afflictions. But if we should begin by seizing the
+sword, and commence a war with an evil conscience, we would have lost
+this consolation. Great sorrow and cares induce me to write this. God
+knows that I do not value my own life so highly, but I am only thinking
+how much dishonor might be brought upon the holy Gospel, should your
+Electoral Grace begin to war, without previously making use of all means
+and ways to preserve the peace, which indeed ought to be done." The
+Elector was of the same opinion, but the Landgrave stood prepared to
+fight. But when he wrote to his father-in-law, Duke George, he declared
+the whole matter to be "an unfounded lying report." Although the
+evangelical party could hardly believe this assertion, and perhaps had
+reason for it, they were, nevertheless, obliged to put an end to all
+further preparations.
+
+Two years before, in the year 1526, a Diet had been held in Spire, which
+had taken a turn favorable to the evangelical party. Although the
+Catholics demanded that the wicked Edict of Worms should be executed,
+they nevertheless did not succeed. The States were divided, and the
+Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave Philip were about to leave the Diet,
+when King Ferdinand and the Elector of Treves acted as mediators, and
+declared that a Christian free council should be held in a year, in
+order to settle these religious difficulties. During this time each one
+should remain quiet and peaceful. The princes promised to act as they
+wished to answer for it before God and the Emperor, or in their own
+words: "During the meantime, until a council shall be held, each State
+is so to treat its subjects, in reference to the Edict of Worms, as they
+hope to answer for it before God and the Emperor." After this, the whole
+matter remained as it was before, and there was great reason for
+gratitude to God that such a result had been reached.
+
+There was nothing to be dreaded on the part of the Emperor at this time,
+for he was engaged in open war with the Pope; he had not yet been
+reconciled to the king of France, and the Turks were advancing
+victoriously. It would have been highly imprudent to arouse the
+hostility of a part of the German princes at this time. But that which
+he had avoided by the prudence which always characterized his conduct
+throughout life, was earnestly sought by the Catholic States, who had
+denied the existence of a league against the Evangelical party. Their
+hearts were full of anger. The Emperor had summoned another Diet to
+Spire, to meet on February 1st, 1529. The Imperial proclamation did not
+promise as favorable a result as had been brought about by the last Diet
+of Spire. As the Elector well knew what hostility prevailed against
+Luther, he did not take him along with him, but chose the more peaceful
+Melanchthon. They arrived at Spire on the 13th of March, 1529. The
+general hatred was now directed against him. The prospect was a gloomy
+one. Melanchthon had not the strong faith of Luther, by which he could
+have _believed_ the clouds away--he rather increased their number by his
+anxiety. The Imperial proposition, in reference to religious matters,
+did not speak favorably of the innovations. It regrets that "such
+wicked, grievous, troublesome and destructive doctrines and errors have
+arisen in our holy faith, and are daily spread abroad more and more."
+His Imperial majesty, by his Imperial absolute power, annuls the
+resolution of the previous Diet, which had indeed been a very flexible
+one. This was not a good beginning. The Catholics triumphed, and
+succeeded in passing a final decree of the States of the Empire
+assembled in Diet, which was very unfavorable to the Evangelical party.
+For this final decree insisted upon the execution of the Edict of the
+Diet of Worms. The mass should be retained, and all innovations in the
+Church be stopped.
+
+The Elector requested Luther and Melanchthon to give their opinion
+concerning this decree. They express themselves decidedly opposed to
+assenting to the decree, but drop the Anabaptists and Sacramentarians,
+who were as unpopular in the electoral dominions as elsewhere. This
+opinion no doubt exercised an influence upon the Evangelical States.
+Melanchthon's spirits were deeply affected during the progress of these
+negotiations. He expressed his sorrow in his letters. On the 15th of
+March he wrote to Camerarius that it could easily be seen on every side
+that the Evangelical party is hated, as well as what they intend to do.
+"You know," he continues, "that I observe many defects among our
+friends, but their object here is not to correct our faults, but to
+suppress the best of causes. But I hope that Christ will prevent this,
+and frustrate the counsels of those people who desire war." So he also
+entreated his friend Myconius: "I exhort thee to pray Christ that he
+would regard us in mercy, and protect us. For here we are objects of
+scorn to the proud spirits, and of derision to the rich."
+
+A very bad state of feeling prevailed in Spire. Faber preached: "The
+Turks are better than the Lutherans, for they fast, and these do not."
+He even went so far as to say, that if he had his choice, he would
+rather throw away the Bible, than the ancient errors of the church.
+Camerarius exhorted Melanchthon to cast his cares upon God. He replied,
+"If I had no cares, I should not cry unto God. But whereas piety
+conquers cares by prayers, it cannot be altogether rid of them. By
+cares, therefore, am I driven to prayer, and prayer drives away my
+cares."
+
+Verbal and written objections to the final decree were unavailing.
+Finally, the Evangelical party, and Melanchthon with them, saw
+themselves compelled to take the step which has become so celebrated in
+the history of the Reformation. On the 15th of April, 1529, they entered
+a formal _Protest_ and _Appeal_ against the decree of the diet. Even
+though the Catholics afterwards called them _Protestants_, by way of
+derision, the despised ones could regard that name as an honorable
+title.[13] And at this time, more than ever, should we abide by this
+name, as an honorable distinction of the Evangelical Church, because the
+old assumptions are again endeavoring to gain an influence; and even in
+the bosom of the Evangelical Church, there is enough against which we
+must protest.
+
+The Emperor received the Protest in a very ungracious manner. A
+threatening imperial reply arrived from Barcelona, dated July 12, 1529,
+in which he expresses his disapprobation of the Protest, and concludes
+thus: "If you should continue to appear disobedient after this our
+gracious warning, we would no longer hesitate, but would and should be
+obliged to punish you, in order to maintain proper obedience in the Holy
+Empire." We may well imagine how such language was calculated to trouble
+Melanchthon.
+
+During this season of troubles, he made a brief visit to Bretten, to see
+his mother. He saw her for the last time, for she completed her earthly
+pilgrimage on the 6th of June, 1529.[14]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE CONFERENCE AT MARBURG.
+
+
+While the Catholics were filled with the most violent enmity against the
+evangelical party, and dark clouds were gathering over the heads of the
+Protestants, because of the decided expression of the emperor's will, it
+was a matter for the very deepest regret that a deep gulf was opened in
+the midst of the evangelical party, which grew wider and wider in the
+course of time. This was the rupture between the Lutherans and the
+Reformed, to use the names familiar now. We have already become
+acquainted with the restless, stormy spirit of Dr. Carlstadt, whom
+Melanchthon called the wicked A B C, on account of the initials of the
+three names, Andrew Bodenstein Carlstadt. Among other errors, he also
+denied the bodily presence of Christ in the sacrament, and explained the
+words of institution in so forced a manner, that Luther was doubtful
+whether he should consider him in earnest, or think that God had
+hardened and blinded him. Luther simply adhered to the words of Christ,
+however much, as he confesses himself, he was spurred by his reason to
+deviate from the words. "But I am a prisoner," he says, "and cannot
+escape; the text is too powerful, and will not permit its meaning to be
+changed by words." Melanchthon also strictly held, that the body and
+blood of Christ are truly and essentially present in the Lord's Supper.
+
+Because Carlstadt would not return to Wittenberg, he was obliged to
+leave the country. But soon after he solicited Luther's intercession,
+who willingly complied. He returned to Saxony in the year 1525. Luther
+baptized his son, and his wife and Melanchthon acted as sponsors. But in
+the year 1527, Luther already expressed himself unfavorably of the man,
+who still adhered to his ridiculous explanation of the words of the
+Lord's Supper. Carlstadt now left Saxony, and in 1528 came to Basle,
+where he was appointed preacher and professor. He soon disappeared in
+the back-ground, when another, ULRICH ZWINGLI, the Swiss reformer,
+appeared with his unsatisfactory exposition of the words of the supper,
+according to which the words "This _is_ my body," were said to mean
+"This _signifies_ my body." Although he labored with great success in
+Switzerland, he yet bore some resemblance to Dr. Carlstadt, in his
+stormy proceedings, for he destroyed the images, bells, organs, and the
+like. Zwingli took Carlstadt's side against Luther. John Oecolampadius,
+professor and pastor in Basle, and a friend of Melanchthon's youth,
+united with him in the same unsatisfactory view of the Lord's Supper.
+
+Luther was greatly grieved at these innovations, and attacked them with
+terrible earnestness. He called the Swiss _Sacramentarians_. We shall
+not introduce those matters, which more properly belong to the Life of
+Luther. Adhering to his declaration: "Thus it is written," he laid
+powerful blows upon the Sacramentarians, who replied in equally violent
+and biting publications. Although Melanchthon had not mingled in the
+strife up to the present time, he yet stood on Luther's side. He too
+felt himself bound by the express words of the Bible. Even from Spire,
+as early as the year 1529, he had written to his otherwise dearly
+beloved friend Oecolampadius concerning this matter: "It is very painful
+to me that discord should have arisen in this matter, ordained by Christ
+himself to establish an indissoluble love. Never has anxiety for any
+matter disturbed my heart more than my anxiety in this. And I have not
+only myself considered what might be said for and against this matter,
+but I have also examined the opinions of the ancients. For I should not
+like to stand up as the author or defender of any new dogma in the
+Church. After having thus weighed what seemed to be best established on
+both sides, I will express my sentiments, with your permission, but I
+cannot agree with your opinion." He then reviews the objections of
+opponents. One of these objections was, that the _absent_ body of Christ
+could not be present. In answer to this he says: "I know that there is a
+promise of Christ; 'I am with you alway, even unto the end of the
+world;' and other ones similar to this, in which it is not necessary to
+separate his humanity from his divinity; and therefore I am of the
+opinion that this sacrament is a testimony of the true presence.... That
+opinion, that Christ has taken possession of a part of heaven in such a
+manner that he is shut up in it as in a prison, is one altogether
+unworthy of a Christian." Such an important question should not be
+judged by the rules of geometry, but by the word of God. He also says,
+that the most distinguished Fathers of the Church explain the sacrament
+like those of the Evangelical party. In the conclusion of his letter he
+yet presents a variety of considerations. "I observe," he says, "that
+your cause relies upon the assistance of the understanding and
+subtleties, and that you are not only employing public but secret arts
+also, to attract attention; and I doubt whether these will further your
+cause more than public ones. I am well aware of your own modesty;
+therefore I consider it necessary to remind you to reflect, that even
+shrewd and prudent persons may sometimes fall, and it is particularly
+dangerous to rely upon our own reason in spiritual matters." Melanchthon
+gave up all thoughts of a conference concerning this matter.
+
+However, this plan, entertained by another individual also, was soon to
+be realized. The Landgrave PHILIP of Hesse saw what incalculable
+mischief would follow a division of the Germans and the Swiss. He
+regarded the matter from a political point of view, because a party,
+divided in itself, could not accomplish that which it might do when
+united. But he also appreciated the religious aspect of the question. It
+was soon discovered to which side he leaned in this dispute. Be this as
+it may, the Landgrave considered it advisable to arrange a conference at
+Marburg between the Germans and the Swiss. Although the doctrine of the
+Lord's Supper was the principal point of difference, there were yet
+besides this a number of other differences. Although Melanchthon had
+suggested the idea of such a conference to Oecolampadius, he now
+dissuaded from it, when the Landgrave wished such an one to take place.
+With Luther he believed that the conference would not be productive of
+good.
+
+But finally both parties consented. The day after Michaelmas, the
+Wittenbergians, Luther, Melanchthon and Jonas, arrived in Marburg, after
+Zwingli, Oecolampadius, Bucer and Hedio, had already arrived. Andrew
+Osiander, of Nuremberg, Brenz of Hall, and Stephen Agricola of Augsburg,
+arrived after this. Jonas cannot sufficiently extol the gracious,
+friendly, even princely reception, they met with. Although it had at
+first been arranged that they should lodge in the city, the Landgrave
+now received them into his palace. Jonas remarks: "This has been done in
+these forests, not only in honor of learning, but of the true God and
+Christ, whom we preach. Would to God that everything might be decided
+to the honor of Christ!"
+
+Melanchthon reported the proceedings of the conference to the Elector
+John of Saxony, and likewise to Duke Henry of Saxony. We follow his
+narrative, which gives us a clear view of this important meeting. At
+first, Luther conversed with Oecolampadius alone, and Melanchthon with
+Zwingli. It was stated that Zwingli was accused of teaching that
+Original Sin was not sin, and that Baptism did not secure to children
+forgiveness of Original Sin. That he declared concerning the Lord's
+Supper, that the body and blood of Christ are not truly in the
+sacrament. He is also said to teach that the Holy Ghost is not given
+through the Word and Sacrament, but without the word and sacrament.
+Further, it is asserted, that some do not teach correctly of the
+Divinity of Christ, and also spoke awkwardly of Justification before
+God. That they did not insist enough upon the doctrine of Faith. Zwingli
+hereupon declared that he always believed, and did still believe, that
+Christ is true God and man. That it is not his fault if others have
+taught improperly. They disputed a long time concerning original sin,
+and the means by which the Holy Ghost is communicated. Zwingli yielded
+this point.
+
+On the 2d of October, the following day, they began the principal battle
+on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The Landgrave and his chief
+counsellors attended this discussion. They disputed two days on this
+point of difference. Zwingli and Oecolampadius steadily maintained: 1.
+That Christ taught a spiritual eating of his body in John vi., and
+therefore we should only understand a spiritual eating in the Sacrament.
+2. That a body cannot be present in many places at one and the same
+time. Christ possesses a true body, and is in heaven; therefore, he
+could not be in the Sacrament at the same time. Here they made a number
+of awkward assertions; _e. g._, God does not present such unintelligible
+matters to us, outward participation is useless. 3. Oecolampadius
+introduced quotations from Augustine, that Sacraments are mere signs,
+signifying something, even as the serpent in the wilderness signifies
+something. He thought it sufficient to be satisfied with a spiritual
+participation. Luther replied as the principal speaker. Concerning John
+vi., he declared that, although Christ is there speaking of spiritual
+eating, yet this is not opposed to bodily eating. He, too, taught a
+spiritual eating, but in the words of the institution an outward eating
+is ordained. The opposite party then referred to the words: "The flesh
+profiteth nothing." It was replied to them, that, as Christ above speaks
+of his flesh as giving life, the words quoted by them could not refer to
+his own flesh, but to our own carnal being and thoughts. But if we wish
+to explain it of Christ's flesh, we cannot draw any other conclusion
+from it than this, that the flesh of Christ, when received without
+faith, profiteth nothing. To the _second_ objection they replied, that
+our reason should not judge God's power and glory, whether one body is
+able to be present in many places or not. Melanchthon relates that their
+opponents steadfastly adhered to this objection. They said that even
+wicked priests could perform this great miracle. It was replied to them,
+that we ought not to regard the worthiness of the priests, but the
+commandment of God. Upon this they dropped their objection. To the
+_third_ objection, in which Oecolampadius declared "the Sacraments are
+signs, and therefore we ought to grant that they signify something;
+therefore we ought to acknowledge in the Lord's Supper that the body of
+the Lord is only _signified_, and not present," the other side replied,
+that we ought not to explain them in a manner different from that in
+which Christ had explained them. That the Sacraments are signs, should
+be understood thus, that they signify promises connected with them.
+Thus, the Lord's Supper signifies that the death of Christ has obtained
+satisfaction for our sins, and gives us the assurance of the forgiveness
+of sin. From this it does not follow as a matter of necessity that
+Christ's body is not present. Zwingli and Oecolampadius quoted many
+passages from the Fathers in corroboration of their views. Their
+opponents also presented many clear declarations of the Church Fathers
+to the Landgrave in writing, from which it appeared that the ancient
+Church taught the true presence of the body and blood of Christ in the
+Lord's Supper.
+
+Such was the result of the conference at Marburg. Both parties adhered
+to their own opinions. The Swiss asked to be regarded as brethren.
+Luther refused, and declared this to be an evidence that they did not
+value their own cause very highly. Although they were satisfied with
+Luther's doctrines on all other points, they adhered to their own
+opinion of the Lord's Supper. It is true Melanchthon expresses a hope
+that they might change their opinion in this matter at some future day,
+but this hope was never realized.
+
+The Conference lasted three days. Melanchthon had feared that their
+opponents would be far more violent, and expressed himself well
+satisfied with them in this respect. The Landgrave was also deeply
+interested in this discussion. It is said that he made the remark: "Now
+he would rather believe the simple words of Christ than the subtle
+thoughts of men." Although this conference effected some good in
+correcting many misapprehensions and errors, as well as for a while
+putting an end to the violent polemical writings, yet no union had been
+brought about in the matter of the Lord's Supper. The schism remained,
+and grew more incurable in future days. Meetings were again held in
+Rotach, Schwabach, Smalkald, and in Nuremberg, in the beginning of the
+year 1530, in order to bring about a union with the upper Germans. But
+they would not forsake their opinion, and the Elector, who believed
+Luther's doctrine, could not induce himself to enter into a league with
+his opponents. Besides this, the latter were so far removed from the
+Catholics in the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, that it was not to be
+hoped that they would be received when united. However, the Landgrave,
+whose purpose to unite the Reformed, especially the four upper German
+cities, with the Lutherans, had so far been frustrated, did not
+relinquish all hope of final success. He made repeated efforts. Thus a
+meeting was held in Schwabach in October, 1529. Luther had prepared
+seventeen articles, one of which expressed the true presence of the body
+and blood of Christ in the Sacrament. But they could not unite here, nor
+in the Conferences at Smalkald in November, and Nuremberg, in January,
+1530.
+
+Thus, while the Catholics were banded together to inflict deadly blows
+upon the Protestants, these were separated into two parties; and if we
+add the sects, into a number of parties. But now every eye was directed
+to the Diet of Augsburg, at which the cause of the Protestants was to be
+considered again. All were in anxious expectation to see what the
+Emperor would do. And on this occasion it was reserved for Melanchthon
+to produce a work which should not only excite attention in Augsburg,
+but which decided and secured the lawful position of the Evangelical
+Church. However, Melanchthon was not in the most joyous frame of mind
+at this time. He thus expresses this in a letter to Camerarius: "Not a
+day passes in which I do not wish that I might leave this world."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE DIET OF AUGSBURG.
+
+
+The Turks, who had advanced victoriously as far as Vienna, met with so
+determined a resistance at the hands of the brave hero PHILIP of the
+Palatinate, that they were obliged to retreat. Thus the danger which
+threatened the Emperor from the East was lessened. He had resumed
+peaceful relations with King FRANCIS of France, and was also reconciled
+to the Pope, and had been crowned by him. He now had abundant
+opportunity to attend to the religious difficulties, and, as he hoped,
+to bring them to a happy conclusion. It is very true that Pope Clemens
+would hear nothing of it, when he informed him that it would be
+necessary to hold a general council, and that he intended to summon a
+Diet on this account. Clemens, in his reply, declared, that religious
+difficulties must be brought before the Bishop of Rome, and that he in
+every case had a right to convene a General Council. He demanded power
+of arms to suppress the dissatisfaction reigning in Germany, and said:
+"There is no other way for you but to restore peace by your arms." Of
+course Charles would not agree to this. He insisted upon a Diet, and
+said: "We must hear both sides, and then pronounce sentence, not
+according to our tyrannical pleasure, but according to the law and
+doctrine given us by God."
+
+On the 21st of January, 1530, the necessary imperial documents were
+dispatched from Bologna to Germany, fixing the meeting of the Diet for
+the 8th of April, in Augsburg. Besides deliberating concerning
+assistance against the Turks, they would also consider "what might be
+done and resolved in reference to the errors and schism in our holy
+faith and the Christian religion." The imperial proclamation was couched
+in very mild terms, yet the Evangelical party entertained unfounded
+fears that the Emperor would now assume a more hostile attitude. The
+Landgrave Philip of Hesse even considered it dangerous to attend the
+Diet. We are already acquainted with this man, who was not at all
+disinclined to divide the Gordian knot with the sword. But the Elector
+John was of a different opinion, and besides this, consulted his
+Theologians in this important matter. They expressed themselves most
+decidedly against an armed resistance. Luther gave his opinion to the
+Elector as early as the 6th of March. Melanchthon added a preface. On
+the 14th of March an electoral decree was sent to Luther, Jonas,
+Bugenhagen, and Melanchthon, which called upon them to prepare a list of
+the principal points of difference in matters of Faith, and the customs
+of the Church, so that it might be known how far they might go at the
+approaching Diet. They selected the 17 so called articles of Torgau,
+which were formerly called the articles of Schwabach, and had been
+prepared by Luther. They constitute the basis of the Augsburg
+Confession. On March 21, the Theologians were commanded to meet the
+Elector in Torgau. Here in Torgau, these Theologians assembled in the
+parsonage, and presented this matter to God, with prayers and sighs.
+
+On one occasion, Melanchthon arose, sad and weary, having been called
+out by a messenger. When he had dismissed the messenger, he retired to
+his room. Here he found the wives and children of the Pastor, and his
+two chaplains. Some of these children were being suckled, whilst others
+were being examined in the Catechism and Prayer. When Master Philip saw
+this, he stood still for a little while, looking on and listening with
+great surprise as the little children are praying with stammering
+tongues, and he thinks of the words of the Psalmist: "Out of the mouths
+of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise." He is especially
+moved by beholding the wife of one of the chaplains suckling one child,
+and at the same time cutting turnips for her husband's dinner, whilst
+another child is repeating its prayers to her. When Philip saw this, he
+exclaimed: "Oh! what a holy and God-pleasing work!" He goes in again to
+the Theologians, joyous and comforted. Dr. Luther asked him how he came
+to enter so pleasantly, after having gone out in such sadness. Then
+Melanchthon replied: "My clear Sirs, let us not be so faint-hearted, for
+I have just now seen those who shall fight for us, who protect us, and
+who are and shall remain invincible in all violence." Dr. Luther
+inquired who these mighty heroes were? Philip replied: "The wives and
+little children of our Pastor and his chaplains, whose prayer is now
+heard, and which God will not leave unanswered, even as our faithful God
+and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has not despised this their prayer
+up to the present time." This filled the Theologians with great joy, so
+that they remained firmly in the truth, and bore witness of the same.
+And the result proved that faith and prayer will always gain the
+victory. The Elector was pleased with these articles, and commissioned
+Melanchthon to arrange them in a proper manner, and also to write an
+introduction to them.
+
+On the third of April, the Elector, accompanied by a numerous retinue,
+and the Theologians, commenced his journey. They proceeded very slowly,
+by way of Eisenberg, Weimar, and Coburg. Here they rested several days,
+for Melanchthon was already preparing the articles which were to be
+delivered at Augsburg. But Luther, who was particularly hated by their
+opponents, was left behind in Coburg, where he took up his quarters in
+the castle, having for his companion a very worthy man, VEIT DIETRICH,
+of Nuremberg. April 21st or 22d, the Elector resumes his journey, and
+Agricola has taken Luther's place. In Nuremberg they halted but a single
+day. Melanchthon made use of these moments to report the latest news to
+Luther, and thus concludes: "Christ preserve you, pray for us all!" On
+the 2d of May, the Elector and his retinue arrived in Augsburg. None of
+the princes had yet arrived. As they were obliged to wait some time for
+the coming of the Emperor, Melanchthon, who was at all times fond of
+correcting his productions, had ample time to improve the Confession. On
+the 4th of May, he wrote to Luther concerning this matter, and says: "I
+have given the introduction to our Confession a more elegant turn than
+it had as I wrote it in Coburg. But I will shortly bring it to you, or,
+if the Elector will not permit this, send it you." He was already able
+to send the Confession to Luther on the 11th of May; but he now called
+it an _Apology_, because at the same time it should also be a defence of
+the Evangelical faith. It was his intention to prove in this that the
+doctrine of the Evangelical party did not at all depart from the
+Christian Church. He writes: "We send our Apology to you, although it is
+rather a Confession. For the Emperor has no time to listen to long
+disputations. But I have, nevertheless, mentioned whatever I considered
+to be particularly useful and appropriate. On this account I have
+included nearly every article of faith, because Eck has published quite
+devilish blasphemies against us. I wished to present an antidote to
+this. You will judge of the entire work according to your own mind."
+Melanchthon and the Elector, who added a letter to the Confession,
+inquired of Luther what ought to be done, in case the Emperor should
+prohibit the Evangelical party from preaching. Luther returned
+Melanchthon's manuscript to the Elector, with these words: "I have read
+Mr. Philip's Apology. I like it well enough. I know of nothing to
+improve or alter in it, besides that would not be suitable, for I cannot
+walk so meekly and so silently. May Christ our Lord grant that this may
+produce much and great fruit, even as we hope and pray. Amen." In reply
+to the question concerning preaching, he declared his opinion, that
+"they ought to yield to the Emperor, if previous humble remonstrance has
+been made, because the city is his." As the Emperor still delayed,
+Melanchthon again took the file in hand, in order to give greater
+perfection to the Confession of Faith. He wrote to Luther on the 22d of
+May: "I daily alter many things in the Apology. I have taken out the
+article 'On vows,' because it was by far too short and meagre, and have
+put a fuller one in its place. I am now arranging the article on the
+'Power of the Keys.'" He prepared the Latin, as well as the German text.
+When the document was completed, it was also communicated to the
+ambassadors of the free cities. These were so well pleased with it, that
+the resolution that it should be signed in the name of all the
+Evangelical States was passed at once. However, the Theologians of the
+various States met together to discuss the different articles of the
+Confession. They particularly discussed the little word "_really_," in
+Article 10, which treats of the Sacrament of the body and blood of
+Christ. For this was opposed by some in the most determined manner.
+
+While they were thus deliberating, the emperor was still delaying his
+coming, and they were thus kept in the greatest suspense. It was
+reported that the notorious Cajetan was accompanying the Emperor as the
+legate of the Pope. Melanchthon says of him: "He is a foolish and
+insolent man, with whom you cannot do anything." But this report, as so
+many others circulated at this time, was not corroborated. The Elector
+had sent JOHN VON DOLTZIG to the imperial court, who returned with the
+order that all preaching in Augsburg should be stopped. We already know
+what Luther thought of this. Melanchthon entertained the same opinion.
+But the Elector, and his chancellor BR�CK, were unwilling to obey this
+prohibition, and protested against it. At last, the Emperor decided that
+no preacher, no matter who he might be, should be permitted to preach in
+Augsburg, without being appointed to do so by the Emperor himself. When
+the Lutherans in Augsburg were likewise deliberating what they should
+do, if they should be forbidden to eat meat on certain days, if
+spiritual jurisdiction should be demanded again, and they should desire
+to re-establish convents, and the like, Melanchthon delivered his
+written opinion to the Elector. He was in favor of yielding, but opposed
+the re-establishment of convents.
+
+The conduct of the Landgrave Philip, of Hesse, grieved him exceedingly;
+for he was very anxious to bring about a union between the Lutherans and
+the Swiss. For this purpose, he had previously brought about the
+Conference at Marburg, without, however, accomplishing his purpose in
+the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. He still entertained thoughts of a
+union. On this account, Melanchthon wrote to Luther, May 22: "I entreat
+you most earnestly to write to the Landgrave, and to exhort him, that he
+should not burden his conscience by defending any false doctrine." In
+addition to this, Melanchthon and Brenz also addressed a letter to the
+Landgrave, and justified themselves for not being able to unite with the
+Zwinglians. The Landgrave replied in very temperate language, insisting
+upon treating the Zwinglians as brethren, without, however, being able
+to shake the opinions of the two theologians. The Catholics knew very
+well that such divisions had arisen in the Evangelical camp. It will
+always remain a subject of regret that no union could be brought about.
+Melanchthon and Brenz declared: "We have such articles, of which, by the
+grace of God, we are certain, and are able to suffer for them with a
+good conscience, which is indeed a source of great comfort in every
+danger; but we cannot be certain of the Zwinglian doctrine, as it is
+called, for we have no clear word of God for it."
+
+Relying upon the word of God, they could indeed calmly await coming
+events. At last the Emperor, who had delayed so long, arrived in
+Augsburg. He made his public entrance on the 15th of June. Not Cajetan,
+but the smoother Campegius, accompanied the Emperor, as the Pope's
+legate. We may well suppose that this public entrance was very
+magnificent. The following day was the festival of Corpus Christi. As
+the evangelical princes could not conscientiously take a part in this
+festival, which celebrated a doctrine which they rejected most
+decidedly, they took no part in the procession. They declared to the
+Emperor, who insisted upon their attendance: "They could not
+conscientiously before God, comply with this demand, because this
+procession was made a species of worship." The princes at first
+expressed themselves in the most decided manner, against the Emperor's
+demand that the preaching should be stopped. The Margrave George even
+said, before the Emperor: "Rather than deny my God and his Gospel, I
+would kneel down here before your Imperial Majesty, and have my head cut
+off." The Emperor replied, in his defective German, "Not head off, not
+head off." However, as the Emperor had prohibited preaching to both
+parties, and had reserved the right to appoint preachers for himself,
+the Lutherans could not complain any longer, especially as their
+theologians advised peaceful measures. The day preceding the opening of
+the Diet, Melanchthon wrote to his friend Camerarius, that the
+Confession would be more moderate than the ungodliness of their enemies
+deserved. He had only insisted upon the principal matters, and restored
+spiritual jurisdiction entirely to the bishops. That many, indeed, were
+dissatisfied with this; but that he would be willing to accept even more
+stringent conditions, if peace might be attained by these means. He
+continues: "After Mercurinus is dead, there is no one of any consequence
+at Court, who is inclined to peace. He had gained over a Spanish
+secretary, who promised well, and had already spoken to the Emperor and
+Campegius; but all lies in the hands of God. Pray to Christ that he may
+grant peace. Not only are we forbidden to preach, but our adversaries
+also. However, the Emperor, by his imperial power, will appoint a
+preacher who shall only read the mere text of the gospel and Epistle. In
+this you may observe the wonderful wisdom of the courtiers." Concerning
+the prospects of the Diet, Luther thus strikingly expresses himself
+towards Agricola: "Truly, you are not merely to contend with men in
+Augsburg, but with the gates of Hell." And again: "The Lord Jesus, who
+has sent you all thither to be his witnesses and servants, and for whose
+sake you expose your necks, be with you, and testify unto you by his
+Spirit, that you may know with certainty, and may not doubt, that you
+are his witnesses. This faith will strengthen and comfort you, for you
+are the ambassadors of a great King. These are true words. Amen." Such
+courageous faith should have filled all the Lutherans, and Melanchthon
+in particular.
+
+At last, on the 20th of June, the Diet was opened by the celebration of
+Mass, by the Archbishop of Mentz. The Papal orator, Pimpinelli, made the
+address. Afterwards they proceeded to the town-hall, where the Imperial
+demands were proclaimed, first against the Turks, then in matters of
+religion. In reference to the last point, the Emperor expressed his
+regret that the previous Imperial resolutions had not been carried out.
+Nevertheless, the States should express their sentiments in matters of
+religion in Latin and German declarations. Melanchthon, filled with
+excessive alarm, believed this important matter might be brought to a
+favorable conclusion by private efforts. It was not a good plan;
+however, he adopted it. Among the retainers of the Emperor was a
+secretary named ALPHONSUS WALDESIUS. This Spaniard seems to have been a
+shrewd man. He entered into communication with Melanchthon, and revealed
+his views of the Lutherans as they were regarded in Spain. It was
+thought there that they did not believe in a God, or the Holy Trinity,
+or Christ, or Mary; so that the people of Spain thought they could not
+serve God better than by killing a Lutheran. Melanchthon replied
+somewhat to the following effect: "The Lutheran cause is not so tedious
+and awkward as it may have been represented to his Imperial Majesty; and
+that the principal difficulty was concerning the articles, of the two
+forms in the Sacrament, of priests and monks, marriage and the mass;
+because the Lutherans considered solitary masses sinful. If these
+articles should be conceded, he believed that ways and means might be
+found to settle all the rest." Soon after he was informed by the
+Imperial secretary that the Emperor was pleased to hear this, and had
+commanded that he should make a very brief statement of the Lutheran
+articles, and deliver it to him. The Emperor also believed that it would
+be most advisable to settle the matter quietly; for public trials and
+quarrelsome disputations were only productive of ill-will, and not of
+unity.
+
+Melanchthon expressed himself ready to reflect upon this subject; but
+neither the Elector nor Chancellor Br�ck would permit the matter to be
+disposed of in this way. He was merely permitted to show the Confession,
+which, as Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius, the Secretary Waldesius found
+"entirely too bitter for the opponents to endure it."
+
+As they could not and would not take the by-way of silence, the Emperor
+suddenly, on the 22d of June, appointed Friday, June 24th, for the
+delivery of the Evangelical Confession. This short time greatly
+perplexed the Lutherans, because Melanchthon still wished to make
+further corrections, and the Introduction also was wanting. In order
+that this might be in the proper form, Chancellor Br�ck assisted him.
+The Theologians, (there were twelve present,) assembled to deliberate.
+Nine princes and cities signed the German copy of the Confession; and
+because they had no further time to spare, they took Melanchthon's
+manuscript as the Latin copy. The 24th of June arrived, but it being too
+late, the reading of the Confession could only take place on the
+following day, Saturday, June 25, 1530.
+
+This day, which has become one of the most important in the History of
+the Evangelical Church, came at last. Spalatin says: "One of the
+greatest deeds ever accomplished in the world has been done this day."
+The Emperor and his brother Ferdinand, Princes and States of the Empire,
+and distinguished Ecclesiastics, were there assembled, to listen to the
+reading of the Confession of Faith. The Saxon Chancellor read the German
+Confession so loudly and distinctly, that it was not only heard in the
+hall, but also in the court, where a great multitude was assembled. It
+contained two parts, the first including all the doctrines of Faith, the
+other the disputed articles. On account of our limited space, we shall
+but briefly touch upon the different articles, as every one, especially
+every Lutheran, should be most intimately acquainted with the Confession
+of his Church. We have more need of it at this time than formerly, for
+the ancient errors arise with renewed vigor, and may easily shake one
+who is uncertain in his belief.
+
+_First_--1. Stands the Confession of the Holy Trinity, of God the
+Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. 2. How we become pious and righteous before
+God. 3. How all men are born with Original Sin. 4. What Original Sin is.
+5. How we attain God's Grace. 6. How preaching is necessary towards
+Justification. 7. How Faith must produce good fruits and works. 8. What
+the general Christian Church is. 9. That the Sacraments are efficacious,
+even when administered by wicked priests. 10. Of Baptism, against the
+Anabaptists. 11. Of the Holy Sacrament of the true body and blood of
+Christ in the Sacrament of the Altar. 12. Of Repentance. 13. That the
+Sacraments are such consoling tokens, with which we are assured and may
+be certain that God, for Christ's sake, will be gracious, kind and
+merciful to us, and do us good in time and eternity. 14. Of the Teachers
+of the Church. 15. Of Ceremonies, that those are to be observed for the
+sake of peace, which can be observed without sin, but they are not to be
+observed in order to attain salvation. 16. Of human laws and order. 17.
+That Christ will come at the last day, to judge the quick and the dead,
+to give everlasting life and joy to believers, and to condemn the devil
+and the wicked. 18. Of Free Will, that we have a free will to be pious
+outwardly, but not before God. 19. That sin comes from the perverted
+will of the devil and wicked men. 20. Of Faith and Good Works, that this
+is true Faith, that we are heartily assured of every good, Grace and
+help from God, for Christ's sake, and that Faith without Works, such as
+God has commanded, is dead. And 21. Of the Adoration of Saints, that we
+should expect all good from God, as the saints did, and that we should
+imitate their faith and love, but call upon God alone.
+
+Then, in the _second_ part, follow the disputed articles: first, 22. Of
+the two kinds in Sacrament, why we distribute them to all. 23. Of mass,
+how it is observed among us, and why we have rejected secret masses. 24.
+Of priests, and the marriage of monks and nuns. 25. Of cloister vows.
+26. Of difference of meats. 27. Of confession. 28. Of the power of the
+Bishops, and the difference between the spiritual and temporal sword.
+These twenty-eight articles are discussed in a clear, simple,
+scriptural, and peaceful manner. No ingenuous mind could withhold its
+approbation from them. It is impossible to say what impression they made
+upon the Emperor. It is well known that he was not very well acquainted
+with the German language. Besides this, he no doubt had previously also
+decided upon the course he would take. When the two copies were being
+handed to his secretary, he graciously took them into his own hands. He
+gave the German copy to the Archbishop of Mentz, and kept the Latin one
+for himself, and caused it to be translated into Italian and French for
+himself. He intimated to the Lutherans, that he would consider the
+matter further, but expected that they would not print the Confession.
+However, their opponents soon circulated defective copies, so that the
+Lutherans were forced to publish the correct Confession.
+
+Luther was regularly informed of the progress of events. He indeed was
+deeply interested, and secretly, by the help of God's hand, ruled the
+Diet. As Moses prayed, and had his sinking arms supported during the
+battle between the Israelites and their enemies, so Luther prayed in his
+castle of Coburg. He who sitteth in the heavens alone knows what
+influence he exerted. It would have been well for Melanchthon had he
+possessed such strong faith, and such a mighty spirit of prayer. But he
+looked too much to men, their power and their craftiness. And for this
+he was rewarded by complaints and sighs, but he did not conceal his
+sorrows from his paternal friend in Coburg. Through this, Luther opened
+the depth and power of his faith, and permitted the flame to spread even
+to Augsburg, that Melanchthon's heart might be encouraged. His precious
+letters should be read at length in the history of his own life; here we
+can only communicate extracts. June 26th, he wrote: "I heartily hate
+your great care, which, as you write, weakens you. That it increases so
+greatly in your heart, is not owing to the greatness of our cause, but
+is the fault of our great unbelief. Why do you thus unceasingly trouble
+yourself? If our cause is wrong, let us recant; but if it is right, why
+do we make God a liar in such great promises, because he bids us be of
+good cheer and satisfied? You are troubled thus by your philosophy, and
+not by your theology. The same also greatly vexes your friend Joachim;
+just as if you could accomplish anything by your useless cares. What
+more can the devil do than to kill us?" On the same day, Melanchthon
+sent a dejected letter to Coburg: "We are here constantly in the
+greatest trouble, and shed tears continually, which has been aggravated
+by still greater distress to-day, when we read M. Veit's letters, in
+which he informs us that you are so highly displeased with us that you
+would not even read our letters. My dear father, I do not wish to
+increase my sorrow by many words, but would only ask you to consider
+where and in what great danger we now are, having no other comfort but
+your own encouragement. The sophists and monks are running daily, and
+making every effort to excite the Emperor against us." He prays that
+Luther would read and answer his letters. On the following day already,
+June 27th, another letter from the afflicted one followed this. He says:
+"At no time have we stood in greater need of your advice and
+encouragement than at this time, as we have followed you, as our head,
+in the most dangerous cause up to the present time. Therefore, I also
+pray, for the sake of the honor of the Gospel, that you would take our
+part. Christ permitted himself to be awakened in the vessel when it was
+in danger. Now, truly, we are in still greater danger here, in which
+nothing worse could happen to us all than if you should forsake us." He
+also said: "I have written to you before, that you should inform me, if
+necessary, how much we may yield to our adversaries." On the 29th of
+June an answer arrived from Coburg, in which, among other things, we
+read this: "I have received your Apology, and I am wondering what you
+mean, that you desire to know what and how much we may yield to the
+Papists? According to my opinion, too much is already conceded to them
+in the Apology. If they will not accept this, I do not know what I could
+yield further, unless I see their arguments and clearer Scripture than I
+have seen hitherto." He expressed himself most decidedly against being
+called "head," by Philip: "I wish to have no name, wish not to command,
+and do not wish to be called Author. You are troubled about the
+beginning and end of this matter, because you cannot understand it. But
+I say so much: If you could understand it, I should not like to have
+anything to do with the matter, much less would I be a head or beginner.
+God has set it in a place which you can neither reach by your rhetoric
+nor by your philosophy. That place is called Faith, in which are all
+things that we cannot see or understand. Whoever wishes to make these
+things visible, open, and comprehensible, as you do, will get sorrow and
+weeping for his pains, even as you have against our will." As he was
+closing the letter, he reflected that Melanchthon might think he had
+received little in reply to his question, what and how much should be
+conceded to their opponents. On this account he added this: "You have
+not asked sufficiently, and have not clearly stated what you think they
+will ask of us. I am ready, as I have always written to you, to yield up
+everything to them, if they will only leave the Gospel free. But
+whatever opposes the Gospel I cannot allow. What other answer can I
+give?" From such an apostolical faith, several other letters flowed to
+the friends in Augsburg, and particularly to Melanchthon, who truly
+needed such a mode of address more and more.
+
+After the Confession had been presented to the Emperor, different
+opinions were held by their enemies as to the course that must now be
+pursued. Faber, Campegius, and others of like stamp who endeavored to
+influence the Emperor, insisted upon the execution of the Edict of
+Worms. Others wished the Confession to be examined by impartial men,
+whilst others again demanded a written refutation of the Confession. The
+last opinion prevailed. But at the same time it was also declared that
+the Emperor should decide in this matter, in default of which the whole
+should be postponed until the calling of a General Council. In regard to
+this latter point, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the 9th of July: "You
+see that our cause is now in the same position as it was with me in
+Worms, namely, that they require us to accept the Emperor as Judge. Thus
+does the devil ever fiddle upon one string, and the old conjurer has
+nothing he can oppose to Christ but this single helpless weapon."
+Notwithstanding all these exhortations, Melanchthon was still anxiously
+engaged in finding a middle path. Thus he considered it advisable to
+write to Cardinal Campegius, in order to lead to thoughts of peace. He
+did not reflect that this man, although of a smooth exterior, was
+nevertheless a viper, swollen with venom. The crafty Roman endeavored to
+instil the most odious thoughts into the mind of the Emperor. This evil,
+he remarked, could be cured. The Emperor should unite himself with the
+well-meaning princes, and change the sentiments of the others by
+promises or threats. But what is to be done if they remain obstinate? We
+have the right to destroy these poisonous plants with fire and sword.
+If we have gained the mastery over them, we can appoint holy
+inquisitors, the University of Wittenberg can be excommunicated, the
+books of the heretics can be burned, and the like. It was needful to
+strike a decisive blow in the beginning.
+
+With such a man, Melanchthon, of course without knowing his true
+character, entered into negotiations. After an humble letter, Campegius
+sent for the writer. Let us hear Veit Winsheim, Melanchthon's friend and
+eulogist, relate the particulars of the interview: "The day after, when
+the whole company was assembled, Philip was summoned, who enters with a
+firm mind. He saw himself surrounded by a circle of serpents and devils,
+and like the prophet Jonah, shaken alone in the belly of the whale.
+Campegius is importunate, and flourishes the terrible lightnings of his
+highly enraged and cruel Jupiter, the others vehemently threaten the
+poor and small flock of the helpless sheep of Christ with the power and
+force of so many kingdoms. It was enough to terrify even a strong and
+courageous man. But when Philip was asked whether they would yield, he
+replied: "We cannot yield nor forsake the truth. But we pray for God's
+and Christ's sake that our adversaries will not think hardly of us, and
+will dispute with us, as they are able, _i. e._, will yield that to us
+which we cannot forsake with a good conscience." When Campegius heard
+this, he shrieked: "I cannot, I cannot, because the key does not err."
+To this thundering, although Philip stood, as it were, in the midst of
+lions, wolves, and bears, who could have torn him in pieces without
+punishment, yet having a great and glorious spirit in a little body, he
+now boldly replied: "We commend our cause to the Lord God. If God be for
+us, who can be against us? And finally, come what will, we must abide
+by our fortune or misfortune."
+
+Melanchthon had frequent interviews with the cardinal after this,
+especially, as the Protestant princes believed, that they might
+accomplish some good in this way. It is true, some have maintained, that
+Melanchthon was willing to agree to a base accommodation; but this
+cannot be proved. However, this much is certain, that all mediations
+were ineffectual. How true is Luther's word in a letter to Melanchthon,
+on the 13th of July: "I should think, dear master Philip, that you have
+by this time sufficiently learned by your own experience, that Christ
+and Belial cannot be united by any means whatever, and that no unity in
+religion is to be thought of."
+
+While this was transpiring, the Catholic theologians were busily engaged
+with the task laid upon them by the Emperor, in refuting the Confession
+of the Protestants. He had recommended moderation to them, when the
+first draught had exhibited too great a violence. The Catholic
+theologians who were preparing the refutation, were Eck, Faber, Wimpina,
+Cochl�us, and others. The last one composed it. What good thing could be
+expected of these men? Melanchthon therefore remarks, in a letter to
+Camerarius: "I hear that their refutation is finished, and will make its
+appearance in two or three days. It is said that the Emperor will order
+all things to remain as they were, until these disputes shall be
+examined in a Council. This is to be the end of the deliberations. And
+if this decree is not tempered, you may easily conceive what troubles
+will be the consequence." At last, after having awaited it for a long
+time, the princes and electors were summoned, on the 3d of August, to
+hear the _Confutation_ of the Augsburg Confession. This document follows
+the same order as the Confession. It first treats of doctrines in 21
+articles, and afterwards of abuses, in 7 articles. Although it
+acknowledged many things in doctrine, as agreeing with the Catholic
+church, it did not depart in the slightest degree from Roman principles,
+and strictly adhered to the abuses. In the article on Original Sin, it
+did not acknowledge the prevailing corruption; and in the article of
+Good Works, it maintained that the good works which are performed by the
+help of Divine grace, are meritorious. It also refuses to allow that
+faith alone justifies. In the article on Repentance, it insists upon
+satisfaction which man is to pay, whilst the Confession excludes all
+human satisfaction. The Confutation likewise finds fault with the
+Lutherans, because they deny that we can by our works earn forgiveness
+of sins, and also because they reject the adoration of the saints. It is
+not willing to grant the cup to the laity, and defends this position
+with the most absurd reasons. It adheres to the celibacy of the priests
+and monks, and maintains the mass, with all its antiscriptural
+characteristics. In short, it will not cast aside any abuses. The
+Emperor really regarded this untenable production as a refutation of the
+Confession of the Protestants; and gave these to understand that it was
+his will that they should compromise matters with the other Christian
+states, and should not separate themselves from the general Christian
+church. If this should not take place, which the Emperor did not expect,
+he should act as it became him, as the guardian and protector of the
+Holy Christian church, and as a true Christian Emperor. Melanchthon
+speaks of this in a letter to Luther, August 6th: "This was the sum and
+substance of it, which, although it seemed very harsh, yet, as the
+Confutation was executed in a very childish manner, our friends became
+quite cheerful after it was read; for this Confutation is the paragon of
+all the childish and foolish writings of Faber. In speaking of the two
+kinds, he referred to the history of the sons of Eli, that they would
+ask the priests for a piece of bread, and proved from this that laymen
+should only receive the bread. The mass has been defended by
+particularly bald and lame tricks." The Princes requested a copy of the
+Confutation after it had been read, but could not obtain it. Even if the
+Emperor had now been inclined to act severely, a quarrel arose in the
+midst of the Catholic camp, because they could not agree among
+themselves in regard to the steps that should now be taken.
+
+At last, the views of the more moderate prevailed, that a delegation
+should be appointed by both sides, in order to effect a compromise. On
+the 6th of August, several Catholic princes and bishops assembled to
+agree upon the points of convention. On the following day, the Elector
+JOACHIM, of Brandenburg, informed the Lutherans that they should drop
+their erroneous views, and no longer separate themselves from the
+Catholic Church. Even if there were some abuses, they might be done away
+with by the assistance of the Pope. And now ensued answers and replies
+in great number. The Lutherans would not entertain the yielding
+propositions of Melanchthon, who believed that unity in doctrine might
+be secured, and only wished to insist upon the two kinds--marriage of
+the priests, and the Evangelical mass. The Evangelical states declared
+that they did not intend to retreat from the word of God, although they
+were inclined to maintain peace and harmony. Philip, the Landgrave of
+Hesse, was not at all satisfied with this course of things. He was
+opposed to yielding in the slightest degree, and said to his
+counsellors, in a letter dated August 24th: "If the Papists wish to
+remain sitting in their devil's roses, and will not permit the pure
+preaching of the truth of the gospel, nor freedom of marriage, nor the
+Sacraments according to Christ's institution, why then you shall not
+yield one hair's-breadth. Much less still are we to allow the
+jurisdiction of the bishops, because they do not permit the gospel to be
+preached nor practised in their dominions." And because he hated the
+yielding of Melanchthon, he added: "Stop the game of that subtle
+philosopher, Philip!"
+
+Such were the sentiments of the Landgrave, and therefore he could no
+longer contain himself in Augsburg, but suddenly and unexpectedly to
+all, left the city August 6. This excited great attention; however, the
+proposed plan to bring about an accommodation by means of a committee of
+fourteen persons, including the Evangelical Theologians Melanchthon,
+Brenz, and Schnepf, and the Catholics Eck, Wimpina, and Cochl�us, was
+not prevented by it. They met together from the 16th of August until the
+21st. On motion of Chancellor VEHUS of Baden, the Augsburg Confession
+was examined, article after article. They agreed in many articles, but
+in Justification Eck would not admit that we are justified by faith
+alone, for that would make rude, wicked, and impious men. Love justifies
+more than Faith. Because he did not like the word _sola_, which means
+"alone," he perpetrated the wretched witticism: "Let us for the present
+send the soles to the cobbler." However, he found Melanchthon a man who
+stood immovable in the main point. Whenever the two Theologians grew
+somewhat passionate, the princes present entreated them to maintain
+peace.
+
+Although they agreed in many points of doctrine, there were others, such
+as Justification, Repentance, &c., in which they could not agree; and
+when they came to the abuses, their opponents would not allow the two
+kinds, the marriage of priests and the mass. There were in all 14 points
+on which they could not unite. On August 22, Melanchthon wrote to
+Luther: "Yesterday we finished the Conference, or rather dispute, before
+the Commissioners." After having referred to the opposition to
+Justification, satisfaction, the merit of good works, and the two kinds
+in the Sacrament, he thus concludes: "I do not know where this will end;
+for, although peace is also necessary to our enemies, yet it seems to me
+that some do not consider what great danger there will be, if this
+matter ends in war. We proposed very reasonable conditions; we have
+given authority and jurisdiction to the Bishops, and have promised that
+we would re-establish the usual ceremonies. I do not know what we shall
+accomplish by it. Pray to Christ to preserve us."
+
+Luther was not satisfied with these compromises, and among other things
+replied thus: "Summa Summarum, I do not like it at all that you are
+endeavoring to treat of Unity of doctrine, because this is entirely
+impossible, unless the Pope is willing to abolish the entire papacy. It
+would have been sufficient for us to have shown the reasons of our
+faith, and to have demanded peace. But how can we hope to convert them
+to the truth?" And concluded thus: "Why do we not perceive that all they
+are attempting is mere deception and fraud? For you are not able to say
+that their acts are prompted by the Holy Ghost; for they have neither
+Repentance, Faith, nor the fear of God. But may the Lord, who began this
+matter, finish his work in you; to him I heartily commend you."
+
+On the 24th of August, a sub-committee met, in which only Melanchthon
+and Eck were to meet each other. But upon this occasion Melanchthon took
+a bolder and more decided stand, and wrote to Luther on the following
+day: "Our mildness only makes these proud fellows more stubborn. I
+cannot tell you how they triumph. If I were attending to these matters
+on my account, and not in the name of the prince, I would by no means
+endure this insolence. But now I must endure all, because of the common
+danger of princes and subjects. The spirits of our friends are at times
+depressed, and again unseasonably brave. However, I trust we shall do
+nothing against the Gospel." He also sent two other letters, in which he
+spoke of the mass, which the Papists demanded. Luther replied that they
+could not consent, and says in his letter of August 28, "Would to God
+that I might soon see you again, whether you had departed secretly or
+publicly. You have even done more than enough. And now it is time for
+the Lord to act in the matter, and he will do it. Be of good cheer, and
+trust in him." And further on: "You have confessed Christ; you have
+offered peace; you have been obedient to the Emperor; you have patiently
+borne much contempt; have been overwhelmed with shame and abuse; and
+have not returned evil for evil. Summa, you have managed this holy work
+in a proper manner, as it became saints. Rejoice in the Lord, and be
+joyous, ye righteous. You have been sad and afflicted long enough in
+this world; look up, and lift up your heads; I promise heaven to you, as
+faithful members of Christ. What greater honor do you desire? Is it so
+small a matter to serve the Lord Jesus faithfully, and to have proved
+yourselves faithful members of Christ? Far be it from us, that the Grace
+of Christ should be so lightly esteemed by you. I await your return with
+great anxiety, so that I may wipe away your sweat after this."
+
+All these efforts, as might have been foreseen, did not effect peace,
+so that the committee adjourned August 30, and Melanchthon wrote to
+Luther September 1: "Three days ago we brought our Conference to a
+conclusion. We would not accept the proposed terms of Union on the
+subjects of the one kind in the Sacrament, of the Canon of Private
+Masses, and also of the Celibacy of the Priesthood. Now the matter has
+again been laid before the Emperor, and I do not know what will be done.
+Let us only pray God that he may influence the heart of the Emperor to
+maintain peace, which we need so much, and not we alone, but all
+Germany. You cannot believe how the Nurembergers and others hate me on
+account of the restoration of Jurisdiction to the Bishops. In this
+manner do our friends merely contend for power, and not for the Gospel.
+A certain friend wrote: If the Pope had bribed me with never so much
+money, I could not have invented a better plan to restore the papal
+supremacy than the one we have taken appears to the people. Yet I have
+not, up to this time, dropped or given up a single article of doctrine."
+
+Although Melanchthon did really not give up a single doctrinal point, he
+was yet justly to be blamed for wishing to restore jurisdiction to the
+Bishops. How soon would they have suppressed the true doctrine! Jerome
+Baumg�rtner, otherwise a friend of Melanchthon, expresses himself very
+strongly in regard to him: "Philippus has become more childish than a
+child;" and calls upon Spengler: "You will do your part, and write to
+Dr. Martin Luther, that he, as the one by whom God first again revealed
+his word to the world, should put a stop to Philip's course, and should
+warn the pious princes, and especially his own sovereign, against him,
+and exhort them to be steadfast. For no man has done more harm to the
+Gospel during this Diet, up to the present day, than Philip." This
+judgment is indeed too severe; and Baumg�rtner, at a later period,
+himself repented of having formed so severe a judgment. It is true,
+also, that Melanchthon did not only defend Episcopal jurisdiction during
+the Diet of Augsburg, but has also expressed his approbation of it in a
+number of places. He did this for the sake of order in the Church.
+
+September 7.--The Emperor summoned the Evangelical States to appear
+before him. His answer, given by the Elector of the Palatinate,
+Frederick, was an ungracious one. He had heard with displeasure that
+they disagreed with others in the principal articles. He would speak
+with the Pope in regard to a General Council, yet on the condition that
+they would, in the mean time, adhere to the Catholic Church. But the
+Protestants now behaved like true Protestants, by declaring that they
+would abide by the word of God. The more moderate Catholics, at the head
+of whom were the Baron of Truchsess, and Vehus, the Chancellor of Baden,
+once more made efforts to bring about an accommodation, but without
+success. There were thirteen articles on which they could not unite.
+These were delivered to the mediators just mentioned. The _first_ treats
+of justification through grace by faith in Christ; the _second_, that
+works indeed are necessary, but do not earn grace. The _third_ declares
+that the enumeration of particular sins is not needful in confession;
+the _fourth_, that repentance is necessary, but that our sins are not
+forgiven on this account, but on account of our faith, by which we
+believe the Gospel; the _fifth_, declares the ecclesiastical exercises
+of penance unnecessary for the remission of punishment; and the _sixth_
+declares that uniform human ordinances are not, but unity in doctrine
+and sacrament are needful to constitute a true unity. The _seventh_
+rejects the self-elected service of God, by which men wish to earn his
+grace, and which has been established without God's command. The
+_eighth_ declares monastic vows, which men consider meritorious, opposed
+to the Gospel. The _ninth_ permits the observance of such rules of the
+Church as may be kept without sin, but not as if they were needful to
+salvation. The _tenth_ declares the invocation of saints to be a very
+dangerous practice, and one greatly diminishing the glory of Christ. The
+_eleventh_ declares that the denial of the cup is opposed to Scripture;
+and the _twelfth_, that the prohibition of marriage to priests is also
+unscriptural. The _thirteenth_ and last article maintains that the mass
+is not a work with which to earn grace, but that grace is offered in the
+Lord's Supper, and faith obtains it.
+
+After all attempts to bring about an agreement had been made, the
+Emperor summoned the States on the 22d of September, in order to present
+to them the final decree of the Diet. He declared their positions
+thoroughly refuted by the holy Gospels and other writings, but would
+give time for further deliberation on the contested points until the
+15th of April of the following year. During this time they should not
+print or sell anything new in matters of faith, should not draw over any
+one to join their sect, should not oppress those yet holding to the old
+Christian faith and practice, and unite with him in opposing the
+Sacramentarians and Anabaptists. He would endeavor to bring about that a
+General Council would be summoned in six months. The Protestants
+replied, by Chancellor Br�ck, that they considered their Confession to
+be founded on the word of God, and that it was divine truth, so that
+they trusted to abide by it in the day of judgment. At the same time,
+Br�ck also presented a written defence, which the Emperor, however,
+would not accept. This was the well-known _Apology_ of the Augsburg
+Confession, in its rough draft. Melanchthon had been preparing it for
+some time, with the assistance of several theologians. But as he only
+received a copy of the Catholic Confutation towards the close of the
+Diet, he laid this sketch aside, and prepared one of his ablest works,
+the _Apology of the Augsburg Confession_, which has justly been enrolled
+among the number of the Confessions of the Lutheran Church. He did not,
+however, complete it until the following year. The Protestants prayed
+for a more gracious discharge, but the Emperor adhered firmly to the
+decree. On this account, the Elector of Saxony, together with
+Melanchthon and the other theologians, departed from Augsburg September
+23d, leaving a few counsellors to hear the general final decree of the
+Diet.
+
+When Luther heard of the departure of the Elector, he was much rejoiced,
+and congratulated the prince: "I am heartily rejoiced that your
+Electoral Grace has, by God's grace, escaped from the hell at Augsburg.
+And although human displeasure, and its god the devil, may look sour, we
+still entertain the hope that God's grace, which hath begun with us,
+will remain more strongly with us in time to come." The Elector passed
+through Nuremberg to Coburg, where Luther was expecting him with the
+greatest anxiety. On the road to Wittenberg, the theologians stopped in
+ALTENBURG, to visit Spalatin. Melanchthon, who was constantly revolving
+his Apology of the Augsburg Confession in his mind, wrote even while
+partaking of his meals. But Luther snatched the pen from his hand, and
+said: "We can serve God, not only by labor, but also by rest; therefore,
+too, has he given us the third commandment, and ordained the Sabbath."
+At last they arrived in Wittenberg. How Melanchthon rejoiced! To his
+friend Silberborner, who had asked him for an account of the Diet of
+Augsburg, he now wrote a detailed letter, in which he expressed himself
+favorably of the Emperor, _e. g._: "Without referring to other matters,
+he has with great condescension heard our side in this matter of
+religion, in which he had been excited against us by the many wonderful
+arts of our enemies." "The remaining history of the Diet constitutes a
+lengthy tragedy." He now briefly describes the course of events, and
+says: "The remotest posterity will bear testimony, that our intentions
+were pious and conscientious, and that we exerted ourselves honestly to
+clear up the doctrine of the Catholic Church, and to promote the glory
+of Christ. This truly is the reasonable service of God, with which he is
+pleased above all things: To teach and practise the word of God in its
+purity. Even should we be overwhelmed by unfair means, our writings will
+undoubtedly transmit to posterity a picture of our opponents, who, while
+they excite princes against us, under the pretext of serving the honor
+of Christ, neither care for the temple of the Church, nor for the
+doctrine of the Gospel, nor for the Glorification of the name of Christ.
+However, the whole matter is in the hand of God. Therefore will we pray
+to God that, for Christ's sake, he would put mild means in the hands of
+our rulers, and that he may not suffer the pure doctrines of the Gospel
+to perish."
+
+On the 19th of November, the final general decree of the Diet was
+published. It was very severe, for it condemned everything taught by the
+Lutherans in opposition to the Roman Church; it confounds them with the
+Anabaptists, and commands that all innovations in doctrine and practice
+shall be abolished, and the former state of things re-established. The
+Protestants did not sign it. Thus a division between the Catholic and
+Evangelical states was fully accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE POSITION OF THE EVANGELICAL PARTY AFTER THE DIET OF AUGSBURG.
+
+
+The severe decree of the Diet, which even threatened violence, was at
+least productive of this good result, that it united the Evangelical
+party more closely. Whereas the theologians, especially Melanchthon, had
+formerly dissuaded from resistance to the Emperor, matters now took a
+very different turn. In view of the threatening attitude of the
+Catholics, the theologians perceived very well that it was necessary to
+be prepared for defence; and Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius, January
+1st, 1531, that they were seldom asked the question now, whether it was
+right to wage war, and that they did not dissuade from preparation. "For
+there may be many needful and just causes for defence." One of these
+causes was the threatening language of the decree of the Diet of
+Augsburg. The election of the Emperor's brother FERDINAND, as King of
+Rome, which was strongly urged and accomplished by the Emperor, was
+another threatening event,[15] although Melanchthon defended it in a
+special opinion, delivered December 12, 1530. He referred to similar
+cases in former times. During the month of December of this year, the
+Evangelical states united more closely, and formed a league, March 29,
+1531. Both Conferences were held in SMALKALD. The confederates declared
+that they had united "for the honor of Almighty God, and the better
+growth and prosperity of divine free doctrines, and to gain and maintain
+a Christian and harmonious peace," yet "only for mutual defence and
+preservation." This league, therefore, neither contemplated an attack,
+nor war. The Emperor, who was obliged to have his eyes directed to more
+than one point, and particularly against the Turks, whose Sultan,
+SOLYMAN, had already declared that he would soon be master of Hungary,
+and the whole of Germany, considered it most advisable to conciliate,
+under existing circumstances. The Electors of the Palatinate and of
+Mentz, acted as mediators.
+
+While Melanchthon had before this time been filled with the most anxious
+apprehensions, so that he feared the worst, he now said in a letter to
+Camerarius, when he heard of this mediation: "May God regard the sighs
+and tears of the distressed among us, and grant us peace!" This wish
+seemed about to be fulfilled, when the Emperor in Nuremberg made
+preparations for a Religious Peace. Melanchthon, Luther, and other
+Theologians, expressed their approbation in a written opinion.
+
+On July 23, 1532, the so-called _Religious Peace of Nuremberg_ was
+actually agreed to, according to which no State was to give offence to
+any other, on account of Religion or other matters, until the meeting of
+a Council, soon to be held; and "that each was to treat the other with
+true friendship and Christian love." At last a period of rest seemed to
+have been granted to Melanchthon, that child of peace; but it was not to
+continue very long. For it was no slight pang to his heart to be called
+with Luther to Schweinitz, to the death-bed of the Elector JOHN. The
+Elector had gone thither to hunt. On the 15th of August he was suddenly
+attacked by such a severe pain in his head, that he soon lost the power
+of speech, and remained motionless, and deprived of all sense and
+feeling, for 28 hours. On Friday, these two men of God, accompanied by
+Dr. Augustin Schurff, appeared by his bedside; the Elector raised both
+hands and dropped them again, and breathed his last. On the following
+Sunday the body of the pious Elector was deposited by the side of that
+of his brother Frederick. Melanchthon had, in a very touching manner,
+invited the University to attend the funeral. He said in this letter:
+"that the departed manifested a truly paternal affection towards his
+subjects." After Luther's consoling funeral sermon, Melanchthon spoke of
+the excellent traits of the sainted one in Latin. In his letters,
+written at this time, he expresses the most cordial wishes in regard to
+the successor of the departed one, the Elector JOHN FREDERICK. We have
+heard of this son, that he trod in the footsteps of his father. He was a
+man full of zeal for the cause of the Kingdom of God, and, as we shall
+learn hereafter, honored by the Lord to endure contempt, the robbing of
+his Electorate, and fetters, for the sake of the Gospel. But he at this
+time already found opportunity to show the strength of his faith. The
+Religious Peace of Nuremberg seemed lenient, and even favorable to the
+Protestants, compared with the final decree of the Diet of Augsburg. It
+was but too soon apparent that the Catholic States, who had very
+unwillingly yielded to these concessions, were not pleased with it. For
+at the Diet of Ratisbon, which was held soon after the Nuremberg
+Religious Peace, they already wished to grant less to the Evangelical
+party. Notwithstanding all the assurances of peace, the Emperor
+entertained no good intentions towards them. He only postponed matters
+on account of the perplexing circumstances by which he was surrounded.
+They were again referred to a general, free, Christian Council, which,
+according to the announcement, should be held in half a year.
+
+It appears, that in the following year, 1533, Pope Clemens VII. actually
+took steps towards assembling a Council. For in June he sent a legate,
+accompanied by an Imperial orator, to the Elector, who then resided in
+Weimar. Although the Papal Nuncio spoke of a free, general Council, he
+at the same time took away all liberty with the other hand, by demanding
+in advance that all should submit to the resolutions of the Council. On
+the following day the Elector returned a truly Christian and princely
+answer. He expressed his joy at this offer, but remarked that he could
+only give a reply after the next meeting in Smalkald. In conclusion, he
+confessed that his contemporaries and successors should learn: "That his
+Electoral Grace had not hitherto regarded, and with the help of God
+would not in all the future days of his life regard anything as being
+more valuable and worthy of his love, than the pure, saving and blessed
+word of God, and the true and proper worship of God." The Elector now
+gathered the opinions of his Theologians, who indeed advised the
+acceptance of the offer of a Council, but under this condition that no
+pledge of obedience should be required in advance. In the middle of
+June, Melanchthon declared himself to the following purpose: "The Pope
+says, that he would hold a Council, such as have been held in the Church
+before. Now Councils at the present time are not conducted as the
+ancient Councils were. For in the ancient Councils they judged according
+to the word of God." This advice was not forgotten by the Elector, who,
+together with Duke Ernest and the Landgrave Philip, delivered an answer
+to the Nuncio of the Pope and Emperor on the 30th of June, 1533. Of
+course the Pope, who was merely dissembling, suffered the matter to
+remain as it was.
+
+While the Evangelical party was held in an attitude of suspense, they
+could still cultivate and spread the cause of the Lord. It increased in
+popularity, and spread more and more. The Reformers, and Melanchthon
+particularly, did not omit to labor in their official capacity and by
+their writings. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession, already
+mentioned, is one of Philip's master-pieces; and as one of the
+Confessions of our Church, deserves to be studied and taken to heart. He
+concludes its Preface in the following words: "We have, thanks be unto
+God! the testimony of many distinguished, honest, sincere, and pious
+persons, who heartily thank God for his unspeakable gifts and mercies,
+that they have received far more correct, certain and clearer
+instruction in the most needful portions of the entire Scriptures, as
+well as consolation for their consciences, than is to be found in all
+the books of our adversaries. Therefore, should this discovered, clear
+truth be trodden under the feet of men, we commend our cause to Christ
+and God in heaven, who is the Father of widows and orphans, and the
+Judge of all the forsaken; he, we know with certainty, will consider
+this matter, and judge righteously; and thou, Lord Jesus, it is thy holy
+Gospel, it is thy cause: wilt thou regard so many troubled hearts and
+consciences, thy churches and little flocks, which suffer terror and
+distress from the devil, and also preserve and establish thy truth?
+Bring to nought all hypocrisy and lies, and thus give peace and unity,
+that thy honor may advance, and thy kingdom may flourish and increase
+without ceasing against the gates of hell."
+
+In September, 1532, he published a new edition of his explanation of the
+Epistle to the Romans. It is a matter of great surprise that he
+dedicated this volume to Archbishop Albert of Mentz, who had not gained
+much honor in the matter of indulgences. This man is reported to have
+trampled the book beneath his feet, and to have said: "The man is
+possessed by St. Valentine." But it is well known that he sent a very
+costly present to the scholar at Wittenberg, for which Melanchthon, who
+regarded it as sincere, returned his most friendly thanks January 5th,
+1533. He enjoyed so great a reputation as a scholar, that even the
+Archbishop of Mentz, who wished to be considered a patron of the arts
+and sciences, saw himself compelled to do honor to Melanchthon. His
+distinguished reputation elicited repeated invitations from abroad. It
+was, no doubt, not a very difficult matter for him to decline a call to
+Poland, in the year 1534; but it must have been difficult when Duke
+Ulrich of W�rtemberg, who had been banished from his dukedom for a long
+time, but had now regained it by the help of the landgrave Philip of
+Hesse, invited Melanchthon to reform the University of T�bingen
+according to the principles of the Reformation. But his attachment to
+Saxony, and his field of labor there, was so great, that he declined
+this call from W�rtemberg. The Elector was so highly pleased with this,
+that he himself wrote a letter to his Professor, praising him for his
+fidelity, and assuring him of his favor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE KINGS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND, AND MELANCHTHON.
+
+
+The reigning King of France, FRANCIS I., as well as King HENRY VIII., of
+England, were little pleased with the victorious advances of the
+Emperor. Francis had waged war against him some years before this, but
+was completely vanquished, and taken prisoner, at the battle of Pavia,
+1525. He was, indeed, liberated upon certain conditions, after one year
+of captivity; but inveterate enmity remained, for Francis had suffered
+great losses. It was to be expected that such a man would unite with the
+enemies of the Emperor at the first good opportunity. He recognized an
+ally in the League of Smalkald, which was daily assuming a more decided
+form. But the principles of this League were quite different, for it
+aimed principally to secure spiritual rights, while the King of France
+was merely prompted by ambition.
+
+But the Reformation had also penetrated into France, and he may have
+thought that it would be expedient to do something in reference to
+ecclesiastical matters. He was persuaded to this by his minister,
+William Bellay, his brother John Bellay, Bishop of Paris, and
+particularly also by John Sturm, of Strasburg, who was favorably
+disposed towards the Reformation. These men endeavored to gain over the
+King for the cause of the Reformation, and recommended the amiable
+Melanchthon to him, who was already known to him, and also highly
+esteemed by Queen Margaret of Navarre.[16] When the King sent an
+ambassador, Barnabas Vor�us Fossa, to Germany, in 1534, in order to
+unite with the Evangelical States, Bellay, the minister, requested the
+man of peace, Melanchthon, to state, in a written opinion, in what way a
+union might be brought about between the divided parties. He complied
+with this request, and on the first of August sent a very conciliatory
+opinion to the minister, in which he gave prominence to eight articles.
+In the _first_, he grants outward power to the Pope and the Bishops,
+provided "they do not abuse their power to suppress the true doctrine."
+In the _second_, that it would be easy to agree about _non-essentials_,
+such as meats, holidays, dress of the priests, and similar ceremonies,
+provided there would be uniformity in doctrine. In the _third_, he
+expresses himself in favor of retaining _Confession_, but without the
+superstitious enumeration of sins. In the _fourth_, he treats of
+_Justification_. It is now generally conceded that faith in Christ is
+necessary. It is necessary to insist upon it, that a man is justified by
+faith. In the _fifth_, he speaks of the _Mass_. This is an almost
+inextricable knot. He declares himself opposed to secret masses, and
+demands both kinds in the Sacrament. In the _sixth_, he speaks of the
+_Invocation of Saints_. This is opposed to Scripture. Yet he proposes
+the following form, after the pattern of ancient forms in the Church:
+"Grant, O God, that they may be assisted by the prayers of the Saints."
+In the _seventh_, he says of _Convents_, that it is not necessary
+utterly to destroy them, but that it was rather to be preferred that
+they should become schools, as they formerly were. Yet no one ought to
+be detained in a convent against his will. In reference to the
+_Celibacy_ of the clergy, he says, in the _eighth_, that the Pope ought
+to abolish it. They might select unmarried men for the highest
+dignities. It would be possible to come to an agreement on all the
+articles, with the exception of the one on the Mass. After adding: "Let
+us beseech Christ, that he would in mercy regard and lead back to a
+cordial true unity, the Church for which he prayed and suffered," he
+says, that he had only written these things, in order that learned men
+might jointly deliberate upon such important matters.
+
+It was a long time before anything was heard of the effect of this
+Opinion. However, at last, in the month of March, 1535, JOHN STURM broke
+this silence in a manner not very agreeable to the friends of the
+Reformation. The king was highly incensed against the friends of these
+novelties, who seemed to him to check a too rapid advance. He even
+permitted his rage to lead him to burn several of them.[17] Very little
+could be hoped for the kingdom of God, from a man of this character.
+However, Sturm strongly urged Melanchthon to come to France, because the
+king reposed the greatest confidence in him, and called himself his
+pupil. On the 22d of April, Melanchthon wrote a suppliant letter to
+Bishop Bellay, that he would exert his influence to arrest the
+persecution. In his reply to Sturm, on May 4th, he said that he had
+never found it more difficult to decide in any matter, than in reference
+to this journey to France. "But you must not think that I am restrained
+by domestic ties, or that I fear any danger. For nothing human is so
+important in my eyes, that I would not prefer the honor of Christ, the
+salvation of so many of the righteous, and the peace of the Church, to
+it. But I am thinking of, and exceedingly troubled by this _one_
+apprehension, that I am doubtful whether I would indeed accomplish any
+good by going." At the close of the letter, he advises that the king, if
+he desired to do anything for the honor of Christ, and the peace of the
+Church, should be earnestly entreated to convene a council, in order to
+discuss the affairs of the Church. He would attend this, provided he
+could obtain the permission of his sovereign. But what happened? What,
+indeed, he did not think of in the remotest degree. The king addressed
+him in a most friendly letter, on June 23. The French Ambassador
+delivered this letter in person, which closes in the following manner:
+"Your coming will give me great pleasure, whether you come as a private
+individual, or in the name of the Evangelical states." At the same time
+Bellay, who had been made a Cardinal in the meantime, and Sturm, pressed
+him to come, and gave him the strongest assurances of a happy result.
+The latter concluded his lengthy letter in the following manner: "I
+exhort, yea, I conjure you, in the name of Christ, not to neglect this
+opportunity to further the best of causes among men." Towards the end of
+the month of July, Melanchthon left Wittenberg on account of the
+appearance of the plague, and with some other teachers resided in JENA,
+until the middle of February. When he had received such a pressing
+invitation to come to France, and also a safe-conduct, he proceeded to
+Torgau, where the Elector was sojourning at the time, and in writing
+applied for leave of absence for two or three months. Luther also
+seconded Master Philip's application, by a most earnest petition. He
+said: "May it please your Grace to permit M. Philip to venture for these
+three months, trusting to the grace of God. Who knows what it may please
+God to do, whose thoughts are at all times higher and better than our
+own? As for myself, too, it would pain me that so many pious hearts, who
+so anxiously call, and certainly expect M. Philip, should be
+disappointed, and might also be led to entertain evil thoughts
+concerning us." But the Elector was of a different opinion. He
+understood King Francis' relation to the Emperor at this time, far too
+well, to be anxious unnecessarily to excite the suspicions of the latter
+against himself. He therefore refused the request of his petitioner.
+Perhaps he also entertained the opinion, not altogether without
+foundation too, that Melanchthon might yield too much, "which would
+displease many, and do great harm to the Gospel." He said to Dr. Br�ck,
+in the most positive manner: "We are determined, once for all, that
+Philip shall not go with our permission and good will, even if we
+should, in consequence, lose his services altogether."
+
+When Melanchthon, therefore, applied again for leave, a severe decree
+of the Elector was handed to him, in which he was told that he should
+not, as a good subject, have meddled in this matter, without the
+knowledge of the Elector. No good, but rather evil, was to be expected
+from such a journey. "But if, over and above all these considerations,
+you think that you cannot omit this journey conscientiously, we must in
+such a case suffer you to take your own way, and to gratify your own
+will; and it remains for you to decide what you will do under these
+circumstances." The Elector also sent a letter of apology to King
+Francis, stating why he could not, under present circumstances, permit
+Philip to go. But at some future time, if Philip's services could be
+dispensed with, and the present difficulties and apprehensions should
+cease, he would permit him to visit France.
+
+On the 28th of August, Melanchthon himself wrote to King Francis,
+expressing his regrets that he was not permitted to visit France at this
+time, and praying the King most earnestly not to suffer himself to be
+led, by the severe judgments and writings of some persons, to destroy
+things that were really good and useful for the Church. He also excused
+himself in letters to BELLAY the Minister, and to JOHN STURM, and
+expressed himself in rather strong terms in regard to the Elector. To
+Camerarius, to whom he was in the habit of opening his whole heart, he
+wrote, August 31, that he feared that the prince had been estranged from
+him by the efforts of evil-minded persons; and in a letter to Spalatin,
+he said: "His most serene Highness prevents me from taking a journey to
+France. And besides this, he gave me a very severe reply, although I am
+willing to stay at home, and take no delight in these French
+Conferences." This caused him great sorrow for several weeks, until he
+met the Elector in October, and saw that he was as friendly towards him
+as ever. He was also more and more convinced in his own mind that his
+journey to France would not have accomplished the good he expected.
+Francis was a politician, and he merely regarded religion as a means to
+gratify his ambition. For when the Sorbonne in Paris pronounced
+Melanchthon's opinion heretical, he fully agreed with this sentence.
+
+Thus this matter terminated. The case of Henry VIII. of England was a
+similar one. He is well known on account of his attack upon Luther, for
+which the Pope gave him the title of "A Defender of the Faith." It is
+also well known what a scandalous, adulterous life he led. It was such a
+marriage matter which at this time separated him from Rome, and brought
+him nearer to the Evangelical States. He wished to be divorced from his
+wife CATHARINE, who was an aunt of the Emperor Charles. As the Pope
+would not comply with his request, Henry renounced all allegiance to the
+Pope, and proclaimed himself the Supreme Bishop of the Church of
+England. This happened in the year 1534. We learn from a letter to
+Camerarius, that during this year Henry had invited Melanchthon twice to
+come to England. The King was anxious to settle his matrimonial matters,
+and to enter into a union with the Evangelical States. He therefore sent
+a special envoy, ANTHONY BARNES, who came to Wittenberg March 11, 1535,
+to enter into a negotiation. Melanchthon, who believed that he could and
+should embrace this opportunity to recommend and promote the truth,
+wrote to the King two days after this, in which he most earnestly
+commends the cause of the Gospel to him. He even dedicated the second
+edition of his _Loci Communes_ to the King, in a most winning letter.
+Henry esteemed this honor highly, and sent him 200 gold florins, with a
+very gracious letter, in which he calls Melanchthon his "dearest
+friend," and signs himself: "Your friend Henry, King." In September we
+again find Dr. Barnes in Wittenberg. In the matter of divorce he had not
+found the Wittenbergians favorably disposed. But now he also came to
+negotiate concerning doctrine, and to ask leave of absence for
+Melanchthon, that he might visit England. The Elector, whose sagacity in
+this matter cannot be denied, understood very well that Henry was merely
+anxious to unite with the Evangelical party from impure motives,
+particularly his matrimonial matters; and therefore in his letter to the
+English envoy gave his permission to hold a Religious Conference, but
+did not permit Melanchthon to go to England, because he could not spare
+this Professor, owing to the breaking out of the plague in Wittenberg,
+by which the Professors had been dispersed. In December, the religious
+negotiations were commenced with the utmost zeal. Besides Barnes, Bishop
+Fox, and Archdeacon Heyth or Hethe, had also arrived. These negotiations
+were carried on in Wittenberg. On this account Melanchthon, who then
+resided at Jena, was obliged to go to Wittenberg, January 15, 1536. The
+marriage difficulty continued to occupy the foreground, but the
+Wittenbergians would not accommodate themselves to the views of the
+Englishmen. As to doctrine, the articles of the mass and the marriage of
+priests continued to be _the_ points on which they could not agree.
+February 11th, Melanchthon returned to Wittenberg. The negotiations were
+continued until the end of April, without arriving at any definite
+result. But gradually all hopes of an Evangelical change of doctrine and
+worship in England disappeared, and Melanchthon entirely relinquished
+his desire to visit England, as he says to Camerarius in a letter, June
+9: "I am perfectly freed from my anxiety about that English journey."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE WITTENBERG FORM OF CONCORD.
+
+
+We have already mentioned that the division of the Evangelical party, in
+the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, was not beneficial to the good cause
+of the Reformation. On this account, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse had
+made an earnest effort to bring about a union between the Germans and
+the Swiss in Marburg. He did not relinquish his hope of such a union,
+and made efforts to effect it at the Diet of Augsburg. One of the ablest
+divines of this period was the preacher and professor, MARTIN BUCER of
+Strasburg, born in Schlettstadt in Alsace, in the year 1491, and gained
+over to the side of the Gospel in the year 1518, by means of Luther's
+Discussion in Heidelberg. This man made it the task of his life to bring
+about a union in the doctrine of the Sacrament. For this purpose he had
+visited Luther in Coburg as early as 1530, and had found him inclined to
+union. Soon after, he published a confession of the four upper German
+cities, Augsburg, Constance, Lindau, and Memmingen, in which he closely
+approximated the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper. Luther and
+Melanchthon were highly pleased with this, and the latter wrote to
+Bucer, January 22d, 1531, that he would write to him, although he was
+troubled by a fever at the time. "I saw the grounds of your union, and
+greatly rejoiced that you admit a presence of the body of Christ with
+the soul. But I do not see why you are so strongly opposed to admit a
+presence with the sign also." Luther expressed himself to the same
+purpose, and was very much surprised that Bucer represented Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius as holding the same view. He, therefore, expressed himself
+in favor of a postponement of the Form of Concord, although he confessed
+that he would rather lose his life thrice, if this dispute could be
+settled. It seems that Bucer said in several places that the differences
+which had hitherto prevented a union were mere trifles. Luther,
+therefore, in a letter to the town council of Augsburg in 1533, declared
+that he did not agree with the ministers there, who only presented mere
+bread and wine to the people. In a letter of the year 1534, "To a good
+friend concerning his book of secret masses," he expressly declares: "I
+believe, and do not doubt, that in the Lord's Supper, under the form of
+bread is the true body of Christ given for us to the cross; under the
+form of wine is the true blood of Christ shed for us, and that this body
+and blood of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, is not only received by the
+holy and worthy, but that sinners and unworthy persons truly receive it
+in a bodily manner." But Bucer did not give up his efforts to bring
+about a union on this account, and especially endeavored to gain over
+Melanchthon, who, in a letter of October 10th, 1533, assures him of his
+love, and promises to use his utmost endeavors to bring about such a
+union. In September, 1534, the indefatigable Bucer published a Form of
+Concord. On the 16th of September, Melanchthon wrote to Erhard Schnepf
+and the Landgrave Philip, who was deeply interested in this matter, that
+he had spoken of this Form with Luther that very day; and that he was
+satisfied with it, provided Bucer believed what his words expressed. For
+Bucer confesses that, in the reception of the bread and wine, Christ is
+truly and essentially present. Melanchthon adds, "I would not require
+more." He relied much upon the Landgrave in this matter, exhorted him to
+act promptly, and added concerning himself: "All that I am able to do,
+in order to bring about a Christian unity, I am willing to do with all
+my heart, and know of no more agreeable task in the world. May God add
+his blessing!" The Landgrave was now anxious that Bucer and Melanchthon
+should meet in Cassel. Luther agreed to this, although he did not
+entertain great expectations of the result of such a meeting, and gave
+written instructions to Melanchthon, pointing out the basis upon which a
+union might be established. This document contains seven propositions:
+one of which demands, that it should not be said that they had not
+understood each other before; and another, that no middle meaning should
+be invented, as if, for instance, the opponents should say the true body
+of Christ is present, and the Lutherans should say that nothing is eaten
+but the bread. Luther said in this matter: "God is my witness, that if
+it were possible, I would gladly give my body and blood to put away this
+disunion." He here expressed himself in a very conciliatory and
+tolerating manner towards those who entertained different views of the
+Lord's Supper, and concluded with a decided confession concerning the
+Lord's Supper, that the body of Christ is truly eaten in and with the
+bread. Melanchthon also at this time expressed his views of this
+important doctrine to the Landgrave, and in it declares: "That the body
+and blood of Christ, that is, Christ essentially, and not figuratively,
+are truly in the bread and wine. But here we must cast aside those
+thoughts which our reason proposes, such as, _how_ does Christ ascend
+and descend, conceal himself in the bread, and is in no other place."
+
+About the 12th of December, Melanchthon travelled to Cassel, to
+negotiate a Form of Concord with Bucer. Bucer had a short time before
+met with several ministers from upper Germany, in Constance, who fully
+coincided in his views of the Lord's Supper. The Landgrave took a deep
+interest in the matter, and treated the Wittenberg envoy in the most
+friendly manner. Here Bucer, with the upper Germans, expressed his
+opinion to the following effect:--"That we receive the body of Christ
+essentially and truly when we receive the Sacrament, and that bread and
+wine are signs, with which, when they are dispensed and received, the
+body of Christ is given and received at the same time." He further said,
+"that the body and the bread are thus united, not by a mingling of their
+essence, but as a Sacrament, and that which is given together with the
+Sacrament." With a doctrine thus approximating, together with the
+declaration, that the opposite side would abide by the Augsburg
+Confession and its Apology, Melanchthon returned from Cassel January
+9th, 1535. Luther was highly pleased with it, so that he remarked: "As
+for my own person, I do not know how I could reject such a Form of
+Concord." Yet he advised that this Concord should not be finally
+arranged at once, but that it would be best to wait a while longer,
+because these differences were so great and wide-spread. We must notice
+here that Melanchthon returned in favor of Bucer's views. He shows this
+very distinctly in a letter to Camerarius; and in a letter to Brenz, who
+was opposed to a Concord, he remarked, that they were not treating with
+persons who denied the Trinity and other articles. With such he would
+have nothing to do, but would look upon them as persons who ought to be
+condemned. He confesses the true presence to him, yet with a leaning
+towards Bucer, and remarks that uniformity could be brought about.
+Letters arrived from every side, declaring how gladly all would unite
+with the Wittenbergers in the Lord's Supper. So also did they write from
+Augsburg, to whom Luther wrote: "If this Form of Concord is established,
+I will sing with tears of joy: Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart
+in peace. For I will leave peace in the Church, that is, the glory of
+God, the punishment of the devil, and vengeance upon all enemies and
+adversaries." Such encouraging letters also came from Strasburg, Ulm,
+and Esslingen, which filled Luther with great joy. He remarked to the
+Strasburgers, that it would also be necessary to interest the princes
+and cities in this matter. As to the time, it would scarcely be possible
+to hold the conference before next Easter. The Elector would be
+requested to appoint the place of meeting. He also expressed his cordial
+wishes to the preacher, Shelling, in Strasburg, towards the close of
+December: "I have received your letter with pleasure, and assure you
+that I am just as anxious for the Concord as I observe you to be. Let
+Him bear witness whom no one can deceive. Therefore pray God, as we also
+do, that this union, which, thanks to God, is prospering better and
+better, may at last be fully established. May God not be merciful to me,
+if anything is wanting on my part, or if I lay difficulties in the way;
+so anxious am I that peace should be restored to the Church before my
+death." Melanchthon had written to the ministers in Augsburg: "I would
+willingly endanger my life to promote this Concord, and I trust that the
+way is already prepared for it. May Christ rule and guide the designs of
+the godly." Thus the two leaders were warmly in favor of the Form of
+Concord. The place was also appointed, the Elector selecting EISENACH.
+But all at once, Melanchthon began to fear that greater divisions might
+be brought about by this conference, as he writes to the Landgrave of
+Hesse in April: "Now I have all the time feared, if this should be held
+at this time, that some rigorous individuals might attend, and thus more
+disunion and offence than improvement would be the consequence." He then
+goes on to say that no negotiations should be undertaken without the
+presence of the Landgrave and the other princes and States, and that, on
+the whole, too great haste should be avoided. His concern may have been
+caused by an epistle sent forth at this time by Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius, which could not promote unity. This was prefaced too by a
+letter of Bucer, who praised these men on account of their orthodoxy. On
+this account Melanchthon was so anxious, and feared that it would only
+increase discord. "This disease," he wrote to Veit Dietrich on the 15th
+of May, "cannot be healed suddenly. But I beseech God in mercy to look
+upon the Church, and to deliver it from all offences."
+
+Notwithstanding all this, the Conference was held. But because Luther
+suffered great bodily pain at this time, and could not go to Eisenach,
+he proposed Grimma, which was nearer. Melanchthon was already on the way
+thither, when Bucer, with his friends Capito and Wohlfahrt, called
+Lycosthenes, arrived in Wittenberg, May 21, 1536.
+
+Luther was not greatly pleased with their coming, for he had read the
+epistle already mentioned, and thought that the opposite party were not
+seeking a sincere union. However, this does not seem to have been the
+case, for on the road to Wittenberg they had visited FREDERICK MYCONIUS
+at Gotha, who soon led them to converse on the Lord's Supper, and found
+them inclined to unite with the Wittenbergers upon a proper basis. This
+he relates in a detailed narrative of the proceedings of the
+Convention. MENIUS also had understood this to be the case, and they
+both informed Luther and Melanchthon of it. Early on the 22d of May,
+Bucer and Capito visited Luther, but the convention did not begin until
+three o'clock in the afternoon. One side was represented by Luther,
+Pomeranus, Jonas, Cruciger, Melanchthon, Menius, Myconius, Weller, and
+Rorarius; the other merely by Bucer and Capito. Bucer opened the meeting
+by a lengthy address, in which he particularly expressed his joy on
+account of this Conference, and stated that this was now the fourth year
+that he had been laboring to bring about a union. Luther replied, and
+expressed his disapprobation of the epistle of Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius, prefaced by a letter from Bucer, which did not at all
+agree with this union. He believed it would be better to leave matters
+as they were, than to make this business, which is already bad enough, a
+hundred times worse by a fictitious form of concord. This of course
+greatly perplexed Bucer; but in a long speech he again declared that
+there was no deception in the case, but that the Upper Germans had fully
+expressed their sentiments, and that the said epistle had been printed
+against his will, yea, even against his express injunctions; and that
+his own letter had been written to others during the previous year, and
+had not been intended for publication. Luther now, in his reply,
+demanded that they should, _first_ of all, publicly recant their
+previous opinion as incorrect; and _secondly_, that they would
+henceforth teach in unison with the Wittenbergers. He began to explain
+this doctrine at length; but, during this address, he became so feeble,
+that he was obliged to desist. They did not resume the conference until
+three o'clock in the afternoon of the next day. Luther insisted upon the
+two points referred to yesterday, and requested an answer from them.
+Bucer consented to recant, and confessed in his own name and that of the
+Swiss, that the bread in the Lord's Supper is truly the body of Christ,
+and that the wine is truly the blood of Christ; and that the body and
+blood of Christ, namely, the natural, essential body, are received, not
+only by the heart, but with the mouth of those who receive it, if
+worthily, unto salvation, but if unworthily, unto damnation. His friends
+also, upon Luther's inquiry, expressed themselves to be of the same
+opinion, and earnestly requested that they might be received in a
+brotherly manner into such a union, as members of Christ. This was done,
+and Luther, as Myconius says, assured them of it "with great fervor and
+joy, which was visible also in his eyes and entire countenance."
+
+The same narrator proceeds to say, that it made so great an impression
+upon the whole assembly, that "Capito and Bucer began to weep, and we,
+on both sides, thanked God with clasped hands and devout gestures."
+Melanchthon, who was known to be peculiarly skilful in preparing a Form
+of Concord, was commissioned to draw it up, which he cheerfully did. On
+the 29th of May, this Form was signed by both parties. In the _first_
+article it declares, that there are two things in the holy sacrament, a
+heavenly and earthly; and that the body and blood of Christ are really
+and essentially present with the bread and wine, and are thus presented
+and received. In the _second_ article they reject the Romish doctrine of
+transubstantiation; and in the _third_, they declare that "the body and
+blood of Christ are also truly presented to the unworthy," but unto
+condemnation. They had also agreed in regard to Baptism and Absolution.
+
+Thus was the concord established with the gracious assistance of God. It
+caused great joy among the Lutherans in every quarter, and declarations
+of approbation were sent to Wittenberg from many sides, and even the
+Swiss partially acceded to it. All were of course not satisfied; for
+instance, Amsdorf, who was not at all pleased with the Form of Concord.
+But Melanchthon rejoiced most of all; for he now discovered that the
+fears which had troubled him so much were groundless. He from henceforth
+continued to abide by the Wittenberg Form of Concord.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+RECREATION AND TROUBLE.
+
+
+After the completion of this work, Melanchthon felt desirous of carrying
+out a plan of a journey for recreation, which he had formed a long time
+before. Whither did he wish to go? To no other place but his home. He
+therefore, on the 17th of July, 1536, addressed a petition to the
+Elector: "I would, in all humility, inform your Electoral Grace, that
+there are some matters in which my poor children are also concerned,
+which I ought to settle with my brother, and which cannot be done
+through other persons, or by letter. In addition to this, Magister
+Camerarius, who is now dangerously ill, has expressed a strong desire to
+see me. I would therefore humbly pray your Grace to grant me, and
+Magister Milichius,[18] whose father has earnestly entreated him to
+visit him, leave of absence to visit our homes for about five weeks."
+Already on the following day, he and Milichius received a gracious
+permission from the Elector, and also at the same time permission to
+make use of a one-horse carriage belonging to the Elector.
+
+But when he was about to depart, important difficulties arose, which
+made it necessary to postpone his intended journey. Pope PAUL III., who
+had ascended the Papal chair at the death of Clement VII., seemed to be
+in earnest about summoning a General Council of the Church. The Emperor
+had held the opinion since 1530, that a General Council must be held, if
+harmony was to be restored to Germany. But Pope Clement was never in
+earnest in the matter; and even the Papal Nuncio, PAUL VERGERIUS, seems
+only to have gone to Wittenberg in order to deceive. But now it had a
+different appearance. Pope Paul had already published a bull, June 2d,
+1536, calling a Council to meet at Mantua, on the 23d of May, of the
+following year. But it offered no hopeful prospect, for it said, among
+other things: "Not only to exterminate all heresy and error from the
+vineyard of the Lord, and to improve the morals of the Christian Church
+by such holy and wholesome medicine, but also to effect a general peace
+and unity among all Christian believers, and to reconquer our kingdom
+and lands by a general crusade against the Unbelievers." It proceeds in
+the same tone. The Lutherans could not greatly rejoice in a Council
+which was to accomplish such things. It was generally reported at this
+time, that a Papal Nuncio would come to Saxony; and it was of importance
+to know how he was to be received. We may easily understand that the
+Elector was not disposed to meet him in the most friendly manner.
+However, he requested the opinions of the divines and jurists in
+Wittenberg. They replied that it would only be possible to consent to a
+Council, under certain conditions. Let us hear what principles were
+expressed in Melanchthon's opinion. He thought that it would be best, if
+the Council could be prevented, for the Pope evidently had no other
+intention than to condemn the Protestants. That they had a perfect right
+to protest against the Council, but as they had continually appealed to
+such an one, it would now bring "disgrace" upon the Protestants, if they
+should fly from it. Neither he, nor the other Wittenbergers, would
+permit the Pope to be judge in this General Council of the Church.
+However, the Elector differed altogether from the temperate views
+expressed in these opinions. He held, that the Council summoned by the
+Pope was neither a free nor general one, and that it ought not to be
+attended to; he even thought that an opposition Council should be
+called, in which nothing should be transacted "but what is founded in
+divine and holy Scripture, and drawn up in accordance with it."
+
+While matters were in this state, Melanchthon began his journey August
+23, with Professor MILICH, who wished to visit his home, Freiburg in the
+Brisgau. They passed through Frankfort and Bretten, to T�bingen, where
+his most faithful friend Camerarius had received an appointment a year
+before. We may easily imagine what a cordial reception he met with here.
+From T�bingen he wrote to Milich: "By God's grace, Joachim is now quite
+well. Oh, that it might be of long duration! I was received in the most
+friendly manner." He remained three weeks in T�bingen, and could
+scarcely separate himself from Camerarius, and therefore remarks in a
+letter, that he would rather be with his Joachim than anywhere else.
+"But I do not see how I can separate myself from those with whom I have
+hitherto associated." He thus again declined the renewed invitation of
+Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg, to accept a professorship there. The learned
+from every quarter came to T�bingen, to see and to converse with
+Melanchthon. When these were assembled at a dinner upon a certain
+occasion, in the house of Phrygio, Melanchthon asked the preacher ZELL,
+of Strasburg, what he thought of the Lord's Supper? He honestly replied:
+"When God the Lord permitted me to arrive at a knowledge of his holy
+Gospel, I never believed, taught, and preached otherwise in regard to
+the Lord's Supper, but that the true body and the true blood of Jesus
+Christ, my Saviour, are offered to all those who receive and partake of
+the Lord's Supper. But as for believing that I must receive the body and
+blood in the Lord's Supper, _substantialiter_, _essentialiter_,
+_realiter_, _naturaliter_, _pr�sentialiter_, _localiter_,
+_corporaliter_, _transubstantialiter_, _quantitative_, _qualitative_,
+_ubiqualiter_, _carnaliter_, I believe the devil has brought these words
+from hell. Christ simply said, 'This is my body, this is my blood.'"
+Melanchthon replied, in a pleasant manner: "You have given a correct
+answer." On the 14th of October, he went to N�rtingen, and there
+consulted with the Duke about the arrangement of the University. From
+this place he wrote an encouraging letter to the professors of the
+University, in which he assures them that the Duke entertained the
+kindest feelings towards the University, and looked upon it as one of
+the most important institutions of the state.
+
+The Duke commissioned Melanchthon to write to Brenz at Hall, to induce
+him to accept a professorship in the University. Melanchthon discharged
+this honorable duty on the 17th of October. He entreated Brenz in the
+most earnest manner, in the name of the Duke, to accept of the
+appointment at least for _one_ year, until a suitable person could be
+found. Yea, he conjured him for the sake of Christ and the good of the
+Church, and said that he would go himself, if the Elector of Saxony
+would suffer him to go for a time. "But," he adds, "I cannot preach, and
+therefore would be of little use in such a situation." Brenz actually
+accepted the call, and received the permission of his government for
+this purpose. The Duke dismissed Melanchthon in the most friendly
+manner, and presented him with one hundred gold florins. He journeyed
+through G�ppingen and Ellwangen to Nuremberg, where a circle of devoted
+friends resided, such as Baumg�rtner, Ebner, Dietrich, Roting, Osiander,
+and others. A dispute concerning Private Confession was carried on here
+at this time. Andrew Osiander was involved in it. He adhered to this
+ancient and established custom of the Church, whilst others maintained
+that forgiveness of sins was to be sought in preaching, in the general
+Confession, and in the Sacrament. Osiander granted that forgiveness was
+also granted in preaching, but did not wish the servant of Christ
+immediately to say: I absolve thee from thy sins, without knowing who
+should be bound and who absolved. He feared confusion, because the
+wicked man might thus falsely comfort himself with absolution; and he
+called this absolution juggling. Against this last, Melanchthon declared
+himself in writing and verbally, for he understood very well that
+absolution "is effectual to those who receive it with true faith, and
+comfort themselves with it,"--"although others are present to whom the
+absolution does not apply. These, however, are reminded and excluded by
+the condition of repentance." It was, however, also his opinion that
+efforts should be made to re-establish Private Confession more and more
+in future. At the same time he modestly suggests that others also "who
+have more knowledge," should give their opinion in this matter. From
+Nuremberg he wrote to Camerarius, and revealed his troubles in regard to
+these disputes: "Oh that this evil might be remedied! I am oppressed and
+consumed by private and public cares. Therefore I so earnestly long for
+your company, with whom I somewhat refreshed myself. I am most painfully
+troubled about these disputes, by which, as is very evident, Churches
+and States are rent. Therefore we will withdraw from all such disputes,
+and devote all our zeal to the education of youth, and to form their
+judgment, so that, as much as possible, we may provide for posterity. I
+shall exert myself more and more to instil moderate and useful
+principles into the minds of the young, and to restrain them from such
+foolish disputes."
+
+While he was thus pouring forth his sorrows, he himself was threatened
+with a great trial in Wittenberg. A preacher named Conrad Cordatus, of
+Niemegk, a zealous adherent of Luther, had been present at a lecture,
+delivered by Cruciger towards the end of July, 1536. In this, Cruciger
+expressed the opinion that in the article of Justification, good works
+are the condition, without which we cannot be saved. Cordatus was
+greatly and properly shocked at this, for such a form of expression was
+totally opposed to the doctrine of the Lutheran Church. In the following
+month he wrote to Cruciger, to call him to account, on account of this
+wrong doctrine. The professor did not reply. Cordatus wrote again,
+threatening that he would not be silent until he should hear a
+recantation of this heresy. If this should not be done, he would apply
+to the theological faculty for a decision. He also said that there were
+many trifling Theologians in Wittenberg, who would rather read and hear
+the dead Erasmus than the living Luther. Now Cruciger replied, and
+defended his views. On the 17th of September, Cordatus came to
+Wittenberg, and visited Cruciger. He here heard that what he had read
+concerning the Gospel of John was the work of Melanchthon, who, as
+Ratzeberger relates, in a manner composed their lectures for the
+professors. "For no labor was distasteful to Philip, and he served every
+one cheerfully." The next day Cordatus went to Luther, and presented the
+whole matter to him. Luther replied: "You are not the first to inform me
+of this. Michael Stiefel and Amsdorf have already asked me about it." It
+is not known how much more was spoken and resolved, although it seems
+that Luther labored to suppress the difficulty. Melanchthon's journey of
+recreation was not a little embittered, for he received the news of this
+occurrence in Wittenberg. Even while yet upon the road he found it
+necessary to write to Luther, Bugenhagen, Jonas, and Cruciger, in which
+he at length justifies his manner of teaching. He says: "I never wished,
+and in this particular point of dispute, I have never taught anything
+else but what you all together unite in teaching." He declared that many
+had fallen into the opinion, especially on account of this
+proposition--"We are justified by faith alone," that we are justified by
+the new life, or the gifts communicated to us.
+
+Hence arose the question: If we are only acceptable by Grace, wherefore
+is the new life required? Although he highly praised good works, he yet
+distinctly states that they are neither the price nor the merit of
+eternal life. He prayed for Christ's sake that they should be convinced
+concerning him; that he had taught thus with the best intentions, and
+not on account of stubbornness of opinion. He had never wished to hold
+opinions different from their own, and if they wished to make him
+suspected and estranged, he would rather remove far away from them.
+Cordatus already circulated the report that Melanchthon would return to
+Wittenberg no more. But on the 5th of November, a few days after his
+letter, he arrived, and almost the first thing he did was to write a
+friendly and conciliatory letter to his accuser, in which he reminds him
+of old friendship, and says that he should have spoken to him first of
+all, if he found anything reprehensible in him. He concludes thus: "This
+cause, in which we are engaged, is not our own, but Christ's, whose
+glory I truly desire to serve." Cordatus had raised considerable
+excitement, which spread even to the Court of the Elector. Towards the
+end of December, Cordatus referred the decision of this matter to Jonas,
+then Rector of the University, who had already besought him to desist
+from the accusation. Another event, however, put a stop to this
+disagreeable matter for the present.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE CONVENTION AT SMALKALD.
+
+
+We have before referred to the proceedings instituted by the Elector,
+when he received notice that Pope Paul III. was about to convene a
+Council at Mantua. The Evangelical States appointed a meeting at
+Smalkald, February 7, 1537, in order to deliberate whether they should
+accept the invitation to attend the Papal diet or not. The Elector, at
+the same time, as Luther informs us, commissioned him "to arrange
+articles of our doctrine, in order to see if it should come to this,
+what and how much we could and would yield to the Papists, and which we
+finally intend to adhere to." This led to the so-called "_Smalkald
+Articles_," which were very properly adopted among the Confessional
+writings of the Lutheran Church. When he had completed this work, the
+Theologians from abroad, Amsdorf, Agricola, and Spalatin, met with
+Luther and Melanchthon in Wittenberg, in order to discuss these articles
+before they should be delivered at the meeting at Smalkald. This
+document contains three parts. The _first_ relates to the doctrines of
+the _Divine Majesty_, in which both parties were agreed. The _second_
+part treats of the articles "which refer to the office and work of Jesus
+Christ, or our Salvation." 1. It speaks of Justification by Faith alone.
+"From this article," it declares, "we cannot move or let anything fall,
+if heaven and earth should fall." 2. They treat of the Mass and
+Invocation of Saints. 3. Of charitable foundations and convents. And 4.
+Of the Papacy. The _third_ part included the doctrines of Sin, of the
+Law, Repentance, of the erroneous repentance of the Papists, of the
+Gospel, of Baptism, of the Sacrament of the Altar, of the Keys, of
+Confession, of Excommunication, of Ordination and Vocation, of the
+Marriage of the Priests, of the Church, of Justification and good works,
+of Monastic Vows, and Human Ordinances. Luther says, "These are the
+articles to which I must and will adhere until I die, if it pleases God;
+and I know of nothing in them that I can alter or yield. But if any one
+wishes to yield anything, let him do it upon his conscience."
+
+These articles, which are composed with a truly Lutheran vigor, were
+highly approved of by the Theologians. They subscribed them in
+Wittenberg. Melanchthon also signed them, and added these remarks: "I,
+Philip Melanchthon, also consider the above articles right and
+Christian. But concerning the Pope, I hold, that his superiority over
+the Bishops, which he otherwise possesses, should also be conceded by
+us, jure humano, (according to human right,) on account of the peace and
+unity of those Christians who now yield obedience to him, and may do so
+in time to come." Luther had disputed this _human right_ of the Pope, in
+the article on the Papacy; and surely not without good reason. For a
+Pope, as he was now presupposed by Melanchthon, had never existed in any
+place. If he accepted the Gospel, he was no longer Pope; he could not
+longer be Pope. It was clearly an erroneous yielding to the powers on
+the opposing side, and must be explained by Melanchthon's timidity, as
+is manifested in his letter to Veit Dietrich, January 20: "When I think
+of the Convention, and of the terrible conflicts, which, I believe,
+will arise there, I shudder all over my body." The Elector was highly
+pleased with Luther's articles, and did not agree with Melanchthon's
+view of the Pope; for he saw very well that they would by this expose
+themselves to future suppression and extermination.
+
+Towards the end of January, Luther, Melanchthon, and Bugenhagen,
+departed for Smalkald, although Melanchthon's health was seriously
+affected. They passed through Torgau, Altenburg, and Weimar. In the
+latter city, Luther preached before the retinue of the Papal Nuncio. He
+was not afraid to complain that the kings and bishops hated the
+Evangelical party more than the Turks. On the 7th of February they
+arrived at Smalkald, and eight days after this the Convention was
+opened. But they had not been here long, when Luther became very ill
+with violent pains of the stone. Immediately every attention was paid by
+the physicians of the princes, but in vain. Luther begged Melanchthon to
+send for Dr. Sturz, of Erfurt, in whom he reposed great confidence.
+Philip wrote to him: "I beseech you to come at once, and do not fail,
+when such a man is in danger." He took Luther's illness much to heart,
+which he manifested in all his letters at this time. He wrote to Jonas,
+"Let us pray to God earnestly, that he would preserve him, and restore
+him to health." Luther did not wish to remain in Smalkald any longer,
+and had himself conveyed away. When he was riding out of the gate of the
+city, he turned to the friends who were escorting him, with these words:
+"God fill you with hatred against the Pope!" This legacy to those
+remaining behind was faithfully taken to heart by them.
+
+The object of this meeting of Smalkald was, as Melanchthon stated in a
+letter to Jonas, partly thoroughly to discuss doctrine, in order to
+promote uniformity in all the churches, and partly also to deliberate
+to which articles they would adhere to the last, and in which they might
+yield should any hope of peace appear. This, too, was the Elector's
+plan, but it did not succeed, particularly as far as _yielding_ was
+concerned, because the more determined Theologians were altogether
+opposed to it. They entertained the opinion, which was no doubt correct,
+that to yield would be explained as inconstancy both by friends and
+foes, and the Emperor would only press them more urgently because they
+seemed to fly. Even a closer comparison of doctrine did not become
+popular, doubtless because they feared that if disunion should arise,
+the League would be broken. Luther's illness and departure also
+interfered with the deliberations. The Theologians, together with Bucer
+and Blaurer, who represented the upper Germans, as well as the princes,
+continued to adhere to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology. They
+also subscribed the Smalkald articles.
+
+Melanchthon wrote to Jonas, that, in order they might not be idle, and
+play the part of dumb persons, they had received orders to write
+something in regard to the power of the Roman Chief-Priest. He applied
+himself to this task, and confesses himself that it was sharper than he
+generally wrote. He still entertained the opinion that the Council
+should not be rejected unconditionally, and did not wish to dispute the
+Pope's right to call such an one, even if he should not be considered
+judge. Those who were more determined, granted that some of the reasons
+of Melanchthon were acute and true, but they were not expedient; for
+even if they should promise an attendance of the Evangelical party in
+this Council, their opponents would interpret this as a submission to
+the right of Papal decision. He himself could not deny that his views
+were somewhat dangerous, and finally yielded to the majority; but it
+drew forth sighs and complaints, which he poured into the heart of his
+friend Camerarius. But he also confesses that the lawfulness of the good
+cause affords great consolation, let the consequences be what they will.
+
+The Imperial Ambassador, HELD, a decided enemy of the Evangelical party,
+was to receive their answer. They informed him that they could not
+approve of the Council of Mantua, and therefore begged the Emperor to
+provide a free Council. Held made many objections, and promised that the
+Emperor would see to it, that everything should be lawfully decided in
+the General Council. However, the Evangelical states were not satisfied
+with such general declarations. They delivered a written statement,
+prepared by Melanchthon, both to him and the Papal Nuncio, Bishop Vorst
+of Aix, in which they justify themselves for declining to meet with the
+Council. He proved in a thorough manner, that there was no divine right
+constituting the Pope the head of the Christian Church, and that he
+consequently deserved no obedience. He also disputed the power of the
+bishops, because it was merely founded upon human regulations. The
+princes and divines assembled in Smalkald were so highly pleased with
+this work, that they subscribed it with joy. During this meeting, the
+Theologians present felt themselves urged to recommend a proper
+appropriation of the possessions of the Church to the princes. They said
+in their address: "May your electoral and princely highnesses, for God's
+sake, take this great want to heart, and exhort the states that the
+possessions of churches and convents be principally retained for and
+applied to the support of churches and schools, which will be for the
+glory of God, and the good of the people, and will also prevent their
+dissipation, which would injure the Church, government, and country."
+The princes received this address in a very gracious manner, and the
+Landgrave of Hesse declared that in this thing help must be given by
+deeds, and not merely by words.
+
+Thus the Convention was brought to a close, and Melanchthon rejoiced to
+be able to go home again. On the 14th of March he returned with Luther,
+who had recovered again, and whom he found on the way to Wittenberg. He
+could not thank God sufficiently that his friend Luther was well again,
+and in all his letters he calls upon his friends to thank the Lord for
+this. On the 16th of March he wrote to Agricola: "I was seized by a
+peculiar sorrow when I saw Luther's danger. I was moved to it by the
+loss of the Church, but also by my love for this man, and my admiration
+of his distinguished and heroic virtues. I could not but be greatly
+troubled at the danger of such a man. Therefore, I heartily thank God
+and our Lord Jesus Christ, that he has looked upon our tears and sighs,
+and has restored Luther to health." In another letter he calls upon
+Spalatin, not only to be thankful for this, but also to pray God "that
+he would preserve such a teacher for his Church for a long time."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+CONFLICTS IN THE EVANGELICAL CAMP.
+
+
+On the day after his arrival in Wittenberg he wrote to Veit Dietrich:
+"Wittenberg, by the grace of God, is still quiet;" and as late as the
+14th of April he wrote: "There is still peace here, and Christ grant
+that it may endure for a long time." He little thought that conflicts,
+which should trouble him greatly, would soon break out in this camp. The
+dispute which had arisen, certainly not without Melanchthon's fault, was
+interrupted for a while by the convention at Smalkald, but it was not
+yet to be brought to a conclusion. On the 14th of April, Cordatus
+addressed a letter to Melanchthon, in which he accuses him of making
+Cruciger's cause his own, and also complains that unworthy motives were
+imputed to him. It is true, Melanchthon had made this cause his own, and
+could not well do otherwise. He had invited Cordatus to an interview, by
+a man named Ungarus; but he did not come, because, as he himself
+confesses in the letter already mentioned, he was too much excited
+against Melanchthon, and particularly because Melanchthon had before
+that only spoken jestingly of the whole matter, and his present
+earnestness was altogether unexpected." He also addressed a letter to
+Dr. Jonas, then Rector of the University, in which he prays that
+Cruciger should be compelled publicly to recant the error he had
+publicly proclaimed. That he could not now desist, in his own name, from
+that which he had begun in the name of Christ. Jonas replied in a very
+haughty manner, and accused him of seeking notoriety, because he was
+disgusted with his obscurity and little church, and advises him to obey,
+and to tame his violent disposition. But this merely served to call
+forth stronger letters from Cordatus to Jonas and Melanchthon, in which
+he threatened that he would apply to the whole Theological faculty. At
+the same time he also gave notice of this matter to Chancellor Br�ck,
+and said: "I cannot endure that so great a crowd at Wittenberg oppose
+the blessed doctrine of the pious man Luther, who is indeed the only
+Doctor of these things, and that too, God knows, without just cause."
+And besides, that Melanchthon had written to him yesterday: "I have of
+my own accord altered many things in my little volume, and I rejoice
+that I made these alterations." Melanchthon, in a letter to Bucer, April
+23d, complained most bitterly of Cordatus, and insisted upon his
+proposition, that new obedience is necessary to eternal life. In this
+too, as in a letter to Dietrich, he spoke of retiring from Wittenberg if
+he should see that the conduct of Cordatus met with approbation.
+
+This dispute at last attracted the attention of the Elector, who
+directed an inquiry to Luther and Bugenhagen, May 5th, through the
+Chancellor, whether it was true that Master Philip, Dr. Cruciger, and
+many masters and students, entertained different opinions from Luther
+and Pomeranus in some doctrines. The Inquiry referred to several points,
+especially to _Justification_, concerning which, Cruciger is said, by
+Melanchthon's direction, to have taught publicly a year ago that we are
+not justified before God by faith alone, "but that works were also
+necessary, for they are _causa sine qua non_," (the condition, without
+which we cannot be saved.) The Inquiry also referred to another point,
+according to which men might securely, and without burdening their
+consciences, receive the Sacrament in _one_ kind. There is also said to
+be a difference in reference to "free will."
+
+The Elector especially censured Melanchthon for arbitrarily altering the
+Augsburg Confession, which was not a private, but a public Confession.
+The people, too, were highly displeased with this. He required an answer
+to this and several other points. He would rather suffer the University,
+which had prospered under Melanchthon, to decrease, than endure such
+divisions. Luther did not say anything about this to Melanchthon. When a
+certain Peter Ravus was made a Doctor, on the 4th of June, Luther led to
+the discussion of the doctrine of the necessity of good works, and
+rejected the formula that good works are necessary to salvation.
+Cruciger, who yielded at last, wrote a lengthy account of this to
+Dietrich. Cordatus was silent after this public discussion, in which
+Melanchthon's formula had been defeated; and Master Philip himself began
+to retract, no doubt because he saw that his formula might be promotive
+of work-righteousness. He simply wished to insist upon the doctrine that
+sanctification must necessarily follow from justification. He should not
+therefore have adhered so obstinately to his formula in the beginning.
+
+The "Inquiry" of the Elector referred to an opinion, that under certain
+circumstances, one kind of the sacrament might also be distributed.
+Melanchthon had thus advised the preacher JACOB SHENK, of Freiberg, who
+had asked his opinion whether he should not introduce both kinds of the
+sacrament into his congregation, even against the will of the
+authorities. This answer, which regarded the circumstances of the case,
+and wished to prevent rebellion against tyrannical princes, had been
+given without any consultation with Luther. Shenk sent Melanchthon's
+letter to the Elector's court at Weimar. When Melanchthon heard of this,
+he was greatly incensed. On the 16th of July he wrote to Brenz that he
+was here contending with a Hydra. As soon as he was done with one, many
+others arise. Another slanderer of Freiberg had complained of him to the
+Elector. He now refers to the cause which had induced this friend and
+former hearer to take this step. On the 11th of October he wrote to
+Camerarius, that the prince was present himself. For he had sent his
+Chancellor to speak with Luther concerning this matter. The result of
+this interview was, that Luther expressed his surprise that Melanchthon
+still entertained such fancies; and, on the whole, he thought that
+Melanchthon did not think much of the sacrament, and was almost of
+Zwingli's opinion. Yet he was not able to say how he felt at heart, and
+did not wish that so distinguished a man should separate from them and
+their University. But if he should adhere to the opinion expressed to
+Shenk, why everything else must yield to the truth. If for the sake of
+peace, we are to permit _one_ kind, we should also be obliged to yield
+to tyrants, if they wished us to teach that works justify us. "I think,"
+said the Chancellor, "that it would do no harm if Dr. Martinus would
+proceed, and speak earnestly and cordially with Philip. There is a chain
+in these matters which connects something. May the Almighty overrule it
+for good."
+
+October 13, Melanchthon wrote to Dietrich: "Yesterday I understood that
+several articles should be presented to me to subscribe, but I am not
+certain of anything, because everything is kept secret. Not only are all
+who are considered my friends excluded from these interviews and
+deliberations, but also all those who do not seem to be full of the
+proper heat and violence. I earnestly hope that, if they are displeased
+with me, they will produce their complaints openly and without
+concealment. I have to-day prepared a defence."
+
+He completed this, and met all the accusations against him, not only in
+regard to the Lord's Suppers but also in regard to those other points in
+which he had somewhat changed his views. The day on which he was to make
+his defence was already appointed, but Luther's illness prevented the
+meeting. Besides this, Shenk went over to Agricola, who, as is well
+known, held the erroneous doctrine that the law is no longer to be
+taught in the Christian Church. On this account no further notice was
+taken of him.
+
+The year 1538 also brought him fresh troubles. In the summer Melanchthon
+had indeed been honored by being made Rector of the University, but he
+was soon to experience the unpleasant part of his office. A young Master
+SIMON LEMNIUS, a Grison, had published a small volume of satirical
+poems, in which he not only ridiculed several citizens of Wittenberg,
+but also the most worthy Professors, among them even Luther and
+Melanchthon. He even made satirical allusions to the Elector's Court. On
+the other hand, he praised Archbishop ALBERT of Mentz, who indeed
+deserved so little praise. This part displeased Luther more than all the
+rest; and he expressed his displeasure, "because this lampooner praises
+that miserable town-clerk of Halle, (pardon the expression,) Bishop
+Albert, and thus makes a saint of the devil." As many were already
+prejudiced against Melanchthon, he was suspected of secretly having
+countenanced the satirical poems of Lemnius. For, among other things, it
+was also the duty of the Rector of the University to keep a watchful
+eye upon the various publications.
+
+It was certainly a fault that Melanchthon had overlooked this; however,
+he did everything he could to rectify it. He forbade the satirist to
+leave the city; and when he fled, and did not appear after having been
+summoned twice, he was expelled. However, his enemies were not satisfied
+yet, and Melanchthon believed it necessary to send a written
+justification of his conduct to the Elector. He proves that he could not
+have known anything of this lampoon, because he and his wife are also
+attacked in two places in the most virulent manner. He had not seen a
+page of the book until it was handed to him, and then he scarcely looked
+into it, regarding it as an abject petition addressed to the Bishop of
+Mentz; but when he had examined it more carefully, he had forbidden the
+author to leave the city. As he had fled, and did not appear to answer
+the summons, he had been expelled from the University as a traitor and
+calumniator. Melanchthon thus concludes: "This is indeed the truth, for
+by God's grace, unfaithfulness and falsehood shall never be laid to my
+charge." When it was said that his son-in-law Sabinus knew something of
+it, he added to his report: "I do not know what my son-in-law knew of,
+or did in this matter, for he has caused me enough sorrow in other
+matters, which I must labor to mend." This settled the whole matter. But
+these repeated attacks grieved Melanchthon exceedingly, as appears from
+various letters to his friends. He once wrote to Camerarius, that he
+felt in Wittenberg as if he was tied to Mount Caucasus. The continual,
+bitter sorrows which had been weighing upon his mind for years, and his
+daily anxieties, were preying upon him so much, that he feared he would
+not live much longer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PRINCES AT FRANKFORT, AND THE VICTORIES OF THE
+REFORMATION.
+
+
+The Catholics and Protestants assumed a more hostile attitude towards
+each other; but the Electors of Brandenburg and the Palatinate
+interposed, and finally succeeded in bringing about a meeting of the
+princes, in Frankfort-on-the-Main, at the beginning of the year 1539. On
+the 31st of January, Melanchthon also went thither. From Weimar he wrote
+to Jonas, that there was some hope of peace, for the princes manifested
+their readiness to bring it about. The Emperor and King Ferdinand had
+likewise sent ambassadors. They were not regarded much before they had
+presented their offers as to the conditions of peace. But when the
+Imperial orator requested the mediators already mentioned to make
+propositions for peace, according to their judgment, a star of hope
+seemed to arise. The Count Palatine and the Margrave hereupon demanded a
+form of agreement from the Protestants, in order to learn what they
+still missed in the Nuremberg Religious Peace. The Protestants complied
+with this request; they demanded that not only the states of the present
+time, but also those who should receive the Gospel in the future, should
+receive full liberty, and especially also that the proceedings of the
+Imperial chamber of justice should be stopped. Thus matters stood March
+4th, as Melanchthon wrote to Jonas; but the ambassadors were stubborn,
+and would by no means consent to the proposed conditions of peace. He
+wrote to the prince of Anhalt: "May God incline their minds to the love
+of peace!" But this did not happen; on the contrary, the Imperial
+ambassador overwhelmed the Protestants with accusations, although the
+mediators seemed more inclined to terms. Melanchthon wrote to BRENZ "The
+matter has almost come to that point, that, as the Emperor said, the
+time for arms, and not for deliberations, seems to have arrived. Yet,
+although I tremble when I think what a very serious matter this is, I am
+sometimes surprised that our friends, who are so greatly irritated, do
+not break forth more violently."
+
+They could not effect an agreement. Thus time passed on, and
+Melanchthon, in the meantime, wrote three discourses in the German
+language. The _first_ treated of the right of defence, if they should be
+attacked by their enemies; the _second_ showed that upright persons
+could not take up arms against the Protestants; and the _third_, that
+all the godly must assist them. Some disputed the right of waging war
+against the Emperor. Two years ago the Wittenbergers had declared the
+lawfulness of this step, maintaining that the Gospel did not oppose
+natural rights or public laws. All hopes of an agreement diminished more
+and more, and he was obliged to write to Camerarius, on April 5th: "We
+have here been weaving the veil of Penelope. If we have rejected one
+form of peace, another is laid before us, which merely differs from the
+preceding one in words, but not in sense. Some maintain that they are
+treacherously procrastinating this matter, but this has not frightened
+us as yet. I hope that the Empire may remain undisturbed, although no
+fair conditions could yet be obtained from the Imperial orator. He
+demands that we should not receive any new confederates. This shameful
+condition is introduced again and again, with new sophistries, although
+it has been rejected repeatedly. In this you have the entire history of
+the Convention. In the beginning, I disputed concerning a number of
+points; but when the Imperial ambassador made such unreasonable demands,
+I ceased; and if no truce is made, we shall publish the reasons which
+induced us to reject those demands." For this purpose he had prepared
+his three German discourses. Luther understood the state of things very
+well when he wrote; that one party wished an open door for the Gospel,
+and the other locked it; and the matter was now so, that Christ and
+Belial must be united, or one must yield to the other.
+
+As the King of England still intended to enter into a league with the
+Protestants, and had therefore sent his ambassador, CHRISTOPHER MOUAT,
+to the Convention at Smalkald, Melanchthon again addressed a letter to
+him. In his letter, dated April 1st, he most earnestly urges the King,
+that, as he had already reformed some abuses in the Church, he should
+also abolish all remaining Roman ungodliness. At the same time, Louis
+von Baumbach and Francis Burckard, vice-chancellor of the Electorate of
+Saxony, departed from Frankfort to England. These messengers were
+received by the King in a very friendly manner, but they could not
+induce Henry to reform the Church according to the principles of the
+Gospel. When Henry demanded again that Melanchthon should be sent over,
+it was not done, for they saw very well that the King was not serious in
+this matter. He had also received Melanchthon's letter in a very
+ungracious manner. Henry was an obstinate man, who pretended to be a
+Theologian himself. How ridiculous this his boasted learning was, is
+apparent, for instance, in the argument he advances for the necessity of
+good works. He argued, because evil works merit everlasting wrath, it
+follows that good works merit everlasting bliss. At the request of the
+Elector and the Landgrave, Melanchthon also addressed a letter to King
+Francis of France, in order to explain the character of the League of
+Smalkald to him. This was brought about, not for bad ends, but simply to
+defend the Gospel. He thus concludes this letter: "It is much to be
+desired that the greatest monarchs will prevent a suppression of the
+truth by unjust means." At last the Convention of the Princes at
+Frankfort adjourned. On the 19th of April they agreed on a truce of
+fifteen months, and also a religious discussion, to be held in
+Nuremberg, August 1st. "We thank God," Melanchthon writes from Saalfeld
+April 23d, "that no one is permitted to begin war, and that the peace of
+Nuremberg has again been established and renewed. But this was only
+gained by great exertions."
+
+He was now to have a more agreeable experience than he had been
+accustomed to for the past few years. On the 17th of April, Duke GEORGE
+of Saxony, this decided enemy of the Gospel, departed this life. It is
+true, it is said that he passed from this world with full faith in the
+Lord Jesus Christ. He had already, in the beginning of this year,
+expressed a wish that a reformation of his dominions should be
+undertaken. But he wished a Reformation like that of King Henry of
+England. He did not wish the Scriptures to decide, but rather the
+traditions of the first eight centuries. However, Melanchthon, together
+with Chancellor Br�ck and Bucer, had gone to Leipzig in the beginning of
+January, in order to negotiate with GEORGE VON CARLOWITZ, and GEORGE
+WIZEL, who, after having become a Protestant, had returned into the
+bosom of the Catholic Church. These negotiations, however, were soon
+brought to a conclusion, because the principles of the two parties were
+entirely opposed to each other. But now, after the accession of the
+Duke's brother HENRY, the Reformation was accomplished easily and
+rapidly, for he was a friend of Evangelical truth. It was, indeed, a
+blessing that death had carried off Duke George so suddenly, for, as
+Melanchthon relates in a letter to Camerarius, he intended to exclude
+his brother and the other heirs, and to bequeath his dominions to King
+Ferdinand. But it is evident in this case also, that God's thoughts are
+often different from, and always better than the thoughts of men. The
+new Duke had an interview with the Elector, concerning the Reformation
+of his dukedom, on the 5th of May. May 22d, Melanchthon, Luther, and
+Jonas went to Leipzig, where Myconius and Cruciger were already, in
+order to reform the Church and University according to the Gospel. On
+the 28th of May, they published their opinion in regard to the
+Reformation of the University, in which they declared that "all
+government is bound before God to abolish and forbid false doctrine and
+false worship." All preaching, discussions, reading, distribution of the
+Sacrament, and all their ceremonies, were to be forbidden to the monks,
+because they continued to practise, and would not forsake their
+blasphemy. The Theologians of the University should be required "to
+receive this doctrine, or, if they should be unwilling to do this, that
+they should not be allowed to lecture, dispute, or preach. Also, that it
+was highly necessary to introduce Christian doctrine into the schools
+and churches at the same time." In addition to this, they proposed
+Amsdorf, Dr. Hess of Breslau, or Alexander Alesius and Ziegler, as
+teachers of the Hebrew language. That it would also be necessary to
+increase the salaries, for twenty florins would no longer suffice in
+these times, especially as the professors were married. The abundance
+of the convents should be taken from them, and provision made for poor
+students of Theology, because "the rich do not become pastors and
+preachers, for alas! they are ashamed of this high service of God."
+
+On Pentecost the Evangelical form of worship was introduced in Leipzig,
+and Luther preached a powerful sermon. On the 30th of May we already
+find our friend Melanchthon busily engaged in Wittenberg. But his eyes
+were still bent upon Leipzig, where his two dear friends Myconius and
+Cruciger had to contend with the powers of darkness. He comforted and
+encouraged them in a letter dated June 6: "I pray God and our Lord Jesus
+Christ to be with and to preserve you in your conflicts and dangers. For
+I have no doubt that you have there become acquainted with the
+pharisaical, yea diabolical venom of the enemies of the Gospel. But you
+know that your labor will redound to the honor of Christ, and you also
+know how much the Empire would be benefited by the reunion of these
+countries. Therefore patiently endure labor and danger in so important a
+cause." "We look for your letters with fearful anxiety, and pray you to
+write more frequently. Here, by the Grace of God, we have peace, only we
+have almost too much to do."
+
+On the 24th of June he wrote to Duke ALBERT of Prussia: "According to
+the latest news we learn, that by the hand of God, the Gospel has had a
+good and flourishing beginning in the dominions of Duke Henry of Saxony,
+as well as in Leipzig and other places. May our Lord Jesus Christ grant
+his Grace to it! In Leipzig they have begun to administer the sacrament
+in the true way, and they are also abolishing secret masses." A few days
+before, Myconius and Cruciger had a severe conflict with the Dominicans.
+The disputation lasted eight hours. After this the University renounced
+the Roman Church. Many were, however, not at all satisfied with this
+Reformation, which was especially opposed by John von Maltitz, Bishop of
+Meissen. He sent a memorial to the Duke, which was either composed by
+Pflug or Witzel, and asked that the reformation of the defects of the
+Church should be left to him. The Duke sent it to the Elector, who
+required an opinion from his Theologians in regard to it. Melanchthon is
+the author of this opinion. Although this _Meissen Book_, as the
+Bishop's memorial was called, had taken up some portions of the true
+doctrine, in order to be more acceptable, yet on the whole it adhered to
+hereditary teachings, and found fault with the Protestants.
+
+As Melanchthon, Luther, and Jonas, appealed to the Holy Scriptures, they
+could easily refute the Bishop's book. They therefore declare: "That
+they announce to the priests that they would not receive or approve of
+their book; and that they did not consider it calculated to effect the
+Reformation and Improvement of the Church, nor to bring about a
+Christian agreement."
+
+As Melanchthon had been so active in the Reformation of the Church and
+University in Leipzig, he was now commissioned to visit the Churches in
+the Duke's possessions in Thuringia, and also some cities in Meissen. He
+discharged this duty, and found a most lamentable state of things. We
+will extract some parts of his report. Of the minister at Weissensee he
+says, that he was unlearned, frivolous, and led a scandalous life; that
+the people asked for a good Pastor, and displayed an affection for the
+Gospel. Of the minister of Danstadt he says, that he was a highly
+vicious person, and should be deposed at once. The two preachers of
+Sangerhaus, although they had adopted the new doctrine, were accused of
+adultery. The minister in Freiburg is a venomous blasphemer, sent
+thither by Eck, and ought to be deposed forthwith. He also proposed
+persons for these vacant places. Myconius should be lent for a time to
+Annaberg. He thus discharged his duty in the region which he had been
+appointed to visit, in a most earnest and conscientious manner. He also
+enjoyed the great satisfaction of hearing that his dearest friend in the
+world, Joachim Camerarius, had been called to a Professorship in
+Leipzig, in 1541.
+
+He had not long completed his labors in the dominions of the Duke, when
+he received a call from the Elector of Brandenburg, JOACHIM II., to come
+to Berlin, in order to give his advice in regard to the introduction of
+the Reformation in that country.
+
+We have already seen that the Elector had acted as mediator in the
+assembly of the princes at Frankfort; so he also wished to introduce a
+Church discipline of this character, which was strongly tainted with
+Catholicism, although he wished the preaching of the Gospel to remain
+free. Melanchthon, who met the Elector about the 12th of October,
+induced him to change his Church discipline after the pattern of that of
+Nuremberg, although it still retained much that was Catholic. He wrote
+to Dietrich, that private masses were abolished, that the priests were
+permitted to marry, that the invocation of saints was abolished, that
+the preaching of the pure doctrine was enjoined, and that the Lord's
+Supper was distributed in both kinds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+HELP IN A DANGEROUS ILLNESS.
+
+
+When he returned, he found the plague raging in Wittenberg. It had
+carried off his dear friend and brother-in-law, the jurist SEBALD
+M�NSTERER, together with his wife. He received their children into his
+own house; but he himself felt seriously indisposed, and entertained
+earnest thoughts of death. On the 26th of October, he wrote to his
+beloved Dietrich in Nuremberg, that he was now standing in one of the
+climacterical years of human life, the forty-second year, which had
+proved the year of death to many; that his strength had failed, partly
+because of the sorrows of the soul, and partly on account of his
+excessive labors. He continues thus: "Although I might wish to live
+somewhat longer, on account of my children, and also on account of my
+books, yet I shall follow God with resignation, whenever it pleases him
+to call me away from this place. I am very glad that you so kindly offer
+your assistance to my son (Philip, then 14 years old), and I commend him
+to you; for he will need the kindness of his friends, when I am gone.
+His moral character is good, but I cannot praise his temperament; and I
+also believe that he does not possess sufficient talent to study."
+
+Although many fled on account of the plague, he was determined to remain
+in Wittenberg. "I will bear the present cross, as I have borne many
+other things; God will put an end to it." At that time, when he was
+very weak, and suffering much from sleeplessness, he made his will,
+from which we here present a few extracts, showing his truly Christian
+disposition. He began by declaring, that after the manner of the
+fathers, he wished to prepare his will, as a Confession for his friends
+and children, in order that they might abide by it at all times. "And
+first of all do I return thanks to God, the Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, who was crucified for us, the Creator of all things, that he has
+called me to repentance and the knowledge of the Gospel, and beseech
+him, for the sake of his Son, whom he has given as a sacrifice for us,
+that he would forgive my sins, accept of, and justify me, hear me, and
+deliver me from eternal death, as I also confidently trust he will do.
+For he has commanded us to believe it; and it is a sin to think our sins
+greater than the death of the Son of God. I prefer him before my sins.
+But I pray that God would strengthen these beginnings of faith, by the
+Holy Ghost, for the sake of his Son, our mediator. I am indeed troubled
+concerning my own sins, and the offences of others; but I consider the
+death of the Son of God greater, so that Grace is mightier than sin." He
+then proceeds to confess his belief in the Apostles' and Nicene Creed,
+and the entire system of doctrine which he had so unequivocally declared
+in his _Loci Communes_, and the Epistle to the Romans. He warns his
+children against the Roman Church, which in many articles teaches the
+most corrupt doctrine. "I therefore beg my children to obey me in this,
+on account of the divine commandment, that they do not connect
+themselves with the Papists." He also particularly warns them against
+those frivolous persons who should deny the doctrines of the Son of God,
+and of the Holy Ghost, among whom he especially mentions Servetus. He
+also defends himself against the suspicions of those who have said that
+he leaned to the side of the enemy; he calls God to witness that he
+never wished to do so. He never wished to spread any new doctrine, but
+adhered to that doctrine which had been brought to light in these latter
+days, by Dr. Martin Luther. He therefore thanks this man of God,
+"firstly, because I have learned the Gospel from him; and secondly, on
+account of his particular kindness towards me, which he has manifested
+in many acts of kindness; and I wish that he may be always revered as a
+father by the members of my family." Then he also gratefully mentions
+the Elector, Chancellor Br�ck, his brother George, in Bretten,
+Camerarius, and a number of other friends. "I beseech them all kindly to
+forgive all my faults, if I have in any respect offended any of them; I
+never wished to offend any one wilfully." But the Lord still needed him
+for important labors; his health gradually returned, and he could again
+attend to his numerous duties. He published one of his best writings,
+"On the Soul," about this time. Towards the close of this year, 1539,
+Bucer came to Wittenberg on account of a certain matter, which became a
+source of much bodily and mental distress to Melanchthon.
+
+The Landgrave, PHILIP of Hesse, had commissioned Bucer to solicit the
+opinions of the Wittenberg Theologians in a peculiar and very delicate
+matter. It did not refer to the general affairs of the Church, but a
+private, domestic affair of the Landgrave. For various reasons his
+affections had become alienated from his wife, and he believed that it
+would be better for him to form a new matrimonial connection than fall
+into sins of the flesh. Bucer brought an elaborate treatise with him,
+which justified this double marriage of the Landgrave, and now only
+wished that Luther and Melanchthon should also signify their approval
+of this step. The two Theologians delivered a "secret Confessor's
+advice," on the 10th of December, in which they show that God originally
+permitted man to have but one wife, and that this law, although God bore
+with its violation in the Old Covenant, was restored in the New
+Testament. But an exception should be made in the present case of
+necessity, in order to avoid greater evils; yet without making it
+public, so that the enemies of the Gospel could not cry out that the
+Protestants were like the Anabaptists, who took many wives at once.[19]
+With this wished-for advice, Bucer departed; and after the Landgrave had
+also obtained a formal consent from his wife to form a second marriage,
+he was secretly married to Lady Margaret von der Saale, on the 3d of
+March, 1540, at Rothenburg on the Fulda. Melanchthon, who was at the
+time in Smalkald attending a convention, was also invited, without being
+informed particularly of the character of the occasion. He was much
+offended because he was thus obliged to be present at the wedding, and
+never forgot this treatment of the Landgrave. But even upon the present
+occasion he exhorted him to take better care of pastors and the teachers
+of the schools, to avoid the vices of fornication and adultery, and to
+remember David's punishment; also, to keep this second marriage secret,
+and not permit it to be spoken of publicly.
+
+We have but now mentioned that Melanchthon was in Smalkald. He had gone
+thither on the 18th of February, 1540. It was proposed to discuss the
+Religious Convention here, which had been called to Spire. The
+Theologians had already, in obedience to the Elector's orders, delivered
+their opinion, "whether the Evangelical princes should enter into a
+worldly peace with the Bishops, and whether they could yield anything to
+them in matters of religion." This document was signed by the
+Theologians on the first of March. It discussed doctrine, needful
+external matters, and external indifferent matters, (adiaphora.) In the
+_first_ article of doctrine, it does not depart from the Confession, and
+will not yield anything. The _second_ article enumerates among external
+needful matters, the abolition of private masses, of the canon of the
+mass, of monastic vows, of the celibacy of the priesthood, of the
+Invocation of saints, of all magical ceremonies, as, for instance,
+herbs, consecration of bells, &c., and required the restoration of the
+Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. In this article also it does not
+yield anything. The _third_ article speaks of external indifferent
+matters, of the power of the Bishops, ordination, reading, singing,
+holidays, and other ceremonies, and of possessions. They expressed the
+opinion that if Princes and Bishops would accept doctrine and the
+needful points, arrangements might be made with them in reference to the
+last point. Envoys were sent from Smalkald to the Emperor, who was in
+Belgium at this time, to present the peaceful sentiments of the
+Protestants to him, and to pray him not to begin war. They returned with
+the most peaceful prospects, for the Emperor expressed his intention to
+institute further deliberations in regard to the harmony of the
+Churches. After Melanchthon had prepared another opinion, concerning the
+erroneous doctrines of Sebastian Franck and Caspar Schwenkfeldt, which
+was also signed by the Theologians, the Convention adjourned April 15th.
+Melanchthon returned by way of Erfurt, and on the 4th of May wrote to
+Dietrich that the Emperor did not as yet manifest any hostility,
+although he had not promised a certain peace. He, on this occasion,
+related that the Count-palatine Frederick had conversed with the Emperor
+in Spain, and had advised him to follow more moderate counsels. The
+Emperor promised him he would do so. He had not been long in Wittenberg,
+when he heard that the Emperor was willing to hold a convention at
+Spire. After having written a letter to the Emperor in Torgau, whither
+he had been called by the Elector, he departed in the beginning of June
+to attend this convention, which, according to the last orders, was to
+be held, not in Spire, but in Hagenau, in Alsatia. It is not to be
+wondered at, that he should have felt very unwell when he departed from
+Wittenberg, after so many exertions, and recent recovery from a severe
+illness. Before he departed, he deposited his last will with Cruciger. A
+large concourse of students and masters escorted him, and when he was
+crossing the bridge over the Elbe, he said: "We have lived upon Synods,
+and now we shall die there." With such thoughts of death he departed,
+and reached Weimar. Here he was obliged to remain for some time, because
+he was not sure whether he should go to Hagenau. Luther, at least, had
+written to the Elector beseeching him to see to it, "That each and every
+one of the delegates should be earnestly commanded, that they could not
+and should not depart from that which has now finally been harmoniously
+agreed upon at Smalkald."
+
+Melanchthon, however, was the person whose yielding temper was most
+objected to. He was at this time filled with indescribable dread,
+because a report reached his ears that the Landgrave intended to publish
+the secret advice of the Wittenbergers. He saw very well that its
+publication would not only place him in a very doubtful position, but
+would also greatly injure the cause of the Gospel. His sorrows almost
+consumed him, and he therefore wrote to Luther for consolation and
+support in this matter. He faithfully responded to this call. But this
+consolation did not help him, and he became seriously ill. But let us
+hear the account of old Ratzeberger: "As it now also became known that
+the Landgrave had, besides his first wife, also married Lady von der
+Saale, and it was apparent that this deed would bring great disgrace and
+injury to the Gospel, Master Philip took it very much to heart. For he
+saw, if he went to Hagenau, that this would give the Lutherans a very
+severe blow. He was particularly grieved by this, because he had always
+looked upon this Landgrave, who had caused this great offence, with
+particular affection and hope. However, some assert, that he fell into
+this distress because he approved of this improper conduct of the
+Landgrave through the persuasions of his Court Chaplain, Dionysius, with
+which the court was afterwards highly displeased. He therefore became
+very sick at Weimar, more on account of sorrow and melancholy than
+anything else. His strength failed rapidly, and certain death seemed to
+be his only prospect. When he was thus seriously and dangerously ill,
+the Elector sent for Luther, who rode day and night from Wittenberg, in
+order to see Philip before his death. When he arrived, he to his sorrow
+found him as he had already heard. His eyes were already dim, his reason
+was gone, he could not speak nor hear, and his countenance was loose and
+fallen; having, as Luther said, a Hippocratical countenance. He
+recognized no one, and could neither eat nor drink. When Luther,
+unrecognized, looked upon him, he was greatly shocked, and said to his
+companion, God forbid! how has the devil abused this instrument! and
+immediately turned to the window and earnestly prayed to God. Then,
+Luther said, God our Lord was obliged to listen to me. For I cast my
+burden before his door, and besieged his ear with all his promises that
+he would hear prayer, which I could remember in the Bible, so that he
+was obliged to hear me, if I was to trust his promises.
+
+He then took Philip by the hand, and said, "Be of good cheer, Philip,
+you will not die! Although God has reason enough to take away life, yet
+he hath no pleasure in the death of the sinner, but that he should
+return from his ways and live. If God again called and received the
+greatest sinners who ever lived upon this earth, namely, Adam and Eve,
+he will not cast out thee, my Philip, nor suffer thee to perish in sins
+and sorrow. Therefore, do not give way to despondency, and do not murder
+yourself, but trust in the Lord, who is able to kill and make alive,
+wound and bind, scourge and heal again. For Luther fully understood the
+troubles of his heart and conscience. When he had thus held and
+addressed him, Philip began to draw his breath again, but could not say
+anything for a long time. He then turned his face towards Luther, and
+began to entreat him for God's sake not to detain him any longer; that
+he was now upon a good journey, and that he should suffer him to
+proceed, for nothing better could happen to him. Luther replied: "By no
+means, Philip; you must serve the Lord still longer." Philip became more
+and more animated, and Luther immediately ordered them to prepare some
+food, and took it to him himself. But Philip refused to taste it. Luther
+forced him, and said: "Do you hear, Philip! you must eat, or I shall
+excommunicate you. He was prevailed upon by such language, so that he
+began to eat a little, and thus gradually regained strength."
+
+Melanchthon himself said of Luther: "If he had not come I should have
+died." The Elector also, who deeply sympathized with his sorrows and
+illness, comforted him in the most friendly manner: "Although it
+belongeth to God alone, according to his good pleasure, to bestow or
+take away courage and comfort, yet you on your part must not fail to lay
+aside and forget the causes of your trouble, which, thanks to God! are
+not so great in our estimation, that they should afflict you so deeply.
+We doubt not but that Almighty God will soon restore your cheerfulness,
+and with it your health."
+
+The Elector then requests him, as soon as he should be able to move, to
+come to Eisenach, with Luther and Jonas, because he needed them; for
+letters and reports were constantly arriving from Hagenau. He gradually
+recovered, and, although it was with difficulty, he was able to leave
+for Eisenach on the 7th of July. On the 10th of July, Luther wrote
+concerning him to Wittenberg: "Master Philip has been restored to life,
+as it were from the grave; he looks sickly, yet lively, jests and lives
+with us, and eats and drinks in his own room and at table."
+
+Melanchthon himself wrote to Bugenhagen from Eisenach: "I thank you
+heartily, best and dearest pastor, that you have comforted me in so
+Christian a manner, while I was absent, and visited with terrible
+afflictions in body and spirit, and that at home you assisted my wife by
+your counsels. I still feel my disease, although it has abated somewhat.
+If I should remain alive, I will be able to say that I have been
+restored from death to life, by the power of God. This is the testimony
+of all who were with me. Oh! that I might thank God rightly, and live
+for his glory! I commend myself, and the Church of Christ, to your
+prayers. I hope that he also (the Landgrave), who has brought me into
+this great trouble, warned by my example, and the writings of our
+friends, will be more modest, and not publicly defend a scandalous
+affair. I have heard that he promised to listen to the counsels of our
+friends." In Eisenach, the Saxon and Hessian Theologians conferred
+concerning the double-marriage of the Landgrave. The Hessian
+Theologians, among them the court-chaplain, Dionysius Melander, wished
+the permission to publish the second marriage, to be granted to their
+Prince. An old account relates, that upon this Luther attacked them in
+so severe a manner, "that the water ran down their cheeks." The
+Wittenbergers insisted that this marriage should be concealed, like the
+secrets of the Confessional. On the 24th of July, Melanchthon himself
+wrote to the Landgrave, exhorting him to cover the matter, and not to
+give cause for its public discussion. He should prevent this, "not only
+on account of the evil reports and the offence, but also because it is
+no easy matter to defend this business plausibly." The Landgrave took
+this to heart, and for a long time bore the disgrace he so richly
+deserved. But when he sent forth a pamphlet, written by Bucer, yet
+without his name, which endeavored to justify his conduct, Melanchthon
+published a very severe reply to it.
+
+At the close of July, he returned to Wittenberg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+WORMS AND RATISBON.
+
+
+The Convention at Hagenau was not successful. The Chancellor of Treves
+here made a proposition, in the name of the Catholics, July 6th, 1540,
+that the points already disposed of in Augsburg, in 1530, should not be
+considered now, but they should merely discuss those on which they could
+not agree there. The Protestants would not agree to this, and declared
+"that they could not recollect that any agreement in disputed matters
+had been reached in the Diet held at Augsburg." Finally, they obtained
+sight of a writing of Dr. Eck's, who had compared the articles agreed
+upon, and they sent it to the Elector with the remark: "Your Grace will
+be able to see from this, in what a childish and improper manner they
+have prepared these." The Convention adjourned without having come to an
+actual Religious Conference. This was now to be held in Worms, on the
+28th of October of the same year. The Emperor was exceedingly anxious
+for a union; but before the meeting was opened, the Elector requested
+the opinions of his Theologians. In this they resolved not to
+acknowledge the precedence or judicial power of the Pope in the Council,
+and also to reject those articles marked by Eck as agreed upon. The
+Elector positively enjoined upon his ambassadors, by no means to depart
+from the meaning or the words of the Augsburg Confession. Whenever
+Melanchthon, in his letters, referred to the coming religious
+conference, he always expressed the wish: "Oh! that God would incline
+the hearts of the princes to magnify his glory, and to seek wholesome
+peace!"
+
+On the 18th of October, he set out with Cruciger. In Leipzig they took
+along with them the professors SHEUBEL, and ANDREW FRANCK, called
+Camicianus; and in Eisenach, JUSTUS MENIUS, selected instead of
+Myconius. In Gotha he prepared the Protestation, in which he showed "how
+the Protestants should act in the present Conference, and whether the
+spiritual ambassador is to be acknowledged as judge in disputed
+questions." On the 31st of October they reached Worms; and November 2d,
+he already wrote to Camerarius about the "shameless hypocrites," Eck,
+Cochl�us, Nausea, Mensinger, and others, who had been appointed to
+attend this Conference in behalf of the Catholics. "These men will
+pronounce sentence upon our heads, although they do not understand our
+cause, and are burning with hatred, and have stained their hearts and
+hands with the blood of the godly. But if an opportunity should present
+itself to explain our affairs, I shall with God's help endeavor to
+unfold those useful views which we contend for, clearly, truly, and
+without perversion. This I can do so much better, because I have ceased
+to regard the will of the princes, and on this account have an easier
+conscience than I had before." And to Dietrich he wrote: "Even if
+Spanish and French gentlemen were standing before the gates, I would not
+approve of these double-tongued articles." He adhered steadfastly to
+this resolution. But the Convention was not opened for a long time,
+owing to the delay of the Imperial Commissioner, GRANVELLA, "of whom it
+is said, that he is at present the heart of the Emperor Charles,"
+although the Papal Nuncio, a brother of the well-known Cardinal
+Campegius, had arrived at the proper time.
+
+He formed the centre, around whom the enemy gathered to discuss their
+plans. More and more enemies arrived in Worms, in order that they might
+command a respectable position on account of their numbers. "But God,
+the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, will protect us, whom do you also
+call upon to preserve and rule his Church,"--thus Melanchthon wrote to
+Jonas. The Protestants entertained the hope that Granvella "would exert
+himself to obtain peace, even if no union or agreement could be
+effected." Melanchthon at this time did not visit any of the decided
+enemies; however, he went to a few of those who wished to be considered
+somewhat moderate. He wrote to Dietrich: "These wish to persuade me to
+consider the whole difference a mere contention about words. I answered,
+as Aristides said to Themistocles, that Athens would not have peace
+until they both should be drowned in the sea; so we also, on both sides,
+deserved the severest punishment if we were confusing the Church by a
+mere contention about words." At last the Imperial Envoy Granvella
+arrived, November 22d, and opened the session on the 25th with an
+address, in which he entreated the States with tears to come to an
+agreement, and conjured them to "unite again the rent mantle of Christ,
+and think of your name as Christians which you received in Holy Baptism,
+and also of your own highly-renowned German nation." They disputed a
+long time as to the manner in which the religious discussion should be
+conducted. The Catholics would have preferred settling the matter as
+rapidly as possible without entering upon a regular discussion, although
+the final decree of Hagenau, and also the Imperial Proclamation,
+demanded that the separate articles of the Augsburg Confession and its
+Apology should be debated in a friendly and Christian manner, but not
+so as to be obligatory.
+
+While these useless negotiations were carried on, Melanchthon was
+surprised by a visit from Camerarius on the 9th of December. This was an
+excellent opportunity for interchange of thought and friendly
+conversations. When Camerarius returned, Melanchthon sent a letter to
+the physician FUCHS, in T�bingen, by him: "I have been restored from
+death to life so short a time, that I still bear about the remains of my
+sickness and sufferings. I am heartily obliged to Joachim, that he
+wished to alleviate these by his visit."
+
+When Eck had prepared a form of agreement on the articles of Original
+Sin and Justification, concerning which there was a great difference of
+opinion, the Catholics were anxious that it should be brought to vote.
+Eck must have considered his form a very excellent one, for he in
+various places made use of the ridiculous expression, that they could
+not obtain a better one from Calcutta in India. The Catholics were not
+at all pleased when even the envoys of the Palatinate, of Brandenburg,
+and J�lich would not accept of this. Melanchthon wrote to Luther: "These
+acknowledged, in a modest but determined manner, that they approved of
+our opinions, as included and explained in the Confession and Apology."
+In a memorial addressed to Granvella by Melanchthon, the Protestants
+demanded that the matter should be discussed in a calm and Christian
+manner in the public assembly, and rejected the secret movements of
+their opponents, who merely wished ambiguous and entangling articles
+subscribed. On December 22d he also addressed a private letter to
+Granvella, in which he lays before him the necessity of a public
+discussion, and says: "The Church will be benefited if we establish a
+pure and useful doctrine. I am conscious of my own weakness; yet as far
+as I am concerned, I do not fear the judgment of honorable and learned
+men, nor moderate counsels." After long debates, it was at last agreed
+upon that Eck and Melanchthon should debate the matter in the presence
+of all. At last, January 14th, 1541, they began the debate, in the
+presence of the Imperial envoy Granvella. Melanchthon published an
+account of this discussion, which lasted but four days. We will present
+parts of this, to show that notwithstanding all his love of peace, he
+also adhered steadfastly to the truth.
+
+An old account, speaking of his and Eck's speeches, says that they
+compared with each other like the song of a nightingale with that of a
+raven. They first discussed Original Sin. Eck opened the debate, and at
+once asserted the Augsburg Confession and Apology handed to him had been
+altered in many articles, and did not agree with the former ones. It was
+certainly an arbitrary act on the part of Melanchthon, to make
+alterations in those documents, which had acquired a public character.
+But he explained that his alterations did not affect the substance, but
+merely the form of expression, which was "milder and clearer" now. Eck
+was not at all willing to grant this, especially when he regarded the
+tenth article, on the Lord's Supper. However, he proceeded, passing over
+the first article, because both sides agreed in this, and came to the
+second article, of _Original Sin_. He was not willing to admit that it
+was really Sin, but it is merely a want of hereditary righteousness, not
+of remaining gifts; and the evil lust, which remains after Baptism,
+cannot be properly called Sin. Melanchthon says: "Eck has at last
+admitted that the evil inclination, which remains in the saints, is a
+fault, opposed to God's commandment; but the word sin he wished to be
+confined to unforgiven sins." Eck had disputed in the same way in
+Augsburg. But secretly he had said here and there that the views of the
+opposite side were really true. Melanchthon writes: "What a crime
+against his convictions, that he should defend such a thing! But I trust
+that he has been refuted in a sufficiently clear manner."
+
+Granvella listened very attentively, and it is said of him, that he
+declared he would faithfully report everything to his Sovereign, and
+also what he thought of the cause of the Protestants, which was not as
+foolish as their opponents represented it to be. They disputed on
+Original Sin for four days, and at last Eck proposed a form of agreement
+which did not oppose the Augsburg Confession. They were now about to
+proceed to discuss the article of Righteousness, or Justification, for
+which Melanchthon was very anxious; but on January 18, an Imperial
+decree was published to the assembly, which postponed this Religious
+Conference to the diet soon to be held in Ratisbon. Thus they left Worms
+again, and were obliged to confess that their journey had been entirely
+unsuccessful.
+
+All were now eagerly waiting for the diet. Melanchthon, in a letter,
+says: "God grant Grace, that something profitable for the Churches and
+the general peace may be accomplished at this diet." Yet he looked
+forward to this diet with a troubled heart, not because he feared a
+religious discussion with the enemy, but rather because he did not
+approve of the plans of the Evangelical princes, particularly those of
+the Landgrave Philip. Concerning the latter he expressed himself in the
+very strongest terms. Luther had entreated the Elector to excuse Philip
+from this journey; but the Elector could not grant this request, because
+he needed able men at this diet; yet he also trusted confidently that
+as he "intended to abide faithfully to the end in the truth revealed,
+and the pure doctrine of the divine word," so also would all the other
+allies in the faith present at this diet "steadfastly adhere to that
+which becometh the honor of God, and the extension of his saving word."
+The Elector, deeply interested in the preservation of pure doctrine,
+gave explicit directions to his counsellors how they were to act in
+Ratisbon. He particularly regarded Melanchthon with a watchful eye. He
+was ordered to reside with the counsellors of the Elector. If any person
+wished to converse with him there, it should be done in the presence of
+the counsellors. "And altogether Philip should take heed not to go out
+too much, but rather remain in his lodgings and with the counsellors,
+even as he himself will best know how he ought to act."
+
+He departed, with Cruciger, on the 14th of March. From Leipzig he wrote
+home: "May God bless and overrule this journey and all our acts, that
+they may be undertaken for the honor of God, the growth of the Gospel,
+the welfare of the Church, and the peace of the Empire." March 16, in
+the evening, he reached Altenburg, and there united with the other
+delegates. But on the Bavarian frontier he met with a misfortune, for
+the carriage was overturned, and he strained the wrist of his right hand
+so seriously that he could not use it; and it was thought for some time
+that it was broken. He not only arrived in Ratisbon in great pain, but
+could not use his hand for a considerable time. He dictated his letters
+to Cruciger, whom he therefore called his "other self." On the 4th of
+April, he for the first time, and with great difficulty, wrote to Eber
+in Wittenberg, and expresses the wish that God might make him a useful
+instrument in the Church. On the following day the diet was opened by
+the Emperor himself. He expressed his wish to restore harmony, and
+thought the best way to accomplish this would be to appoint honorable
+and peaceable persons, who should discuss the contested articles of
+religion, and endeavor to bring about a compromise. They should then
+make a report, and finally consult with the Papal nuncio CONTARINI, whom
+the Emperor called a friend of peace. Melanchthon wrote to Dietrich:
+"This is a dangerous business, and therefore our friends have been
+disputing for two days among themselves. The more determined of them
+will only agree to a continuation of the discussion of Worms, but others
+are willing to permit the Emperor to try this new way." The opinion of
+the latter was at last given to the Emperor as the decision of the
+Protestants. He appointed Pflug, Eck, and Groper, of the Catholics; and
+Melanchthon, Bucer, and Pistorius, of the Protestants, to discuss the
+articles.[20]
+
+The Count Palatine Frederick, and Granvella, were to officiate as
+moderators during this discussion; and some other persons were also
+appointed to attend as hearers and witnesses. Burkard, in a letter to
+chancellor Br�ck, thus judges the different speakers at this Conference:
+"What hope of the spread of truth can be entertained, when they take the
+drunken Eck for such important matters, who values wine more than all
+religion? Julius (Pflug) is altogether dependent upon the Pope; the
+third, Groper, is a worthy, modest, and not unlearned man, but he will
+be overcome by the noise on the one side, and by craftiness on the
+other, and perhaps he will also introduce his own peculiar opinions,
+which do not altogether agree with the truth of the Gospel. I have
+confidence in all our Theologians here present, and am convinced that
+they will not forsake the truth."
+
+Before the debate began, the Emperor summoned them into his presence,
+and exhorted them, in a very condescending manner, that they should
+transact this matter in a friendly manner, and not lose sight of the
+glory of God, and the general welfare. The Catholics now wished that
+they would begin with the disputed articles, the Lord's Supper, the
+power of the Church, the pope, masses, secret masses, monastic vows,
+celibacy of priests, and the one kind in the Sacrament, and then pass
+over to the articles of Justification, of merit, and of good works. By
+this we can easily see, that at the outset they were anxious to
+frustrate the discussion. But when the discussion was about to begin, on
+April 27th, the Emperor presented a book, which contained an attempt to
+reconcile these articles, with the direction "that the persons selected
+should examine it, and correct whatever was opposed to Holy Scripture,
+but suffer everything Christian to remain." This book was afterwards
+called the _Ratisbon book_, and also the _Ratisbon Interim_, and was
+known to the Wittenbergers before. For the Margrave JOACHIM, of
+Brandenburg, had already sent it to Luther, that he might give his
+opinion, as early as February 4th. Luther said of it: "These people (the
+authors of the book), whoever they are, mean very well, but their
+propositions are impossible, and such as the Pope, Cardinals, Bishops,
+and Prebendaries, can never agree to.... Besides this, it contains many
+points which our side will not and cannot adopt. The best thing to be
+done, would be to appoint pious and learned men to judge what and where
+is God's word." The author of the book was not known with certainty;
+some looked upon Wizel as the author, others, Groper. Melanchthon
+believed that Groper had prepared it, with the help of a young Imperial
+Counsellor, Gerhard Volcruck, and also Bucer's; that he had presented it
+to Capito, and then sent it to the Landgrave Philip, and the Elector of
+Brandenburg. By the last it had been sent to Luther. The book contained
+23 articles, which were treated in such a manner that they could be
+called half-Catholic, and half-Protestant. Thus it came to pass as
+Luther had said, that it neither gave satisfaction to the Catholics nor
+to the Protestants. But as the Emperor valued it highly, and wished it
+to be made the basis of their deliberations, this was done, "although I
+was much afraid," says Melanchthon, "that this book would cause no
+little strife." They passed over the first articles, of creation, the
+perfect state of man before the fall, of free will, of the origin of
+sin, and of original sin, without any difficulty. Now they came to the
+article on _Justification_. This was not at all satisfactory to either
+party, and therefore they substituted another. Eck had proposed a
+formula, but Melanchthon objected to it. They disputed about it for
+several days, and at last agreed to a formula, concerning which the
+Saxon counsellors wrote to the Elector, that in the main it was not
+opposed to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology, "and that the words
+employed were sufficiently clear, so that it could not be perverted to a
+misunderstanding." The counsellors highly commended the firmness of
+their Theologians, and Melanchthon in particular. They relate to the
+Elector, that Melanchthon had expressed himself before all the
+Theologians and Granvella, to the following effect: "that he would
+rather die than yield anything against his conscience and the truth, for
+it would bring about his death, for he could not reconcile it to his
+conscience." But the Elector was by no means pleased with the formula of
+agreement in regard to justification, which they had sent to him; for he
+thought that their opponents wished "either entirely to cast aside, or
+at least obscure, the doctrine that we are saved by faith alone." He
+therefore laid this formula before Dr. Luther and Pomeranus, who could
+not but say that it might easily lead to a misunderstanding. He
+therefore, May 13th, informed his counsellors that he could not possibly
+agree to it. However, Luther entreated the Elector "not to write too
+severe a letter to Melanchthon and his friends, lest he should again
+trouble himself to death. For they have still retained our beloved
+Confession, and have adhered steadfastly to this, even if every thing
+else should fail." The Elector, who had intended to go to Ratisbon
+himself, now remained at home, and sent Amsdorf, a man who strictly
+adhered to the Confession, in his place. He and the Duke of Pomerania
+arrived in Ratisbon on the 13th of May.
+
+The next point to be discussed, was the article of the _Church_. It was
+very easy to predict that this would be an apple of discord, for the
+Ratisbon book maintained that there must be a power in the Church to
+interpret the Bible, and that private individuals did not enjoy this
+power; also, that no private individual has the right to oppose the
+majority. Much contention ensued, in which Granvella himself mingled,
+and said to Melanchthon, he should read the article more carefully.
+Melanchthon replied, "that he had read it frequently, and even in
+Wittenberg; but they should know that he could not, and would not
+approve of it. For if the power referred to by them, was to be given to
+the Councils, many errors of former Councils must be sanctioned, and
+posterity would also be grievously burdened thereby." Melanchthon was
+so determined that they could not agree, and they were obliged to pass
+on to other articles. The book next spoke of the doctrine of the
+Sacraments. Melanchthon consented to retain _Confirmation_, although all
+abuses connected with it should be abolished, the Catechism studied
+diligently, and "true and earnest prayer" connected with it.
+
+When the article on the _Lord's Supper_ was made the order of the day,
+it caused a violent debate, which lasted for eight days. The Catholics
+presented a formula declaring transubstantiation, and maintained all the
+abuses which had crept into the Roman Church on account of this false
+doctrine. Melanchthon had before given the warning in vain, that Eck
+ought not to be permitted to indulge in his bullying and abusing,
+otherwise "he might kindle a fire which he would not be able to
+extinguish."[21] The Protestants referred to the gross abuses attending
+the carrying about and adoration of the Sacrament, and also spoke of the
+ridiculous case which had already been discussed by the Catholics in
+their own writings, what a mouse was eating when she gnaws the
+consecrated bread. The Protestants adhered to the doctrine of the Bible
+and of the ancient Church, that the Sacraments are only Sacraments when
+they are used, and not so when they are not used. It was during this
+contest, manfully waged by the Protestants, that, as Melanchthon tells
+us, "Eck became sick, having become too excited, perhaps, and drinking
+so excessively afterwards, that a fever followed." The articles on
+_Confession_ and _Satisfaction_ again led to violent discussions,
+because Groper insisted upon the enumeration of particular sins. He
+thought, as the Church had the right of binding and loosing, this was a
+court of justice, where it was necessary for the Judge to hear the case;
+and because in Confession, satisfaction was imposed to heal the wounds,
+the priest ought to know beforehand whether the injury is great or
+small. Melanchthon disproved these propositions, and proposed a milder
+article. Granvella was greatly displeased at this, and said "many evil
+words" to Melanchthon. "So that," he relates himself, "the next day, at
+the beginning of the debate, I complained, and said if it was intended
+that I should not express my opinions, I would stay away in future." The
+Envoy excused himself, and pacified him. The article concerning the
+order of _Church Government_, and the power of the Bishops, again
+brought about a sharp conflict. When he observed that it had been
+prepared in a very sly manner, "I became very impatient, and opposed the
+entire article," he reports himself. They simply wished to retain the
+entire Papacy. Melanchthon was here obliged not only to battle against
+the Catholics, but also with Bucer and the Hessian chancellor. Granvella
+assured him, that if he would not accept this article, he would prevent
+the entire work of Reformation. Even the Elector Joachim sent a deputy
+to him, to urge him to accept this article. Melanchthon says: "I gave
+him a very short answer." They then considered the articles on the
+Invocation of Saints, Masses, One kind, Celibacy, and Monastic Life.
+Melanchthon remarks: "Although there was much opposition, we presented
+counter-articles to all these." Because he adhered to the truth, which
+he had discovered and confessed in a determined manner, prompted partly
+by his own conscience and the exhortations of the Elector and his
+counsellors, he was declared to be a stubborn person, and he was even
+accused to the Emperor. The latter expressed himself very unfavorably in
+regard to him to the Landgrave Philip. He was particularly accused of
+being governed by Luther, and also led by the French ambassador. Under
+these circumstances, Melanchthon believed it necessary to defend himself
+before the Emperor against these unjust accusations. He addressed a
+letter to him, of which we shall communicate some parts. He declares in
+the most positive manner that he had no instructions from Luther, and
+was not at all connected with the French ambassador, and that his
+Elector had only given the general direction, that they should not
+depart from the truth. "This is a direction which must be deeply
+engraven upon every heart, without the orders of an Elector." Further on
+he says: "I have always acted according to my own convictions, and have
+never contended about useless things." He then proceeds to speak of
+Councils, and of Auricular Confession, showing their want of foundation;
+and also, that he had sought peace. "However, even moderation must have
+its bounds. That Truth, which the Son of God revealed to us from the
+bosom of the Father, should shine in the Church. And I wish your
+Imperial Majesty could see into my heart, so that you might judge
+truthfully what my endeavors in regard to these disputes have been for
+many years. A true, scripturally developed, and sure doctrine, and one
+that will be beneficial to the Church, must be found." He concludes this
+letter, so faithful to the Confession, in the following manner: "I know
+that our doctrine is the doctrine of the true Catholic Church, and I
+believe that many wise men confess the same. But these believe that we
+have gone farther in the abolition of abuses than was necessary. They
+wish to retain a species of adoration of the saints, private masses, and
+the like. Therefore they wish us to take a step backwards, and to
+approve the first germs of these abuses. As I am not able to do this, I
+again urgently pray for my dismissal." The Elector rejoiced at this
+firmness, and therefore wrote to his counsellors: "We have with great
+satisfaction heard that Magister Philip proves himself firm and faithful
+in this business, and hope that Almighty God will graciously sustain him
+in this course."
+
+On the 16th of May the religious discussion was brought to a close; and
+May 31, the Protestants presented a memorial to the Emperor, in which
+they refer to nine articles in particular, which they could not accept
+on any consideration. They treated of the Church, the Sacrament, the
+enumeration of particular sins in Confession, of Satisfaction, of the
+Unity of the Church and Ordination, of the Saints, the Mass, Secret
+Masses, and the Celibacy of the Priesthood. We may easily understand
+that the Emperor, who was very desirous of a union, was not at all
+satisfied with such a conclusion. As he believed that very much depended
+upon Luther in this matter, he even sent a deputation to him. It was
+composed of Prince JOHN of Anhalt, MATTHIAS VON SCHULENBURG, and
+ALEXANDER ALESIUS. They arrived in Wittenberg on the 7th of June, and
+conferred with him a few days. But they did not find a hearing here; for
+Luther's motto was the word, once expressed in a letter to the Elector:
+"It is impossible to reconcile Christ and the serpent." They therefore
+returned to Ratisbon without effecting their purpose. Melanchthon
+expressed himself in a very decided and clear manner in regard to the
+Ratisbon book, in an address to the States. He says of the _rejected_
+articles: "I will not accept one of them, nor patch at them any more."
+Of the _omitted_ articles, to which Confirmation and Extreme Unction
+belong, he said: "We would not contend much about these, if we could
+agree in other points." He then speaks of the articles which were looked
+upon as _agreed upon_, while they were nevertheless not _agreed_ upon.
+He here had many objections to make to the book in reference to
+Justification, the state of Grace, Sin, and the like. He concludes his
+opinion in these beautiful words: "I cannot and will not accept this
+book, and pray God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, that he would
+grant good counsels and help to us all, and that he would guard and rule
+his Church, which he has redeemed by his Son unto eternal life, and
+which he still wonderfully preserves. However, in order that each and
+every one may know what I believe, I wish to declare by this, that I
+hold the doctrine of our Church, as it is contained in our Confession
+and Apology, and that, with the help of God, I intend to abide by it. I
+also thank God that he has again illuminated his Church, and would not
+wish to give any occasion to darken the pure doctrine again." But the
+Catholics rejected the book also; Eck called it an insipid book, and
+expressed himself against it in the most decided manner.
+
+Now the final decree of the Diet was to be issued. The Protestants
+previously, however, presented their declaration, prepared by
+Melanchthon, who, at the Emperor's request, also delivered an opinion
+concerning the Reformation, on the 18th of July. He was willing to
+grant temporal power to the Bishops, an opinion which he expressed at
+different times, without considering what dangers this must necessarily
+cause. At last, on the 29th of July, the recess of the Diet took place.
+The religious difficulties were postponed, to be decided at a Council
+soon to be held, or postponed to the next diet, in case no Council
+should be convened within 15 months. The Peace of Nuremberg was to be
+observed until that time.
+
+On the 30th of July, Melanchthon departed from Ratisbon. He did not go
+by way of Nuremberg, although he had been invited thither in the most
+urgent manner, but came to Leipzig, where he zealously labored to have
+his beloved friend Camerarius called to the University. He thus speaks
+of his friend in a letter to Duke HENRY: "He is peaceable, modest, and
+sincere, and so learned in Philosophy and Eloquence, that he is excelled
+by few in foreign and German lands." In consequence of this the Duke
+called him.
+
+When, to the great sorrow of the Protestants, Duke Henry was gathered
+unto his fathers, the young Duke MAURICE entered upon the government
+with the most promising prospects. During his reign Camerarius came to
+Leipzig, and thus into the vicinity of his friend Melanchthon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+While the Protestants were enjoying a period of rest, because the
+Emperor was busily occupied with the Turks and the pirates of Algiers,
+the work of the Reformation advanced more and more. And where it could
+not be done peacefully, the power of the princes was now and then
+employed. In the beginning of the year 1541, the Bishop of
+Naumburg-Zeitz had died, and the Chapter elected the well-known Julius
+von Pflug, Bishop. When the Elector John Frederick heard of this, he
+pronounced the election invalid, not only because the citizens in that
+region had long since been friends of the Gospel, but also because the
+right of protectorship of the Bishopric belonged to him. He proceeded
+upon the almost unbounded right of sovereignty--even over the Church,
+and we cannot expect anything else from him, but that he would appoint a
+decidedly Evangelical Bishop to this important see. He asked the advice
+of his Theologians, who, in their opinion, likewise took for granted,
+that the right of electing the Bishop belonged to him. They advised him
+to elect a Christian man, and at the same time one who was descended
+from a princely family.
+
+The Chapter, which was ordered to proceed to another election, refused
+to do so; so that the Elector found himself compelled to interfere by
+force of arms, notwithstanding the threats of the Emperor. On the first
+of November, the Wittenbergers prepared an Opinion in regard to the
+election of the Bishop, in which they express a wish that the chapter of
+Naumburg might be preserved, because encouragement to study was thus
+given to the nobility, although the chapter itself must be improved and
+reformed in a Christian manner. If the chapter wished to elect another
+man, it ought not to be "a young fellow," but a man "who has an
+affection for Christian doctrine, and proper exercises in the Church,
+and would altogether set a good example." They propose Prince GEORGE VON
+ANHALT, who is especially recommended by Melanchthon, who gives him this
+testimony, that "he rightly understands the doctrine of the Gospel, is
+pious, and would care for the interests of the Church." Against the
+opinion prevailing in regard to the prince, that he merely wished to do
+things by halves, Melanchthon declared that, on the contrary, the prince
+wished no patch-work in doctrine, and would not listen to any articles,
+in Ratisbon, which could be twisted. The Licentiate Amsdorf, however,
+Superintendent of Magdeburg, could not be prevailed upon to accept a
+bishopric. The Opinion generally demands a thorough Reformation, a
+pious, reasonable preacher, "who would not preach the Church empty,"
+abolition of the mass, and good schools. The Bishop and the Canons
+should not grant any power to the Bishop; and the noblemen who should be
+elected Canons, should not merely be hunters and idle persons, but able
+men. Even if the Chapter should retain the right of election, the
+Elector should nevertheless retain his power, to see to it that proper
+persons would be elected, and improper ones rejected. But, as before
+remarked, the Chapter would not proceed to another election; and
+another Opinion adjudged the right to the Elector, under these
+circumstances, to nominate a proper person for the see, to the nobility
+and the senators of the cities, "in order that the churches and country
+might be supplied." The Elector placed great confidence in Amsdorf, and
+succeeded in having him elected Bishop. On the 10th of January, he was
+installed into his office in the presence of Melanchthon, who had been
+appointed to reform the churches and schools in the See. From this time,
+this region enjoyed the blessed influences of the Gospel.
+
+A Reformation was also to be brought about in the Electorate of COLOGNE.
+The present Elector, and Archbishop HERMAN, Count of WIED, was a friend
+of the Evangelical doctrine, and had for several years been actively
+engaged in improving Church matters. It is true that he was counselled
+by Groper, with whom we became acquainted at the Diet of Ratisbon. But
+now he wished to make further advances, with the assistance of
+Melanchthon and Bucer. Bucer had come to Bonn at the close of the year
+1542, in order to begin the Reformation. In January, 1543, the
+Archbishop sent Magister ERDMANN to Wittenberg, to invite Melanchthon to
+Bonn for the same purpose. The Landgrave Philip also urged him to go
+thither. He replied to him, that it was to be feared that the Chapter of
+the Archbishop would not yield, and that the Pope would urge them to
+elect another Bishop. That he was willing to venture his body and life
+for such a pious old prince. "But such a work requires men who are able
+to preach, and so to present the truth to the people, that they may be
+encouraged, and not deterred by the opposition of the other side." He
+also excused himself on account of his numerous duties in the
+University, and thought that even if the Elector desired a true change,
+yet those in power only labored to bring about a Reformation, in which
+the adoration of the saints, and daily masses, might still find a place.
+On the 12th of March, Bucer wrote a very pressing letter to induce him
+to come, as his labors could be completed in 10 or 12 days. But he did
+not go. In April, Father Medmann again appeared in Wittenberg in behalf
+of the aged Elector, in order to induce him to come. He sent him with a
+letter to his own Elector and lord, in which he declared that he had no
+inclination to go, but also added: "I will obey whatever your Electoral
+Grace may order in this matter." The Elector, "because this is a godly
+and Christian work," at once gave him leave of absence for six or seven
+weeks. He also allowed him one hundred gold florins, and two troopers as
+an escort.
+
+On the 17th of April he departed, accompanied by JUSTUS JONAS, the son
+of the Rector, and JEROME SCHREIBER, and reached Bonn, where the
+Archbishop resided, on the 4th of May. He writes to some one, that two
+plans of reformation had been proposed; one, which was simple and pure,
+prepared by Bucer; the other, by Groper, who endeavored to excuse and
+establish abuses, as we may suppose from the book of Ratisbon. What
+strange sights met his eyes here! He writes to Camerarius: "You could
+not look without tears upon the ruin of the churches here, in which
+crowds of people still daily run to the images of the Saints. This is
+the main thing of religion, in the eyes of the ignorant multitude." He
+wrote the same to Bugenhagen, and especially referred to the deplorable
+ignorance of the clergy. And yet Groper, in his own way, wished to hold
+fast this state of things. The aged Archbishop, of whom Melanchthon says
+that he has the best intentions, "confesses that an improvement is
+necessary, and protests that he wishes a true and thorough reformation,
+and that he is not afraid of dangers." He therefore placed more
+confidence in Bucer than in Groper. Although the nobility and the cities
+expressed themselves favorable to such a reformation, they were opposed
+by Cologne and the Chapter. The Landgrave informed the Archbishop that
+he and the other allies would come to his assistance, should it be
+necessary. Pistorius assisted Bucer.
+
+Melanchthon writes to Luther of both these men, that their preaching was
+largely attended, and that they taught pure and correct doctrine. He
+superintended their labors, and wrote to Cruciger, May 23d, that the
+entire work was almost completed, and that he would extricate himself as
+soon as possible. A short time before this, he also sent a little letter
+to his son Philip, which we cannot bear to omit here: "Although I have
+public cares enough, I yet also bear the domestic ones about with me.
+These you should lighten by your diligence and obedience, especially as
+you know with how much love we have raised and cared for you. I
+therefore admonish you, that you walk in the fear of God, and strive,
+first of all, to please God, the eternal Judge, and then also good men,
+and that you will show greater diligence and care in this for my sake.
+Heartily obey your mother, whom you could already support by your age
+and virtue."
+
+It was already known at Rome what they were doing in Cologne. The Pope,
+therefore, sent an admonition to that city, of which Melanchthon writes:
+"He buries Christ, and promises a change of affairs." But the Archbishop
+did not permit this to terrify him. When the plan or book of the
+Reformation was finished, it was read to him, in the presence of the
+dean of the cathedral, Count von Stolberg, and other counsellors. Six
+days were spent in reading and discussing it. The Bible, translated by
+Luther, was lying before them. The Elector himself looked for the
+passages referred to. He approved of the book, and it was also
+unanimously adopted by the chamber of deputies. But the Chapter and
+Clergy of Cologne, led by Groper, were most decidedly opposed to it. And
+at the same time the superstitious populace was excited against it, and
+their opposition was considerably increased by a lampoon written by a
+Carmelite monk named Billig.
+
+Towards the end of July, Melanchthon departed, and passed through
+Frankfort, where he closed a dispute concerning some customs in the
+Lord's Supper; and also through Weimar, where the Court wished to see
+him, and arrived in Wittenberg on the 15th of August. It is true he had
+been absent for a longer time than had been allowed by the Elector. So
+much more did the professors and students rejoice who had gone to meet
+and escort him into the city. A few days afterwards he wrote to
+Dietrich: "The Reformation of the Church is, by the grace of God,
+progressing very finely in the territory of Cologne;" and to Matthesius:
+"The Reformation is already introduced into several cities, and pious
+and learned preachers teach faithfully and purely. We will pray God that
+he would suffer the light of his truth to shine far and wide, and also
+preserve it." Great as his hopes of a prosperous progress of the
+Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne were, he was obliged to
+relinquish them to a considerable degree, when he heard that the
+refractory Chapter had accused the aged Archbishop before the Pope and
+the Emperor. Finally the old man was deposed from his office, and the
+work of Reformation, which had thus been commenced, was extinguished.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+THE SCHOOL OF TRIBULATION.
+
+
+We have learned before that Melanchthon was compelled to pass through
+much tribulation. But the year 1544 is particularly marked in this
+respect. Domestic afflictions are certainly among the bitterest we are
+called upon to bear, and such he amply experienced. His favorite
+daughter, ANNA, had formed an unhappy marriage with the poet SABINUS,
+who was a frivolous debauchee, and wished to be divorced from her.
+However, the Lord separated them by the death of Anna, in 1547. We shall
+speak of this again. His son Philip also gave him much trouble. While he
+was yet a student of law, about nineteen years old, he was betrothed to
+a young woman of Leipzig, without the knowledge of his parents. This
+grieved his father exceedingly.
+
+But he was still more troubled on account of his relations with Luther,
+with whom he was at variance at this time. This was caused by
+Melanchthon's changed views of the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. We
+have remarked before that it was an arbitrary act on his part, and one
+which has done much harm, to alter the Augsburg Confession. For it was
+not his private work, but a public Confession. He altered this document
+in the editions of 1533 and 1535, but it was not until the year 1540
+that he published a greatly changed edition. An old account says that
+Luther found fault with him on this account, and said to him: "Philip,
+you are not acting rightly in altering the Augsburg Confession so often,
+for it is not your book, but the book of the Church." These alterations
+particularly referred to the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, with which
+Eck had reproached him at Worms.
+
+He expressed this article in such a manner that the Catholics and the
+Reformed could include their views. This may have been satisfactory
+enough to the Reformed, but the Lutherans were highly displeased. Luther
+adhered to the bodily eating and drinking of the body and blood, as he
+had taught from the beginning. Although he had not laid so great a
+stress upon this point for the last few years, he now asserted it again.
+There were some faithful adherents of the Gospel in Venice, who were
+compelled to endure great oppression. They applied to Luther, and
+complained of their afflictions, and spoke particularly also of the
+spread of the Swiss views of the Lord's Supper. Luther replied, that he
+had only formed a concord with the Upper Germans, but would have nothing
+to do with the Swiss, particularly those of Zurich. They are indeed
+learned, but intoxicated men, who merely eat common bread in the Lord's
+Supper. They should beware of false prophets, and adhere strictly to the
+doctrine of the connection of the body and blood of Christ with the
+bread and wine, even if many should think of a transubstantiation. When
+Melanchthon heard of this letter, he was much grieved, for he thought
+that Luther had conceded transubstantiation, which, however, was not the
+case. But the flame only began to break forth somewhat in the year 1544.
+During this year the Reformation book of Cologne was brought to
+Wittenberg. When Luther came to the article on the Lord's Supper, he
+would not read any further, and wrote to Chancellor Br�ck, who had sent
+it for his inspection, by the order of the Elector: "The book does not
+only tolerate, but encourages the fanatics, and is far more favorable to
+_their_ doctrine than our own. If I am to read the whole of it, our
+gracious Master must allow me further time, until my displeasure has
+abated. Otherwise I do not wish to look at it. And besides this, as the
+Bishop shows, it is altogether too long and too great nonsense, so that
+I can well perceive that chatterer, Bucer, in it." It is true that Bucer
+had prepared the book, but not without Melanchthon's approbation.
+
+Luther had said, in the spring of this year, that he did not suspect
+Melanchthon in the least. But when he visited Amsdorf during the summer,
+and was in the habit of thundering against the Sacramentarians, in the
+pulpit and elsewhere, Melanchthon feared the worst, and wrote both to
+Bucer, and to Bullinger in Zurich, that Luther had never treated this
+matter more violently than at present, and that, on the whole, there was
+little hope of peace. At last Luther published his "Short Confession"
+concerning the Lord's Supper, which is one of his ablest productions.
+However strongly he attacked the Swiss in this, nothing was said of
+Bucer and Melanchthon, the latter of whom had feared an attack. About
+this time, as Melanchthon himself states in a letter to Myconius,
+October 10th, 1544, he had a conversation with Luther, in which he
+assured him that he had always granted a union of Christ with the bread
+and wine; so that if bread and wine are taken, Christ is truly present,
+and makes us his members. He believes that Luther was satisfied with
+this; but if not, he would be obliged to think of removing from
+Wittenberg, which he had been advised to do, and for which he had many
+and weighty reasons. However, after some time, a better state of feeling
+seemed to be established, so that Melanchthon could reply to Chancellor
+Br�ck's inquiries, "that there was nothing of importance:" and Br�ck
+wrote to the Elector, "I cannot learn anything from Philip, but that he
+and Martin are very good friends. May the Almighty add his blessing to
+it!"
+
+But Luther's Short Confession had called forth a violent refutation from
+Bullinger, and it was again feared that Luther would make another
+attack, especially upon Melanchthon, who was a correspondent of
+Bullinger. The Elector heard of it, and directed his Chancellor to
+pacify Luther, and to request him not to attack Melanchthon, "which, if
+it should take place, would cause us a great deal of sorrow." If
+Philippus adhered to those of Zurich or others, Luther should admonish
+him in a Christian and paternal manner, and that would certainly be
+effectual. Their ancient friendship was gradually restored, whether by a
+conversation with Melanchthon or in some other way, is not known. That
+Luther was not induced to depart from the true doctrine by the attacks
+from Zurich, is evident in a letter, addressed by him to a friend, not
+long before his death, from which we merely extract these words: "I am
+satisfied with this blessedness of the Psalm, 'Blessed is the man that
+walketh not in the counsel of the Sacramentarians, nor standeth in the
+way of the Zwinglians, nor sitteth in the seat of the Zurichers. Here
+you have my opinion.'"
+
+So many sorrows resting upon Melanchthon injuriously affected his body
+and spirit. He was seized by another illness in July, 1544. He wrote to
+Veit Dietrich, July 1: "Dearest Veit, while I am writing this, I am
+suffering severely from an affection of the spleen, which has been
+caused by the afflictions which have weighed upon me for the last two
+months; and if my spleen ulcerates, I shall lose my life." His dear
+friend Camerarius, who had heard of this illness, hastened to
+Wittenberg, to see and comfort him. On the 6th of July, the sufferer was
+able to write to Myconius: "Although my health is not yet established,
+(for the disease of the stone is added to my other afflictions, and in
+two days I have passed three stones with great pain,) yet I attend to my
+scholastic labors, to which God has called me, and I pray for the civil
+government."
+
+He at this time also received the sad tidings that one of his best
+friends, the celebrated JEROME BAUMGARTNER, of Nuremberg, had been
+captured by the robber-knight, ALBERT VON ROSENBERG, when he was
+returning from the Diet of Spire. We cannot deny ourselves the pleasure
+to communicate some parts of the letter of consolation, addressed to
+Baumg�rtner's wife by Melanchthon: "We pray God that he will not permit
+you to sink in this great distress, but would by his Holy Spirit grant
+you comfort and strength, as he has often promised that he is a God who
+dwelleth with the sorrowful, as I have often experienced in no slight
+afflictions. And may you particularly console yourself with these three
+considerations: _first_, that what our Saviour said is certainly true,
+that all our hairs are numbered by God; that is, that God regards and
+preserves us, although we may be in danger. Therefore, even as he
+preserved Daniel among the lions, so he will also comfort and preserve
+your lord in the midst of the robbers who have captured him. In the
+_second_ place, that this also is certainly true, that the Divine
+Majesty has promised, and pledged itself, to be with the troubled and
+terrified who call upon him, as it is written in the 37th chapter of the
+Prophet Isaiah. Therefore you should not doubt that the Eternal God is
+with your lord and you, and will strengthen and save you from this great
+distress. In the _third place_, it is certain that it is God's will
+that we should acknowledge him by calling upon him, and that he will
+manifest his presence by those gifts for which we pray, as he has said,
+'Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver thee, and thou shalt
+glorify me.' Therefore you should not doubt that God will hear you, and
+the many Christians who are praying that the Lord would restore your
+husband to you with joy. May the Eternal God, the Father of our Lord
+Jesus Christ, do this for his own glory, and at all times comfort and
+protect you and your husband. Amen."
+
+He wrote this on the 9th July, 1544; but, with many other sympathizing
+friends, was obliged to wait an entire year, until the prisoner regained
+his liberty, and could return to his family.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+WORMS AND RATISBON AGAIN.
+
+
+When the just-mentioned Baumg�rtner attended the Diet of Spire, in 1544,
+as the deputy from Nuremberg, the Emperor demanded the assistance of the
+states of the Empire against the Turks, who were giving his brother
+Ferdinand much trouble in Hungary. The Protestants took advantage of
+this opportunity, and before all demanded a fixed peace, and equal
+rights with the Catholics. The Emperor made many promises, and appointed
+a new diet to be held at Worms. He would have a Plan of Reformation
+prepared by learned and peaceable men, and the Protestants should also
+present their plans. In the meantime there should be a general peace,
+and no party persecute the other because of religion. Law-suits and
+proscriptions, on account of religion, should be abolished. These were
+pleasing prospects for the Protestants, but did not last very long; for
+the Emperor now made peace with the king of France, and did not find any
+difficulty in using force of arms in Germany, as he had long ago
+intended. The Pope also summoned a General Council of the Church, to
+meet in Trent in the spring of 1545, so that it was easy to see that the
+affairs of the Church would be disposed of there, and not at the Diet.
+Melanchthon says, in a letter written January 11th, 1545, to Duke
+Albert, of Prussia: "The hope was entertained that the Emperor would
+call a National Synod, or would cause religion to be further discussed;
+but the Pope could not bear this. On this account the Council has been
+summoned for the 8th of April. Yesterday I received a letter from Worms,
+showing the violent feelings of the Emperor."
+
+However, the Elector caused a writing to be prepared for the Diet,
+called "The Reformation of Wittenberg," composed by Melanchthon. The
+Theologians of Wittenberg sent this work to the Elector, together with a
+letter, in which they say: "We have with due submission placed together
+our humble opinion, and have shown by what we intend to abide to the
+last." The work itself was divided into five parts, treating of the pure
+doctrine, the true use of the sacraments, of the ministry, of the
+maintenance of proper discipline, of the support of needful studies and
+schools, and also adds one article concerning bodily protection and
+support. It was a mild and simple confession of the truth. At the same
+time, they also delivered an opinion in regard to one of Bucer's works,
+which had been sent to them for this purpose by the Elector. Bucer had
+proposed that at the Diet, the Evangelical states should unite in a
+complaint against the Pope, and refuse to acknowledge that he is the
+regular ecclesiastical power; and therefore they should labor to bring
+about a general reformation. But, as it was generally said that the
+Emperor and the King of France intended to bring about the General
+Council, those at Wittenberg had good reason for declaring that the
+Emperor would reject such proposals on the part of the States. They
+should only wait until the meeting of the Council, for it would propose
+articles which would enable well-meaning men to see the folly of the
+Pope and bishops. They did not, therefore, agree with the Opinion of
+Strasburg, and the Elector was perfectly satisfied with their judgment,
+for he said: "If the states on our side should accuse the Pope and his
+adherents before the Emperor, they would by this acknowledge his Majesty
+to be a judge in this matter."
+
+The result would be bad, for the Emperor was greatly influenced by the
+Spanish bishops and priests, "and we have not been able to permit or
+approve of men being judges of the word of God." He also thought it
+would be best simply to abide by the Augsburg Confession, "for in it
+nothing is withheld from the Pope and his party," and there is no
+complaint made. But although he considered the work of his Theologians
+too mild, the chancellor defended it in a lengthy report of the 20th of
+January, in which he proves that it agrees fully with the Augsburg
+Confession and Apology, "which have, by the grace of God, accomplished
+much good." "God willing, this Reformation will do the same, and will
+serve to destroy and to disgrace the venomous priests before the world,
+and his Imperial Majesty also. And your Grace will observe that Martin
+and the rest agree fully with him in this." To the wish expressed by the
+Elector, that Luther should write something against the Pope, the
+prudent chancellor replied: "May it please your Electoral Grace to spare
+Martin, until we see that the Papal Council still carries on this
+villany. Then it will be necessary for him to use the axe valiantly, for
+which he has been gifted by God's grace with a more valiant spirit than
+other men." This axe Luther not long after wielded with destructive
+force, in his publication called, "The Papacy at Rome, founded by the
+Devil." The Landgrave of Hesse did not find much to object to in the
+Wittenberg Reformation.
+
+But at the Diet of Worms, which began at the end of March, it was not
+brought into notice at all, the Protestants themselves not insisting
+upon its delivery. The Emperor's great object at the Diet of Worms was
+to induce the Protestants to send delegates to the Council of Trent,
+which was to be actually convened during the same year. This, however,
+they refused to do in the most decided manner. He then appointed another
+Diet, to be held in Ratisbon, January 6th, 1546, at which a religious
+discussion should take place. They saw very plainly that the Emperor
+contemplated violent measures, and therefore the Protestants met at the
+end of the year 1545, in order to renew the League of Smalkald. The
+Theologians of Wittenberg also advised this League, and said: "We pray
+that Almighty God may incline the princes and rulers to a cordial,
+lasting, and inseparable union." But this union was the very thing that
+was wanting. They resolved to accept the religious discussion at
+Ratisbon, but to protest against the Council of Trent, which began at
+last on the 7th of January, 1546. Melanchthon drew up a memorial to this
+effect.
+
+As the Protestants had declared that they would send representatives to
+the discussion at Ratisbon, it was now necessary to elect these
+delegates. We may suppose that the Court of the Elector had fixed upon
+Melanchthon, who had given such repeated evidences of his capability.
+But Luther appealed to the Elector with the words, "As it will be a
+useless and ineffectual council, of which we can hope nothing, Philip,
+who is indeed very ill, should be spared." In order to prevent
+Melanchthon's journey to Ratisbon, he even went to Br�ck, and explained
+the state of things to him. Of Melanchthon, he said: "He is a faithful
+man, who fears or shuns no one, and besides this he is weak and sick. He
+had no little difficulty in getting him home alive from Mansfeld, for he
+would not eat or drink. If we should lose this man from the University,
+it is likely that half the University would leave on his account. He
+would not advise, but most faithfully dissuade them from sending him."
+They should send Dr. Zoch and Dr. Maior, who was at least more learned
+than the Emperor's ass. Cruciger also begged that he should be excused
+from this discussion and journey. "However, if I knew," said the
+chancellor in his report, "that Melanchthon would not be excused from
+the disagreeable affairs at Mansfeld, I would rather advise and urge
+that he should be sent to Ratisbon. And Philip himself said that he
+would rather do the last than the first." The Elector yielded, but first
+summoned Melanchthon to Torgau, in order to consult with him about the
+discussion at Ratisbon. He here, on the 11th of January, published an
+Opinion, in which he said that it is not known whether the Emperor will
+again present one of Groper's books, or whether the Augsburg Confession
+would be discussed, article upon article. The Emperor was accompanied by
+a Spanish ecclesiastic, called MALVENDA. Melanchthon thought that _he_
+would not fail to oppose the article on Justification. If they desired
+to destroy the whole discussion, it would be most useful to begin with
+this article, which is now known and highly esteemed throughout Germany,
+and among all the godly. This would soon bring matters to a close, and
+the Protestants could then publish a protest, that the opposite party
+would not be convinced, and that it would evidently be entirely useless
+to carry on further negotiations.
+
+The two persons pointed out by Luther, GEORGE MAIOR and LAURENTIUS ZOCH,
+were now chosen to attend the religious discussion at Ratisbon. It is
+said that when Maior once more visited Luther before his departure, he
+found upon the door of Luther's study the following words in Latin: "Our
+professors must be examined concerning the Lord's Supper." Maior asked
+him: "Venerable Father, what is the meaning of these words?" Luther
+replied: "They mean just what you read, and as they say; and when you
+return home again, and I too, an examination must be held, to which you
+as well as others shall be called." But when Maior in the most decided
+manner declared his adherence to the true doctrine of the sacrament,
+Luther spoke at length of this matter, and exhorted him to confess the
+same in the Church, in schools, and in private conversations, and by
+these means strengthen the brethren, lead his friends into the right way
+again, and oppose the wanton spirits. He who has the true Confession
+cannot stand in one stable with heretics, nor give fair words to the
+devil and his knaves. A teacher who says nothing against errors is worse
+than an open fanatic. He either lies under one cover with the enemies,
+or he is a doubter and weathervane, who is merely waiting to see whether
+Christ or the devil will gain the victory; or he is altogether in a
+state of uncertainty, and is not worthy to be called a disciple, much
+less teacher."
+
+Thus Luther spake, and Maior thanked him for it. How steadfastly Luther
+adhered to the truth, which he had recognized in regard to the important
+article of the Sacrament, may be inferred from this, if it were not
+known long before. Yet we also know that he was at this time on the most
+friendly terms with Melanchthon, whom he twice took along with him to
+Eisleben. Philip was often found at his table, and there was nothing but
+friendship between them. But in a few days this friendship was to
+receive a wound which this world could not heal. I do not refer to any
+change of doctrine, but to Luther's death, which to Melanchthon's great
+sorrow occurred very unexpectedly at Eisleben.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+LUTHER DIES, AND MELANCHTHON MOURNS.
+
+
+Melanchthon saw him, his dearly beloved father, for the last time, on
+the 23d of January, 1546, on which day Luther with his three sons
+departed for Eisleben, there to assist in settling the difficulties
+between the Counts of Mansfeld. It is not a part of our design to
+describe the particulars of Luther's journey, his labors in Eisleben,
+his short illness, and his blessed death. Melanchthon wrote to Jonas,
+(and doubtless sent the letter along with him,) that the angel of the
+covenant might accompany the Doctor, and assist him in his efforts to
+restore a lasting and beneficial harmony between the Counts of
+Mansfeld; and adds, that he was prevented from accompanying him by
+indisposition. He was at that time suffering from constipation, which he
+attributed to the stone. And on the 31st of January he wrote to Luther
+himself that his wife had been greatly troubled about him and the boys,
+because they had heard that the river Saale was very much swollen. "Now
+we pray," he adds, "the everlasting God, and Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, that he would bring you all back again in health, when you have
+been successful in restoring harmony among the Counts of Mansfeld. By
+God's grace, we are here in the enjoyment of peace; God grant that it
+may last for a long time." He received the most hearty greetings from
+Eisleben. On the 18th of February, on which day Luther had already made
+his happy departure from this world, Melanchthon yet wrote to him. We
+will here present the beginning of this letter: "To the venerable man,
+Dr. Martin Luther, distinguished by learning, virtue, and wisdom, the
+restorer of the true doctrine of the Gospel, his dearest father! Revered
+Doctor, and dearest Father! I thank you that you have written to me so
+often and kindly. And we now pray God, the eternal Father of our Lord
+Jesus Christ, that he would lead you all safely home." This prayer was
+not to be heard, or rather it was to be heard in a far higher sense. On
+the following day, February 19, he already received the sad tidings of
+the departure of his dear father, from Jonas. At 9 o'clock he was to
+lecture on the Epistle to the Romans, but his sorrow would not permit
+him to do so, and he said to the assembled students: "Beloved, pious
+young men!--you know that I proposed to explain to you the Epistle to
+the Romans, according to the simple and natural meaning of the words,
+because in this is contained the true doctrine of the Son of God, which
+God in special mercy has also revealed to us, in this our day, through
+our venerable father and dear teacher, Doctor Martin Luther. But I have
+this day received so sad a letter, which troubles and afflicts, and
+discourages me so much, that I doubt whether I shall be able in future
+to discharge the duties of my office in the University. What this is I
+will now relate to you, especially as other persons have also advised me
+to do so, and especially that you may know how it came to pass, so that
+you may not relate it differently from what is true, or may not believe
+other persons who may circulate false reports in regard to the matter,
+as is generally the case.
+
+"On Wednesday, February 7, shortly before supper, Dr. Martinus was
+attacked by his usual affection, a pain in the pit of the stomach, with
+which he was several times afflicted here. This returned after supper,
+and as it did not cease, he went into his chamber, and laid himself down
+for about two hours, until the pains had become much worse. He then
+called Doctor Jonas, who slept in the same room, and asked him to
+request Ambrosius, the tutor of his sons, to make a fire in the room. He
+then went in, and was soon surrounded by Count Mansfeld and his lady,
+and many others, whose names, on account of haste, are not mentioned in
+this letter. On the morning of Feb. 18, before four o'clock in the
+morning, he commended himself to God in this prayer: 'My dear heavenly
+Father, eternal, merciful God! Thou hast revealed unto me thy beloved
+Son, our Lord Jesus Christ; him have I taught and confessed, him I love
+and honor as my dear Saviour and Redeemer, whom the wicked persecute,
+despise, and revile. Take my soul to thyself!' He then thrice repeated
+the words: 'Into thy hands I commend my spirit, thou hast redeemed me,
+O God of Truth!' and then said: 'God so loved the world, that he gave
+his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not
+perish, but have everlasting life.' This prayer he repeated several
+times, and was thus taken by God into the everlasting school, and
+eternal joy, where he is now enjoying fellowship with God the Father,
+Son, and Holy Ghost, together with all prophets and apostles. Alas! the
+Chariot of Israel is gone, which ruled the Church in this last age of
+the world. For assuredly this doctrine of forgiveness of sin, and of
+faith in the Son of God, was not invented by the wisdom of man, but was
+revealed by God through this man, as we ourselves have also seen that he
+was awakened by God. Therefore let us willingly remember him, and love
+the doctrine which he proclaimed; let us also live more discreetly and
+moderately, and consider what great troubles and changes will follow the
+departure of this man. I beseech thee, O Son of God and Immanuel, who
+wast crucified for us, and didst rise again, to rule and protect thy
+Church. Amen."
+
+Thus Melanchthon spoke and prayed, with tears and with a troubled heart.
+His hearers were so deeply affected, that it seemed, as Selnecker says,
+as if the very walls were weeping, for all manifested their sorrow by
+sobbing aloud. On the 19th of February, he inquired of Jonas on what day
+they would arrive in Wittenberg with the corpse. In this letter, he also
+expresses his great sorrow on account of the death of this beloved man:
+"We are greatly troubled at the loss of such a teacher and leader, not
+only on account of the University, but also because of the Church
+Universal of the whole world, which he led by his counsels, doctrine,
+reputation, and the power of the Holy Ghost. Especially are we troubled
+when we think of the dangers and storms which will come, since he has
+been called away from his post.... But let us call upon our Lord Jesus
+Christ, who has said, I will not leave you comfortless, that he may
+continue to guide and preserve his Church, and let us thank him for the
+benefits he has conferred upon us through Dr. Luther, and let us hold
+Luther in grateful remembrance." On the same day, he also informed
+Amsdorf of this calamity, and concluded thus: "Although I have no doubt
+that many worthy persons everywhere will grieve most sincerely, I yet
+know that your grief will be still greater, because he had no older and
+dearer friend than you, and you loved him as a father. You have
+therefore a great personal reason for your sorrow. But to this must also
+be added public reasons, for after his death we seem to be threatened by
+many other evils; but I pray and conjure you, for God's sake, that you
+would encourage yourself with the divine consolations afforded us in the
+Gospel, and that you would remember us and the Church."
+
+About noon on the 22d of February, Luther's remains arrived at the
+Elster gate of Wittenberg, and amidst the ringing of all the bells, and
+the escort of a vast, deeply-moved multitude, were solemnly conveyed to
+the Electoral church, where the Elector had assigned him a
+resting-place. Melanchthon also walked in the procession; and after
+Bugenhagen had, with many tears, preached an affecting funeral sermon,
+Melanchthon also ascended the pulpit, and delivered a Latin address, the
+substance of which we propose to relate.
+
+"Although my own great sorrow almost forbids me to speak in this great
+sorrow of all pious hearts, and of the Church of Christ, yet, as I am to
+say something to this Christian assembly, I will not, after the manner
+of the heathen, merely praise the departed one, but would rather remind
+this honorable assembly of the great, wonderful, and divine guidance of
+the Church, and of the many dangers with which it must always contend,
+in order that Christians might learn so much better what should grieve
+them most, what they should seek and ask of God, more than anything
+else." Thus he commenced, and then spoke of _the office_ which Luther
+had filled in the Church.
+
+He mentions particularly what he had done in respect to doctrine, how he
+had taught true repentance, justification by faith alone, the difference
+between the law and the Gospel, and true good works; how he had
+translated the Holy Scriptures, "in such a clear and plain manner," into
+the German language, and had also written other useful books.
+"Therefore, there can be no doubt but that pious Christian hearts will
+for ever continue to praise and glorify the divine blessings, which he
+has given to his Church by the hands of this Doctor Luther. They will
+first of all praise and thank God for it; but after that, also confess
+that they have been greatly benefited by the faithful labors of this
+worthy man in his writings and preaching, and that they owe him thanks
+for all this." He now speaks of it, that many reproached Doctor Luther
+"on account of being too severe and rough in his writings." He would
+reply to this, in the words of Erasmus: "God has also given a severe and
+rough physician to the world, which in this latter time has been filled
+with grievous plagues and defects." But he is truly blamed too much. "He
+always faithfully and diligently defended the true faith, and always
+maintained a good, sincere, and undefiled conscience. And every one who
+knew him well, and had much intercourse with him, must confess that he
+was a very kind-hearted man; and when among others, was always friendly,
+amiable, and gracious in his conversation, and by no means insolent,
+stormy, obstinate, or quarrelsome. And yet withal, there was an
+earnestness and bravery in his words and gestures, which should be found
+in such a man. In short, he had a heart, faithful and without guile,
+words gracious and friendly, and, as St. Paul requires of the Christian,
+'whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever
+things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are
+lovely, whatsoever things are of good report.' Therefore, it is evident
+that the severity which he manifested in his writings against the
+enemies of the pure doctrine, did not proceed from a quarrelsome or
+wicked spirit, but rather from his great earnestness and zeal for the
+truth. This testimony must be given by us, and many pious persons, who
+saw and knew him intimately." He then proceeds to say: "No unchaste act
+or any other vice was ever discovered in him, no word leading to tumult
+or rebellion was ever heard from his lips, but he always exhorted men to
+reconciliation and peace; he never mingled other things with matters of
+religion, and never made use of any intrigues to strengthen his own
+power or that of his friends."... "I myself have often heard him pray
+with many tears for the whole Church. For he daily took time to repeat a
+few Psalms, with which he mingled his prayers to God, with sighs and
+tears, and often, in his daily conversation, expressed his displeasure
+against those who, because of their indolence or business, pretend that
+it is sufficient to call upon God with a brief ejaculation."... "We have
+likewise frequently seen, when great and important debates in regard to
+sudden and dangerous emergencies arose, that he always exhibited great
+courage and manliness; for he was not easily terrified, and did not lose
+confidence on account of threats, or dangers, or terror. For he trusted
+to this sure foundation, as upon an immovable rock, even upon the help
+and support of God, and permitted nothing to take this faith and
+confidence from his heart. Besides this, he possessed so great and keen
+an understanding, that he could tell before all others what should be
+advised and done in intricate, dark, and difficult affairs and disputes.
+That so worthy a man, gifted with such a mind, of sound learning, and
+tried and experienced by long practice, gifted with many lofty,
+Christian, and peculiar virtues, chosen by God to raise up the Church;
+one, too, who loved us with all his heart as a father; that such a man
+should have been called away, and has departed from this life, and from
+our midst and association, even from the foremost place of all, is
+surely enough to call forth our sorrow and distress. For we are now like
+poor, wretched, forsaken orphans, who have lost an affectionate and
+excellent father. However, as we ought to obey God, and resign ourselves
+to his will, we should for ever cherish the memory of this our beloved
+father, and never suffer it to be effaced from our hearts." The speaker
+then proceeded to describe the pleasant lot which had fallen to the
+sainted one in heaven, after having found that for which he had wished
+for a long time. "We ought not to doubt that this our dear father, Dr.
+Luther, is present with God, in external happiness." It is God's will
+that we should always remember his virtues, and the blessings bestowed
+upon us through him. We should faithfully discharge this debt of
+gratitude towards him, and should acknowledge that he was a precious,
+noble, useful, and blessed instrument in God's hands; and we should
+study his doctrine diligently, and preserve it faithfully. We should
+also regard his virtues as an example to be imitated by us; such as his
+piety, faith, earnest and fervent prayer, fidelity and diligence in
+office, chastity and modesty, prudence, anxiety to avoid everything
+which might cause tumults and other offences, and a constant pleasure
+and desire to learn more and more.
+
+Thus Melanchthon spoke with a sorrowful heart. He felt more than all how
+much he had lost in Luther, who might well be compared to the sturdy
+oak, against which this timid man could often lean. He expressed his
+sorrow in every direction, as his letters at this time prove. And his
+way was gradually becoming lonely, for his dearest friends were dying,
+as for instance Spalatin; and the departure of another, his beloved
+Myconius, who had once before been snatched from the bonds of death by
+the faith and prayer of Luther, was also near at hand. Myconius was
+suffering with bronchitis, and it was evident that he would soon rest
+from his labors. It was at this time that Melanchthon addressed two
+letters to him, which we present on account of their consolatory
+contents. On the 1st of March, 1546, he wrote: "I most earnestly wish
+that God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, might again restore your
+bodily strength, so that you might serve the Church longer, and
+superintend the studies of your sons. But if God, my Frederick, has
+resolved to call you away, oh! then consider into what an assembly you
+shall be admitted; to God, and his Son given for us, to the patriarchs,
+prophets and apostles. You will see and converse with those who shall
+proclaim the glory of God to you without deceitful arts. I seek their
+intercourse with such ardent desire, that I am often sorrowful that I am
+obliged to sojourn longer in this earthly prison, especially as I am
+constantly contending with great sufferings and dangers. Rather would I
+be torn in pieces than unite with those deceivers who are at present
+endeavoring to consummate false unions. And yet you know that I am
+constantly called to attend these artful proceedings. Therefore I
+beseech you to commend the Church and me to God!" And on March 4, he
+wrote: "Dearest Frederick! The gracious word of the Son of God has
+frequently comforted me in great afflictions: '_Neither shall any man
+pluck them out of my hand._' We will not seek any other explanation of
+the sheep, than that given us by Christ, who calls those his sheep who
+hear and love the Gospel. We are such, without doubt. Therefore, in all
+the dangers of this life and of death, we should entertain the confiding
+assurance that the watchman and defender, our shepherd, the Son of God,
+is with us always. Since Luther has been called away from this mortal
+state of existence, I have, besides my sorrow, additional cares and
+labors."
+
+On the 7th of April, Myconius died, to the great sorrow of Melanchthon,
+who thus expresses it in a letter to Jonas: "Frederick Myconius, after
+contending with his disease for a long time, has at last been called
+away from this mortal life. You see that the righteous are gathered in,
+that they may not behold the approaching calamities, which may God
+lessen, as we pray." These calamities were nearer at hand than he
+thought.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+WAR AND THE MISERY OF WAR.
+
+
+While Luther's death was not only deeply moving Wittenberg and Saxony,
+but all the friends of the Gospel elsewhere, the religious discussion of
+Ratisbon, which had been commenced on the 27th of January, was in full
+operation, but not in a very encouraging manner. For the Spanish
+Ecclesiastic, MALVENDA, proved himself to be a proud and obstinate
+priest. He had proposed nine propositions in regard to the article on
+Justification, which were composed in such a way that it was altogether
+impossible for the Protestants to accept them. The latter, therefore,
+declared in a protest, that they intended to abide by the Augsburg
+Confession, and regarded this as the true Catholic and Christian
+doctrine. The Theologians of Wittenberg were of the same opinion; and,
+in a letter to the Elector of the 5th of March, declared: "Dr. Martinus
+has left a valuable jewel behind him, even the true meaning of Christian
+doctrine, which we wish to transmit, undefiled, to our posterity. May
+God grant us his Grace and Holy Spirit for this purpose!" But on the
+banks of the Danube, that is, in Ratisbon, the Imperial party would have
+nothing to do with this pure doctrine, and laid every difficulty in the
+way of the Protestants. Indeed, it appeared more and more, that the
+whole discussion was a mock-fight, and that the Emperor was determined
+to cut the Gordian knot with his sword. He indeed did not wish this to
+be made known, for he was a deceitful man, who well knew how to conceal
+his thoughts. But the Elector saw through his disguise, and ordered his
+Theologians to retire from the discussion at Ratisbon. They returned in
+the beginning of April.
+
+Melanchthon about this time prepared an opinion in the name of the
+Theologians, in which resistance against the Emperor is declared to be a
+duty: "If it is true that the Emperor intends to fall upon these States
+on account of religion, then it is doubtless right that these States
+should earnestly protect themselves and their subjects, with the help of
+God." When the Emperor, therefore, came to Ratisbon, and had opened the
+diet on the 5th of June, the Protestants were forced to ask him the
+reason of his warlike preparations.
+
+He distinctly told them "that, as he was unable to restore peace in
+Germany by mild measures, he was obliged to proceed against the
+disobedient with the power of the Empire." The Pope united with him, and
+published this treaty, in which he openly speaks of the extermination of
+heretics. Melanchthon wrote about this to Amsdorf, on June 25th: "It is
+certain that the Emperor Charles is preparing to wage a terrible war
+against the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave. Already large armies
+are gathered in the neighborhood of Guelders, and troops, to be
+supported by the Pope, are expected from Italy. Charles does not conceal
+that he intends to wage war against the Duke of Saxony; for he called
+together the deputies of the cities in Ratisbon, and exhorted them not
+to assist the Duke of Saxony. But the cities nobly and firmly declared
+that they would not forsake their ally in the hour of danger. So much of
+the beginning of the war. But as God protected the house of the widow
+of Zarephath, so I pray that God would protect our princes, who govern
+justly, and do many good services to the churches and the studies of
+religion." As the treaty between the Pope and the Emperor was published,
+the Protestants opposed it in a public address, in which they asserted
+that the Emperor had been instigated to this war by the Roman
+Antichrist, in order to suppress religion, and German liberty. On the
+other hand, the Emperor gave as a reason the disobedience of the
+princes, which was particularly shown in their invasion of the rights of
+the bishops and founders, in the expulsion of the monks, and also
+because they detained the Duke of Brunswick in custody. The Pope ordered
+public prayers for the extermination of heretics, but the Protestants
+made all possible preparations to resist the Emperor.
+
+Melanchthon published Luther's excellent little book, "A Warning to my
+beloved Germans," and added an encouraging introduction, in which he
+says: "Let all who fear God in Germany, now seriously consider and
+remember what they owe to God in these terrible warlike preparations.
+For now that it is known that the Pope is lending such great aid in
+money and soldiers to carry on this war, there can be no doubt that it
+is his principal aim to exterminate the true doctrine, which is now
+preached in our churches, and to re-establish and secure forever his own
+idolatry and errors, by shedding of blood, murder, the lasting
+destruction of the German nation, and by dismembering all the Electoral
+and princely families." He encourages resistance, and adds: "I am
+surprised that wise men have suffered themselves to be induced to begin
+this war. But it is not only the work of men, the devil's rage, and
+desire to bring about greater destruction and misery in Christendom....
+But I pray all God-fearing men earnestly to beseech God to protect his
+Church, in which the true doctrine is preached, and also every Christian
+government. Besides this, all such should remember that every one is in
+duty bound to aid in preserving the true Christian doctrine, according
+to his position and means. For this we live, and we cannot do a better
+work in this life."
+
+The Imperial ban of the Empire against the Elector and the Landgrave,
+the two leaders of the league of Smalkald, made its appearance on the
+20th of July. Besides this, Duke Maurice of Saxony, who was full of
+ambition, betrayed the cause of his relative, the Elector, and the cause
+of the Protestants in general. He went over to the Emperor's side. But
+before the Emperor had gathered his troops, the Protestants were already
+standing on the banks of the Danube, in the month of July, with an army
+of 40,000 men, prepared to strike. But they did not make a good use of
+their favorable position, for they could at this time have brought the
+war to an end by one decisive blow. The experienced commander of the
+Upper Germans, SEBASTIAN SCH�RTLIN, wished to fall upon the Emperor, who
+with a few hundred men was then in Ratisbon, and compel him to make
+peace. But his plan was defeated by the scruples of the leaders of the
+League, until the Emperor had received reinforcements, and was now able
+to assume an offensive attitude. He soon became master of the Danube,
+and entered Swabia. When the leaders of the League now proposed terms of
+peace, he ordered them to surrender at discretion. Here they also
+learned that Duke Maurice had united with the Emperor, and therefore the
+two leaders of the League resolved to return to their own dominions, in
+order to protect them, especially as Maurice had already entered the
+Electoral dominions, and was capturing one city after the other. The
+Emperor had also promised the Electoral dignity to Duke Maurice. When
+the princes retreated, with the intention, it is true, of meeting the
+Emperor the following spring with a stronger force, they placed the game
+entirely in his hands. He conquered, and laid under contribution, the
+various confederate cities in Southern Germany; and on the Rhine,
+humbled the aged Duke Ulrich, of W�rtemberg, and deprived the aged
+Archbishop of Cologne of his princely dignity. He had thus covered his
+rear in Swabia and on the Rhine, and was now able, without much
+difficulty, to shift the war into the dominions of the two leaders of
+the Confederation.
+
+While the Emperor was proceeding thus in Southern Germany, and on the
+Rhine, the Elector, John Frederick, entered Thuringia with 2000 men, and
+soon swept away the armies of Duke Maurice. He even entered his
+dominions, and conquered the whole land, with the exception of Leipzig.
+At Altenberg, he was opposed by Maurice and his ally, the Margrave
+Albert, of Brandenburg, but in vain. For the Margrave was taken
+prisoner, and Maurice evacuated the country. Thus John Frederick stood
+as a victor upon the banks of the Elbe, but without taking advantage of
+his victory.
+
+We may easily suppose that the University and schools could not prosper
+much in these warlike times. When the troops of Duke Maurice were
+advancing, it was thought advisable in Wittenberg to dissolve the
+University. The Margrave Joachim offered a retreat to Melanchthon. Many
+fled to Magdeburg, but Melanchthon selected Zerbst, when the troops of
+Maurice threatened Wittenberg. We may conceive the feelings of
+Melanchthon's heart, when aged sires, women, and children, were thus
+compelled to flee, in mid-winter, in a snow-storm. He was received in a
+hospitable manner at Zerbst, and at the same time also received
+invitations from Brunswick and Nuremberg. But, while everything looked
+so gloomy, the sky assumed a bright appearance at the return of the
+Elector, who had so expeditiously cleared his dominions of hostile
+troops. Melanchthon, too, returned to Wittenberg, now freed from the
+siege, but only for a few days, as matters were still in a state of
+insecurity and uncertainty. He returned to Zerbst, and was destined soon
+to experience greater calamities than ever before. But, although he was
+greatly afflicted, he comforted himself with the word of God. He at this
+time wrote to Camerarius: "Let us be assured that God will preserve the
+seed of his Church and of the truth, as he has so repeatedly promised in
+his divine word, and let us not doubt that God has our welfare at heart,
+even if the world should be destroyed." In the beginning of February,
+1547, he again returned to Wittenberg for a few days, and thence wrote
+to the Elector to make peace, but without effecting anything.
+
+While Melanchthon was deeply afflicted by the death of his beloved
+daughter ANNA, who had been married to Sabinus, and died on the 26th of
+February, in the flower of life, he was also to behold calamities
+falling upon the dominions of his prince from every quarter. The Emperor
+had arisen with the determination to subdue John Frederick. He united
+with his brother Ferdinand and Duke Maurice, at Egra, and advanced into
+the Electoral dominions with 27,000 men, while the Elector had rapidly
+retreated to Wittenberg, which was well fortified. But he was overtaken
+by the Imperial cavalry. A battle was fought at M�hlberg, April 24. The
+pious Elector was at the time attending divine worship, and thought
+that he ought to remain until the close; he was overtaken on the heath
+of Lochau, and after a brave resistance on his part, was made prisoner.
+The Emperor received him in a very ungracious manner, and ordered him,
+together with the captive Duke Ernest of Brunswick-L�neburg, to be
+conveyed to the camp. Intoxicated by his victory, he even went so far as
+to pronounce sentence of death upon the Elector, against all the
+prerogatives of princes. But the Elector received the announcement with
+the greatest tranquillity. However, he did not venture to execute the
+sentence, and changed it to imprisonment for life. As the Elector
+steadily rejected the resolutions of the Council of Trent, he was
+declared to have forfeited his lands and electoral dignity, and the
+traitor Maurice was entrusted with the Electorate. When Melanchthon, who
+was then at Zerbst, heard of the defeat of the Elector, he was deeply
+moved, and thus expresses his troubles in a letter written to Caspar
+Cruciger, on the 1st of May: "Dearest Caspar, if I were able to weep as
+many tears as the Elbe rolls deep waters by you and our walls, I could
+not weep out my sorrow on account of the defeat and imprisonment of our
+prince, who truly loved the Church and Justice. Many important
+considerations increase my distress. I deeply commiserate the prisoner.
+I foresee a change of doctrine, and a new confusion of the Churches.
+Then, what an ornament is destroyed in the dispersion of our school? and
+we too are torn asunder. Truly, if it were possible for one to consider,
+I would rather die in your society, and before your altars, than wander
+about in this state of exile, in which my strength is daily decreasing."
+As the Spanish and Italian soldiers made great havoc, and especially
+mal-treated women and maidens, he did not consider Zerbst a safe
+retreat any longer. He, therefore, removed with his family to Magdeburg.
+He here met Luther's widow, who was about to depart to Denmark, where
+she had found a noble patron in the king. He accompanied her to
+Brunswick, where she remained for some time, and he went to Nordhausen.
+A faithful friend, Mayor MEIENBERG, resided here, with whom he had
+carried on a cordial correspondence. He had written to him on Ascension
+day, shortly before his arrival in Nordhausen: "I write this letter on a
+happy day, in which the Ascension of the Son of God is publicly
+commemorated, and which was beheld in former days by many of the Church
+with their own eyes. And I thought of the sweet words of comfort which
+are read on this day. But the Son of God still sitteth at the right hand
+of the Eternal Father, and bestows his gifts upon the children of men.
+Therefore, if we call upon him, he will also grant us gifts, and protect
+and preserve his Church." And this trust, which he reposed in the Lord
+of the Church, was not put to shame.
+
+He dropped the plan he had formed, of visiting his home, and also
+declined a call to the University of T�bingen, which he received at this
+time; for his heart was wedded to Wittenberg, which had become his
+second home. He wrote to a friend on the 5th of June: "The University of
+T�bingen has called me. But in my bosom and inmost feelings I feel a
+great affection for our little nest on the Elbe, and towards the friends
+residing there, and in the neighborhood, so that it would give me the
+greatest pain to part from them. Therefore I shall soon return to the
+Elbe again."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+RESTORATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WITTENBERG.
+
+
+His desire to return to Wittenberg was to be gratified sooner than he
+expected. In the beginning of June, he was informed by his countryman,
+the Imperial secretary OBERNBURG, that Duke Maurice had become Elector,
+and intended to restore the University of Wittenberg; and by a letter
+from Cruciger, the former instructors were called upon to return.
+Already, on the 8th of June, Melanchthon signified his intention of
+going to Wittenberg or Dessau, in order to consult with his friends in
+regard to this matter. A portion of the dominions of the Elector had
+been left to his sons, including Weimar, Jena, Eisenach, Gotha, and
+other places; and it seems the father was anxious that a new institution
+should be founded in Jena. This wish of the Elector, who was deeply
+interested in the cause of the Gospel, was worthy of all commendation;
+for the treachery of Duke Maurice did not permit the hope that
+Wittenberg would again become a nursery of the pure doctrine. It must,
+therefore, have been a very desirable object with the young dukes, to
+secure the former teachers of Wittenberg, particularly Melanchthon, for
+the new school. The elder Duke therefore requested Melanchthon not to
+remove from those parts. He immediately replied from Nordhausen, June
+9th, 1547: "Although the parents of your Grace, as well as your Grace,
+and your brothers, and all your faithful subjects, are plunged at
+present into the deepest sorrow which can come upon us in this world of
+trouble, yet we ought not to forget that God seeth all these things, and
+if we call upon him with all the heart, will lessen our misery, and show
+mercy, although we must endure chastisement for a season. I thank your
+Grace most humbly that you have been graciously pleased to invite me to
+stay near you; and if I could serve your Electoral Grace in an humble
+position as a teacher, I would rather serve your Grace in poverty, than
+in riches in other quarters, although I have been invited to several
+places. But I will not leave your dominions without the knowledge of
+your Grace. I intend soon also to pay another visit to Wittenberg." At
+the same time, he also received a letter from his friends at Wittenberg,
+urging him to come thither. In a letter to a friend there, he says: "I
+love the University as my home, for I have there lived in the greatest
+intimacy with learned and honorable colleagues, and we have together
+endeavored to spread abroad the doctrine of the most needful things,
+with moderate zeal. The son of the imprisoned prince has merely
+requested me not to leave his dominions, without previously informing
+him of my intention to do so; and if I could find a little place, even
+in an humble school in his dominions, I would be inclined to serve him.
+For I am not thinking of a brilliant position, but of my grave." He now
+for the first time learned that it was intended to establish an
+institution of learning at Jena; and he therefore wrote to the dukes
+that he would come to Weimar, "in order to hear further what your wishes
+may be, and also to communicate my own simple and humble opinion." From
+a number of letters written at this time, for instance, from one written
+to Augustin Schurff, on the 13th of July, it is evident that he had no
+other intention but to settle where he might live and labor together
+with his old friends and colleagues. He said: "I will regard the place
+of their residence as my native land." However, he went to Weimar, in
+order to consult with the dukes and Chancellor Br�ck. Here, it seems,
+they intended to gain over Melanchthon for Jena, without, however,
+appointing his friends. This did not please him. Without expressing his
+sentiments fully, he proposed to retire to Zerbst, in order to consult
+with Schurff, Eber, and some other friends. But in Merseburg, he, on the
+18th of July, received letters from George of Anhalt, and Cruciger,
+summoning him to Leipzig. Duke Maurice was there at the time, and wished
+to see the Wittenberg Theologians, especially Melanchthon, who
+immediately departed for Leipzig. Bugenhagen refers to this in the
+following manner: "There Master Philip came to us, on account of which
+we greatly rejoiced, and thanked God. My most gracious lord (Maurice),
+entertained us splendidly in his own inn, paid all our expenses, and
+honored us with various gifts, and presents of money; he also received
+us in person, in a very gracious manner, and publicly declared before
+us, and all the Superintendents, that he would never permit himself to
+be led back to those Papal errors, which oppose the word of God, and the
+blessed Gospel of Jesus Christ. Therefore we should continue to teach
+the pure Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to condemn such abuses, together
+with all other fanaticism and error. His Electoral Grace also enjoined
+it upon us, that we should call the professors of the University of
+Wittenberg together again, resume our lectures, and to call the
+Consistory of the Church." Ratzeberger relates that the Elector
+presented a velvet cap, filled with dollars, to Dr. Pommer and Master
+Philip, and assured all of his favor.
+
+The Elector Maurice had before this been exhorted to restore the
+University, and he had now returned a gracious answer. Melanchthon
+rejoiced that he was able to return to Wittenberg again. On the 25th of
+June, he departed thither, accompanied by Bugenhagen, Cruciger, and
+Eber; after having declined the invitation to remain as professor in
+Leipzig. He wrote to Camerarius: "I do not know how long I shall remain
+here." And to Weinlaub: "The deliberations in regard to the restoration
+of the University are still very uncertain, for, as you may imagine,
+many difficulties stand in the way." And to Aurifaber, August 4th: "You
+are familiar with the old accounts, with what great difficulty cities
+were restored after their destruction. How often was the rebuilding of
+Jerusalem hindered, after the return of the Israelites from Chaldea! And
+yet the temple was finally restored. Thus will our University perhaps be
+restored again, although it be done slowly; I trust that it may be
+accomplished by the help of God." The prince gave the best assurances
+that he would secure a new income; and this was very necessary, for the
+University owned very little real-estate. Melanchthon was actually
+living at his own expense;[22] and, as he remarked in the last of the
+letters above, the restoration was progressing very slowly. But
+notwithstanding all this, he declined repeated offers from K�nigsberg,
+Frankfort-on-the-Oder, &c., so firmly was he rooted in Wittenberg. He
+wrote to Meienburg: "Verily, if this University is not restored, a state
+of barbarism will fall upon the churches, which may God prevent!" On the
+12th of August, he went with Eber to Dresden, in order to consult with
+Chancellor Cummerstadt about the income of the University, without,
+however, receiving any definite promises. His family were still in
+Nordhausen, whither he went to pay them a visit in October. He was
+accompanied by his son-in-law Sabinus, who, in compliance with
+Melanchthon's wishes, had brought his daughters to the house of their
+grand-parents, to be raised by them. At last, in the middle of October,
+the University was restored, and the family could again remove to the
+old home.
+
+By thus remaining in Wittenberg, in the service of the perfidious Duke
+Maurice, Melanchthon was much reproached by the friends of the
+unfortunate prisoner, and his sons, who were establishing a University
+in Jena. And it will remain a question, whether it would not have been
+more honorable in him to have retired to Jena. However, we must hear the
+reasons which induced him to pursue this course. He justified this step,
+in various letters addressed to his friends. He wrote to the Pastor
+AQUILA, in Saalfeld, August 29th: "As there seemed some prospect of the
+restoration of our University, and my colleagues earnestly conjured me
+to return, I was persuaded to do so by considering the name of the
+University, my connection with my colleagues, and the desertion and
+affliction of this Church, towards which many nations formerly directed
+their eyes. It seemed a mark of the special mercy of God that our city
+was not utterly destroyed, and I would regard it as a greater mercy
+still, if our University should be re-established. Although I know that
+many speak ill of me on account of this my return, I yet do not reply,
+but merely pray that my grief may be forgiven me. Ennius says a
+melancholy mind is always in error. In my great sadness I therefore
+longed too earnestly for my old friends, with whom I labored so long in
+one and the same excellent work. I also hoped too much in these insecure
+times, when I believed in the possibility of the restoration of the
+University, the certainty of which is not yet apparent. At all event, I
+did not seek carnal pleasures or treasures. I live here like a stranger
+at my own expense, in constant sorrow and prayer, and no day passes over
+my head without tears." As many friends of the Gospel entertained the
+suspicion that the truth would now be departed from in Wittenberg,
+Melanchthon declared in a letter to Aquila: "When those, of whom you
+write, say that the preachers of this place have deserted the truth,
+they do great injury to this Church, which is already sufficiently
+distressed. By God's grace, the voice of the Gospel now resounds as
+unanimously in the city of Wittenberg as it did before the war. And
+almost every week, ministers of the Gospel are publicly ordained, and
+sent into the neighboring districts. It was but this week that six pious
+and learned men were sent forth, all of whom declare, even as formerly,
+that they will preach the pure Gospel to their hearers. And they are
+likewise examined, as in former times. The facts of the case prove that
+we have not changed our minds in regard to doctrine. We also offer up
+public and private prayers for the imprisoned prince. We do not hear
+any one speak ill of our prince, and the authorities of this city would
+not permit anything of the kind. Therefore, I beseech you, do not
+believe those who slander us, or the Church here; I hope that God
+himself will confute them, and deliver us from their envenomed tongues.
+I myself honor the imprisoned prince with devout reverence, and daily
+commend him to God with tears and supplications, and pray God to deliver
+and guide him. As this is true, I am amazed at the levity of the
+slanderer who accuses me of the cruelty of preventing prayer for the
+prince. But I will beseech God, that he would protect his Church
+everywhere, and that he would also deliver us from such slanders in this
+our great distress."
+
+Melanchthon thus openly expresses himself in regard to his position at
+that time, and we are warranted in believing that these were the honest
+and sincere sentiments of his heart. But still more difficult relations
+arose, in which his Christian character was to be tried in the severest
+manner. The following chapters will show how he demeaned himself in
+these.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+THE DIET OF AUGSBURG AND ITS INTERIM.
+
+
+The Emperor Charles, proud of his victories, would not be satisfied
+until he also succeeded in securing the second leader of the League of
+Smalkald, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse. For this purpose he also
+employed Duke Maurice, which was especially disgraceful, because he was
+the son-in-law of the Landgrave. Maurice did not believe that the
+Emperor would capture the Landgrave treacherously, in order to lead him
+behind his victorious chariot, as he did with Duke John Frederick. The
+Landgrave yielded to persuasion, and upon his knees asked the Emperor's
+pardon; yet, notwithstanding all assurances to the contrary, he was
+seized and made a close prisoner. Thus the League of Smalkald was
+destroyed, and the Emperor found himself the mighty monarch of all he
+surveyed.
+
+In the meantime, the Council of Trent had published several articles of
+religion, which were opposed to the acknowledged Evangelical truth; and
+the Pope had now also removed it from Trent to Italian soil, to Bologna,
+in order to have it completely in his power. This displeased the
+Emperor, who did not like to see the Pope assuming too powerful and
+prominent a position. On the 1st September, 1547, he had opened another
+diet at Augsburg, towards which many looked with great anxiety. Not only
+the Ecclesiastical Electors, but also the Protestant princes were
+induced, by his influence, to declare that they would submit to the
+Council, provided it should be removed back again to Trent, and the
+articles of religion would be reconsidered. John Frederick alone opposed
+this; while the Pope did the same on the other side, because he could
+not bear to see the growing power of the Emperor. But Charles had for
+years learned at least so much, that it would be utterly impossible to
+introduce into Germany a reformation such as the Papacy desired; and
+because he wished to hold all the reins, not only of the worldly, but
+also of the spiritual government, in his own hands, he proposed to
+undertake the Reformation of the German Church himself. He had
+entertained this project for a long time, as he also manifested by the
+Ratisbon book, and now he believed he could carry out his plans, almost
+without any opposition, as the German States were prostrate at his feet.
+He therefore proposed to these to appoint a number of able men to meet
+and deliberate for the present, upon a form of doctrine and discipline
+for the Church. In January, 1548, Duke Maurice had demanded the opinion
+of the Theologians of Wittenberg, in regard to this matter. On the 26th
+of January, they replied: "We see that it is intended to form an
+interim, which many States, who are now one with us in doctrine, will
+not receive, which will cause new and great wars. Therefore, we need the
+Grace of God and good counsel in this matter, which we dread very much.
+It would be burdensome besides, to afflict our Churches by new changes;
+and it would be Christian and beneficial to suffer them to remain in
+their present condition." As the Elector had summoned them to Augsburg,
+they declared they would hold themselves in readiness. In regard to the
+Council, which was to be continued in Trent, Melanchthon expressed
+himself to the following purpose: "I believe, that if we agree to
+holding it, we are also bound to obey its decrees. But as various
+articles are false and opposed to divine truth, I cannot advise their
+adoption, and thus burden my conscience. But if the Emperor should
+insist upon a General Council, the other side should also be heard. The
+Emperor should be urged to permit an accommodation in Germany, as had
+been advised in Spire. And both sides should present written opinions."
+
+It is highly gratifying that Melanchthon behaved so valiantly in this
+matter. And this must be valued still more highly, when we remember that
+the Emperor had twice already demanded his delivery. But the Emperor had
+already formed his plans. It is very likely that the Elector JOACHIM
+II., of Brandenburg, presented a writing to him, which, like the
+notorious book of Ratisbon, endeavored to bring about an agreement
+between the Catholics and Protestants. There is very little doubt of the
+fact, that the Elector's Chaplain, John Agricola, had composed a
+considerable portion of this book. When he entered his carriage in
+Berlin, he is said to have remarked that he was now going to Augsburg as
+the Reformer of Germany, and everywhere praised this performance
+exceedingly. The Emperor placed this document in the hands of the two
+Catholic Theologians, Julius von Pflug and Helding, that, in connection
+with Agricola, they might revise it in such a manner that it might be
+introduced into Germany as a temporary form of doctrine and discipline
+of the Church. It is generally called the _Augsburg Interim_, that is to
+say, the Augsburg "in the mean time." Agricola was so highly pleased
+with it, that he could not praise and magnify its advantages too much.
+It granted the cup, marriage of the priests, and the possession of
+confiscated church property to the Protestants; and while it
+approximated their doctrine of the Church, the mass, and justification,
+it demanded that the rights of the Bishops, the seven Sacraments,
+transubstantiation, the invocation of saints, fasting, and ceremonies,
+should be retained. When Duke Maurice had received the book, he sent it
+to Melanchthon, who, from Altenburg, gave his opinion as follows: "It
+resembles the Ratisbon book, some articles being more stringent, others
+more moderate. What it says of the power of the Bishops needs
+limitation. It speaks in a very weak manner of faith and grace, although
+much better than the Council of Trent." Of the Pope and the Bishops, he
+says: "If the Pope has the true doctrine, we ought to obey him; but if
+he has not the true doctrine, our obedience must end." He expresses
+himself in a very decided manner against some points in the articles on
+the Sacraments, auricular confession, marriage, the mass, and invocation
+of saints, and says: "Finally, I am not willing to burden my conscience
+with this book, for the following reason: If the rulers would insist
+that the Pastors should adhere to this to the very letter, it would
+cause great persecution, sorrow, and offences, which would have such an
+injurious influence upon many persons, that they would not believe in
+any form of religion after it."
+
+After a more thorough examination of the Interim, he published a still
+more decided and definite opinion from Klosterzelle, whither he had
+gone, because the Emperor had again demanded his delivery or exile. He
+pronounces a severer judgment in regard to the "deceitful article of
+faith and love." "In reality, this is its true meaning: faith is a mere
+preparation for justification, then cometh love, by which man is
+justified. That is as much as to say: man is just because of his own
+works and virtues, so that this light is taken away; man is just and
+accepted by God, for the sake of the Lord Jesus Christ, through faith."
+"Thus man is led away from Christ to depend upon himself, and thus loses
+the comfort he should find in the Son of God." He adds: "I pray that
+these things may be well considered, for they concern the glory of God
+and the harmony of all the Churches." And again: "If they wish to make a
+tolerable, Christian Interim, they ought doubtless to make a difference
+between those matters which are right and needful, and those which are
+unnecessary, wrong, and, besides this, impossible. Why do they wish to
+desolate the Churches on account of the needless and false masses for
+souls, invocations of the saints, &c.?" For although the Interim
+admitted that the mass is no sacrifice for sin, and does not purchase
+forgiveness of sins, yet it still retained these four errors: the
+_first_, that the priest offers the Son of God as a sacrifice in the
+mass; the _second_, that by this the people obtain the merits of Christ;
+the _third_, that departed saints are to be invoked; and the _fourth_,
+that this sacrifice is beneficial to the dead. "These are all terrible
+lies, and therefore these articles should not be agreed to."
+
+Thus did Melanchthon express himself, and the other Theologians,
+Cruciger, Maior, and Pfeffinger, agreed with him. The Elector Maurice
+had not been pleased with the Interim from the beginning, and declared
+that he would not undertake anything of the kind without consulting his
+people. When he had, therefore, read Melanchthon's views, he demanded a
+full and dispassionate opinion from the Theologians. They went to Celle,
+and prepared one. On the 14th of April they sent it to the Elector,
+accompanied by a modest, yet determined letter. They again rejected the
+articles of justification, private masses, masses for souls, and the
+canons, while they agreed to confirmation, extreme unction, the power of
+the Bishops, private absolution without auricular confession, and
+several festivals and ceremonies, provided that work-holiness and the
+invocation of saints be abolished. Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius on
+the following day: "As long as I live I shall act as I did yesterday,
+and speak the same things, no matter where I shall be." "I have this
+consolation, that whatsoever cometh from God shall not perish. And I
+would not wish that our opinions should pass down to posterity if they
+are not of God."
+
+He wrote a letter of justification to Minister VON CARLOWITZ on the 28th
+of April, which gained him the ill-will of many of Luther's friends. We
+shall communicate some portion of it: "When the prince has formed his
+resolutions, I shall not make any disturbance, although I may not
+approve of many things in them, but will either remain silent or go
+away, or bear whatever arises. I have also formerly borne an almost
+unbecoming servitude when Luther suffered himself to be led more by his
+nature, which was inclined to fight, than by his dignity, and the
+general welfare. And I know that we must silently and modestly bear and
+cover many defects in the affairs of State, even as we must bear the
+evil effects of a storm. But you tell me that I am not merely required
+to be _silent_, but to approve of the Interim." He proceeds to show the
+minister that he is by no means quarrelsome, but had always been
+moderate and advising peace, so that the very persons who now appear in
+Augsburg as peacemakers, had calumniated him at court on account of his
+moderation. "And afterwards others, for almost twenty years, called me
+frost and ice; others again, that I agreed with the enemy. I recollect
+even, that one accused me of striving after a Cardinal's hat." But that
+notwithstanding all this, he had adhered to essentials in doctrine,
+cutting off all useless questions. He did not wish a change of doctrine,
+or the expulsion of worthy men, and that he could only think of it with
+the greatest sorrow. He now discusses the separate articles of the
+Augsburg book, how much he would yield, and what he would adhere to.
+But, if he should be regarded an obstinate fool, because he did not
+agree to all the articles, he would bear it, and imitate those who had
+preferred the truth to life in far less important things than these." We
+can easily discover his love of peace in all this, but also that he was
+determined not to yield in important points. While many of the more
+decided Protestants misinterpreted his constant yielding, he drew upon
+himself the highest displeasure of the Emperor, who again wished his
+expulsion, but without gaining his purpose. Melanchthon about this time
+wrote to JEROME WELLER: "In the consciousness of having desired what is
+right, we shall bear all that may fall upon us. For, in obedience to the
+divine commandment, we have sought the truth, which was indeed buried in
+thick darkness, and we have brought many good things to the light of
+day. Therefore let us also hope that God will hear our groans. We have
+experienced the uncertainty of the help of man."
+
+But the Interim did not only displease the Protestants, but the Catholic
+Electors and Bishops declared in Augsburg that they would adhere to the
+old state of things, but would not object to it if his Imperial Majesty
+would bring back the apostates to the right way.
+
+When Melanchthon had returned to Wittenberg, he, by request, prepared an
+opinion concerning the demand of the Bishops, that their jurisdiction
+should be restored to them; in which he plainly declares, that it was
+impossible to enter into an agreement with the persecutors; "and even if
+we would patch at it, it would be a peace like that between wolves and
+sheep." "But as for myself, I declare that we have just and needful
+reasons for avoiding their false doctrine and abuses. For this is God's
+eternal and unchangeable commandment: Flee Idolatry."... That the
+Bishops say of the Augsburg Confession, that it was never lived up to, I
+do not understand whom or what they mean. But it is certain that in the
+Churches of Saxony, and as far as Denmark, nothing more or different has
+been adopted than the doctrine contained in said "Augsburg Confession."
+The Interim was finally read to the States in the middle of May. The
+Catholics were not pressed to adopt it, but the Protestants were
+required to adhere to it until the Council should have published its
+decrees. Thus the Emperor succeeded in carrying out his own wishes; the
+Elector of Brandenburg signed it unconditionally, but Maurice only under
+certain conditions. The Margraves WOLFGANG, and JOHN VON CUSTRIN, and
+the prisoner JOHN FREDERICK, refused to sign, as faithful witnesses of
+the truth, who would not permit it to be tampered with. The Protestant
+cities raised a general opposition to it; the cities of southern Germany
+alone yielded to force, as threats and abuse were employed against them.
+About 400 ministers of the Gospel in these cities remained faithful to
+the truth, and were banished. The cities of northern and eastern Germany
+greatly distinguished themselves by their resistance, especially
+Magdeburg, which now called itself the chancery of God. The Protestants
+could with great justice say of the Interim:
+
+  "Blest is the man, who can put trust in God,
+  And does not consent to the Interim,
+  For it is but a rogue in disguise."[23]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+HOW THE INTERIM FARED IN THE ELECTORATE OF SAXONY.
+
+
+We have already heard that the Elector Maurice only signed the Interim
+conditionally. Partly because he did not approve of many things in it,
+and partly also because he did not think it possible to enforce it in
+his dominions, where the Reformation had taken such deep root, he
+presented a protest at Augsburg, in which he explained that he could not
+at once force the Interim upon his people; it would be necessary first
+to consult the Chambers; but whatever he could do with God and a good
+conscience he would diligently do, so that he should not be found
+wanting. In the month of June he returned to his dominions, and demanded
+a full opinion from his Theologians at Wittenberg. It was composed by
+Melanchthon, and was already the fourth which the miserable Augsburg
+Interim had called forth. With a bold faith he declares in the
+beginning: "Although war and destruction are threatened, we ought to
+esteem the commandment of God greater, that is, we should not deny the
+truth of the Gospel which has become known to us. Besides this, the
+doctrine of the Son of God and forgiveness of sins is a particular
+counsel of God, which He, in infinite mercy, has revealed, and wishes
+that all men should help to sustain this doctrine, in order that they
+may call upon him aright, and obtain salvation. Now we know, from many
+examples, that from Adam's time the devil has tried many arts, again and
+again, to extinguish or to darken this doctrine. In the third place, it
+should also be considered what great offence it would cause in our
+Churches, if false doctrine and idolatry should be publicly introduced
+into them again. For many pious persons would fall into great distress,
+and the true worship of God would be hindered." After the opinion has
+declared that the Theologians would heartily wish to see and enjoy
+peace, it yet demands that Saxony should not be troubled with the
+Augsburg Interim. "For it will certainly not be received in many
+countries and cities." They would review it, and openly and honestly
+confess the truth it contained, but condemn its errors. The Theologians
+particularly objected to the article on Justification, and said: "We
+cannot advise any one to agree with the book in this point." They also
+rejected the article which treated of the Church and Bishops, and then
+entered upon an examination of the various articles on the Sacraments,
+confirmation, extreme unction, repentance, confession, &c., and pointed
+out every defect, and confessed in conclusion:--"And whereas we have
+recently received notice that the preface of the work prohibits every
+one from preaching, teaching, or writing against the Interim, it is
+necessary, with all humility, to make this declaration: That we shall
+not change the true doctrine, as it has hitherto been preached in our
+churches, for no creature has the right to change divine truth, and no
+one is permitted to deny truth when known to him." This lengthy opinion
+was signed by Bugenhagen, Pfeffinger, Cruciger, Major, Melanchthon, and
+Fr�shel, and delivered into the Elector's hands.
+
+On the 2d of July he received his Chambers, together with several
+Theologians, one of whom was Melanchthon, in the city of Meissen. In his
+address to the Chambers, the Elector reviewed the entire course of
+things, and concluded by saying, that they should prove themselves
+disposed to assist the Emperor in whatever may be promotive of Christian
+harmony, quiet, peace, and unity, and can be done with the approbation
+of God and a good conscience." On the 4th of July, Melanchthon wrote to
+Maienburg: "It has been resolved to address a most reverent letter to
+the Emperor, beseeching him not to urge the errors of this document upon
+our Church. I therefore entertain the hope that the Churches of these
+countries will not suffer any change." He wrote in a still more decided
+manner to Paul Eber, that those were greatly in error who believed that
+the dissensions in the Church could be removed by ambiguous efforts to
+bring about an agreement, because an irreconcilable war exists between
+the devil and the Son of God, even as it is written: "I will put enmity
+between the serpent and the seed of the woman." He thus concludes this
+letter: "But I beseech the Son of God, that he would rule and support
+our minds in confessing and explaining the truth!" The Elector had
+presented the Augsburg Interim to the Chambers, together with the
+intimation that they should take the advice of the Theologians. This was
+done. Melanchthon immediately began the work, and particularly treated
+of the articles on justification and good works, which were the most
+rotten in the Interim, and on which so much, it may even be said _all_,
+depended. He, on the whole, considered it most advisable to pray the
+Emperor to exempt Saxony from the Interim. The Theologians communicated
+these views to the Chambers: "This is our opinion, we should prefer
+above all if these churches could remain as they now are. For a change
+would produce great trouble and offence." The Chambers agreed to this
+proposition, and besought the Elector to write to the Emperor to that
+effect. But Maurice, who was bound by the Emperor's kindness towards
+himself, declared that he could not thus utterly reject the
+Interim--that they ought to yield in indifferent matters; but that he
+would postpone the matter to the next meeting of the Chambers.
+
+The adoption of the Interim was particularly urged by the Elector
+JOACHIM of Brandenburg, or rather by the author, his Court Chaplain
+Agricola, who entertained a very high opinion of it, and on his return
+from Augsburg endeavored to persuade AQUILA of Saalfeld to agree to it.
+But he came to the wrong person, who said of the Interim, "that in the
+beginning it showed the sheep's clothing, but afterwards the ravening
+wolf."
+
+When Agricola exclaimed against Melanchthon's Opinion: "Away with
+Philippus; he writes nothing but lies in his book, the Opinion. Fie upon
+you! there is not a word in it but they are ashamed of." Aquila
+answered: "Let us not abuse our teachers, but highly honor them; Master
+Philip Melanchthon will be able to defend himself." Then Eisleben, (for
+Agricola was also known by this name,) replied: "I will summon Philip to
+come to me, and will read the text to him; for the land must be utterly
+ruined if they oppose the Interim." Aquila replied: "If the devastation
+of countries is the fruit of the Interim, it would be better if it had
+never been born." Agricola was indeed obliged to hear much of such
+misery, but in Saxony the Interim made no progress at all. Melanchthon
+also hoped that the people of Saxony would give a brilliant
+evidence of their constancy, as he at this time expressed himself
+very decidedly in his letters to various friends. The Margrave JOHN of
+Brandenburg-C�strin, who did not at all agree with the Elector JOACHIM,
+in regard to the Interim, and who by not subscribing it in Augsburg had
+incurred the displeasure of the Emperor, demanded an opinion from
+Melanchthon. He replied on the 31st of July, that godly and sensible
+ministers could not adopt it, because it was false in the article on
+justification: "As regards my own person, by God's grace I will not
+approve of this book, called Interim, for which I have very important
+reasons; and I shall commend my poor life to God, whether I be
+imprisoned or banished." But, as to what counsel should be given to
+rulers, many things might be said. There are points in this book which
+no prince, who understands the truth, could receive under any
+circumstances. As many cities would not approve of it, it would be best
+not to hasten with a reply. Perhaps the Emperor would be satisfied if a
+prince should offer to maintain uniformity in non-essentials, and would
+besides declare what he could and what he could not adopt. But if a
+government adopts the Interim, it also pledges itself to persecute
+innocent pastors. Whether rulers are to defend themselves? To this he
+replies: "As the father of the family is bound, as far as he is able, to
+protect his wife and children, if a murderer should break into his
+house, so are rulers bound, as far as they can, to protect their
+churches and innocent subjects! Whoever wishes to confess the truth,
+should commend himself to God, and remember that it is written: the
+hairs of your head are all numbered." Thus did he always advise.
+Although he may have recommended compliance in indifferent matters, he
+never advised any one to submit to a change of doctrine.
+
+We have already heard that Maurice had postponed the final decision in
+regard to the Interim, to the next meeting of the Chambers. But before
+this meeting in Torgau, he thought it advisable to enter into
+negotiations with the two Bishops of his dominions, Pflug of Naumburg,
+and Maltitz of Meissen, in order to yield everything to the Emperor
+which could be yielded in accordance with the pure doctrine and
+conscience. On the 23d of August, prince George of Anhalt and Forster,
+and Melanchthon with Eber, instead of Cruciger, who was ill, met the two
+Bishops in Conference in Pegau. The Elector, proceeding from the
+principle that we must give to God the things that are God's, and to
+C�sar the things that are C�sar's, said, that he expected that they
+would not be "obstinate" in those matters which might be granted without
+detracting from the honor of God, or offending conscience. Of course
+this conference adjourned after a few days, without having accomplished
+anything, for the two Bishops would not agree to any change of the
+Interim. On the 30th of August, Melanchthon returned to Wittenberg by
+way of Leipzig, to behold the approaching end of one of his dearest
+friends, Caspar Cruciger, who died on the 16th of November. The sick
+man, shortly before his death, had a heavy and alarming dream. He said
+to Fr�shel: "Oh, what a terrible and cruel disputation I held in my
+dream to-day." When he asked to hear the particulars, he replied: "I
+cannot tell. They wished to persuade me, and to absolve me in regard to
+it, that it would be all right, and do me no harm, but I protested
+against it." Fr�shel began to comfort him, and Cruciger wished to
+receive absolution of his sins. When he had heard it, he began to pray
+fervently for the church, and with his hands clasped together, he
+frequently repeated these words: "Father, sanctify them by thy truth,
+thy word is truth; grant that they may be one in us." Fr�shel endeavored
+to comfort him by a somewhat longer address, to which the dying man
+replied "Amen!" in a soft tone, and soon after fell asleep in the Lord.
+We may imagine the greatness of Melanchthon's sorrow, when he received
+the sad news at the meeting of the Chambers at Celle. He wrote to
+Dietrich in Nuremberg, that God had at last called Caspar to the
+heavenly university. Although no one was more distressed at this death
+than he himself, because they had been most intimate friends, he yet
+congratulated him upon this happy journey, because he was thereby
+removed from many sad scenes.
+
+The Chambers had met in Torgau, on the 18th of October. Already on the
+first day of the session, five knights and two Electoral chancellors, no
+doubt at the instigation of the Elector, arose and presented a document,
+in which they explained what they thought of the Augsburg Interim, and
+what they believed might be yielded. They also at the same time
+admonished the Theologians to yield in indifferent matters, and thus to
+save the country from great afflictions. Their proposition leaned
+towards the Interim, and wished to reintroduce the Catholic state of
+things, which had been abolished by the Reformation. On the 20th of
+October, Melanchthon departed from Torgau, deeply distressed at the
+plans of the Electoral Court, as he himself writes to the prince of
+Anhalt. In this letter of October 24th, he says that he would not
+countenance troublesome alterations of doctrine, and would rather suffer
+banishment or death. He believes that the Emperor's favor could be
+secured by introducing confirmation, excommunication, and foolish
+fasting. But wherefore also the mass? He saw very well that they did not
+merely wish to reconcile the Emperor, but also to introduce private
+masses. "If they wish this, I wish they would acknowledge it at once,
+for I know that I cannot prescribe laws to them; but those could depart
+who would not be satisfied with such a change of the churches." As late
+as November 14th, he wrote to Maienburg, that he had indeed always
+replied with moderation, but that he would never consent to a change of
+doctrine, and of the mass. This he was now to prove when he came to
+CELLE, with Bugenhagen and Maior, November 16th. The Superintendents
+LAUTERBACH, of Pirna, and WELLER, of Freiberg, and also Camerarius, of
+Leipzig, were present. They were requested to revise the Liturgy, which
+had been prepared in the days of Duke Henry, of Saxony, approved by
+Luther, and printed in the year 1539, and had been used in the territory
+of Misnia up to the present time; but these changes were to be made in
+the spirit of the Interim. The Theologians declared, on the 18th of
+November, that God, who knows the hearts of all men, knows that we do
+not contend in an inconsiderate, wilful, or obstinate spirit, but are
+really anxious for peace; but that they could not accept false doctrine
+and idolatrous ceremonies.
+
+Upon this the deputies, without the assistance of the clergy, placed
+together all the articles. This document is called the _Recess of
+Celle_. It was to be laid before the next meeting of the Chambers. But
+previously to this, the Electors Maurice and Joachim met in J�terbock on
+the 16th of December, and signed this Recess. The Chambers met in
+Leipzig on the 21st of December, to which Maurice had summoned all the
+deputies of his dominions. The Theologians present were the Prince of
+Anhalt, Melanchthon, Gresser, of Dresden, Pfeffinger and Camerarius, of
+Leipzig. The Elector presented the Recess of Celle, and called upon the
+Chambers to be obedient in everything which duty to God and conscience
+would permit them to yield. "That will be your own greatest advantage,
+and also for the peace and quiet of our dominions." The Interim of Celle
+contained the pure doctrine of the Evangelical Church, and merely wished
+to adopt such usages and ceremonies from the Catholic Church as were
+indifferent or non-essential. The Interim which was prepared here in
+Leipzig, with a reference to previous forms of agreement, is called the
+_Leipzig Interim_. They did not dispute about the fall of man; and in
+regard to _Justification_, they had already come to terms at Pegau. They
+declared in this part that man is not justified by works, but by mercy,
+gratuitously, without our merit, so that the glory may redound to
+Christ, and not to man. But yet man is not a block; he is drawn in such
+a manner that his own will also co-operates. Of _Good Works_, they
+taught that God indeed accepts men for Christ's sake, but that
+nevertheless good works are very needful. They said of them, that they
+must be in us, and are needful to salvation. Melanchthon had composed
+these articles, while the remaining ones were prepared by the Elector's
+counsellors. Of the _Church_, they said that we must receive what she
+teaches, "as she shall not and cannot command anything opposed to the
+Holy Scriptures." All other ministers of the Church should be subject
+and obedient to the bishops, who discharge their office according to the
+commandment of God, and use it for edification, and not for destruction.
+_Baptism_ is to be administered with exorcism, the presence and
+confession of Christian sponsors, and other ancient, Christian
+ceremonies; and so likewise _Confirmation_. _Repentance_, _Confession_,
+and _Absolution_, are to be taught, and no one admitted to the most holy
+sacrament of the body and blood, without confession and absolution.
+_Extreme Unction_ might be practised according to the customs of the
+Apostles, yet without any superstition and misapprehension. The
+ministers of the Church should be earnestly and diligently examined
+prior to _ordination_. The _Mass_ should be celebrated in future with
+ringing of bells, lights, and vessels, singing, appropriate dress, and
+other ceremonies. It also referred to further particulars as to the
+manner of celebrating mass. The pictures of the passion of Christ and
+the saints may be present to remind us of them, but are not to receive
+any divine honor. The _hymns_ are also introduced again. The days of
+Corpus Christi and the festivals of the holy virgin are to be added to
+the other festival days. _Abstaining from meat_ on Saturday and Friday,
+and in Lent, is introduced as an outward observance. The ministers of
+the Church are to _dress_ differently from the laity.
+
+The Chambers accepted this Interim, only expressing their scruples in
+regard to Ordination, Confirmation, Anointing (Chrism) the festival of
+Corpus Christi, and the Mass. They were assured in regard to this by a
+declaration from the Theologians, December 28th, and the Elector also
+gave assurances. On the 6th of January, 1549, Melanchthon returned to
+Wittenberg, and on the same day wrote to Maienburg: "The Leipzig
+negotiations effect no change in the Church, because the contention in
+regard to the mass and the canon is postponed until further
+negotiations. Yet I wish that some things had been prepared
+differently."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+DISPUTES ABOUT THE LEIPZIG INTERIM.
+
+
+The more decided and strict adherents of Luther, who had before found so
+much fault with Melanchthon, now exhibited particular enmity towards
+him. He was bitterly reproached on account of his compliance. But we now
+enter upon a part of the history of his life, and of the evangelical
+Church, which is not of a very refreshing character. But this too should
+not be wanting, and will exhibit Melanchthon to us in such a light that
+we cannot refuse our sympathy, and even acknowledgment to the goodness
+of his heart, although we may regret the want of an energy like
+Luther's. These disputes mainly arose from the Interim. In the month of
+January, the Theologians of Berlin made inquiries of those at Wittenberg
+concerning the Interim. Agricola had boasted very much of it in the
+pulpit, and said that now the door of all Europe was opened to the
+Gospel. They wished to know now whether they comprehended among these
+"indifferent things," all that had been customary in the Papacy, such as
+holy water, salt, herbs, palms, consecration of unleavened bread,
+processions with flags and torches, unction at baptisms and sick-beds,
+the laying of the cross in passion-week, &c. They therefore asked for a
+copy of the agreement of J�terbock, and, on the whole, a fuller
+explanation of these indifferent things, or _Adiaphora_, as they are
+called. They also asked for further explanations in regard to extreme
+unction. They replied by Bugenhagen and Melanchthon, on the 11th of
+January. They were not able to send the articles of J�terbock, because
+they had not been present at the secret conference, and did not possess
+a copy of them. They did not enumerate the consecration of oil and salt
+among indifferent things, and had always rejected this and other
+matters. They exhorted those of Berlin to adhere to the Church
+discipline formerly given by the Elector. They also added this
+much-disputed sentence: "As such great devastations are occurring in
+other places, we believe that it is better to endure a hard servitude,
+if it can only be done without impiety, than to separate ourselves from
+the Churches." Questions and answers, however, did not everywhere pass
+off as well as in this instance. The excitement increased among the more
+determined friends of truth, when the Interim was about to be
+introduced; and the prince of Anhalt had considerably revised and
+altered the Liturgy, which had been introduced by Duke Henry. Several
+conferences were held, and Melanchthon was again actively engaged. On
+the 13th of April he was present at a meeting of the Chambers at Torgau,
+where the Interim was to be read. He here communicated the fact, that an
+adherent of Flacius, most likely Deacon Schultz of Torgau, had accused
+the Theologians of an intention to lead the people back again to Popery.
+He at the same time presented a defence to the Chambers, in which he
+showed that it would be necessary to yield somewhat in indifferent
+matters, if the main things in doctrine and the Sacrament were
+sustained. But that they had also yielded somewhat, because they had
+been seeking to bring about uniformity in doctrine and ceremonies. But
+this could not be looked upon as strengthening the Papacy. Their
+opponents declared, indeed, that fear had driven them to compliance,
+but to this they would reply: "We ought not to be condemned for being so
+fearful as to yield indifferent to needful things, and that we are thus
+fearful, not for our sakes, but the good of the people, children, and
+the entire government." Luther himself had frequently advised
+compromises in indifferent matters. That they had not introduced any new
+ceremonies. He defends himself most powerfully against the objection,
+that they were introducing idolatry, and thus concludes: "This is indeed
+a new form of Popery, that these violent persons wish to force every one
+to hold the same opinions as themselves, and fearfully condemn every one
+who does not at once agree with them."
+
+The ministers of Hamburg also addressed a long epistle to the
+Wittenbergers, in which they condemn the principle expressed by them in
+their reply to those of Berlin, that it would be better to endure a hard
+servitude in indifferent things, than to leave the churches on their
+account. They thought that too many things were comprehended under this
+term, and wished the Theologians of Wittenberg to explain what they
+meant by indifferent things. Melanchthon replied in a very friendly
+manner, on the 16th of April. He begins thus: "We are pleased if you
+admonish and correct us in the spirit of love; for this is a very
+necessary duty in friendship, and much more in affairs of the church.
+But yet, we entreat you that you would judge us leniently, according to
+your wisdom, reputation, and benevolence; and that you would not condemn
+old friends who have labored much for more than twenty years, and have
+endured, and do still endure, the greatest conflicts, as we are
+furiously persecuted by certain other persons, with many false
+accusations. We therefore do not reply to them, lest hatred and discord
+might be still more inflamed, in these sorrowful times." He declares
+that, by the grace of God, the same Gospel is still preached in
+Wittenberg, as in Hamburg. They would never permit any alterations in
+doctrine, and in the Lord's Supper, because these were the eternal
+counsels of God. They had far more to contend with than those who abused
+them. They did not consent to anything in customs and ceremonies which
+contradict the word of God. He further declares that by indifferent
+things, or Adiaphora, they did not understand magical consecrations,
+adoration of images, nor carrying about of the consecrated bread and the
+like, which they rejected by their words and writings, yea, not even the
+ridiculous stuff which occurs at funerals. Among the Adiaphora, they
+counted those things which the ancient Church already possessed, such as
+festivals, public readings, confession and absolution before the Lord's
+Supper, examination at confirmation, ordination to the ministerial
+office, and the like. He also defends the principle that it would be
+better to endure a servitude not opposed to the word of God, than to
+leave the Church; and he also thinks they should rather have been
+comforted than condemned, inasmuch as they still adhered to the true
+foundation. In conclusion, he urges unity. But the Wittenbergers, and
+Melanchthon, who was looked upon as their leader, were to endure still
+severer conflicts. We, in passing, will merely refer to the two pastors,
+ZWILLING and SCHULTZ, in Torgau, who preferred to be deposed from their
+ministry, rather than wear the white surplice, and called those who wore
+it, traitors and idolators. Melanchthon regarded these manifestations
+with great regret, and in his sorrow wrote to the Prince of Anhalt: "I
+would rather go into exile, than contend continually with such obstinate
+men."
+
+But Melanchthon's principal opponent at this time, and also afterwards,
+was MATTHIAS FLACIUS, who indeed embittered his life in an indescribable
+manner. He was born of respectable parents in Albona, in Illyria, in the
+year 1520; and after the death of his father, went to Milan and Venice,
+to prosecute his studies. When a youth, he already loved the Bible, and
+intended to enter a cloister, to serve God better. But a pious monk, who
+afterwards suffered martyrdom for the Gospel's sake, dissuaded him from
+this step, and revealed to him how the Gospel, which had been darkened
+by the Papacy, had again been brought to light by Luther. This at once
+kindled a fire in the heart of the inflammable young man. Against the
+wishes of his relatives, and supplied with a very slender purse, he set
+out for Germany, and in the year 1539 arrived at Basle. He here found a
+really paternal friend in the well-known reformer, SIMON GRYN�US. He
+made rapid progress in the study of divinity, both at this place, and
+also in T�bingen, whither he went the following year. However, he felt
+himself drawn to Wittenberg, the mother-city of the Reformation. Here he
+enjoyed the good fortune, so often longed for, to hear Luther and
+Melanchthon; and he also enjoyed many benefits, especially at the hands
+of the latter. In Wittenberg, he for three years passed through severe
+inward conflicts, for he could not believe divine grace, and deeply felt
+the wrath of God abiding upon him. Bugenhagen brought the
+greatly-distressed young man to Dr. Luther, who, as is well known, had
+been made a powerful comforter by his own deep experience; and it seems
+that from that time, light began to arise in his troubled heart. In the
+year 1544, he was already professor of the Hebrew language in
+Wittenberg, and taught with great success. At his marriage in the year
+following, he rejoiced to see Dr. Luther present at the wedding. He was
+greatly attached to the reformer, and with him hated everything that
+savored of Popery. However, he evidently proceeded much further in this
+respect than Luther, who was willing to suffer wholesome customs to
+remain, even though they came from the Catholic Church. On this account,
+Flacius regarded the Interim with the greatest displeasure; and spoke
+with Eber, Maior, Pomeranus, and particularly Melanchthon, that they
+should zealously oppose it by word and deed. But when he saw that they
+would not consent, but rather, as we know already, accepted the Interim
+of Leipzig, he published various severe writings against the Interim and
+its defenders, yet without mentioning his name. And as the Interim
+succeeded notwithstanding all this, and was about to be introduced into
+Wittenberg, he resolved rather to leave Wittenberg than see this change.
+He removed to Magdeburg, where various persons, among them Amsdorf, who
+had been expelled from his bishopric, who were all highly incensed at
+the compliance of the Wittenbergers, had taken up their residence.
+
+The most violent publications were sent forth from this Chancery of God,
+as Magdeburg was called. They gave various insulting names to their
+opponents at Wittenberg, such as knaves, Samaritans, and Baalites; but
+Melanchthon was the principal mark of their attacks, because they blamed
+him especially for the introduction of the Interim. In a letter to
+MOLLER, he thus temperately expresses his sentiments in regard to the
+Interim: "I often advised that no innovations should be made now, for
+the people would at once cry out that we were destroying the Gospel, or
+at least beginning to do so. But the courts exclaimed that it would be
+necessary to yield somewhat to the Emperor, so that he would not send
+his armies into these parts, and suppress the Church, as he did in
+Swabia. But although I am not able to say whether we shall appease the
+Emperor by the re-introduction of a few indifferent ceremonies, yet the
+courtiers declare that such will be the case, and exhort us not to
+expose the fatherland and the Church to devastation, on account of these
+non-essential matters. We therefore contend for essential matters, for
+purity of doctrine, and the form of the Lord's Supper, so that the Papal
+mass may not be introduced again, as it was done amid the groans of all
+the godly, in Swabia. But I have never contended about holidays, the
+order of hymns, and similar matters; and I do not believe that such
+contention could be reconciled with the moderation needful in the
+present troubled state of the Church. But when some are opposed to all
+order, and all laws, it really seems far too uncivilized to me. I have
+many years ago wished that our churches might introduce a few
+ceremonies. A similarity in such matters, conduces to unity. Of course,
+there must be moderation in all such things. We do not make the least
+alterations in doctrine or essentials. But transubstantiation is the
+fountain of all the misery in which we find ourselves at the present
+time, and which awaits the Church in future. This has added strength to
+the Papal mass, concerning which we shall again hear the most severe
+commands of the Emperor at the next diet. You know that I have treated
+all other questions of dispute in a manner calculated to remove all
+doubts from the mind of every pious man, who judges leniently; but in
+regard to the question of transubstantiation, I have always been very
+short, owing to the slanderous judgments of some of our own side."
+
+The men at Magdeburg, and Flacius particularly, would not be silent; but
+Melanchthon did not reply. He speaks of this in a letter to
+BAUMGARTNER: "I have not yet answered our neighbors in the city of
+Parthenope, (Magdeburg,) because the facts themselves refute them; and
+what a conflagration would be caused, if we should reply!" He was
+induced to remain silent by his love of peace, and perhaps he also hoped
+that Flacius, owing to his extravagant views, would not secure many
+adherents. But in this he was mistaken; and he says himself, in a letter
+written September 20th, to Pastor LAUTERBACH of Pirna: "If they do not
+stop challenging us, I shall answer them. In the meantime I will refute
+this outcry by other useful writings. We see how the devil is spurring
+on unruly spirits, to create greater confusion. We will therefore call
+upon the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, to direct us." At last,
+October 1st, 1549, he replied to the attacks of Flacius. In answer to
+his reproach that doctrines were changed, and abolished ceremonies were
+being reintroduced, Melanchthon gives the unequivocal reply, that he
+confessed all that he had recorded in his book, _Loci Communes_, in
+which was found the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession of the year
+1530. As far as the _change of customs_ was concerned, he was free to
+confess that he had advised the Franconians and others not to leave the
+churches on account of this servitude, provided it could be borne
+without impiety. "But when Flacius maintains that I have said the church
+ought by no means to be left, even if all the old abuses were to be
+introduced again, I pronounce this to be a palpable lie." He also
+particularly complains of this, that his opponent made use of
+expressions which had been uttered in private conversations and in jest.
+He concludes in a conciliatory manner, by saying that he had not taken
+up the pen on his own account, but for the sake of those who were
+injured by the writings of Flacius. "They should satisfy themselves
+that they adhered to the true foundation faithfully in these churches,
+namely, the pure Gospel, all the articles of faith, and the use of the
+Sacraments without any perversion. And it is certain that the Son of God
+is present in such services, and hears the prayers of such an assembly."
+
+In November he was summoned to Dresden on account of this affair. The
+Court of the Elector seems to have been at this time disturbed by the
+publications of Magdeburg. But let us hear what Melanchthon says of it,
+in a letter to the Prince of Anhalt: "They were deliberating at Court
+about a modest reply and refutation of the slanderous accusations of our
+neighbors. However, I advised them not to publish it; for it is very
+evident that such publications do not cure and pacify slanderous
+persons, but rather tend to irritate them more. And Pythagoras has said,
+we ought not to extinguish a fire by the sword. The newest publication
+of Magdeburg, in which they show very plainly that they thirst after my
+blood, was not yet known at court. I often think of departing: may God
+direct me! The end will show what kind of spirit rules those who are
+troubling our already sufficiently troubled churches still more."
+
+These disputes still went on, and Flacius published Melanchthon's
+letters which had been written with great timidity during the Diet of
+Augsburg. These were accompanied by biting original notes from the hand
+of Flacius. Melanchthon said of him, in a letter written in January,
+1550: "I believe that honorable men detest his poison. For he does not
+contend for a principal point of doctrine, but publishes books filled
+with slanders and lies, by which he wishes to gain these two points: to
+render me detested by the people, and even to rouse those against me who
+still regard me with friendly eyes. But God, the searcher of hearts,
+will protect me against this slanderer."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+THE CONFLICT WITH OSIANDER.
+
+
+We can briefly pass over a conflict which arose in Hamburg, concerning
+the object of Christ's descent into hell. The superintendent, �PINUS, of
+that place, had expressed the opinion that Christ's descent into hell
+was the last stage of his humiliation, and that he there suffered the
+pains of hell for us. The Wittenbergers, at the head of whom we are
+always to regard Melanchthon, declared in an opinion that the descent
+into hell represented Christ's victory over hell and the devil, and
+counted it, as it indeed is, one of the stages of his exaltation. But,
+although the contending parties were not entirely satisfied, yet this
+conflict did not produce such results as that excited by OSIANDER, in
+regard to the doctrine of Justification, which may be called the heart's
+blood of the Evangelical Church. Andrew Osiander, or Hosenmann, or
+Hosen-Enderlein, was born of poor parents in Gunzenhausen, December
+19th, 1498. He contended with great poverty in the school and
+University; but, by his talents, he soon acquired great knowledge, yet
+not equal to that of the learned Wittenberg Professor. Melanchthon
+always recognized his talents and other excellent gifts, so that he was
+anxious to draw him to Wittenberg to occupy the chair of Cruciger, when
+Osiander no longer wished to remain as Pastor in Nuremberg, on account
+of the Interim. Duke Albert of Prussia had once heard Osiander preach in
+Nuremberg, and had been gained over to the side of the Gospel by that
+sermon. The Duke always remembered this gratefully, and was rejoiced
+that he was now able to call him as first professor of Divinity, to the
+new University of K�nigsberg, in 1544. In his very first disputation,
+held April, 1549, he spoke of _Justification_, but in such a way, that
+it was very evident that he did not stand upon the ground of the
+Evangelical, but rather of the Catholic Church. He explained
+_Justification_ as meaning "to make just," and concluded that man
+becomes just before God by means of the righteousness or holiness
+communicated to him. He also entirely separated repentance from faith.
+When Melanchthon at first heard indistinct rumors of this K�nigsburg
+dispute, he regarded it as a mere battle of words; but he came to a very
+different conclusion when he received further particulars. On the 12th
+of August he wrote to Camerarius concerning Osiander, that he denied all
+imputation. And to a friend in Pomerania: "I do not believe that
+Osiander's controversy is a mere dispute about words, but he differs
+from our Church in a very important matter, and darkens our only
+consolation in true conflicts, or rather destroys it, by teaching us to
+rely upon essential righteousness, and does not lead us to the promise
+which offers us mercy by the obedience of the Mediator." Osiander
+continued to express his views more boldly, and was much displeased with
+those who were constantly appealing to Melanchthon. He said that they
+should no longer offend him by the stupid words: "Our preceptor
+Philippus teaches differently!" The confusion in K�nigsberg increased.
+He now also published his work: "A Confession concerning the only
+mediator Jesus Christ, and Justification." In this he maintains that the
+Redemption, by the death of Christ, has been bestowed upon all men. By
+Justification, man is not only _declared to be righteous_, but he is
+_made righteous_, inasmuch as the essential righteousness of God is
+communicated to him through faith in Jesus Christ. He disregarded the
+human nature of Christ entirely, and laid all stress upon his divinity,
+the righteousness of which enters the heart. He thus continued to adhere
+to his Catholic doctrine of Justification.
+
+On the 1st of May, 1551, Melanchthon wrote a friendly letter to
+Osiander, in which he assures him of his high esteem, and says: "You are
+greatly mistaken if you suspect me of entertaining different feelings."
+He at the same time also, in a supplement, added a few propositions for
+serious examination. But at last, when the views of Osiander seemed to
+be spreading more and more, he in January, 1552, published his
+well-known work: "Reply to the work of Mr. Andrew Osiander concerning
+the justification of man." As this work presents the pure doctrine of
+the Evangelical Church concerning justification, in a clear and calm
+manner, and at the same time also displays the amiable character of
+Melanchthon, it will not be amiss to present some extracts. He says in
+the beginning, that he rejoiced that others had also expressed their
+views in regard to this article; however, he would likewise speak,
+having been called upon to do so, by many distinguished and other
+persons. He would express his opinions in a clear and simple manner, in
+order that those who have been filled with trouble and sorrow by this
+dispute, may see upon what it rests, and what will be for the comfort of
+their souls. He had never intended to depart from Luther's views in this
+very important article. "As for the slanderous attacks of Osiander, in
+which he does me wrong, I will leave these to God, who knoweth the
+hearts of all men, and who is our judge. I have always loved and
+honored him, as every one knows, and I truly wonder whence all this
+bitterness proceeds.... I know that all my writings are too
+insignificant and weak, and therefore I have always submitted them to
+the judgment of our Church." He then proceeds to speak of the _Grace of
+God_ and the _free gifts_, according to Romans v., and says, _Grace_ is
+the forgiveness of Sin, and acceptance of our person with God; but the
+_gift_ is the divine presence in us, by which we are renewed, and find
+comfort and the beginning of life everlasting. These two, Grace and
+Gift, we have by the merits of Christ; and this is not gained by our
+works, but is alone obtained by our faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. This
+faith must ever continue, receive and retain both Grace and Gift, for
+the sake of the Mediator Christ, even though Regeneration has been
+commenced. It is like this, when John says, that _Grace_ and _Truth_
+came through the Lord Jesus Christ. Faith reposes all its confidence in
+the entire Lord Christ, God and man, even as the same Lord Christ God
+and man is Mediator and Redeemer according to both natures. For although
+the human nature alone felt wounds and sufferings, yet the whole Christ
+is Mediator and Redeemer. For this suffering would not have been the
+price, if the Redeemer were not God at the same time. They had at all
+times confessed that we must all undergo a change.
+
+Melanchthon refutes Osiander's objection, by which he asserted that
+nothing had hitherto been said in our churches of the indwelling of God
+in us. He then proceeds and says, that a distinction must be made
+between the righteousness of the saints after the resurrection, and of
+the saints during this life. Although God dwells in the saints, yet our
+nature abounds with great impurity, and sinful defects and desires. Here
+it was needful for the saints to have comfort, and to know how they
+have forgiveness of Sins and Grace. All this is proved by passages of
+Scripture. He says that a principal passage is recorded in Rom. iii.
+"Being justified freely by his grace, through the redemption that is in
+Christ Jesus: whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith
+in his blood." This all refers to the merits of Christ, and cannot be
+referred to the essential righteousness of the Father, the Son, and the
+Holy Ghost. He adds several other clear passages, which all speak of the
+merit of Christ. (Rom. 5, 1 John 1, Hebrews 10, Isaiah 53.) Here there
+is reference to Christ's merit alone, which we apply by faith. And this
+was preached also from the beginning, by the prophets. Osiander is
+mistaken, when he says: "I call that _righteousness_ which makes us do
+right. Here there is no mention of a forgiveness of sins." To this we
+reply: "We call the Lord Christ _righteousness_, by whom we have
+forgiveness of sins, a merciful God, and besides, the presence of God
+within us." In this sense must we regard the Mediator Jesus Christ, God
+and man, and hide ourselves in his wounds. Osiander confounds cause and
+effect. If he objects that this doctrine was calculated to fill men with
+a false security, they would reply: "We must teach the truth, give God
+the honor due to him, rebuke sin, and comfort troubled hearts with true
+comfort, although our hearers are not all alike." He is surprised that
+Osiander rejects this proposition: "Faith is a reliance upon mercy which
+is promised us for the Mediator's sake." "There must be a difference
+between the faith which the devils have, and this faith which accepts
+the promise, and by which the heart obtains comfort and joy." In
+conclusion, he remarks, that he had written all this in haste, and had
+passed by many other points, in order to avoid greater disputes. But he
+did not thus avoid them; for Osiander is said to have remarked, when he
+read Melanchthon's confession, that "he would so bleed Melanchthon, that
+his blood should flow throughout Germany." He subsequently published two
+works, one of which was called "Bleeding of Mr. Philip," and the other
+"Refutation of the groundless and useless answer of Philip Melanchthon."
+These contained slanders after the manner of Flacius. He not only
+attacked Melanchthon, but also the other teachers of Wittenberg, in the
+most violent manner. He particularly reproached them for not ordaining
+or declaring any one a Master or Doctor, unless he solemnly promised to
+teach in accordance with the three Confessions of Faith of the ancient
+Church, and also the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon, in his reply,
+acknowledged this to be the case; but also that it had been introduced
+twenty years before by Luther, Bugenhagen, and Jonas, and was not only
+useful but necessary. But while the conflict was thus waged in the most
+violent manner, Osiander died, very unexpectedly, on the 17th of
+October, 1552. When Melanchthon received the tidings of his death, he
+wrote to Veit Winsheim: "As you see, he had a short pilgrimage. Oh that
+he had made a better use of it! Why was he so enraged against us? Merely
+because we maintain that we must build upon the merits of Christ, and
+not upon our new life. This was the principal point of the whole
+controversy."
+
+Although the principal person was thus removed from the arena, yet the
+conflict did not cease, because his son-in-law FUNCK exerted a great
+influence upon the aged Duke Albert. But when these errors of Osiander
+found adherents and champions in Germany, particularly in Nuremberg,
+they were finally condemned by the Church. They are still haunting
+various places, and find champions in the pulpit and the lecture-room.
+It is nothing less than the spirit of Osiander, to disregard too much
+the sufferings and death of Christ, that is, his humanity in general,
+and to look to the exalted one almost exclusively, and to place the
+sinner's justification before God more in the righteousness and
+holiness, which are communicated to him from thence. As Osiander had
+given prominence to the divine nature of Christ in his office as
+Mediator, another teacher of K�nigsberg fell into the opposite error,
+and wished the humanity of Christ to be regarded alone in the work of
+Redemption and Justification. This was FRANCIS STANKAR, born in Mantua
+in Italy, who had left his native land for the love of the Gospel. He
+had formerly been teaching Hebrew in Krakau, and from thence came to
+K�nigsberg. He here quarreled with Osiander, and resigned his office.
+
+When Melanchthon was asked in regard to his opinion of Stankar's views,
+he declared that Christ is Mediator according to both natures, for not
+only suffering and death, but also victory and intercession were
+necessary attributes of a Mediator. He also published a full opinion in
+reference to this, in the year 1553. Besides these, one LAUTERWALD of
+Hungary, also departed from the doctrine of Justification. He went to
+greater lengths than Osiander, for he taught that Repentance and new
+obedience were necessary to obtain the Grace of God.
+
+But we will leave these disputes here, to look upon the state of affairs
+in the German Empire.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+THE CHANGED ATTITUDE OF THE ELECTOR MAURICE.
+
+
+Pope Paul III., who had caused the Emperor Charles much trouble, died,
+and was succeeded in February, 1550, by Julius III., who owed his
+elevation to the Papal chair to the Emperor, and therefore also proved
+to be more accommodating. His very first step was to transfer the
+Council back again from Bologna to Trent. The Council of the Church was
+to be continued there on May 1st, 1551. When the Emperor opened a new
+Diet at Augsburg, July 26th, 1550, he requested the States to send
+delegates to the Council. At the request of the Elector, Melanchthon had
+written an Opinion, in which he urged the propriety of requesting the
+Emperor to call a Council in Germany; further, that the Pope should not
+be Judge, but subject himself to the Council. Besides this, the articles
+already adopted in Trent should be reconsidered, and these resolutions
+should not depend altogether upon the hostile Archbishops, Bishops, and
+Prelates, but the Evangelical side should also be heard, and assist in
+passing resolutions in accordance with the divine Scriptures. But it
+mattered not whether the Council was called that of Trent or not, if the
+decrees were only "godly." The Opinion also demands a safe conduct to
+and from the place of meeting of the Council. Maurice, by his ambassador
+in Augsburg, declared himself in the spirit of this Opinion. The
+Emperor made the very best promises that the States should find a safe
+conduct and hearing. After this, the Elector summoned Melanchthon,
+Bugenhagen, and Camerarius to Dresden in February, 1551, in order to
+hear their opinions in regard to the Council, and the men who should be
+sent to attend it. It appears that Melanchthon prepared his Opinion in
+Dresden. It again required that the articles should first of all be
+considered over again. That it should be stated, that they did not
+demand any other doctrine than that adhered to in the Churches of
+Misnia. This would be found in the Augsburg Confession, or in the
+Liturgy of the Elector of Brandenburg. The Prince ought to abide by
+this. They were not yet united in Dresden, but Melanchthon soon after
+received orders to prepare a new confession of faith. In May he retired
+to Dessau for a few days, in order to prepare this. He set out with this
+view, that it should be so prepared, that the doctrine of the Church
+might be plainly learned from it, and that it should be delivered in the
+name of the Clergy, and not of the Princes. This is the so-called _Saxon
+Confession_, which is merely a repetition of the Augsburg Confession. He
+communicated a rough draft to the Court, and afterwards added some
+points in regard to Ordination, Examinations, and Church Visitations.
+This Confession throughout breathes a determined spirit, and does not
+endeavor to bring about an agreement with opposing doctrines. It was
+signed by the envoy of the Margrave John, by many Saxon pastors, and
+afterwards also by the deputies of Mansfeld, Strasburg, Pomerania, and
+Anspach. But not a word more was said of the journey of the Saxon Clergy
+to Trent: the whole matter seemed to have been put to rest. In the
+meantime, the Elector Maurice had received orders to subdue the stubborn
+city of Magdeburg; he accepted the Imperial commission, and the city
+defended itself in the powerful siege with great heroism. All
+Protestants anxiously regarded the fate of Magdeburg. Germany began to
+feel the oppressions of the Emperor, and especially of his Spanish
+troops, more and more from day to day. Not only Protestants, but also
+Catholics, were highly incensed; especially, too, because the captive
+Landgrave, Philip, was treated in the most unworthy manner. The
+Protestants were greatly excited against Maurice, for they regarded him
+as the betrayer of his relative, John Frederick, his own father-in-law,
+and the German cause, and also as a denier of the Gospel. And now, to
+crown all, he permitted himself to be employed against faithful
+Magdeburg. Maurice felt this, and as he had for some time been
+dissatisfied with the course of the Emperor, he resolved to separate
+himself from him. In the midst of his victory over the brave Margrave
+John von C�strin, who had come to the assistance of Magdeburg, he, as
+some one says, "went over to the Opinion of the conquered." He entered
+into a secret league with several Protestant princes, and promised to
+confess the Augsburg Confession again, and to risk his land and people
+in defence of this and German liberty. While he was negotiating with
+France to obtain money, and promised the King various German cities, he
+continued the siege of Magdeburg to conceal his real purpose. When
+France entered into an agreement with him, he offered pardon and
+religious protection to the city of Magdeburg, and also received their
+oath of allegiance.
+
+At this time, and also for the purpose of deceiving the Emperor,
+Melanchthon and Maior received orders to depart for Trent. In Nuremburg
+they should expect further orders. But they did not find any particular
+directions how they should act; nothing was said of the manner of their
+journey, of their expenses, or an escort.
+
+Melanchthon wrote to the Electoral Chancellor, MORDEISEN, on the 13th of
+December, 1551: "I was surprised at this unexpected order. But as I do
+not wish to appear disobedient, I will depart for Leipzig to-morrow, and
+thence to you at Dresden, to learn further what you wish me to do,
+although I shall not be able to make this journey without danger at the
+present time, owing to my sorrows and bodily feebleness." He immediately
+carried out this proposed plan of his journey. He did not receive more
+light from the communications of the Electoral counsellors. However, he
+began to understand the Elector's object, and from Misnia he wrote to
+Eber: "Although many find fault with our journey, and I would rather
+enjoy the society and countenances of my family and friends, yet I obey,
+whether they are urging this matter at Court in earnest, or to deceive;
+so that it may not appear that we, as has frequently been said, wish to
+avoid a public meeting, either from fear or wantonness." But when he
+heard that the Elector intended to unite with France in opposing the
+Emperor, he was much concerned, and thus expresses it in a letter to
+Maurice himself, January, 1552: "It is indeed to be deplored that the
+Emperor does not release the Landgrave; but a union with France is
+unadvisable, as it cannot be depended upon. To unite with such persons,
+who were only anxious for disturbances, is sad and discreditable.
+Besides this, your Grace knows that the Emperor is the constituted
+authority, and that God generally observes his law, to overthrow those
+who oppose authorities. The advice given by some, to take advantage of
+the Emperor before he would fall upon us with the execution of the
+Council, was not an argument in favor of war and tumult."
+
+But the Elector seemed really to be in earnest in regard to his
+representation in the Council, and personally addressed a letter to the
+Synod of Trent, in which he names SARCERIUS, PAC�US, and Melanchthon, as
+his deputies. From Leipzig, Melanchthon wrote to Wittenberg, requesting
+those who boarded with his family to seek another place: "For I have a
+long and dangerous journey before me, which the Son of God may direct,
+as I heartily pray he would do. But as the time of my return is
+uncertain, I did not wish to burden my family with too many cares." He
+also bade his hearers an affectionate farewell: "I conjure you to unite
+your prayers with the sighs of all the godly, that the Son of God may be
+pleased to lessen the chastisements which threaten us." And again:
+"Therefore take notice of the divine wrath, and pray that God, in his
+wrath, would not forget mercy, for the sake of his Son. And in order
+that the prayer may be more fervent, let your walk become Christian, and
+your hearts be awakened to repentance, according to the word of the
+Lord: 'Turn ye unto me, and I will turn unto you.'" After saying that
+the Church was dear to the Lord, he closes thus: "May you comfort
+yourselves with this consolation, which in public and private dangers
+shows the haven in which Christian hearts find rest; and in the
+meantime, may you be happy!"
+
+He departed on the 14th of January; and on the 22d of the same month, he
+and his companions, to whom his son-in-law PEUCER had joined himself,
+reached Nuremberg. But it began to be more evident that these envoys
+were merely journeying to Trent in order to deceive. Tidings were
+brought from every quarter, that the Elector was assuming a hostile
+attitude against the Emperor. The envoys remained in Nuremberg without
+any further instructions, and Melanchthon preferred remaining here, to
+going to Trent for the purpose of engaging in fruitless disputations. At
+last, when no further directions came, he resolved to return, and
+arrived in Wittenberg on the 20th of March.
+
+In the meantime, Maurice had given information to the Saxon and Hessian
+Chambers, that it was intended to deliver the imprisoned princes; and
+soon his armies, and those of William of Hesse, and the Margrave Albert,
+departed from Culmbach, and united. While they were entering Augsburg,
+the King of France seized Metz, and called himself the defender of
+German liberty. The Emperor, who was at that time at Innsbruck, had not
+the remotest idea of treachery until he read the declaration of the
+confederate princes, circulated throughout Germany, in which, not
+without reason, too, they accused him of suppressing the freedom of the
+German Empire. As he was without troops and money, and was suffering
+from his old complaint, the gout, he attempted to escape to the
+Netherlands; but Maurice had already seized the narrow pass of
+Ehrenberg, so that the Emperor was compelled to return to Innsbruck.
+When Maurice saw that the Emperor was about to receive aid from various
+quarters, he resolved to storm the pass, and to seize the Emperor in
+Innsbruck. But during the night, Charles fled over the Tyrol to Villach,
+in Carinthia. The day before, he had announced liberty to his captive,
+John Frederick, under this condition, that he would voluntarily follow
+the Imperial Court for a short time longer. Full of joy, the liberated
+prince sang a spiritual song of thanksgiving, and followed the Emperor.
+But the Council of Trent had been scattered like chaff before the wind,
+for they thought that Maurice was coming to disperse them. King
+Ferdinand, who had always been a better friend of the Germans than his
+brother, acted the part of mediator.
+
+A meeting was held in Passau, where the well-known _Treaty of Passau_
+was agreed upon, on the 2d of August, 1552. In this treaty, so important
+to the Protestants, perfect religious freedom is secured to them, and
+they are to receive equal civil rights at the next diet; those who were
+banished received pardon, and the Landgrave Philip was restored to
+liberty. At first the Emperor would not consent to the treaty, but
+finally yielded to the earnest representations of his brother Ferdinand.
+The oppressions hitherto experienced in Germany now ceased; the exiled
+ministers returned, and the Interim had reached its well-deserved end.
+John Frederick and the Landgrave Philip were at liberty again. When the
+latter, who had endured many afflictions, had returned to his dominions,
+he immediately entered a church in Cassel, and for a long time remained
+before the altar engaged in prayer. John Frederick, by his steadfast
+faithfulness and unwavering faith, had extorted the unwilling respect of
+the Emperor; while Maurice had lost it to a considerable degree. When
+some one from Saxony welcomed John Frederick in Nuremberg, he said: "Go
+and tell it in your home that I come without arms, and that I do not
+intend to cause a civil warfare, and shall rather lose the remaining
+portion of my dominions than bring desolation upon the Fatherland."
+
+Melanchthon wrote to MOLLER: "You know, that by the grace of God, Duke
+John Frederick of Saxony is with his wife and children in Thuringia.
+This return without arms is far more glorious than a bloody victory.
+Posterity too will enrol this example among the testimonies that God
+hears the prayers of the godly, and softens our afflictions even in this
+world."
+
+When the old defender of the Faith returned to his own country, he was
+everywhere welcomed in the most joyful and affecting manner. From
+Wittenberg too, a letter of congratulation, written by Melanchthon, was
+sent to their old patron. They express their joy in this: "First of all,
+that God has sustained your Grace in strength of body and soul, in
+Christian comfort and fidelity in your hours of trouble, and that he has
+thus adorned you with many virtues, even as Daniel was preserved among
+the lions. And then also for this praiseworthy and joyful deliverance."
+The letter also refers to the blessings this deliverance will bring upon
+the church, and closes thus: "We pray with all humility, that your Grace
+may be and continue to be our most gracious Lord. For it has always
+been, and is still our intention, with God's grace, to maintain unity in
+Christian doctrine with the churches of these lands, although we have
+been sorely tried, and great confusion ensued, from which, however, God
+delivered us; and we are still engaged in great, heavy, and highly
+important matters."
+
+John Frederick expressed his thanks in a very friendly reply. He says:
+"It is indeed true, that God in mercy has laid upon us a great and
+wearisome affliction, on account of our sins. But as his Omnipotent
+power, by the assistance of his Holy Spirit, has maintained us
+wonderfully in the true confession of his saving word, and has also
+preserved our health, so also has his Almighty power graciously freed us
+from captivity, and restored us to our own dominions again." He
+expresses his regrets that there had been so many disputes and changes
+in the church during this time, and says, that if they had adhered to
+Luther's doctrine, "no alteration by mere human wisdom would have been
+undertaken or permitted."
+
+Melanchthon also expressed his joy at the return of their prince in a
+very hearty Preface to the fourth volume of Luther's works. He says:
+"What greater privilege can be bestowed upon any man, than this grace,
+to spend his life for the glory of God, and the welfare of many of his
+fellow-men? This ornament is infinitely to be preferred above all bloody
+victories and triumphs. May your Highness continue to enjoy health and
+happiness!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES, AND ATTEMPTS TO BRING ABOUT A UNION.
+
+
+We must here revert to a conflict commenced at a former period against
+Melanchthon by Cordatus. We did not conceal the fact that his formula
+that good works are the condition without which we cannot be saved, was
+a bold venture, which could easily be misinterpreted. When he used the
+form of expression in the Leipzig Interim, that good works are necessary
+to salvation, it was expressed indeed in a milder form, but still
+admitted a bad interpretation.
+
+It so came to pass that the aged Amsdorf published a work in 1551, in
+which he accuses GEORGE MAIOR, Melanchthon's friend, in the most severe
+manner, because he had adulterated the doctrine of Justification, by his
+proposition that good works are necessary to salvation. Maior did not
+owe him an answer long; he confessed his adherence to the Evangelical
+doctrine of Justification, but at the same time adhered to his opinion
+that good works are necessary to salvation, because no one could obtain
+salvation by evil works, or without good works. But now Maior was
+attacked from every side, and found it impossible to retain his position
+as General Superintendent at Mansfeld any longer. His opinion was not
+opposed to the doctrine of justification, for he said that good works
+were necessary to salvation, because they must necessarily be produced
+by faith, and because all men were obliged to obey God. But the opposite
+side proved to him, that the formula made use of by him might easily
+lead to misinterpretation, and should not be used, even if it were only
+on account of the Catholics. Melanchthon, of whom we know that he did
+not approve of a form which might easily be misconstrued, advised Maior
+to desist from further disputes, for, he said, you are merely adding
+fire to the flames. Maior was called to a professorship in Wittenberg in
+the autumn of the year 1552. Instead of following Melanchthon's advice,
+and abstaining from his formula for the sake of peace, he continued to
+defend it. Melanchthon himself did not employ this formula any more, and
+at a later period expressed himself against it in a very decided manner;
+although he remarks in another place, that against the Antinomians we
+should always maintain that the beginning of new obedience is necessary,
+because it is a divine and unchangeable arrangement, that a rational
+being must obey God. However, the most extravagant opponents did not
+suffer themselves to be pacified by all these things. Amsdorf was so
+involved in these contradictions, that he published a work, during
+Melanchthon's lifetime, with this title: "That the Proposition, Good
+works are injurious to salvation, is a true, just, and Christian
+proposition, taught and preached by the saints Paul and Luther." If the
+champions had adhered to the word of God and the Confession of the
+Church, and had acted towards each other in a friendly spirit, intent
+upon the honor of God and the discovery of the truth, they would not
+have gone astray in this manner.
+
+Such a spirit should also have been manifested in the so-called
+_Synergistic_ controversy, which caused Melanchthon great trouble. It is
+certain that he was most decidedly opposed to the doctrines of the
+ancient heretic PELAGIUS; for he adhered to the truth expressed in the
+word of God, that the powers of man are so much corrupted by original
+sin, that he must first be awakened by the Holy Ghost before he is able
+to make a beginning, and that he also needs the Holy Ghost as he
+progresses. He teaches that the powers of human nature are greatly
+affected, end unfitted to do good, and he represents the merits of
+Christ as the only foundation of salvation. At the close of his life, in
+reply to the Bavarian articles, he declares in the most positive manner:
+"Sin and death cannot be removed by the free will of man, and man's will
+cannot begin inward obedience without the Son of God, without the
+Gospel, and without the Holy Ghost." Therefore, it cannot be assured or
+proved that he was a _Synergist_, _i. e._, that he taught that in the
+work of repentance, the natural will of man performs one part, and grace
+the other. He was fully convinced that the grace of God alone
+accomplishes what is good in us, and that the will of man merely
+receives. The will of man could thus be active to a certain extent, but
+could not produce the new life. The actual Synergistic controversy did
+not arise until after the Leipzig Interim. In this, Melanchthon had said
+that in the work of repentance, man was not passive like a block or a
+statue. Flacius had repeatedly directed attention to this expression;
+but it was Amsdorf who agitated this controversy towards the close of
+Melanchthon's life. But we will not enter upon a consideration of this,
+because the controversies concerning the freedom of the human will did
+not develop themselves until after the death of our Reformer.
+
+As such differences and disputes arose on every side in the Evangelical
+Church, to its own injury and the joy of the Catholics, several princes,
+especially Maurice and the Landgrave of Saxony, thought it necessary to
+bring about a meeting of the Theologians, in order that these
+controversies might be settled. The Osiandrian difficulties were to be
+disposed of first, as they shook the very foundation of the Evangelical
+Church. The meeting was to be held in Erfurt, June, 1553; but
+Melanchthon did not expect any good from this, and freely declared his
+opinion that such conferences produced no good effects, as Gregory of
+Nazianzen had declared, "that he had not seen any Synods in his own day
+which did not cause greater dissension than existed before." He also
+said that there was no Theologian now who was able to restrain the
+others, as Luther had done in former days. That they ought to adhere to
+the Confession, on account of the Diet which should soon assemble. If
+the Emperor should insist upon the Interim, they should explain to him
+why they could not accept it. The Landgrave also entertained the same
+views.
+
+This plan, which had been projected by Maurice, was postponed by a
+terrible disaster which fell upon him. The Margrave Albert continued to
+disturb the public peace by predatory excursions, which were especially
+directed against the monasteries of Franconia. Maurice therefore united
+with King Ferdinand, and Duke Henry, of Brunswick, to suppress this
+disturber. But when Albert heard of this design, he endeavored to
+anticipate them, and fell upon Lower Saxony. On the 9th of July, 1553, a
+battle was fought at Sievershausen. Maurice was victorious, but paid
+dearly for it, for he received a gun-shot wound in the battle, which
+caused his death two days afterwards. His last words were, "God will
+come!" He was succeeded by his brother AUGUSTUS, who restored the
+Misnian Lands in Thuringia and Franconia to the aged John Frederick. He
+was a sincere man, devotedly attached to Evangelical truth, and enjoying
+the full confidence of his subjects. Already, in the month of August, he
+came to Wittenberg, and Melanchthon rejoiced to hear the most
+encouraging promises from his own lips.
+
+He confirmed the foundations which had been assigned for the support of
+the University by his brother Maurice. He also earnestly wished that the
+Theologians, who were not affording a very edifying and commendable
+example by their continued disputes, might become reconciled among
+themselves. This wish was shared by the pious Duke CHRISTOPHER, of
+Wurtemberg; and he proposed a conference of the ministers at Weimar, in
+order that they might discuss these points of difference. It was agreed
+upon to hold a Synod at Naumburg. We have already heard that Melanchthon
+dreaded such a conference, because he believed it would only make
+matters worse. On the 17th of April, he wrote to a friend: "The Court
+orders us to go to Naumburg, whither, as they write to us, the Swabian
+and Hessian pastors will also come. Although they have been warned by so
+many examples, that synods and hypocritical unions are productive of
+great evils, yet they have ordered us to hold synods again." However, he
+also wrote to Maienburg, May 11th: "Although the Synod of Naumburg,
+which I always objected to, will meet, I must nevertheless attend it."
+He went, accompanied by Forster and Camerarius, and reached Naumburg May
+20th, 1554. The Hessian delegates, and the well-known Sleidanus, of
+Strasburg, arrived on the following day, and Pac�us and Salmuth, of
+Leipzig, on the 23d of May.
+
+Although Melanchthon at first entertained the greatest fears, because he
+expected those two violent champions, Gallus and Flacius, whom he called
+the two sons of Polyphemus, he now wrote to his son-in-law Peucer, as
+early as May 23d: "To-day we shall, with the help of God, deliberate in
+a friendly manner, and I hope that no disputes will arise among us. We
+shall not expect any other Theologians, if they do not arrive here
+within three days." The princes wished the Theologians to agree upon the
+answer to be given to the Emperor, at the next Diet. In a declaration,
+prepared by Melanchthon, the Theologians frankly say: "If his Imperial
+Majesty should wish us to adopt again the Papal doctrine, which we
+condemn, and the Interim also, we shall, by the grace of God, clearly
+and positively refuse to do so."
+
+They continued to say, that Protestants should abide by the Confession
+delivered in Augsburg in 1530, because it contains "the only eternal
+agreement of the divine Scriptures, and the true catholic Church of
+Christ." Also, that the confession of Brentius, and that of Saxony,
+fully coincided with this. The Theologians also expressed themselves
+against the errors of SCHWENKFELD and OSIANDER. Schwenkfeld, like all
+fanatics of ancient and modern days, disregarded the written word of
+God, and thought that God revealed himself to man without this. He also
+showed his perversion by other objections, which he raised against the
+Evangelical Church. They therefore say: "Therefore we unanimously reject
+the before-mentioned errors, and all the lies of Schwenkfeld." One of
+the greatest errors of Osiander is his declaration, "that man is not
+just on account of the obedience of Christ, but on account of the Deity
+if it dwells in man." They maintain the Evangelical doctrine against
+these Osiandrian heresies, in a very conclusive manner. In speaking of
+_Ceremonies_, they insist upon unity in doctrine and in the sacraments.
+They reject the mass without communicants. They allow private
+confession, "but no one is to be burdened by an enumeration of his
+sins." They wish holidays to be observed, and require uniformity in
+this. They oppose the reintroduction of Latin hymns, of the garments
+used in the mass, of vestments, and other ceremonies, "because it would
+give rise to new dissensions and ruptures." The authorities, and
+sensible Pastors, would know how to make a distinction between
+essentials and non-essentials, and how to avoid all offence. Attention
+should be paid to studies, ordination, consistories, and visitations,
+all which matters had formerly been disregarded by the Bishops. As the
+Bishops are persecutors of the pure doctrine, ordination cannot possibly
+be given into their hands. The authorities are bound to see to it, that
+the pure doctrine is preached in the churches, and that the consistories
+would discharge their duties, in punishing vice and maintaining
+discipline and harmony. Melanchthon was highly pleased with the harmony
+among the Theologians at Naumburg; yet he did not conceal the fact from
+himself, that his opponents would also raise a great outcry against the
+resolutions of Naumburg. The Theologians of Wurtemberg had only
+proceeded as far as Erfurt, for they had been expected for several days
+in Naumburg, but in vain. On the 28th of May, Melanchthon wrote to
+STRIGEL: "If the Swabians do not arrive to-day, as I believe they will
+not, we shall adjourn to-morrow, God willing." He returned to
+Wittenberg, as he had stated. Duke Christopher, however, was highly
+pleased with the resolutions of Naumburg.
+
+During Melanchthon's stay in Dresden, February, 1555, where he was
+giving his opinion in regard to a visitation of the churches, the diet
+of Augsburg had been opened on the 5th of February. The Emperor had
+become completely disgusted with German affairs, particularly since the
+revolt of Maurice, and he now left the direction of this diet, promised
+in the treaty of Passau, to his brother Ferdinand. This diet witnessed
+many disputes, especially urged by the Pope's nuncio. But fortunately
+Pope Julius III. died about this time, and the nuncio was obliged to
+return to Rome. Now one principal difficulty was removed, and they at
+last, in the month of September, 1555, agreed upon the _Religious peace
+of Augsburg_, which was highly advantageous to the Protestants. For they
+not only obtained liberty of conscience in religion, but full civil
+equality with the Catholics, and remained in the possession of the
+ecclesiastical property which had been confiscated. But one unjust
+resolution was also carried, that if a Catholic sovereign should wish to
+become a Protestant at any future time, he should not indeed be
+personally molested on this account, but should forfeit his office and
+rank. Although the Protestants yielded very reluctantly, the decrees of
+the diet were of the utmost value to them, for they secured a lasting
+peace, and they no longer needed to care for the condemnations of a
+General Council. Melanchthon wrote: "I look upon the peaceful conclusion
+of the Diet of Augsburg as one of the favors of God, and we must beseech
+the Son of God to continue to guide us in future."
+
+While the Evangelical Church was thus celebrating outward triumphs, and
+securing a firm position for herself, enemies were raging in her own
+bosom, who undoubtedly retarded her development. They were contending
+about a doctrine which is as plainly founded in the word of God, as it
+is of great comfort to the heart. It is the doctrine that not only the
+earthly elements of bread and wine, but also the true body and blood of
+Christ are distributed in the holy sacrament of the Lord's Supper. As a
+middle path between the doctrine of Transubstantiation on the one hand,
+and the one-sided doctrine of the Reformed, that we receive nothing but
+bread and wine in memory of the Lord, on the other, it was objectionable
+to the Catholics and the Reformed. Luther has triumphantly vindicated
+this consoling doctrine in his writings.
+
+But now there arose another man with a doctrine somewhat different,
+which was adopted by many. This was the sagacious, learned, and pious
+JOHN CALVIN, who was born in the year 1509. The Lutherans had hitherto
+regarded him as belonging to their own party, especially since he had
+been teaching with Bucer and Capito in Strasburg. When he had returned
+to Geneva in 1541, from which city he had been banished before, and had
+there built up the Evangelical Church with great zeal, he wrote a
+Confession in regard to the Lord's Supper, in the year 1549. The
+Zurichers had formerly suspected him of being a Lutheran, but now all
+their doubts vanished, and they could call him their own, and harmony
+was completely restored between German and French Switzerland. But that
+which produced harmony in Switzerland caused dissensions in Germany,
+although not immediately. Here they had enough to dispute in regard to
+the so-called indifferent things, (Adiaphora,) and the heresies of
+Osiander.
+
+In the year 1552, a pastor in Hamburg, named JOACHIM WESTPHAL,
+published a work in which he proved that the Reformed had given no less
+than eight-and-twenty explanations of the words of institution in the
+Lord's Supper, from the time of Zwingli to that of Calvin. In the
+following year he published a work against Calvin, entitled: "The true
+faith in regard to the Lord's Supper." This publication began to arouse
+the zeal of the Lutherans against Calvin and his friends, which was
+still more inflamed by one JOHN VON LASCO, who, together with a band of
+French and Dutch Protestants, had been banished from England by that
+severe Romanist, Queen MARY. He had confessed himself a follower of
+Calvin, and therefore could not find a resting-place for himself and his
+friends, either in Denmark or Germany. They were denounced from the
+pulpits in every quarter. Calvin now published a work defending them and
+his doctrine. He declared that, according to his doctrine, the Lord's
+Supper was no empty ceremony, even though he did not believe in a
+participation of the body and blood of Christ, in and under the bread
+and wine. Westphal and JOHN TIMANN, pastor in Bremen, arrayed themselves
+against Calvin; who, assisted by Bullinger of Zurich, and Lasco, soon
+published a refutation. Most of the cities of Lower Saxony sided with
+Westphal. The fire spread on every side, and Schnepf of Jena, Alber in
+Mecklenburg, and Eitzen in Hamburg, attacked Calvin in the most violent
+manner, who finally maintained an utter silence.
+
+Calvin represented his own doctrine as a mediation between the Lutherans
+and the Reformed. It did not teach an imaginary, but a real
+participation of the body and blood of Christ, yet not with the mouth,
+and it also opposes the view of an Omnipresence of Christ according to
+his human nature. The fulness of the Godhead has entered into the body
+of Christ, and from this body the Lord fills his people spiritually,
+with a secret and mysterious power of life, whenever they receive the
+bread and wine. This participation only refers to believers, although it
+is also offered to unbelievers. So Calvin regarded the matter; but what
+did Melanchthon say to all this? He did not express himself positively
+in regard to either side, doubtless because he did not wish to pour
+fresh oil into the fire. Yet he was provoked and driven to a decided
+declaration of his sentiments by both sides. Gallus and Westphal
+published a collection of declarations taken from his former writings,
+by which they proved him to be on their side, and that he had at least
+not thought as the Sacramentarians did, as long as Luther was alive.
+Calvin also endeavored to lead him to declare himself, by stating that
+he understood the Augsburg Confession precisely as it was understood by
+its author, and that in this matter he could as little be separated from
+Philippus as from his own heart. We may admit, without hesitation, that
+Melanchthon agreed more with Calvin than with the stricter teachers of
+the Lutheran Church; but he did not wish to begin a conflict while he
+was the subject of a government which strictly adhered to Luther's
+doctrine. He wrote to HARDENBERG in the beginning of 1556, that if his
+life should be spared he would reply in a place where the courts could
+not hinder him; and to his friend MORDEISEN at the Saxon court, who
+reproached him on account of his bashfulness, he wrote: "I am certain
+that your court will not suffer a defence of the truth in this article."
+He therefore continued to adhere to the method of teaching he had
+pursued hitherto. He always spoke of a presence of Christ in the Lord's
+Supper, but never of a bodily presence of his body and blood.
+
+Some of the princes now again, as on former occasions, thought of
+bringing about a reconciliation between the contending parties. As we
+have already heard, Duke CHRISTOPHER of Wurtemberg was the most
+prominent among them, for he made repeated attempts to induce the
+princes and Theologians to hold a meeting, where the points of
+difference might be discussed, and harmony restored. But his advances
+met no response, if we except the aged Elector of the Palatinate,
+FREDERICK. "I also wish," Melanchthon writes, "that learned and
+well-meaning men might negotiate in peace concerning certain contested
+points."
+
+It appeared that the Theologians of Weimar were particularly opposed to
+any union or compromise. These held a separate meeting in Weimar,
+January, 1556, in which they declared that they would not unite with
+those of Wittenberg, until they would pledge themselves unequivocally to
+the Augsburg Confession, and would drop all Zwinglianism and Synergism.
+They would faithfully abide by Luther's doctrine concerning the Lord's
+Supper and free will.
+
+Amsdorf, Schnepf, Strigel, Stolz, Aurifaber, and delegates from the
+Palatinate and Wurtemberg, attended this meeting. Melanchthon called
+this Synod the _Flacian Synod_, because he well knew that Flacius
+exerted a great influence upon it. He expresses his regrets in regard to
+this, in a letter to Camerarius, February 7th: "This sad dissension
+troubles me so much, that I wish to leave this world; and I see that I
+am not far distant from my journey's end."
+
+But something occurred in the summer of the year 1556, which he perhaps
+expected least of all. Flacius endeavored to bring about a
+reconciliation with his former teacher. He was at that time residing in
+Magdeburg, and had prepared a few "mild propositions to bring about a
+godly, needful, and peaceful reconciliation between the Theologians of
+Wittenberg and Leipzig, and others who have written against them," which
+he had sent to Paul Eber, that he might deliver them to Melanchthon. In
+the eleventh article he said, "If any persons shall teach and spread
+errors which are injurious to religion and conscience, either publicly
+or secretly, we will avoid such as a curse, and will not acknowledge
+them as brethren, or receive them into fellowship, until they have
+condemned and publicly renounced their errors. For such wounds in the
+church cannot be healed or endured silently." It was principally owing
+to this article that Eber did not present these propositions.
+
+About this time the French scholar, HUBERT LANGUENTIUS, who had long
+been one of Melanchthon's most intimate friends, arrived in Magdeburg.
+They were anxious to employ him as mediator. An interview with
+Melanchthon should take place in the little town of Coswig, and Flacius
+promised to employ mild and peaceful expressions. Although Melanchthon
+at first intended to accept the offer, he was afterwards induced to
+change his opinion, and, on the 15th of July, wrote to his friend
+Languentius: "I have for a long time been anxious for a conference with
+pious and learned men, for the glory of God and the general good; but
+what would be the use of an interview with such unlearned, raging, and
+malicious persons as Stolz, Gallus, and Aurifaber." "A sweet friendship
+and intimacy subsisted between Flacius and myself in former days, and I
+should like to discuss the whole system of doctrine with him. But he has
+circulated matters about me which I never uttered, and which never
+entered into my thoughts. Therefore, I fear treacherous intentions in
+all this. Oh! that he would act towards me with the same sincerity with
+which I should wish to approach him! But not one of my friends is
+willing to be present at such an interview, and they do not consider it
+advisable for me to meet him alone. I am not concerned if others are
+pleased to seek power and influence. The Son of God will judge the life
+and sentiments of every one, and he knows that I am only anxious to
+glorify the truth, to add to God's honor, and to promote the good of the
+Church." On the 21st of July, Flacius expressed his regrets concerning
+this reply in a letter to Languentius, and even wrote to Melanchthon,
+justifying himself, and assuring him that he had no reason to complain
+of him. Melanchthon replied on the 4th of September: "You recapitulate
+your kindnesses towards me, and state that you did not publish a letter
+written to Taupolus. I never wrote a syllable to him. In Augsburg, I
+paid a visit to this Venetian ambassador, at the request of the Elector,
+and spoke with him of the cause of the Reformation. I do not recollect
+all the words of that conversation. For I did not think then that I
+would be called to an account after the expiration of twenty-six years."
+Others had concocted a letter from this, with which R�rer had already
+reproached him, and which had been sent by the Margrave John. "You have
+also published the Leipzig Interim in a mutilated manner, and with
+notes. What induced you to attack an old friend, who loved you
+sincerely, with such weapons? I ought not to be reproached with what I
+never did; I am willing to confess all I have done. When the Augsburg
+Interim appeared, and reached our country, I at first advised that the
+churches should not be disturbed by any alterations whatever." He goes
+on to say, that he had many disputes with the courtiers, until the
+Elector declared that he did not wish a change of doctrine, but only
+uniformity in outward ceremonies on festival days, in lections, and
+dress. "This the people afterwards called Adiaphora. I knew that the
+smallest changes would displease the people. But as doctrine was
+untouched, I wished our friends rather to be willing to endure this
+servitude, than to relinquish the service of the Gospel, and I confess
+that I also gave this counsel to the Franconians. This I have done, but
+I never changed the doctrine of the Confession. After this, you began to
+enter your protest, but I yielded, and did not dispute. You are
+perfectly welcome to bear off the victory, for I yield, and do not
+contend about these ceremonies: and wish, with all my heart, that a
+pleasant harmony might prevail throughout the Churches. I also
+acknowledge that I erred in this matter, and pray God to forgive me that
+I did not fly far away from those treacherous deliberations. I shall
+refute all with which you and Gallus unjustly reproach me." In regard to
+Maior's proposition, that good works are necessary to salvation, he had
+exhorted him to explain his meaning, and to drop this form of
+expression. That he himself did not use this expression, and merely
+opposed the Antinomians by declaring: "New obedience is necessary,
+because it is a necessary law that the creature should obey the Creator.
+I do not believe that we really oppose each other in this question." In
+regard to the propositions for peace, he believed it would be best if
+they should be prepared by impartial judges. There must be _one_
+confession in doctrine, "and as we do not contend about ceremonies, but
+rather confess that we yield in these, do not any longer accuse us, and
+do not heap false charges upon us. Let us unite, with mutual good will,
+and by one confession, against the fearful fury of the enemies of the
+Son of God, who is not only blasphemed by the Papists, but also by many
+others." But Flacius was not satisfied with this answer, and believed
+that it was necessary to have the matter decided by umpires.
+
+On the 17th of January, 1557, the Superintendents Curtius of L�beck,
+Paul von Eitzen of Hamburg, M�rlin of Brunswick, and Hennig of L�neburg,
+met in Magdeburg, and pledged themselves to adhere to a confession which
+had been published in the year 1550, against the Interim, and which bore
+the title: "Confession, Instruction, and Admonition of the pastors and
+preachers of the Christian congregations of Magdeburg." Flacius, and his
+friends Wigand, Judex, and Baumg�rtner, remained in the little town of
+Coswig, which was not far off, and exhorted the Superintendents, who had
+proceeded to Wittenberg with terms of agreement, that they should take a
+determined stand. On the morning of the 21st of January, the
+negotiations were begun in Melanchthon's residence. He addressed them in
+the most cordial manner, and assured them that he was desirous of peace,
+and had therefore remained silent. "I take a box on the ears, and still
+remain silent, while Flacius and Gallus do not stop their abuses." He
+agreed to accept the umpires, and M�rlin presented eight articles to
+him, which had been prepared at Brunswick, with this condition, that
+either side shall have the privilege to add to or take away from them
+what they pleased. The eight articles were as follows: 1. Unity of
+doctrine is to be restored, in accordance with the Augsburg Confession
+and the Smalkald articles. 2. All opposing errors of the Papists,
+Interimists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentarians, were to be rejected. 3.
+All corruptions, and especially that concerning the necessity of good
+works to salvation, in the article on Justification, which oppose true
+apostolical doctrine and the Augsburg Confession, were to be put away
+and condemned. 4. The Saxon Churches are not able to depart from the
+Confession which they published during the last persecution. 5. No
+agreement in ceremonies should be entered into with the Papists until
+they agree with us in doctrine, and cease to persecute the true
+doctrine. 6. In the time of persecution a sincere Confession should be
+made, and no servitude opposed to Christian liberty should be permitted.
+7. We also, in a most Christian manner, beseech our teacher to testify,
+by a public writing, that his views in regard to indifferent matters,
+and the necessity of good works to salvation, agree with the Confessions
+of our Churches; and 8. If one of the parties should be suspected of
+secretly adhering to some errors, an explanation should be required."
+
+Melanchthon was at first highly displeased with these articles, but on
+the following day he replied as follows: "For thirty years I have
+labored not a little in these churches, in teaching, developing truths,
+in daily judgments, conferences, and in treacherous conflicts. And it
+would have been very becoming in you to spare and pity me. But now, that
+which the worthy Jacob Sturm prophesied to me has come to pass; for when
+he, together with some other friends, accompanied me a part of the way
+when I left Ratisbon, and I said to him, that we would not see each
+other again in this world, he replied: 'We shall still come to you some
+day to crucify you.' Articles are laid before me, in which I am not only
+required to strangle myself, but very many of my friends. You spare
+Flacius. You know yourselves what intimate friendship subsisted between
+some of you and myself. And on this account, I am so much the more
+surprised to see you treat me so harshly. If I do not agree to your
+articles, you will excite your party against me; but if I do agree,
+many in our churches will complain of me that I have given them cause
+for offence. There is, consequently, danger on both sides, and it would
+have been better to negotiate with many concerning this." He agreed to
+the first two articles; but to the third he wished to add, that,
+although new obedience is needful according to the law of God, and
+Christ did not suffer in order that we should abide in sin and death,
+yet the expression, good works are necessary to salvation, should not be
+employed. His writings were opened to the eyes of the whole world. "I
+accept the fourth, fifth, and sixth articles, although they accuse us
+very much, as I would rather receive a blow than oppose harmony. As far
+as the seventh article is concerned, there is no necessity for a new
+publication, for every one is able to learn from my writings what I
+think of indifferent things." He concluded by entreating them not to
+oppose him at once, and that they should follow their own judgment
+rather than Flacius. Flacius was not satisfied with this reply, which
+was brought to Coswig by the mediators, and they returned to Wittenberg
+with several additions to the articles.
+
+Melanchthon thanked them for their trouble, and said that he hoped they
+had now learned to know him as a man inclined to peace. "I shall, with
+God's help, abide by the general Confession of these churches, and shall
+not sow discord. I have always honored you as pious teachers of the
+Church, and I love you with all my heart. I replied to the articles you
+laid before me, so that I might not appear anxious to fly from the
+light, and unwilling to bring about harmony. And this shall be my last
+answer. If you are not satisfied with it, I appeal to the judgment of
+the Church." He adhered to his previous declaration, merely in other
+words. The mediators departed, without having effected their object; but
+Flacius would not yield. This conflict between Melanchthon and Flacius
+had also attracted the attention of Duke JOHN ALBERT, of Mecklenburg;
+and he felt himself called upon to attempt to bring about a
+reconciliation. He therefore sent VENETUS, of Rostock, and his
+counsellor, MYLIUS, to Wittenberg, with proposals of peace. These
+proposals were composed in the spirit of those of Magdeburg. When the
+envoys arrived in Wittenberg, about February 20th, they did not meet
+Philip, who was then on a journey to Dessau and Leipzig. When he had
+returned, heard their wishes, and saw the proposals, he replied very
+briefly, that Flacius entertained many errors; that the prince was
+ungracious; they sought to ruin him (Melanchthon); and that he would not
+condemn any of those who had been present at the debates concerning
+indifferent things, who are now dead. He expressed himself to this
+effect, and promised to present his reply on the following day. He
+retained the propositions, and examined them carefully.
+
+On the following day he came, accompanied by his son-in-law Peucer. His
+answer was a very short one; and when the envoys requested him to
+prepare better propositions, he refused to do so, in a passionate
+manner, and said: "If you wish to crush me, do so; for this is the
+general lot of peace-makers. I commend myself to God." And Peucer also
+added: "You shall not in future trouble my father-in-law any more with
+such disputes." And with this they were dismissed. The envoys returned
+to Magdeburg, without having gained their purpose, in order to consult
+with Flacius and Wigand. Flacius was called to Jena in April, 1557,
+where the Gymnasium had been raised into an University.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+THE RELIGIOUS CONFERENCE AT WORMS.
+
+
+In the spring of 1557, he would have had an excellent opportunity to get
+rid of the Flacians, for the Elector of the Palatinate called him to the
+University of Heidelberg. "However, I have not yet come to any
+conclusion in regard to my removal," he wrote to Languentius from
+Leipzig, "because I must first learn the sentiments of the Court." He
+wrote to Camerarius: "I wrote this letter on the 31st of March, on which
+day, 420 years after Christ, Jerome died in his 91st year, in the town
+of Bethlehem, whither he had fled from the rage of his intriguing
+enemies. I would already have fled to those solitudes, if I had no
+family." But the Court would not permit him to go, and he remained. He
+was very much afraid of a journey to Denmark, whither the Elector wished
+to take him, because the king intended to assemble a number of
+Theologians, to discuss the sacramental controversy. Some one had told
+his father, 60 years before, that Philip would be shipwrecked on the
+Baltic Sea, and this sea he was now to cross. But no doubt he also
+dreaded a Conference where the subject of the Lord's Supper was to be
+discussed. A pastor of that place had spilt some wine, of which
+Melanchthon sarcastically remarked, "What a misfortune!" However, this
+journey was not undertaken; but another took its place. He wrote to
+Camerarius: "The Court would now prefer it, if I should go to the Rhine.
+But we shall remain here until new letters from Court order us to go,
+which is not at all disagreeable to me, because I look upon my stay here
+as a blessing." At last the orders arrived. He bade his hearers farewell
+on the 14th of August, in the following words: "I will not deliver any
+lectures to-day, because many poor students ask for letters of
+recommendation about the time of our departure. But I beseech the Son of
+God, our Lord Jesus Christ, who has said, 'I am the vine, ye are the
+branches,' that he would guide us. And I also conjure you, for the
+Lord's sake, to commend yourselves and us to him in devout prayers, and
+that you may become an ornament of the Church by your becoming conduct."
+
+Accompanied by his son-in-law Peucer, by Eber, and several others, he
+departed for Worms. They travelled by way of Schulpforte and Erfurt, to
+Frankfort. They arrived there on the 26th of August, and here learned,
+to their great sorrow, that Schnepf, Strigel, St�ssel, and the
+Counsellor Monner, of Weimar, were earnestly engaged in Worms, in urging
+a condemnation of all the errors which had been introduced. They
+intended this for Melanchthon particularly. He at this time wrote to
+Camerarius: "Many sorrows are troubling me, partly the cruelty of my
+foes, and also the misfortunes of my son, who, although he is still
+alive, is suffering great bodily and mental debility." On the 28th of
+August, they arrived in Worms. The Theologians were filled with joy when
+they again beheld the countenance of the aged and venerable Melanchthon.
+One of his enemies, the before-mentioned Monner, thus wrote to Flacius
+about this: "All our Theologians here received him in the most honorable
+manner, and adore him almost like a deity. When we came out of Church
+three days ago, all greeted him as their instructor, but I stood aloof.
+When he saw me, he said, rather coldly, 'Doctor!' and slightly touched
+my hand. He immediately turned away from me, and departed to his
+lodgings, accompanied by a large number of persons. I and Martin St�ssel
+immediately went to our own. His heart seems to be entirely estranged
+from me. But I do not care the least for this, and I believe that we
+should not seek the friendship of persons who pollute the pure doctrine,
+yea, I rather believe we should fly from them, in obedience to the
+passage: 'If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine,
+receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed.'"
+
+This Basilius Monner, together with his Weimarian friends, endeavored to
+persuade the Theologians to condemn Adiaphorism, Maiorism, Osiandrism,
+and Zwinglianism, before the opening of the Religious Conference. "For,"
+as Eber wrote, "these, in their judgment, are the only heresies in
+Europe which ought to be destroyed root and branch." Flacius, by his
+letters, also incited his Weimarian friends to insist upon this. Besides
+this, their instructions required the same. On the 5th of September, the
+Theologians of the Augsburg Confession met, for the first time, in the
+town-hall. Here Monner rose up, and declared that their instructions
+enjoined it upon him and his colleagues to insist, first of all, upon a
+condemnation of errors, so that they could then oppose the Papists even
+as one man. Schnepf also arose, and declared that if this should not be
+done, they would not have anything further to do with the Conference.
+But let us hear what Melanchthon says of this, in a letter to Prince
+Joachim, of Anhalt, of September 6th: "The first act was an accusation
+against myself, taken almost word for word from the libels of Flacius,
+and brought forward by Schnepf. I briefly replied to them, that we all
+agreed in doctrine, because we all adopted the Augsburg Confession,
+together with its Apology, and Luther's Confession, which he wrote prior
+to the Council of Mantua. I also spoke a little of my views, that I
+believed it would be better to retain the order of festivals, and other
+usages, which were not sinful in themselves, than to leave the churches;
+I appealed to the opinions of the other persons who were present, and
+added, that it would give me very great pleasure if I would be entirely
+excluded from the deliberations of this Conference. The envoys of the
+princes fully agreed with me, and admonished the accusers to lay their
+private disputes to one side, and to unite in a general deliberation how
+the enemy should be refuted. This was done yesterday. I do not know, as
+yet, what my accusers propose to do further. I bear these calumnies with
+equanimity. I wrote the Confession and the Apology, which they
+constantly quote; and now they are debating how they shall get rid of
+their author. However, I trust that, with God's help, I have been able
+to be of some use to students. I would much rather always engage in this
+work, than quarrel in such conferences, in which I have witnessed and
+experienced many deplorable conflicts."
+
+The majority insisted upon leaving particular condemnations for the
+present, until the articles referred to should come up during the
+regular course of debate. The protestation of the Weimarians was not
+entered upon the minutes, but they succeeded in having it received as
+their personal conviction, by the envoys of the princes. JULIUS VON
+PFLUG was elected President of the Conference, and called the speakers
+of both sides together on the 11th of September, to open the discussion.
+Melanchthon wrote: "According to the custom of orators, he spoke of the
+evils produced by discord, in his address. Sidonius replied, and I
+succeeded him. I mentioned some reasons why we were obliged to differ
+from our opponents. Our friends are all one in their Confession. The
+Weimarians, and they alone, had demanded some condemnations."
+
+But soon violent contentions arose, especially in regard to the source
+of knowledge. The Catholics insisted upon the continual agreement of the
+Church, but the Protestants would not suffer any other authority than
+the Bible and the most ancient confessions. Original Sin elicited a
+still more excited debate. The cunning Bishop Sidonius of Merseburg made
+these contentions a desirable excuse for breaking up the conference. He
+knew the two Protestant parties, and imitated those, as Melanchthon
+says, who wish to drive the bees from their hives: smoke is blown in for
+this purpose. "So they are seeking plans to divide us, and to break up
+the conference. I have observed all along that our opponents neither
+desire the truth nor union." This was written to Matthesius, September
+29th.
+
+On the 2d of October, he made the following report to the Elector
+Augustus: "By the grace of God, our side made a very good beginning. But
+afterwards the cunning Papists insisted upon knowing whether we were all
+of one and the same opinion. I replied repeatedly in the public
+assemblies, that we all agreed in the Confession. But now the Weimarians
+presented their condemnations, and because they saw that they could not
+keep pace with the other Protestants, they departed in the beginning of
+October, declaring that they had been excluded from the Conference. The
+other Theologians wished to continue, while the Catholics rejoiced at
+this rupture, and said that they did not know who were the true
+adherents of the Augsburg Confession. The President Pflug postponed the
+sessions until the King should decide the matter." He wrote to
+Matthesius, October 3d: "I very much doubt whether this debate, which
+has been commenced between us and our opponents, will be continued.
+Everything seems to be arranged in such a manner on both sides, that the
+whole matter will be brought to a conclusion. I earnestly long for the
+society of my family, and would rather repeat prayers with my beloved
+sons and daughters than continue to contend with these venomous
+sophists. However, I shall not leave here until we are officially
+dismissed."
+
+While Melanchthon was thus expressing so great a desire to behold his
+family, a change was about to take place in his house at Wittenberg,
+which caused him great sorrow and many bitter tears. His wife was taken
+ill on the 27th of September. She had a presentiment of her approaching
+end, received the Lord's Supper, and as she was now confined to her bed,
+prayed to God that he might grant her patience. And this her prayer was
+heard. Not a word of impatience passed her lips, and it was easy to see
+that she was perfectly prepared to die. An old account says: "In such
+obedience to God, and with frequent prayer to the Son of God, she fell
+asleep in Christ; and so peacefully, that those present could scarcely
+perceive the moment of her death." She died at three o'clock in the
+morning of the 11th of October. At the time of her death, Melanchthon
+was in Heidelberg, whither he had been called by the Elector Otto Henry,
+in order to assist Micyllus in improving the University of that place.
+He spent some very happy days here, as he was not only receiving
+honorable attentions from the Prince and the learned, but also enjoyed
+the opportunity of embracing his beloved brother George. And now his
+friend Camerarius also arrived. He saw his happiness, but had come to
+disturb it; for he had been commissioned by the University of
+Wittenberg to bear the sad tidings to Melanchthon. While they were
+walking in the garden of the Elector on the following morning,
+Camerarius discharged this melancholy duty. Melanchthon heard him
+calmly, raised his eyes to heaven, and exclaimed: "Fare thee well, I
+will soon follow thee!" And he then began to speak of the troubles of
+the Church, and the troubled times that were to be expected; but his
+sorrow for the loss of his wife would still return. He wrote an
+affectionate letter to his nephew Sigismund, who was staying at
+Wittenberg at the time, in which he expresses his anguish at the
+departure of his beloved wife, and calls upon him to act the part of a
+father in his family. To the letter of sympathy from the University,
+which Camerarius had brought, he replied on the 31st of October: "That
+he was seeking all possible grounds for consolation; but notwithstanding
+all this, my love to her and her daughters always comes upon me again
+with such force that I am almost overcome." He returns his hearty thanks
+for the attentions of the University, and closes thus: "If I am to live
+any longer, I would not wish to live in any place but with you, whose
+virtues, sincerity, and faithfulness I value so highly. And I also love
+our well-deserving University, which God has hitherto protected against
+wicked attacks and the rage of cunning men. I call upon him to guide and
+protect it for ever."
+
+He returned to Worms, and remained through the greater part of November,
+without being particularly engaged. He wrote to Hardenberg on the 14th
+of November that he had very little to write about, "because, after our
+colleagues departed, leaving their condemnations behind them, our
+enemies felt themselves obliged to embrace this opportunity for
+breaking off the conferences. On this account there are no meetings at
+the present time. You no doubt hear that the whole of Saxony is
+celebrating triumphs, because of the beautiful condemnations which
+emanate from the judgment-seat of Amsdorf. I pray God to deliver me from
+those sophists." He also wrote to his friend Mordeisen: "If you will
+permit me to live in another place, I shall reply truly and effectually
+to those ignorant intriguers, and for the good of the church. If the
+discussion of doctrine is to be continued, I hope that a truly Christian
+harmony will prevail among our colleagues who are still present."
+
+During this time, and at the instance of the Elector Frederick and Duke
+Christopher, he prepared a formula, in which he shows himself to be very
+yielding. He in this expresses himself against the fanatics, Servetus,
+Schwenkfeld, and the Anabaptists, in the strongest terms. In the article
+on justification he adhered to the word "_alone_," in retaining the
+proposition: "That we are justified before God by Faith _alone_." Faith
+must always be founded upon the merits of the Mediator. Against the
+Antinomians, (enemies of the law,) he insists upon the proposition: "New
+obedience is necessary, because the rational creature must obey God." He
+rejects the proposition that good works are necessary unto salvation,
+because this implied merit, and obscures the consolation of the Gospel;
+and he only retains the expression: "Good works are necessary, because
+man owes obedience according to the commandment of God." He adheres to
+the Augsburg Confession and the Apology, in the doctrine of the _Lord's
+Supper_. He rejects transubstantiation, and the local inclusion of the
+body and the blood, which was unknown to the ancients; he also rejects
+Zwinglianism, which merely recognizes signs, and says, that "Christ is
+truly and essentially present, making us members of his body, applying
+his grace to us, and will prove himself powerful in us." In regard to
+_indifferent things_, he appeals to the Confessions, and does not wish
+to see the churches, who have the Gospel, disturbed by any new changes.
+But if others discover other misdeeds under this name, we will leave it
+to the decision of a Synod.
+
+This form of agreement met with the approbation of the Theologians; the
+Wirtembergers being the only ones who made some objections on account of
+Osiander's position in the doctrine of Justification. Melanchthon was in
+the meantime awaiting the royal decision as to the Conference, in order
+to discuss the various points at the proper place. At last Ferdinand
+decided that the Conference, already commenced, should be continued. The
+Catholics now urged the recall of the Saxon Theologians, which was
+opposed by the others. Therefore the President adjourned the Conference,
+with the intention that it should be continued at the next diet.
+Melanchthon and his friends presented a declaration, in which they
+stated that they were not to blame in this matter, and were true
+adherents of the Augsburg Confession. This declaration was prepared on
+the 1st of December. On the 6th of December, he departed with his
+companions, filled with the saddest feelings, which he thus expresses in
+a letter to Hardenberg, December 26th: "Although many friends, prudent
+men on the banks of the Rhine, dissuaded me from returning to the Elbe,
+I have nevertheless returned; perhaps it is my destiny, and perhaps it
+is because I must bestow the little I possess upon my heirs, after the
+death of my wife. But I expect a new banishment.... As soon as the
+times become more propitious, I have resolved to consult with you,
+unless I am forced to leave before that time. Perhaps death will soon
+conduct me to a more peaceful church.... And truly! I feel an earnest
+longing for the wisdom of that heavenly school, and hope for that, when
+we shall see those things we particularly desire to understand, with our
+own eyes. My enemies have already circulated the report that they will
+drive me out of entire Germany. They believe that they have so much
+power. If it pleases God, I am willing not only to leave Germany, but
+even this life."
+
+The Conference therefore did not terminate well. The strict Lutherans
+blamed Melanchthon and his adherents for this, and called them "holy
+Pharisees;" the moderate Protestants charged the breaking up of the
+Conference upon the Catholics; while the Catholics, full of delight at
+the misfortunes of their enemies, labored to convince the whole world of
+the state of discord in the Protestant camp, and showed that it must of
+necessity come to this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE REAL YEARS OF SORROW.
+
+
+The hostility existing between the stricter and more moderate Lutherans
+for the few last years, increased more and more, notwithstanding all
+efforts to the contrary, made by the well-known Duke Christopher, the
+Elector of the Palatinate, and the Landgrave of Hesse. When the Elector
+Augustus, the Elector Joachim II., and Duke Henry of Brunswick, met in
+Leipzig, February, 1558, to consult as to the plan of transferring the
+Imperial Crown to King Ferdinand at the next Convention at Frankfort,
+they also spoke of the divisions in the Evangelical Church. Melanchthon
+received an invitation, during the month of February, to come to
+Dresden, in order to present his views in regard to this subject. He
+began to write a declaration, "but sorrow interrupted this work," he
+says. He thus writes to prince Joachim of Anhalt, in reference to the
+occasion of this work: "The Elector of the Palatinate and the Duke of
+Wurtemberg, have frequently requested our Churches to hold a Synod. When
+asked concerning this, I replied, that it would not be possible to call
+a Synod, until the princes had agreed, not only upon resolutions, but
+also upon their Confession, and had discussed this matter with believing
+and learned men. I therefore received orders to prepare an opinion
+concerning certain controverted points, and to forward it, as soon as
+possible, to the banks of the Main. I shall send or bring this document
+as soon as possible, for I am anxious to hear your Highness's opinion in
+regard to these propositions which I have written down."
+
+At last this document was completed, and appeared by the title: "Opinion
+delivered by Philip Melanchthon, concerning a Synod of all the Electors,
+Princes and States, adhering to the Augsburg Confession." He declares in
+the beginning of this, that he would like to hear the judgment of
+Christian princes and men; and that he did not dread a Synod on account
+of Flacius and his party. Although they condemned him, he was satisfied,
+and had no desire of being with them, because they did not seek the
+glory of God. It would not be necessary to convene a Synod on account of
+the outcry raised by Flacius; "for I have maintained silence hitherto,
+and am prepared to remove from this country, if it is desired. I refer
+to this, in order that no one may think I am dissuading from the holding
+of this Synod, because I fear that I might be condemned or banished."
+
+He says further: "Several Electors and Princes wish all the adherents of
+the Confession to hold a General Synod. Now I have always entertained
+the opinion that no such Synod should be called, until all the Electors
+and Princes are perfectly agreed, not only upon what they intend to
+propose, but what they finally intend to resolve and abide by." Unless
+this should be done, it would only end in greater dissensions. In regard
+to images in the churches, and the abjuration by other persons in
+baptism, it would be well to exercise patience in these customs. In
+regard to _Free will_, a very important point of dispute, he maintained
+the following:--It is not right to assert that man is like a block, and
+remains passive both in evil and in good works, even if it is said that
+the will is passive in good works. "It is indeed true, that God performs
+much wonderful illumination, and great deeds in conversion, and in the
+entire life of the saints, which the human will merely receives; but
+nevertheless we must teach that we must regard the word of God in all
+our afflictions, in order that we may strengthen ourselves by this, and
+at the same time pray God for help. For God works by his word. Man is
+not to rest in unbelief, and to think that he will wait, that he will be
+drawn to God against his own will, by some strange Anabaptist vision and
+miracle."
+
+He appeals to Luther, and denies the "poisonous" conclusion, as if by
+this man obtained some merits. It would be well to hear the opinion of
+sensible persons in a Synod in regard to this matter. We are already
+familiar with his opinion of Osiander's doctrine, in which he properly
+makes a distinction between Justification and Sanctification; he
+expresses his belief that uniformity might easily be restored in this
+matter. In the _third_ article, of the _Sacrament of the body and blood
+of Christ_, he speaks of transubstantiation as idolatry, and regrets
+that Protestants too entertain such or similar views, "just as an ass of
+Erfurt wrote to me lately, that the little pieces which fall upon the
+ground are also the body of Christ, and should be worshipped." He
+rejects the doctrine of the Bremen ministers, that the bread is the
+essential body of Christ, and the wine the essential blood of Christ;
+and the opinion of Westphal in Hamburg, that the body of Christ is
+present everywhere, in stone and in wood. He fears that a Synod might
+produce great divisions; yet he expresses his views as follows: _First_,
+nothing is sacrament except the instituted use. This had already greatly
+disturbed Eck in Ratisbon, so that he became drunk and quite unwell. He
+then confesses that the Son of God is thus truly and essentially
+present; that when we participate of the Lord's Supper, he gives us his
+body and blood with the bread and wine. He rejects Zwingli's doctrine,
+that it is a mere outward sign, and that Christ is not essentially
+present. He proceeds to protest against the proposition: "Good works are
+necessary to salvation;" and also against the Antinomians, concerning
+which points we have already referred to his views.
+
+We are also familiar with his views of the Adiaphora, or indifferent
+things. He offers to accept the decision of a Synod in this, "whether it
+affects me gently or ungently." In the article on _Matrimonial_ matters,
+he speaks of _Consistories_, and advises that these be arranged like
+those in Electoral Saxony, where these form and execute decisions. He
+once more requests a serious consideration whether a Synod should be
+held, "because we have reason to fear that it will cause still greater
+divisions." But if it should be resolved upon to assemble one, the
+opinions of all the learned should be listened to in a friendly
+conference, and if they agree, resolutions should be passed and
+subscribed. But in case of disagreement, the opinion of all should be
+heard, and the resolutions passed according to the truth, "let it please
+or displease whom it will."
+
+At the Convention at Frankfort, held in the beginning of March, 1558,
+Ferdinand the First received the crown of the German Empire. He pledged
+himself to preserve religious and civil peace, "continually and firmly."
+His brother, the Emperor Charles V., had retired to a small residence by
+the side of the convent of St. Just, belonging to the monks of the Order
+of St. Jerome, near to Placentia, in Spain, in the month of September,
+1556. He lived here for two years, engaged in earnest meditations upon
+the vanity of all earthly things, and in the expiation of his sins. It
+is said that he regretted not having acted more severely against the
+Protestants; and he died in September, 1558, praying for the unity of
+the Church. In Frankfort, whither other princes had also been invited,
+besides the Protestant Electors, it was resolved to restore harmony
+between the contending parties in the Evangelical Church. This was to be
+promoted by a treatise prepared by Melanchthon, which has become known
+as the _Recess of Frankfort_. There were four principal points of
+dispute. The _first_ referred to justification, and makes a distinction
+between justification and sanctification. "This consolation is
+continually to be remembered in this life, that a man is just, that is,
+pleasing to God, and a recipient of forgiveness of sins, not on account
+of newness (the new life), but by faith in Christ, and his merits alone,
+through mercy, for the sake of the Lord Jesus Christ." The _second_
+article speaks of the proposition, good works are necessary to
+salvation. Although it is true that _the new obedience_ of the justified
+is necessary, according to the commandment of God, yet it ought not to
+be said that it is necessary _to salvation_, because the doctrine of
+grace would be obscured by this. The _third_ article, of _the true
+sacrament of the body and blood of the Lord Jesus Christ_, declares its
+agreement with the Augsburg Confession, namely, "that the Lord Jesus
+Christ is truly, in a living manner, and essentially present in this his
+ordinance of the Lord's Supper; that he has also given his body and
+blood to be received by us Christians, with the bread and wine thus
+ordained by him, and that he bears testimony by this, that we are his
+members, that he appropriates himself and his promise to us, and works
+within us." The _fourth_ article, of _Adiaphora_, _or indifferent
+ceremonies in the Church_, declares that these may be observed or
+neglected; and if the true Christian doctrine of the holy Gospel is
+preached in a proper manner, these ceremonies may be retained without
+injury to the cause of truth. But if the true Christian doctrine of the
+holy Gospel should be polluted or persecuted, then not only the
+indifferent, but also other ceremonies, are injurious. The Recess
+expresses its agreement with the Augsburg Confession in the strongest
+terms, "that nothing opposed to said true Confession should be permitted
+to be taught, preached, or introduced among the people, in the churches,
+schools, and throughout the land."
+
+On the 18th of March, the Recess was subscribed by the three Electors,
+Otto Henry, Augustus, and Joachim, by the Count Palatine, Wolfgang von
+Veldenz, Duke Christopher, and the Landgrave Philip. It was also finally
+resolved that they would request the other Evangelical states to
+subscribe it."
+
+Melanchthon at this time expressed his convictions to Matthesius, that
+the Weimarians would certainly object to it; and the event proved that
+his supposition was correct. The Recess was violently opposed, not only
+by the Weimarians, but by all strict Lutherans. Flacius called the
+Recess, "The Samaritan Interim;" and the aged Amsdorf prepared a
+refutation, at the request of Duke John Frederick of Saxony; and it was
+also proposed to hold a meeting in Magdeburg in May, in opposition to
+the meeting at Frankfort. Saxony was very anxious to bring it about, but
+in vain. Melanchthon was greatly distressed at this new dispute, and in
+his letters at this time, frequently expresses his desire to be relieved
+from this miserable state of existence. On one occasion he said: "I am
+so over-burdened with labors that I expect my end daily, and yet my
+enemies are anxious to drive me away before that." He was also greatly
+grieved at the death of his old friend, the faithful Bugenhagen, who
+died peacefully on the 20th of April; although he rejoiced to see
+another friend, Paul Eber, appointed Pastor in his place. He wrote a
+letter of consolation to one of his friends, Conrad Nessen, who was sick
+at the time, in which he says: "My breast is filled with a strong mucus,
+which threatens me with death, and admonishes me frequently to think of
+my sick friends, and of my own death. We know with certainty that God
+gives life, and strengthens the powers of our body, as long as it is his
+will that we should serve the general welfare in this sorrowful battle
+of life. I pray to him with all my heart that he would stand by and help
+you and me, and ease our illness, as long as it pleases him to retain us
+in this life; and I pray him, that for the sake of his Son, the Lord
+Jesus Christ, he would lead us into the sweet communion of the heavenly
+Church, and grant us the enjoyment of his light and wisdom, whenever he
+shall be pleased to deliver us from this prison. Let us look unto that
+fountain of light and wisdom, and bear our present sufferings with less
+sorrow, in the hope and expectation of that better life." He also wrote
+to the Landgrave of Hesse: "My enemies have declared that they would
+make Germany too narrow for me, although I do not know what has filled
+them with this Cain-like bitterness against me, which induces them to
+drive me into strange lands. Your electoral highness, and many sensible
+men in Germany, are well acquainted with my peculiar labors,
+afflictions, and sentiments. If it pleases God, I am perfectly willing,
+not only to leave this country, but even this life, for I have remained
+thus long for the benefit of this school. If I must go, I am perfectly
+ready and willing, even as I expect death daily."
+
+The Refutation of the Frankfort Recess, already mentioned as prepared by
+the Weimarians, was sent to the Elector Augustus by the Dukes of Saxony.
+Melanchthon received it, and now prepared his "Reply to the Weimarian
+Document." He passes over the calumnies in it, for the sake of peace;
+and does not agree with them, that it is altogether improper for civil
+rulers to set up articles of religion; he would rather rejoice at this,
+and call upon others to be thankful "that they thus distinctly confess
+their adherence to the true doctrine, and seek unity among themselves."
+He refutes the various attacks upon the articles of justification and
+good works, of the Lord's Supper, and of the Adiaphora. As the
+_Synergistic_ dispute, of which we have already spoken, was also drawn
+in, and the Theologians of Jena intended it all as an attack upon the
+aged Melanchthon, although their assaults were ostensibly directed
+against Pfeffinger of Leipzig, the gulf was widened, and the animosity
+continued to increase. Both sides sent forth the most bitter
+publications. In Thuringia they even proceeded from mere words to deeds.
+For when the Dukes of Saxony had published their _Confutation_ in the
+beginning of the year 1559, in which all heresies, that also concerning
+free will, were condemned, Victorinus Strigel, and the Pastor Andrew
+Hugel of Jena, refused to submit to it. They were both seized and taken
+to the castle of Leuchtenburg. Melanchthon thus writes to a friend in
+regard to this: "During the night succeeding the joyous festival of
+Easter, the aged Pastor Andrew, together with Victorinus, were seized at
+Jena, and carried to the neighboring castle of Leuchtenburg, in which is
+the prison for robbers. The piety and moderation of these men had
+gained them a distinguished reputation. But Flacius is burning with rage
+against us. He proves this by thus ill-treating these men, who, although
+they are not connected with us, are yet displeased with the harsh
+measures employed against us. The Elector sent this Confutation to
+Wittenberg, that an Opinion might be given in regard to it. "It is only
+with great pain that I am able to read those subtleties and tricks,"
+Melanchthon writes to Cracovius; "but I shall freely express my opinions
+to the Prince, and shall entreat him graciously to dismiss me, if he is
+better pleased with this venomous fabrication." His _Opinion_ is dated
+on the 9th of March, and speaks in very plain terms. Its principal
+objection against the Weimarian Confutation is this: that it does not
+recognize their (the Wittenbergers) efforts against the blasphemers of
+the Son of God--such as Servetus and Campanus, Schwenkfeld, and the
+Antinomians. "The Weimarian book does not say a word of this,
+(particularly of the Antinomians,) for there are many in many places who
+are filled with this heresy, who consider themselves holy, although they
+continue to live in sin against their own conscience." The Confutation
+also speaks of old and _new_ Zwinglians, without mentioning whom they
+refer to by the term _new_. Now they wish to be looked upon as the most
+zealous devourers of the Pope, and yet they dare not say a word about
+that grossest of all idolatries, that there can be no Sacrament except
+according to the instituted form." He rejects the proposition, as he had
+done before, that the body of Christ is present everywhere, in wood and
+stone, and says: "I abide by the formula presented to the Elector, and
+it is certainly true that the Lord Jesus Christ is essentially present
+in his ordinance, but not present as wood and stone are present. He
+gives us comfort, and bestows his body and blood upon us." "In regard to
+_Free will_, it is very evident that their principal attacks are against
+me, Philip." He rejects the doctrine that all works, good and evil,
+_must_ be done as they are, and asserts that man, even before
+regeneration, has a free will to maintain external propriety of conduct.
+And if this liberty still partially belongs to our sinful nature, how
+much more shall this be the case after regeneration, "when we obtain
+help by the influence of the Holy Ghost!" "We regard the word of God as
+the beginning, which word condemns sin, and at the same time offers
+forgiveness and mercy for the Lord's sake. We maintain that a man must
+regard the preaching of both the law and the Gospel; and if he comforts
+himself with the Gospel, and finds comfort in true sorrow, it is certain
+that God sends his Holy Spirit into his heart, who continues to operate
+there, and a conflict continues throughout life, in order that faith may
+become stronger." This rule must remain: "Grace precedes, the will
+accompanies it, God draws no man but him who is willing." He also
+proceeds to speak of Osiander, Stancarus, of the proposition "Good works
+are necessary to salvation," and particularly also of the Adiaphora, in
+the manner repeatedly referred to on previous occasions. In regard to
+ceremonies, he says that the two Dukes of Saxony had formerly come to
+the same conclusion, and that the present condemnation applied to their
+resolutions as well as "_our own_." The Landgrave fully concurred in
+this Opinion, and sent it to Duke John Frederick, who remarked, that
+Melanchthon had not been mentioned once in the Confutation, and that he
+exemplified the old saying: "Whoever is hit cries out." However, the
+Duke was prevailed upon to release the prisoners. In August, 1560,
+Flacius and Strigel held a discussion, in which Flacius unintentionally
+so far forgot himself, that he maintained that Original Sin was the
+substance of human nature. He was greatly persecuted and distressed on
+account of this proposition. He died at Frankfort on the 11th of March,
+1575, uttering these words: "Jesus Christ, thou Son of God, have mercy
+upon me!"
+
+The pure Gospel had also penetrated into Bavaria, and had found many
+friends there; so that the Chamber of Deputies of the Duchy petitioned
+Duke Albert in the year 1556, that he should permit the pure preaching
+of the Gospel, and the use of the cup to the laity. But the Duke, whom
+Melanchthon calls a man of mind and wisdom, would not listen to it, for
+he had given himself up to the influence of the Jesuits. They finally
+succeeded in securing the suppression and banishment of all the friends
+of the Gospel. In order to ferret out all heresy, they prepared
+thirty-one articles for the use of the Inquisition. Whoever was not able
+to reply to these in a satisfactory manner should be punished and
+banished. These articles were published in September, 1558, and
+Melanchthon saw them during the same month. In the month of May of the
+following year, he published his "Answers against the wicked Articles of
+the Bavarian Inquisition." This publication is one of the most important
+of his works, because it may be called his last Confession--his
+spiritual swan's song, (dying strain). Of these Bavarian articles, he
+says: "Whosoever reads these idolatrous articles, which have been
+prepared by a dishonorable raving monk of Bavaria, let him not be
+deceived by the appearance of the Church, but remember that we should
+not blaspheme acknowledged truth, and that blasphemers of acknowledged
+truth and murderers of the members of Christ are not the Church of God."
+He not only deals thus with the thirty-one Articles, but also with
+those Articles which had created dissensions in the Protestant Church.
+We are already acquainted with his views, according to which, appealing
+to Luther, he maintains that in the work of conversion grace precedes,
+and the human will follows; as Chrysostomus says: "God draweth, but only
+him who is willing." Yet, at the same time, he also admitted that God so
+operated in all his saints, that their will remained in a passive
+condition. He also refutes Servetus and the Anabaptists, and confessed
+the orthodox doctrine of the union of the two natures in Christ.
+
+He was also destined to behold a violent dispute in regard to the Lord's
+Supper, which arose in his native land, the Palatinate. A certain
+TILEMANN HESSHUSS, who was born at Wesel in the year 1526, and had been
+a pupil of Melanchthon, had, upon his recommendation, been called to
+Heidelberg in 1558, as professor and general superintendent. A dispute
+arose between him and a certain Deacon, WILLIAM KLEBITZ, of that place.
+Klebitz leaned towards Calvinism. The Elector Frederick III., who had
+succeeded Otto Henry in 1559, admonished Hesshusius to express himself
+in regard to the Lord's Supper, in accordance with the Augsburg
+Confession. Hesshusius declared that he would look upon all who did not
+teach that the body of Christ is _in_ the bread, as Zwinglians. He
+excommunicated Klebitz from the pulpit, and even attempted to snatch the
+cup from his hand at the altar. The Elector upon this deposed both of
+them, and sent his secretary ZEISLER to Wittenberg to obtain
+Melanchthon's advice. He replied on the 1st of November, and begins in
+the following manner: "This answer is not a difficult but a dangerous
+one. Yet I will say, what I am able to say in regard to this dispute,
+praying the Son of God that he may direct your counsels, and bring this
+matter to a happy conclusion." He approves of the proceeding of the
+Elector in ordering both sides to remain silent, and deposing them, and
+wishing them to use the apostle Paul's formula: "The bread which we
+break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ." The apostle does
+not say that the substance of the bread is changed, as the Papists
+maintain; nor that the bread is the essential body of Christ, as those
+of Bremen say; nor that the bread is the true body of Christ, as
+Hesshuss says; but communion: that is, that by which a union with the
+body of Christ is effected." He declares again, as he had often done
+before, that he believed in a presence of Christ, "not on account of the
+bread, but on account of man." Christ makes us to be his members, and
+hereby testifies that he will make our bodies alive. Thus the ancients
+expressed themselves in regard to the Lord's Supper. It cannot be proved
+that he wished to open the door for the introduction of Calvin's
+doctrine into the Palatinate by this.
+
+It is well known from the history of the Church in the Palatinate, that
+the Elector Frederick banished the Lutheran and introduced the Reformed
+doctrine into the Palatinate, and at times made use of very harsh
+measures to effect this. This grieved the aged Brenz so much, that
+although he had hitherto maintained friendly relations with Melanchthon,
+he made efforts to convene a Synod at Stuttgart. Here it was agreed to
+make the doctrine that Christ's body is everywhere present, which is
+called the doctrine of the _Ubiquity_, the Confession of the Church of
+Wurtemberg. This gave great offence to Melanchthon; and disputes
+concerning the Lord's Supper arose on every side. The princes,
+especially the Landgrave, were anxious to hold a General Synod, of which
+Melanchthon did not expect any good results, and he therefore
+endeavored to dissuade them from it, in an opinion published December
+18th, 1559, in which he says: "The name _Synod_ is a beautiful one, and
+Christian Synods, like those of the apostles, should be convened for the
+settlement of disputes. But these Synods have frequently been the cause
+of great and cruel disorders; and it is about as great a risk to call
+one as to make war. Therefore, it would be well if the Electors and
+Princes would not be too precipitate, and unadvisedly begin so dangerous
+a work. I do not say this for my own advantage; for, although my enemies
+and their adherents condemn me, as they have persecuted and slandered
+me, I nevertheless rejoice that I am at last separated from such
+hypocrites, who encourage idolatry and murder; and, as long as God
+grants life and reason to me, I am determined, by God's help, to adhere
+to that form of doctrine which I prepared forty years ago, in the
+beginning of the visitation, for the benefit of youth, notwithstanding
+great persecution; and I commend our churches and authorities, and
+myself, to our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God." He adds, in
+conclusion: "Finally, as union is not to be expected in such a Synod, it
+is not advisable to assemble one; and as the meeting of the Electors and
+Princes is to be held for the purpose of deliberating in regard to the
+Synod, I, as an humble individual, think that this meeting should also
+be omitted. For the princes would be urged continually, until they would
+yield something to please others, and in the end it would give rise to
+dissatisfaction."
+
+While he was thus remonstrating against the holding of a General Synod,
+the Elector of the Palatinate, the Duke of W�rtemberg, and the
+Landgrave, insisted upon summoning one, and their envoys endeavored to
+secure the assent of the Elector Augustus to this plan. Melanchthon
+writes: "I do not know what good this plan will effect, while parties
+are so greatly opposed to each other." He was also greatly distressed at
+this time, on account of the persecutions endured by his friend
+HARDEBERG, in Bremen, because of the Lord's Supper. Hesshuss, expelled
+from Heidelberg, came to Bremen, but declared that he could not accept
+the situation offered to him, until Hardeberg would adopt different
+views. He proposed a discussion, against which Melanchthon remonstrated
+in the strongest terms. But when he found that it was nevertheless to
+take place, he resolved to go to Bremen himself, in order to assist his
+friend. But Hardeberg would not enter into the discussion, and was
+deposed in February, 1561. But Melanchthon did not live to see this. He
+saw heavy thunder-clouds rising around him on every side, animosities
+were becoming more and more bitter from day to day, and the inmost life
+of the Evangelical Church seemed to be destroyed. It is not at all to be
+wondered at, that he began to long more and more earnestly for the
+eternal world, surrounded as he was by such gloomy prospects. He
+therefore says, in a letter to Baumg�rtner, of Nuremberg, a few weeks
+before his death: "I am consumed by my longing for the heavenly
+fatherland; and if I should be obliged to live much longer in this
+misery, I would wish to get farther away from this barbarity." This wish
+was soon to be gratified, and we are now approaching his departure; but
+will first of all briefly view his domestic life, and his manifold
+meritorious services.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+HIS DOMESTIC LIFE.
+
+
+If we wish to become better acquainted with a great man like
+Melanchthon, we must follow him from his public into his domestic life.
+Here his inner life is revealed to the eyes of an observer.
+
+We have already heard that, principally by Luther's encouragement, he
+married a daughter of Mayor CRAPP, of Wittenberg, on the 26th of
+November, 1520. His wife, CATHARINE, was of the same age as himself.
+Shortly after his marriage, he was able to write of her to a friend,
+that she deserved a better husband than himself. It was therefore to be
+expected that their union would be a happy one, and so it was. They
+regarded each other with the greatest affection, and thought and felt in
+harmony. If one, for instance, bestowed anything upon the poor, it
+filled the other with joy.[24] Frequent attacks of illness disturbed,
+or we should rather say promoted, their happiness. He was greatly
+troubled with the stone; and she suffered from the same disease, and
+also an affection of the liver. It is therefore not to be wondered at,
+that the oft-repeated illness of his wife filled Melanchthon with the
+deepest compassion, and that he often freely expressed his sorrows in
+his letters. She bore the cross to her own gain, and greatly longed to
+leave this vale of tears. She endured her sufferings patiently, and
+found her principal comfort in the book of Psalms, which has so often
+proved itself a lasting blessing to many souls. Frequently did she utter
+the prayer in Psalm lxxi, 18: "Now also, when I am old and grey-headed,
+O God, forsake me not." Camerarius, who was intimately acquainted with
+her, bears the following testimony: "She was a very pious woman, who
+loved her husband devotedly; an industrious and active mother of her
+family, liberal and benevolent towards all, and so careful for the
+interests of the poor, that she did not only lose sight of her ability
+and strength in the distribution of her charities, but even interceded
+for them among her friends, with the greatest earnestness, and even
+impetuosity. She led a spotless life, and was so anxious to cultivate a
+pious and honorable character, that she did not concern herself about
+expensive entertainments, or costly dress."
+
+Their union was blessed by the birth of four children, two sons and two
+daughters; ANNA, PHILIP, GEORGE, and MAGDALEN. His daughter Anna was
+born in 1524. Melanchthon was a great friend of children, and regarded
+his own with the deepest affection. He was particularly devoted to his
+Anna. At a certain time, this little child entered the room, and found
+its father weeping. It approached him, and with its little apron wiped
+away his tears. He says of this: "This proof of her love made a deep
+impression upon my heart." He did not dream, at that time, that the fate
+of this daughter should cause him to shed many bitter tears in future.
+At another time, one of his daughters absented herself from home for a
+long time. When Melanchthon saw her, he asked her, in a jesting way,
+what she would say to her mother, who would no doubt give her a severe
+scolding. The child replied, in its simplicity, "Nothing." He was highly
+pleased with this reply, and he often afterwards made use of it, when
+attacked by his enemies.
+
+Adami relates: "Upon a certain time a Frenchman paid him a visit. He
+found Philippus in the nursery, where he was rocking the cradle with one
+hand while he held a book in the other. When he observed the surprise of
+his guest, Philip praised the duties of family life, and the gratitude
+of children towards God in such a manner, that the stranger departed
+greatly instructed." He felt happy and at home in the nursery and in the
+family circle, which he called "the little church." His son George, who
+was born November 25th, 1527, died when he was two years old. He was
+very much attached to this child, which already displayed extraordinary
+intellectual gifts. Great indeed, therefore, was his sorrow, when the
+Lord took it away. He speaks of it in several of his letters. Luther
+even calls upon Jonas to pray for him that the Lord would comfort him.
+Luther wrote to Jonas on the 17th of August: "On last Sunday the Lord
+took away our Philip's son George. You can easily imagine how very
+difficult it is for us to console this tender-hearted and most sensitive
+man. The death of his son has filled him with extraordinary sorrow, for
+he has not experienced this before. You know how very important the
+preservation of his life and health is to us all; we all suffer and
+sorrow with him."
+
+At the close of the month Luther again wrote to Jonas: "Philippus is
+still grieving. We all sympathize with him, as a man of his worth richly
+deserves it. Oh! that all those proud Timons were humbled by crosses
+like this, who are so proud of their own wisdom, that they do not know
+how much this man, sinful and feeble though he be, is exalted above
+many, yea, thousands like Jerome, Hilary, and Macarius, who are
+altogether unworthy to unloose the shoes' latchets of my Philippus."
+
+The eldest son bore his father's name, and was born on the 13th of
+January, 1525. This boy suffered very much in his earlier years, so that
+his father entertained very little hope of raising him. But
+notwithstanding all this, he lived to the great age of eighty years. He
+did not possess the talents which so greatly distinguished his father.
+When very old, he wrote in an album: "I have a desire to depart, and to
+be with Christ. Philippus Melanchthon, August 9th, 1603."
+
+GEORGE SABINUS was born at Brandenburg, April 23d, 1508. In his 15th
+year he had come to Wittenberg to pursue his studies. Melanchthon became
+acquainted with him, and loved him on account of his extraordinary
+talents. He was particularly distinguished for his poetical talents.
+When Anna,[25] Melanchthon's favorite, was 16 years old, she was married
+to this Sabinus, with the consent of her parents. This occurred in the
+year 1536. In the year 1538, the Elector Joachim of Brandenburg called
+Sabinus to Frankfort on the Oder, as professor of polite literature.
+Being an exceedingly vain and ambitious man, he looked upon this
+situation as too humble, and longed for one more honorable. Such an one
+seemed to be opened to him, when the Duke of Prussia established a
+University at K�nigsberg.
+
+Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius in the Spring of 1544: "Sabinus intends
+to leave the academy (at Frankfort) because he finds it very difficult
+to satisfy the demands of so many learned judges. He is looking for
+hiding-places where he will be able to rule, and from whence he may be
+introduced to courtly life. This, you must know, is the substance of his
+plans. Perhaps we may add to this, that he is desirous of removing my
+daughter farther away from my observation; but I endeavor to be calm."
+
+We may easily conceive that the modest, gentle Anna, could not live
+happily in such a union. She complained to her parents, for Sabinus was
+also a spendthrift in addition to all this. By the recommendation of
+Camerarius, Sabinus was appointed the first Rector of the University of
+K�nigsberg, on the 17th of August, 1544. Before removing to this place,
+Anna and her children remained for some time in the house of her parents
+at Wittenberg. Melanchthon's love towards his daughter and her children
+was now renewed and increased, especially as he saw the prospects that
+awaited them. He wrote to Camerarius: "This journey of my daughter fills
+me with constant sorrow. But I pray that the Lord may regard our tears.
+Could you but see how amiably my daughter has deported herself while at
+home; she is quiet, modest, gentle, very conciliatory, and of a prudent
+mind."
+
+But she was not destined to remain in this school of suffering for a
+very long time; for, as we have already heard, the Lord removed her in
+March, 1547. This was the severest affliction that Melanchthon ever
+endured. From Zerbst he wrote to his friend Paul Eber in Wittenberg: "I
+send you a narrative of my daughter's death, which, whenever I read it,
+or even but think of it, so increases my parental sorrow, that I fear it
+will injure my health. I cannot banish the sight of my weeping daughter
+from my eyes, who, when she was asked what she would like to say to her
+parents, replied: "I think of several things, which fill me with
+anguish." Camerarius says, that she appeared as a corpse to her father
+in a dream, in the very night in which she died. Melanchthon wrote to
+him that his daughter had gently passed out of this life, giving
+striking evidences of her love towards God, her husband, and children.
+
+It soon appeared that the love which Melanchthon had borne towards his
+departed daughter was now transferred to her children. He therefore
+wrote to Sabinus: "I wish our friendship to be a lasting one, and am
+determined to cherish it faithfully. I shall look upon your children as
+my own, and they are indeed my own. I do not love them less than I loved
+their mother. Many know how fondly I loved my daughter; and this love
+has not been extinguished by her death, but continues to be nourished by
+sorrow and ardent desire. And as I know how much she loved her children,
+I believe that I must transfer her affections to myself." Great indeed
+was his joy when Sabinus, during his journey to Wittenberg in the autumn
+of 1547, left behind him three daughters and a son. These grand-children
+were the greatest recreation of the grand-parents. He would sometimes
+even speak of these children before his hearers.
+
+His youngest daughter Magdalen, born July 18th, 1533, was married to
+Doctor CASPAR PEUCER, when she was but 19 years of age. After
+Melanchthon's death, Peucer became the first professor of the University
+of Wittenberg, and physician in ordinary to the Elector of Saxony. Their
+union was richly blessed with children. He endured many persecutions
+afterwards, because he and some of his colleagues secretly approved of
+the doctrines of Calvin, on which account they were called
+_Cryptocalvinists_. He was compelled to languish in a prison for twelve
+years. During this time his wife died. One morning he dreamed that he
+was tolling the bell for a funeral. The rope broke in his hand, and
+awaking, he cried out: "The rope is broken, and we are free." In the
+very same moment the door of his cell was opened, and he was liberated.
+Grief took such possession of his heart, that he was frequently observed
+weeping during public worship in Zerbst, whither he had retired.
+
+His servant JOHN has likewise been very properly counted a member of
+Melanchthon's family. This John was a Swabian, who for thirty-four years
+served him with great fidelity and honesty, managed all his household
+affairs, and trained and instructed his children. Melanchthon
+entertained the highest respect for him, and frequently wrote to him,
+when absent on a journey. This man must have had a truly Christian
+understanding and heart. When Veit Dietrich upon a certain occasion sent
+some sermons upon the struggles of the soul of the Son of God to
+Melanchthon, he replied that he had not read them yet, but intended to
+read them attentively, and then continues: "My servant, who reads such
+books with great delight, praises them very much."
+
+When he died, Melanchthon publicly announced his death, and spoke of him
+in the most touching manner. We will repeat it: "My servant John, born
+on the Neckar, lived with me four-and-thirty years. He served God with
+true piety, and towards men he was just, truthful, and obliging. He was
+chaste, and a friend of chastity. He devoted his mornings to the reading
+of the Scriptures and prayer, then to the training and instruction of my
+little sons and daughters, and then to household affairs. He accompanied
+us in all our times of exile, in time of war and pestilence, and
+witnessed my life, labors, and afflictions. And time never produced any
+change in him towards us." This is an honorable testimony for
+Melanchthon, even as Eliezer was an honor to Abraham.
+
+We must also notice Melanchthon's personal appearance, his manner of
+life, and devotional exercises. There was nothing striking in his
+appearance. He was small and thin, yet of good proportions; his chest
+was broad, and his neck somewhat long. His face was very expressive, his
+forehead was high, and his blue eyes were full of beauty, intelligence,
+and gentleness. He was very animated in conversation. The amount of work
+performed by this man is really amazing, when we remember that he
+enjoyed but few healthy days in the whole period of his life. He was
+frequently troubled with sleeplessness; at other times, he was severely
+afflicted with the stone; and besides this, he was also subject to
+affections of the bowels. He had accustomed himself to very strict
+habits of life.[26] He could be found in his study at 2 or 3 o'clock in
+the morning, both in summer and winter. During the day, he read three or
+four lectures, attended to the conferences of the professors, and after
+that labored until supper-time. After this, he retired about 9 o'clock.
+He would not open any letters in the evening, in order that his sleep
+might not be disturbed by anxiety. As his friends on the Rhine made him
+frequent presents of wine, he was in the habit of drinking a glass
+before supper.
+
+His habits were extremely regular. He generally took one simple meal a
+day, and never more than two. As he was frequently invited to
+entertainments at Wittenberg, and other places, he could not at all
+times strictly adhere to this manner of life. He was not fond of
+luxuries, but preferred soups, fish, vegetables, and eggs. He was fond
+of conversing at table; and a man of his acquirements, who had conversed
+with princes, statesmen, and other celebrated persons, was never at a
+loss for a topic. He was fond of cheerfulness and pleasant jests; but
+his fervent piety diffused a pleasing and blessed light over his whole
+walk and conversation. He began every duty in the name of God, and as in
+his presence. The word of the Apostle Paul, "In him we live, and move,
+and have our being," was ever present to his mind. He was frequently
+heard exclaiming, "May our Lord God help us, and be merciful unto us!"
+When he arose from his bed in the morning, he addressed the triune God
+in the following brief form of prayer: "Almighty, Eternal God, Father of
+our Lord Jesus Christ, Creator of heaven and earth, and man, together
+with thy Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, thy word and image, and with thy
+Holy Spirit, have mercy upon us, and forgive us our sins for thy Son's
+sake, whom thou hast made our Mediator according to thy wonderful
+counsels, and do thou guide and sanctify us by thy Holy Spirit, which
+was poured out upon the Apostles. Grant that we may truly know and
+praise thee throughout all eternity!"
+
+After prayer he read a portion of the Bible, and then looked into the
+almanac, in order to remind himself of the time of the ecclesiastical
+year, and of the men of God, whose name-days were there recorded. It was
+only after he had thus sanctified himself by the word of God and prayer,
+that he began his labors, or wrote the most urgent letters. He always
+dined regularly at a fixed hour, and here not only a blessing was asked,
+but the Apostle's Creed was also repeated. He entertained a very high
+regard for this Creed, and was in the habit of repeating it three times
+every day. He thus speaks of it in some of his writings: "There are many
+reasons why we should accustom ourselves to a daily repetition of the
+Creed. Godly and pious men are in the habit of repeating it at least
+three times every day. Dr. Jerome Schurff, a wise and learned man, when
+he found that death was approaching, repeated it almost every hour, and
+that, too, with such fervency of spirit, that all could see how much he
+was encouraged and strengthened by this Confession." He also laid great
+stress upon the Lord's Prayer, the Psalms, and the Ten Commandments; and
+frequently exhorted his students to accustom themselves to repeat them.
+
+This piety, which he constantly recommended to others, and practised in
+his domestic life, also animated all the labors of his calling. He
+regarded his lecture room, in which so many hearers assembled anxious to
+hear their master, as if it were his Church. He somewhere makes the
+remark: "Above the entrance of many old churches, we read the
+inscription, 'My house shall be called a house of prayer,' sculptured in
+the stone. This inscription should also be placed upon schools, for they
+are a part of the public worship of God; we there teach and learn the
+truth, and must unite prayer with it all." In another place he says:
+"We occupy this position in the name of God, in order that we may
+preserve and disseminate that truth which gives salvation to the human
+race; and God demands diligence both on the part of teachers and pupils.
+We must enter the school with the same feelings with which we enter the
+temple, namely, that we desire to learn and communicate divine things.
+If any man enters the school merely to acquire a portion of knowledge,
+which he may use for gain or empty ambition, let such an one remember
+that he is desecrating the holiest temple of science."
+
+It was his constant aim to do everything for the glory of God, and to be
+"a useful instrument of the church." And if this was the case in all his
+efforts to educate youth, how much more was it the case when the church
+itself was concerned! He was not one of those with whom Christianity and
+affection for the church is something so internal that it never
+manifests itself. He approved of the use of particular forms of prayer.
+He says: "We are not to despise the verbal prayer, which helps to arouse
+us. Dr. Jerome Schurff very properly observes: Christ says, when ye
+pray, _say_: Our Father, which art in heaven. Therefore it is not
+sufficient to pray in the spirit, but if it is possible we must also
+utter words by which the devotional feelings of our hearts are
+increased." In his prayers he steadfastly relied upon the promises of
+God, and doubtless frequently rejoiced in having found that which he
+sought. He loved the house of God, and was a faithful attendant at the
+public worship of God. HEERBRAND of T�bingen, in his Eulogy, bears this
+honorable testimony: "He was anxious to frequent public worship, not
+only to set a good example to others, but because he knew that the Holy
+Spirit exercised his power through the word of God, and that the Son of
+God was present, so that his faith might be strengthened, and the spirit
+of prayer be enkindled in the congregations of the saints; even as he
+constantly prayed with inexpressible sighs, and offered up prayers and
+supplications for the church and himself. We, who knew him, are all able
+to testify in regard to this."
+
+He once remarked to his hearers: "You are not to act in so brutish and
+impertinent a manner as to think it does not matter even if I do not go
+to church, for it is nothing but Popery and superstition. No, but it is
+barbarism to neglect these privileges. There is no more beautiful sight
+than orderly and holy assemblies, in which men are instructed of God,
+and where they unite in prayer and thanksgiving. We have here a type of
+eternal life, where we shall sit in the presence of God and his Son, and
+hear the Son of God instructing us in reference to the greatest
+wonders."
+
+In another place he says: "You must connect yourselves with the church,
+and maintain the public worship of God. You know how frequently the
+Psalmist prayed: "One thing have I desired of the Lord, that will I seek
+after; that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my
+life." O Lord, let me live where there is a church, however small. Just
+as I once related of my little daughter, who said: "K�nigsberg is a very
+nice place too, for there they go to church just like here." She saw how
+glorious these assemblies are. He also in another place expresses his
+sentiments in regard to this matter in a very decided manner: "We love
+the united devotions of the house of God. Those who do not come to
+church, but accustom themselves to walking about, feasting, and other
+abominations, while the godly are assembled to hear the word of God,
+will degenerate more and more. They will become swine, lewd fellows, and
+devils. In my house at T�bingen, in which Dr. Jerome Schurff had also
+resided, this ancient verse was written upon the walls: "To go to church
+delayeth not, to give alms impoverisheth not, and unjust wealth
+remaineth not."
+
+We have heard before, that it was his opinion that the public worship of
+God should not be entirely devoid of all ceremonies. But the ceremonies
+should not be opposed to the Scriptures. He did not approve of depriving
+the churches of their ornaments and pictures. However, we are already
+sufficiently acquainted with his sentiments in these respects.
+
+It is very remarkable that he attached such great importance to dreams,
+and the position of the stars. He dreamed a great deal, and in his
+letters frequently speaks of the stars; and whenever comets made their
+appearance he looked upon them as signs of evil times, and troubled
+himself exceedingly. He also relates instances of the influence exerted
+upon the lives of men by good and evil spirits, from which it appears
+that he looked upon such influences as very powerful.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+SOMETHING MORE OF MELANCHTHON'S MERITS.
+
+
+The reader has had sufficient evidence in the life of our Reformer, that
+he was indeed a learned man, and performed most valuable services in the
+church and school. He labored especially to combine science with the
+work of the Reformation, and to render the study of the Greek and Latin
+writers serviceable to the cause of Christianity. And he proved very
+satisfactorily, that these studies can be attended to without
+sacrificing true Christianity. Of course, there is a very great
+difference between him and those scholars of our own day, who diffuse a
+knowledge of heathen authors apart from true Christianity. While the
+latter are training up a generation which is filled with heathen ideas,
+and but too often lives a heathenish life, Melanchthon trained pupils
+who also possessed a thorough knowledge of the ancient languages, but at
+the same time loved Christian truth. This "_Teacher of Germany_," as he
+was called, would still be able to show the teachers of our modern
+youth, that extensive attainments, and true, living Christianity, are
+not necessarily opposed to each other, but may be brought to harmonize
+with each other in the most beautiful manner. How earnestly he labored
+to instil a thorough knowledge into the minds of his pupils, is manifest
+from his own words: "To neglect the young in our schools is just like
+taking the Spring out of the year. They indeed take away the Spring
+from the year who permit the schools to decline, because religion cannot
+be maintained without them. And a terrible darkness will fall upon
+society, if the study of the sciences should be neglected."
+
+As he himself had attained solid knowledge in his youth, he was also
+anxious that his pupils should be well grounded in the various branches
+of knowledge. He was therefore not ashamed to instruct young men in the
+rudiments of the dead languages. For this purpose he wrote a Greek and a
+Latin grammar, which were used in the schools until the beginning of the
+last century. He was instrumental in securing cheap editions of the
+Greek and Roman authors. But he did not confine himself entirely to the
+study of languages; he also devoted himself to other branches of
+knowledge, particularly History. He was very anxious to direct greater
+attention to German History. A number of excellent scholars were
+prepared under Melanchthon's superintendence, one of whom, Valentine
+Friedland, called TROTZENDORF, became very distinguished.
+
+We will not enter into the consideration of his services in Philosophy,
+the promotion of Eloquence, Ethics, Psychology, Natural Philosophy, and
+Astronomy, but shall merely say a few words more of the influence he
+exerted upon true _Theology_.
+
+He was mainly instrumental in introducing the knowledge of the Greek
+language among the Protestants, and also in encouraging them to study
+the Hebrew, because he saw that a knowledge of the original languages
+was absolutely essential in order to understand the Holy Scriptures
+properly. Besides this, as we have heard before, he wrote critical
+expositions of most of the books of the Bible. His Latin comments upon
+the Gospel lessons appointed to be read in the Churches, were delivered
+before the Hungarians, who did not understand the German language.
+CHRISTOPHER PEZEL informs us of their origin: "When the University was
+re-established after the war of Smalkald, Philip Melanchthon began to
+explain the Gospels for Sundays and festival days, in his own house, for
+the sake of a number of Hungarians, who were not able to understand the
+German sermons in the churches. As a large number of other persons also
+began to attend these lectures or sermons, in which he explained the
+principal truths of his text in a familiar conversational manner, he was
+obliged to hold them in the public Lecture-Room. As he was very skilful
+in instructing youth, and thoroughly supplied with every kind of
+learning, he was careful to suit his explanations to the capacities of
+his hearers, the greater part of whom were young men, and many of them
+boys."
+
+These lectures were very numerously attended. He was in the habit of
+beginning to explain the separate verses according to their literal
+meaning. He then proceeded to inquire whether his explanation agreed
+with the context, and then went on to develop the doctrines of faith. He
+laid great stress upon this analogy of Scripture truths. And this alone,
+which the ungodly commentators of later times did not recognize, throws
+a full light upon exposition. We are already sufficiently well
+acquainted with his system of doctrine. Although, as we have seen, he
+yielded in some points in an improper manner, he nevertheless adhered to
+the substance of divine truth. The Augsburg Confession was his
+Confession. Whenever therefore any one attacked the fundamental
+doctrines of Christianity, as they are represented in the confessions of
+the first centuries, he would become very much excited, and thought that
+such persons ought to be punished. Therefore he decidedly approved of
+the burning of MICHAEL SERVETUS, who rejected and blasphemed the
+doctrine of the Trinity. He acted in the spirit of the Old Testament,
+and forgot, that although such persons cannot be regarded as members of
+the Christian church, they must be borne with patiently.
+
+He was also in favor of using the strongest measures against the
+Anabaptists, and other fanatics and heretics. Although he did not look
+upon this in the light of the New Testament, his view rested in a warm
+zeal for the purity of the Christian Church, which he looked upon as of
+the utmost importance. It is true, the objection might be raised here
+that he himself should not have been so inconstant in many doctrines.
+But this was very agreeable to many in his own days, who became his
+followers. He thus became the leader of a party, no doubt against his
+own will. His followers were afterwards called _Philippists_. It does
+not belong to our task to write the history of this party, and to
+present its sad destiny. There are still some divines who esteem
+Melanchthon's faults as his highest perfections, and look upon him as a
+man far in advance of his own time, or in other words, as a man who
+occupies their own position. But if these extollers of Melanchthon would
+take the trouble to examine his writings, and the additional trouble to
+compare their own amount of faith with that of the Master of Wittenberg,
+it would not only result to their own disadvantage, but it would be
+apparent that they are not even worthy to loosen the latchets of his
+shoes. For the fundamental doctrines of the Divinity of Christ, of the
+Atonement, Justification by Faith, and the like, were so fully
+established in his view, that he would not suffer the least doubt in
+regard to them. How steadfastly he adhered to them, and how faithfully
+he relied upon his Saviour, is proved by his last illness and
+death-bed, which no doubt may be regarded as among the most edifying
+upon record, and which we therefore propose to describe at length.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+HE DIES.
+
+
+A cloud of the noblest champions and witnesses of God had already
+departed to that place where we rest after the battle, and where the
+confessor receives the reward of grace. Melanchthon had long before this
+desired to lay aside his arms, and to celebrate a Sabbath, in which he
+might sing the new song to him that sitteth upon the throne, with his
+friends Luther, Cruciger, Veit Dietrich, Sturm, Bucer, Bugenhagen, and
+all the company of the saints made perfect. He had also expressed this
+longing towards the eternal home in many of his letters. The most
+ancient account, that of the University, says in regard to this: "When
+he had now become worn out, and weary of this life, he prepared himself
+for death for several years; even as he wrote concerning himself, that
+he was tired of this life, and was therefore directing his thoughts to
+another world, and towards his beloved Lord Jesus Christ. That he had
+done as much as he could in this life, and would leave the rest with
+God. He comforted himself with the reflection that he had always meant
+well, and his conscience did not accuse him on this account. And with
+this clear conscience, he trusted to go "into the presence of his Lord
+Jesus, with God's help, no matter what an ungrateful world might say
+about it." Whenever his opponents attacked him at this time, he would
+say: "Let them write until they are satisfied, and do whatever they
+please, I shall not trouble them much longer. But I, with God's help,
+will continue to teach diligently, and present a simple exposition of
+truth to the young, as long as I live, and will pray God to grant me a
+joyful departure." To this mental weariness, bodily infirmities were
+added. He began to experience great difficulty in writing letters, which
+he had done with much ease formerly; and his eyes, too, grew weaker.
+
+On the 30th of March, 1560, he departed for Leipzig, in order to examine
+the stipendiaries of the Elector. After he had finished his labors, he
+left Leipzig on the 4th of April. His journey affected him very
+unfavorably, for the air was inclement and cold, and they were riding
+against a cutting north wind. He said, even while in the carriage, "that
+he had not felt the coldness so much during the whole winter, as he did
+now." He was able to sleep very little during the night from the 7th to
+the 8th of April; towards morning he was affected with fever,
+accompanied by a cough and shortness of breath, and his eyes appeared so
+sunken, that his friends were terrified. But notwithstanding all this,
+he roused himself from his couch to attend to his duties, but found
+himself so much exhausted by his efforts, that he was repeatedly obliged
+to totter to his couch, to refresh himself. During this day, he yet
+wrote a short letter to Moller, and apologized for its brevity on
+account of the severe pain he was suffering. His son-in-law, Doctor
+Peucer, thought that the affection of the stone, with which his
+father-in-law had suffered severely before, was again making its
+appearance, and had a bath and warm poultices prepared for him.
+
+After wishing him good night, the invalid said: "If it is the will of
+God that I shall die, I am heartily willing to die, and I only pray God
+to grant me a joyful dismission." He felt that death was approaching;
+and as he was fond of reading and interpreting the stars, he observed
+intimations of his death in the planets. He rose shortly before 8
+o'clock, in order to deliver his usual lecture. His friends, Esrom
+(R�diger) and Sturm, in vain endeavored to dissuade him from doing so.
+He said, "I will lecture for a half hour, and then use a bath." But when
+he was about to set his foot upon a little stool which he used when he
+washed his hands, he became so weak that he was not able to lift up the
+other foot, so that he almost fell back. Upon this he said, "I shall go
+out like a lamp." He went to the lecture-room, accompanied by his two
+friends; but it was not yet 8 o'clock, and but few students were
+present. He then remarked: "What is the use of our being here?" On the
+way back to his house, he said to his companions: "If I could reach
+K�nigsberg, I might become better." When he reached the house, he felt
+somewhat better, and his friends did not venture to give notice that the
+lecture would be omitted. Esrom departed, in order to seal the letter in
+which he had communicated Melanchthon's illness to Camerarius.
+
+At 9 o'clock, he again went out to deliver his lecture. It only lasted a
+quarter of an hour. He spoke of the _ransom_ of Christ, which he offered
+as Mediator, not silver and gold, but his precious blood, by which he
+fulfilled the law, and satisfied justice. He spoke with his usual
+animation. Upon his return home, he took a bath. He took but very little
+food, and then slept soundly for three hours. At supper, he spoke
+distinctly, but feebly. On the following night the fever returned, and
+Peucer found that he had been mistaken as to his disease.
+
+On the 9th and 10th of April, Melanchthon was lively and cheerful; and
+at a meeting of the faculty, spoke very earnestly against the parties
+among the students. In the afternoon, he corrected several funeral
+orations in honor of Duke Philip, of Pomerania, who died on the 24th of
+February, and said: "I am now only engaged upon funeral matters. This
+worthy Prince of Pomerania was also named Philip. Perhaps I shall be the
+next Philip, from the common herd, who shall follow this pious prince."
+On the same day he delivered a very animated lecture upon Christ's
+prayer (John xvii.), and also made preparations to read a meditation
+suitable to the festival of Good Friday, in the morning at 6 o'clock
+(April 12th). It was based upon the 53d chapter of the Prophet Isaiah.
+In this he remarks: "Our diligence and valor is also needed." He had
+indeed spent a bad night, but this did not deter him. When he was told
+that in the evening they had seen clouds resembling bound rods, he spoke
+very earnestly of the judgments of God. "The people," he said, "are
+becoming secure, and care for no warnings; and whenever this is the
+case, punishment is not far off. May God Almighty be gracious unto us,
+whom we heartily pray to remember mercy in the midst of his wrath." The
+following night he enjoyed good rest, and slept very quietly. He awoke
+whilst he was singing an old hymn, which, when a boy, he had frequently
+sung in Church: "With desire have I desired to eat this passover with
+you before I suffer." He wrote an Easter Meditation on the great
+Sabbath, the day before Easter, and carried it to the printing-office
+himself. He then went to church, confessed his sins, received
+absolution, and together with others, in true faith received the body
+and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ with thanksgiving and fervent prayer.
+In the afternoon at 2 o'clock, he went to look after his manuscript in
+the printing-office. This was his last walk in the street.
+
+At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, his dear friend Camerarius, of Leipzig,
+who had been informed of his friend's precarious condition, through
+Peucer, entered the house, and found his friend Melanchthon upon the
+lowest step of the stairway that led to his study, resting his head upon
+his hand. He arose and welcomed him, and they continued to converse for
+some time. At 5 o'clock, he expressed a wish to go to bed, for a severe
+chill had come upon him. He did not eat anything. He could not sleep
+during the night after Easter; the heat of the fever was rapidly
+consuming his strength; but notwithstanding all this, he could not be
+persuaded to omit his customary annual Easter Meditation. He had already
+put on his coat to go out. But the good man was so feeble that he was
+barely able to stand. Some one had informed the students that the Master
+would not lecture, upon which they all departed. When his son Philip
+came in to inform his father that there were no auditors there, his
+father replied, in a tone of displeasure, "So you have told them to go
+away." But when his son apologized, he said, in a milder tone, "To whom
+shall I lecture, if there is no one present?" He then took off his coat.
+He proceeded to write several letters, while Camerarius remained with
+him, and the rest went to church. The excellent and pious prince
+Joachim, of Anhalt, who had heard of his illness, sent him a moor-hen,
+and several partridges. He partook of some of these, and also of some
+Hungarian plums. He also drank some Rhenish wine, and remarked that he
+liked it. He also conversed very pleasantly with his friends.
+
+When he arose from the table, he went up into his room and rested for a
+while upon his couch. He had also commenced writing a letter to Prussia,
+which he now continued, without however finishing it. He was not able to
+write any more; he rested, and thought of his deceased friend, Dr.
+Pommer.[27] He said, "Doctor Pommer, that good, and now sainted man,
+died of nothing but old age;" and continued: "no one ought to wish to
+live so long that his age and feebleness would render him altogether
+useless to men."
+
+On one of the following days, he prayed to God in a very fervent manner,
+in the hearing of many persons, that he would graciously remove him from
+this life, if he was not to serve the Church and Christian youth any
+longer." And God heard this prayer, which he repeated several times.
+
+During the night he slept tolerably well. When he arose, therefore, he
+continued to write. However, his friends persuaded him not to lecture on
+this day, (Easter Monday.) Before going to table, he said: "If it is
+God's will, I am willing to die. I have a desire to depart, and to be
+with Christ." He then spoke of the original Greek word in the New
+Testament, which does not properly signify to _depart_, but "to journey
+or prepare for a journey." He also recollected a remark made by the
+worthy and pious Dr. Milichius: "It might be that a person would be very
+anxious to leave this life; but at the same time, no man could earnestly
+think of death, without shuddering." Melanchthon coincided with this,
+and said: "The great misery and troubles of life are not able to give a
+man joy in the hour of death. Something more is needful before a man can
+feel this." He retired to his bed, and rested for about three hours.
+When he had risen at one time, and Camerarius and Peucer were again
+placing him upon his couch, he began to sink under their hands. But they
+restored him by rubbing him. He spent a very restless night; his cough
+was quite troublesome, and he slept little. This was the fifth attack of
+the fever. He remarked that at Weimar, Doctor Sturtz had applied a
+cardiac of corals, which relieved him, and that he had thought of the
+word of the prophet in his sleep: "I shall not die, but live, and
+declare the works of the Lord." He requested them to apply corals in the
+present instance, and they did so.
+
+In the morning of the 16th of April, at 4 o'clock, he was heard praying
+very earnestly. After his prayer he completed the letter to Prussia. On
+this day Camerarius wished to go home, intending to return at a more
+convenient time. All entertained hopes that the fever would leave him
+after the seventh attack. As Melanchthon had not eaten anything the day
+before, a meal was prepared earlier than usual, in order that he and his
+friend might eat together. Before going down, they sat on a bench
+surrounded by some other friends. And now Melanchthon quite unexpectedly
+said to Camerarius, as if giving him his blessing: "My dear Dr. Joachim,
+we have been joined in the bonds of friendship about forty years, and we
+have loved each other with a sincere and disinterested affection. We
+have been teachers of youth and faithful colleagues, each in his proper
+place, and I hope to God that our labors have not been useless, but have
+done much good. If it is God's will that I must die, we will perpetuate
+our unalterable friendship in the world to come." They then both sat
+down to table. Melanchthon then turned to Camerarius's son-in-law,
+ESROM, whose wife had died a year and a half before, and said: "I to-day
+dreamed of your wife, as if I had seen her die." He said of this pious
+and virtuous woman, that he heard her remark: "I know that God will not
+forsake me." "I can never forget that word," he said. When something was
+said of the hurtful doctrine of doubt, he said to Esrom: "Your sainted
+wife did not speak so." He also referred again to the hymn, which he
+sung in his sleep three days ago, and said that it sounded so sweetly.
+He ate and drank very little, and grew weaker and weaker. He expressed a
+wish to retire to his room, and tried to go to sleep. Camerarius felt
+very anxious in regard to him, and determined not to depart that day.
+The sick man fell asleep, lying upon his back, with his eyes half-open.
+
+He was the very picture of a corpse. His friends were filled with fear,
+and tears filled their eyes as they gazed upon him. The servants wept
+and cried aloud, as if their master were already dead. But it had not
+come to this yet; and when he turned upon his side in his sleep, his
+countenance assumed a more natural appearance, and he slept soundly. He
+awoke after three hours, and said that he had slept exceedingly well.
+Cheerfulness and animation seemed to return. During this day, a Danish
+Theologian, on his way to his own country, entered his room. Melanchthon
+was very much pleased with the visit of this gentleman, and gave him
+several books, which had been printed at Wittenberg, in order that he
+might present them to the King of Denmark. The invalid requested him to
+apologize for him to the king, because he had not written; that he was
+prevented by illness; however, God willing, he hoped to write soon, and
+faithfully and humbly to thank his majesty for all his gracious favors.
+He also prayed that the king and his entire kingdom might continue to
+enjoy happiness and prosperity.
+
+He was so refreshed by his sleep, that he wrote letters, walked through
+his room and the house, and was more cheerful and animated than during
+the whole time of his illness. All began to entertain a hope of his
+recovery. At the supper-table, he was very cheerful. When the
+conversation turned upon those men who had brought discord into the
+Church, and still continued to foment it, he was greatly moved, and with
+unusual passion remarked: "They are knaves, and will remain knaves, and
+God will yet make it manifest that they are knaves." He remained at
+table until about 8 o'clock. It was the last meal he ever received in
+the lower part of his house. His sleep was refreshing. In his sleep his
+spirit was impressed with the words of the Apostle Paul, "If God be for
+us, who can be against us?"
+
+On the following day, April 17th, he sealed the letter to Prussia, wrote
+something upon some small pamphlets, and sent them to his friends, and
+a few of them to the Duke. When he felt some fatigue, and the fever was
+about attacking him again, Camerarius came to bid him farewell. Philip
+said: "The Son of God, who sitteth at the right hand of his heavenly
+Father, and giveth gifts to men, preserve you and yours, and all of us.
+Give my warmest regards to your dear wife!" This was the last interview
+of these affectionate friends. Camerarius mounted his horse before
+Melanchthon's door, and went to Leipzig to attend to some important
+matters, intending to return afterwards. Prince Joachim, of Anhalt, on
+the same day sent one of his attendants to inquire in regard to the good
+man's health. Melanchthon conversed with him in a very friendly manner,
+and expressed his affection towards the prince in such moving blessings
+and wishes for his welfare, that every eye was filled with tears.
+Several letters also arrived from Switzerland, which spoke of the
+prospects of a General Council, which the Pope intended to convene. He
+said: "It is far better for me to die, than to be obliged to attend this
+Council." For every one could easily imagine what shameful dissensions
+would arise there, even on the side of the Protestants. At 8 o'clock,
+the fever made its appearance for the sixth time. To some one standing
+at his bedside, he remarked: "I was to-night thinking of the foolish
+dispute that some pretend, that Christ was not afraid of death. But he
+understood what it is to die, far better than we do, or can do.
+Therefore he no doubt was more afraid of death than we are." He also
+said, "How does the will of the Lord Jesus Christ agree with the will of
+his Heavenly Father, when he was afraid of death!" But he did not give
+any further intimation of his views in regard to this. He again spoke of
+Esrom's wife: "What a fine young woman your beloved wife was! She had a
+strong constitution, too; and yet she died very easily, and had a
+disease very much like mine. For she had pains in her left side, and I
+have them too. But the great weakness of my body is owing to other
+causes, which I do not understand." And shortly before retiring, he
+said: "If this is not death, it is indeed a very severe scourge." A
+large map hung near his bed, which he regarded very attentively. He
+turned round, and with a smile remarked: "Virdungus once foretold to me,
+by astrology, that I would be shipwrecked upon the ocean, and now I am
+not far from it." He had reference to the painted ocean upon the map.
+When the heat of the fever came upon him, and he was about to uncover
+his extremities, a feeling of modesty led him to say to those who were
+surrounding his bed: "What are you standing here for? Can't you go
+home?" This frightened many so much that they retired, and fewer persons
+were present during that day. At 2 o'clock, the fever left him; it had
+not been as severe as before. He rose, and took some food, but his
+stomach would not retain it. He again retired, and slept until 5
+o'clock. He was lying all night in his chamber, his slumbers being very
+slight and restless. His friends feared that the returning fever would
+consume his remaining strength. Philip himself said, "The end is not far
+distant;" and prayed, "O Lord, make an end!"
+
+On the 18th of April he rose early in the morning at 4 o'clock, and was
+conveyed down into his study. He requested them to remove the sofa,
+which felt uncomfortable, and to put up his travelling-bed. When he was
+taken down, he said: "This is called a travelling-bed; suppose I should
+be obliged to travel in it?" While the physicians became convinced, from
+a number of signs, that he would not recover, he felt it himself, and
+said, "he was perfectly satisfied, if it was God's will." At 8 o'clock,
+pastor Paul Eber, and several other persons, entered the room, and
+approached the death-bed. Melanchthon frequently repeated that he had
+subjected his own will to the will of God, and that life and death were
+altogether in his hands. He would be perfectly satisfied with whatever
+he should do; and he also remarked, "by the blessing of God I have no
+particular anxieties now; for although my daughter's children, whom I
+tenderly love, are now passing before my eyes, I comfort myself with the
+thought that they are in the hands of pious and godly parents, whom I
+love also. They will be solicitous for their welfare, and carefully
+train them, as I have done hitherto, and God will also add his blessing.
+But I feel for the common calamities, and am greatly troubled because a
+cavilling and perverse world acts so wilfully, and troubles the Holy
+Christian Church so shamefully. However, let them do whatever they
+please, through the goodness of God our doctrine is correct and clear
+for all that." He then said to some persons present, "You are young, and
+have received sufficient talents through the goodness of God; but see to
+it that you use them aright. May Almighty God preserve you, and give you
+strength and wisdom, that you may be of service to him and his Church."
+
+When, on the same day, he saw one of his granddaughters, Peucer's eldest
+child, passing before his bed, he called her to him, and said: "Dear
+daughter, I have loved you most affectionately: see that you reverence
+your parents, and always obey them, and fear God, who will never forsake
+you. May God Almighty protect you, and give you his blessing. Amen!"
+
+He also spoke in the same friendly manner to the other children, who
+were younger, and exhorted them to pray and to be pious. To his
+daughter he said: "Dear daughter, God has given you a pious husband.
+Love, honor, and obey him. And raise your children in the fear of God,
+and God will be with you, and will not forsake you." He spoke like one
+who was taking leave.
+
+Camerarius was written to on the following day, and informed that he
+must make haste, if he wished to find his Philip alive. But it was
+impossible for him to arrive before the death of his friend. At 8
+o'clock on the 18th of April he had some food prepared for himself, and
+partook of a little broth, and a few slices of lemon. Soon after he
+asked his son-in-law, "What hopes he entertained in regard to him, and
+that he should not hide anything from him." Peucer replied: "God is your
+life, and the length of the days of your life. But as you request me to
+tell the whole truth, there is indeed very little hope, as far as I am
+able to judge from natural causes, for you are very weak, and your
+weakness is increasing every moment." Upon this he said: "Yes, I feel my
+weakness, and understand what it imports very well. I have commended the
+whole matter to God, whom I pray to deal mercifully with me!"
+
+He had before commenced his will, which opened with a short declaration
+of all the articles of his doctrine and faith. He now ordered them to
+look for it, in order that he might finish it. But it could not be
+found, and it was supposed some one had stolen it. At 2 o'clock he
+seated himself at his desk, to write another. We will insert a part of
+what he wrote: "In the year 1560, on the eighteenth day of April, I have
+written this will in my sickness, briefly in reference to the humble
+possessions which God has bestowed upon me. I have twice before written
+the confession of my faith, and gratitude to God and our Lord Jesus
+Christ, but this has been lost. But I wish my answer to the Bavarian
+articles to be looked upon as my confession against the Papists,
+Anabaptists, the followers of Flacius, and others like them."
+
+He then expressed his wishes in regard to the division of his property
+among his heirs; but his weakness prevented him from concluding it,
+which he intended to do on the following day, but it was never done. He
+was in full possession of all his mental faculties, and remained so to
+the end. As he felt no pain in his head at all, some supposed that he
+would die very painfully. He also conversed with his son-in-law in
+regard to the affairs of the University, what subjects should be taught
+there, and also pointed out his successor. At three o'clock, he
+expressed a wish to retire to his room again. He slept soundly until
+six. In the meantime, letters had arrived from Frankfort, in which his
+friends informed him how terribly the pious were being persecuted in
+France. He said: "Well, I am weak, and do not feel well; but all my
+sickness does not pain me as much as the great misery of the holy
+Christian Church, which arises from the unnecessary separation,
+wickedness, and wilfulness, of those who have departed from us without
+cause; and these mad people are not able to stop, but must still go on
+and make this misery worse than it is; for they do not spare any one.
+But you will see that God will punish this wantonness, and we shall be
+punished along with them. However, our punishment shall be that which a
+father inflicts. But they shall be compelled to suffer severer
+punishment. I deeply commiserate the poor people who are so wretchedly
+deceived." He continued to utter his complaints thus for a long time,
+and it affected him very much. His friends also read other letters to
+him, of more cheering character. Thus the conversation was turned into
+a different channel, he thought of several friends and acquaintances,
+and even uttered a few words in jest. His friends conversed with him
+until about eight o'clock, and entertained the best hopes in regard to
+his condition. Before retiring to rest, he ate a few preserved cherries,
+and drank a little wine, to strengthen himself for sleep.
+
+It was his last night, for the _19th of April_ was the day of his death.
+His sleep was very much disturbed. At two o'clock at night, he rose in
+the bed, and said to the physician who was present, that he had slept
+very little. He had again thought of the word of Paul, "If God be for
+us, who can be against us?" He thought of the misery and troubles of the
+Church with great sorrow; and his complaints were finally changed into
+fervent prayers for the whole Christian Church. He spoke with his
+son-in-law until about three o'clock, and was then led into his study.
+After walking up and down for some time, he laid himself upon his
+travelling-bed, and fell asleep, breathing very easily. When he awoke
+about 6 o'clock, he requested his son-in-law to cut off his hair. This
+was done. He had three clean linen shirts brought to him, which he put
+on, one over the other, as he had been in the habit of doing for years,
+in order to keep his body warm. He also placed a clean night-cap upon
+his head, for he was in the habit of always wearing one at home; and he
+remarked that he had learned this of the celebrated Dr. Reuchlin. In
+this manner he adorned himself for his departure. Soon after, the
+minister of Torgau, together with his chaplain, Fisher, and the
+physician Kentman, of Torgau, came to pay a visit to the sick man. He
+conversed with these friends for about half an hour. He said that he did
+not feel particularly troubled on account of himself, but that he
+deeply felt the sad condition of the Church; for men were exciting
+wanton and useless controversies, dividing the Church, and darkening the
+truth of the pure doctrine by violence. But that he also had the
+consolation to know, that by the grace of God, the true doctrine is
+rightly explained in our churches; and thus concluded: "If I die, I
+shall escape coming misfortunes, and shall be torn away from this
+unhappy, sophistical, and strange year of nature."
+
+He began to pray with tears, and to commend the Church to the Son of
+God, our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. When the three friends were
+about to depart, he invited them to dinner. They accepted the
+invitation; but one of them received word that his daughter was taken
+ill. They then came to bid him farewell; and the invalid exhorted them
+to pray for the churches and schools, and said: "I know very well that
+you do so. The Almighty God be with you!" This was at 7 o'clock, and he
+was exceedingly weak.
+
+In the meantime his pastor, several deacons, professors, and other
+persons came in. Eight o'clock was the hour when the fever was expected;
+his strength decreased perceptibly, and at last he fainted. His friends
+restored him, and he slept quietly for a little while. When he awoke, he
+began to repeat his customary prayer. He spoke with a very feeble voice,
+yet every word could be heard. He prayed: "O Almighty, Eternal, living
+and true God, Creator of heaven, and earth, and men, together with thy
+co-eternal Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, who was crucified for us and
+raised from the dead, and thy living, pure, and true holy Spirit; thou
+wise, good, faithful, gracious and just God; thou voluntary, pure, and
+faithful Saviour, who givest life and law, thou hast said: 'I have no
+pleasure in the death of the sinner, but rather that he should return
+unto me and live;' and who hast also said, 'Call upon me in the day of
+trouble, and I will deliver thee.' I confess myself a poor sinner before
+thee, who is burdened with many sins; for I have offended against thy
+holy commandments in many ways, and I mourn from my heart that I have
+offended thee, and pray thee, for the sake of thy dear Son, our Lord and
+Saviour Jesus Christ, who was nailed to the cross for our sakes, and was
+raised again from the dead, that thou wouldst have mercy upon me,
+forgive me my sins, and justify me by and for the sake of the Lord Jesus
+Christ, who is thy eternal word and image, whom thou didst deliver as a
+sacrifice, mediator, Redeemer, and Saviour, led by thy wonderful and
+indescribable counsels, and inscrutable wisdom and mercy. And I also
+pray thee to sanctify me by thy holy, living, pure, and true Spirit, so
+that I may truly acknowledge, and firmly believe, obey, thank, fear, and
+invoke thee, behold thy gracious countenance with joy throughout all
+eternity, and for ever serve thee, the Almighty, true God, Creator of
+heaven and earth, and men, the everlasting Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and also Jesus Christ, thy dear Son, thine eternal word and
+image, and thy Holy Spirit, the true, pure, and living Comforter. In
+thee have I hoped, O Lord: let me never be confounded: in thy
+righteousness deliver me. Make me righteous, and bring me unto eternal
+life; thou hast redeemed me, O thou God of faithfulness and truth. Keep
+and rule our churches and government, and this school. Bestow a salutary
+peace and government upon them. Rule and protect our princes and
+government; gather and preserve an everlasting Christian Church unto
+thyself in these lands. Sanctify and unite it by thy Holy Spirit, that
+it may be one in thee, in the true knowledge and worship of thy dear
+Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, by and through him, thy eternal Son, our
+Lord Jesus Christ, who for our sakes was nailed to the cross, and raised
+again from the dead. Almighty, eternal Son of God, thou faithful Lord
+and Saviour Jesus Christ, who art the eternal word and image of the
+eternal Father, our Mediator and Saviour, crucified for us and raised
+again, I give thee most hearty thanks that thou didst assume our human
+nature, and art ordained my Redeemer, that in the flesh thou didst
+suffer, and arise from the dead, and now intercedest for me, I beseech
+thee regard and have mercy upon me, for I am lonely and poor; increase
+the light of faith in me, by thy Holy Spirit, bear with me in my
+weakness, rule, protect, and sanctify me; in thee, O Lord, have I hoped;
+let me never be confounded. Almighty, Holy Spirit, true, pure, and
+living Comforter, illuminate, rule, and sanctify me, strengthen faith in
+my heart and in my soul, give me true consolation, preserve and rule me,
+that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, that
+I may behold the beauty of the Lord, and may be and remain for ever a
+holy temple of the Lord, and praise God for ever with a joyful spirit in
+that eternal heavenly Church and Congregation."
+
+Thus he prayed. This prayer must have exhausted him very much, for he
+leaned back upon his bed, and slumbered for some time. But suddenly he
+opened his eyes, and said to Peucer: "I have been in the power of death,
+but the Lord has graciously delivered me." He repeated this several
+times, and as it could only be explained by supposing that he had passed
+through some severe internal conflict, Magister JOHN STURIO said to him:
+"There is now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus."
+Melanchthon soon added: "Christ is made to us wisdom, righteousness,
+sanctification, and redemption, in order that, as it is written, "Let
+him that glorieth, glory in the Lord." He also frequently repeated the
+words: "Oh Lord, have mercy upon me!" His pulse was gone, his hands and
+feet became cold, his breathing short, his eyes, temples, and the pit of
+his neck fell in, and his strength was failing very rapidly. It was easy
+to see that the hour of his departure was near. He was asked whether he
+did not wish to eat something. When he signified his willingness, they
+made him a soup of Hamburg beer. He ate about three spoonsful, and
+remarked: "What a very good soup this is!" He did not eat or drink
+anything more after this, but requested them to raise him up, because he
+wished to finish his will. But when he found that he was too weak, he
+said: "Oh God, that I should be seized so unexpectedly." He laid his
+hands before him, and sat for a little while, and then laid himself
+down. The heat of the fever was still so strong, that he left his feet
+uncovered, although they were extremely cold. He was able to turn about
+in his bed without assistance. About 1 o'clock he fainted again. Being
+restored by rubbing, he said, "Ah, what are you doing?" While he was
+thus lying perfectly still, the Pastor thought it proper to read some
+portions of the Old and New Testaments to him. He, and the two Deacons,
+Fr�shel and Sturio, now alternately read the 24th, 25th, and 26th
+Psalms, the 53d chapter of Isaiah, the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th
+chapters of John, Romans v., and several other chapters and verses of
+Paul and the prophets. When they were done and silent, the dying man
+said, in a loud and distinct voice: "I perpetually bear in mind the word
+of John of the Son of God, my Lord Jesus Christ: The World knew him
+not;--but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the
+sons of God, even to them that believe on his name." He then continued
+to pray silently; his lips were moving, but no one understood what he
+was saying. Those professors, whose duty it was to lecture in the
+afternoon, gave notice of the postponement of their lectures, in which
+they stated the reason, and called upon the students to unite their
+prayers with their own. A great excitement arose among the students and
+citizens, and all were filled with sorrow. All were anxiously awaiting
+the end.
+
+Within, the dying man was lying in the struggle of death, his eyes half
+open, and his body very restless. He did not speak, unless a question
+was put to him, although he was fully conscious. His son-in-law asked
+him whether he wished to have anything. "Nothing but heaven," he
+replied, "and therefore do not ask me such questions any more."
+
+About 3 o'clock in the afternoon, when his head had slipped from the
+pillow, and he was lying in an uncomfortable position, they attempted to
+raise him and alter his position, when he fainted again. He was soon
+restored. "Ah, what are you doing?" he said, "why do you disturb my
+sweet repose? let me rest unto the end, for it will not last very long."
+
+As they saw that his end was approaching, several persons united in
+prayer to God that he would be pleased soon to grant him a blessed
+dismission. The Pastor began to pray in a very consoling manner, and all
+in the room fell upon their knees, and united in prayer with him. Those
+passages of Scripture which he was known to have regarded with peculiar
+interest, were now repeated, such as, "Let not your heart be troubled;"
+so also, John 15, 16, 17, also 10: "Whoever loves me, will keep my
+commandments." "My sheep hear my voice." Also, Rom. viii., "If God be
+for us, who can be against us?"
+
+Several persons, who had not taken any food throughout the day, now
+went to table, but soon returned. It was in the evening at 6 o'clock,
+and the dying man was lying still, when Fr�shel arose, and pronounced
+the benediction upon him: "The Lord bless thee and keep thee! The Lord
+make his face to shine on thee, and be gracious unto thee! The Lord lift
+up his countenance on thee, and give thee peace!" Veit WINSHEIM, Doctor
+of Medicine, and Professor of Greek, repeated the words of the Psalm to
+him: "Into thy hands I commend my spirit; O Lord, thou hast delivered
+me, thou righteous and faithful God!" He asked him whether he heard him?
+The dying man replied, "_Yes!_" loud enough to be heard by all. It was
+his last word upon the earth.
+
+Fr�hshel now repeated the Creed, the Lord's prayer, and the words "Lord
+Jesus Christ, into thy hands I commend my spirit!" he repeated several
+times. When he repeated them for the third time, Melanchthon moved his
+lips as if he was praying. More than twenty persons were gazing upon the
+dying man. Without the slightest motion, this worthy man gently fell
+asleep in the evening, at 7 o'clock, in the very same hour in which he
+first beheld the light of this world, 63 years and 63 days before. In
+the midst of prayer he celebrated his return home, as the old account
+says, "to his beloved Lord Jesus Christ, whom he always praised with his
+heart and mouth. With him he no doubt now enjoys everlasting happiness
+and glory, together with all the elect. May our Lord Jesus Christ, the
+Son of God, help us all to enjoy the same, and may he grant us all a
+happy end, and joyous dismission, whenever it shall please him to call
+us away. Amen."
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+Winsheim, who delivered his funeral oration, said: "Failing gradually,
+he ceased to breathe almost without feeling death, and lay like one who
+is asleep; his face was not distorted, and his features were not
+changed, as is generally the case with the dead." When the beloved
+teacher had thus closed his eyes, the tidings of this event spread
+rapidly through the city. The students, greatly distressed, came to the
+house in great numbers. It was very easy to see how much they had loved
+him. The University soon informed the Elector of this sad event. The
+body was laid out in the study during the same evening. On the morning
+of the 20th of April, the artist, LUCAS KRANACH, painted his portrait.
+All were anxious to behold the beloved body, and permission was given to
+all during that and the following day.
+
+No one looked upon the beloved countenance, without tears. Some touched
+his head; others took his hand, and pressed it. Many kissed him, with
+many tears. The citizens brought their children to look upon him, so
+that they might be able to say, in future times, what kind of man he
+was. His body was placed in a leaden coffin, and this again in one of
+wood, and with other papers, the following was also placed in it: "In
+this coffin, PHILIP MELANCHTHON was buried, who was a professor of the
+Holy Scriptures, and the good arts, for 42 years. He was an excellent,
+learned, pleasant, sensible, sincere, pious, and holy man; patient and
+benevolent towards the poor, the most faithful and diligent assistant of
+the sainted and revered Doctor Martin Luther, in explaining and
+establishing the pure doctrine of the divine word, which had been
+darkened by the fraud of the Roman Popes, the juggling of the monks, and
+a great number of abuses. He also prepared the _Augsburg Confession_,
+which was delivered to the Emperor Charles V., in 1530, after the
+purification and exposition of the true doctrine had begun in 1517, and
+a change had also taken place in these churches. And he continued to
+defend the truth of the heavenly doctrine for 30 years, upon public
+diets, and privately, as is proved by his writings, which have been
+published to the world." After this follows a short account of the
+events of his life, from his birth to his death.
+
+The funeral took place on the 21st of April. Joachim Camerarius, and DR.
+MORCH, of Leipzig, arrived at nine o'clock in the morning. His great
+grief would not suffer him to look upon the body of his beloved friend
+once more. The procession set out in the afternoon. The students came
+first, and were followed by the body, borne by the professors of
+philosophy, who were dressed in long black funeral robes. After them
+came the relatives, the other professors, the city council, strange
+noblemen and others, students and citizens. The coffin was first taken
+to the parish church, where it was set down before the altar, on the
+very spot where Melanchthon had been in the habit of kneeling when
+priests were ordained. A psalm and several other hymns, were sung here.
+The Pastor, Paul Eber, then mounted the pulpit, and preached the funeral
+sermon, from the words in 1 Thess. iv. From the parish Church, the
+procession moved towards the Electoral Church. There the body was
+deposited by the side of Luther's grave. Veit Winsheim mounted a pulpit
+which had been erected near it, and delivered an excellent and moving
+Latin address. He closed it in the following words: "He has left us, and
+all his, the churches of these dominions, and the University, in a
+painful state of anxiety. At the very time when we are tossed about by
+the ocean-storms, we have lost our pilot, at the very time when we need
+him most, and could spare him less than ever before. But it is not
+difficult to understand what God means by taking such men from the
+world, in order that they may not see the coming distresses. I do not
+wish to be a prophet of misfortunes; but let us cultivate repentance and
+patience, so that we may either escape from the wrath of God, or that we
+may be able to bear his paternal chastisement, if it be necessary. For
+the death of such men should incite us to piety, to repentance, and more
+fervent prayer; and also to preserve the inheritance left us by these
+two men, Luther and Melanchthon; namely, the pure doctrines of truth,
+with the greatest prudence, diligence, and fidelity. For this is not the
+time for security and sleep, but for watchfulness. We have all seen what
+came to pass after Luther's death; let every one reflect for himself,
+what things are to be expected now." After this, the body was deposited
+in its resting-place, by the side of Luther. The whole community
+assisted at these funeral solemnities. There was such a concourse of
+persons of every condition and age, that Wittenberg had never seen one
+to exceed it. All were deeply moved, and many tears were shed.[28]
+
+A small plate of metal, in the floor, still marks Melanchthon's
+resting-place, while another on the wall presents his portrait, and
+eulogizes the great and ever to be remembered reformer and teacher, not
+only of Germany, but of entire evangelical Christendom.
+
+The Wittenberg account closes with the following prayer, with which we,
+too, shall end our narrative:
+
+"And we hereby earnestly and heartily beseech God, that he will be
+pleased to gather and preserve an everlasting Christian Church among us,
+and in these lands, and the entire human race, through his dear Son, our
+Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; and that he will also preserve us against
+factions and schisms, and grant us courage and strength to oppose them
+confidently and successfully. And as human strength and wisdom are too
+weak to accomplish this, we beseech the Eternal Son of God, that he
+would abundantly pour out his Holy Spirit by his word, in our hearts and
+those of all believers, so that we may obtain knowledge and wisdom, and
+be ruled and guided in all things, in order that his holy Divine name
+may be praised and glorified by us and the whole Christian Church, here
+in this world, and forever in the world to come. Amen."
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] This learned scholar, known to the learned by the name of CAPNIO,
+was a native of Pforzheim, and successively a teacher of languages at
+Basle and at Orleans. He was the restorer of letters in Germany, and the
+author of several treatises on Philosophy.
+
+[2] He wrote a humorous piece in the form of a comedy, which he
+dedicated to Reuchlin, to show the sense he entertained of his truly
+parental kindness, and engaged his schoolfellows to perform it in his
+presence. It was upon this occasion that he gave him the name of
+Melanchthon.
+
+[3] His proficiency in the Greek was so remarkable, that even at this
+early age he composed RUDIMENTS of the language, which were afterwards
+published.
+
+[4] Erasmus also wrote to Oecolampadius, "Of Melanchthon I have already
+the highest opinion, and cherish the most magnificent hopes: so much so,
+that I am persuaded Christ designs this youth to excel us all: _he will
+totally eclipse Erasmus!_" In a letter to Julius Pflug, he says: "He not
+only excels in learning and eloquence, but by a certain fatality is a
+_general favorite_. Honest and candid men are fond of him, _and even his
+adversaries cannot hate him_!"
+
+[5] It may be mentioned here, that John Agricola, of Eisleben, who was
+engaged on the Lutheran side, afterwards became an opponent of the
+Reformation; and John Poliander, the amanuensis of Eck, attached himself
+to Luther at the close of the disputation, and afterwards preached the
+Gospel in Prussia.--_Seckendorf. Hist. Luther_, Book I., page 230.
+
+[6] This term applied to the faculty of Theology at Paris. The College
+of the University in which they assembled was called the house of the
+Sorbonne, which was first erected and endowed in the year 1250, by a
+wealthy favorite of St. Louis, whose name was Robert de Sorbonne. This
+Theological faculty enjoyed the highest repute at that time.
+
+[7] Karlstadt was heard to say, that "he wished to be as great a man and
+as much thought of as Luther;" for which he was properly reproved by
+Melanchthon, who reminded him, "that such language could only proceed
+from a spirit of emulation, envy, and pride."--_Seckendorf._
+
+[8] Luther's principal assistants in this work were Philip Melanchthon,
+Caspar Cruciger, Justus Jonas, John Bugenhagen, or Pomeranus, and
+Matthew Aurogallus;--the corrector of the press was George
+Rorarius.--_Seckendorf._
+
+We are also told in Adams, that Bugenhagen constantly kept the
+anniversary of the day on which this work was finished, with a select
+party of friends at his own house. This social meeting was called "The
+festival of the translation of the Scriptures."
+
+[9] Henry von Z�tphen preached the gospel in Ditmars, a county of
+Holstein. He was seized by the enraged priests, and after having been
+beaten and stabbed, and covered with more than twenty wounds, was cast
+into the fire. He suffered martyrdom with most heroic calmness. Luther
+published the history of this martyr.--_Seckendorf._
+
+[10] Melanchthon addressed the following apologetic letter to
+Camerarius: "As some unfounded reports will probably reach you,
+respecting the marriage of Luther, I think it proper to inform you of
+the true state of the case, and to give my opinion. On the 13th of June,
+Luther, to our great surprise, and without saying a word to his friends,
+married Catharine de Bora, and only invited Pomeranus, Lucca the
+painter, and Apellus the lawyer, to supper in the evening, celebrating
+the espousals in the customary manner. Some perhaps may be astonished
+that he should have married at this unfavorable juncture of public
+affairs, so deeply afflictive to every good man, and thus appear to be
+unaffected and careless about the distressing events which have occurred
+amongst us; even though his own reputation suffers at a moment when
+Germany most requires his talents and influence. This, however, is my
+view of the subject: Luther is a man who has nothing of the unsocial
+misanthropist about him; but you know his habits, and I need say no more
+on this head. Surely it is no wonderful thing that his great and
+benevolent soul should be influenced by the gentle affections,
+especially as there is nothing reprehensible or criminal in it. He is in
+fact by nature fitted for the married state; and it is pronounced
+honorable in the sacred Scriptures. I saw that his change of situation
+produced some degree of perturbation and gloom of mind, and I have done
+my utmost to cheer him; for I cannot condemn him as having committed a
+fault, or fallen into sin, though I grant God has recorded many sins
+which some of his ancient saints committed, in order that we might be
+stimulated to repose our confidence, not in men, however dignified and
+distinguished, but in his word alone. I have in possession the most
+decisive evidences of his piety and love to God, so that the malicious
+reproaches heaped upon Luther are nothing else than the inventions of
+scurrilous sycophants, who want employment for a slanderous tongue, &c.
+&c.--_Mel. Epistles. Cox._
+
+[11] In Germany, the higher schools, intended to give immediate
+preparation for the universities, are termed gymnasia.--_Brande._
+
+[12] Melanchthon discloses a secret to Camerarius: "I am applied to from
+Bohemia to desert the Reformed cause, and promised any remuneration from
+King Ferdinand. Indeed, my defection is publicly reported as a fact,
+because in the little book written for the Reformed Churches, I have
+shown an increased degree of moderation; and yet you perceive I have
+really inserted nothing different from what Luther constantly affirms.
+But because I have employed no asperity of language, these very acute
+men judge that I necessarily differ from Luther.--_Mel. Epist. Cox._
+
+[13] The first who thus acquired the honorable appellation of
+_Protestants_, were John, Elector of Saxony, George, Elector of
+Brandenburg, Ernest and Francis, Dukes of Luneburg, Philip, Landgrave of
+Hesse, and Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt. They were seconded by thirteen or
+fourteen imperial cities.
+
+[14] During a conversation at this time, his mother mentioned the manner
+in which she was accustomed to attend to her devotions, and the form she
+generally used, which was free from the prevailing superstitions. "But
+what," said she, "am I to believe amidst so many different opinions of
+the present day?" "Go on," replied Melanchthon, "believe and pray as you
+now do, and have done before, and do not disturb yourself about the
+disputes and controversies of the time."--_Adam. in Cox._
+
+[15] The election of Ferdinand as King of Rome, was regarded as an
+artful proceeding of his brother, the Emperor, for the purpose of
+rendering the imperial crown hereditary in his family, and consequently,
+subversive of the liberties of the empire.--_Cox._
+
+[16] Maimbourg relates, that Queen Margaret of Navarre, sister of
+Francis I., united with other illustrious females attached to the Court,
+who cherished sentiments favorable to the Reformation, to request that
+he might be invited for the purpose of consultation on existing disputes
+in religion. The Queen frequently spoke of him to her brother as a man
+of exalted piety, profound learning, and singular eloquence.--_Cox._
+
+[17] Some Parisians, who had imbibed the principles of Protestantism,
+indiscreetly posted up hand-bills in several of the public places, and
+on the gates of the Louvre, containing reflections on the doctrines,
+rites, and clergy of the Church of Rome. The king, being highly incensed
+at these proceedings, issued a general order against heretics, and
+appointed a solemn procession. The holy host was carried through the
+city, the king walked with his feet bare, and his head uncovered,
+attended by the queen, the princes of the blood, and all his courtiers.
+Six Lutherans were publicly condemned by the parliament to be burnt; a
+decree which was executed with the most shocking barbarity before the
+procession was finished, and others were sought after with the most
+eager diligence.--_Sleid. Dupin. Belcar. in Cox._
+
+[18] Milichius was a physician, to whom he was particularly attached on
+account of his professional skill, devoted friendship, and literary
+taste. He was a native of Freiburg, and for a series of years led a
+useful and eminent course of public life at Wittenberg.--_Cam. Life of
+Mel. in Cox._
+
+[19] Those who wish to know more of this strange event, which has so
+often been used as an argument against the Wittenberg Reformers, will
+find a complete and excellent examination of it in Dr. John Bachman's
+"Defence of Luther and the Reformation against the charges of John
+Bellinger, M. D., and others." Page 153.
+
+[20] Melanchthon wrote an enigma upon the names of these persons,
+playing upon the German words Pflug (plow), Eck (harrow), Groper
+(digging), &c. As this could not retain its meaning in a translation, we
+have omitted it from the text.--T.
+
+[21] Eck, during the heat of disputation, made use of some puzzling
+sophism, at which Melanchthon paused to revolve the statement in his
+mind, and at length replied: "I will give you an answer to-morrow."
+"Oh," said his antagonist, "there is no merit or honor in that, if you
+cannot answer me immediately." To which he replied in these memorable
+words: "My good Doctor, I am not seeking my own glory in this business,
+but truth; I say then, God willing, you shall have an answer
+to-morrow."--(_Adam. Lives of Germ. Theolog. Cox._)
+
+[22] Melanchthon's disinterestedness is evident from a letter written in
+former years by Luther to the Elector. He mentions Melanchthon's
+hesitation to accept an increase of his salary to the amount of an
+hundred florins, and his wish to continue his Greek lectures without any
+remuneration, so that the ordinary stipend might be devoted to augment
+the revenue of the University. "But," says Luther, "he has sustained the
+greatest share of academical labor for upwards of twenty years past, and
+surely he has the greatest right to enjoy in quiet some of the profits.
+He has been a kind of general servant to the whole institution, and
+well merits the bounty of your highness. The whole Christian world
+is his debtor, and, blessed be God, the Popish fraternity are more
+afraid of him and his scholars, than all the learned besides put
+together."--_Seckendorf. Cox._
+
+[23] Agricola was liberally rewarded by the Emperor and by Ferdinand;
+and Sidonius obtained the Bishopric of Merseburg. This furnished
+occasion for a common joke upon them, "that they only defended the
+Popish chrism and oil as necessary to salvation, that they might come
+off the better greased themselves."--_Sleidan, in Cox._
+
+[24] Their house was crowded with a constant succession of comers and
+goers, of every age, sex, and condition; some pressing in to receive,
+and others departing well-stored from this ample repository of kindness
+and bounty. It formed a part of their domestic regulations, never to
+refuse an applicant.... Camerarius has stated, that on several occasions
+when his pecuniary resources have been exhausted, he would contrive to
+supply the necessitous by privately taking cups, or other vessels
+appropriated to domestic use, to a trader to sell, even at a very low
+rate. He received many presents of gold and silver coin. These he would
+often give to the first person who, from avarice or curiosity, might be
+induced to ask for them, simply from a disposition to oblige.
+
+[25] Anna was handsome, accomplished, and of a very literary turn.
+Luther, in one of his letters, calls her "the elegant daughter of
+Philip."--_Cox._
+
+[26] He always estimated _time_ as a most precious possession. It is
+said of him, that when he made an appointment, he expected not only the
+day or the hour, but the _minute_ to be fixed, that time might not be
+squandered away in the vacuity or idleness of suspense.--_Cox._
+
+[27] John Bugenhagen, Pomeranus, or Pommer, was one of the most
+remarkable men of the age, and may be justly ranked with Luther and
+Melanchthon, with whom he cherished a long and close friendship, and to
+whom he was in many respects little inferior. Originally he was a
+schoolmaster at Treptow in Pomerania; and when he first saw the
+"Babylonish Captivity" by Luther, exclaimed, "The author of this book is
+the most pestilent heretic that ever infested the Church of Christ." But
+after examining it more seriously, and with an inquisitive mind, it
+produced so entire a change of sentiment, that he said, "The whole world
+is blind, and this man alone sees the truth." When he was chosen to be
+minister of the great Church at Wittenberg, he not only did not aim at
+this elevation, but was almost dragged by force out of his obscurity to
+possess it, and assiduously devoted himself to the duties of this
+eminent station during thirty-six years. He expired in peace, at the
+advanced age of seventy-three."--_Cox._
+
+[28] His well-known friend and pupil, John Matthesius, wrote an epitaph
+in verse, which the author says he proposes to lay upon the godly man's
+grave as a lovely flower. Despairing of being able to give it to the
+reader in a good translation, we have omitted it in the text, and
+propose to give it as well as we can in simple prose: "A honey-flower,
+sprung from _black earth_ (alluding to the name Melanchthon, or
+Schwartzerd), worthy of the crown of honor and praise, withered by the
+intense heat, lies at rest here. Many grateful little bees sipped and
+made honey from it, for the comfort and instruction of Christendom; and
+therefore many churches and schools are filled with sorrow. This little
+flower has satisfied many insects and wild birds with its perfume and
+precious nectar. God has done much good by it in the Church, school,
+house, and government, and now all its labors and dangers are at an end.
+Neither caterpillars, bees, horse-flies, wasps, nor nettles, burdock,
+thistle, or cockle, could destroy this sweet little flower; and it
+continued to praise God, and to instruct men at all hours. Many a spider
+crept over it, many poisonous reptiles pierced it; but yet it lives, and
+slumbers in this shrine, and its work will never be forgotten. God now
+wipes away its tears, and refreshes it with the dew of heaven. Its
+little leaves give out a pleasant perfume, and in a short time it will
+live again. When the bones and skin of faithful teachers shall blossom
+like the green herb, then its faith, patience, and industry, will
+receive praise, thanksgiving, and honor. Whosoever, therefore, performs
+a pilgrimage to this shrine, let him drop a longing tear, and sigh with
+us from the depths of his heart, for God is pleased with a grateful
+heart and mouth. Lord Christ, come and show thy glory, which is prepared
+for this little flower. Help thy church in all her distresses, by thy
+intercessions, and bloody wounds. Preserve all thy little bees, and the
+leaves of this little flower, in thine own cypress shrine, for they are
+the witnesses of thy name. Thy word, and the writings of good men, avail
+against murder and the poison of Satan, teach, comfort, refresh, and
+warn every one; but an evil book is the cause of all misery."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Philip Melanchthon, by 
+Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
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+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Philip Melanchthon, by 
+Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of Philip Melanchthon
+
+Author: Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
+
+Translator: Gottlob Frederick Krotel
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2012 [EBook #39734]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF PHILIP MELANCHTHON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td class="btlr" align="center"><span class="big">TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected without note; however, irregularities with quotation marks have been retained from the original.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Pages 56-60 were printed out of order as described in the "Notice"
+after page 2.&nbsp; These pages have been put into the correct order
+in this eText.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bblr">&nbsp;</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontispiece.png" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="caption">MELANCHTHON.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">THE LIFE</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">OF</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">PHILIP MELANCHTHON.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">CHARLES FREDERICK LEDDERHOSE.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">Translated from the German,</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BY THE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">REV. G. F. KROTEL,</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PASTOR OF TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH, LANCASTER, PA.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">PHILADELPHIA:</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">LINDSAY &amp; BLAKISTON.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">1855.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by<br/>
+LINDSAY &amp; BLAKISTON,<br/>
+in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for<br/>
+the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">NOTICE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>By an oversight on the part of the pressman whose duty it is to revise
+the sheets on the press in my Printing Office, the following pages of
+this work (The Life of Melanchthon), are transposed, 56, 57, 58, 59, and
+60. This error makes the book appear at first sight to be incomplete,
+the reader, however, will find all the pages, as above, but transposed.
+The error was not discovered until the whole edition of the work was
+bound, and largely distributed, consequently too late to be corrected in
+any other way than by this notice.</p>
+
+<p class="right">C. SHERMAN, Printer,<br />
+for LINDSAY &amp; BLAKISTON, Publishers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philadelphia, Nov. 30, 1854.</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Luther</span> occupies so great, unrivalled, and apostolical a position among
+the Reformers, that we should not feel surprised to see his life and
+labors presented to the evangelical community again and again. Although
+we are far from encouraging an idolatrous worship of the man, we believe
+we are acting in the spirit of the word of God, when we encourage men to
+follow his faith. But we should act very ungratefully if, on account of
+this Prince in Israel, we should lose sight of the other distinguished
+men of God in the days of the Reformation. And among these, <span class="smcap">Philip
+Melanchthon</span> occupies the highest place. The age in which he lived called
+him the Teacher of the German people, because he exerted a powerful
+influence upon the scientific and Christian culture of Germany. And we
+too may give him the same name, for his writings continue to exert a
+great influence, and justly claim our consideration. To show that this
+is indeed true, that he is still calculated to be the teacher of the
+German people, especially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> of the evangelical community, is the object
+of this Biography. As this volume was prepared for the general reader,
+all learned discussions were necessarily avoided. It does not enter into
+critical investigations, but faithfully appropriates known facts, in
+order to present them to the reader in an intelligible manner. A candid
+examination must decide how far the author has succeeded in
+accomplishing this object. It is the first attempt of the kind, for the
+Life of Melanchthon has not been written often; and when it was written,
+it was not treated in a popular manner.</p>
+
+<p>It was therefore the principal aim of the author of the present volume
+to present a truthful picture of the faith and the life of the Reformer.
+The man who wrote the Augsburg Confession, and its Apology, Confessions
+which, after three hundred years, are still a stumbling-block to some,
+but also an encouragement and consolation to many; a man who,
+notwithstanding all his scientific attainments, in which he no doubt
+excelled the great majority in our own day, yet held fast to the
+fundamental principles of Christianity, to the manifestation of God in
+the Flesh, to the Redemption, to Justification by Faith, in life and in
+the hour of death,&mdash;undoubtedly deserves to be introduced from the past
+into the present, in order to preach salvation in Christ to the present
+generation.</p>
+
+<p>If Melanchthon's godly walk and conversation should be instrumental in
+leading him who is a stranger to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span> salvation in Christ, to seek this; if
+it should serve to comfort and strengthen others, then may that word of
+the Scriptures be remembered: "<i>The memory of the just is blessed</i>;" and
+may every one gratefully rejoice, with the Reformer, in that glorious
+promise: "<i>And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the
+firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness, as the stars for
+ever and ever.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Ardently desiring that this volume may be useful and profitable unto
+salvation to very many, we suffer it to go forth upon its way.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><small>St. G. &nbsp; &nbsp; On the first Sunday in Advent, 1846.</small></span></p>
+
+<p class="right">L.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Melanchthon</span> has been called the most amiable, the purest, and most
+learned of the celebrated men of the sixteenth century. The
+distinguished Erasmus confesses, that he was a <i>general favorite</i>, that
+honest and candid men were fond of him, and <i>even his adversaries cannot
+hate him</i>. And he has succeeded in securing the affections of posterity,
+and, more than any other one of the valiant champions of the
+Reformation, is the general favorite of all evangelical Christians, and
+still seems to stand as the gentle mediator between the two great
+divisions of the Protestant Church formed at that time, claimed and
+loved by both.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, notwithstanding all this, we venture to say, that a very large
+proportion of Protestant readers know no more of the life of this lovely
+man of God, than that which is interwoven with the life of Luther. His
+life has not been written for the people even by his own countrymen, and
+our author presents us with the first attempt of this kind. In our own
+language we have but one Life of Melanchthon, the one written by Dr.
+Cox, the first American edition of which, from the second London
+edition, is now lying before us, bearing the date 1835. Admirable as
+this work has been acknowledged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> to be, we believe the work of
+Ledderhose to be still more calculated for general reading. Our author
+assures us that it was "his principal aim to present a truthful picture
+of the faith and the life of the Reformer;" and it is this constant
+exhibition of his inner life, even in his own words, which is calculated
+to edify as well as instruct. Besides this, many incidents in his own
+life, and interesting events and questions after the death of Luther,
+omitted or briefly mentioned in Dr. Cox's work, will be found here. A
+number of facts, mentioned by Cox and others, have been added by the
+translator, and will be found in the notes scattered through the volume.
+The style is very simple and popular, and this simplicity and frequent
+quaintness of expression, especially in the numerous extracts from
+letters and declarations of faith, rendered the work of translation more
+difficult, especially as it seemed necessary and desirable to retain the
+homeliness of the German as much as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Believing that this portraiture of the life of Melanchthon cannot offend
+the feelings of any Protestant Christian, but that it is calculated to
+afford instruction and edification to the old and young, the translator
+humbly trusts, that it may not only make Lutherans, but many other
+evangelical Christians, better acquainted with the "faith and life" of
+the faithful friend of Luther, and distinguished author of the Augsburg
+Confession.</p>
+
+<p class="right">G. F. K.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap"><small>Lancaster</small></span>, <small>November, 1854.</small></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="table">
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>AUTHOR'S PREFACE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_iii">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_vii">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER I.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>His Youth</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER II.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The University</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21"> 21</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER III.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>His Debut in Wittenberg, and at the Leipzig Disputation</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER IV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Building and Fighting</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER V.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Melanchthon without Luther</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER VI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Labors, Recreation, and Trouble</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER VII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The War of the Peasants</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER VIII.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>His Labors for the Church and Schools</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER IX.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Diet of Spire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER X.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Conference at Marburg</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Diet of Augsburg</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Position of the Evangelical Party after the Diet of Augsburg</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XIII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Kings of France and England, and Melanchthon</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XIV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Wittenberg Form of Concord</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Recreation and Trouble</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XVI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Convention at Smalkald</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XVII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Conflicts in the Evangelical Camp</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XVIII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Assembly of the Princes at Frankfort, and the Victories of the
+Reformation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XIX.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Help in a Dangerous Illness</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XX.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Worms and Ratisbon</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Progress of the Reformation</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The School of Tribulation</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXIII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Worms and Ratisbon again</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205"> 205</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXIV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Luther Dies, and Melanchthon Mourns</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>War and the Misery of War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXVI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Restoration of the University of Wittenberg</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXVII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Diet of Augsburg and its Interim</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXVIII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>How the Interim fared in the Electorate of Saxony</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXIX.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Disputes about the Leipzig Interim</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXX.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Conflict with Osiander</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Changed Attitude of the Elector Maurice</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXII.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Doctrinal Controversies, and Attempts to bring about a Union</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXIII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Religious Conference at Worms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXIV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Last Years of his Life, real Years of Sorrow</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXV.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>His Domestic Life</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXVI.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Something more of Melanchthon's Merits</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XXXVII.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>He Dies</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">Life of Melanchthon.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER I.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HIS YOUTH.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> a hilly part of the Kraichgau lies the city of <span class="smcap">Bretten</span>. In former
+times it belonged to the Electors of the Palatinate, and in the year
+1504 defended itself bravely against Duke Ulrich of W�rtemberg, and also
+manifested a brave loyalty to its hereditary sovereign in the war of the
+peasants. It is now included in the Grand-Duchy of Baden. It has
+acquired an imperishable name, because a great man, <span class="smcap">Philip Melanchthon</span>,
+was born in it. We will begin by hearing what an old account relates of
+his ancestors and parents, his birth and youth.</p>
+
+<p>"In the days of the Count Palatine <span class="smcap">Philip</span>, Elector on the Rhine, there
+lived in Heidelberg, before the mountain, a worthy, pious man, named
+<span class="smcap">Claus Schwartzerd</span>. With Elizabeth, his wife, he begat two sons, <span class="smcap">Hans</span> and
+<span class="smcap">George</span>, and from their youth up trained them in the fear of God, and the
+practice of every virtue. The Count Palatine Philip took so great a
+liking to <span class="smcap">George</span>, who was a very active and ingenious lad, and
+discharged every duty most diligently, that he took him to Court, and
+permitted him to examine a number of professions, in order by this
+means<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> to satisfy himself what his inclinations were, and what might be
+made of him. When the boy, therefore, took delight in armor, the Elector
+placed him in charge of a master in Amberg. He learned the trade so
+rapidly that every one was astonished, and the journeymen became so
+hostile to him, that one of them on a certain occasion burned him with
+hot lead in so dangerous a manner that his life was despaired of, and he
+was only saved by Divine mercy, and very faithful nursing." By order of
+the Elector he was then sent to an armorer in Nuremberg. Here also he
+made rapid advances. "For the boy was so ingenious, that, as we commonly
+say, his hands could imitate whatever his eyes saw. He could forge as
+neatly as if it had been done with a file." In a few years he was able
+to make everything needful for the tournament. The Elector again took
+him to Court, and appointed him an armorer or armor-bearer. He became so
+celebrated, that even foreign potentates courted him. Even the German
+Emperor <span class="smcap">Maximilian</span> had his armor made by him. For a very skilful suit of
+armor, the Emperor presented him with a family coat of arms,
+representing a lion sitting upon a shield and helmet, holding tongs and
+a hammer in his paws. George's son, our Philip, never made use of this
+coat of arms, his own representing the serpent upon the cross, alluding
+to the well-known typical event in the wilderness. When George was
+thirty years old, the Elector thought of having him married. A
+well-known citizen of Bretten, <span class="smcap">Hans Reuter</span>, "a very fine, sensible man,
+who had even studied," enjoying great respect, having served as Mayor of
+the place for several years, had a daughter called <span class="smcap">Barbara</span>. "She was a
+virtuous and well-bred maiden. By the providence of Almighty God, and
+the negotiations of the Elector, she was promised to him in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> marriage,
+and they were married in Spire, in the presence of many knights, who
+appeared to do honor to his espousals." The ancient account goes on to
+say: "The married couple continued to love and esteem each other, for
+the said <span class="smcap">George Schwartzerd</span> was a just, pious, God-fearing man, serving
+God earnestly, praying diligently, and observing his hours of prayer as
+strictly as any priest, permitting nothing to hinder him from the
+discharge of this duty, so that he would arise in the night, fall upon
+his knees, and pray with earnestness. No one ever heard him utter a
+profane word, or saw him intoxicated, or even heard of anything of the
+kind of him to the day of his death." He did not concern himself
+especially with laying up this world's goods, and he was never seen in
+the courts to carry on lawsuits. His wife, besides her piety, and
+domestic, frugal spirit, exercised benevolence towards the poor and
+afflicted. The familiar saying was often upon her lips: "Alms do not
+impoverish," and the lines also&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Whoever wishes to consume more</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Than his plough can support,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Will at last come to ruin,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And die upon the gallows.</span></p>
+
+<p>After living childless for four years, a son was born to them on the
+16th of February, 1497, on the Thursday after the first Sunday in Lent,
+who, in baptism, received the name of <span class="smcap">Philip</span>. "Thus does God bless this
+pious and godly man with the gift of such a child, which afterwards
+became a blessing to the whole land, yea, many lands, and the whole of
+Christendom, and will remain so to the end of the world." Their marriage
+was further blessed by the birth of another son and three daughters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philip</span>, and his brother <span class="smcap">George</span>, four years younger than himself,
+attended the town-school of Bretten, to acquire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> the rudiments of human
+learning. But because a malignant disease was raging at that time, and
+their teacher himself was confined with it, their careful grandfather
+Reuter removed the boys from school, fearing lest they too might be
+attacked, and provided a private tutor for them in his own house. His
+name was <span class="smcap">John Unger</span>. A little grandson, John Reuter, enjoyed these
+instructions together with the two boys. Unger was an excellent teacher,
+who laboured to give his pupils a thorough education. He took especial
+pains in his Latin instructions. Melanchthon, who was "a master in that
+language," in after years could not sufficiently praise the teacher of
+his youth. He says of him: "He loved me as a son, and I loved him as a
+father." Unger was afterwards made court chaplain of the Margrave Philip
+of Baden, and continued to preach the gospel faithfully in Pforzheim to
+a very advanced age. "When their grandfather observed the diligence of
+the boys, he bought them a Missal, in order that they might become
+familiar with the hymns of the church, whilst pursuing their other
+studies; and he required of them to take their places in the choir on
+all holy days. About this time the great Bachanti (so called roving
+scholars) roved through the country. When one of these came to Bretten,
+his grandfather would set Philip to dispute with him. It was a rare
+thing to find one who was a match for him. This pleased the old man, and
+he took special delight in these contests. The boy too became bolder,
+and more fond of study. And his grandfather took care to provide books
+and other things, so that the boy might not be hindered."</p>
+
+<p>The extraordinary gifts of little Philip manifested themselves at an
+early period. He was possessed of a quick perception, a retentive
+memory, and great acuteness. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> was continually engaged in asking
+questions during school hours, and afterwards, he would seek out his
+friends, in order to converse more about what he had learned. It was
+impossible not to love the boy, for he was peculiarly amiable and
+modest. His talkativeness found a great obstacle in his stammering
+tongue, which, however, he endeavoured to surmount. It is said of him,
+that in early life he could be very easily irritated; but he would
+sometimes apply to himself the saying: "He cuts and stabs, and yet hurts
+nobody."</p>
+
+<p>His grandfather was particularly attached to Philip, and it is to be
+regretted that the worthy man was so soon to leave the land of his
+pilgrimage, which happened in the year 1507. As Philip's father was
+frequently taken away from home by his many engagements, he was obliged
+to intrust the education of his children to his wife and her father. We
+are told "he enjoined it upon his father-in-law, Hans Reuter, to look to
+his children, so that they might be sent to school regularly, and might
+learn something profitable." In his travels he came to Manheim, in
+Neuburg, in 1504. His sovereign had summoned him thither, in order that
+he might be nearer him in preparing and forwarding ordnance in the
+Bavarian war. Here, however, he found an incurable disease. The wells
+from which he drank were poisoned. As the life of this man was of great
+value to the prince, he left no efforts untried to save him, but all
+proved in vain. It is true he lived for four years after this, but in a
+very helpless condition. About the very time when grandfather Reuter
+died, Schwartzerd was also lying upon his death-bed. Three days before
+his death, he expressed himself to the following effect: "These three
+things I will also leave my little children when I die&mdash;that they are in
+the bosom of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> true Christian Church, that they are one in <span class="smcap">Him</span>, and
+united among each other, and heirs of eternal life." When he felt the
+approach of death, he called for Philip, then ten years old, commended
+him to God, and exhorted him to fear God. Dying, he said, "I have
+experienced many changes in the world, but greater ones are coming. My
+prayer is, that God may rule you in them. I counsel thee, my son, to
+fear God, and live honestly." These words were treasured in the boy's
+memory as long as he lived. In order that he might not behold the death
+of his father, he was sent to Spire. He was naturally very
+tender-hearted, and the communication of his father's illness deeply
+moved him. He says: "Like all children, I had never yet thought of
+sickness and death, nor had I ever seen a sick person or a corpse. When
+my mother, therefore, told me,&mdash;'Your father is ill,' I was obliged to
+ask what that imported. But she had scarcely given me an idea of it,
+when I was overwhelmed with grief." On the 27th of October, of the same
+year in which his grandfather Reuter died, his father also finished his
+course, in the forty-ninth year of his age. But a very important outward
+change for the boy was brought about by these two deaths. The three
+boys, who had hitherto enjoyed Unger's instructions, were removed, in
+the autumn of this year, to the Latin school in the city of Pforzheim,
+in Baden. Their mother had a relative, named <span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, a sister of the
+well-known distinguished scholar <span class="smcap">Reuchlin</span>,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> residing in Pforzheim. The
+boys lodged in her house.</p>
+
+<p>The able Rector, <span class="smcap">George Simler</span>, and <span class="smcap">John Hildenbrand</span>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> were their
+teachers. The Latin language was then the principal study, and the great
+object to be reached was, that the pupils should be able to speak it.
+The Greek language was still a very rare accomplishment. Simler, who had
+some knowledge of it, only introduced it to the notice of his ablest
+pupils. It was Philip Schwartzerd's good fortune to be one of this
+number, and he used the opportunity with great profit to himself. Of
+Simler, he somewhere says: "He first unlocked the meaning of the Greek
+and Latin Poets to me, and introduced me to a purer philosophy." He met
+with this teacher again in the University at T�bingen. In Pforzheim he
+was fortunate enough to become better acquainted with the celebrated
+<span class="smcap">John Reuchlin</span>, who then resided in W�rtemberg, as President of the
+Swabian Court of the Confederates. Reuchlin took great delight in the
+talented boy, gave him his paternal regard, called him his son, and
+presented him with beautiful and useful books. On a certain occasion he
+also gave him his chestnut-colored Doctor's hat, and placed it on the
+boy's head. "All this greatly pleased Philip, and he so advanced in his
+studies, that he was soon promoted to a place among the largest and
+oldest pupils." Reuchlin also gave young Schwartzerd the name of
+<span class="smcap">Melanchthon</span>,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> which is the Greek word for his own name, (black earth).
+It was then a very general custom to change German names into Greek.
+After the year 1531, he did not write his name Melanchthon, but
+<span class="smcap">Melanthon</span>, most likely because this is more easily pronounced.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But it is time to notice the internal development of the boy. As the
+parents lived in the fear of God, this was also aimed at in the
+education of their children. Philip soon exhibited a great love for the
+public services of the house of God. He was especially delighted with
+the histories of the holy men of the Christian Church. Of these he heard
+much, both in the church and at home. Had the Gospel been opened to him
+at that time, he would doubtless have received it joyfully. However, he
+admits the use of the Legends of the saints in the words: "It was a part
+of our domestic discipline rather to employ the boys with these matters,
+than to permit them to run about the streets, or engage in wild noise."
+As a matter of course, such food, as the Church then profferred, could
+not satisfy an inquiring mind like that of Philip. The law, as it was
+then exclusively employed by the Catholic Church, was barely able to
+plow up the soil of the heart. But when it is yet considered, in
+addition to this, that the laws of God occupied the background behind
+the frequently ridiculous laws of the Church, it is matter for surprise
+that so many spiritual wants were yet felt, as we find to be the case
+with young Melanchthon. But his mind at this time was still principally
+directed to the acquisition of learning, of which he had already
+gathered an unusually large store in Pforzheim, by the instructions of
+Simler, and the encouragement of the deeply-learned Reuchlin.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER II.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE UNIVERSITY.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When</span> he had spent two years in the town-school of Pforzheim, he had
+improved himself so much that he wrote down his own thoughts, both in
+the Latin and Greek languages, with facility. He already composed neat
+verses in these strange languages. Thus it came to pass, that, although
+he was but thirteen years old, he could already enter the University of
+<span class="smcap">Heidelberg</span>. His acquirements were of a superior character. He was
+received as a student on the 13th of October, 1509. In Heidelberg it was
+his good fortune to become an inmate of the house of a distinguished
+scholar, Dr. <span class="smcap">Pallas Spengel</span>. Although Pallas held fast to the
+established order of things in religious matters, he was not opposed to
+anything better. Melanchthon rejoiced in after life that he had enjoyed
+the intercourse of this aged, and, in his own way, pious professor. He
+was instructed in the elements of astronomy by Dr. C�sarius, and praised
+him in the following words: "I acknowledge that I owe particular esteem
+and gratitude to him as my teacher." But he principally devoted himself
+to the ancient languages, and that with such zeal, that his knowledge of
+them increased more and more, and the learned boy became generally known
+in Heidelberg. On a certain occasion the teacher had proposed a very
+difficult question, and asked, "Where will I find a Grecian?" The
+students cried out with one voice: "Melanchthon! Melanchthon!"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> He was
+generally called "the Grecian."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> At another time a teacher was
+suddenly seized with illness during the hour of instruction. He did not
+stop the lecture, however, but without delay said: "Philip, let your
+fellow-students proceed, and do you occupy my place." His quiet and
+decorous conduct procured him the distinction of instructing the sons of
+the Count Louis of Lowenstein. The Counts became so attached to him,
+that they maintained a friendly correspondence with him in after years.
+On the 10th of June, 1511, he was already honoured with the degree of
+<span class="smcap">Bachelor of Arts</span>. Although he spent many happy hours in Heidelberg, in
+the society of learned men and talented youths, yet did the place no
+longer satisfy him.</p>
+
+<p>This was partly owing to the fact, that the University did not number
+such men among its instructors, under whom he could make any further
+great progress, and partly also to the climate of Heidelberg, which did
+not agree with him. He was annually troubled with fever in the Spring,
+which enfeebled him very much, so that his anxious mother strongly
+wished for a change of residence. To this was added, that he was seeking
+the degree following the Baccalaureate, that of <span class="smcap">Master of Arts</span>. His
+instructors, however, considered themselves bound to deny this request,
+"because he was too young, and of too childish an appearance." This
+occasioned great pain to the young man, and made his departure still
+more desirable. In after life, it is true, he formed a correct judgment
+of the refusal of his youthful request: "It is often very good for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+young persons if their wishes are not all gratified. This I experienced
+at Heidelberg."</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of the year 1512 we find Melanchthon upon the road to the
+University of T�bingen. It had not long before been founded by Duke
+<span class="smcap">Everard</span> with the beard, a man who was ever anxious for the welfare of
+his country.</p>
+
+<p>T�bingen had at that time already a good reputation. That which
+Melanchthon considered the most important, employed his labors also in
+this nursery of science. The Greeks and Romans were his favorites, yet
+not in a one-sided manner; for he was also attracted by mathematics and
+astronomy, to which he was encouraged by the distinguished Professor
+<span class="smcap">St�ffler</span>. When he was therefore engaged in reading the Greek writer
+Hesiod, with his friend <span class="smcap">Hausschein</span>, who became so well known and useful
+in the Reformation under the name of <span class="smcap">Oecolampadius</span>, he could obtain an
+explanation of those passages which referred to astronomy, from <span class="smcap">St�ffler</span>
+alone. He also made himself acquainted with jurisprudence and medicine.
+He gathered a mass of information, which in a young man of his age can
+really be called extraordinary. But divinity attracted him above all
+other things. This did not flow from the unrefreshing spirit which then
+pervaded this science. The old beaten track of the middle ages was still
+pursued in all the universities. Altogether neglecting the Bible, the
+only fountain of true Christianity, men were merely concerned with the
+teachings of the Church. These were empty, fruitless subtleties, in
+which a sincerely seeking soul could find no nourishment. He heard
+<span class="smcap">Lempus</span>, the most distinguished Professor in this field, who, when
+explaining transubstantiation to his hearers, could write it down with
+chalk upon the board, to make it more intelligible.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> Melanchthon read
+the writings of <span class="smcap">William Occam</span>, an old scholastic, with great zeal. But
+the curious structure erected by the Catholic church by its system of
+doctrine could not attract him any longer, when he had become the owner
+of a Bible. His beloved cousin <span class="smcap">Reuchlin</span> had presented him with one. He
+loved the holy volume more than every thing else, as he became better
+acquainted with its precious contents. As Reuchlin diligently read the
+Holy Book, and took it with him upon his journeys, so now did
+Melanchthon. He carried it with him in his bosom, and could not part
+with it; "he read it carefully day and night." Here he found
+explanations, which no professor in T�bingen, and no priest in the
+church were able to give him. How disgusted he must have been, to hear
+priests upon the pulpits discourse upon a passage of the Greek
+Philosopher Aristotle, or to listen to another who was laboring to
+prove, that the wooden shoe of the Franciscans was made of the tree of
+the knowledge of Good and Evil in Paradise! Whenever therefore he went
+to church, he carried his Bible with him. During the progress of the
+ceremonies, and while the people were reading in the prescribed
+prayer-books, he was wrapt up in the reading of his Bible. Some
+evil-disposed persons took offence at this, and endeavored to render him
+suspected.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to show in Melanchthon's case, as it can be done in
+that of Luther, and other great men of Christ's church, how he arrived
+at the knowledge of the Truth, and an experience of the Grace of God.
+This saving change in him seems to have been brought about <i>gradually</i>.
+Beyond doubt it was closely connected with the reading and deeper
+searching of the Holy Scriptures. His acquaintance with Reuchlin was
+also propitious. Melanchthon frequently journeyed to the not far distant
+city of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> Stuttgart, where Reuchlin then resided. The latter also came to
+T�bingen, and did not think it beneath him to occupy the room and eat
+the fare of his youthful friend. Here they conversed much of the corrupt
+condition of the church. But the time was near when mere conversation
+should be changed to open testimony.</p>
+
+<p>At that time great darkness reigned in Cologne. The Theologians, as well
+as the Dominican Monks of that place, had demanded that all Jewish
+writings should be burned. When the Emperor called upon Reuchlin for his
+opinion in this matter, he defended most of these writings. This enraged
+the people of Cologne, who were led by the baptized Jew <span class="smcap">Pfefferkorn</span> and
+the inquisitor <span class="smcap">Hochstraten</span>. They appealed to the Pope. It gave Reuchlin
+much trouble, and caused much correspondence to and fro. Melanchthon
+also became involved in the matter, together with a large number of the
+most distinguished men, who entered the lists in Reuchlin's defence, and
+were obliged to bear the name of contempt, <span class="smcap">Reuchlinists</span>. We here already
+meet the well-known knight, <span class="smcap">Ulrich von Hutten</span>, who wielded a sharp pen,
+as well as the brave and noble <span class="smcap">Francis von Sickingen</span> with the knightly
+sword.</p>
+
+<p>Before this time, January 25, 1514, consequently in the 17th year of his
+life, Melanchthon, as the first among eleven candidates, received the
+degree of <span class="smcap">Master of Arts</span>, and the privilege of delivering lectures. He
+lectured principally on Virgil, Terence, Cicero and Livy, and at once
+exhibited his great talents as a teacher. The students listened to him
+with pleasure, and soon many distinguished young men gathered around
+him. But he not only gained applause in his chair in the University; he
+also began to appear as an author. As early as the year 1516, <span class="smcap">Erasmus</span> of
+Rotterdam, one of the most learned men of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> time, gave him the
+warmest eulogium in the words: "My God, what promising hopes does Philip
+Melanchthon give us, who, yet a youth, yes almost a boy, deserves equal
+esteem for his knowledge of both languages! What sagacity in argument,
+what purity of expression, what a rare and comprehensive knowledge, what
+extensive reading, what a delicacy and elegance of mind does he not
+display!"<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>A man of such mind and acquirements, and who, besides all this, bore a
+deeper knowledge within, could no longer remain in his confined position
+in T�bingen. The Lord of the Church had selected a different theatre for
+his labors and struggles. When, by the advice of Reuchlin, he had
+declined a call to the bigoted University of Ingolstadt, another
+extensive and richly blessed field of labor was thrown open to him. The
+Elector <span class="smcap">Frederick</span> of Saxony, who has very properly been called the <span class="smcap">Wise</span>,
+in the spring of the year 1518, wrote to Reuchlin from Augsburg, where
+he was attending the Diet, requesting him to propose to him a teacher of
+the Greek, and one of the Hebrew language, for his University at
+<span class="smcap">Wittenberg</span>. Wittenberg had already acquired a great reputation, not only
+in Germany, but throughout Europe, on account of the mighty and bold
+step which an Augustinian Monk, <span class="smcap">Martin Luther</span>, had taken about half a
+year before. Who has not heard of the 95 Theses, nailed by that monk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> on
+the church door at Wittenberg, on the 31st of October, 1517, against the
+doctrine of indulgences, and other matters connected with it, and which
+circulated so rapidly, that it seemed almost, in the language of a
+contemporary, as if the angels had served as footposts? All better
+disposed minds, to which class Reuchlin also belonged, joyfully welcomed
+the appearance of the intrepid monk of Wittenberg. When, therefore, the
+request of the Elector, to seek out two professors, was made to
+Reuchlin, he could not propose a more able and suitable man to Frederick
+the Wise than his own relative Melanchthon. He had received the youthful
+master's permission to do this. The Elector was highly pleased,
+especially as T�bingen had already supplied him with several able men.
+Testimony concerning Melanchthon, such as that given by Reuchlin, could
+not but produce the most favorable impression. He says: "Among the
+Germans I know of no one who excels him, except Erasmus of Rotterdam,
+and he is an Hollander."</p>
+
+<p>As Duke <span class="smcap">Ulrich</span> felt the loss he was about to sustain, he endeavored to
+retain him. An old narrative gives us the following account: "In the
+meantime, Duke Ulrich, of W�rtemberg, who wished to keep Philip in his
+own land, sent <span class="smcap">Conrad von Sickingen</span>, who was then his servant, to master
+Philip's mother, to inform her, that if her son wished to enter the
+priesthood, he could apply to his Grace. Then he would also provide him
+with a good benefice, on account of his sainted father's faithful
+services. However, Philip had no inclination to become a priest, but
+intended to comply with the invitation of the Elector of Saxony, and to
+serve his Grace the Elector and the University, which also eventually
+came to pass."</p>
+
+<p>Reuchlin dismissed his young friend in a parental manner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> with these
+beautiful words: "'Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred,
+and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will show thee: and I
+will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy
+name great; and thou shalt be a blessing.' Gen. xii. 1, 2. This the
+Spirit tells me, and this hope do I entertain of thee, my Philip, my
+work and my comfort! Go, then, with a cheerful and happy courage!" Thus
+blessed and consecrated by his old friend, whom he was not to behold
+again in this world, he bid adieu to him and all his friends. He also
+paid a parting visit to the beloved ones in Bretten. His teacher,
+<span class="smcap">Simler</span>, who was professor of the Greek language in T�bingen, remarked
+on the day of Melanchthon's departure: "The entire city ought to mourn
+the departure of this Melanchthon, and all those now residing in
+T�bingen have not even advanced far enough in their studies fully to
+appreciate how much they had lost by the removal of this great man." In
+August, Melanchthon is on his way. He made some valuable acquaintances.
+In Augsburg he was admitted to an audience with the Elector, and became
+acquainted with his chaplain and secretary, <span class="smcap">Spalatin</span>, "and they remained
+together until the close of the Diet." The celebrated statesman,
+<span class="smcap">Pirkheimer</span>, in Nuremberg, a patron of Melanchthon, also received a visit
+from the young professor. On the 20th of August he reached Leipzig. Here
+the University honored him with an entertainment. He here declined a
+call to Ingolstadt, as well as one from Leipzig. He remained true to his
+promise. On the 25th of August, 1518, he arrived in his new field of
+labor, Wittenberg, to the joy of all, and his reception was a festive
+one.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER III.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HIS DEBUT IN WITTENBERG, AND THE LEIPZIG DISPUTATION.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Four</span> days after his arrival, the 22 years old professor delivered the
+Introductory to his Lectures. The lecture-room was entirely filled. His
+exterior did not promise much. A small, insignificant form, with a timid
+gait, entered the desk, but the lofty brow, and his large blue eyes,
+indicated the mighty mind which tabernacled in this unseemly and frail
+vessel. But when he commenced his Latin address, which treated of the
+improvement of studies, unfolding the deepest thoughts in the most
+chaste language, and resting so entirely upon the word of God, all were
+filled with joy.</p>
+
+<p>Luther, who was also present, was full of enthusiasm; for he felt at
+once how much the University and the good cause of the Reformation had
+gained in the possession of a man so learned, and with so deep an
+insight into truth. He therefore, full of joy, wrote to his beloved
+friend Spalatin as early as August 31: "Philip delivered a very learned
+and chaste address on the fourth day after his arrival, and that too
+with such applause and admiration on every side, that you need not
+trouble yourself further in commending him to us. We must look away from
+his exterior appearance; we rejoice in his gifts, at the same time that
+we are amazed at them; and we heartily thank our gracious prince, as
+well as your own assistance. It is now especially important that you
+recommend him most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> earnestly to our prince. I by no means desire a
+different teacher of Greek, as long as he remains with us. There is but
+one thing I fear, namely, that his delicate constitution will not be
+able to endure the manner of life in this region. I also learn that he
+has been called with too small a salary, so that the Leipzigers already
+boast and hope that they shall soon be able to draw him away from us;
+for they already courted him before he came to us. I, and many others
+with me, suspect that Dr. Pfeffinger has, according to his usual custom,
+been endeavoring to save the Elector's purse too much in this matter.
+Therefore, my dear Spalatin, to speak freely, that is, with my best
+friend: I pray you, look to it, that you do not despise his person and
+age. This man is deserving of all honor; for I do not wish us and the
+University to do so uncourteous a thing, and give envious persons
+occasion to speak evil of us." Two days after this, he again commends
+him to Spalatin most earnestly: "I would most heartily commend to you
+Philip, the great Grecian, the thorough scholar, and most amiable man.
+His lecture-room is crowded with hearers. It is owing to him,
+principally, that all theologians, the first, middle, and lowest class,
+are studying Greek." And thus Luther also expressed himself towards
+other friends. But the more they learned to know each other, so much the
+more also did their mutual esteem and affection increase. When
+Melanchthon, at a certain time, wrote to his paternal friend Reuchlin,
+and requested Luther to add a letter also, he complied with great
+cheerfulness; for Reuchlin was not only one of the first champions
+against Papal darkness, but it was also owing to him that Melanchthon
+adorned Wittenberg. In his letter he called Melanchthon a wonderful man,
+"in whom everything is almost supernatural; and yet he is the friend and
+confidant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> of my heart." But Reuchlin could not comprehend the rapid
+progress of the Reformation any more than Erasmus, and latterly had
+become cooler towards Melanchthon, no doubt because he had taken a too
+zealous and active part in the work of the reformation of the church.</p>
+
+<p>As Luther's whole heart was soon devoted to Melanchthon, so also did the
+young professor admire the chosen instrument of God. He soon discovered
+that a turning point had been reached in the history of the Christian
+church, and that Luther, partly because of his humility, and also his
+powerful apostolical faith, was the man chosen by the Head of the Church
+to bring about this blessed revolution. But an opportunity should soon
+be afforded the ingenious youth to step upon the battle-field of the
+Reformation himself, and to fight the good fight at Luther's side. The
+cause of the Gospel, proclaimed trumpet-tongued in Wittenberg, had
+awakened a mighty sympathy. They soon became convinced in Rome that this
+was not an ordinary dispute among Monks, whether the cowls should be
+peaked or round, and matters like these. Although the frivolous
+Medicean, Pope Leo X., regarded the matter very lightly in the
+beginning, its progress soon taught him to take a different view.
+Writings, conceived in the true Roman spirit, and dipped in blood, were
+sent forth. But all was unavailing. Despotic commands, such as had been
+hurled against Luther in Augsburg by the proud <span class="smcap">Cajetan</span>, were powerless.
+At first the lion in the Vatican roared, then he fawned. All knew the
+Papal nuncio <span class="smcap">Miltiz</span>, who could speak sweetly, and if this would not
+suffice, could even shed tears. An agreement was entered into between
+him and Luther, who in the beginning still entertained a high esteem for
+the Pope's supremacy, in Altenburg, in the year 1519, in which he
+promised silence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> provided his opponents would remain silent also. But
+even in the midst of these negotiations, a zealous Romanist brought
+about an unexpected outbreak of the fire that slumbered beneath the
+ashes. This was the well-known Dr. <span class="smcap">John Eck</span>, Chancellor of the
+University of Ingolstadt, a man ever inclined to noise and disputes. He
+had already attacked Professor <span class="smcap">Andrew Carlstadt</span>, in Wittenberg, in the
+year 1516. At a later period he challenged him to a public discussion,
+although he had his eye fixed upon Luther more than him. As the choice
+of the place and the time of the discussion were left to Dr. Eck, he
+fixed upon Leipzig. It was to be opened on the 27th of June, 1519.</p>
+
+<p>Eck arrived in Leipzig betimes, where he was delighted at being seen and
+admired. On the 24th of June the Wittenbergers also arrived. Many other
+learned men and students were present, besides the two champions,
+Carlstadt and Luther. Philip Melanchthon rode at Luther's side in a
+carriage. A crowd of persons, abbots, counts, knights, the learned and
+unlearned, such as Leipzig had not seen for a long time, were gathered
+together. It does not belong to our purpose to describe at length the
+history of the discussion at Leipzig. It occupied three weeks. First of
+all, Eck disputed with Carlstadt about Free-will, then with Luther about
+the Pope's supremacy, purgatory, indulgences, penance, absolution, and
+satisfaction. The contest often became very hot. Even if Carlstadt did
+not defend his good cause with the greatest skill, Eck found his match
+in Luther, who placed himself in the citadel of the word of God, and
+went forth unconquered from the battle. However, Melanchthon did not
+merely sit by as an idle hearer. It is said that he now and then mingled
+in the contest, and supported his two friends with a few observations.
+Upon this, Eck addressed him in a harsh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> tone: "Be silent, Philip; mind
+your own business, and do not disturb me!"</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon, who had inwardly taken a lively interest in the discussion,
+left Leipzig, together with his Wittenberg friends, richly blessed and
+strengthened for his whole life.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> But he was now to enter into a
+dispute with Eck himself. For he had written a letter to his beloved
+friend Oecolampadius, who regarded the bold stand of Luther and his
+friends with approbation, in which he related the events of the
+disputation, and exposed several weak points in Eck's arguments. But,
+although he did this, he praised Eck's "excellent natural gifts." Of
+course it can be easily seen where Melanchthon's heart was. He thus
+spoke of Luther in this letter: "I must admire the clear head, learning,
+and eloquence, and heartily love the sincere and truly Christian heart
+of Luther, whom I have known intimately for a long time." This letter
+was printed, and was seen by Eck, who felt himself so much aggrieved by
+it, that he printed a very rude reply as early as the 25th of July, in
+Leipzig. He treats the teacher of languages&mdash;Philippus&mdash;"who understands
+Greek and Latin so well," in a most contemptuous manner, as if he had
+assumed the right of pronouncing judgment in a matter which he did not
+understand, and endeavors to refute Melanchthon's letter by sixteen
+brief remarks. At one time he calls him "the bold little man," then
+again "the Wittenbergian teacher of languages, who fared like the
+shoemaker who wanted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> know more than his last," and then again "the
+literalist," and "little language man." Once he addresses him in the
+words: "Thou dusty schoolmaster!" The whole letter is conceived in this
+spirit: but he was mistaken in Melanchthon. In the month of August he
+sent forth from "the celebrated Saxon city Wittenberg," a defence
+against John Eck, in which he does not use similar language. He declares
+in this "that he has been driven to this, more by a holy anxiety and
+zeal for the Holy Scriptures than by any enmity." He declares, in the
+most decided manner, "that it is ungodly to wrest the Scriptures
+according to human will and inclinations." He now refutes Eck's
+principal objections in the clearest manner, and advises him "to suffer
+the cause to strive rather than abusive language." "We owe this," he
+says, "to love, which, as truly as I hope to have a merciful God, I from
+my heart do not wish to grieve or offend."</p>
+
+<p>Luther was much displeased with Eck's conduct. He expresses this in a
+letter to Spalatin, dated August 15th: "I again come to speak of Philip,
+whom no Eck can bring me to hate, and whose testimony in my favour I
+always esteem higher than anything else. The judgment and opinion of
+this single man is of more value to me than that of many thousand
+worthless Ecks, and I would not be ashamed, although I am a Master of
+Arts, of Philosophy, and Theology, and am adorned almost with all the
+titles of Eck, to leave my own opinion, if this Grammarian could not
+agree with it. I have often done this, and do it still, because of the
+divine gift which God has deposited in this frail vessel (although it
+seems contemptible to Eck,) with a bountiful blessing. Philip I do not
+praise, he is a creature of God, and nothing."</p>
+
+<p>But Eck did not consider it advisable to contend further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> with the
+champions of Wittenberg, who were also supported by other worthy men. He
+was silent, and as he perhaps thought that other weapons were needful in
+such a case, perhaps like those employed against Huss and Jerome a
+hundred years before, he journeyed to Rome, and sought shelter beneath
+the thunders of excommunication from the Papal Chair.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER IV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">BUILDING AND FIGHTING.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> has happened sometimes in the Church of Christ, that the kingdom of
+God has been built up, whilst the builders were obliged to carry the
+sword against the enemies in one hand. This was the case at Wittenberg
+at that time. By Luther's side we find Melanchthon engaged in this
+double labor. We have already heard with what joy his introductory
+lecture was listened to. He continued to gain more applause from day to
+day. Students from all parts of Germany, yea of Europe, were found in
+his lecture-room. In the year 1520, Spalatin saw about 600 students,
+whereas the whole number of students had formerly not exceeded 200.
+Luther's European reputation, of course, also contributed much towards
+the prosperity of the University. <span class="smcap">Heerbrand</span>, in his oration to his
+memory, relates that Melanchthon had as many as 2000 pupils and hearers,
+among whom were princes, counts, barons, and other noblemen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> Whilst
+Reuchlin and Erasmus labored more by their writings, Melanchthon
+attracted both by his lectures and his solid writings. To this was
+added, that, whilst Reuchlin and Erasmus from day to day grew cooler
+towards the great movement proceeding from Wittenberg, Melanchthon
+attached himself to it in the most decided manner, and powerfully aided
+it by his mind, acquirements, and great name. He, therefore, did not
+only lecture on the Greek poet Homer, and other writers of antiquity,
+but also treated the writings of the New Testament. His industry was
+extraordinary. In addition to the regular labors of his station, he for
+a time also acted as professor of the Hebrew. For this purpose, however,
+it was necessary that he should first of all make himself thoroughly
+acquainted with this language. Luther wrote to Spalatin, January, 1519:
+"Our Philip is now busy with the Hebrew; the faithfulness and industry
+of the man are too great, so that he hardly permits himself to enjoy any
+leisure." He could generally be found busily engaged in his study at two
+o'clock in the morning. The amount of labor accomplished by him in a
+short time is almost incredible. But to his well-trained mind, his quick
+perception, and his unwearied industry, was added the blessing of God,
+which indeed was most needful, and which he sought with all his heart.
+When the Elector heard of his extraordinary industry, he feared lest the
+worthy professor might ruin his health, and himself wrote to him that he
+should take care of himself. He says in this letter: "We must make
+provision for the body, and if you look upon the other words of Paul as
+true, regard this in the same way, and believe that we ought to obey
+it." Melanchthon was particularly engaged with the epistles of Paul.
+With unusual clearness he comprehended the deeply evangelical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> truths
+which this Apostle of Justification by Faith had been permitted to see
+and express so clearly.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was not ashamed to appear among the hearers of the youthful
+professor, when he explained the Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians.
+Yea, he even considered it worth while to communicate these lessons of
+the lecture-room to the great public of Christendom. As Melanchthon's
+modesty induced him to retain such productions in his desk, Luther
+secretly published his explanations of the Epistles to the Romans and
+Corinthians, and prefixed an introduction, addressed to Melanchthon, in
+which he jocosely remarks: "It is I who publish your writings and
+expositions. I send you to yourself. If you are not pleased with
+yourself, well and good; let it suffice that we are pleased with you. If
+I have transgressed in this matter, it is your own fault. Why did you
+not publish yourself, for which I so often entreated, prayed, and
+commanded you? Let this be my excuse, that I shall be called, and will
+be, your thief, whether you are angry or whether you laugh." Further on
+he says: "But to those whom you so fear that they will be displeased and
+dissatisfied with it, I will say: 'Dear Sirs, do better yourselves.' I
+proclaim it publicly before the world, that no one has approached nearer
+to, and hit upon Paul's meaning, better than yourself."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon now published a series of volumes upon books of Scripture.
+He saw very well that the fountain of divine truth and wisdom, which had
+been obstructed so long, must again begin to flow. And he contributed an
+honest share towards the diffusion of Scripture truth. His books and
+minor publications on the books of the Bible were greatly applauded, and
+met with a rapid sale, so that repeated editions were called for. And
+even yet they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> deserve not only to be read, but studied by all who
+devote themselves to the discovery of truth. When Luther, at a later
+period, prefaced and recommended Melanchthon's exposition of the Epistle
+to the Colossians, to which he had given great attention, he speaks thus
+of himself and Melanchthon: "I have been born to war and fight with
+factions and devils, therefore my books are stormy and warlike. I must
+root out the stumps and stocks, cut away the thorns and hedges, fill up
+the ditches, and am the rough forester, to break a path, and make things
+ready. But master Philip walks gently and silently, tills and plants,
+sows and waters with pleasure, as God has gifted him richly." Thus did
+Melanchthon write and teach, and mightily build up the kingdom of God.
+About this time he published a work, which is doubtless not only one of
+the best of his productions, but also inclined many hearts towards the
+Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>It is the work <span class="smcap">Loci Communes</span>, <i>the principal articles of Christian
+doctrine</i>, as they were afterwards called. We have already heard that
+Melanchthon devoted himself especially to the writings of Paul. He
+gathered together all the principal truths of this apostle, and
+presented them to his hearers. These were so highly pleased with the
+production, that they had it published. As Melanchthon, however,
+discovered many imperfections in it, he published it himself in 1521,
+corrected and enlarged. This volume, which may be called the first
+system of religion in the evangelical church, was everywhere greeted in
+the most friendly manner. Luther was quite delighted with it, and once
+said of it, that it was not only worthy of immortality, but even to be
+admitted into the canon of Scripture. In his table-talk he expressed the
+following opinion of it: "Whoever wishes to become a theologian now,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+enjoys great advantages; for first of all, he has the Bible, which is so
+clear, that he can read it without difficulty. Then let him read in
+addition the Loci Communes Philippi; let him read them diligently and
+well, that he may impress them upon his mind. If he has these two
+things, he is a theologian, from whom neither the devil nor heretics
+shall be able to take away anything. To him the whole field of theology
+lies open, so that he is able to read anything he pleases after that
+with edification."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon issued improved editions of the work from time to time.
+Seldom has a book met with so extensive a demand. We can form an
+estimate of its value from this fact alone. But it was also totally
+different from the old trash which Melanchthon had become acquainted
+with in T�bingen. It followed the pure dictates of the Bible, and was
+thoroughly practical. Here the doctrines of sin, of the law and the
+Gospel, of Justification, of Faith and Good Works, were developed in a
+convincing manner, as they had been brought to light after a long
+midnight, by Luther himself. With this work he stood entirely upon the
+Bible, and on this account it was so refreshing to friends and annoying
+to enemies. In September, 1519, he was made a Bachelor of Divinity on
+account of his great learning. He would never accept a higher degree,
+and always remained a Magister (Master.) But Luther said of him: "It is
+true he is but a poor Master, but also a Doctor above all Doctors."</p>
+
+<p>Whilst this worthy man was laying the foundation for the building of the
+renewed church, he also bore in his other hand the sword of the Spirit
+to drive away the foe. We have already heard how he smote Dr. Eck with
+it. As early as the year 1520, a publication filled with poison and gall
+appeared against Luther in Rome. It bore the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> following title: "To the
+Princes and People of Germany against Martin Luther, the Defamer of
+German Glory." The author had chosen the fictitious name <span class="smcap">Thomas
+Rhodinus</span>. The Leipzigers, especially the wicked <span class="smcap">Jerome Emser</span>, rejoiced
+in this libel, and soon reprinted it, in order to injure the cause of
+the Reformation. But now Melanchthon entered the lists in February of
+the year 1521. He wrote a defence of the greatly slandered Luther, under
+the fictitious name of <span class="smcap">Didymus Faventinus</span>. He remarks in this: "Judge
+for yourselves, whether those are seeking the welfare and glory of the
+Fatherland indeed, who accuse that man, who has delivered our Fatherland
+from Romish frauds; who has ventured all alone to root out the errors
+which existed for centuries; who has again brought to light Christian
+doctrines which were almost buried by the wicked laws of the Popes, and
+the foolish subtleties of the schools. For this praise is given him by
+all the learned, and not only by me." In this decided tone spoke
+Melanchthon, and declared that everything which opposed the Gospel must
+fall, no matter how ancient it may be. After explaining the manner in
+which the Pope had gained supremacy in Germany, he called upon the
+princes to defend the Church against the power of Antichrist. The battle
+grew more exciting, and Melanchthon took a bolder position, although he
+was a man who might truly, with reference to his inward disposition, be
+called a child of peace. Towards the close of the year 1520, principally
+by Luther's advice, he had married a daughter of Mayor <span class="smcap">Crapp</span>, of
+Wittenberg. But of this we shall speak further hereafter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER V.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">MELANCHTHON WITHOUT LUTHER.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">As</span> early as the summer of 1520, the Pope, upon Eck's instigation, issued
+a severe bull against Luther, in which forty-one propositions from his
+various writings were condemned, and he himself was threatened with
+excommunication if he should not recant. But the hero was of good
+courage, for he was suffering for the best cause. Eck triumphed, but the
+Wittenberger was not to be intimidated, and wrote the well-known severe
+work "Against the Bull of Antichrist," and even took the bold step, on
+the 10th of December, 1520, to cast this bull, together with the canon
+law and other papal writings, into the fire, before the Elster gate, in
+the presence of many students and doctors. Thus did he powerfully
+separate himself from the Roman Church and the Pope. All who preferred
+the better way were thus driven to decision. Melanchthon was not wanting
+among these better ones, as he proved by his vindication of Luther.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, <span class="smcap">Charles V.</span> had become Emperor of Germany. The papal
+nuncios urged him to execute the bull. But this youthful monarch
+proceeded leisurely. He summoned a Diet to Worms, where, among other
+matters, the difficulties of the Church might also be decided. Although
+the Papal legates endeavored to prevent Luther's summons to the Diet,
+they could not succeed. When parting from Melanchthon, he said: "If I
+should return<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> no more, and my enemies should murder me at Worms, as may
+very easily be the case, I conjure you, dear brother, not to neglect
+teaching and abiding by the truth. In the meantime, labor also for me,
+because I am not able to be here. You can do better than I can.
+Therefore it will not be a great loss, provided you remain. The Lord
+still finds a learned champion in you." It is well known to all with
+what joyful faith Luther received the summons, and with what bold words
+he expressed himself in regard to it. Luther's journey to Worms, and his
+demeanor before the Emperor and the States of the Empire, are among the
+most glorious events of his own history, and of the Reformation in
+general.</p>
+
+<p>Faith, like that exhibited by him at this time, is not often found in
+Israel. "Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise; God help me! Amen!" These
+were Luther's words; he remained faithful, and God helped him. He was
+removed until March, 1522, for it is known that the care of the Elector
+had sheltered him from the malice of his enemies in the silent Wartburg.</p>
+
+<p>During this time, Wittenberg truly seemed to be fatherless, for
+Melanchthon was no Luther. And yet the burden of the Reformation rested
+upon the shoulders of this young man. But, notwithstanding the papal
+bulls, and in spite of the Edict of Worms, which appeared May 26, 1521,
+and spoke in the papal spirit, he was not afraid to stand in the gap. He
+published the acts of the Diet of Worms, and sided with the proscribed
+Luther. Every where his assistance was required, so also to give his
+advice in supplying the professorial chairs in the University. During
+this time, <span class="smcap">Aurogallus</span>, teacher of the Hebrew, and <span class="smcap">Justus Jonas</span>, in the
+capacity of provost and professor of Theology, arrived in Wittenberg.
+During the same year, Melanchthon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> published a severe work against the
+Theologians of Paris. These had severely condemned Luther and his
+writings. Against these he wrote his defence of Dr. M. Luther, "against
+the raging judgment of the Paris Divines." It is one of his most cutting
+productions. He begins thus: "Behold, Christian reader, what monstrous
+beasts of Theologians this part of the earth, Europe, gives birth to!"
+He expresses himself unwilling to believe that this production has
+emanated from Paris, because so furious a spirit breathes in it. The
+common people believe that Christian doctrine dwells in the high school
+as in its own palace. But he will disregard the distinguished
+personages, and the high rank of the University, and says: "In our
+common Christianity, Christ's voice alone shall rule. Whoever does not
+hear this, does not belong to Christ." The Universities of Cologne and
+L�wen had also condemned Luther's writings, but they had not acted as
+<i>crazily</i> as the Parisians. He, therefore, found himself obliged to
+believe that the saying of those in the olden time was not altogether
+without foundation: "That the French have no brains." They called Luther
+a heretic because he did not agree with the Universities, the holy
+fathers, and the councils. But here Melanchthon plants himself upon the
+basis of the Bible, and declares this alone can be infallible, and adds:
+"What new articles of Faith do magistri nostri of Paris wish to add to
+this? Perhaps their own gross ones!" In this biting manner he proceeds,
+and in a clear, lively manner, thoroughly refutes the assertions of the
+Parisians. He proves the Scriptures to be the only fountain of knowledge
+in the most triumphant manner, and then proceeds to show that Luther is
+standing upon the Bible, and yet does not contradict the Fathers.
+Luther's defender proves that he is on Augustine's side in the
+doctrines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> of Free-will and of Grace, and then goes on to show that the
+Parisians themselves are opposed to the Fathers. He concludes thus: "I
+wished to guard you in these things, Christian reader, in order that you
+may not be prejudiced against Luther by the reputation of the
+Sorbonne,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> the wisdom of which you have been able to see in one or two
+points. From those which I have exposed to you, you may easily guess the
+rest&mdash;for the Sorbonne is the Sorbonne. It will be easier for you to
+find Christ among the carpenters than among these people."</p>
+
+<p>So bravely did Melanchthon speak, and yet the position he occupied
+alone, during Luther's absence, depressed him so much that he felt the
+need of consolation. When Luther had reached the Wartburg, Melanchthon
+discovered it, and full of joy wrote to <span class="smcap">Wenzeslaus Link</span>: "Our dearest
+father is alive!" He wishes to fold him in his arms very soon, and says:
+"Everything is going on well in the University, except that we are
+deprived of our father Doctor Martinus."</p>
+
+<p>At another time he wrote: "Our Elijah is not yet with us, but we wait
+and hope for him. What more shall I say? My longing for him tortures me
+grievously!" Luther reprimanded him about this, and wrote thus: "Even
+though I should be lost, the Gospel will lose nothing by that; for in
+that you now excel me, and follow Elijah as an Elisha with a double
+portion of the spirit, which may the Lord Jesus bestow upon you in his
+mercy! Amen." Already<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> on the 12th of May, 1521, a letter of comfort
+arrived from <span class="smcap">Patmos</span>, as Luther called the Wartburg. He says in it: "And
+what are you doing, my Philip? Do you pray for me, that this my
+involuntary concealment may redound to the greater glory of God?" In
+conclusion, he says: "Here I sit, and all day long place before me the
+picture of the Church, and lament my insensibility that I am not
+drenched in tears, and with my eyes, as with fountains of tears, weep
+for the slain of my people. But there is no one who will arise and
+cleave to the Lord, or oppose himself as a wall for the house of Israel,
+in these latter days of his wrath. Yes, Kingdom of the Pope, thou art
+worthy of this latter time! God be merciful unto us! Do you then, as a
+servant of the word, stand in the midst, and guard the walls and gates
+of Jerusalem, until they come upon you also. You understand your calling
+and your gifts. I pray for you before all other things, if, (as I do not
+doubt,) my prayer availeth anything. Do you likewise. Let us bear our
+burden together. We stand alone in the battle. After me, they will fall
+upon thee."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon needed such encouragement in his present position; for as it
+has often been, so was it now in Wittenberg, that enemies are less
+dangerous than friends. With all his storming, Luther yet proceeded
+calmly. It was his primary object to lay on every side the deep
+foundation of Justification by Grace through Faith; and he thought less
+of the finishing of the building. He permitted all those things to
+remain which did not flatly contradict the word of God. But his friends
+in Wittenberg did not think so soberly and prudently. They wished to
+overturn the structure of the Roman Church by rapid assault, and to
+erect something entirely new. Every particle of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> Romish leaven was
+to be exterminated from the public worship of God.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, Luther's fellow-conventuals, the Augustinian monks of
+Wittenberg, led by the preacher <span class="smcap">Gabriel Zwilling</span>, appeared with a
+resolution to omit the daily private mass, and to distribute the
+Sacrament in both kinds. When the Elector heard of this, he inquired at
+once into the particulars of the matter, and appointed a commission, to
+which Melanchthon belonged, to investigate the whole matter. The report
+of this commission was decidedly in favor of those who encouraged these
+innovations. After exhibiting the antiscriptural character of the mass,
+and the denial of the cup to the laity, and saying: "It is certain that
+the abuse of the mass is one of the greatest and most abominable abuses
+in the world," they pray the Elector to take hold of the matter
+earnestly, and speedily to abolish the abuse of the masses in his own
+dominions, and not to care if he should be abused as a Bohemian or
+heretic. It is impossible to avoid reviling. They appeal to the
+Elector's conscience, and reminded him of the great day of reckoning.
+But it also gave liberty to conscience, if any one wished to celebrate
+mass alone. But the Elector was not satisfied with this opinion. As he
+generally preferred to act prudently, he considered the step of the
+Augustinians too hasty. He thought that the opinion of so few persons
+could not be decisive, and he also clearly foresaw the consequences,
+should the overthrow of private masses put an end to the legacies for
+this purpose. He communicated these views to the Commission in writing,
+through Dr. <span class="smcap">Bayer</span>. They returned an excellent reply, full of a joyful
+faith, which we regret not to be able to print entire. The reply said:
+"Although we are the smallest party, the truth of the divine word, which
+is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> above all angels and creatures, because it is clearly revealed in
+the Gospel and in the apostle Paul, shall not therefore be despised. For
+the smallest party ever received and preached the truth, and so it will
+remain to the end of the world." It concludes thus: "Let no one be
+offended because this matter will cause great offence. For Christ, as it
+is written, came into the world, and was given to those who believe in
+him and his word, that they might improve themselves in him, to obtain
+eternal life. But to those who do not receive him and his word, he has
+been given and set for a stumbling-block, that they may die for ever."
+Luther also, in his work "Of the Abuse of the Mass," expressed himself
+in favor of the omission of private masses. The Elector now permitted
+the matter to take its own course. The movement, which had commenced in
+the Augustinian cloister in Wittenberg, communicated itself likewise to
+those in Meissen and Thuringia. In the month of December of this year a
+provincial assembly of Augustinians from different quarters was
+convened. Their resolutions contemplated the abolition of secret masses,
+cloistral confinement, and other antiscriptural customs. At this time
+appeared Luther's publication "Concerning Priestly and Monastic Vows,"
+which gave the movement scriptural progress. When a minister, <span class="smcap">Bernhardi</span>,
+called Feldkirch, relinquished his celibacy, and defended this step,
+Melanchthon was not afraid to step forward to defend the severely
+assaulted man, and to renounce a doctrine which the Bible terms a
+doctrine of devils, and is yet held fast by the Papal Chair with the
+utmost tenacity.</p>
+
+<p>But other events occurred in Wittenberg, which might have done the
+greatest injury to the good cause of the Reformation, had not the Lord
+of the Church watched over it. A fanatical spirit had arisen in the city
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> <span class="smcap">Zwickau</span>. Among other things he rejected Infant Baptism, and boasted
+of the possession of supernatural revelations. At Christmas, three of
+these fanatics came to Wittenberg. These were two cloth-weavers named
+<span class="smcap">Nicholas Storch</span> and <span class="smcap">Thomas Marx</span>, the third being <span class="smcap">Marcus St�bner</span>, who
+claimed to belong to the learned. In Wittenberg, the private teacher,
+<span class="smcap">Martin Cellarius</span>, joined them. They also met with Melanchthon, who had
+even received the chief spokesman, St�bner, into his house. He did not
+possess that deep insight into human nature which distinguished Luther.
+He, therefore, did not at once declare himself opposed to this perverted
+movement. December 27, 1521, he gave notice of this to the Elector, and
+says: "I have conversed with them myself, and they declare most
+wonderful things concerning themselves, viz., that God with a loud voice
+sent them forth to teach, that they enjoy most intimate conversations
+with God, behold future events, and that they are, in short, prophetic
+and apostolical men. I cannot describe how all this moves me. That
+spirits possess them, seems to be established by many reasons,
+concerning which no one can easily form an opinion but Martinus,
+(Luther.) If the Gospel and the honor and peace of the Church are in any
+danger, it is absolutely necessary that these people should have an
+interview with Martinus, especially as they appeal to him. I would not
+write anything to your Electoral Grace about this matter, did not the
+importance of the matter require that steps should be taken in time. For
+it is needful for us to be on our guard, lest the devil entrap us."
+Spalatin relates that the Elector expressed himself about this matter
+very humbly in these words: "This is a very important matter, which I,
+as a layman, do not understand. Now, God has bestowed considerable
+possessions upon me and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> my brother. If I understood these matters, I
+would rather take a staff in my hands and fly, than act knowingly
+against God." However, the Elector summoned Melanchthon and Amsdorf to
+<span class="smcap">Prettin</span>.</p>
+
+<p>There <span class="smcap">Haubold von Einsiedel</span> and Spalatin questioned them further
+concerning these matters. They expressed themselves to the same effect
+as Melanchthon had done in his report. Again Luther's judgment was
+solicited. In a letter of Luther's, called forth by Melanchthon, he
+judged very correctly of the spirits of Zwickau. He requires letter and
+seal for their public ministry. As to their spirit, it would only be
+necessary to inquire, whether they had experienced spiritual conflicts
+and divine birth, death and hell. He proceeds to express himself in a
+very decided manner in reference to Infant Baptism, and concludes thus:
+"I have all along expected that the devil would create this ulcer, but
+it was not to be done by the Papists. He desires to bring about this
+great schism among us and ours, but Christ will soon trample him beneath
+our feet. But these fanatics had already gained adherents. Among them
+was the well-known Dr. <span class="smcap">Karlstadt</span>,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> a man of a legal, unsettled mind,
+who, with all his boasting of liberty, knew nothing of true evangelical
+liberty. He commenced a sad work in Wittenberg. Many students joined
+him. They abolished private masses, burned the images, destroyed the
+altars, abolished auricular confession, dropped the hymns and ceremonies
+of the Church, went to communion without previous confession, and did
+many other things<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> of a similar character. Without applying to the
+constituted authorities, without caring for those who were offended at
+their course, they carried everything before them by storm, appealing to
+their liberty, the first commandment, and the Holy Ghost, which they
+possessed. Whoever did not side with them was denounced as an heretic.</p>
+
+<p>This was too much for the youthful professor, the burden was too great,
+and he longed for the faith and strength of that man, who, under these
+circumstances could not endure to remain longer in his Patmos. Luther
+addressed a capital letter to the Wittenbergians, in which he most
+clearly points out to them the true point of view from which Karlstadt's
+innovation was to be examined. But Melanchthon ardently desired Luther's
+return to Wittenberg. His return was absolutely necessary too, yet the
+Elector would not hear of it. At last, on the 7th of March, 1522, Luther
+escaped from the Wartburg. Two letters, addressed to the Elector, and
+which really display an apostolical strength of faith, paved and
+prepared the way. He was received with acclamations in Wittenberg, and
+when he now began, from the first Sunday in Lent until the Sunday
+Reminiscere, to preach eight sermons against these innovations, in a
+convincing, winning manner, all rejoiced, and the turbulent waves again
+grew calm.</p>
+
+<p>Gabriel was convinced, but Karlstadt remained hardened. But the fanatics
+again gathered together secretly, and endeavored to spread themselves.
+The desire was expressed that Luther might have an interview with them.
+Although reluctantly, he at last resolved to hear <span class="smcap">Marcus</span>, one of their
+leaders. Melanchthon was present at the interview. Marcus was
+accompanied by the impetuous Cellarius, and several others. When Luther
+pointed out to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> them, that their pretensions were not founded upon the
+Holy Scriptures, but were really the inventions of over-curious minds,
+or perhaps even foolish and hurtful inspirations of a deceitful spirit,
+Cellarius behaved like a mad-man. They departed with curses, but Luther
+calmly said: "That God, whom I worship and serve, will know right well
+how to restrain your gods, so that none of these things will come to
+pass."</p>
+
+<p>We may well conceive how relieved Melanchthon must have felt, when the
+proper man of the Reformation again stood in the breach.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER VI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">LABORS, RECREATION, AND TROUBLE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Gospel gained greater and greater victories. The preaching of the
+truth found open doors in Denmark and Sweden, in Transylvania and
+Hungary, in Silesia and France. As the spirit of primitive Christianity
+in Germany went forth from Wittenberg through the various provinces, so
+also did <span class="smcap">Zwingli</span>, and Melanchthon's friend and fellow-student,
+<span class="smcap">Oecolampadius</span>, labor in Switzerland with blessed results. A new time was
+coming, and its spring had already dawned. Perhaps no other means
+contributed so much to the promotion of the Reformation as the
+translation of the Bible, which we owe to Luther's master hand. In the
+Wartburg he completed the translation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> of the New Testament, with a
+spirit which to this day has not been excelled. But he was not ashamed
+to make use of the assistance and advice of his friends in this work.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+Among these friends, Melanchthon was the principal one, who, indeed,
+excelled Luther in learning. Melanchthon took very great pains to
+discover the true meaning of the passages, for which his assistance had
+been solicited. If any expression remained dark, he could apply for an
+explanation to the physician, <span class="smcap">Sturtz</span>, in Erfurt, to Spalatin, and other
+friends. We have before heard that he applied himself to the Hebrew
+language. The knowledge of this language was very serviceable to him in
+the translation of the Old Testament. The Book of Job particularly
+called forth the efforts of the Wittenbergians. Luther somewhere speaks
+of it in a letter: "M. Philip, Aurogallus, and I, are laboring so
+carefully in Job that sometimes we could scarcely complete three lines
+in four days. But Melanchthon labored with especial energy in his own
+field of labor. He saw the importance of a classical education, and
+labored very zealously for its extension. But, although he mightily
+promoted the ancient languages, his heart was yet in the Holy
+Scriptures. This is proved by his explanations of several books of the
+Old and New Testaments, which appeared in 1523.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>But his numerous uninterrupted labors were beginning to undermine his
+health. He was particularly troubled with sleeplessness about this time.
+Recreation was indispensable for him, and his friends also earnestly
+advised him to it. When Luther went to Worms, he was not permitted to
+refresh himself by a visit to his home. He now wished to pay this visit.
+One of his friends and colleagues, <span class="smcap">Nesen</span>, intended to make a trip to
+Frankfort. It seemed best to join him, and from thence to visit his
+beloved native city, Bretten, and to see the dear relatives residing
+there. Luther, to whom he communicated his intentions, approved of them,
+relieved him of all scruples and doubts, and dismissed him with these
+pleasant words: "Go, dear brother Philip, in the name of God. Even our
+Lord Jesus did not always preach and teach, but also journeyed, and
+visited his relatives and friends. All I ask of you is, that you return
+to us soon! I will include you in my prayers day and night. And now
+depart!"</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of April, 1524, he departed, with a very pleasant caravan of
+friends. <span class="smcap">Nesen</span>, who taught History, Geography and the Languages, in
+Wittenberg; Philip's fellow-boarder, <span class="smcap">Francis Burkhard</span>, of Weimar, who
+afterwards became Chancellor in Saxony; <span class="smcap">John Silberborner</span>, of Worms; and
+his dearest friend in all the world, with whom he became acquainted
+during the Leipzig disputation, <span class="smcap">Joachim Camerarius</span>, were his
+fellow-travellers. They rode upon horses, which were none of the best;
+but most likely these gentlemen were not among the best of riders. Their
+way led them through Leipzig. There a most worthy man, <span class="smcap">Peter Schade</span>,
+called <span class="smcap">Mosellanus</span>, who had expressed himself much in favor of the
+Reformation, was breathing his last. They visited him, and bade him
+farewell in this world. Thence they went to the city<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> of Fulda. <span class="smcap">Crotus
+Rubianus</span> and <span class="smcap">Adam Kraft</span> rejoiced in the arrival of the beloved Saxons,
+and entertained them most hospitably. Here the travellers heard of the
+death of the Knight <span class="smcap">Ulrich von Hutten</span>, who died upon an island in the
+Lake of Zurich. It is well known with what ardor this champion joined
+the Reformation. Neither Luther nor Melanchthon, however, could approve
+of everything in the conduct of the clever freebooter; for he was not
+inspired with the pure, evangelical spirit.</p>
+
+<p>Nesen remained in Frankfort; but Melanchthon and his remaining
+companions, after a short stay, hastened to the end of their journey. It
+is said that when he first beheld his beloved native city in the
+distance, overcome with joy, he dismounted, and falling upon his knees,
+exclaimed: "Oh! my native soil! I thank thee, Lord, that I have been
+permitted to see it again!" And now they went to Bretten, to his
+mother's house. How she rejoiced to behold her son again! She had in the
+meantime ceased to be a widow, and had married a widower named
+Christopher Kolbe. It seems she had remained a good Catholic; and
+perhaps had no other fault to find with her Philip, but that he had
+taken too decided and zealous a part in the Reformation. Now there was
+opportunity to speak of these things; and the son did not neglect to
+instruct his mother as to the object and extent of the Reformation. But
+she seems to have remained steadfast in her old persuasion.</p>
+
+<p>The mother knew very well that her son had gained a great name. She
+could see this with her own eyes during his stay in Bretten. <span class="smcap">Campegius</span>,
+at that time the Papal legate in Germany, was then in Heidelberg on
+account of a great hunt. We can well conceive how anxious he must have
+felt to detach Melanchthon from Luther; and he must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> have thought it
+worth while to make an attempt to bring about this desirable result. He
+had a very shrewd secretary, named <span class="smcap">Nausea</span>, who was sent upon this
+difficult and important errand. When he arrived in Bretton, he
+immediately repaired to Melanchthon, in order to introduce the matter.
+He seconded his appeal with the best inducements, but he did not find a
+reed that could be swayed to and fro by the wind. The Wittenberg
+Professor declared, in a firm and decided manner: "If I discover
+anything to be true, I hold it fast, and maintain it without any regard
+to the consequence of any mortal, without any regard to advantages,
+honor, or gain. I shall never forsake those who were the first to bring
+better things to light. But in the same manner I shall also continue to
+prove true to myself, that I shall teach and defend the truth without
+quarrelling or abuse. I therefore advise every one who earnestly desires
+peace and unity, to do all he can to heal those wounds which can no
+longer be concealed, and to restrain the mad rage of those who are
+constantly tearing them open again!" He added a small essay on the
+principal points of the Lutheran doctrine, in which he particularly gave
+prominence to the difference between divine and human righteousness, and
+that they were only striving against work-holiness.</p>
+
+<p>Nausea returned to Heidelberg, without having effected his object; but
+Melanchthon received another visit, from three professors of the
+University. These did not come to alienate him from <i>that</i> cause, which
+was the cause of God. On the contrary, they presented him with a richly
+ornamented goblet, as an acknowledgment of his meritorious services, for
+which he returned his cordial thanks in a letter.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst Melanchthon was spending most agreeable days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> in Bretten, his
+travelling-companions sojourned in Basle. <span class="smcap">Erasmus</span> of Rotterdam resided
+in this city, and by his great reputation also attracted these
+Wittenbergians. This will be the proper place to say something of the
+relations existing between this renowned scholar and Melanchthon. It was
+Erasmus who, at a very early period, recognized and admired
+Melanchthon's talents and great acquirements. Melanchthon had taken this
+great man, who exerted such an influence upon the restoration of the
+sciences, for his model. But Erasmus was a man who preferred standing on
+neutral ground, and considered the Reformation commenced by Luther, and
+supported by Melanchthon's learning, as by far too extravagant. He was
+very fond of the honor of this world, which prevents so many learned men
+from arriving at a knowledge of the truth. Although he, therefore, at
+first expressed his approbation of the work in Wittenberg, he gradually
+became more and more opposed to it. He manifested his hostility
+particularly in his work "<span class="smcap">On Free Will</span>." He shows in this, like all
+persons who do not consult the word of God, and a deep inward
+experience, that the great corruption of this world of sin, and the
+indescribable riches of divine grace, were both mysteries to him. He
+also expressed his views more fully in a letter to his friend at
+Wittenberg, on the 6th of September, 1524; and did not forget to state
+that he could not agree on all points with Melanchthon's book, Loci
+Communes, in which he had, however, found much that was excellent.
+Nothing else could have been expected, for Melanchthon had most
+decidedly expressed the doctrine of the renewed Church. He could,
+therefore, neither be satisfied with Erasmus' publication against
+Luther, nor with his letter to himself.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known to every one acquainted with these disputes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> that
+Erasmus had found a powerful opponent in Luther, by means of his work
+"Of the Bond Will," which is one of the ablest and most powerful
+productions of the Reformer. The gulf between these two men became wider
+and wider. All mediation was impossible.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to Erasmus, in answer to the one already referred to,
+Melanchthon expressed his decided adherence to Luther's doctrine, and
+declared that if the Bible should teach differently, he would gladly
+adopt it. He took Luther's side, and defended him against Erasmus'
+attacks upon his character. But Erasmus adhered to his own opinions, and
+especially censured Luther's violence. He was particularly displeased
+with this violence in Luther's polemic treatise against himself. This
+relation to the great man in Rotterdam caused Melanchthon much trouble.
+It was one of the many sorrows which afflicted him.</p>
+
+<p>But we have thus already returned to Wittenberg, and we must first see
+what happened to Melanchthon on his return. It was difficult to part
+from Bretten, for his mother did not wish him to depart so soon. It
+seemed to her, as we often feel when bidding farewell, that she was then
+beholding him for the last time. But at last, with his companions who
+had returned from Basle, he tore himself away from his home. Not far
+from Frankfort he met with a singular adventure. The young Landgrave
+<span class="smcap">Philip</span> of Hesse, who had early exhibited a warm interest in the progress
+of the Reformation, was travelling with his retainers to Heidelberg. He
+had, no doubt, heard that Melanchthon was on the road. He sees a company
+of travellers approaching, and he feels that Melanchthon must be among
+them. He rode towards them, and asked for him. When Melanchthon
+discovered himself, and was about to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>dismount in token of respect, the
+Landgrave prevented him, and requested him to change his route, and to
+remain with him over night, because he would like to have many matters
+explained to him. He bade him entertain no fear, but be of good courage.
+Melanchthon assured the Landgrave that he was not afraid, and that he
+was a very unimportant person besides. The prince replied: "But,
+nevertheless, Cardinal Campegius would be not a little rejoiced if you
+were to be delivered into his hands." On the condition that, after his
+return to Wittenberg, he would prepare a written statement concerning
+these innovations in religion and send it to the Landgrave, he permitted
+him to continue his journey, and gave him the promise of a safe conduct
+through the Hessian dominion. This writing was really prepared, and bore
+the title: "An Epitome of the renewed Christian doctrine, addressed to
+his most serene highness the Landgrave of Hesse." The journey was safely
+completed, but he soon experienced great sorrow in Wittenberg. His
+beloved travelling companion, Nesen, wished to cross the Elbe in a
+fisherman's boat, as he had often done before; but upon the present
+occasion, it was July 5th, the boat struck against the trunk of a tree,
+was capsized, and Nesen was drowned. Besides this, his beloved
+Camerarius, who was daily more endeared to him, removed from Wittenberg.
+He felt very lonely and forsaken, and in this frame of mind wrote to
+Camerarius: "I sit at home like a lame cobbler."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER VII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE WAR OF THE PEASANTS</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> hopes raised by the proposed plans for reform, by the new Pope
+Hadrian VI., were not realized. How often have men been deceived in
+their hopes, when they looked towards the city on the seven hills! The
+Diet in Nuremberg opened in a threatening manner, for the Pope and the
+Emperor insisted on severe measures, and the execution of the Edict of
+Worms. But it came to pass here, as the Elector Frederick the Wise is
+said to have remarked before the Diet: "In heaven it has been resolved
+far otherwise than in Nuremberg!" Already in the year 1523, death
+summoned Hadrian from the scene. True to the proverb, "The Pope does not
+die," another one, Clemens VII., of the same spirit as all the rest,
+ascended the throne. He insisted upon the execution of the Edict of
+Worms, and caused this opinion to be proclaimed during the Diet at
+Nuremberg, which had been opened again. The Emperor made the same demand
+by his ambassador. But all these violent measures were defeated by the
+action of the princes, who said "that they would do what they could."
+The more the Gospel began to penetrate to every quarter, to find good
+soil and to strike deep root, so much more the hostility of the
+Catholics increased. Persecutions arose, and martyrs began to bleed for
+the Lord's cause. Melanchthon took an especially deep interest in the
+terrible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> martyrdom of Henry von Z�tphen, who was burned at the stake
+towards the end of the year 1524.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>The <i>war of the Peasants</i>, which commenced in Swabia as early as 1524,
+but took a new and dangerous turn in the beginning of 1525, still more
+increased the hate of the enemies of the pure Gospel, and gave them a
+plausible excuse forcibly to exterminate these ecclesiastical novelties
+and the innovators themselves. As when fire has been placed in the
+different quarters of a city, and it breaks out on every side, so that
+the inhabitants do not know where to begin to extinguish it, so was it
+in the peasants' war. Almost everywhere the peasants arose and
+threatened death and destruction to the authorities and existing laws.
+Nothing is more easy than, with preconceived opinions, either to
+proclaim this war a noble struggle for freedom, or, on the other hand,
+to trample under foot the just sighs of the deeply injured peasants. It
+is well known that no event in the days of the Reformation was more
+welcome to its enemies than this desperate and bloody rebellion of the
+peasants. They at once proclaimed this war to be a legitimate fruit of
+the new doctrine. It cannot be denied that this opinion has some
+appearance of truth, but then only if we look at the mere surface of
+things, and carry an evil-disposed heart within us. The peasants
+themselves have partly given occasion for this opinion, because in the
+well-known "twelve articles of the peasants," they mingled spiritual and
+temporal demands together. It is, however, not our purpose to give a
+history of the peasants' war,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> which still awaits a <i>true</i>
+representation, even if it were carried out in the shortest outlines. We
+are here but to consider how the Reformers, particularly Melanchthon,
+demeaned themselves in this critical event.</p>
+
+<p>In Melanchthon's home, the palatinate, this extravagant spirit had also
+seized the peasants. There too they rose up on every side, however
+little reason for it they might have had, under the reign of the Elector
+<span class="smcap">Louis</span> of the palatinate. This prince wrote to Melanchthon, whom he
+esteemed very highly, requesting him to come to Heidelberg to assist him
+by his counsels in this dangerous affair. He says of Melanchthon: "You
+who were born and raised in the palatinate are more learned and
+experienced in the Scriptures than others, celebrated, and doubtless
+favorable to peace and justice." If it was impossible for him to come,
+he should send his advice and opinion, "according to divine and truly
+evangelical Scripture" to him in writing. On this account Melanchthon
+wrote his "Pamphlet against the articles of the peasantry." As Luther's
+writings in regard to the war of the peasants have frequently given
+offence, because he stood firmly by the word of God, which demands
+obedience towards the authorities, so did it also fare with Melanchthon.
+He too, like Luther, must submit to be called a Court-theologian. But
+their theology was drawn from the word of God, and redounded to the
+glory of God, let the enemies to the right and left say to the
+contrary&mdash;whatever they please. The peasants declared they would submit
+themselves to the word of God. This Melanchthon seized upon. He wishes
+to present to them "the Gospel, and the true Christian doctrine; for no
+doubt there are many among the masses who sin from ignorance; who, it is
+to be hoped, if they are properly instructed, will forsake such wicked
+practices, and consider<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> the Judgment of God, their own souls, and their
+poor wives and children. But many are so wanton, and blinded by the
+devil, that they do not desire, and cannot abide peace." After having
+spoken of Faith and Love, he proceeds to obedience to government, and
+says: "Whereas this article is even despised by those who call
+themselves evangelical, we will hold before them the Gospel and the Word
+of God, in which they may see how desperately they are fighting against
+God under the pretext of the Gospel."</p>
+
+<p>The beginning of the 13th chapter of the Epistle to the Romans will ever
+be the principal direction in this matter. Melanchthon, too, refers to
+it, and fully and convincingly explains this passage to every one whose
+passions have not blinded and disordered his senses. He proceeds to say:
+"From all this we therefore conclude, that, because the Gospel demands
+obedience to government, and forbids rebellion, although princes may do
+evil; and also further requires that we endure wrong, they act against
+the Gospel, inasmuch as they arise against the government, and use force
+and violence against them. And they prove themselves liars in this, that
+they write they desire to live in accordance with the Gospel, and yet
+thus openly act against God, so that it is easy to observe that the
+devil is instigating them, desiring to destroy their bodies and souls.
+For the end may be whatever it will, such wickedness will be punished at
+last."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon now proceeds to consider each of the twelve articles
+separately. In the <i>first</i> article he proves, that the government is
+bound to have the Gospel preached. But if a government, possessed by
+Satan, will not permit it, we ought not to raise a tumult, for God has
+forbidden it. Each one is to profess his faith, and suffer, if the
+government be hostile. "It is not possible to be a Christian,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> and lay
+the cross upon the shoulders of others; you must bear it yourself." In
+the <i>second</i> article "Of Tithes," he takes the side of right, and
+refutes the misapplied scriptural passages of the peasants. In the
+article "On Vassalage," he also defends the established order of things,
+and proves that the passages quoted by the peasants had no reference to
+bodily, but to spiritual freedom. "Therefore," he says, "the expectation
+of the peasants has no pretext. Yes, it would be better if so wild and
+unruly a nation, like the German, had less liberty than they really
+possess."&mdash;"Our authorities indulge the people in all wantonness, and
+only require money of them, but keep them under no restraint, which
+causes great disorders!"</p>
+
+<p>He then reviews the remaining articles, of the chase, forests, services,
+taxes, penalties, &amp;c. Of the right of heriot, a tax, he says that the
+government ought to abolish it, and remember the poor orphans. He
+concludes his pamphlet with very earnest words to the princes and
+peasants. To the former he says, they should humble themselves, because
+they had transgressed in many ways. "For God has always, from the
+beginning, overturned governments, when their wantonness became too
+great." He advises them to abolish the abuse of the mass, the celibacy
+of the clergy, and to appropriate the possessions of convents for useful
+purposes, especially for schools. Thus, should the princes lend a
+friendly hand, there should be some hope that words might answer a good
+purpose; but should this clemency be unavailing, the princes should
+strengthen themselves to treat the rebels as murderers. Melanchthon, who
+completed this pamphlet before the conclusion of the war of the
+peasants, added an appendix as soon as he heard that the peasants had
+been put down on every side. Now, the amiable man is merely a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> herald of
+peace and clemency. In this appendix he says: "As God has now given the
+victory, and the murderous rabble, which would not have peace, has been
+punished according to the laws of God, the princes should further be
+very careful that no harm befall the innocent, and also show mercy to
+the poor people, some of whom sinned through fear, others through
+folly." He points them to the example of David, who punished at the
+proper time, but at another also showed mercy, and concludes his
+excellent production in the following words&mdash;worthy of being taken to
+heart: "The Government should also look to it, that the word of God
+might be preached in the proper way, and that those customs of the
+church which oppose the word of God, be changed. Then God would grant
+them peace and prosperity in their government, as he did to Hezekiah and
+other pious monarchs, who put away the old abuses in the services of
+religion. For he declares, 1 Sam. ii. 30: 'For them that honor me, I
+will honor, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed.'" Not
+all the victorious princes regarded this truly Christian word, but
+punished and oppressed the peasants most severely, whilst they laid the
+blame of the rebellion upon the gospel thus recommended. But the Elector
+Frederick the Wise did not act thus. The peasants had also risen in
+rebellion in his dominions. <span class="smcap">Thomas M�nzer</span>, one of the most crazed and
+preposterous of beings, stood at their head. He endeavored to screen
+himself behind divine revelations, for all his violence against the
+government. When the rebellion was increasing, the Elector was confined
+by illness. These events moved him deeply; but in a letter to his
+brother, Duke John, he thus expressed himself: "It is God's sending and
+work, and God grant a happy conclusion." Again, he says: "Perhaps
+occasion has been given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> the poor people, particularly by prohibiting
+the word of God. Thus the poor are oppressed in many ways by us secular
+and spiritual authorities. God avert his anger from us!" This was
+Frederick's opinion, and his brother fully coincided in it. The Lord
+also gave the victory to the princes in Saxony and Thuringia.
+Melanchthon has described this rebellion in its beginning and close. He
+thus begins his narrative: "After Dr. Martin Luther had preached several
+years, and had taught the pure and true gospel, the devil sowed his seed
+by its side, raised many false and hurtful preachers, in order that the
+gospel might again be darkened and suppressed, and much blood might also
+be shed. For Christ himself has given the devil this name, and has thus
+painted him, that he was a murderer from the beginning, and will cause
+murders to the end of the world."</p>
+
+<p>Before the termination of the war, the Elector fell asleep on the 5th of
+May, 1525, in a truly Christian manner, so that his physician said: "He
+was a child of peace, and died peacefully." As it was desirable to
+prevent all superstitious customs at the funeral of the Elector, Luther
+and Melanchthon were requested to give their opinion. They did so; and
+the funeral ceremonies were conducted in this manner. Not only did
+Luther preach his celebrated funeral sermon, but Melanchthon also
+delivered a Latin oration in the church, which shows how well he was
+able to appreciate a prince of Frederick's character. He spoke of the
+excellent qualities of the deceased, and his love for the word of God,
+and concluded thus: "I pray that God in his mercy may receive into his
+own keeping the soul of Frederick! May he also bless the administration
+of the government by his brother, protect our country in these unhappy
+times, and grant you all that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> affection for public peace, that you may
+reverence your princes with all fidelity and conscientiousness,
+according to the command of God."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon sustained a great loss in the death of this exalted patron;
+but <span class="smcap">John the Constant</span>, who now held the reins of government, bore the
+same affection in his heart towards the chosen instruments of the
+Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>He even took a more decided stand than his brother, as we shall see
+hereafter. Melanchthon feared that the wheels of the machine would be
+interfered with too much. The slow, prudent conduct of the Elector,
+which he had extolled in his address, pleased him very well. To his
+fears in this respect another event was added during this year, which
+incited their enemies to increased slanders. This was Luther's sudden
+marriage in June, 1525, to <span class="smcap">Catharine von Bora</span>, who had been a nun.
+Luther took this step, standing upon the word of God, and in defiance of
+his enemies. But there seemed to be no end to the noise; yet
+Melanchthon, who had declared himself in favor of the marriage of the
+clergy, could not but approve of the marriage. Yet he would have
+prevented it during this period of ferment, had it been in his power to
+do so. But when Luther began to be concerned himself, Melanchthon became
+his comforter.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER VIII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HIS LABORS FOR THE CHURCH AND SCHOOLS.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Although</span> Melanchthon's professional activity was principally directed to
+the education of good teachers and pastors for the schools and churches,
+yet the confidence enjoyed by him, and his splendid reputation, which
+bore his name far beyond the confines of Saxony, soon afforded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> him an
+opportunity to exert a very salutary influence in the erection of new,
+and improvement of established schools. Even before he had, together
+with Luther, arranged the school in Eisleben, and also one in Magdeburg,
+of which <span class="smcap">Cruciger</span> was Rector, he was invited to Nuremberg, by <span class="smcap">Jerome
+Baumgartner</span>, towards the close of the year 1524, in order to establish a
+Gymnasium,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and to act as its Rector. But nothing could induce him to
+leave Wittenberg. He therefore declined the offer of an appointment in
+Nuremberg, although he had the establishment of this institution of
+learning much at heart. One year after the invitation to visit
+Nuremberg, he undertook the journey with his friend Camerarius. This
+celebrated imperial city, which was then called "the eye of Germany,"
+attracted him on many accounts; for it had an eye open to the Gospel,
+and numbered among its inhabitants many of the most distinguished minds,
+with whom Melanchthon was intimately connected. Among these were
+Pirkheimer, Baumgartner, Lazarus Spengler, Ebner and N�tzel. He entered
+Nuremberg on the 12th of November, 1525. He communicated his views in
+regard to the arrangement of the school, and proposed able men as
+teachers. Camerarius, his beloved friend, was appointed Rector of the
+school. Other men also accepted the call extended to them. In the
+following year we find Melanchthon, true to his promise, in Nuremberg
+again. He formally opened this learned institution with a Latin address,
+May 23, 1526. In this address he uttered weighty words concerning the
+necessity and utility of the sciences. He concluded with the appropriate
+prayer: "I pray Christ that he may assist your important work by his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+grace, and that he may accompany your intentions and the diligence of
+those who shall study here, with his blessing." Among his friends in
+Nuremberg, he also numbered the celebrated painter, <span class="smcap">Albert D�rer</span>, whose
+heart was also with the work of the Reformation. He spent a few very
+pleasant days with him and the rest of his friends, but returned to
+Wittenberg in June. Important business awaited him there, but in the
+middle of July he was seized with a severe illness, and his physician
+considered his recovery doubtful; but the Lord could not spare him yet.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of the year 1526, he was formally appointed to deliver
+lectures on Theology, although he remonstrated against it. His salary
+was increased to 200 florins. But the most important duty in which he
+was engaged at that time was in participating in the visitation of the
+schools and churches in Saxony. It may well be imagined that these were
+in a miserable condition. The Apostolic doctrine, which was proclaimed
+in Wittenberg with Apostolical power, had not found an entrance
+everywhere. In some of the schools and churches they still
+pertinaciously adhered to the beaten path. In other quarters it was
+patchwork, a new patch upon an old garment. There was one case of a
+minister who preached the gospel in his principal church, but read mass
+in the under-parochial church where they required a different practice.
+The confusion in doctrine, church customs, and church treasuries was
+truly deplorable. Luther did not complain without reason: "Help, dear
+Lord, what frequent distress have I seen, because the common people,
+particularly in villages, know nothing at all of Christian doctrine, and
+it is but too true that many ministers are unskilful and unfit to teach.
+And yet all are called Christians, are baptized, and enjoy the holy
+sacraments, and do not even know the Lord's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> Prayer, or the Creed, or
+the Ten Commandments, and live on like the brutes...."</p>
+
+<p>Luther had taken this distress to heart long before, and had earnestly
+appealed to Court, to institute a Visitation of all the schools and
+churches in the land. The Elector John, who was greatly concerned for
+the spread of the truth, ordered such a visitation. It took place in
+1527, and was a real work of necessity, but at the same time full of
+blessings. Different commissions were appointed for different parts of
+the country. Melanchthon was ordered to visit Thuringia, accompanied by
+Jerome Schurff, Erasmus of Haugwitz, and John of Planitz. Great indeed
+was the spiritual distress discovered by them! Melanchthon often went
+out and wept, as he writes himself: "What can be offered in
+justification, that these poor people have hitherto been left in such
+great ignorance and stupidity? My heart bleeds when I regard this
+misery. Often when we have completed the visitation of a place, I go to
+one side and pour forth my distress in tears. And who would not mourn to
+see the faculties of man so utterly neglected, and that his soul, which
+is able to learn and grasp so much, does not even know anything of its
+Creator and Lord." However, the Elector's instructions to the visitors
+enjoined it upon them to proceed in the most lenient manner. They obeyed
+strictly, and no doubt accomplished more in this way than if they had
+fallen upon everything in the stormy spirit of a Karlstadt.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon was also commissioned to prepare an <i>Instruction</i> for the
+ministers in the Electorate of Saxony. This called forth a little volume
+with the title, "Instruction of the Members of the Visitation to the
+Pastors in the Electorate of Saxony." It was handed to Luther for
+inspection, who was entirely satisfied with it, and therefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> made but
+few alterations. He added a Preface to the book, in which he explained
+the necessity of the Visitation. This volume may be called the first
+Confession of Faith of the Lutheran Church, and on this account already
+deserves to be better known. As might be expected from Melanchthon, it
+is conceived in a spirit of great moderation, and, whilst it gives
+prominence to the principal doctrines of the true Church, treats the
+opposite opinions with great forbearance. Let us select a few passages
+from this book of Instruction. The <i>first</i> chapter treats "<i>Of
+Doctrine</i>." It says: "But how many now only speak of the forgiveness of
+sins, and nothing or very little of repentance, and yet there is no
+forgiveness of sin without repentance; and forgiveness of sins cannot be
+understood without repentance. And when we preach forgiveness of sins
+without repentance, it will come to pass that the people will believe
+that they have already obtained forgiveness of sins, and will thereby
+become secure and careless. Therefore we have instructed and exhorted
+Pastors that, according to their duty, they should preach the <i>whole</i>
+Gospel, and not one part without the other." In the article "<i>Of the Ten
+Commandments</i>," he requires that the people might be brought to a
+knowledge of their sins, by an exhibition of the law and of their sins,
+and proceeds thus: "Besides this, it will be profitable to preach of
+faith, in this manner, that whosoever feels pain and sorrow for sin
+should believe that his sins are forgiven him, not because of any merit
+of his own, but for Christ's sake." But the instruction always reverts
+to this, that faith is nothing without repentance. "Where there is no
+repentance there is a painted faith." After having thus given prominence
+to the two first parts of the Christian life, he proceeds: "The third
+part of the Christian life is to do good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> works, such as chastity, to
+love our neighbor, to help him, not to lie nor cheat, not to steal, not
+to murder, not to be revengeful, not to take vengeance into his own
+hands, &amp;c. He then enters upon a consideration of the Ten Commandments.
+In treating the second commandment, he requires "<i>the true Christian
+prayer</i>." This section fully treats of the manner in which we ought to
+pray, and renounces all abuses. "Whatever it may be, we are to seek help
+<i>from God alone</i>." The fourth commandment is treated at length, and
+proceeds to show how children should treat parents, and parents their
+children, and particularly how subjects should conduct themselves
+towards the government. An entire section is devoted to the
+consideration of <i>Tribulations</i>, as a part of good works. They are to be
+careful to teach that all tribulations come from God, but also, that God
+is to be called upon in the midst of them. In considering the <i>Sacrament
+of Baptism</i>, the lawfulness of Infant Baptism is proved from its
+antitype, circumcision. They should perform the ceremony in the German
+language, in order that those present might understand its meaning.
+Here, too, they are directed to repentance and faith. <i>Of the Sacrament
+of the body and blood of Christ</i>, it teaches, "That in the bread is the
+true body of Christ, and in the wine the true blood of Christ," and
+mentions two of the principal passages of the Bible. The miracle is not
+wrought by the merits of the priest, but because Christ has so ordered
+it, that his body is present wherever men commune. They should teach in
+the most decided manner that <i>both</i> kinds, bread and wine, should be
+distributed; yet no one, who, because of the weakness and fear of his
+conscience, could not receive both kinds, should be forced to receive
+both. Under such circumstances the Pastor should offer but <i>one</i>. It
+treats fully "<i>Of true Christian</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> <i>Repentance</i>." Added to this, is the
+section, "<i>Of true Christian Confession</i>." It says: "Papal Confession,
+namely, to rehearse all our sins, is not commanded, for it is impossible
+to do it."</p>
+
+<p>Yet, every one going to communion should be previously examined by the
+pastor. The article "<i>Of true Christian Satisfaction for Sin</i>," shows
+that Christ alone has made satisfaction for our sin. In the chapter "<i>Of
+human Church Regulations</i>," the pastors are exhorted to insist upon the
+principal matters in their sermons. Sundays and festival-days are to be
+observed. Yea, they even suffer Apostles' and Saints' days to remain.
+But on the latter they are to permit labor. But it is not their
+intention hereby to establish or commend the invocations and
+intercessions of the saints, for Christ <i>alone</i> is the mediator who
+intercedes for us. Matters relating to marriage are also briefly
+considered. Of <i>free will</i> it says, that we are able to perform worldly
+piety and good works by our own strength, given us and preserved for
+this purpose by God. This is the righteousness of the flesh. But they
+also teach&mdash;"Man by his own power cannot purify his heart, and produce
+divine gifts, such as true repentance from sin, a true and unfeigned
+fear of God, true faith, cordial love, chastity, an absence of revenge,
+true patience, earnest prayer, freedom from covetousness, &amp;c."
+<i>Concerning Christian Liberty</i>, the errors of the vulgar are set aside,
+and liberty in Christ exhibited. We are also freed from the ceremonies
+of the Old Testament. The <i>Turks</i> are not forgotten, and it also
+mentions how the <i>daily exercise in church</i> is to be conducted. Would
+that it were so still in our churches! <i>Concerning true Christian
+Excommunication</i>, they teach that it is to be employed against those
+persons who live in open vices, after they have been admonished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> several
+times. They are not to be permitted to come to the Lord's Supper; but
+they are not prevented from hearing preaching. Overseers, called
+Superintendents, selected from the pastors, were appointed in particular
+districts. Besides this, this instruction of the visitation devotes a
+full chapter to schools.</p>
+
+<p>The Commissions of Visitation labored in this mild, conciliatory, and
+truly scriptural spirit, and that, too, with blessed results. The
+Catholics pretended to find a creeping back, as Luther calls it, in this
+book of instruction, and began to rejoice aloud.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> When the little
+volume appeared publicly in 1528, and also during the previous years
+when a Latin sketch of it had been printed, different opinions were
+expressed concerning it. But the most singular attack upon the book was
+made by one of the evangelical party. A former friend of Melanchthon,
+<span class="smcap">John Agricola</span>, rector in Eisleben, considered it unscriptural, and
+leading to the papacy, if repentance was derived from the law, and not
+from the gospel. This dispute made so much noise, that the Elector
+considered himself obliged to arrange a meeting in Torgau, between
+Agricola, on the one side, and Melanchthon, Luther, and Bugenhagen, on
+the other. It was held in November, 1527. Agricola could easily be
+refuted from the Scriptures; however, he was a man obstinately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> wedded
+to his own opinion, who, as it is well known, stirred up this very
+matter ten years after, in the most violent manner, at which time he
+made use of the most daring expressions, such as "Moses deserves the
+gallows." But this Antinomian spirit, which was manifested by the
+ultra-evangelical party from time to time, was refuted by Luther in the
+most powerful and conclusive manner. Melanchthon refers to this, and
+refutes it in a number of writings.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1527, the university was removed to Jena, because the
+plague had broken out in Wittenberg. When Melanchthon had finished his
+first visitation tour, he continued to lecture in Jena, and wrote
+against the Anabaptists, who were also carrying on their sectarianism in
+various parts of Saxony. In the autumn of 1528, he made his second
+visitation tour into Thuringia, together with Myconius and Menius.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER IX.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE DIET OF SPIRE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is reasonable to suppose that the Pope could not have been satisfied
+with the great activity of the evangelical party, and the constantly
+increasing and noble spread of the gospel. He had but too many adherents
+in Germany, who were filled with the most violent rage against the
+Evangelical party. <span class="smcap">Duke George</span> of Saxony, who had been frequently
+attacked by Luther, especially breathed vengeance. He had in his service
+a counsellor, named<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> <span class="smcap">Otto von Pack</span>. It is a mystery to the present day,
+how this man came to reveal a pretended secret to the son-in-law of the
+Duke, the well-known Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, according to which the
+Catholic princes had formed a league against the evangelical states. He
+succeeded in presenting the matter in so plausible a manner, that
+Philip, who was already inclined to fight, believed it necessary to form
+a counter-league. Even the Elector John, who was otherwise more sober
+and calm, was of the same opinion. The Landgrave was not satisfied with
+mere words, but marched to the frontier with his troops; but the Elector
+was prudent enough to ask the opinions of his theologians, among whom
+Melanchthon was included.</p>
+
+<p>Their advice was quite temperate. Although they were highly incensed at
+this Catholic league, they would hear nothing of an attack. How much
+Melanchthon was inclined to a scriptural peace, is shown in a letter
+addressed by him to the Elector on the 18th of May, 1528: "To have a
+good conscience, and to enjoy the friendship of God, is surely the best
+consolation in all afflictions. But if we should begin by seizing the
+sword, and commence a war with an evil conscience, we would have lost
+this consolation. Great sorrow and cares induce me to write this. God
+knows that I do not value my own life so highly, but I am only thinking
+how much dishonor might be brought upon the holy Gospel, should your
+Electoral Grace begin to war, without previously making use of all means
+and ways to preserve the peace, which indeed ought to be done." The
+Elector was of the same opinion, but the Landgrave stood prepared to
+fight. But when he wrote to his father-in-law, Duke George, he declared
+the whole matter to be "an unfounded lying report." Although the
+evangelical party could hardly believe this assertion, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> perhaps had
+reason for it, they were, nevertheless, obliged to put an end to all
+further preparations.</p>
+
+<p>Two years before, in the year 1526, a Diet had been held in Spire, which
+had taken a turn favorable to the evangelical party. Although the
+Catholics demanded that the wicked Edict of Worms should be executed,
+they nevertheless did not succeed. The States were divided, and the
+Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave Philip were about to leave the Diet,
+when King Ferdinand and the Elector of Treves acted as mediators, and
+declared that a Christian free council should be held in a year, in
+order to settle these religious difficulties. During this time each one
+should remain quiet and peaceful. The princes promised to act as they
+wished to answer for it before God and the Emperor, or in their own
+words: "During the meantime, until a council shall be held, each State
+is so to treat its subjects, in reference to the Edict of Worms, as they
+hope to answer for it before God and the Emperor." After this, the whole
+matter remained as it was before, and there was great reason for
+gratitude to God that such a result had been reached.</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing to be dreaded on the part of the Emperor at this time,
+for he was engaged in open war with the Pope; he had not yet been
+reconciled to the king of France, and the Turks were advancing
+victoriously. It would have been highly imprudent to arouse the
+hostility of a part of the German princes at this time. But that which
+he had avoided by the prudence which always characterized his conduct
+throughout life, was earnestly sought by the Catholic States, who had
+denied the existence of a league against the Evangelical party. Their
+hearts were full of anger. The Emperor had summoned another Diet to
+Spire, to meet on February 1st, 1529. The Imperial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> proclamation did not
+promise as favorable a result as had been brought about by the last Diet
+of Spire. As the Elector well knew what hostility prevailed against
+Luther, he did not take him along with him, but chose the more peaceful
+Melanchthon. They arrived at Spire on the 13th of March, 1529. The
+general hatred was now directed against him. The prospect was a gloomy
+one. Melanchthon had not the strong faith of Luther, by which he could
+have <i>believed</i> the clouds away&mdash;he rather increased their number by his
+anxiety. The Imperial proposition, in reference to religious matters,
+did not speak favorably of the innovations. It regrets that "such
+wicked, grievous, troublesome and destructive doctrines and errors have
+arisen in our holy faith, and are daily spread abroad more and more."
+His Imperial majesty, by his Imperial absolute power, annuls the
+resolution of the previous Diet, which had indeed been a very flexible
+one. This was not a good beginning. The Catholics triumphed, and
+succeeded in passing a final decree of the States of the Empire
+assembled in Diet, which was very unfavorable to the Evangelical party.
+For this final decree insisted upon the execution of the Edict of the
+Diet of Worms. The mass should be retained, and all innovations in the
+Church be stopped.</p>
+
+<p>The Elector requested Luther and Melanchthon to give their opinion
+concerning this decree. They express themselves decidedly opposed to
+assenting to the decree, but drop the Anabaptists and Sacramentarians,
+who were as unpopular in the electoral dominions as elsewhere. This
+opinion no doubt exercised an influence upon the Evangelical States.
+Melanchthon's spirits were deeply affected during the progress of these
+negotiations. He expressed his sorrow in his letters. On the 15th of
+March he wrote<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> to Camerarius that it could easily be seen on every side
+that the Evangelical party is hated, as well as what they intend to do.
+"You know," he continues, "that I observe many defects among our
+friends, but their object here is not to correct our faults, but to
+suppress the best of causes. But I hope that Christ will prevent this,
+and frustrate the counsels of those people who desire war." So he also
+entreated his friend Myconius: "I exhort thee to pray Christ that he
+would regard us in mercy, and protect us. For here we are objects of
+scorn to the proud spirits, and of derision to the rich."</p>
+
+<p>A very bad state of feeling prevailed in Spire. Faber preached: "The
+Turks are better than the Lutherans, for they fast, and these do not."
+He even went so far as to say, that if he had his choice, he would
+rather throw away the Bible, than the ancient errors of the church.
+Camerarius exhorted Melanchthon to cast his cares upon God. He replied,
+"If I had no cares, I should not cry unto God. But whereas piety
+conquers cares by prayers, it cannot be altogether rid of them. By
+cares, therefore, am I driven to prayer, and prayer drives away my
+cares."</p>
+
+<p>Verbal and written objections to the final decree were unavailing.
+Finally, the Evangelical party, and Melanchthon with them, saw
+themselves compelled to take the step which has become so celebrated in
+the history of the Reformation. On the 15th of April, 1529, they entered
+a formal <i>Protest</i> and <i>Appeal</i> against the decree of the diet. Even
+though the Catholics afterwards called them <i>Protestants</i>, by way of
+derision, the despised ones could regard that name as an honorable
+title.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> And at this time, more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> than ever, should we abide by this
+name, as an honorable distinction of the Evangelical Church, because the
+old assumptions are again endeavoring to gain an influence; and even in
+the bosom of the Evangelical Church, there is enough against which we
+must protest.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor received the Protest in a very ungracious manner. A
+threatening imperial reply arrived from Barcelona, dated July 12, 1529,
+in which he expresses his disapprobation of the Protest, and concludes
+thus: "If you should continue to appear disobedient after this our
+gracious warning, we would no longer hesitate, but would and should be
+obliged to punish you, in order to maintain proper obedience in the Holy
+Empire." We may well imagine how such language was calculated to trouble
+Melanchthon.</p>
+
+<p>During this season of troubles, he made a brief visit to Bretten, to see
+his mother. He saw her for the last time, for she completed her earthly
+pilgrimage on the 6th of June, 1529.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER X.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE CONFERENCE AT MARBURG.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">While</span> the Catholics were filled with the most violent enmity against the
+evangelical party, and dark clouds were gathering over the heads of the
+Protestants, because of the decided expression of the emperor's will, it
+was a matter for the very deepest regret that a deep gulf was opened in
+the midst of the evangelical party, which grew wider and wider in the
+course of time. This was the rupture between the Lutherans and the
+Reformed, to use the names familiar now. We have already become
+acquainted with the restless, stormy spirit of Dr. Carlstadt, whom
+Melanchthon called the wicked A B C, on account of the initials of the
+three names, Andrew Bodenstein Carlstadt. Among other errors, he also
+denied the bodily presence of Christ in the sacrament, and explained the
+words of institution in so forced a manner, that Luther was doubtful
+whether he should consider him in earnest, or think that God had
+hardened and blinded him. Luther simply adhered to the words of Christ,
+however much, as he confesses himself, he was spurred by his reason to
+deviate from the words. "But I am a prisoner," he says, "and cannot
+escape; the text is too powerful, and will not permit its meaning to be
+changed by words." Melanchthon also strictly held, that the body and
+blood of Christ are truly and essentially present in the Lord's Supper.</p>
+
+<p>Because Carlstadt would not return to Wittenberg, he was obliged to
+leave the country. But soon after he solicited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> Luther's intercession,
+who willingly complied. He returned to Saxony in the year 1525. Luther
+baptized his son, and his wife and Melanchthon acted as sponsors. But in
+the year 1527, Luther already expressed himself unfavorably of the man,
+who still adhered to his ridiculous explanation of the words of the
+Lord's Supper. Carlstadt now left Saxony, and in 1528 came to Basle,
+where he was appointed preacher and professor. He soon disappeared in
+the back-ground, when another, <span class="smcap">Ulrich Zwingli</span>, the Swiss reformer,
+appeared with his unsatisfactory exposition of the words of the supper,
+according to which the words "This <i>is</i> my body," were said to mean
+"This <i>signifies</i> my body." Although he labored with great success in
+Switzerland, he yet bore some resemblance to Dr. Carlstadt, in his
+stormy proceedings, for he destroyed the images, bells, organs, and the
+like. Zwingli took Carlstadt's side against Luther. John Oecolampadius,
+professor and pastor in Basle, and a friend of Melanchthon's youth,
+united with him in the same unsatisfactory view of the Lord's Supper.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was greatly grieved at these innovations, and attacked them with
+terrible earnestness. He called the Swiss <i>Sacramentarians</i>. We shall
+not introduce those matters, which more properly belong to the Life of
+Luther. Adhering to his declaration: "Thus it is written," he laid
+powerful blows upon the Sacramentarians, who replied in equally violent
+and biting publications. Although Melanchthon had not mingled in the
+strife up to the present time, he yet stood on Luther's side. He too
+felt himself bound by the express words of the Bible. Even from Spire,
+as early as the year 1529, he had written to his otherwise dearly
+beloved friend Oecolampadius concerning this matter: "It is very painful
+to me that discord should have arisen in this matter, ordained by Christ
+himself to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> establish an indissoluble love. Never has anxiety for any
+matter disturbed my heart more than my anxiety in this. And I have not
+only myself considered what might be said for and against this matter,
+but I have also examined the opinions of the ancients. For I should not
+like to stand up as the author or defender of any new dogma in the
+Church. After having thus weighed what seemed to be best established on
+both sides, I will express my sentiments, with your permission, but I
+cannot agree with your opinion." He then reviews the objections of
+opponents. One of these objections was, that the <i>absent</i> body of Christ
+could not be present. In answer to this he says: "I know that there is a
+promise of Christ; 'I am with you alway, even unto the end of the
+world;' and other ones similar to this, in which it is not necessary to
+separate his humanity from his divinity; and therefore I am of the
+opinion that this sacrament is a testimony of the true presence.... That
+opinion, that Christ has taken possession of a part of heaven in such a
+manner that he is shut up in it as in a prison, is one altogether
+unworthy of a Christian." Such an important question should not be
+judged by the rules of geometry, but by the word of God. He also says,
+that the most distinguished Fathers of the Church explain the sacrament
+like those of the Evangelical party. In the conclusion of his letter he
+yet presents a variety of considerations. "I observe," he says, "that
+your cause relies upon the assistance of the understanding and
+subtleties, and that you are not only employing public but secret arts
+also, to attract attention; and I doubt whether these will further your
+cause more than public ones. I am well aware of your own modesty;
+therefore I consider it necessary to remind you to reflect, that even
+shrewd and prudent persons may sometimes fall, and it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> particularly
+dangerous to rely upon our own reason in spiritual matters." Melanchthon
+gave up all thoughts of a conference concerning this matter.</p>
+
+<p>However, this plan, entertained by another individual also, was soon to
+be realized. The Landgrave <span class="smcap">Philip</span> of Hesse saw what incalculable
+mischief would follow a division of the Germans and the Swiss. He
+regarded the matter from a political point of view, because a party,
+divided in itself, could not accomplish that which it might do when
+united. But he also appreciated the religious aspect of the question. It
+was soon discovered to which side he leaned in this dispute. Be this as
+it may, the Landgrave considered it advisable to arrange a conference at
+Marburg between the Germans and the Swiss. Although the doctrine of the
+Lord's Supper was the principal point of difference, there were yet
+besides this a number of other differences. Although Melanchthon had
+suggested the idea of such a conference to Oecolampadius, he now
+dissuaded from it, when the Landgrave wished such an one to take place.
+With Luther he believed that the conference would not be productive of
+good.</p>
+
+<p>But finally both parties consented. The day after Michaelmas, the
+Wittenbergians, Luther, Melanchthon and Jonas, arrived in Marburg, after
+Zwingli, Oecolampadius, Bucer and Hedio, had already arrived. Andrew
+Osiander, of Nuremberg, Brenz of Hall, and Stephen Agricola of Augsburg,
+arrived after this. Jonas cannot sufficiently extol the gracious,
+friendly, even princely reception, they met with. Although it had at
+first been arranged that they should lodge in the city, the Landgrave
+now received them into his palace. Jonas remarks: "This has been done in
+these forests, not only in honor of learning, but of the true God and
+Christ, whom we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> preach. Would to God that everything might be decided
+to the honor of Christ!"</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon reported the proceedings of the conference to the Elector
+John of Saxony, and likewise to Duke Henry of Saxony. We follow his
+narrative, which gives us a clear view of this important meeting. At
+first, Luther conversed with Oecolampadius alone, and Melanchthon with
+Zwingli. It was stated that Zwingli was accused of teaching that
+Original Sin was not sin, and that Baptism did not secure to children
+forgiveness of Original Sin. That he declared concerning the Lord's
+Supper, that the body and blood of Christ are not truly in the
+sacrament. He is also said to teach that the Holy Ghost is not given
+through the Word and Sacrament, but without the word and sacrament.
+Further, it is asserted, that some do not teach correctly of the
+Divinity of Christ, and also spoke awkwardly of Justification before
+God. That they did not insist enough upon the doctrine of Faith. Zwingli
+hereupon declared that he always believed, and did still believe, that
+Christ is true God and man. That it is not his fault if others have
+taught improperly. They disputed a long time concerning original sin,
+and the means by which the Holy Ghost is communicated. Zwingli yielded
+this point.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2d of October, the following day, they began the principal battle
+on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The Landgrave and his chief
+counsellors attended this discussion. They disputed two days on this
+point of difference. Zwingli and Oecolampadius steadily maintained: 1.
+That Christ taught a spiritual eating of his body in John vi., and
+therefore we should only understand a spiritual eating in the Sacrament.
+2. That a body cannot be present in many places at one and the same
+time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> Christ possesses a true body, and is in heaven; therefore, he
+could not be in the Sacrament at the same time. Here they made a number
+of awkward assertions; <i>e. g.</i>, God does not present such unintelligible
+matters to us, outward participation is useless. 3. Oecolampadius
+introduced quotations from Augustine, that Sacraments are mere signs,
+signifying something, even as the serpent in the wilderness signifies
+something. He thought it sufficient to be satisfied with a spiritual
+participation. Luther replied as the principal speaker. Concerning John
+vi., he declared that, although Christ is there speaking of spiritual
+eating, yet this is not opposed to bodily eating. He, too, taught a
+spiritual eating, but in the words of the institution an outward eating
+is ordained. The opposite party then referred to the words: "The flesh
+profiteth nothing." It was replied to them, that, as Christ above speaks
+of his flesh as giving life, the words quoted by them could not refer to
+his own flesh, but to our own carnal being and thoughts. But if we wish
+to explain it of Christ's flesh, we cannot draw any other conclusion
+from it than this, that the flesh of Christ, when received without
+faith, profiteth nothing. To the <i>second</i> objection they replied, that
+our reason should not judge God's power and glory, whether one body is
+able to be present in many places or not. Melanchthon relates that their
+opponents steadfastly adhered to this objection. They said that even
+wicked priests could perform this great miracle. It was replied to them,
+that we ought not to regard the worthiness of the priests, but the
+commandment of God. Upon this they dropped their objection. To the
+<i>third</i> objection, in which Oecolampadius declared "the Sacraments are
+signs, and therefore we ought to grant that they signify something;
+therefore we ought to acknowledge in the Lord's Supper that the body<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> of
+the Lord is only <i>signified</i>, and not present," the other side replied,
+that we ought not to explain them in a manner different from that in
+which Christ had explained them. That the Sacraments are signs, should
+be understood thus, that they signify promises connected with them.
+Thus, the Lord's Supper signifies that the death of Christ has obtained
+satisfaction for our sins, and gives us the assurance of the forgiveness
+of sin. From this it does not follow as a matter of necessity that
+Christ's body is not present. Zwingli and Oecolampadius quoted many
+passages from the Fathers in corroboration of their views. Their
+opponents also presented many clear declarations of the Church Fathers
+to the Landgrave in writing, from which it appeared that the ancient
+Church taught the true presence of the body and blood of Christ in the
+Lord's Supper.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the result of the conference at Marburg. Both parties adhered
+to their own opinions. The Swiss asked to be regarded as brethren.
+Luther refused, and declared this to be an evidence that they did not
+value their own cause very highly. Although they were satisfied with
+Luther's doctrines on all other points, they adhered to their own
+opinion of the Lord's Supper. It is true Melanchthon expresses a hope
+that they might change their opinion in this matter at some future day,
+but this hope was never realized.</p>
+
+<p>The Conference lasted three days. Melanchthon had feared that their
+opponents would be far more violent, and expressed himself well
+satisfied with them in this respect. The Landgrave was also deeply
+interested in this discussion. It is said that he made the remark: "Now
+he would rather believe the simple words of Christ than the subtle
+thoughts of men." Although this conference effected some good in
+correcting many misapprehensions and errors, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> well as for a while
+putting an end to the violent polemical writings, yet no union had been
+brought about in the matter of the Lord's Supper. The schism remained,
+and grew more incurable in future days. Meetings were again held in
+Rotach, Schwabach, Smalkald, and in Nuremberg, in the beginning of the
+year 1530, in order to bring about a union with the upper Germans. But
+they would not forsake their opinion, and the Elector, who believed
+Luther's doctrine, could not induce himself to enter into a league with
+his opponents. Besides this, the latter were so far removed from the
+Catholics in the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, that it was not to be
+hoped that they would be received when united. However, the Landgrave,
+whose purpose to unite the Reformed, especially the four upper German
+cities, with the Lutherans, had so far been frustrated, did not
+relinquish all hope of final success. He made repeated efforts. Thus a
+meeting was held in Schwabach in October, 1529. Luther had prepared
+seventeen articles, one of which expressed the true presence of the body
+and blood of Christ in the Sacrament. But they could not unite here, nor
+in the Conferences at Smalkald in November, and Nuremberg, in January,
+1530.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, while the Catholics were banded together to inflict deadly blows
+upon the Protestants, these were separated into two parties; and if we
+add the sects, into a number of parties. But now every eye was directed
+to the Diet of Augsburg, at which the cause of the Protestants was to be
+considered again. All were in anxious expectation to see what the
+Emperor would do. And on this occasion it was reserved for Melanchthon
+to produce a work which should not only excite attention in Augsburg,
+but which decided and secured the lawful position of the Evangelical
+Church. However, Melanchthon was not in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the most joyous frame of mind
+at this time. He thus expresses this in a letter to Camerarius: "Not a
+day passes in which I do not wish that I might leave this world."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE DIET OF AUGSBURG.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Turks, who had advanced victoriously as far as Vienna, met with so
+determined a resistance at the hands of the brave hero <span class="smcap">Philip</span> of the
+Palatinate, that they were obliged to retreat. Thus the danger which
+threatened the Emperor from the East was lessened. He had resumed
+peaceful relations with King <span class="smcap">Francis</span> of France, and was also reconciled
+to the Pope, and had been crowned by him. He now had abundant
+opportunity to attend to the religious difficulties, and, as he hoped,
+to bring them to a happy conclusion. It is very true that Pope Clemens
+would hear nothing of it, when he informed him that it would be
+necessary to hold a general council, and that he intended to summon a
+Diet on this account. Clemens, in his reply, declared, that religious
+difficulties must be brought before the Bishop of Rome, and that he in
+every case had a right to convene a General Council. He demanded power
+of arms to suppress the dissatisfaction reigning in Germany, and said:
+"There is no other way for you but to restore peace by your arms." Of
+course Charles would not agree to this. He insisted upon a Diet, and
+said: "We must hear both sides, and then pronounce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> sentence, not
+according to our tyrannical pleasure, but according to the law and
+doctrine given us by God."</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of January, 1530, the necessary imperial documents were
+dispatched from Bologna to Germany, fixing the meeting of the Diet for
+the 8th of April, in Augsburg. Besides deliberating concerning
+assistance against the Turks, they would also consider "what might be
+done and resolved in reference to the errors and schism in our holy
+faith and the Christian religion." The imperial proclamation was couched
+in very mild terms, yet the Evangelical party entertained unfounded
+fears that the Emperor would now assume a more hostile attitude. The
+Landgrave Philip of Hesse even considered it dangerous to attend the
+Diet. We are already acquainted with this man, who was not at all
+disinclined to divide the Gordian knot with the sword. But the Elector
+John was of a different opinion, and besides this, consulted his
+Theologians in this important matter. They expressed themselves most
+decidedly against an armed resistance. Luther gave his opinion to the
+Elector as early as the 6th of March. Melanchthon added a preface. On
+the 14th of March an electoral decree was sent to Luther, Jonas,
+Bugenhagen, and Melanchthon, which called upon them to prepare a list of
+the principal points of difference in matters of Faith, and the customs
+of the Church, so that it might be known how far they might go at the
+approaching Diet. They selected the 17 so called articles of Torgau,
+which were formerly called the articles of Schwabach, and had been
+prepared by Luther. They constitute the basis of the Augsburg
+Confession. On March 21, the Theologians were commanded to meet the
+Elector in Torgau. Here in Torgau, these Theologians assembled in the
+parsonage, and presented this matter to God, with prayers and sighs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>On one occasion, Melanchthon arose, sad and weary, having been called
+out by a messenger. When he had dismissed the messenger, he retired to
+his room. Here he found the wives and children of the Pastor, and his
+two chaplains. Some of these children were being suckled, whilst others
+were being examined in the Catechism and Prayer. When Master Philip saw
+this, he stood still for a little while, looking on and listening with
+great surprise as the little children are praying with stammering
+tongues, and he thinks of the words of the Psalmist: "Out of the mouths
+of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise." He is especially
+moved by beholding the wife of one of the chaplains suckling one child,
+and at the same time cutting turnips for her husband's dinner, whilst
+another child is repeating its prayers to her. When Philip saw this, he
+exclaimed: "Oh! what a holy and God-pleasing work!" He goes in again to
+the Theologians, joyous and comforted. Dr. Luther asked him how he came
+to enter so pleasantly, after having gone out in such sadness. Then
+Melanchthon replied: "My clear Sirs, let us not be so faint-hearted, for
+I have just now seen those who shall fight for us, who protect us, and
+who are and shall remain invincible in all violence." Dr. Luther
+inquired who these mighty heroes were? Philip replied: "The wives and
+little children of our Pastor and his chaplains, whose prayer is now
+heard, and which God will not leave unanswered, even as our faithful God
+and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has not despised this their prayer
+up to the present time." This filled the Theologians with great joy, so
+that they remained firmly in the truth, and bore witness of the same.
+And the result proved that faith and prayer will always gain the
+victory. The Elector was pleased with these articles, and commissioned
+Melanchthon to arrange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> them in a proper manner, and also to write an
+introduction to them.</p>
+
+<p>On the third of April, the Elector, accompanied by a numerous retinue,
+and the Theologians, commenced his journey. They proceeded very slowly,
+by way of Eisenberg, Weimar, and Coburg. Here they rested several days,
+for Melanchthon was already preparing the articles which were to be
+delivered at Augsburg. But Luther, who was particularly hated by their
+opponents, was left behind in Coburg, where he took up his quarters in
+the castle, having for his companion a very worthy man, <span class="smcap">Veit Dietrich</span>,
+of Nuremberg. April 21st or 22d, the Elector resumes his journey, and
+Agricola has taken Luther's place. In Nuremberg they halted but a single
+day. Melanchthon made use of these moments to report the latest news to
+Luther, and thus concludes: "Christ preserve you, pray for us all!" On
+the 2d of May, the Elector and his retinue arrived in Augsburg. None of
+the princes had yet arrived. As they were obliged to wait some time for
+the coming of the Emperor, Melanchthon, who was at all times fond of
+correcting his productions, had ample time to improve the Confession. On
+the 4th of May, he wrote to Luther concerning this matter, and says: "I
+have given the introduction to our Confession a more elegant turn than
+it had as I wrote it in Coburg. But I will shortly bring it to you, or,
+if the Elector will not permit this, send it you." He was already able
+to send the Confession to Luther on the 11th of May; but he now called
+it an <i>Apology</i>, because at the same time it should also be a defence of
+the Evangelical faith. It was his intention to prove in this that the
+doctrine of the Evangelical party did not at all depart from the
+Christian Church. He writes: "We send our Apology to you, although it is
+rather a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> Confession. For the Emperor has no time to listen to long
+disputations. But I have, nevertheless, mentioned whatever I considered
+to be particularly useful and appropriate. On this account I have
+included nearly every article of faith, because Eck has published quite
+devilish blasphemies against us. I wished to present an antidote to
+this. You will judge of the entire work according to your own mind."
+Melanchthon and the Elector, who added a letter to the Confession,
+inquired of Luther what ought to be done, in case the Emperor should
+prohibit the Evangelical party from preaching. Luther returned
+Melanchthon's manuscript to the Elector, with these words: "I have read
+Mr. Philip's Apology. I like it well enough. I know of nothing to
+improve or alter in it, besides that would not be suitable, for I cannot
+walk so meekly and so silently. May Christ our Lord grant that this may
+produce much and great fruit, even as we hope and pray. Amen." In reply
+to the question concerning preaching, he declared his opinion, that
+"they ought to yield to the Emperor, if previous humble remonstrance has
+been made, because the city is his." As the Emperor still delayed,
+Melanchthon again took the file in hand, in order to give greater
+perfection to the Confession of Faith. He wrote to Luther on the 22d of
+May: "I daily alter many things in the Apology. I have taken out the
+article 'On vows,' because it was by far too short and meagre, and have
+put a fuller one in its place. I am now arranging the article on the
+'Power of the Keys.'" He prepared the Latin, as well as the German text.
+When the document was completed, it was also communicated to the
+ambassadors of the free cities. These were so well pleased with it, that
+the resolution that it should be signed in the name of all the
+Evangelical States was passed at once. However, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> Theologians of the
+various States met together to discuss the different articles of the
+Confession. They particularly discussed the little word "<i>really</i>," in
+Article 10, which treats of the Sacrament of the body and blood of
+Christ. For this was opposed by some in the most determined manner.</p>
+
+<p>While they were thus deliberating, the emperor was still delaying his
+coming, and they were thus kept in the greatest suspense. It was
+reported that the notorious Cajetan was accompanying the Emperor as the
+legate of the Pope. Melanchthon says of him: "He is a foolish and
+insolent man, with whom you cannot do anything." But this report, as so
+many others circulated at this time, was not corroborated. The Elector
+had sent <span class="smcap">John von Doltzig</span> to the imperial court, who returned with the
+order that all preaching in Augsburg should be stopped. We already know
+what Luther thought of this. Melanchthon entertained the same opinion.
+But the Elector, and his chancellor <span class="smcap">Br�ck</span>, were unwilling to obey this
+prohibition, and protested against it. At last, the Emperor decided that
+no preacher, no matter who he might be, should be permitted to preach in
+Augsburg, without being appointed to do so by the Emperor himself. When
+the Lutherans in Augsburg were likewise deliberating what they should
+do, if they should be forbidden to eat meat on certain days, if
+spiritual jurisdiction should be demanded again, and they should desire
+to re-establish convents, and the like, Melanchthon delivered his
+written opinion to the Elector. He was in favor of yielding, but opposed
+the re-establishment of convents.</p>
+
+<p>The conduct of the Landgrave Philip, of Hesse, grieved him exceedingly;
+for he was very anxious to bring about a union between the Lutherans and
+the Swiss. For this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> purpose, he had previously brought about the
+Conference at Marburg, without, however, accomplishing his purpose in
+the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. He still entertained thoughts of a
+union. On this account, Melanchthon wrote to Luther, May 22: "I entreat
+you most earnestly to write to the Landgrave, and to exhort him, that he
+should not burden his conscience by defending any false doctrine." In
+addition to this, Melanchthon and Brenz also addressed a letter to the
+Landgrave, and justified themselves for not being able to unite with the
+Zwinglians. The Landgrave replied in very temperate language, insisting
+upon treating the Zwinglians as brethren, without, however, being able
+to shake the opinions of the two theologians. The Catholics knew very
+well that such divisions had arisen in the Evangelical camp. It will
+always remain a subject of regret that no union could be brought about.
+Melanchthon and Brenz declared: "We have such articles, of which, by the
+grace of God, we are certain, and are able to suffer for them with a
+good conscience, which is indeed a source of great comfort in every
+danger; but we cannot be certain of the Zwinglian doctrine, as it is
+called, for we have no clear word of God for it."</p>
+
+<p>Relying upon the word of God, they could indeed calmly await coming
+events. At last the Emperor, who had delayed so long, arrived in
+Augsburg. He made his public entrance on the 15th of June. Not Cajetan,
+but the smoother Campegius, accompanied the Emperor, as the Pope's
+legate. We may well suppose that this public entrance was very
+magnificent. The following day was the festival of Corpus Christi. As
+the evangelical princes could not conscientiously take a part in this
+festival, which celebrated a doctrine which they rejected most
+decidedly, they took no part in the procession. They declared to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+Emperor, who insisted upon their attendance: "They could not
+conscientiously before God, comply with this demand, because this
+procession was made a species of worship." The princes at first
+expressed themselves in the most decided manner, against the Emperor's
+demand that the preaching should be stopped. The Margrave George even
+said, before the Emperor: "Rather than deny my God and his Gospel, I
+would kneel down here before your Imperial Majesty, and have my head cut
+off." The Emperor replied, in his defective German, "Not head off, not
+head off." However, as the Emperor had prohibited preaching to both
+parties, and had reserved the right to appoint preachers for himself,
+the Lutherans could not complain any longer, especially as their
+theologians advised peaceful measures. The day preceding the opening of
+the Diet, Melanchthon wrote to his friend Camerarius, that the
+Confession would be more moderate than the ungodliness of their enemies
+deserved. He had only insisted upon the principal matters, and restored
+spiritual jurisdiction entirely to the bishops. That many, indeed, were
+dissatisfied with this; but that he would be willing to accept even more
+stringent conditions, if peace might be attained by these means. He
+continues: "After Mercurinus is dead, there is no one of any consequence
+at Court, who is inclined to peace. He had gained over a Spanish
+secretary, who promised well, and had already spoken to the Emperor and
+Campegius; but all lies in the hands of God. Pray to Christ that he may
+grant peace. Not only are we forbidden to preach, but our adversaries
+also. However, the Emperor, by his imperial power, will appoint a
+preacher who shall only read the mere text of the gospel and Epistle. In
+this you may observe the wonderful wisdom of the courtiers." Concerning
+the prospects of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Diet, Luther thus strikingly expresses himself
+towards Agricola: "Truly, you are not merely to contend with men in
+Augsburg, but with the gates of Hell." And again: "The Lord Jesus, who
+has sent you all thither to be his witnesses and servants, and for whose
+sake you expose your necks, be with you, and testify unto you by his
+Spirit, that you may know with certainty, and may not doubt, that you
+are his witnesses. This faith will strengthen and comfort you, for you
+are the ambassadors of a great King. These are true words. Amen." Such
+courageous faith should have filled all the Lutherans, and Melanchthon
+in particular.</p>
+
+<p>At last, on the 20th of June, the Diet was opened by the celebration of
+Mass, by the Archbishop of Mentz. The Papal orator, Pimpinelli, made the
+address. Afterwards they proceeded to the town-hall, where the Imperial
+demands were proclaimed, first against the Turks, then in matters of
+religion. In reference to the last point, the Emperor expressed his
+regret that the previous Imperial resolutions had not been carried out.
+Nevertheless, the States should express their sentiments in matters of
+religion in Latin and German declarations. Melanchthon, filled with
+excessive alarm, believed this important matter might be brought to a
+favorable conclusion by private efforts. It was not a good plan;
+however, he adopted it. Among the retainers of the Emperor was a
+secretary named <span class="smcap">Alphonsus Waldesius</span>. This Spaniard seems to have been a
+shrewd man. He entered into communication with Melanchthon, and revealed
+his views of the Lutherans as they were regarded in Spain. It was
+thought there that they did not believe in a God, or the Holy Trinity,
+or Christ, or Mary; so that the people of Spain thought they could not
+serve God better than by killing a Lutheran.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> Melanchthon replied
+somewhat to the following effect: "The Lutheran cause is not so tedious
+and awkward as it may have been represented to his Imperial Majesty; and
+that the principal difficulty was concerning the articles, of the two
+forms in the Sacrament, of priests and monks, marriage and the mass;
+because the Lutherans considered solitary masses sinful. If these
+articles should be conceded, he believed that ways and means might be
+found to settle all the rest." Soon after he was informed by the
+Imperial secretary that the Emperor was pleased to hear this, and had
+commanded that he should make a very brief statement of the Lutheran
+articles, and deliver it to him. The Emperor also believed that it would
+be most advisable to settle the matter quietly; for public trials and
+quarrelsome disputations were only productive of ill-will, and not of
+unity.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon expressed himself ready to reflect upon this subject; but
+neither the Elector nor Chancellor Br�ck would permit the matter to be
+disposed of in this way. He was merely permitted to show the Confession,
+which, as Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius, the Secretary Waldesius found
+"entirely too bitter for the opponents to endure it."</p>
+
+<p>As they could not and would not take the by-way of silence, the Emperor
+suddenly, on the 22d of June, appointed Friday, June 24th, for the
+delivery of the Evangelical Confession. This short time greatly
+perplexed the Lutherans, because Melanchthon still wished to make
+further corrections, and the Introduction also was wanting. In order
+that this might be in the proper form, Chancellor Br�ck assisted him.
+The Theologians, (there were twelve present,) assembled to deliberate.
+Nine princes and cities signed the German copy of the Confession; and
+because<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> they had no further time to spare, they took Melanchthon's
+manuscript as the Latin copy. The 24th of June arrived, but it being too
+late, the reading of the Confession could only take place on the
+following day, Saturday, June 25, 1530.</p>
+
+<p>This day, which has become one of the most important in the History of
+the Evangelical Church, came at last. Spalatin says: "One of the
+greatest deeds ever accomplished in the world has been done this day."
+The Emperor and his brother Ferdinand, Princes and States of the Empire,
+and distinguished Ecclesiastics, were there assembled, to listen to the
+reading of the Confession of Faith. The Saxon Chancellor read the German
+Confession so loudly and distinctly, that it was not only heard in the
+hall, but also in the court, where a great multitude was assembled. It
+contained two parts, the first including all the doctrines of Faith, the
+other the disputed articles. On account of our limited space, we shall
+but briefly touch upon the different articles, as every one, especially
+every Lutheran, should be most intimately acquainted with the Confession
+of his Church. We have more need of it at this time than formerly, for
+the ancient errors arise with renewed vigor, and may easily shake one
+who is uncertain in his belief.</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>&mdash;1. Stands the Confession of the Holy Trinity, of God the
+Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. 2. How we become pious and righteous before
+God. 3. How all men are born with Original Sin. 4. What Original Sin is.
+5. How we attain God's Grace. 6. How preaching is necessary towards
+Justification. 7. How Faith must produce good fruits and works. 8. What
+the general Christian Church is. 9. That the Sacraments are efficacious,
+even when administered by wicked priests. 10. Of Baptism,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> against the
+Anabaptists. 11. Of the Holy Sacrament of the true body and blood of
+Christ in the Sacrament of the Altar. 12. Of Repentance. 13. That the
+Sacraments are such consoling tokens, with which we are assured and may
+be certain that God, for Christ's sake, will be gracious, kind and
+merciful to us, and do us good in time and eternity. 14. Of the Teachers
+of the Church. 15. Of Ceremonies, that those are to be observed for the
+sake of peace, which can be observed without sin, but they are not to be
+observed in order to attain salvation. 16. Of human laws and order. 17.
+That Christ will come at the last day, to judge the quick and the dead,
+to give everlasting life and joy to believers, and to condemn the devil
+and the wicked. 18. Of Free Will, that we have a free will to be pious
+outwardly, but not before God. 19. That sin comes from the perverted
+will of the devil and wicked men. 20. Of Faith and Good Works, that this
+is true Faith, that we are heartily assured of every good, Grace and
+help from God, for Christ's sake, and that Faith without Works, such as
+God has commanded, is dead. And 21. Of the Adoration of Saints, that we
+should expect all good from God, as the saints did, and that we should
+imitate their faith and love, but call upon God alone.</p>
+
+<p>Then, in the <i>second</i> part, follow the disputed articles: first, 22. Of
+the two kinds in Sacrament, why we distribute them to all. 23. Of mass,
+how it is observed among us, and why we have rejected secret masses. 24.
+Of priests, and the marriage of monks and nuns. 25. Of cloister vows.
+26. Of difference of meats. 27. Of confession. 28. Of the power of the
+Bishops, and the difference between the spiritual and temporal sword.
+These twenty-eight articles are discussed in a clear, simple,
+scriptural, and peaceful manner. No ingenuous mind could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> withhold its
+approbation from them. It is impossible to say what impression they made
+upon the Emperor. It is well known that he was not very well acquainted
+with the German language. Besides this, he no doubt had previously also
+decided upon the course he would take. When the two copies were being
+handed to his secretary, he graciously took them into his own hands. He
+gave the German copy to the Archbishop of Mentz, and kept the Latin one
+for himself, and caused it to be translated into Italian and French for
+himself. He intimated to the Lutherans, that he would consider the
+matter further, but expected that they would not print the Confession.
+However, their opponents soon circulated defective copies, so that the
+Lutherans were forced to publish the correct Confession.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was regularly informed of the progress of events. He indeed was
+deeply interested, and secretly, by the help of God's hand, ruled the
+Diet. As Moses prayed, and had his sinking arms supported during the
+battle between the Israelites and their enemies, so Luther prayed in his
+castle of Coburg. He who sitteth in the heavens alone knows what
+influence he exerted. It would have been well for Melanchthon had he
+possessed such strong faith, and such a mighty spirit of prayer. But he
+looked too much to men, their power and their craftiness. And for this
+he was rewarded by complaints and sighs, but he did not conceal his
+sorrows from his paternal friend in Coburg. Through this, Luther opened
+the depth and power of his faith, and permitted the flame to spread even
+to Augsburg, that Melanchthon's heart might be encouraged. His precious
+letters should be read at length in the history of his own life; here we
+can only communicate extracts. June 26th, he wrote: "I heartily hate
+your great care, which,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> as you write, weakens you. That it increases so
+greatly in your heart, is not owing to the greatness of our cause, but
+is the fault of our great unbelief. Why do you thus unceasingly trouble
+yourself? If our cause is wrong, let us recant; but if it is right, why
+do we make God a liar in such great promises, because he bids us be of
+good cheer and satisfied? You are troubled thus by your philosophy, and
+not by your theology. The same also greatly vexes your friend Joachim;
+just as if you could accomplish anything by your useless cares. What
+more can the devil do than to kill us?" On the same day, Melanchthon
+sent a dejected letter to Coburg: "We are here constantly in the
+greatest trouble, and shed tears continually, which has been aggravated
+by still greater distress to-day, when we read M. Veit's letters, in
+which he informs us that you are so highly displeased with us that you
+would not even read our letters. My dear father, I do not wish to
+increase my sorrow by many words, but would only ask you to consider
+where and in what great danger we now are, having no other comfort but
+your own encouragement. The sophists and monks are running daily, and
+making every effort to excite the Emperor against us." He prays that
+Luther would read and answer his letters. On the following day already,
+June 27th, another letter from the afflicted one followed this. He says:
+"At no time have we stood in greater need of your advice and
+encouragement than at this time, as we have followed you, as our head,
+in the most dangerous cause up to the present time. Therefore, I also
+pray, for the sake of the honor of the Gospel, that you would take our
+part. Christ permitted himself to be awakened in the vessel when it was
+in danger. Now, truly, we are in still greater danger here, in which
+nothing worse could happen to us all than if you should forsake<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> us." He
+also said: "I have written to you before, that you should inform me, if
+necessary, how much we may yield to our adversaries." On the 29th of
+June an answer arrived from Coburg, in which, among other things, we
+read this: "I have received your Apology, and I am wondering what you
+mean, that you desire to know what and how much we may yield to the
+Papists? According to my opinion, too much is already conceded to them
+in the Apology. If they will not accept this, I do not know what I could
+yield further, unless I see their arguments and clearer Scripture than I
+have seen hitherto." He expressed himself most decidedly against being
+called "head," by Philip: "I wish to have no name, wish not to command,
+and do not wish to be called Author. You are troubled about the
+beginning and end of this matter, because you cannot understand it. But
+I say so much: If you could understand it, I should not like to have
+anything to do with the matter, much less would I be a head or beginner.
+God has set it in a place which you can neither reach by your rhetoric
+nor by your philosophy. That place is called Faith, in which are all
+things that we cannot see or understand. Whoever wishes to make these
+things visible, open, and comprehensible, as you do, will get sorrow and
+weeping for his pains, even as you have against our will." As he was
+closing the letter, he reflected that Melanchthon might think he had
+received little in reply to his question, what and how much should be
+conceded to their opponents. On this account he added this: "You have
+not asked sufficiently, and have not clearly stated what you think they
+will ask of us. I am ready, as I have always written to you, to yield up
+everything to them, if they will only leave the Gospel free. But
+whatever opposes the Gospel I cannot allow. What other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> answer can I
+give?" From such an apostolical faith, several other letters flowed to
+the friends in Augsburg, and particularly to Melanchthon, who truly
+needed such a mode of address more and more.</p>
+
+<p>After the Confession had been presented to the Emperor, different
+opinions were held by their enemies as to the course that must now be
+pursued. Faber, Campegius, and others of like stamp who endeavored to
+influence the Emperor, insisted upon the execution of the Edict of
+Worms. Others wished the Confession to be examined by impartial men,
+whilst others again demanded a written refutation of the Confession. The
+last opinion prevailed. But at the same time it was also declared that
+the Emperor should decide in this matter, in default of which the whole
+should be postponed until the calling of a General Council. In regard to
+this latter point, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the 9th of July: "You
+see that our cause is now in the same position as it was with me in
+Worms, namely, that they require us to accept the Emperor as Judge. Thus
+does the devil ever fiddle upon one string, and the old conjurer has
+nothing he can oppose to Christ but this single helpless weapon."
+Notwithstanding all these exhortations, Melanchthon was still anxiously
+engaged in finding a middle path. Thus he considered it advisable to
+write to Cardinal Campegius, in order to lead to thoughts of peace. He
+did not reflect that this man, although of a smooth exterior, was
+nevertheless a viper, swollen with venom. The crafty Roman endeavored to
+instil the most odious thoughts into the mind of the Emperor. This evil,
+he remarked, could be cured. The Emperor should unite himself with the
+well-meaning princes, and change the sentiments of the others by
+promises or threats. But what is to be done if they remain obstinate? We
+have the right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> to destroy these poisonous plants with fire and sword.
+If we have gained the mastery over them, we can appoint holy
+inquisitors, the University of Wittenberg can be excommunicated, the
+books of the heretics can be burned, and the like. It was needful to
+strike a decisive blow in the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>With such a man, Melanchthon, of course without knowing his true
+character, entered into negotiations. After an humble letter, Campegius
+sent for the writer. Let us hear Veit Winsheim, Melanchthon's friend and
+eulogist, relate the particulars of the interview: "The day after, when
+the whole company was assembled, Philip was summoned, who enters with a
+firm mind. He saw himself surrounded by a circle of serpents and devils,
+and like the prophet Jonah, shaken alone in the belly of the whale.
+Campegius is importunate, and flourishes the terrible lightnings of his
+highly enraged and cruel Jupiter, the others vehemently threaten the
+poor and small flock of the helpless sheep of Christ with the power and
+force of so many kingdoms. It was enough to terrify even a strong and
+courageous man. But when Philip was asked whether they would yield, he
+replied: "We cannot yield nor forsake the truth. But we pray for God's
+and Christ's sake that our adversaries will not think hardly of us, and
+will dispute with us, as they are able, <i>i. e.</i>, will yield that to us
+which we cannot forsake with a good conscience." When Campegius heard
+this, he shrieked: "I cannot, I cannot, because the key does not err."
+To this thundering, although Philip stood, as it were, in the midst of
+lions, wolves, and bears, who could have torn him in pieces without
+punishment, yet having a great and glorious spirit in a little body, he
+now boldly replied: "We commend our cause to the Lord God. If God be for
+us, who can be against us?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> And finally, come what will, we must abide
+by our fortune or misfortune."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon had frequent interviews with the cardinal after this,
+especially, as the Protestant princes believed, that they might
+accomplish some good in this way. It is true, some have maintained, that
+Melanchthon was willing to agree to a base accommodation; but this
+cannot be proved. However, this much is certain, that all mediations
+were ineffectual. How true is Luther's word in a letter to Melanchthon,
+on the 13th of July: "I should think, dear master Philip, that you have
+by this time sufficiently learned by your own experience, that Christ
+and Belial cannot be united by any means whatever, and that no unity in
+religion is to be thought of."</p>
+
+<p>While this was transpiring, the Catholic theologians were busily engaged
+with the task laid upon them by the Emperor, in refuting the Confession
+of the Protestants. He had recommended moderation to them, when the
+first draught had exhibited too great a violence. The Catholic
+theologians who were preparing the refutation, were Eck, Faber, Wimpina,
+Cochl�us, and others. The last one composed it. What good thing could be
+expected of these men? Melanchthon therefore remarks, in a letter to
+Camerarius: "I hear that their refutation is finished, and will make its
+appearance in two or three days. It is said that the Emperor will order
+all things to remain as they were, until these disputes shall be
+examined in a Council. This is to be the end of the deliberations. And
+if this decree is not tempered, you may easily conceive what troubles
+will be the consequence." At last, after having awaited it for a long
+time, the princes and electors were summoned, on the 3d of August, to
+hear the <i>Confutation</i> of the Augsburg Confession. This document follows
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> same order as the Confession. It first treats of doctrines in 21
+articles, and afterwards of abuses, in 7 articles. Although it
+acknowledged many things in doctrine, as agreeing with the Catholic
+church, it did not depart in the slightest degree from Roman principles,
+and strictly adhered to the abuses. In the article on Original Sin, it
+did not acknowledge the prevailing corruption; and in the article of
+Good Works, it maintained that the good works which are performed by the
+help of Divine grace, are meritorious. It also refuses to allow that
+faith alone justifies. In the article on Repentance, it insists upon
+satisfaction which man is to pay, whilst the Confession excludes all
+human satisfaction. The Confutation likewise finds fault with the
+Lutherans, because they deny that we can by our works earn forgiveness
+of sins, and also because they reject the adoration of the saints. It is
+not willing to grant the cup to the laity, and defends this position
+with the most absurd reasons. It adheres to the celibacy of the priests
+and monks, and maintains the mass, with all its antiscriptural
+characteristics. In short, it will not cast aside any abuses. The
+Emperor really regarded this untenable production as a refutation of the
+Confession of the Protestants; and gave these to understand that it was
+his will that they should compromise matters with the other Christian
+states, and should not separate themselves from the general Christian
+church. If this should not take place, which the Emperor did not expect,
+he should act as it became him, as the guardian and protector of the
+Holy Christian church, and as a true Christian Emperor. Melanchthon
+speaks of this in a letter to Luther, August 6th: "This was the sum and
+substance of it, which, although it seemed very harsh, yet, as the
+Confutation was executed in a very childish manner, our friends became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+quite cheerful after it was read; for this Confutation is the paragon of
+all the childish and foolish writings of Faber. In speaking of the two
+kinds, he referred to the history of the sons of Eli, that they would
+ask the priests for a piece of bread, and proved from this that laymen
+should only receive the bread. The mass has been defended by
+particularly bald and lame tricks." The Princes requested a copy of the
+Confutation after it had been read, but could not obtain it. Even if the
+Emperor had now been inclined to act severely, a quarrel arose in the
+midst of the Catholic camp, because they could not agree among
+themselves in regard to the steps that should now be taken.</p>
+
+<p>At last, the views of the more moderate prevailed, that a delegation
+should be appointed by both sides, in order to effect a compromise. On
+the 6th of August, several Catholic princes and bishops assembled to
+agree upon the points of convention. On the following day, the Elector
+<span class="smcap">Joachim</span>, of Brandenburg, informed the Lutherans that they should drop
+their erroneous views, and no longer separate themselves from the
+Catholic Church. Even if there were some abuses, they might be done away
+with by the assistance of the Pope. And now ensued answers and replies
+in great number. The Lutherans would not entertain the yielding
+propositions of Melanchthon, who believed that unity in doctrine might
+be secured, and only wished to insist upon the two kinds&mdash;marriage of
+the priests, and the Evangelical mass. The Evangelical states declared
+that they did not intend to retreat from the word of God, although they
+were inclined to maintain peace and harmony. Philip, the Landgrave of
+Hesse, was not at all satisfied with this course of things. He was
+opposed to yielding in the slightest degree, and said to his
+counsellors, in a letter dated August 24th: "If the Papists wish to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+remain sitting in their devil's roses, and will not permit the pure
+preaching of the truth of the gospel, nor freedom of marriage, nor the
+Sacraments according to Christ's institution, why then you shall not
+yield one hair's-breadth. Much less still are we to allow the
+jurisdiction of the bishops, because they do not permit the gospel to be
+preached nor practised in their dominions." And because he hated the
+yielding of Melanchthon, he added: "Stop the game of that subtle
+philosopher, Philip!"</p>
+
+<p>Such were the sentiments of the Landgrave, and therefore he could no
+longer contain himself in Augsburg, but suddenly and unexpectedly to
+all, left the city August 6. This excited great attention; however, the
+proposed plan to bring about an accommodation by means of a committee of
+fourteen persons, including the Evangelical Theologians Melanchthon,
+Brenz, and Schnepf, and the Catholics Eck, Wimpina, and Cochl�us, was
+not prevented by it. They met together from the 16th of August until the
+21st. On motion of Chancellor <span class="smcap">Vehus</span> of Baden, the Augsburg Confession
+was examined, article after article. They agreed in many articles, but
+in Justification Eck would not admit that we are justified by faith
+alone, for that would make rude, wicked, and impious men. Love justifies
+more than Faith. Because he did not like the word <i>sola</i>, which means
+"alone," he perpetrated the wretched witticism: "Let us for the present
+send the soles to the cobbler." However, he found Melanchthon a man who
+stood immovable in the main point. Whenever the two Theologians grew
+somewhat passionate, the princes present entreated them to maintain
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>Although they agreed in many points of doctrine, there were others, such
+as Justification, Repentance, &amp;c., in which they could not agree; and
+when they came to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> abuses, their opponents would not allow the two
+kinds, the marriage of priests and the mass. There were in all 14 points
+on which they could not unite. On August 22, Melanchthon wrote to
+Luther: "Yesterday we finished the Conference, or rather dispute, before
+the Commissioners." After having referred to the opposition to
+Justification, satisfaction, the merit of good works, and the two kinds
+in the Sacrament, he thus concludes: "I do not know where this will end;
+for, although peace is also necessary to our enemies, yet it seems to me
+that some do not consider what great danger there will be, if this
+matter ends in war. We proposed very reasonable conditions; we have
+given authority and jurisdiction to the Bishops, and have promised that
+we would re-establish the usual ceremonies. I do not know what we shall
+accomplish by it. Pray to Christ to preserve us."</p>
+
+<p>Luther was not satisfied with these compromises, and among other things
+replied thus: "Summa Summarum, I do not like it at all that you are
+endeavoring to treat of Unity of doctrine, because this is entirely
+impossible, unless the Pope is willing to abolish the entire papacy. It
+would have been sufficient for us to have shown the reasons of our
+faith, and to have demanded peace. But how can we hope to convert them
+to the truth?" And concluded thus: "Why do we not perceive that all they
+are attempting is mere deception and fraud? For you are not able to say
+that their acts are prompted by the Holy Ghost; for they have neither
+Repentance, Faith, nor the fear of God. But may the Lord, who began this
+matter, finish his work in you; to him I heartily commend you."</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of August, a sub-committee met, in which only Melanchthon
+and Eck were to meet each other. But upon this occasion Melanchthon took
+a bolder and more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> decided stand, and wrote to Luther on the following
+day: "Our mildness only makes these proud fellows more stubborn. I
+cannot tell you how they triumph. If I were attending to these matters
+on my account, and not in the name of the prince, I would by no means
+endure this insolence. But now I must endure all, because of the common
+danger of princes and subjects. The spirits of our friends are at times
+depressed, and again unseasonably brave. However, I trust we shall do
+nothing against the Gospel." He also sent two other letters, in which he
+spoke of the mass, which the Papists demanded. Luther replied that they
+could not consent, and says in his letter of August 28, "Would to God
+that I might soon see you again, whether you had departed secretly or
+publicly. You have even done more than enough. And now it is time for
+the Lord to act in the matter, and he will do it. Be of good cheer, and
+trust in him." And further on: "You have confessed Christ; you have
+offered peace; you have been obedient to the Emperor; you have patiently
+borne much contempt; have been overwhelmed with shame and abuse; and
+have not returned evil for evil. Summa, you have managed this holy work
+in a proper manner, as it became saints. Rejoice in the Lord, and be
+joyous, ye righteous. You have been sad and afflicted long enough in
+this world; look up, and lift up your heads; I promise heaven to you, as
+faithful members of Christ. What greater honor do you desire? Is it so
+small a matter to serve the Lord Jesus faithfully, and to have proved
+yourselves faithful members of Christ? Far be it from us, that the Grace
+of Christ should be so lightly esteemed by you. I await your return with
+great anxiety, so that I may wipe away your sweat after this."</p>
+
+<p>All these efforts, as might have been foreseen, did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> effect peace,
+so that the committee adjourned August 30, and Melanchthon wrote to
+Luther September 1: "Three days ago we brought our Conference to a
+conclusion. We would not accept the proposed terms of Union on the
+subjects of the one kind in the Sacrament, of the Canon of Private
+Masses, and also of the Celibacy of the Priesthood. Now the matter has
+again been laid before the Emperor, and I do not know what will be done.
+Let us only pray God that he may influence the heart of the Emperor to
+maintain peace, which we need so much, and not we alone, but all
+Germany. You cannot believe how the Nurembergers and others hate me on
+account of the restoration of Jurisdiction to the Bishops. In this
+manner do our friends merely contend for power, and not for the Gospel.
+A certain friend wrote: If the Pope had bribed me with never so much
+money, I could not have invented a better plan to restore the papal
+supremacy than the one we have taken appears to the people. Yet I have
+not, up to this time, dropped or given up a single article of doctrine."</p>
+
+<p>Although Melanchthon did really not give up a single doctrinal point, he
+was yet justly to be blamed for wishing to restore jurisdiction to the
+Bishops. How soon would they have suppressed the true doctrine! Jerome
+Baumg�rtner, otherwise a friend of Melanchthon, expresses himself very
+strongly in regard to him: "Philippus has become more childish than a
+child;" and calls upon Spengler: "You will do your part, and write to
+Dr. Martin Luther, that he, as the one by whom God first again revealed
+his word to the world, should put a stop to Philip's course, and should
+warn the pious princes, and especially his own sovereign, against him,
+and exhort them to be steadfast. For no man has done more harm to the
+Gospel during this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Diet, up to the present day, than Philip." This
+judgment is indeed too severe; and Baumg�rtner, at a later period,
+himself repented of having formed so severe a judgment. It is true,
+also, that Melanchthon did not only defend Episcopal jurisdiction during
+the Diet of Augsburg, but has also expressed his approbation of it in a
+number of places. He did this for the sake of order in the Church.</p>
+
+<p>September 7.&mdash;The Emperor summoned the Evangelical States to appear
+before him. His answer, given by the Elector of the Palatinate,
+Frederick, was an ungracious one. He had heard with displeasure that
+they disagreed with others in the principal articles. He would speak
+with the Pope in regard to a General Council, yet on the condition that
+they would, in the mean time, adhere to the Catholic Church. But the
+Protestants now behaved like true Protestants, by declaring that they
+would abide by the word of God. The more moderate Catholics, at the head
+of whom were the Baron of Truchsess, and Vehus, the Chancellor of Baden,
+once more made efforts to bring about an accommodation, but without
+success. There were thirteen articles on which they could not unite.
+These were delivered to the mediators just mentioned. The <i>first</i> treats
+of justification through grace by faith in Christ; the <i>second</i>, that
+works indeed are necessary, but do not earn grace. The <i>third</i> declares
+that the enumeration of particular sins is not needful in confession;
+the <i>fourth</i>, that repentance is necessary, but that our sins are not
+forgiven on this account, but on account of our faith, by which we
+believe the Gospel; the <i>fifth</i>, declares the ecclesiastical exercises
+of penance unnecessary for the remission of punishment; and the <i>sixth</i>
+declares that uniform human ordinances are not, but unity in doctrine
+and sacrament are needful to constitute a true unity. The <i>seventh</i>
+rejects the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> self-elected service of God, by which men wish to earn his
+grace, and which has been established without God's command. The
+<i>eighth</i> declares monastic vows, which men consider meritorious, opposed
+to the Gospel. The <i>ninth</i> permits the observance of such rules of the
+Church as may be kept without sin, but not as if they were needful to
+salvation. The <i>tenth</i> declares the invocation of saints to be a very
+dangerous practice, and one greatly diminishing the glory of Christ. The
+<i>eleventh</i> declares that the denial of the cup is opposed to Scripture;
+and the <i>twelfth</i>, that the prohibition of marriage to priests is also
+unscriptural. The <i>thirteenth</i> and last article maintains that the mass
+is not a work with which to earn grace, but that grace is offered in the
+Lord's Supper, and faith obtains it.</p>
+
+<p>After all attempts to bring about an agreement had been made, the
+Emperor summoned the States on the 22d of September, in order to present
+to them the final decree of the Diet. He declared their positions
+thoroughly refuted by the holy Gospels and other writings, but would
+give time for further deliberation on the contested points until the
+15th of April of the following year. During this time they should not
+print or sell anything new in matters of faith, should not draw over any
+one to join their sect, should not oppress those yet holding to the old
+Christian faith and practice, and unite with him in opposing the
+Sacramentarians and Anabaptists. He would endeavor to bring about that a
+General Council would be summoned in six months. The Protestants
+replied, by Chancellor Br�ck, that they considered their Confession to
+be founded on the word of God, and that it was divine truth, so that
+they trusted to abide by it in the day of judgment. At the same time,
+Br�ck also presented a written defence, which the Emperor, however,
+would not accept. This was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> well-known <i>Apology</i> of the Augsburg
+Confession, in its rough draft. Melanchthon had been preparing it for
+some time, with the assistance of several theologians. But as he only
+received a copy of the Catholic Confutation towards the close of the
+Diet, he laid this sketch aside, and prepared one of his ablest works,
+the <i>Apology of the Augsburg Confession</i>, which has justly been enrolled
+among the number of the Confessions of the Lutheran Church. He did not,
+however, complete it until the following year. The Protestants prayed
+for a more gracious discharge, but the Emperor adhered firmly to the
+decree. On this account, the Elector of Saxony, together with
+Melanchthon and the other theologians, departed from Augsburg September
+23d, leaving a few counsellors to hear the general final decree of the
+Diet.</p>
+
+<p>When Luther heard of the departure of the Elector, he was much rejoiced,
+and congratulated the prince: "I am heartily rejoiced that your
+Electoral Grace has, by God's grace, escaped from the hell at Augsburg.
+And although human displeasure, and its god the devil, may look sour, we
+still entertain the hope that God's grace, which hath begun with us,
+will remain more strongly with us in time to come." The Elector passed
+through Nuremberg to Coburg, where Luther was expecting him with the
+greatest anxiety. On the road to Wittenberg, the theologians stopped in
+<span class="smcap">Altenburg</span>, to visit Spalatin. Melanchthon, who was constantly revolving
+his Apology of the Augsburg Confession in his mind, wrote even while
+partaking of his meals. But Luther snatched the pen from his hand, and
+said: "We can serve God, not only by labor, but also by rest; therefore,
+too, has he given us the third commandment, and ordained the Sabbath."
+At last they arrived in Wittenberg. How Melanchthon rejoiced! To<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> his
+friend Silberborner, who had asked him for an account of the Diet of
+Augsburg, he now wrote a detailed letter, in which he expressed himself
+favorably of the Emperor, <i>e. g.</i>: "Without referring to other matters,
+he has with great condescension heard our side in this matter of
+religion, in which he had been excited against us by the many wonderful
+arts of our enemies." "The remaining history of the Diet constitutes a
+lengthy tragedy." He now briefly describes the course of events, and
+says: "The remotest posterity will bear testimony, that our intentions
+were pious and conscientious, and that we exerted ourselves honestly to
+clear up the doctrine of the Catholic Church, and to promote the glory
+of Christ. This truly is the reasonable service of God, with which he is
+pleased above all things: To teach and practise the word of God in its
+purity. Even should we be overwhelmed by unfair means, our writings will
+undoubtedly transmit to posterity a picture of our opponents, who, while
+they excite princes against us, under the pretext of serving the honor
+of Christ, neither care for the temple of the Church, nor for the
+doctrine of the Gospel, nor for the Glorification of the name of Christ.
+However, the whole matter is in the hand of God. Therefore will we pray
+to God that, for Christ's sake, he would put mild means in the hands of
+our rulers, and that he may not suffer the pure doctrines of the Gospel
+to perish."</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of November, the final general decree of the Diet was
+published. It was very severe, for it condemned everything taught by the
+Lutherans in opposition to the Roman Church; it confounds them with the
+Anabaptists, and commands that all innovations in doctrine and practice
+shall be abolished, and the former state of things re-established. The
+Protestants did not sign it. Thus a division between the Catholic and
+Evangelical states was fully accomplished.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE POSITION OF THE EVANGELICAL PARTY AFTER THE DIET OF AUGSBURG.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> severe decree of the Diet, which even threatened violence, was at
+least productive of this good result, that it united the Evangelical
+party more closely. Whereas the theologians, especially Melanchthon, had
+formerly dissuaded from resistance to the Emperor, matters now took a
+very different turn. In view of the threatening attitude of the
+Catholics, the theologians perceived very well that it was necessary to
+be prepared for defence; and Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius, January
+1st, 1531, that they were seldom asked the question now, whether it was
+right to wage war, and that they did not dissuade from preparation. "For
+there may be many needful and just causes for defence." One of these
+causes was the threatening language of the decree of the Diet of
+Augsburg. The election of the Emperor's brother <span class="smcap">Ferdinand</span>, as King of
+Rome, which was strongly urged and accomplished by the Emperor, was
+another threatening event,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> although Melanchthon defended it in a
+special opinion, delivered December 12, 1530. He referred to similar
+cases in former times. During the month of December of this year, the
+Evangelical states united more closely, and formed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> league, March 29,
+1531. Both Conferences were held in <span class="smcap">Smalkald</span>. The confederates declared
+that they had united "for the honor of Almighty God, and the better
+growth and prosperity of divine free doctrines, and to gain and maintain
+a Christian and harmonious peace," yet "only for mutual defence and
+preservation." This league, therefore, neither contemplated an attack,
+nor war. The Emperor, who was obliged to have his eyes directed to more
+than one point, and particularly against the Turks, whose Sultan,
+<span class="smcap">Solyman</span>, had already declared that he would soon be master of Hungary,
+and the whole of Germany, considered it most advisable to conciliate,
+under existing circumstances. The Electors of the Palatinate and of
+Mentz, acted as mediators.</p>
+
+<p>While Melanchthon had before this time been filled with the most anxious
+apprehensions, so that he feared the worst, he now said in a letter to
+Camerarius, when he heard of this mediation: "May God regard the sighs
+and tears of the distressed among us, and grant us peace!" This wish
+seemed about to be fulfilled, when the Emperor in Nuremberg made
+preparations for a Religious Peace. Melanchthon, Luther, and other
+Theologians, expressed their approbation in a written opinion.</p>
+
+<p>On July 23, 1532, the so-called <i>Religious Peace of Nuremberg</i> was
+actually agreed to, according to which no State was to give offence to
+any other, on account of Religion or other matters, until the meeting of
+a Council, soon to be held; and "that each was to treat the other with
+true friendship and Christian love." At last a period of rest seemed to
+have been granted to Melanchthon, that child of peace; but it was not to
+continue very long. For it was no slight pang to his heart to be called
+with Luther to Schweinitz, to the death-bed of the Elector <span class="smcap">John</span>. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+Elector had gone thither to hunt. On the 15th of August he was suddenly
+attacked by such a severe pain in his head, that he soon lost the power
+of speech, and remained motionless, and deprived of all sense and
+feeling, for 28 hours. On Friday, these two men of God, accompanied by
+Dr. Augustin Schurff, appeared by his bedside; the Elector raised both
+hands and dropped them again, and breathed his last. On the following
+Sunday the body of the pious Elector was deposited by the side of that
+of his brother Frederick. Melanchthon had, in a very touching manner,
+invited the University to attend the funeral. He said in this letter:
+"that the departed manifested a truly paternal affection towards his
+subjects." After Luther's consoling funeral sermon, Melanchthon spoke of
+the excellent traits of the sainted one in Latin. In his letters,
+written at this time, he expresses the most cordial wishes in regard to
+the successor of the departed one, the Elector <span class="smcap">John Frederick</span>. We have
+heard of this son, that he trod in the footsteps of his father. He was a
+man full of zeal for the cause of the Kingdom of God, and, as we shall
+learn hereafter, honored by the Lord to endure contempt, the robbing of
+his Electorate, and fetters, for the sake of the Gospel. But he at this
+time already found opportunity to show the strength of his faith. The
+Religious Peace of Nuremberg seemed lenient, and even favorable to the
+Protestants, compared with the final decree of the Diet of Augsburg. It
+was but too soon apparent that the Catholic States, who had very
+unwillingly yielded to these concessions, were not pleased with it. For
+at the Diet of Ratisbon, which was held soon after the Nuremberg
+Religious Peace, they already wished to grant less to the Evangelical
+party. Notwithstanding all the assurances of peace, the Emperor
+entertained no good intentions towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> them. He only postponed matters
+on account of the perplexing circumstances by which he was surrounded.
+They were again referred to a general, free, Christian Council, which,
+according to the announcement, should be held in half a year.</p>
+
+<p>It appears, that in the following year, 1533, Pope Clemens VII. actually
+took steps towards assembling a Council. For in June he sent a legate,
+accompanied by an Imperial orator, to the Elector, who then resided in
+Weimar. Although the Papal Nuncio spoke of a free, general Council, he
+at the same time took away all liberty with the other hand, by demanding
+in advance that all should submit to the resolutions of the Council. On
+the following day the Elector returned a truly Christian and princely
+answer. He expressed his joy at this offer, but remarked that he could
+only give a reply after the next meeting in Smalkald. In conclusion, he
+confessed that his contemporaries and successors should learn: "That his
+Electoral Grace had not hitherto regarded, and with the help of God
+would not in all the future days of his life regard anything as being
+more valuable and worthy of his love, than the pure, saving and blessed
+word of God, and the true and proper worship of God." The Elector now
+gathered the opinions of his Theologians, who indeed advised the
+acceptance of the offer of a Council, but under this condition that no
+pledge of obedience should be required in advance. In the middle of
+June, Melanchthon declared himself to the following purpose: "The Pope
+says, that he would hold a Council, such as have been held in the Church
+before. Now Councils at the present time are not conducted as the
+ancient Councils were. For in the ancient Councils they judged according
+to the word of God." This advice was not forgotten by the Elector, who,
+together with Duke Ernest and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> Landgrave Philip, delivered an answer
+to the Nuncio of the Pope and Emperor on the 30th of June, 1533. Of
+course the Pope, who was merely dissembling, suffered the matter to
+remain as it was.</p>
+
+<p>While the Evangelical party was held in an attitude of suspense, they
+could still cultivate and spread the cause of the Lord. It increased in
+popularity, and spread more and more. The Reformers, and Melanchthon
+particularly, did not omit to labor in their official capacity and by
+their writings. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession, already
+mentioned, is one of Philip's master-pieces; and as one of the
+Confessions of our Church, deserves to be studied and taken to heart. He
+concludes its Preface in the following words: "We have, thanks be unto
+God! the testimony of many distinguished, honest, sincere, and pious
+persons, who heartily thank God for his unspeakable gifts and mercies,
+that they have received far more correct, certain and clearer
+instruction in the most needful portions of the entire Scriptures, as
+well as consolation for their consciences, than is to be found in all
+the books of our adversaries. Therefore, should this discovered, clear
+truth be trodden under the feet of men, we commend our cause to Christ
+and God in heaven, who is the Father of widows and orphans, and the
+Judge of all the forsaken; he, we know with certainty, will consider
+this matter, and judge righteously; and thou, Lord Jesus, it is thy holy
+Gospel, it is thy cause: wilt thou regard so many troubled hearts and
+consciences, thy churches and little flocks, which suffer terror and
+distress from the devil, and also preserve and establish thy truth?
+Bring to nought all hypocrisy and lies, and thus give peace and unity,
+that thy honor may advance, and thy kingdom may flourish and increase
+without ceasing against the gates of hell."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>In September, 1532, he published a new edition of his explanation of the
+Epistle to the Romans. It is a matter of great surprise that he
+dedicated this volume to Archbishop Albert of Mentz, who had not gained
+much honor in the matter of indulgences. This man is reported to have
+trampled the book beneath his feet, and to have said: "The man is
+possessed by St. Valentine." But it is well known that he sent a very
+costly present to the scholar at Wittenberg, for which Melanchthon, who
+regarded it as sincere, returned his most friendly thanks January 5th,
+1533. He enjoyed so great a reputation as a scholar, that even the
+Archbishop of Mentz, who wished to be considered a patron of the arts
+and sciences, saw himself compelled to do honor to Melanchthon. His
+distinguished reputation elicited repeated invitations from abroad. It
+was, no doubt, not a very difficult matter for him to decline a call to
+Poland, in the year 1534; but it must have been difficult when Duke
+Ulrich of W�rtemberg, who had been banished from his dukedom for a long
+time, but had now regained it by the help of the landgrave Philip of
+Hesse, invited Melanchthon to reform the University of T�bingen
+according to the principles of the Reformation. But his attachment to
+Saxony, and his field of labor there, was so great, that he declined
+this call from W�rtemberg. The Elector was so highly pleased with this,
+that he himself wrote a letter to his Professor, praising him for his
+fidelity, and assuring him of his favor.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XIII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE KINGS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND, AND MELANCHTHON.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> reigning King of France, <span class="smcap">Francis</span> I., as well as King <span class="smcap">Henry</span> VIII., of
+England, were little pleased with the victorious advances of the
+Emperor. Francis had waged war against him some years before this, but
+was completely vanquished, and taken prisoner, at the battle of Pavia,
+1525. He was, indeed, liberated upon certain conditions, after one year
+of captivity; but inveterate enmity remained, for Francis had suffered
+great losses. It was to be expected that such a man would unite with the
+enemies of the Emperor at the first good opportunity. He recognized an
+ally in the League of Smalkald, which was daily assuming a more decided
+form. But the principles of this League were quite different, for it
+aimed principally to secure spiritual rights, while the King of France
+was merely prompted by ambition.</p>
+
+<p>But the Reformation had also penetrated into France, and he may have
+thought that it would be expedient to do something in reference to
+ecclesiastical matters. He was persuaded to this by his minister,
+William Bellay, his brother John Bellay, Bishop of Paris, and
+particularly also by John Sturm, of Strasburg, who was favorably
+disposed towards the Reformation. These men endeavored to gain over the
+King for the cause of the Reformation, and recommended the amiable
+Melanchthon to him, who was already known to him, and also highly
+esteemed by Queen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> Margaret of Navarre.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> When the King sent an
+ambassador, Barnabas Vor�us Fossa, to Germany, in 1534, in order to
+unite with the Evangelical States, Bellay, the minister, requested the
+man of peace, Melanchthon, to state, in a written opinion, in what way a
+union might be brought about between the divided parties. He complied
+with this request, and on the first of August sent a very conciliatory
+opinion to the minister, in which he gave prominence to eight articles.
+In the <i>first</i>, he grants outward power to the Pope and the Bishops,
+provided "they do not abuse their power to suppress the true doctrine."
+In the <i>second</i>, that it would be easy to agree about <i>non-essentials</i>,
+such as meats, holidays, dress of the priests, and similar ceremonies,
+provided there would be uniformity in doctrine. In the <i>third</i>, he
+expresses himself in favor of retaining <i>Confession</i>, but without the
+superstitious enumeration of sins. In the <i>fourth</i>, he treats of
+<i>Justification</i>. It is now generally conceded that faith in Christ is
+necessary. It is necessary to insist upon it, that a man is justified by
+faith. In the <i>fifth</i>, he speaks of the <i>Mass</i>. This is an almost
+inextricable knot. He declares himself opposed to secret masses, and
+demands both kinds in the Sacrament. In the <i>sixth</i>, he speaks of the
+<i>Invocation of Saints</i>. This is opposed to Scripture. Yet he proposes
+the following form, after the pattern of ancient forms in the Church:
+"Grant, O God, that they may be assisted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> by the prayers of the Saints."
+In the <i>seventh</i>, he says of <i>Convents</i>, that it is not necessary
+utterly to destroy them, but that it was rather to be preferred that
+they should become schools, as they formerly were. Yet no one ought to
+be detained in a convent against his will. In reference to the
+<i>Celibacy</i> of the clergy, he says, in the <i>eighth</i>, that the Pope ought
+to abolish it. They might select unmarried men for the highest
+dignities. It would be possible to come to an agreement on all the
+articles, with the exception of the one on the Mass. After adding: "Let
+us beseech Christ, that he would in mercy regard and lead back to a
+cordial true unity, the Church for which he prayed and suffered," he
+says, that he had only written these things, in order that learned men
+might jointly deliberate upon such important matters.</p>
+
+<p>It was a long time before anything was heard of the effect of this
+Opinion. However, at last, in the month of March, 1535, <span class="smcap">John Sturm</span> broke
+this silence in a manner not very agreeable to the friends of the
+Reformation. The king was highly incensed against the friends of these
+novelties, who seemed to him to check a too rapid advance. He even
+permitted his rage to lead him to burn several of them.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> Very little
+could be hoped for the kingdom of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> God, from a man of this character.
+However, Sturm strongly urged Melanchthon to come to France, because the
+king reposed the greatest confidence in him, and called himself his
+pupil. On the 22d of April, Melanchthon wrote a suppliant letter to
+Bishop Bellay, that he would exert his influence to arrest the
+persecution. In his reply to Sturm, on May 4th, he said that he had
+never found it more difficult to decide in any matter, than in reference
+to this journey to France. "But you must not think that I am restrained
+by domestic ties, or that I fear any danger. For nothing human is so
+important in my eyes, that I would not prefer the honor of Christ, the
+salvation of so many of the righteous, and the peace of the Church, to
+it. But I am thinking of, and exceedingly troubled by this <i>one</i>
+apprehension, that I am doubtful whether I would indeed accomplish any
+good by going." At the close of the letter, he advises that the king, if
+he desired to do anything for the honor of Christ, and the peace of the
+Church, should be earnestly entreated to convene a council, in order to
+discuss the affairs of the Church. He would attend this, provided he
+could obtain the permission of his sovereign. But what happened? What,
+indeed, he did not think of in the remotest degree. The king addressed
+him in a most friendly letter, on June 23. The French Ambassador
+delivered this letter in person, which closes in the following manner:
+"Your coming will give me great pleasure, whether you come as a private
+individual, or in the name of the Evangelical states." At the same time
+Bellay, who had been made a Cardinal in the meantime, and Sturm, pressed
+him to come, and gave him the strongest assurances of a happy result.
+The latter concluded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> his lengthy letter in the following manner: "I
+exhort, yea, I conjure you, in the name of Christ, not to neglect this
+opportunity to further the best of causes among men." Towards the end of
+the month of July, Melanchthon left Wittenberg on account of the
+appearance of the plague, and with some other teachers resided in <span class="smcap">Jena</span>,
+until the middle of February. When he had received such a pressing
+invitation to come to France, and also a safe-conduct, he proceeded to
+Torgau, where the Elector was sojourning at the time, and in writing
+applied for leave of absence for two or three months. Luther also
+seconded Master Philip's application, by a most earnest petition. He
+said: "May it please your Grace to permit M. Philip to venture for these
+three months, trusting to the grace of God. Who knows what it may please
+God to do, whose thoughts are at all times higher and better than our
+own? As for myself, too, it would pain me that so many pious hearts, who
+so anxiously call, and certainly expect M. Philip, should be
+disappointed, and might also be led to entertain evil thoughts
+concerning us." But the Elector was of a different opinion. He
+understood King Francis' relation to the Emperor at this time, far too
+well, to be anxious unnecessarily to excite the suspicions of the latter
+against himself. He therefore refused the request of his petitioner.
+Perhaps he also entertained the opinion, not altogether without
+foundation too, that Melanchthon might yield too much, "which would
+displease many, and do great harm to the Gospel." He said to Dr. Br�ck,
+in the most positive manner: "We are determined, once for all, that
+Philip shall not go with our permission and good will, even if we
+should, in consequence, lose his services altogether."</p>
+
+<p>When Melanchthon, therefore, applied again for leave,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> a severe decree
+of the Elector was handed to him, in which he was told that he should
+not, as a good subject, have meddled in this matter, without the
+knowledge of the Elector. No good, but rather evil, was to be expected
+from such a journey. "But if, over and above all these considerations,
+you think that you cannot omit this journey conscientiously, we must in
+such a case suffer you to take your own way, and to gratify your own
+will; and it remains for you to decide what you will do under these
+circumstances." The Elector also sent a letter of apology to King
+Francis, stating why he could not, under present circumstances, permit
+Philip to go. But at some future time, if Philip's services could be
+dispensed with, and the present difficulties and apprehensions should
+cease, he would permit him to visit France.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of August, Melanchthon himself wrote to King Francis,
+expressing his regrets that he was not permitted to visit France at this
+time, and praying the King most earnestly not to suffer himself to be
+led, by the severe judgments and writings of some persons, to destroy
+things that were really good and useful for the Church. He also excused
+himself in letters to <span class="smcap">Bellay</span> the Minister, and to <span class="smcap">John Sturm</span>, and
+expressed himself in rather strong terms in regard to the Elector. To
+Camerarius, to whom he was in the habit of opening his whole heart, he
+wrote, August 31, that he feared that the prince had been estranged from
+him by the efforts of evil-minded persons; and in a letter to Spalatin,
+he said: "His most serene Highness prevents me from taking a journey to
+France. And besides this, he gave me a very severe reply, although I am
+willing to stay at home, and take no delight in these French
+Conferences." This caused him great sorrow for several weeks, until he
+met the Elector in October, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> saw that he was as friendly towards him
+as ever. He was also more and more convinced in his own mind that his
+journey to France would not have accomplished the good he expected.
+Francis was a politician, and he merely regarded religion as a means to
+gratify his ambition. For when the Sorbonne in Paris pronounced
+Melanchthon's opinion heretical, he fully agreed with this sentence.</p>
+
+<p>Thus this matter terminated. The case of Henry VIII. of England was a
+similar one. He is well known on account of his attack upon Luther, for
+which the Pope gave him the title of "A Defender of the Faith." It is
+also well known what a scandalous, adulterous life he led. It was such a
+marriage matter which at this time separated him from Rome, and brought
+him nearer to the Evangelical States. He wished to be divorced from his
+wife <span class="smcap">Catharine</span>, who was an aunt of the Emperor Charles. As the Pope
+would not comply with his request, Henry renounced all allegiance to the
+Pope, and proclaimed himself the Supreme Bishop of the Church of
+England. This happened in the year 1534. We learn from a letter to
+Camerarius, that during this year Henry had invited Melanchthon twice to
+come to England. The King was anxious to settle his matrimonial matters,
+and to enter into a union with the Evangelical States. He therefore sent
+a special envoy, <span class="smcap">Anthony Barnes</span>, who came to Wittenberg March 11, 1535,
+to enter into a negotiation. Melanchthon, who believed that he could and
+should embrace this opportunity to recommend and promote the truth,
+wrote to the King two days after this, in which he most earnestly
+commends the cause of the Gospel to him. He even dedicated the second
+edition of his <i>Loci Communes</i> to the King, in a most winning letter.
+Henry esteemed this honor highly, and sent him 200 gold florins, with a
+very gracious letter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> in which he calls Melanchthon his "dearest
+friend," and signs himself: "Your friend Henry, King." In September we
+again find Dr. Barnes in Wittenberg. In the matter of divorce he had not
+found the Wittenbergians favorably disposed. But now he also came to
+negotiate concerning doctrine, and to ask leave of absence for
+Melanchthon, that he might visit England. The Elector, whose sagacity in
+this matter cannot be denied, understood very well that Henry was merely
+anxious to unite with the Evangelical party from impure motives,
+particularly his matrimonial matters; and therefore in his letter to the
+English envoy gave his permission to hold a Religious Conference, but
+did not permit Melanchthon to go to England, because he could not spare
+this Professor, owing to the breaking out of the plague in Wittenberg,
+by which the Professors had been dispersed. In December, the religious
+negotiations were commenced with the utmost zeal. Besides Barnes, Bishop
+Fox, and Archdeacon Heyth or Hethe, had also arrived. These negotiations
+were carried on in Wittenberg. On this account Melanchthon, who then
+resided at Jena, was obliged to go to Wittenberg, January 15, 1536. The
+marriage difficulty continued to occupy the foreground, but the
+Wittenbergians would not accommodate themselves to the views of the
+Englishmen. As to doctrine, the articles of the mass and the marriage of
+priests continued to be <i>the</i> points on which they could not agree.
+February 11th, Melanchthon returned to Wittenberg. The negotiations were
+continued until the end of April, without arriving at any definite
+result. But gradually all hopes of an Evangelical change of doctrine and
+worship in England disappeared, and Melanchthon entirely relinquished
+his desire to visit England, as he says to Camerarius in a letter, June
+9: "I am perfectly freed from my anxiety about that English journey."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XIV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE WITTENBERG FORM OF CONCORD.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have already mentioned that the division of the Evangelical party, in
+the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, was not beneficial to the good cause
+of the Reformation. On this account, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse had
+made an earnest effort to bring about a union between the Germans and
+the Swiss in Marburg. He did not relinquish his hope of such a union,
+and made efforts to effect it at the Diet of Augsburg. One of the ablest
+divines of this period was the preacher and professor, <span class="smcap">Martin Bucer</span> of
+Strasburg, born in Schlettstadt in Alsace, in the year 1491, and gained
+over to the side of the Gospel in the year 1518, by means of Luther's
+Discussion in Heidelberg. This man made it the task of his life to bring
+about a union in the doctrine of the Sacrament. For this purpose he had
+visited Luther in Coburg as early as 1530, and had found him inclined to
+union. Soon after, he published a confession of the four upper German
+cities, Augsburg, Constance, Lindau, and Memmingen, in which he closely
+approximated the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper. Luther and
+Melanchthon were highly pleased with this, and the latter wrote to
+Bucer, January 22d, 1531, that he would write to him, although he was
+troubled by a fever at the time. "I saw the grounds of your union, and
+greatly rejoiced that you admit a presence of the body of Christ with
+the soul. But I do not see why you are so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> strongly opposed to admit a
+presence with the sign also." Luther expressed himself to the same
+purpose, and was very much surprised that Bucer represented Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius as holding the same view. He, therefore, expressed himself
+in favor of a postponement of the Form of Concord, although he confessed
+that he would rather lose his life thrice, if this dispute could be
+settled. It seems that Bucer said in several places that the differences
+which had hitherto prevented a union were mere trifles. Luther,
+therefore, in a letter to the town council of Augsburg in 1533, declared
+that he did not agree with the ministers there, who only presented mere
+bread and wine to the people. In a letter of the year 1534, "To a good
+friend concerning his book of secret masses," he expressly declares: "I
+believe, and do not doubt, that in the Lord's Supper, under the form of
+bread is the true body of Christ given for us to the cross; under the
+form of wine is the true blood of Christ shed for us, and that this body
+and blood of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, is not only received by the
+holy and worthy, but that sinners and unworthy persons truly receive it
+in a bodily manner." But Bucer did not give up his efforts to bring
+about a union on this account, and especially endeavored to gain over
+Melanchthon, who, in a letter of October 10th, 1533, assures him of his
+love, and promises to use his utmost endeavors to bring about such a
+union. In September, 1534, the indefatigable Bucer published a Form of
+Concord. On the 16th of September, Melanchthon wrote to Erhard Schnepf
+and the Landgrave Philip, who was deeply interested in this matter, that
+he had spoken of this Form with Luther that very day; and that he was
+satisfied with it, provided Bucer believed what his words expressed. For
+Bucer confesses that, in the reception of the bread and wine, Christ<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> is
+truly and essentially present. Melanchthon adds, "I would not require
+more." He relied much upon the Landgrave in this matter, exhorted him to
+act promptly, and added concerning himself: "All that I am able to do,
+in order to bring about a Christian unity, I am willing to do with all
+my heart, and know of no more agreeable task in the world. May God add
+his blessing!" The Landgrave was now anxious that Bucer and Melanchthon
+should meet in Cassel. Luther agreed to this, although he did not
+entertain great expectations of the result of such a meeting, and gave
+written instructions to Melanchthon, pointing out the basis upon which a
+union might be established. This document contains seven propositions:
+one of which demands, that it should not be said that they had not
+understood each other before; and another, that no middle meaning should
+be invented, as if, for instance, the opponents should say the true body
+of Christ is present, and the Lutherans should say that nothing is eaten
+but the bread. Luther said in this matter: "God is my witness, that if
+it were possible, I would gladly give my body and blood to put away this
+disunion." He here expressed himself in a very conciliatory and
+tolerating manner towards those who entertained different views of the
+Lord's Supper, and concluded with a decided confession concerning the
+Lord's Supper, that the body of Christ is truly eaten in and with the
+bread. Melanchthon also at this time expressed his views of this
+important doctrine to the Landgrave, and in it declares: "That the body
+and blood of Christ, that is, Christ essentially, and not figuratively,
+are truly in the bread and wine. But here we must cast aside those
+thoughts which our reason proposes, such as, <i>how</i> does Christ ascend
+and descend, conceal himself in the bread, and is in no other place."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>About the 12th of December, Melanchthon travelled to Cassel, to
+negotiate a Form of Concord with Bucer. Bucer had a short time before
+met with several ministers from upper Germany, in Constance, who fully
+coincided in his views of the Lord's Supper. The Landgrave took a deep
+interest in the matter, and treated the Wittenberg envoy in the most
+friendly manner. Here Bucer, with the upper Germans, expressed his
+opinion to the following effect:&mdash;"That we receive the body of Christ
+essentially and truly when we receive the Sacrament, and that bread and
+wine are signs, with which, when they are dispensed and received, the
+body of Christ is given and received at the same time." He further said,
+"that the body and the bread are thus united, not by a mingling of their
+essence, but as a Sacrament, and that which is given together with the
+Sacrament." With a doctrine thus approximating, together with the
+declaration, that the opposite side would abide by the Augsburg
+Confession and its Apology, Melanchthon returned from Cassel January
+9th, 1535. Luther was highly pleased with it, so that he remarked: "As
+for my own person, I do not know how I could reject such a Form of
+Concord." Yet he advised that this Concord should not be finally
+arranged at once, but that it would be best to wait a while longer,
+because these differences were so great and wide-spread. We must notice
+here that Melanchthon returned in favor of Bucer's views. He shows this
+very distinctly in a letter to Camerarius; and in a letter to Brenz, who
+was opposed to a Concord, he remarked, that they were not treating with
+persons who denied the Trinity and other articles. With such he would
+have nothing to do, but would look upon them as persons who ought to be
+condemned. He confesses the true presence to him, yet with a leaning
+towards Bucer, and remarks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> that uniformity could be brought about.
+Letters arrived from every side, declaring how gladly all would unite
+with the Wittenbergers in the Lord's Supper. So also did they write from
+Augsburg, to whom Luther wrote: "If this Form of Concord is established,
+I will sing with tears of joy: Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart
+in peace. For I will leave peace in the Church, that is, the glory of
+God, the punishment of the devil, and vengeance upon all enemies and
+adversaries." Such encouraging letters also came from Strasburg, Ulm,
+and Esslingen, which filled Luther with great joy. He remarked to the
+Strasburgers, that it would also be necessary to interest the princes
+and cities in this matter. As to the time, it would scarcely be possible
+to hold the conference before next Easter. The Elector would be
+requested to appoint the place of meeting. He also expressed his cordial
+wishes to the preacher, Shelling, in Strasburg, towards the close of
+December: "I have received your letter with pleasure, and assure you
+that I am just as anxious for the Concord as I observe you to be. Let
+Him bear witness whom no one can deceive. Therefore pray God, as we also
+do, that this union, which, thanks to God, is prospering better and
+better, may at last be fully established. May God not be merciful to me,
+if anything is wanting on my part, or if I lay difficulties in the way;
+so anxious am I that peace should be restored to the Church before my
+death." Melanchthon had written to the ministers in Augsburg: "I would
+willingly endanger my life to promote this Concord, and I trust that the
+way is already prepared for it. May Christ rule and guide the designs of
+the godly." Thus the two leaders were warmly in favor of the Form of
+Concord. The place was also appointed, the Elector selecting <span class="smcap">Eisenach</span>.
+But all at once, Melanchthon began to fear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> that greater divisions might
+be brought about by this conference, as he writes to the Landgrave of
+Hesse in April: "Now I have all the time feared, if this should be held
+at this time, that some rigorous individuals might attend, and thus more
+disunion and offence than improvement would be the consequence." He then
+goes on to say that no negotiations should be undertaken without the
+presence of the Landgrave and the other princes and States, and that, on
+the whole, too great haste should be avoided. His concern may have been
+caused by an epistle sent forth at this time by Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius, which could not promote unity. This was prefaced too by a
+letter of Bucer, who praised these men on account of their orthodoxy. On
+this account Melanchthon was so anxious, and feared that it would only
+increase discord. "This disease," he wrote to Veit Dietrich on the 15th
+of May, "cannot be healed suddenly. But I beseech God in mercy to look
+upon the Church, and to deliver it from all offences."</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding all this, the Conference was held. But because Luther
+suffered great bodily pain at this time, and could not go to Eisenach,
+he proposed Grimma, which was nearer. Melanchthon was already on the way
+thither, when Bucer, with his friends Capito and Wohlfahrt, called
+Lycosthenes, arrived in Wittenberg, May 21, 1536.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was not greatly pleased with their coming, for he had read the
+epistle already mentioned, and thought that the opposite party were not
+seeking a sincere union. However, this does not seem to have been the
+case, for on the road to Wittenberg they had visited <span class="smcap">Frederick Myconius</span>
+at Gotha, who soon led them to converse on the Lord's Supper, and found
+them inclined to unite with the Wittenbergers upon a proper basis. This
+he relates in a detailed narrative of the proceedings of the
+Convention.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> <span class="smcap">Menius</span> also had understood this to be the case, and they
+both informed Luther and Melanchthon of it. Early on the 22d of May,
+Bucer and Capito visited Luther, but the convention did not begin until
+three o'clock in the afternoon. One side was represented by Luther,
+Pomeranus, Jonas, Cruciger, Melanchthon, Menius, Myconius, Weller, and
+Rorarius; the other merely by Bucer and Capito. Bucer opened the meeting
+by a lengthy address, in which he particularly expressed his joy on
+account of this Conference, and stated that this was now the fourth year
+that he had been laboring to bring about a union. Luther replied, and
+expressed his disapprobation of the epistle of Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius, prefaced by a letter from Bucer, which did not at all
+agree with this union. He believed it would be better to leave matters
+as they were, than to make this business, which is already bad enough, a
+hundred times worse by a fictitious form of concord. This of course
+greatly perplexed Bucer; but in a long speech he again declared that
+there was no deception in the case, but that the Upper Germans had fully
+expressed their sentiments, and that the said epistle had been printed
+against his will, yea, even against his express injunctions; and that
+his own letter had been written to others during the previous year, and
+had not been intended for publication. Luther now, in his reply,
+demanded that they should, <i>first</i> of all, publicly recant their
+previous opinion as incorrect; and <i>secondly</i>, that they would
+henceforth teach in unison with the Wittenbergers. He began to explain
+this doctrine at length; but, during this address, he became so feeble,
+that he was obliged to desist. They did not resume the conference until
+three o'clock in the afternoon of the next day. Luther insisted upon the
+two points referred to yesterday, and requested an answer from them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+Bucer consented to recant, and confessed in his own name and that of the
+Swiss, that the bread in the Lord's Supper is truly the body of Christ,
+and that the wine is truly the blood of Christ; and that the body and
+blood of Christ, namely, the natural, essential body, are received, not
+only by the heart, but with the mouth of those who receive it, if
+worthily, unto salvation, but if unworthily, unto damnation. His friends
+also, upon Luther's inquiry, expressed themselves to be of the same
+opinion, and earnestly requested that they might be received in a
+brotherly manner into such a union, as members of Christ. This was done,
+and Luther, as Myconius says, assured them of it "with great fervor and
+joy, which was visible also in his eyes and entire countenance."</p>
+
+<p>The same narrator proceeds to say, that it made so great an impression
+upon the whole assembly, that "Capito and Bucer began to weep, and we,
+on both sides, thanked God with clasped hands and devout gestures."
+Melanchthon, who was known to be peculiarly skilful in preparing a Form
+of Concord, was commissioned to draw it up, which he cheerfully did. On
+the 29th of May, this Form was signed by both parties. In the <i>first</i>
+article it declares, that there are two things in the holy sacrament, a
+heavenly and earthly; and that the body and blood of Christ are really
+and essentially present with the bread and wine, and are thus presented
+and received. In the <i>second</i> article they reject the Romish doctrine of
+transubstantiation; and in the <i>third</i>, they declare that the body and
+blood of Christ are also truly presented to the unworthy," but unto
+condemnation. They had also agreed in regard to Baptism and Absolution.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was the concord established with the gracious assistance of God. It
+caused great joy among the Lutherans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> in every quarter, and declarations
+of approbation were sent to Wittenberg from many sides, and even the
+Swiss partially acceded to it. All were of course not satisfied; for
+instance, Amsdorf, who was not at all pleased with the Form of Concord.
+But Melanchthon rejoiced most of all; for he now discovered that the
+fears which had troubled him so much were groundless. He from henceforth
+continued to abide by the Wittenberg Form of Concord.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">RECREATION AND TROUBLE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">After</span> the completion of this work, Melanchthon felt desirous of carrying
+out a plan of a journey for recreation, which he had formed a long time
+before. Whither did he wish to go? To no other place but his home. He
+therefore, on the 17th of July, 1536, addressed a petition to the
+Elector: "I would, in all humility, inform your Electoral Grace, that
+there are some matters in which my poor children are also concerned,
+which I ought to settle with my brother, and which cannot be done
+through other persons, or by letter. In addition to this, Magister
+Camerarius, who is now dangerously ill, has expressed a strong desire to
+see me. I would therefore humbly pray your Grace to grant me, and
+Magister Milichius,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> whose father<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> has earnestly entreated him to
+visit him, leave of absence to visit our homes for about five weeks."
+Already on the following day, he and Milichius received a gracious
+permission from the Elector, and also at the same time permission to
+make use of a one-horse carriage belonging to the Elector.</p>
+
+<p>But when he was about to depart, important difficulties arose, which
+made it necessary to postpone his intended journey. Pope <span class="smcap">Paul</span> III., who
+had ascended the Papal chair at the death of Clement VII., seemed to be
+in earnest about summoning a General Council of the Church. The Emperor
+had held the opinion since 1530, that a General Council must be held, if
+harmony was to be restored to Germany. But Pope Clement was never in
+earnest in the matter; and even the Papal Nuncio, <span class="smcap">Paul Vergerius</span>, seems
+only to have gone to Wittenberg in order to deceive. But now it had a
+different appearance. Pope Paul had already published a bull, June 2d,
+1536, calling a Council to meet at Mantua, on the 23d of May, of the
+following year. But it offered no hopeful prospect, for it said, among
+other things: "Not only to exterminate all heresy and error from the
+vineyard of the Lord, and to improve the morals of the Christian Church
+by such holy and wholesome medicine, but also to effect a general peace
+and unity among all Christian believers, and to reconquer our kingdom
+and lands by a general crusade against the Unbelievers." It proceeds in
+the same tone. The Lutherans could not greatly rejoice in a Council
+which was to accomplish such things. It was generally reported at this
+time, that a Papal Nuncio would come to Saxony; and it was of importance
+to know how he was to be received. We may easily understand that the
+Elector was not disposed to meet him in the most friendly manner.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+However, he requested the opinions of the divines and jurists in
+Wittenberg. They replied that it would only be possible to consent to a
+Council, under certain conditions. Let us hear what principles were
+expressed in Melanchthon's opinion. He thought that it would be best, if
+the Council could be prevented, for the Pope evidently had no other
+intention than to condemn the Protestants. That they had a perfect right
+to protest against the Council, but as they had continually appealed to
+such an one, it would now bring "disgrace" upon the Protestants, if they
+should fly from it. Neither he, nor the other Wittenbergers, would
+permit the Pope to be judge in this General Council of the Church.
+However, the Elector differed altogether from the temperate views
+expressed in these opinions. He held, that the Council summoned by the
+Pope was neither a free nor general one, and that it ought not to be
+attended to; he even thought that an opposition Council should be
+called, in which nothing should be transacted "but what is founded in
+divine and holy Scripture, and drawn up in accordance with it."</p>
+
+<p>While matters were in this state, Melanchthon began his journey August
+23, with Professor <span class="smcap">Milich</span>, who wished to visit his home, Freiburg in the
+Brisgau. They passed through Frankfort and Bretten, to T�bingen, where
+his most faithful friend Camerarius had received an appointment a year
+before. We may easily imagine what a cordial reception he met with here.
+From T�bingen he wrote to Milich: "By God's grace, Joachim is now quite
+well. Oh, that it might be of long duration! I was received in the most
+friendly manner." He remained three weeks in T�bingen, and could
+scarcely separate himself from Camerarius, and therefore remarks in a
+letter, that he would rather be with his Joachim than anywhere else.
+"But I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> do not see how I can separate myself from those with whom I have
+hitherto associated." He thus again declined the renewed invitation of
+Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg, to accept a professorship there. The learned
+from every quarter came to T�bingen, to see and to converse with
+Melanchthon. When these were assembled at a dinner upon a certain
+occasion, in the house of Phrygio, Melanchthon asked the preacher <span class="smcap">Zell</span>,
+of Strasburg, what he thought of the Lord's Supper? He honestly replied:
+"When God the Lord permitted me to arrive at a knowledge of his holy
+Gospel, I never believed, taught, and preached otherwise in regard to
+the Lord's Supper, but that the true body and the true blood of Jesus
+Christ, my Saviour, are offered to all those who receive and partake of
+the Lord's Supper. But as for believing that I must receive the body and
+blood in the Lord's Supper, <i>substantialiter</i>, <i>essentialiter</i>,
+<i>realiter</i>, <i>naturaliter</i>, <i>pr�sentialiter</i>, <i>localiter</i>,
+<i>corporaliter</i>, <i>transubstantialiter</i>, <i>quantitative</i>, <i>qualitative</i>,
+<i>ubiqualiter</i>, <i>carnaliter</i>, I believe the devil has brought these words
+from hell. Christ simply said, 'This is my body, this is my blood.'"
+Melanchthon replied, in a pleasant manner: "You have given a correct
+answer." On the 14th of October, he went to N�rtingen, and there
+consulted with the Duke about the arrangement of the University. From
+this place he wrote an encouraging letter to the professors of the
+University, in which he assures them that the Duke entertained the
+kindest feelings towards the University, and looked upon it as one of
+the most important institutions of the state.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke commissioned Melanchthon to write to Brenz at Hall, to induce
+him to accept a professorship in the University. Melanchthon discharged
+this honorable duty on the 17th of October. He entreated Brenz in the
+most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> earnest manner, in the name of the Duke, to accept of the
+appointment at least for <i>one</i> year, until a suitable person could be
+found. Yea, he conjured him for the sake of Christ and the good of the
+Church, and said that he would go himself, if the Elector of Saxony
+would suffer him to go for a time. "But," he adds, "I cannot preach, and
+therefore would be of little use in such a situation." Brenz actually
+accepted the call, and received the permission of his government for
+this purpose. The Duke dismissed Melanchthon in the most friendly
+manner, and presented him with one hundred gold florins. He journeyed
+through G�ppingen and Ellwangen to Nuremberg, where a circle of devoted
+friends resided, such as Baumg�rtner, Ebner, Dietrich, Roting, Osiander,
+and others. A dispute concerning Private Confession was carried on here
+at this time. Andrew Osiander was involved in it. He adhered to this
+ancient and established custom of the Church, whilst others maintained
+that forgiveness of sins was to be sought in preaching, in the general
+Confession, and in the Sacrament. Osiander granted that forgiveness was
+also granted in preaching, but did not wish the servant of Christ
+immediately to say: I absolve thee from thy sins, without knowing who
+should be bound and who absolved. He feared confusion, because the
+wicked man might thus falsely comfort himself with absolution; and he
+called this absolution juggling. Against this last, Melanchthon declared
+himself in writing and verbally, for he understood very well that
+absolution "is effectual to those who receive it with true faith, and
+comfort themselves with it,"&mdash;"although others are present to whom the
+absolution does not apply. These, however, are reminded and excluded by
+the condition of repentance." It was, however, also his opinion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> that
+efforts should be made to re-establish Private Confession more and more
+in future. At the same time he modestly suggests that others also "who
+have more knowledge," should give their opinion in this matter. From
+Nuremberg he wrote to Camerarius, and revealed his troubles in regard to
+these disputes: "Oh that this evil might be remedied! I am oppressed and
+consumed by private and public cares. Therefore I so earnestly long for
+your company, with whom I somewhat refreshed myself. I am most painfully
+troubled about these disputes, by which, as is very evident, Churches
+and States are rent. Therefore we will withdraw from all such disputes,
+and devote all our zeal to the education of youth, and to form their
+judgment, so that, as much as possible, we may provide for posterity. I
+shall exert myself more and more to instil moderate and useful
+principles into the minds of the young, and to restrain them from such
+foolish disputes."</p>
+
+<p>While he was thus pouring forth his sorrows, he himself was threatened
+with a great trial in Wittenberg. A preacher named Conrad Cordatus, of
+Niemegk, a zealous adherent of Luther, had been present at a lecture,
+delivered by Cruciger towards the end of July, 1536. In this, Cruciger
+expressed the opinion that in the article of Justification, good works
+are the condition, without which we cannot be saved. Cordatus was
+greatly and properly shocked at this, for such a form of expression was
+totally opposed to the doctrine of the Lutheran Church. In the following
+month he wrote to Cruciger, to call him to account, on account of this
+wrong doctrine. The professor did not reply. Cordatus wrote again,
+threatening that he would not be silent until he should hear a
+recantation of this heresy. If<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> this should not be done, he would apply
+to the theological faculty for a decision. He also said that there were
+many trifling Theologians in Wittenberg, who would rather read and hear
+the dead Erasmus than the living Luther. Now Cruciger replied, and
+defended his views. On the 17th of September, Cordatus came to
+Wittenberg, and visited Cruciger. He here heard that what he had read
+concerning the Gospel of John was the work of Melanchthon, who, as
+Ratzeberger relates, in a manner composed their lectures for the
+professors. "For no labor was distasteful to Philip, and he served every
+one cheerfully." The next day Cordatus went to Luther, and presented the
+whole matter to him. Luther replied: "You are not the first to inform me
+of this. Michael Stiefel and Amsdorf have already asked me about it." It
+is not known how much more was spoken and resolved, although it seems
+that Luther labored to suppress the difficulty. Melanchthon's journey of
+recreation was not a little embittered, for he received the news of this
+occurrence in Wittenberg. Even while yet upon the road he found it
+necessary to write to Luther, Bugenhagen, Jonas, and Cruciger, in which
+he at length justifies his manner of teaching. He says: "I never wished,
+and in this particular point of dispute, I have never taught anything
+else but what you all together unite in teaching." He declared that many
+had fallen into the opinion, especially on account of this
+proposition&mdash;"We are justified by faith alone," that we are justified by
+the new life, or the gifts communicated to us.</p>
+
+<p>Hence arose the question: If we are only acceptable by Grace, wherefore
+is the new life required? Although he highly praised good works, he yet
+distinctly states that they are neither the price nor the merit of
+eternal life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> He prayed for Christ's sake that they should be convinced
+concerning him; that he had taught thus with the best intentions, and
+not on account of stubbornness of opinion. He had never wished to hold
+opinions different from their own, and if they wished to make him
+suspected and estranged, he would rather remove far away from them.
+Cordatus already circulated the report that Melanchthon would return to
+Wittenberg no more. But on the 5th of November, a few days after his
+letter, he arrived, and almost the first thing he did was to write a
+friendly and conciliatory letter to his accuser, in which he reminds him
+of old friendship, and says that he should have spoken to him first of
+all, if he found anything reprehensible in him. He concludes thus: "This
+cause, in which we are engaged, is not our own, but Christ's, whose
+glory I truly desire to serve." Cordatus had raised considerable
+excitement, which spread even to the Court of the Elector. Towards the
+end of December, Cordatus referred the decision of this matter to Jonas,
+then Rector of the University, who had already besought him to desist
+from the accusation. Another event, however, put a stop to this
+disagreeable matter for the present.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XVI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE CONVENTION AT SMALKALD.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have before referred to the proceedings instituted by the Elector,
+when he received notice that Pope Paul III. was about to convene a
+Council at Mantua. The Evangelical States appointed a meeting at
+Smalkald, February 7, 1537, in order to deliberate whether they should
+accept the invitation to attend the Papal diet or not. The Elector, at
+the same time, as Luther informs us, commissioned him "to arrange
+articles of our doctrine, in order to see if it should come to this,
+what and how much we could and would yield to the Papists, and which we
+finally intend to adhere to." This led to the so-called "<i>Smalkald
+Articles</i>," which were very properly adopted among the Confessional
+writings of the Lutheran Church. When he had completed this work, the
+Theologians from abroad, Amsdorf, Agricola, and Spalatin, met with
+Luther and Melanchthon in Wittenberg, in order to discuss these articles
+before they should be delivered at the meeting at Smalkald. This
+document contains three parts. The <i>first</i> relates to the doctrines of
+the <i>Divine Majesty</i>, in which both parties were agreed. The <i>second</i>
+part treats of the articles "which refer to the office and work of Jesus
+Christ, or our Salvation." 1. It speaks of Justification by Faith alone.
+"From this article," it declares, "we cannot move or let anything fall,
+if heaven and earth should fall."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> 2. They treat of the Mass and
+Invocation of Saints. 3. Of charitable foundations and convents. And 4.
+Of the Papacy. The <i>third</i> part included the doctrines of Sin, of the
+Law, Repentance, of the erroneous repentance of the Papists, of the
+Gospel, of Baptism, of the Sacrament of the Altar, of the Keys, of
+Confession, of Excommunication, of Ordination and Vocation, of the
+Marriage of the Priests, of the Church, of Justification and good works,
+of Monastic Vows, and Human Ordinances. Luther says, "These are the
+articles to which I must and will adhere until I die, if it pleases God;
+and I know of nothing in them that I can alter or yield. But if any one
+wishes to yield anything, let him do it upon his conscience."</p>
+
+<p>These articles, which are composed with a truly Lutheran vigor, were
+highly approved of by the Theologians. They subscribed them in
+Wittenberg. Melanchthon also signed them, and added these remarks: "I,
+Philip Melanchthon, also consider the above articles right and
+Christian. But concerning the Pope, I hold, that his superiority over
+the Bishops, which he otherwise possesses, should also be conceded by
+us, jure humano, (according to human right,) on account of the peace and
+unity of those Christians who now yield obedience to him, and may do so
+in time to come." Luther had disputed this <i>human right</i> of the Pope, in
+the article on the Papacy; and surely not without good reason. For a
+Pope, as he was now presupposed by Melanchthon, had never existed in any
+place. If he accepted the Gospel, he was no longer Pope; he could not
+longer be Pope. It was clearly an erroneous yielding to the powers on
+the opposing side, and must be explained by Melanchthon's timidity, as
+is manifested in his letter to Veit Dietrich, January 20: "When I think
+of the Convention, and of the terrible conflicts, which, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> believe,
+will arise there, I shudder all over my body." The Elector was highly
+pleased with Luther's articles, and did not agree with Melanchthon's
+view of the Pope; for he saw very well that they would by this expose
+themselves to future suppression and extermination.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of January, Luther, Melanchthon, and Bugenhagen,
+departed for Smalkald, although Melanchthon's health was seriously
+affected. They passed through Torgau, Altenburg, and Weimar. In the
+latter city, Luther preached before the retinue of the Papal Nuncio. He
+was not afraid to complain that the kings and bishops hated the
+Evangelical party more than the Turks. On the 7th of February they
+arrived at Smalkald, and eight days after this the Convention was
+opened. But they had not been here long, when Luther became very ill
+with violent pains of the stone. Immediately every attention was paid by
+the physicians of the princes, but in vain. Luther begged Melanchthon to
+send for Dr. Sturz, of Erfurt, in whom he reposed great confidence.
+Philip wrote to him: "I beseech you to come at once, and do not fail,
+when such a man is in danger." He took Luther's illness much to heart,
+which he manifested in all his letters at this time. He wrote to Jonas,
+"Let us pray to God earnestly, that he would preserve him, and restore
+him to health." Luther did not wish to remain in Smalkald any longer,
+and had himself conveyed away. When he was riding out of the gate of the
+city, he turned to the friends who were escorting him, with these words:
+"God fill you with hatred against the Pope!" This legacy to those
+remaining behind was faithfully taken to heart by them.</p>
+
+<p>The object of this meeting of Smalkald was, as Melanchthon stated in a
+letter to Jonas, partly thoroughly to discuss doctrine, in order to
+promote uniformity in all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> churches, and partly also to deliberate
+to which articles they would adhere to the last, and in which they might
+yield should any hope of peace appear. This, too, was the Elector's
+plan, but it did not succeed, particularly as far as <i>yielding</i> was
+concerned, because the more determined Theologians were altogether
+opposed to it. They entertained the opinion, which was no doubt correct,
+that to yield would be explained as inconstancy both by friends and
+foes, and the Emperor would only press them more urgently because they
+seemed to fly. Even a closer comparison of doctrine did not become
+popular, doubtless because they feared that if disunion should arise,
+the League would be broken. Luther's illness and departure also
+interfered with the deliberations. The Theologians, together with Bucer
+and Blaurer, who represented the upper Germans, as well as the princes,
+continued to adhere to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology. They
+also subscribed the Smalkald articles.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon wrote to Jonas, that, in order they might not be idle, and
+play the part of dumb persons, they had received orders to write
+something in regard to the power of the Roman Chief-Priest. He applied
+himself to this task, and confesses himself that it was sharper than he
+generally wrote. He still entertained the opinion that the Council
+should not be rejected unconditionally, and did not wish to dispute the
+Pope's right to call such an one, even if he should not be considered
+judge. Those who were more determined, granted that some of the reasons
+of Melanchthon were acute and true, but they were not expedient; for
+even if they should promise an attendance of the Evangelical party in
+this Council, their opponents would interpret this as a submission to
+the right of Papal decision. He himself could not deny that his views
+were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> somewhat dangerous, and finally yielded to the majority; but it
+drew forth sighs and complaints, which he poured into the heart of his
+friend Camerarius. But he also confesses that the lawfulness of the good
+cause affords great consolation, let the consequences be what they will.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperial Ambassador, <span class="smcap">Held</span>, a decided enemy of the Evangelical party,
+was to receive their answer. They informed him that they could not
+approve of the Council of Mantua, and therefore begged the Emperor to
+provide a free Council. Held made many objections, and promised that the
+Emperor would see to it, that everything should be lawfully decided in
+the General Council. However, the Evangelical states were not satisfied
+with such general declarations. They delivered a written statement,
+prepared by Melanchthon, both to him and the Papal Nuncio, Bishop Vorst
+of Aix, in which they justify themselves for declining to meet with the
+Council. He proved in a thorough manner, that there was no divine right
+constituting the Pope the head of the Christian Church, and that he
+consequently deserved no obedience. He also disputed the power of the
+bishops, because it was merely founded upon human regulations. The
+princes and divines assembled in Smalkald were so highly pleased with
+this work, that they subscribed it with joy. During this meeting, the
+Theologians present felt themselves urged to recommend a proper
+appropriation of the possessions of the Church to the princes. They said
+in their address: "May your electoral and princely highnesses, for God's
+sake, take this great want to heart, and exhort the states that the
+possessions of churches and convents be principally retained for and
+applied to the support of churches and schools, which will be for the
+glory of God, and the good of the people, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> will also prevent their
+dissipation, which would injure the Church, government, and country."
+The princes received this address in a very gracious manner, and the
+Landgrave of Hesse declared that in this thing help must be given by
+deeds, and not merely by words.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Convention was brought to a close, and Melanchthon rejoiced to
+be able to go home again. On the 14th of March he returned with Luther,
+who had recovered again, and whom he found on the way to Wittenberg. He
+could not thank God sufficiently that his friend Luther was well again,
+and in all his letters he calls upon his friends to thank the Lord for
+this. On the 16th of March he wrote to Agricola: "I was seized by a
+peculiar sorrow when I saw Luther's danger. I was moved to it by the
+loss of the Church, but also by my love for this man, and my admiration
+of his distinguished and heroic virtues. I could not but be greatly
+troubled at the danger of such a man. Therefore, I heartily thank God
+and our Lord Jesus Christ, that he has looked upon our tears and sighs,
+and has restored Luther to health." In another letter he calls upon
+Spalatin, not only to be thankful for this, but also to pray God "that
+he would preserve such a teacher for his Church for a long time."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XVII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">CONFLICTS IN THE EVANGELICAL CAMP.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On</span> the day after his arrival in Wittenberg he wrote to Veit Dietrich:
+"Wittenberg, by the grace of God, is still quiet;" and as late as the
+14th of April he wrote: "There is still peace here, and Christ grant
+that it may endure for a long time." He little thought that conflicts,
+which should trouble him greatly, would soon break out in this camp. The
+dispute which had arisen, certainly not without Melanchthon's fault, was
+interrupted for a while by the convention at Smalkald, but it was not
+yet to be brought to a conclusion. On the 14th of April, Cordatus
+addressed a letter to Melanchthon, in which he accuses him of making
+Cruciger's cause his own, and also complains that unworthy motives were
+imputed to him. It is true, Melanchthon had made this cause his own, and
+could not well do otherwise. He had invited Cordatus to an interview, by
+a man named Ungarus; but he did not come, because, as he himself
+confesses in the letter already mentioned, he was too much excited
+against Melanchthon, and particularly because Melanchthon had before
+that only spoken jestingly of the whole matter, and his present
+earnestness was altogether unexpected." He also addressed a letter to
+Dr. Jonas, then Rector of the University, in which he prays that
+Cruciger should be compelled publicly to recant the error he had
+publicly proclaimed. That he could not now desist, in his own name, from
+that which he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> had begun in the name of Christ. Jonas replied in a very
+haughty manner, and accused him of seeking notoriety, because he was
+disgusted with his obscurity and little church, and advises him to obey,
+and to tame his violent disposition. But this merely served to call
+forth stronger letters from Cordatus to Jonas and Melanchthon, in which
+he threatened that he would apply to the whole Theological faculty. At
+the same time he also gave notice of this matter to Chancellor Br�ck,
+and said: "I cannot endure that so great a crowd at Wittenberg oppose
+the blessed doctrine of the pious man Luther, who is indeed the only
+Doctor of these things, and that too, God knows, without just cause."
+And besides, that Melanchthon had written to him yesterday: "I have of
+my own accord altered many things in my little volume, and I rejoice
+that I made these alterations." Melanchthon, in a letter to Bucer, April
+23d, complained most bitterly of Cordatus, and insisted upon his
+proposition, that new obedience is necessary to eternal life. In this
+too, as in a letter to Dietrich, he spoke of retiring from Wittenberg if
+he should see that the conduct of Cordatus met with approbation.</p>
+
+<p>This dispute at last attracted the attention of the Elector, who
+directed an inquiry to Luther and Bugenhagen, May 5th, through the
+Chancellor, whether it was true that Master Philip, Dr. Cruciger, and
+many masters and students, entertained different opinions from Luther
+and Pomeranus in some doctrines. The Inquiry referred to several points,
+especially to <i>Justification</i>, concerning which, Cruciger is said, by
+Melanchthon's direction, to have taught publicly a year ago that we are
+not justified before God by faith alone, "but that works were also
+necessary, for they are <i>causa sine qua non</i>," (the condition, without
+which we cannot be saved.) The Inquiry also referred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> to another point,
+according to which men might securely, and without burdening their
+consciences, receive the Sacrament in <i>one</i> kind. There is also said to
+be a difference in reference to "free will."</p>
+
+<p>The Elector especially censured Melanchthon for arbitrarily altering the
+Augsburg Confession, which was not a private, but a public Confession.
+The people, too, were highly displeased with this. He required an answer
+to this and several other points. He would rather suffer the University,
+which had prospered under Melanchthon, to decrease, than endure such
+divisions. Luther did not say anything about this to Melanchthon. When a
+certain Peter Ravus was made a Doctor, on the 4th of June, Luther led to
+the discussion of the doctrine of the necessity of good works, and
+rejected the formula that good works are necessary to salvation.
+Cruciger, who yielded at last, wrote a lengthy account of this to
+Dietrich. Cordatus was silent after this public discussion, in which
+Melanchthon's formula had been defeated; and Master Philip himself began
+to retract, no doubt because he saw that his formula might be promotive
+of work-righteousness. He simply wished to insist upon the doctrine that
+sanctification must necessarily follow from justification. He should not
+therefore have adhered so obstinately to his formula in the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>The "Inquiry" of the Elector referred to an opinion, that under certain
+circumstances, one kind of the sacrament might also be distributed.
+Melanchthon had thus advised the preacher <span class="smcap">Jacob Shenk</span>, of Freiberg, who
+had asked his opinion whether he should not introduce both kinds of the
+sacrament into his congregation, even against the will of the
+authorities. This answer, which regarded the circumstances of the case,
+and wished to prevent rebellion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> against tyrannical princes, had been
+given without any consultation with Luther. Shenk sent Melanchthon's
+letter to the Elector's court at Weimar. When Melanchthon heard of this,
+he was greatly incensed. On the 16th of July he wrote to Brenz that he
+was here contending with a Hydra. As soon as he was done with one, many
+others arise. Another slanderer of Freiberg had complained of him to the
+Elector. He now refers to the cause which had induced this friend and
+former hearer to take this step. On the 11th of October he wrote to
+Camerarius, that the prince was present himself. For he had sent his
+Chancellor to speak with Luther concerning this matter. The result of
+this interview was, that Luther expressed his surprise that Melanchthon
+still entertained such fancies; and, on the whole, he thought that
+Melanchthon did not think much of the sacrament, and was almost of
+Zwingli's opinion. Yet he was not able to say how he felt at heart, and
+did not wish that so distinguished a man should separate from them and
+their University. But if he should adhere to the opinion expressed to
+Shenk, why everything else must yield to the truth. If for the sake of
+peace, we are to permit <i>one</i> kind, we should also be obliged to yield
+to tyrants, if they wished us to teach that works justify us. "I think,"
+said the Chancellor, "that it would do no harm if Dr. Martinus would
+proceed, and speak earnestly and cordially with Philip. There is a chain
+in these matters which connects something. May the Almighty overrule it
+for good."</p>
+
+<p>October 13, Melanchthon wrote to Dietrich: "Yesterday I understood that
+several articles should be presented to me to subscribe, but I am not
+certain of anything, because everything is kept secret. Not only are all
+who are considered my friends excluded from these interviews and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+deliberations, but also all those who do not seem to be full of the
+proper heat and violence. I earnestly hope that, if they are displeased
+with me, they will produce their complaints openly and without
+concealment. I have to-day prepared a defence."</p>
+
+<p>He completed this, and met all the accusations against him, not only in
+regard to the Lord's Suppers but also in regard to those other points in
+which he had somewhat changed his views. The day on which he was to make
+his defence was already appointed, but Luther's illness prevented the
+meeting. Besides this, Shenk went over to Agricola, who, as is well
+known, held the erroneous doctrine that the law is no longer to be
+taught in the Christian Church. On this account no further notice was
+taken of him.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1538 also brought him fresh troubles. In the summer Melanchthon
+had indeed been honored by being made Rector of the University, but he
+was soon to experience the unpleasant part of his office. A young Master
+<span class="smcap">Simon Lemnius</span>, a Grison, had published a small volume of satirical
+poems, in which he not only ridiculed several citizens of Wittenberg,
+but also the most worthy Professors, among them even Luther and
+Melanchthon. He even made satirical allusions to the Elector's Court. On
+the other hand, he praised Archbishop <span class="smcap">Albert</span> of Mentz, who indeed
+deserved so little praise. This part displeased Luther more than all the
+rest; and he expressed his displeasure, "because this lampooner praises
+that miserable town-clerk of Halle, (pardon the expression,) Bishop
+Albert, and thus makes a saint of the devil." As many were already
+prejudiced against Melanchthon, he was suspected of secretly having
+countenanced the satirical poems of Lemnius. For, among other things, it
+was also the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> duty of the Rector of the University to keep a watchful
+eye upon the various publications.</p>
+
+<p>It was certainly a fault that Melanchthon had overlooked this; however,
+he did everything he could to rectify it. He forbade the satirist to
+leave the city; and when he fled, and did not appear after having been
+summoned twice, he was expelled. However, his enemies were not satisfied
+yet, and Melanchthon believed it necessary to send a written
+justification of his conduct to the Elector. He proves that he could not
+have known anything of this lampoon, because he and his wife are also
+attacked in two places in the most virulent manner. He had not seen a
+page of the book until it was handed to him, and then he scarcely looked
+into it, regarding it as an abject petition addressed to the Bishop of
+Mentz; but when he had examined it more carefully, he had forbidden the
+author to leave the city. As he had fled, and did not appear to answer
+the summons, he had been expelled from the University as a traitor and
+calumniator. Melanchthon thus concludes: "This is indeed the truth, for
+by God's grace, unfaithfulness and falsehood shall never be laid to my
+charge." When it was said that his son-in-law Sabinus knew something of
+it, he added to his report: "I do not know what my son-in-law knew of,
+or did in this matter, for he has caused me enough sorrow in other
+matters, which I must labor to mend." This settled the whole matter. But
+these repeated attacks grieved Melanchthon exceedingly, as appears from
+various letters to his friends. He once wrote to Camerarius, that he
+felt in Wittenberg as if he was tied to Mount Caucasus. The continual,
+bitter sorrows which had been weighing upon his mind for years, and his
+daily anxieties, were preying upon him so much, that he feared he would
+not live much longer.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XVIII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PRINCES AT FRANKFORT, AND THE VICTORIES OF THE
+REFORMATION.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Catholics and Protestants assumed a more hostile attitude towards
+each other; but the Electors of Brandenburg and the Palatinate
+interposed, and finally succeeded in bringing about a meeting of the
+princes, in Frankfort-on-the-Main, at the beginning of the year 1539. On
+the 31st of January, Melanchthon also went thither. From Weimar he wrote
+to Jonas, that there was some hope of peace, for the princes manifested
+their readiness to bring it about. The Emperor and King Ferdinand had
+likewise sent ambassadors. They were not regarded much before they had
+presented their offers as to the conditions of peace. But when the
+Imperial orator requested the mediators already mentioned to make
+propositions for peace, according to their judgment, a star of hope
+seemed to arise. The Count Palatine and the Margrave hereupon demanded a
+form of agreement from the Protestants, in order to learn what they
+still missed in the Nuremberg Religious Peace. The Protestants complied
+with this request; they demanded that not only the states of the present
+time, but also those who should receive the Gospel in the future, should
+receive full liberty, and especially also that the proceedings of the
+Imperial chamber of justice should be stopped. Thus matters stood March
+4th, as Melanchthon wrote to Jonas; but the ambassadors were stubborn,
+and would by no means consent to the proposed conditions of peace. He
+wrote to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> the prince of Anhalt: "May God incline their minds to the love
+of peace!" But this did not happen; on the contrary, the Imperial
+ambassador overwhelmed the Protestants with accusations, although the
+mediators seemed more inclined to terms. Melanchthon wrote to <span class="smcap">Brenz</span> "The
+matter has almost come to that point, that, as the Emperor said, the
+time for arms, and not for deliberations, seems to have arrived. Yet,
+although I tremble when I think what a very serious matter this is, I am
+sometimes surprised that our friends, who are so greatly irritated, do
+not break forth more violently."</p>
+
+<p>They could not effect an agreement. Thus time passed on, and
+Melanchthon, in the meantime, wrote three discourses in the German
+language. The <i>first</i> treated of the right of defence, if they should be
+attacked by their enemies; the <i>second</i> showed that upright persons
+could not take up arms against the Protestants; and the <i>third</i>, that
+all the godly must assist them. Some disputed the right of waging war
+against the Emperor. Two years ago the Wittenbergers had declared the
+lawfulness of this step, maintaining that the Gospel did not oppose
+natural rights or public laws. All hopes of an agreement diminished more
+and more, and he was obliged to write to Camerarius, on April 5th: "We
+have here been weaving the veil of Penelope. If we have rejected one
+form of peace, another is laid before us, which merely differs from the
+preceding one in words, but not in sense. Some maintain that they are
+treacherously procrastinating this matter, but this has not frightened
+us as yet. I hope that the Empire may remain undisturbed, although no
+fair conditions could yet be obtained from the Imperial orator. He
+demands that we should not receive any new confederates. This shameful
+condition is introduced again and again, with new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> sophistries, although
+it has been rejected repeatedly. In this you have the entire history of
+the Convention. In the beginning, I disputed concerning a number of
+points; but when the Imperial ambassador made such unreasonable demands,
+I ceased; and if no truce is made, we shall publish the reasons which
+induced us to reject those demands." For this purpose he had prepared
+his three German discourses. Luther understood the state of things very
+well when he wrote; that one party wished an open door for the Gospel,
+and the other locked it; and the matter was now so, that Christ and
+Belial must be united, or one must yield to the other.</p>
+
+<p>As the King of England still intended to enter into a league with the
+Protestants, and had therefore sent his ambassador, <span class="smcap">Christopher Mouat</span>,
+to the Convention at Smalkald, Melanchthon again addressed a letter to
+him. In his letter, dated April 1st, he most earnestly urges the King,
+that, as he had already reformed some abuses in the Church, he should
+also abolish all remaining Roman ungodliness. At the same time, Louis
+von Baumbach and Francis Burckard, vice-chancellor of the Electorate of
+Saxony, departed from Frankfort to England. These messengers were
+received by the King in a very friendly manner, but they could not
+induce Henry to reform the Church according to the principles of the
+Gospel. When Henry demanded again that Melanchthon should be sent over,
+it was not done, for they saw very well that the King was not serious in
+this matter. He had also received Melanchthon's letter in a very
+ungracious manner. Henry was an obstinate man, who pretended to be a
+Theologian himself. How ridiculous this his boasted learning was, is
+apparent, for instance, in the argument he advances for the necessity of
+good works. He argued, because evil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> works merit everlasting wrath, it
+follows that good works merit everlasting bliss. At the request of the
+Elector and the Landgrave, Melanchthon also addressed a letter to King
+Francis of France, in order to explain the character of the League of
+Smalkald to him. This was brought about, not for bad ends, but simply to
+defend the Gospel. He thus concludes this letter: "It is much to be
+desired that the greatest monarchs will prevent a suppression of the
+truth by unjust means." At last the Convention of the Princes at
+Frankfort adjourned. On the 19th of April they agreed on a truce of
+fifteen months, and also a religious discussion, to be held in
+Nuremberg, August 1st. "We thank God," Melanchthon writes from Saalfeld
+April 23d, "that no one is permitted to begin war, and that the peace of
+Nuremberg has again been established and renewed. But this was only
+gained by great exertions."</p>
+
+<p>He was now to have a more agreeable experience than he had been
+accustomed to for the past few years. On the 17th of April, Duke <span class="smcap">George</span>
+of Saxony, this decided enemy of the Gospel, departed this life. It is
+true, it is said that he passed from this world with full faith in the
+Lord Jesus Christ. He had already, in the beginning of this year,
+expressed a wish that a reformation of his dominions should be
+undertaken. But he wished a Reformation like that of King Henry of
+England. He did not wish the Scriptures to decide, but rather the
+traditions of the first eight centuries. However, Melanchthon, together
+with Chancellor Br�ck and Bucer, had gone to Leipzig in the beginning of
+January, in order to negotiate with <span class="smcap">George von Carlowitz</span>, and <span class="smcap">George
+Wizel</span>, who, after having become a Protestant, had returned into the
+bosom of the Catholic Church. These negotiations, however, were soon
+brought to a conclusion, because the principles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> of the two parties were
+entirely opposed to each other. But now, after the accession of the
+Duke's brother <span class="smcap">Henry</span>, the Reformation was accomplished easily and
+rapidly, for he was a friend of Evangelical truth. It was, indeed, a
+blessing that death had carried off Duke George so suddenly, for, as
+Melanchthon relates in a letter to Camerarius, he intended to exclude
+his brother and the other heirs, and to bequeath his dominions to King
+Ferdinand. But it is evident in this case also, that God's thoughts are
+often different from, and always better than the thoughts of men. The
+new Duke had an interview with the Elector, concerning the Reformation
+of his dukedom, on the 5th of May. May 22d, Melanchthon, Luther, and
+Jonas went to Leipzig, where Myconius and Cruciger were already, in
+order to reform the Church and University according to the Gospel. On
+the 28th of May, they published their opinion in regard to the
+Reformation of the University, in which they declared that "all
+government is bound before God to abolish and forbid false doctrine and
+false worship." All preaching, discussions, reading, distribution of the
+Sacrament, and all their ceremonies, were to be forbidden to the monks,
+because they continued to practise, and would not forsake their
+blasphemy. The Theologians of the University should be required "to
+receive this doctrine, or, if they should be unwilling to do this, that
+they should not be allowed to lecture, dispute, or preach. Also, that it
+was highly necessary to introduce Christian doctrine into the schools
+and churches at the same time." In addition to this, they proposed
+Amsdorf, Dr. Hess of Breslau, or Alexander Alesius and Ziegler, as
+teachers of the Hebrew language. That it would also be necessary to
+increase the salaries, for twenty florins would no longer suffice in
+these times, especially as the professors were married. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> abundance
+of the convents should be taken from them, and provision made for poor
+students of Theology, because "the rich do not become pastors and
+preachers, for alas! they are ashamed of this high service of God."</p>
+
+<p>On Pentecost the Evangelical form of worship was introduced in Leipzig,
+and Luther preached a powerful sermon. On the 30th of May we already
+find our friend Melanchthon busily engaged in Wittenberg. But his eyes
+were still bent upon Leipzig, where his two dear friends Myconius and
+Cruciger had to contend with the powers of darkness. He comforted and
+encouraged them in a letter dated June 6: "I pray God and our Lord Jesus
+Christ to be with and to preserve you in your conflicts and dangers. For
+I have no doubt that you have there become acquainted with the
+pharisaical, yea diabolical venom of the enemies of the Gospel. But you
+know that your labor will redound to the honor of Christ, and you also
+know how much the Empire would be benefited by the reunion of these
+countries. Therefore patiently endure labor and danger in so important a
+cause." "We look for your letters with fearful anxiety, and pray you to
+write more frequently. Here, by the Grace of God, we have peace, only we
+have almost too much to do."</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of June he wrote to Duke <span class="smcap">Albert</span> of Prussia: "According to
+the latest news we learn, that by the hand of God, the Gospel has had a
+good and flourishing beginning in the dominions of Duke Henry of Saxony,
+as well as in Leipzig and other places. May our Lord Jesus Christ grant
+his Grace to it! In Leipzig they have begun to administer the sacrament
+in the true way, and they are also abolishing secret masses." A few days
+before, Myconius and Cruciger had a severe conflict with the Dominicans.
+The disputation lasted eight hours. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> this the University renounced
+the Roman Church. Many were, however, not at all satisfied with this
+Reformation, which was especially opposed by John von Maltitz, Bishop of
+Meissen. He sent a memorial to the Duke, which was either composed by
+Pflug or Witzel, and asked that the reformation of the defects of the
+Church should be left to him. The Duke sent it to the Elector, who
+required an opinion from his Theologians in regard to it. Melanchthon is
+the author of this opinion. Although this <i>Meissen Book</i>, as the
+Bishop's memorial was called, had taken up some portions of the true
+doctrine, in order to be more acceptable, yet on the whole it adhered to
+hereditary teachings, and found fault with the Protestants.</p>
+
+<p>As Melanchthon, Luther, and Jonas, appealed to the Holy Scriptures, they
+could easily refute the Bishop's book. They therefore declare: "That
+they announce to the priests that they would not receive or approve of
+their book; and that they did not consider it calculated to effect the
+Reformation and Improvement of the Church, nor to bring about a
+Christian agreement."</p>
+
+<p>As Melanchthon had been so active in the Reformation of the Church and
+University in Leipzig, he was now commissioned to visit the Churches in
+the Duke's possessions in Thuringia, and also some cities in Meissen. He
+discharged this duty, and found a most lamentable state of things. We
+will extract some parts of his report. Of the minister at Weissensee he
+says, that he was unlearned, frivolous, and led a scandalous life; that
+the people asked for a good Pastor, and displayed an affection for the
+Gospel. Of the minister of Danstadt he says, that he was a highly
+vicious person, and should be deposed at once. The two preachers of
+Sangerhaus, although they had adopted the new doctrine, were accused of
+adultery. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> minister in Freiburg is a venomous blasphemer, sent
+thither by Eck, and ought to be deposed forthwith. He also proposed
+persons for these vacant places. Myconius should be lent for a time to
+Annaberg. He thus discharged his duty in the region which he had been
+appointed to visit, in a most earnest and conscientious manner. He also
+enjoyed the great satisfaction of hearing that his dearest friend in the
+world, Joachim Camerarius, had been called to a Professorship in
+Leipzig, in 1541.</p>
+
+<p>He had not long completed his labors in the dominions of the Duke, when
+he received a call from the Elector of Brandenburg, <span class="smcap">Joachim</span> II., to come
+to Berlin, in order to give his advice in regard to the introduction of
+the Reformation in that country.</p>
+
+<p>We have already seen that the Elector had acted as mediator in the
+assembly of the princes at Frankfort; so he also wished to introduce a
+Church discipline of this character, which was strongly tainted with
+Catholicism, although he wished the preaching of the Gospel to remain
+free. Melanchthon, who met the Elector about the 12th of October,
+induced him to change his Church discipline after the pattern of that of
+Nuremberg, although it still retained much that was Catholic. He wrote
+to Dietrich, that private masses were abolished, that the priests were
+permitted to marry, that the invocation of saints was abolished, that
+the preaching of the pure doctrine was enjoined, and that the Lord's
+Supper was distributed in both kinds.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XIX.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HELP IN A DANGEROUS ILLNESS.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When</span> he returned, he found the plague raging in Wittenberg. It had
+carried off his dear friend and brother-in-law, the jurist <span class="smcap">Sebald
+M�nsterer</span>, together with his wife. He received their children into his
+own house; but he himself felt seriously indisposed, and entertained
+earnest thoughts of death. On the 26th of October, he wrote to his
+beloved Dietrich in Nuremberg, that he was now standing in one of the
+climacterical years of human life, the forty-second year, which had
+proved the year of death to many; that his strength had failed, partly
+because of the sorrows of the soul, and partly on account of his
+excessive labors. He continues thus: "Although I might wish to live
+somewhat longer, on account of my children, and also on account of my
+books, yet I shall follow God with resignation, whenever it pleases him
+to call me away from this place. I am very glad that you so kindly offer
+your assistance to my son (Philip, then 14 years old), and I commend him
+to you; for he will need the kindness of his friends, when I am gone.
+His moral character is good, but I cannot praise his temperament; and I
+also believe that he does not possess sufficient talent to study."</p>
+
+<p>Although many fled on account of the plague, he was determined to remain
+in Wittenberg. "I will bear the present cross, as I have borne many
+other things; God will put an end to it." At that time, when he was
+very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> weak, and suffering much from sleeplessness, he made his will,
+from which we here present a few extracts, showing his truly Christian
+disposition. He began by declaring, that after the manner of the
+fathers, he wished to prepare his will, as a Confession for his friends
+and children, in order that they might abide by it at all times. "And
+first of all do I return thanks to God, the Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, who was crucified for us, the Creator of all things, that he has
+called me to repentance and the knowledge of the Gospel, and beseech
+him, for the sake of his Son, whom he has given as a sacrifice for us,
+that he would forgive my sins, accept of, and justify me, hear me, and
+deliver me from eternal death, as I also confidently trust he will do.
+For he has commanded us to believe it; and it is a sin to think our sins
+greater than the death of the Son of God. I prefer him before my sins.
+But I pray that God would strengthen these beginnings of faith, by the
+Holy Ghost, for the sake of his Son, our mediator. I am indeed troubled
+concerning my own sins, and the offences of others; but I consider the
+death of the Son of God greater, so that Grace is mightier than sin." He
+then proceeds to confess his belief in the Apostles' and Nicene Creed,
+and the entire system of doctrine which he had so unequivocally declared
+in his <i>Loci Communes</i>, and the Epistle to the Romans. He warns his
+children against the Roman Church, which in many articles teaches the
+most corrupt doctrine. "I therefore beg my children to obey me in this,
+on account of the divine commandment, that they do not connect
+themselves with the Papists." He also particularly warns them against
+those frivolous persons who should deny the doctrines of the Son of God,
+and of the Holy Ghost, among whom he especially mentions Servetus. He
+also defends himself against the suspicions of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> those who have said that
+he leaned to the side of the enemy; he calls God to witness that he
+never wished to do so. He never wished to spread any new doctrine, but
+adhered to that doctrine which had been brought to light in these latter
+days, by Dr. Martin Luther. He therefore thanks this man of God,
+"firstly, because I have learned the Gospel from him; and secondly, on
+account of his particular kindness towards me, which he has manifested
+in many acts of kindness; and I wish that he may be always revered as a
+father by the members of my family." Then he also gratefully mentions
+the Elector, Chancellor Br�ck, his brother George, in Bretten,
+Camerarius, and a number of other friends. "I beseech them all kindly to
+forgive all my faults, if I have in any respect offended any of them; I
+never wished to offend any one wilfully." But the Lord still needed him
+for important labors; his health gradually returned, and he could again
+attend to his numerous duties. He published one of his best writings,
+"On the Soul," about this time. Towards the close of this year, 1539,
+Bucer came to Wittenberg on account of a certain matter, which became a
+source of much bodily and mental distress to Melanchthon.</p>
+
+<p>The Landgrave, <span class="smcap">Philip</span> of Hesse, had commissioned Bucer to solicit the
+opinions of the Wittenberg Theologians in a peculiar and very delicate
+matter. It did not refer to the general affairs of the Church, but a
+private, domestic affair of the Landgrave. For various reasons his
+affections had become alienated from his wife, and he believed that it
+would be better for him to form a new matrimonial connection than fall
+into sins of the flesh. Bucer brought an elaborate treatise with him,
+which justified this double marriage of the Landgrave, and now only
+wished that Luther and Melanchthon should also signify their approval<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+of this step. The two Theologians delivered a "secret Confessor's
+advice," on the 10th of December, in which they show that God originally
+permitted man to have but one wife, and that this law, although God bore
+with its violation in the Old Covenant, was restored in the New
+Testament. But an exception should be made in the present case of
+necessity, in order to avoid greater evils; yet without making it
+public, so that the enemies of the Gospel could not cry out that the
+Protestants were like the Anabaptists, who took many wives at once.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+With this wished-for advice, Bucer departed; and after the Landgrave had
+also obtained a formal consent from his wife to form a second marriage,
+he was secretly married to Lady Margaret von der Saale, on the 3d of
+March, 1540, at Rothenburg on the Fulda. Melanchthon, who was at the
+time in Smalkald attending a convention, was also invited, without being
+informed particularly of the character of the occasion. He was much
+offended because he was thus obliged to be present at the wedding, and
+never forgot this treatment of the Landgrave. But even upon the present
+occasion he exhorted him to take better care of pastors and the teachers
+of the schools, to avoid the vices of fornication and adultery, and to
+remember David's punishment; also, to keep this second marriage secret,
+and not permit it to be spoken of publicly.</p>
+
+<p>We have but now mentioned that Melanchthon was in Smalkald. He had gone
+thither on the 18th of February, 1540. It was proposed to discuss the
+Religious Convention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> here, which had been called to Spire. The
+Theologians had already, in obedience to the Elector's orders, delivered
+their opinion, "whether the Evangelical princes should enter into a
+worldly peace with the Bishops, and whether they could yield anything to
+them in matters of religion." This document was signed by the
+Theologians on the first of March. It discussed doctrine, needful
+external matters, and external indifferent matters, (adiaphora.) In the
+<i>first</i> article of doctrine, it does not depart from the Confession, and
+will not yield anything. The <i>second</i> article enumerates among external
+needful matters, the abolition of private masses, of the canon of the
+mass, of monastic vows, of the celibacy of the priesthood, of the
+Invocation of saints, of all magical ceremonies, as, for instance,
+herbs, consecration of bells, &amp;c., and required the restoration of the
+Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. In this article also it does not
+yield anything. The <i>third</i> article speaks of external indifferent
+matters, of the power of the Bishops, ordination, reading, singing,
+holidays, and other ceremonies, and of possessions. They expressed the
+opinion that if Princes and Bishops would accept doctrine and the
+needful points, arrangements might be made with them in reference to the
+last point. Envoys were sent from Smalkald to the Emperor, who was in
+Belgium at this time, to present the peaceful sentiments of the
+Protestants to him, and to pray him not to begin war. They returned with
+the most peaceful prospects, for the Emperor expressed his intention to
+institute further deliberations in regard to the harmony of the
+Churches. After Melanchthon had prepared another opinion, concerning the
+erroneous doctrines of Sebastian Franck and Caspar Schwenkfeldt, which
+was also signed by the Theologians, the Convention adjourned April 15th.
+Melanchthon returned by way of Erfurt, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> on the 4th of May wrote to
+Dietrich that the Emperor did not as yet manifest any hostility,
+although he had not promised a certain peace. He, on this occasion,
+related that the Count-palatine Frederick had conversed with the Emperor
+in Spain, and had advised him to follow more moderate counsels. The
+Emperor promised him he would do so. He had not been long in Wittenberg,
+when he heard that the Emperor was willing to hold a convention at
+Spire. After having written a letter to the Emperor in Torgau, whither
+he had been called by the Elector, he departed in the beginning of June
+to attend this convention, which, according to the last orders, was to
+be held, not in Spire, but in Hagenau, in Alsatia. It is not to be
+wondered at, that he should have felt very unwell when he departed from
+Wittenberg, after so many exertions, and recent recovery from a severe
+illness. Before he departed, he deposited his last will with Cruciger. A
+large concourse of students and masters escorted him, and when he was
+crossing the bridge over the Elbe, he said: "We have lived upon Synods,
+and now we shall die there." With such thoughts of death he departed,
+and reached Weimar. Here he was obliged to remain for some time, because
+he was not sure whether he should go to Hagenau. Luther, at least, had
+written to the Elector beseeching him to see to it, "That each and every
+one of the delegates should be earnestly commanded, that they could not
+and should not depart from that which has now finally been harmoniously
+agreed upon at Smalkald."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon, however, was the person whose yielding temper was most
+objected to. He was at this time filled with indescribable dread,
+because a report reached his ears that the Landgrave intended to publish
+the secret advice of the Wittenbergers. He saw very well that its
+publication<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> would not only place him in a very doubtful position, but
+would also greatly injure the cause of the Gospel. His sorrows almost
+consumed him, and he therefore wrote to Luther for consolation and
+support in this matter. He faithfully responded to this call. But this
+consolation did not help him, and he became seriously ill. But let us
+hear the account of old Ratzeberger: "As it now also became known that
+the Landgrave had, besides his first wife, also married Lady von der
+Saale, and it was apparent that this deed would bring great disgrace and
+injury to the Gospel, Master Philip took it very much to heart. For he
+saw, if he went to Hagenau, that this would give the Lutherans a very
+severe blow. He was particularly grieved by this, because he had always
+looked upon this Landgrave, who had caused this great offence, with
+particular affection and hope. However, some assert, that he fell into
+this distress because he approved of this improper conduct of the
+Landgrave through the persuasions of his Court Chaplain, Dionysius, with
+which the court was afterwards highly displeased. He therefore became
+very sick at Weimar, more on account of sorrow and melancholy than
+anything else. His strength failed rapidly, and certain death seemed to
+be his only prospect. When he was thus seriously and dangerously ill,
+the Elector sent for Luther, who rode day and night from Wittenberg, in
+order to see Philip before his death. When he arrived, he to his sorrow
+found him as he had already heard. His eyes were already dim, his reason
+was gone, he could not speak nor hear, and his countenance was loose and
+fallen; having, as Luther said, a Hippocratical countenance. He
+recognized no one, and could neither eat nor drink. When Luther,
+unrecognized, looked upon him, he was greatly shocked, and said to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+companion, God forbid! how has the devil abused this instrument! and
+immediately turned to the window and earnestly prayed to God. Then,
+Luther said, God our Lord was obliged to listen to me. For I cast my
+burden before his door, and besieged his ear with all his promises that
+he would hear prayer, which I could remember in the Bible, so that he
+was obliged to hear me, if I was to trust his promises.</p>
+
+<p>He then took Philip by the hand, and said, "Be of good cheer, Philip,
+you will not die! Although God has reason enough to take away life, yet
+he hath no pleasure in the death of the sinner, but that he should
+return from his ways and live. If God again called and received the
+greatest sinners who ever lived upon this earth, namely, Adam and Eve,
+he will not cast out thee, my Philip, nor suffer thee to perish in sins
+and sorrow. Therefore, do not give way to despondency, and do not murder
+yourself, but trust in the Lord, who is able to kill and make alive,
+wound and bind, scourge and heal again. For Luther fully understood the
+troubles of his heart and conscience. When he had thus held and
+addressed him, Philip began to draw his breath again, but could not say
+anything for a long time. He then turned his face towards Luther, and
+began to entreat him for God's sake not to detain him any longer; that
+he was now upon a good journey, and that he should suffer him to
+proceed, for nothing better could happen to him. Luther replied: "By no
+means, Philip; you must serve the Lord still longer." Philip became more
+and more animated, and Luther immediately ordered them to prepare some
+food, and took it to him himself. But Philip refused to taste it. Luther
+forced him, and said: "Do you hear, Philip! you must eat, or I shall
+excommunicate you. He was prevailed upon by such language,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> so that he
+began to eat a little, and thus gradually regained strength."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon himself said of Luther: "If he had not come I should have
+died." The Elector also, who deeply sympathized with his sorrows and
+illness, comforted him in the most friendly manner: "Although it
+belongeth to God alone, according to his good pleasure, to bestow or
+take away courage and comfort, yet you on your part must not fail to lay
+aside and forget the causes of your trouble, which, thanks to God! are
+not so great in our estimation, that they should afflict you so deeply.
+We doubt not but that Almighty God will soon restore your cheerfulness,
+and with it your health."</p>
+
+<p>The Elector then requests him, as soon as he should be able to move, to
+come to Eisenach, with Luther and Jonas, because he needed them; for
+letters and reports were constantly arriving from Hagenau. He gradually
+recovered, and, although it was with difficulty, he was able to leave
+for Eisenach on the 7th of July. On the 10th of July, Luther wrote
+concerning him to Wittenberg: "Master Philip has been restored to life,
+as it were from the grave; he looks sickly, yet lively, jests and lives
+with us, and eats and drinks in his own room and at table."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon himself wrote to Bugenhagen from Eisenach: "I thank you
+heartily, best and dearest pastor, that you have comforted me in so
+Christian a manner, while I was absent, and visited with terrible
+afflictions in body and spirit, and that at home you assisted my wife by
+your counsels. I still feel my disease, although it has abated somewhat.
+If I should remain alive, I will be able to say that I have been
+restored from death to life, by the power of God. This is the testimony
+of all who were with me. Oh! that I might thank God rightly, and live<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+for his glory! I commend myself, and the Church of Christ, to your
+prayers. I hope that he also (the Landgrave), who has brought me into
+this great trouble, warned by my example, and the writings of our
+friends, will be more modest, and not publicly defend a scandalous
+affair. I have heard that he promised to listen to the counsels of our
+friends." In Eisenach, the Saxon and Hessian Theologians conferred
+concerning the double-marriage of the Landgrave. The Hessian
+Theologians, among them the court-chaplain, Dionysius Melander, wished
+the permission to publish the second marriage, to be granted to their
+Prince. An old account relates, that upon this Luther attacked them in
+so severe a manner, "that the water ran down their cheeks." The
+Wittenbergers insisted that this marriage should be concealed, like the
+secrets of the Confessional. On the 24th of July, Melanchthon himself
+wrote to the Landgrave, exhorting him to cover the matter, and not to
+give cause for its public discussion. He should prevent this, "not only
+on account of the evil reports and the offence, but also because it is
+no easy matter to defend this business plausibly." The Landgrave took
+this to heart, and for a long time bore the disgrace he so richly
+deserved. But when he sent forth a pamphlet, written by Bucer, yet
+without his name, which endeavored to justify his conduct, Melanchthon
+published a very severe reply to it.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of July, he returned to Wittenberg.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XX.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">WORMS AND RATISBON.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Convention at Hagenau was not successful. The Chancellor of Treves
+here made a proposition, in the name of the Catholics, July 6th, 1540,
+that the points already disposed of in Augsburg, in 1530, should not be
+considered now, but they should merely discuss those on which they could
+not agree there. The Protestants would not agree to this, and declared
+"that they could not recollect that any agreement in disputed matters
+had been reached in the Diet held at Augsburg." Finally, they obtained
+sight of a writing of Dr. Eck's, who had compared the articles agreed
+upon, and they sent it to the Elector with the remark: "Your Grace will
+be able to see from this, in what a childish and improper manner they
+have prepared these." The Convention adjourned without having come to an
+actual Religious Conference. This was now to be held in Worms, on the
+28th of October of the same year. The Emperor was exceedingly anxious
+for a union; but before the meeting was opened, the Elector requested
+the opinions of his Theologians. In this they resolved not to
+acknowledge the precedence or judicial power of the Pope in the Council,
+and also to reject those articles marked by Eck as agreed upon. The
+Elector positively enjoined upon his ambassadors, by no means to depart
+from the meaning or the words of the Augsburg Confession. Whenever
+Melanchthon, in his letters, referred to the coming religious
+conference, he always expressed the wish: "Oh! that God<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> would incline
+the hearts of the princes to magnify his glory, and to seek wholesome
+peace!"</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of October, he set out with Cruciger. In Leipzig they took
+along with them the professors <span class="smcap">Sheubel</span>, and <span class="smcap">Andrew Franck</span>, called
+Camicianus; and in Eisenach, <span class="smcap">Justus Menius</span>, selected instead of
+Myconius. In Gotha he prepared the Protestation, in which he showed "how
+the Protestants should act in the present Conference, and whether the
+spiritual ambassador is to be acknowledged as judge in disputed
+questions." On the 31st of October they reached Worms; and November 2d,
+he already wrote to Camerarius about the "shameless hypocrites," Eck,
+Cochl�us, Nausea, Mensinger, and others, who had been appointed to
+attend this Conference in behalf of the Catholics. "These men will
+pronounce sentence upon our heads, although they do not understand our
+cause, and are burning with hatred, and have stained their hearts and
+hands with the blood of the godly. But if an opportunity should present
+itself to explain our affairs, I shall with God's help endeavor to
+unfold those useful views which we contend for, clearly, truly, and
+without perversion. This I can do so much better, because I have ceased
+to regard the will of the princes, and on this account have an easier
+conscience than I had before." And to Dietrich he wrote: "Even if
+Spanish and French gentlemen were standing before the gates, I would not
+approve of these double-tongued articles." He adhered steadfastly to
+this resolution. But the Convention was not opened for a long time,
+owing to the delay of the Imperial Commissioner, <span class="smcap">Granvella</span>, "of whom it
+is said, that he is at present the heart of the Emperor Charles,"
+although the Papal Nuncio, a brother of the well-known Cardinal
+Campegius, had arrived at the proper time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>He formed the centre, around whom the enemy gathered to discuss their
+plans. More and more enemies arrived in Worms, in order that they might
+command a respectable position on account of their numbers. "But God,
+the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, will protect us, whom do you also
+call upon to preserve and rule his Church,"&mdash;thus Melanchthon wrote to
+Jonas. The Protestants entertained the hope that Granvella "would exert
+himself to obtain peace, even if no union or agreement could be
+effected." Melanchthon at this time did not visit any of the decided
+enemies; however, he went to a few of those who wished to be considered
+somewhat moderate. He wrote to Dietrich: "These wish to persuade me to
+consider the whole difference a mere contention about words. I answered,
+as Aristides said to Themistocles, that Athens would not have peace
+until they both should be drowned in the sea; so we also, on both sides,
+deserved the severest punishment if we were confusing the Church by a
+mere contention about words." At last the Imperial Envoy Granvella
+arrived, November 22d, and opened the session on the 25th with an
+address, in which he entreated the States with tears to come to an
+agreement, and conjured them to "unite again the rent mantle of Christ,
+and think of your name as Christians which you received in Holy Baptism,
+and also of your own highly-renowned German nation." They disputed a
+long time as to the manner in which the religious discussion should be
+conducted. The Catholics would have preferred settling the matter as
+rapidly as possible without entering upon a regular discussion, although
+the final decree of Hagenau, and also the Imperial Proclamation,
+demanded that the separate articles of the Augsburg Confession and its
+Apology should be debated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> in a friendly and Christian manner, but not
+so as to be obligatory.</p>
+
+<p>While these useless negotiations were carried on, Melanchthon was
+surprised by a visit from Camerarius on the 9th of December. This was an
+excellent opportunity for interchange of thought and friendly
+conversations. When Camerarius returned, Melanchthon sent a letter to
+the physician FUCHS, in T�bingen, by him: "I have been restored from
+death to life so short a time, that I still bear about the remains of my
+sickness and sufferings. I am heartily obliged to Joachim, that he
+wished to alleviate these by his visit."</p>
+
+<p>When Eck had prepared a form of agreement on the articles of Original
+Sin and Justification, concerning which there was a great difference of
+opinion, the Catholics were anxious that it should be brought to vote.
+Eck must have considered his form a very excellent one, for he in
+various places made use of the ridiculous expression, that they could
+not obtain a better one from Calcutta in India. The Catholics were not
+at all pleased when even the envoys of the Palatinate, of Brandenburg,
+and J�lich would not accept of this. Melanchthon wrote to Luther: "These
+acknowledged, in a modest but determined manner, that they approved of
+our opinions, as included and explained in the Confession and Apology."
+In a memorial addressed to Granvella by Melanchthon, the Protestants
+demanded that the matter should be discussed in a calm and Christian
+manner in the public assembly, and rejected the secret movements of
+their opponents, who merely wished ambiguous and entangling articles
+subscribed. On December 22d he also addressed a private letter to
+Granvella, in which he lays before him the necessity of a public
+discussion, and says: "The Church will be benefited if we establish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> a
+pure and useful doctrine. I am conscious of my own weakness; yet as far
+as I am concerned, I do not fear the judgment of honorable and learned
+men, nor moderate counsels." After long debates, it was at last agreed
+upon that Eck and Melanchthon should debate the matter in the presence
+of all. At last, January 14th, 1541, they began the debate, in the
+presence of the Imperial envoy Granvella. Melanchthon published an
+account of this discussion, which lasted but four days. We will present
+parts of this, to show that notwithstanding all his love of peace, he
+also adhered steadfastly to the truth.</p>
+
+<p>An old account, speaking of his and Eck's speeches, says that they
+compared with each other like the song of a nightingale with that of a
+raven. They first discussed Original Sin. Eck opened the debate, and at
+once asserted the Augsburg Confession and Apology handed to him had been
+altered in many articles, and did not agree with the former ones. It was
+certainly an arbitrary act on the part of Melanchthon, to make
+alterations in those documents, which had acquired a public character.
+But he explained that his alterations did not affect the substance, but
+merely the form of expression, which was "milder and clearer" now. Eck
+was not at all willing to grant this, especially when he regarded the
+tenth article, on the Lord's Supper. However, he proceeded, passing over
+the first article, because both sides agreed in this, and came to the
+second article, of <i>Original Sin</i>. He was not willing to admit that it
+was really Sin, but it is merely a want of hereditary righteousness, not
+of remaining gifts; and the evil lust, which remains after Baptism,
+cannot be properly called Sin. Melanchthon says: "Eck has at last
+admitted that the evil inclination, which remains in the saints, is a
+fault, opposed to God's commandment; but the word sin he wished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> to be
+confined to unforgiven sins." Eck had disputed in the same way in
+Augsburg. But secretly he had said here and there that the views of the
+opposite side were really true. Melanchthon writes: "What a crime
+against his convictions, that he should defend such a thing! But I trust
+that he has been refuted in a sufficiently clear manner."</p>
+
+<p>Granvella listened very attentively, and it is said of him, that he
+declared he would faithfully report everything to his Sovereign, and
+also what he thought of the cause of the Protestants, which was not as
+foolish as their opponents represented it to be. They disputed on
+Original Sin for four days, and at last Eck proposed a form of agreement
+which did not oppose the Augsburg Confession. They were now about to
+proceed to discuss the article of Righteousness, or Justification, for
+which Melanchthon was very anxious; but on January 18, an Imperial
+decree was published to the assembly, which postponed this Religious
+Conference to the diet soon to be held in Ratisbon. Thus they left Worms
+again, and were obliged to confess that their journey had been entirely
+unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<p>All were now eagerly waiting for the diet. Melanchthon, in a letter,
+says: "God grant Grace, that something profitable for the Churches and
+the general peace may be accomplished at this diet." Yet he looked
+forward to this diet with a troubled heart, not because he feared a
+religious discussion with the enemy, but rather because he did not
+approve of the plans of the Evangelical princes, particularly those of
+the Landgrave Philip. Concerning the latter he expressed himself in the
+very strongest terms. Luther had entreated the Elector to excuse Philip
+from this journey; but the Elector could not grant this request, because
+he needed able men at this diet; yet he also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> trusted confidently that
+as he "intended to abide faithfully to the end in the truth revealed,
+and the pure doctrine of the divine word," so also would all the other
+allies in the faith present at this diet "steadfastly adhere to that
+which becometh the honor of God, and the extension of his saving word."
+The Elector, deeply interested in the preservation of pure doctrine,
+gave explicit directions to his counsellors how they were to act in
+Ratisbon. He particularly regarded Melanchthon with a watchful eye. He
+was ordered to reside with the counsellors of the Elector. If any person
+wished to converse with him there, it should be done in the presence of
+the counsellors. "And altogether Philip should take heed not to go out
+too much, but rather remain in his lodgings and with the counsellors,
+even as he himself will best know how he ought to act."</p>
+
+<p>He departed, with Cruciger, on the 14th of March. From Leipzig he wrote
+home: "May God bless and overrule this journey and all our acts, that
+they may be undertaken for the honor of God, the growth of the Gospel,
+the welfare of the Church, and the peace of the Empire." March 16, in
+the evening, he reached Altenburg, and there united with the other
+delegates. But on the Bavarian frontier he met with a misfortune, for
+the carriage was overturned, and he strained the wrist of his right hand
+so seriously that he could not use it; and it was thought for some time
+that it was broken. He not only arrived in Ratisbon in great pain, but
+could not use his hand for a considerable time. He dictated his letters
+to Cruciger, whom he therefore called his "other self." On the 4th of
+April, he for the first time, and with great difficulty, wrote to Eber
+in Wittenberg, and expresses the wish that God might make him a useful
+instrument in the Church. On the following day the diet was opened by
+the Emperor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> himself. He expressed his wish to restore harmony, and
+thought the best way to accomplish this would be to appoint honorable
+and peaceable persons, who should discuss the contested articles of
+religion, and endeavor to bring about a compromise. They should then
+make a report, and finally consult with the Papal nuncio <span class="smcap">Contarini</span>, whom
+the Emperor called a friend of peace. Melanchthon wrote to Dietrich:
+"This is a dangerous business, and therefore our friends have been
+disputing for two days among themselves. The more determined of them
+will only agree to a continuation of the discussion of Worms, but others
+are willing to permit the Emperor to try this new way." The opinion of
+the latter was at last given to the Emperor as the decision of the
+Protestants. He appointed Pflug, Eck, and Groper, of the Catholics; and
+Melanchthon, Bucer, and Pistorius, of the Protestants, to discuss the
+articles.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Count Palatine Frederick, and Granvella, were to officiate as
+moderators during this discussion; and some other persons were also
+appointed to attend as hearers and witnesses. Burkard, in a letter to
+chancellor Br�ck, thus judges the different speakers at this Conference:
+"What hope of the spread of truth can be entertained, when they take the
+drunken Eck for such important matters, who values wine more than all
+religion? Julius (Pflug) is altogether dependent upon the Pope; the
+third, Groper, is a worthy, modest, and not unlearned man, but he will
+be overcome by the noise on the one side, and by craftiness on the
+other, and perhaps he will also introduce his own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> peculiar opinions,
+which do not altogether agree with the truth of the Gospel. I have
+confidence in all our Theologians here present, and am convinced that
+they will not forsake the truth."</p>
+
+<p>Before the debate began, the Emperor summoned them into his presence,
+and exhorted them, in a very condescending manner, that they should
+transact this matter in a friendly manner, and not lose sight of the
+glory of God, and the general welfare. The Catholics now wished that
+they would begin with the disputed articles, the Lord's Supper, the
+power of the Church, the pope, masses, secret masses, monastic vows,
+celibacy of priests, and the one kind in the Sacrament, and then pass
+over to the articles of Justification, of merit, and of good works. By
+this we can easily see, that at the outset they were anxious to
+frustrate the discussion. But when the discussion was about to begin, on
+April 27th, the Emperor presented a book, which contained an attempt to
+reconcile these articles, with the direction "that the persons selected
+should examine it, and correct whatever was opposed to Holy Scripture,
+but suffer everything Christian to remain." This book was afterwards
+called the <i>Ratisbon book</i>, and also the <i>Ratisbon Interim</i>, and was
+known to the Wittenbergers before. For the Margrave <span class="smcap">Joachim</span>, of
+Brandenburg, had already sent it to Luther, that he might give his
+opinion, as early as February 4th. Luther said of it: "These people (the
+authors of the book), whoever they are, mean very well, but their
+propositions are impossible, and such as the Pope, Cardinals, Bishops,
+and Prebendaries, can never agree to.... Besides this, it contains many
+points which our side will not and cannot adopt. The best thing to be
+done, would be to appoint pious and learned men to judge what and where
+is God's word." The author<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> of the book was not known with certainty;
+some looked upon Wizel as the author, others, Groper. Melanchthon
+believed that Groper had prepared it, with the help of a young Imperial
+Counsellor, Gerhard Volcruck, and also Bucer's; that he had presented it
+to Capito, and then sent it to the Landgrave Philip, and the Elector of
+Brandenburg. By the last it had been sent to Luther. The book contained
+23 articles, which were treated in such a manner that they could be
+called half-Catholic, and half-Protestant. Thus it came to pass as
+Luther had said, that it neither gave satisfaction to the Catholics nor
+to the Protestants. But as the Emperor valued it highly, and wished it
+to be made the basis of their deliberations, this was done, "although I
+was much afraid," says Melanchthon, "that this book would cause no
+little strife." They passed over the first articles, of creation, the
+perfect state of man before the fall, of free will, of the origin of
+sin, and of original sin, without any difficulty. Now they came to the
+article on <i>Justification</i>. This was not at all satisfactory to either
+party, and therefore they substituted another. Eck had proposed a
+formula, but Melanchthon objected to it. They disputed about it for
+several days, and at last agreed to a formula, concerning which the
+Saxon counsellors wrote to the Elector, that in the main it was not
+opposed to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology, "and that the words
+employed were sufficiently clear, so that it could not be perverted to a
+misunderstanding." The counsellors highly commended the firmness of
+their Theologians, and Melanchthon in particular. They relate to the
+Elector, that Melanchthon had expressed himself before all the
+Theologians and Granvella, to the following effect: "that he would
+rather die than yield anything against his conscience and the truth, for
+it would bring about his death,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> for he could not reconcile it to his
+conscience." But the Elector was by no means pleased with the formula of
+agreement in regard to justification, which they had sent to him; for he
+thought that their opponents wished "either entirely to cast aside, or
+at least obscure, the doctrine that we are saved by faith alone." He
+therefore laid this formula before Dr. Luther and Pomeranus, who could
+not but say that it might easily lead to a misunderstanding. He
+therefore, May 13th, informed his counsellors that he could not possibly
+agree to it. However, Luther entreated the Elector "not to write too
+severe a letter to Melanchthon and his friends, lest he should again
+trouble himself to death. For they have still retained our beloved
+Confession, and have adhered steadfastly to this, even if every thing
+else should fail." The Elector, who had intended to go to Ratisbon
+himself, now remained at home, and sent Amsdorf, a man who strictly
+adhered to the Confession, in his place. He and the Duke of Pomerania
+arrived in Ratisbon on the 13th of May.</p>
+
+<p>The next point to be discussed, was the article of the <i>Church</i>. It was
+very easy to predict that this would be an apple of discord, for the
+Ratisbon book maintained that there must be a power in the Church to
+interpret the Bible, and that private individuals did not enjoy this
+power; also, that no private individual has the right to oppose the
+majority. Much contention ensued, in which Granvella himself mingled,
+and said to Melanchthon, he should read the article more carefully.
+Melanchthon replied, "that he had read it frequently, and even in
+Wittenberg; but they should know that he could not, and would not
+approve of it. For if the power referred to by them, was to be given to
+the Councils, many errors of former Councils must be sanctioned, and
+posterity would also be grievously burdened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> thereby." Melanchthon was
+so determined that they could not agree, and they were obliged to pass
+on to other articles. The book next spoke of the doctrine of the
+Sacraments. Melanchthon consented to retain <i>Confirmation</i>, although all
+abuses connected with it should be abolished, the Catechism studied
+diligently, and "true and earnest prayer" connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>When the article on the <i>Lord's Supper</i> was made the order of the day,
+it caused a violent debate, which lasted for eight days. The Catholics
+presented a formula declaring transubstantiation, and maintained all the
+abuses which had crept into the Roman Church on account of this false
+doctrine. Melanchthon had before given the warning in vain, that Eck
+ought not to be permitted to indulge in his bullying and abusing,
+otherwise "he might kindle a fire which he would not be able to
+extinguish."<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The Protestants referred to the gross abuses attending
+the carrying about and adoration of the Sacrament, and also spoke of the
+ridiculous case which had already been discussed by the Catholics in
+their own writings, what a mouse was eating when she gnaws the
+consecrated bread. The Protestants adhered to the doctrine of the Bible
+and of the ancient Church, that the Sacraments are only Sacraments when
+they are used, and not so when they are not used. It was during this
+contest, manfully waged by the Protestants,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> that, as Melanchthon tells
+us, "Eck became sick, having become too excited, perhaps, and drinking
+so excessively afterwards, that a fever followed." The articles on
+<i>Confession</i> and <i>Satisfaction</i> again led to violent discussions,
+because Groper insisted upon the enumeration of particular sins. He
+thought, as the Church had the right of binding and loosing, this was a
+court of justice, where it was necessary for the Judge to hear the case;
+and because in Confession, satisfaction was imposed to heal the wounds,
+the priest ought to know beforehand whether the injury is great or
+small. Melanchthon disproved these propositions, and proposed a milder
+article. Granvella was greatly displeased at this, and said "many evil
+words" to Melanchthon. "So that," he relates himself, "the next day, at
+the beginning of the debate, I complained, and said if it was intended
+that I should not express my opinions, I would stay away in future." The
+Envoy excused himself, and pacified him. The article concerning the
+order of <i>Church Government</i>, and the power of the Bishops, again
+brought about a sharp conflict. When he observed that it had been
+prepared in a very sly manner, "I became very impatient, and opposed the
+entire article," he reports himself. They simply wished to retain the
+entire Papacy. Melanchthon was here obliged not only to battle against
+the Catholics, but also with Bucer and the Hessian chancellor. Granvella
+assured him, that if he would not accept this article, he would prevent
+the entire work of Reformation. Even the Elector Joachim sent a deputy
+to him, to urge him to accept this article. Melanchthon says: "I gave
+him a very short answer." They then considered the articles on the
+Invocation of Saints, Masses, One kind, Celibacy, and Monastic Life.
+Melanchthon remarks: "Although there was much opposition, we presented
+counter-articles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> to all these." Because he adhered to the truth, which
+he had discovered and confessed in a determined manner, prompted partly
+by his own conscience and the exhortations of the Elector and his
+counsellors, he was declared to be a stubborn person, and he was even
+accused to the Emperor. The latter expressed himself very unfavorably in
+regard to him to the Landgrave Philip. He was particularly accused of
+being governed by Luther, and also led by the French ambassador. Under
+these circumstances, Melanchthon believed it necessary to defend himself
+before the Emperor against these unjust accusations. He addressed a
+letter to him, of which we shall communicate some parts. He declares in
+the most positive manner that he had no instructions from Luther, and
+was not at all connected with the French ambassador, and that his
+Elector had only given the general direction, that they should not
+depart from the truth. "This is a direction which must be deeply
+engraven upon every heart, without the orders of an Elector." Further on
+he says: "I have always acted according to my own convictions, and have
+never contended about useless things." He then proceeds to speak of
+Councils, and of Auricular Confession, showing their want of foundation;
+and also, that he had sought peace. "However, even moderation must have
+its bounds. That Truth, which the Son of God revealed to us from the
+bosom of the Father, should shine in the Church. And I wish your
+Imperial Majesty could see into my heart, so that you might judge
+truthfully what my endeavors in regard to these disputes have been for
+many years. A true, scripturally developed, and sure doctrine, and one
+that will be beneficial to the Church, must be found." He concludes this
+letter, so faithful to the Confession, in the following manner: "I know
+that our doctrine is the doctrine of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> true Catholic Church, and I
+believe that many wise men confess the same. But these believe that we
+have gone farther in the abolition of abuses than was necessary. They
+wish to retain a species of adoration of the saints, private masses, and
+the like. Therefore they wish us to take a step backwards, and to
+approve the first germs of these abuses. As I am not able to do this, I
+again urgently pray for my dismissal." The Elector rejoiced at this
+firmness, and therefore wrote to his counsellors: "We have with great
+satisfaction heard that Magister Philip proves himself firm and faithful
+in this business, and hope that Almighty God will graciously sustain him
+in this course."</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of May the religious discussion was brought to a close; and
+May 31, the Protestants presented a memorial to the Emperor, in which
+they refer to nine articles in particular, which they could not accept
+on any consideration. They treated of the Church, the Sacrament, the
+enumeration of particular sins in Confession, of Satisfaction, of the
+Unity of the Church and Ordination, of the Saints, the Mass, Secret
+Masses, and the Celibacy of the Priesthood. We may easily understand
+that the Emperor, who was very desirous of a union, was not at all
+satisfied with such a conclusion. As he believed that very much depended
+upon Luther in this matter, he even sent a deputation to him. It was
+composed of Prince <span class="smcap">John</span> of Anhalt, <span class="smcap">Matthias von Schulenburg</span>, and
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Alesius</span>. They arrived in Wittenberg on the 7th of June, and
+conferred with him a few days. But they did not find a hearing here; for
+Luther's motto was the word, once expressed in a letter to the Elector:
+"It is impossible to reconcile Christ and the serpent." They therefore
+returned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> to Ratisbon without effecting their purpose. Melanchthon
+expressed himself in a very decided and clear manner in regard to the
+Ratisbon book, in an address to the States. He says of the <i>rejected</i>
+articles: "I will not accept one of them, nor patch at them any more."
+Of the <i>omitted</i> articles, to which Confirmation and Extreme Unction
+belong, he said: "We would not contend much about these, if we could
+agree in other points." He then speaks of the articles which were looked
+upon as <i>agreed upon</i>, while they were nevertheless not <i>agreed</i> upon.
+He here had many objections to make to the book in reference to
+Justification, the state of Grace, Sin, and the like. He concludes his
+opinion in these beautiful words: "I cannot and will not accept this
+book, and pray God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, that he would
+grant good counsels and help to us all, and that he would guard and rule
+his Church, which he has redeemed by his Son unto eternal life, and
+which he still wonderfully preserves. However, in order that each and
+every one may know what I believe, I wish to declare by this, that I
+hold the doctrine of our Church, as it is contained in our Confession
+and Apology, and that, with the help of God, I intend to abide by it. I
+also thank God that he has again illuminated his Church, and would not
+wish to give any occasion to darken the pure doctrine again." But the
+Catholics rejected the book also; Eck called it an insipid book, and
+expressed himself against it in the most decided manner.</p>
+
+<p>Now the final decree of the Diet was to be issued. The Protestants
+previously, however, presented their declaration, prepared by
+Melanchthon, who, at the Emperor's request, also delivered an opinion
+concerning the Reformation, on the 18th of July. He was willing to
+grant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> temporal power to the Bishops, an opinion which he expressed at
+different times, without considering what dangers this must necessarily
+cause. At last, on the 29th of July, the recess of the Diet took place.
+The religious difficulties were postponed, to be decided at a Council
+soon to be held, or postponed to the next diet, in case no Council
+should be convened within 15 months. The Peace of Nuremberg was to be
+observed until that time.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of July, Melanchthon departed from Ratisbon. He did not go
+by way of Nuremberg, although he had been invited thither in the most
+urgent manner, but came to Leipzig, where he zealously labored to have
+his beloved friend Camerarius called to the University. He thus speaks
+of his friend in a letter to Duke <span class="smcap">Henry</span>: "He is peaceable, modest, and
+sincere, and so learned in Philosophy and Eloquence, that he is excelled
+by few in foreign and German lands." In consequence of this the Duke
+called him.</p>
+
+<p>When, to the great sorrow of the Protestants, Duke Henry was gathered
+unto his fathers, the young Duke <span class="smcap">Maurice</span> entered upon the government
+with the most promising prospects. During his reign Camerarius came to
+Leipzig, and thus into the vicinity of his friend Melanchthon.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">While</span> the Protestants were enjoying a period of rest, because the
+Emperor was busily occupied with the Turks and the pirates of Algiers,
+the work of the Reformation advanced more and more. And where it could
+not be done peacefully, the power of the princes was now and then
+employed. In the beginning of the year 1541, the Bishop of
+Naumburg-Zeitz had died, and the Chapter elected the well-known Julius
+von Pflug, Bishop. When the Elector John Frederick heard of this, he
+pronounced the election invalid, not only because the citizens in that
+region had long since been friends of the Gospel, but also because the
+right of protectorship of the Bishopric belonged to him. He proceeded
+upon the almost unbounded right of sovereignty&mdash;even over the Church,
+and we cannot expect anything else from him, but that he would appoint a
+decidedly Evangelical Bishop to this important see. He asked the advice
+of his Theologians, who, in their opinion, likewise took for granted,
+that the right of electing the Bishop belonged to him. They advised him
+to elect a Christian man, and at the same time one who was descended
+from a princely family.</p>
+
+<p>The Chapter, which was ordered to proceed to another election, refused
+to do so; so that the Elector found himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> compelled to interfere by
+force of arms, notwithstanding the threats of the Emperor. On the first
+of November, the Wittenbergers prepared an Opinion in regard to the
+election of the Bishop, in which they express a wish that the chapter of
+Naumburg might be preserved, because encouragement to study was thus
+given to the nobility, although the chapter itself must be improved and
+reformed in a Christian manner. If the chapter wished to elect another
+man, it ought not to be "a young fellow," but a man "who has an
+affection for Christian doctrine, and proper exercises in the Church,
+and would altogether set a good example." They propose Prince <span class="smcap">George Von
+Anhalt</span>, who is especially recommended by Melanchthon, who gives him this
+testimony, that "he rightly understands the doctrine of the Gospel, is
+pious, and would care for the interests of the Church." Against the
+opinion prevailing in regard to the prince, that he merely wished to do
+things by halves, Melanchthon declared that, on the contrary, the prince
+wished no patch-work in doctrine, and would not listen to any articles,
+in Ratisbon, which could be twisted. The Licentiate Amsdorf, however,
+Superintendent of Magdeburg, could not be prevailed upon to accept a
+bishopric. The Opinion generally demands a thorough Reformation, a
+pious, reasonable preacher, "who would not preach the Church empty,"
+abolition of the mass, and good schools. The Bishop and the Canons
+should not grant any power to the Bishop; and the noblemen who should be
+elected Canons, should not merely be hunters and idle persons, but able
+men. Even if the Chapter should retain the right of election, the
+Elector should nevertheless retain his power, to see to it that proper
+persons would be elected, and improper ones rejected. But, as before
+remarked, the Chapter would not proceed to another election; and
+another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> Opinion adjudged the right to the Elector, under these
+circumstances, to nominate a proper person for the see, to the nobility
+and the senators of the cities, "in order that the churches and country
+might be supplied." The Elector placed great confidence in Amsdorf, and
+succeeded in having him elected Bishop. On the 10th of January, he was
+installed into his office in the presence of Melanchthon, who had been
+appointed to reform the churches and schools in the See. From this time,
+this region enjoyed the blessed influences of the Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>A Reformation was also to be brought about in the Electorate of <span class="smcap">Cologne</span>.
+The present Elector, and Archbishop <span class="smcap">Herman</span>, Count of <span class="smcap">Wied</span>, was a friend
+of the Evangelical doctrine, and had for several years been actively
+engaged in improving Church matters. It is true that he was counselled
+by Groper, with whom we became acquainted at the Diet of Ratisbon. But
+now he wished to make further advances, with the assistance of
+Melanchthon and Bucer. Bucer had come to Bonn at the close of the year
+1542, in order to begin the Reformation. In January, 1543, the
+Archbishop sent Magister <span class="smcap">Erdmann</span> to Wittenberg, to invite Melanchthon to
+Bonn for the same purpose. The Landgrave Philip also urged him to go
+thither. He replied to him, that it was to be feared that the Chapter of
+the Archbishop would not yield, and that the Pope would urge them to
+elect another Bishop. That he was willing to venture his body and life
+for such a pious old prince. "But such a work requires men who are able
+to preach, and so to present the truth to the people, that they may be
+encouraged, and not deterred by the opposition of the other side." He
+also excused himself on account of his numerous duties in the
+University, and thought that even if the Elector desired a true change,
+yet those in power<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> only labored to bring about a Reformation, in which
+the adoration of the saints, and daily masses, might still find a place.
+On the 12th of March, Bucer wrote a very pressing letter to induce him
+to come, as his labors could be completed in 10 or 12 days. But he did
+not go. In April, Father Medmann again appeared in Wittenberg in behalf
+of the aged Elector, in order to induce him to come. He sent him with a
+letter to his own Elector and lord, in which he declared that he had no
+inclination to go, but also added: "I will obey whatever your Electoral
+Grace may order in this matter." The Elector, "because this is a godly
+and Christian work," at once gave him leave of absence for six or seven
+weeks. He also allowed him one hundred gold florins, and two troopers as
+an escort.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of April he departed, accompanied by <span class="smcap">Justus Jonas</span>, the son
+of the Rector, and <span class="smcap">Jerome Schreiber</span>, and reached Bonn, where the
+Archbishop resided, on the 4th of May. He writes to some one, that two
+plans of reformation had been proposed; one, which was simple and pure,
+prepared by Bucer; the other, by Groper, who endeavored to excuse and
+establish abuses, as we may suppose from the book of Ratisbon. What
+strange sights met his eyes here! He writes to Camerarius: "You could
+not look without tears upon the ruin of the churches here, in which
+crowds of people still daily run to the images of the Saints. This is
+the main thing of religion, in the eyes of the ignorant multitude." He
+wrote the same to Bugenhagen, and especially referred to the deplorable
+ignorance of the clergy. And yet Groper, in his own way, wished to hold
+fast this state of things. The aged Archbishop, of whom Melanchthon says
+that he has the best intentions, "confesses that an improvement is
+necessary, and protests that he wishes a true and thorough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> reformation,
+and that he is not afraid of dangers." He therefore placed more
+confidence in Bucer than in Groper. Although the nobility and the cities
+expressed themselves favorable to such a reformation, they were opposed
+by Cologne and the Chapter. The Landgrave informed the Archbishop that
+he and the other allies would come to his assistance, should it be
+necessary. Pistorius assisted Bucer.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon writes to Luther of both these men, that their preaching was
+largely attended, and that they taught pure and correct doctrine. He
+superintended their labors, and wrote to Cruciger, May 23d, that the
+entire work was almost completed, and that he would extricate himself as
+soon as possible. A short time before this, he also sent a little letter
+to his son Philip, which we cannot bear to omit here: "Although I have
+public cares enough, I yet also bear the domestic ones about with me.
+These you should lighten by your diligence and obedience, especially as
+you know with how much love we have raised and cared for you. I
+therefore admonish you, that you walk in the fear of God, and strive,
+first of all, to please God, the eternal Judge, and then also good men,
+and that you will show greater diligence and care in this for my sake.
+Heartily obey your mother, whom you could already support by your age
+and virtue."</p>
+
+<p>It was already known at Rome what they were doing in Cologne. The Pope,
+therefore, sent an admonition to that city, of which Melanchthon writes:
+"He buries Christ, and promises a change of affairs." But the Archbishop
+did not permit this to terrify him. When the plan or book of the
+Reformation was finished, it was read to him, in the presence of the
+dean of the cathedral, Count von Stolberg, and other counsellors. Six
+days were spent in reading<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> and discussing it. The Bible, translated by
+Luther, was lying before them. The Elector himself looked for the
+passages referred to. He approved of the book, and it was also
+unanimously adopted by the chamber of deputies. But the Chapter and
+Clergy of Cologne, led by Groper, were most decidedly opposed to it. And
+at the same time the superstitious populace was excited against it, and
+their opposition was considerably increased by a lampoon written by a
+Carmelite monk named Billig.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of July, Melanchthon departed, and passed through
+Frankfort, where he closed a dispute concerning some customs in the
+Lord's Supper; and also through Weimar, where the Court wished to see
+him, and arrived in Wittenberg on the 15th of August. It is true he had
+been absent for a longer time than had been allowed by the Elector. So
+much more did the professors and students rejoice who had gone to meet
+and escort him into the city. A few days afterwards he wrote to
+Dietrich: "The Reformation of the Church is, by the grace of God,
+progressing very finely in the territory of Cologne;" and to Matthesius:
+"The Reformation is already introduced into several cities, and pious
+and learned preachers teach faithfully and purely. We will pray God that
+he would suffer the light of his truth to shine far and wide, and also
+preserve it." Great as his hopes of a prosperous progress of the
+Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne were, he was obliged to
+relinquish them to a considerable degree, when he heard that the
+refractory Chapter had accused the aged Archbishop before the Pope and
+the Emperor. Finally the old man was deposed from his office, and the
+work of Reformation, which had thus been commenced, was extinguished.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE SCHOOL OF TRIBULATION.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have learned before that Melanchthon was compelled to pass through
+much tribulation. But the year 1544 is particularly marked in this
+respect. Domestic afflictions are certainly among the bitterest we are
+called upon to bear, and such he amply experienced. His favorite
+daughter, <span class="smcap">Anna</span>, had formed an unhappy marriage with the poet <span class="smcap">Sabinus</span>,
+who was a frivolous debauchee, and wished to be divorced from her.
+However, the Lord separated them by the death of Anna, in 1547. We shall
+speak of this again. His son Philip also gave him much trouble. While he
+was yet a student of law, about nineteen years old, he was betrothed to
+a young woman of Leipzig, without the knowledge of his parents. This
+grieved his father exceedingly.</p>
+
+<p>But he was still more troubled on account of his relations with Luther,
+with whom he was at variance at this time. This was caused by
+Melanchthon's changed views of the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. We
+have remarked before that it was an arbitrary act on his part, and one
+which has done much harm, to alter the Augsburg Confession. For it was
+not his private work, but a public Confession. He altered this document
+in the editions of 1533 and 1535, but it was not until the year 1540
+that he published a greatly changed edition. An old account says that
+Luther found fault with him on this account, and said<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> to him: "Philip,
+you are not acting rightly in altering the Augsburg Confession so often,
+for it is not your book, but the book of the Church." These alterations
+particularly referred to the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, with which
+Eck had reproached him at Worms.</p>
+
+<p>He expressed this article in such a manner that the Catholics and the
+Reformed could include their views. This may have been satisfactory
+enough to the Reformed, but the Lutherans were highly displeased. Luther
+adhered to the bodily eating and drinking of the body and blood, as he
+had taught from the beginning. Although he had not laid so great a
+stress upon this point for the last few years, he now asserted it again.
+There were some faithful adherents of the Gospel in Venice, who were
+compelled to endure great oppression. They applied to Luther, and
+complained of their afflictions, and spoke particularly also of the
+spread of the Swiss views of the Lord's Supper. Luther replied, that he
+had only formed a concord with the Upper Germans, but would have nothing
+to do with the Swiss, particularly those of Zurich. They are indeed
+learned, but intoxicated men, who merely eat common bread in the Lord's
+Supper. They should beware of false prophets, and adhere strictly to the
+doctrine of the connection of the body and blood of Christ with the
+bread and wine, even if many should think of a transubstantiation. When
+Melanchthon heard of this letter, he was much grieved, for he thought
+that Luther had conceded transubstantiation, which, however, was not the
+case. But the flame only began to break forth somewhat in the year 1544.
+During this year the Reformation book of Cologne was brought to
+Wittenberg. When Luther came to the article on the Lord's Supper, he
+would not read any further, and wrote to Chancellor Br�ck, who had sent
+it for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> his inspection, by the order of the Elector: "The book does not
+only tolerate, but encourages the fanatics, and is far more favorable to
+<i>their</i> doctrine than our own. If I am to read the whole of it, our
+gracious Master must allow me further time, until my displeasure has
+abated. Otherwise I do not wish to look at it. And besides this, as the
+Bishop shows, it is altogether too long and too great nonsense, so that
+I can well perceive that chatterer, Bucer, in it." It is true that Bucer
+had prepared the book, but not without Melanchthon's approbation.</p>
+
+<p>Luther had said, in the spring of this year, that he did not suspect
+Melanchthon in the least. But when he visited Amsdorf during the summer,
+and was in the habit of thundering against the Sacramentarians, in the
+pulpit and elsewhere, Melanchthon feared the worst, and wrote both to
+Bucer, and to Bullinger in Zurich, that Luther had never treated this
+matter more violently than at present, and that, on the whole, there was
+little hope of peace. At last Luther published his "Short Confession"
+concerning the Lord's Supper, which is one of his ablest productions.
+However strongly he attacked the Swiss in this, nothing was said of
+Bucer and Melanchthon, the latter of whom had feared an attack. About
+this time, as Melanchthon himself states in a letter to Myconius,
+October 10th, 1544, he had a conversation with Luther, in which he
+assured him that he had always granted a union of Christ with the bread
+and wine; so that if bread and wine are taken, Christ is truly present,
+and makes us his members. He believes that Luther was satisfied with
+this; but if not, he would be obliged to think of removing from
+Wittenberg, which he had been advised to do, and for which he had many
+and weighty reasons. However, after some time, a better state of feeling
+seemed to be established, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> that Melanchthon could reply to Chancellor
+Br�ck's inquiries, "that there was nothing of importance:" and Br�ck
+wrote to the Elector, "I cannot learn anything from Philip, but that he
+and Martin are very good friends. May the Almighty add his blessing to
+it!"</p>
+
+<p>But Luther's Short Confession had called forth a violent refutation from
+Bullinger, and it was again feared that Luther would make another
+attack, especially upon Melanchthon, who was a correspondent of
+Bullinger. The Elector heard of it, and directed his Chancellor to
+pacify Luther, and to request him not to attack Melanchthon, "which, if
+it should take place, would cause us a great deal of sorrow." If
+Philippus adhered to those of Zurich or others, Luther should admonish
+him in a Christian and paternal manner, and that would certainly be
+effectual. Their ancient friendship was gradually restored, whether by a
+conversation with Melanchthon or in some other way, is not known. That
+Luther was not induced to depart from the true doctrine by the attacks
+from Zurich, is evident in a letter, addressed by him to a friend, not
+long before his death, from which we merely extract these words: "I am
+satisfied with this blessedness of the Psalm, 'Blessed is the man that
+walketh not in the counsel of the Sacramentarians, nor standeth in the
+way of the Zwinglians, nor sitteth in the seat of the Zurichers. Here
+you have my opinion.'"</p>
+
+<p>So many sorrows resting upon Melanchthon injuriously affected his body
+and spirit. He was seized by another illness in July, 1544. He wrote to
+Veit Dietrich, July 1: "Dearest Veit, while I am writing this, I am
+suffering severely from an affection of the spleen, which has been
+caused by the afflictions which have weighed upon me for the last two
+months; and if my spleen ulcerates, I shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> lose my life." His dear
+friend Camerarius, who had heard of this illness, hastened to
+Wittenberg, to see and comfort him. On the 6th of July, the sufferer was
+able to write to Myconius: "Although my health is not yet established,
+(for the disease of the stone is added to my other afflictions, and in
+two days I have passed three stones with great pain,) yet I attend to my
+scholastic labors, to which God has called me, and I pray for the civil
+government."</p>
+
+<p>He at this time also received the sad tidings that one of his best
+friends, the celebrated <span class="smcap">Jerome Baumgartner</span>, of Nuremberg, had been
+captured by the robber-knight, <span class="smcap">Albert von Rosenberg</span>, when he was
+returning from the Diet of Spire. We cannot deny ourselves the pleasure
+to communicate some parts of the letter of consolation, addressed to
+Baumg�rtner's wife by Melanchthon: "We pray God that he will not permit
+you to sink in this great distress, but would by his Holy Spirit grant
+you comfort and strength, as he has often promised that he is a God who
+dwelleth with the sorrowful, as I have often experienced in no slight
+afflictions. And may you particularly console yourself with these three
+considerations: <i>first</i>, that what our Saviour said is certainly true,
+that all our hairs are numbered by God; that is, that God regards and
+preserves us, although we may be in danger. Therefore, even as he
+preserved Daniel among the lions, so he will also comfort and preserve
+your lord in the midst of the robbers who have captured him. In the
+<i>second</i> place, that this also is certainly true, that the Divine
+Majesty has promised, and pledged itself, to be with the troubled and
+terrified who call upon him, as it is written in the 37th chapter of the
+Prophet Isaiah. Therefore you should not doubt that the Eternal God is
+with your lord and you, and will strengthen and save you from this great
+distress. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> <i>third place</i>, it is certain that it is God's will
+that we should acknowledge him by calling upon him, and that he will
+manifest his presence by those gifts for which we pray, as he has said,
+'Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver thee, and thou shalt
+glorify me.' Therefore you should not doubt that God will hear you, and
+the many Christians who are praying that the Lord would restore your
+husband to you with joy. May the Eternal God, the Father of our Lord
+Jesus Christ, do this for his own glory, and at all times comfort and
+protect you and your husband. Amen."</p>
+
+<p>He wrote this on the 9th July, 1544; but, with many other sympathizing
+friends, was obliged to wait an entire year, until the prisoner regained
+his liberty, and could return to his family.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXIII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">WORMS AND RATISBON AGAIN.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When</span> the just-mentioned Baumg�rtner attended the Diet of Spire, in 1544,
+as the deputy from Nuremberg, the Emperor demanded the assistance of the
+states of the Empire against the Turks, who were giving his brother
+Ferdinand much trouble in Hungary. The Protestants took advantage of
+this opportunity, and before all demanded a fixed peace, and equal
+rights with the Catholics. The Emperor made many promises, and appointed
+a new diet to be held at Worms. He would have a Plan of Reformation
+prepared by learned and peaceable men, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> the Protestants should also
+present their plans. In the meantime there should be a general peace,
+and no party persecute the other because of religion. Law-suits and
+proscriptions, on account of religion, should be abolished. These were
+pleasing prospects for the Protestants, but did not last very long; for
+the Emperor now made peace with the king of France, and did not find any
+difficulty in using force of arms in Germany, as he had long ago
+intended. The Pope also summoned a General Council of the Church, to
+meet in Trent in the spring of 1545, so that it was easy to see that the
+affairs of the Church would be disposed of there, and not at the Diet.
+Melanchthon says, in a letter written January 11th, 1545, to Duke
+Albert, of Prussia: "The hope was entertained that the Emperor would
+call a National Synod, or would cause religion to be further discussed;
+but the Pope could not bear this. On this account the Council has been
+summoned for the 8th of April. Yesterday I received a letter from Worms,
+showing the violent feelings of the Emperor."</p>
+
+<p>However, the Elector caused a writing to be prepared for the Diet,
+called "The Reformation of Wittenberg," composed by Melanchthon. The
+Theologians of Wittenberg sent this work to the Elector, together with a
+letter, in which they say: "We have with due submission placed together
+our humble opinion, and have shown by what we intend to abide to the
+last." The work itself was divided into five parts, treating of the pure
+doctrine, the true use of the sacraments, of the ministry, of the
+maintenance of proper discipline, of the support of needful studies and
+schools, and also adds one article concerning bodily protection and
+support. It was a mild and simple confession of the truth. At the same
+time, they also delivered an opinion in regard to one of Bucer's works,
+which had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> sent to them for this purpose by the Elector. Bucer had
+proposed that at the Diet, the Evangelical states should unite in a
+complaint against the Pope, and refuse to acknowledge that he is the
+regular ecclesiastical power; and therefore they should labor to bring
+about a general reformation. But, as it was generally said that the
+Emperor and the King of France intended to bring about the General
+Council, those at Wittenberg had good reason for declaring that the
+Emperor would reject such proposals on the part of the States. They
+should only wait until the meeting of the Council, for it would propose
+articles which would enable well-meaning men to see the folly of the
+Pope and bishops. They did not, therefore, agree with the Opinion of
+Strasburg, and the Elector was perfectly satisfied with their judgment,
+for he said: "If the states on our side should accuse the Pope and his
+adherents before the Emperor, they would by this acknowledge his Majesty
+to be a judge in this matter."</p>
+
+<p>The result would be bad, for the Emperor was greatly influenced by the
+Spanish bishops and priests, "and we have not been able to permit or
+approve of men being judges of the word of God." He also thought it
+would be best simply to abide by the Augsburg Confession, "for in it
+nothing is withheld from the Pope and his party," and there is no
+complaint made. But although he considered the work of his Theologians
+too mild, the chancellor defended it in a lengthy report of the 20th of
+January, in which he proves that it agrees fully with the Augsburg
+Confession and Apology, "which have, by the grace of God, accomplished
+much good." "God willing, this Reformation will do the same, and will
+serve to destroy and to disgrace the venomous priests before the world,
+and his Imperial Majesty also. And your Grace will observe that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> Martin
+and the rest agree fully with him in this." To the wish expressed by the
+Elector, that Luther should write something against the Pope, the
+prudent chancellor replied: "May it please your Electoral Grace to spare
+Martin, until we see that the Papal Council still carries on this
+villany. Then it will be necessary for him to use the axe valiantly, for
+which he has been gifted by God's grace with a more valiant spirit than
+other men." This axe Luther not long after wielded with destructive
+force, in his publication called, "The Papacy at Rome, founded by the
+Devil." The Landgrave of Hesse did not find much to object to in the
+Wittenberg Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>But at the Diet of Worms, which began at the end of March, it was not
+brought into notice at all, the Protestants themselves not insisting
+upon its delivery. The Emperor's great object at the Diet of Worms was
+to induce the Protestants to send delegates to the Council of Trent,
+which was to be actually convened during the same year. This, however,
+they refused to do in the most decided manner. He then appointed another
+Diet, to be held in Ratisbon, January 6th, 1546, at which a religious
+discussion should take place. They saw very plainly that the Emperor
+contemplated violent measures, and therefore the Protestants met at the
+end of the year 1545, in order to renew the League of Smalkald. The
+Theologians of Wittenberg also advised this League, and said: "We pray
+that Almighty God may incline the princes and rulers to a cordial,
+lasting, and inseparable union." But this union was the very thing that
+was wanting. They resolved to accept the religious discussion at
+Ratisbon, but to protest against the Council of Trent, which began at
+last on the 7th of January, 1546. Melanchthon drew up a memorial to this
+effect.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>As the Protestants had declared that they would send representatives to
+the discussion at Ratisbon, it was now necessary to elect these
+delegates. We may suppose that the Court of the Elector had fixed upon
+Melanchthon, who had given such repeated evidences of his capability.
+But Luther appealed to the Elector with the words, "As it will be a
+useless and ineffectual council, of which we can hope nothing, Philip,
+who is indeed very ill, should be spared." In order to prevent
+Melanchthon's journey to Ratisbon, he even went to Br�ck, and explained
+the state of things to him. Of Melanchthon, he said: "He is a faithful
+man, who fears or shuns no one, and besides this he is weak and sick. He
+had no little difficulty in getting him home alive from Mansfeld, for he
+would not eat or drink. If we should lose this man from the University,
+it is likely that half the University would leave on his account. He
+would not advise, but most faithfully dissuade them from sending him."
+They should send Dr. Zoch and Dr. Maior, who was at least more learned
+than the Emperor's ass. Cruciger also begged that he should be excused
+from this discussion and journey. "However, if I knew," said the
+chancellor in his report, "that Melanchthon would not be excused from
+the disagreeable affairs at Mansfeld, I would rather advise and urge
+that he should be sent to Ratisbon. And Philip himself said that he
+would rather do the last than the first." The Elector yielded, but first
+summoned Melanchthon to Torgau, in order to consult with him about the
+discussion at Ratisbon. He here, on the 11th of January, published an
+Opinion, in which he said that it is not known whether the Emperor will
+again present one of Groper's books, or whether the Augsburg Confession
+would be discussed, article upon article. The Emperor was accompanied by
+a Spanish ecclesiastic, called <span class="smcap">Malvenda</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> Melanchthon thought that <i>he</i>
+would not fail to oppose the article on Justification. If they desired
+to destroy the whole discussion, it would be most useful to begin with
+this article, which is now known and highly esteemed throughout Germany,
+and among all the godly. This would soon bring matters to a close, and
+the Protestants could then publish a protest, that the opposite party
+would not be convinced, and that it would evidently be entirely useless
+to carry on further negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>The two persons pointed out by Luther, <span class="smcap">George Maior</span> and <span class="smcap">Laurentius Zoch</span>,
+were now chosen to attend the religious discussion at Ratisbon. It is
+said that when Maior once more visited Luther before his departure, he
+found upon the door of Luther's study the following words in Latin: "Our
+professors must be examined concerning the Lord's Supper." Maior asked
+him: "Venerable Father, what is the meaning of these words?" Luther
+replied: "They mean just what you read, and as they say; and when you
+return home again, and I too, an examination must be held, to which you
+as well as others shall be called." But when Maior in the most decided
+manner declared his adherence to the true doctrine of the sacrament,
+Luther spoke at length of this matter, and exhorted him to confess the
+same in the Church, in schools, and in private conversations, and by
+these means strengthen the brethren, lead his friends into the right way
+again, and oppose the wanton spirits. He who has the true Confession
+cannot stand in one stable with heretics, nor give fair words to the
+devil and his knaves. A teacher who says nothing against errors is worse
+than an open fanatic. He either lies under one cover with the enemies,
+or he is a doubter and weathervane, who is merely waiting to see whether
+Christ or the devil will gain the victory; or he is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> altogether in a
+state of uncertainty, and is not worthy to be called a disciple, much
+less teacher."</p>
+
+<p>Thus Luther spake, and Maior thanked him for it. How steadfastly Luther
+adhered to the truth, which he had recognized in regard to the important
+article of the Sacrament, may be inferred from this, if it were not
+known long before. Yet we also know that he was at this time on the most
+friendly terms with Melanchthon, whom he twice took along with him to
+Eisleben. Philip was often found at his table, and there was nothing but
+friendship between them. But in a few days this friendship was to
+receive a wound which this world could not heal. I do not refer to any
+change of doctrine, but to Luther's death, which to Melanchthon's great
+sorrow occurred very unexpectedly at Eisleben.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXIV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">LUTHER DIES, AND MELANCHTHON MOURNS.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Melanchthon</span> saw him, his dearly beloved father, for the last time, on
+the 23d of January, 1546, on which day Luther with his three sons
+departed for Eisleben, there to assist in settling the difficulties
+between the Counts of Mansfeld. It is not a part of our design to
+describe the particulars of Luther's journey, his labors in Eisleben,
+his short illness, and his blessed death. Melanchthon wrote to Jonas,
+(and doubtless sent the letter along with him,) that the angel of the
+covenant might accompany the Doctor, and assist him in his efforts to
+restore a lasting and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> beneficial harmony between the Counts of
+Mansfeld; and adds, that he was prevented from accompanying him by
+indisposition. He was at that time suffering from constipation, which he
+attributed to the stone. And on the 31st of January he wrote to Luther
+himself that his wife had been greatly troubled about him and the boys,
+because they had heard that the river Saale was very much swollen. "Now
+we pray," he adds, "the everlasting God, and Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, that he would bring you all back again in health, when you have
+been successful in restoring harmony among the Counts of Mansfeld. By
+God's grace, we are here in the enjoyment of peace; God grant that it
+may last for a long time." He received the most hearty greetings from
+Eisleben. On the 18th of February, on which day Luther had already made
+his happy departure from this world, Melanchthon yet wrote to him. We
+will here present the beginning of this letter: "To the venerable man,
+Dr. Martin Luther, distinguished by learning, virtue, and wisdom, the
+restorer of the true doctrine of the Gospel, his dearest father! Revered
+Doctor, and dearest Father! I thank you that you have written to me so
+often and kindly. And we now pray God, the eternal Father of our Lord
+Jesus Christ, that he would lead you all safely home." This prayer was
+not to be heard, or rather it was to be heard in a far higher sense. On
+the following day, February 19, he already received the sad tidings of
+the departure of his dear father, from Jonas. At 9 o'clock he was to
+lecture on the Epistle to the Romans, but his sorrow would not permit
+him to do so, and he said to the assembled students: "Beloved, pious
+young men!&mdash;you know that I proposed to explain to you the Epistle to
+the Romans, according to the simple and natural meaning of the words,
+because in this is contained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> the true doctrine of the Son of God, which
+God in special mercy has also revealed to us, in this our day, through
+our venerable father and dear teacher, Doctor Martin Luther. But I have
+this day received so sad a letter, which troubles and afflicts, and
+discourages me so much, that I doubt whether I shall be able in future
+to discharge the duties of my office in the University. What this is I
+will now relate to you, especially as other persons have also advised me
+to do so, and especially that you may know how it came to pass, so that
+you may not relate it differently from what is true, or may not believe
+other persons who may circulate false reports in regard to the matter,
+as is generally the case.</p>
+
+<p>"On Wednesday, February 7, shortly before supper, Dr. Martinus was
+attacked by his usual affection, a pain in the pit of the stomach, with
+which he was several times afflicted here. This returned after supper,
+and as it did not cease, he went into his chamber, and laid himself down
+for about two hours, until the pains had become much worse. He then
+called Doctor Jonas, who slept in the same room, and asked him to
+request Ambrosius, the tutor of his sons, to make a fire in the room. He
+then went in, and was soon surrounded by Count Mansfeld and his lady,
+and many others, whose names, on account of haste, are not mentioned in
+this letter. On the morning of Feb. 18, before four o'clock in the
+morning, he commended himself to God in this prayer: 'My dear heavenly
+Father, eternal, merciful God! Thou hast revealed unto me thy beloved
+Son, our Lord Jesus Christ; him have I taught and confessed, him I love
+and honor as my dear Saviour and Redeemer, whom the wicked persecute,
+despise, and revile. Take my soul to thyself!' He then thrice repeated
+the words: 'Into thy hands I commend my spirit, thou hast redeemed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> me,
+O God of Truth!' and then said: 'God so loved the world, that he gave
+his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not
+perish, but have everlasting life.' This prayer he repeated several
+times, and was thus taken by God into the everlasting school, and
+eternal joy, where he is now enjoying fellowship with God the Father,
+Son, and Holy Ghost, together with all prophets and apostles. Alas! the
+Chariot of Israel is gone, which ruled the Church in this last age of
+the world. For assuredly this doctrine of forgiveness of sin, and of
+faith in the Son of God, was not invented by the wisdom of man, but was
+revealed by God through this man, as we ourselves have also seen that he
+was awakened by God. Therefore let us willingly remember him, and love
+the doctrine which he proclaimed; let us also live more discreetly and
+moderately, and consider what great troubles and changes will follow the
+departure of this man. I beseech thee, O Son of God and Immanuel, who
+wast crucified for us, and didst rise again, to rule and protect thy
+Church. Amen."</p>
+
+<p>Thus Melanchthon spoke and prayed, with tears and with a troubled heart.
+His hearers were so deeply affected, that it seemed, as Selnecker says,
+as if the very walls were weeping, for all manifested their sorrow by
+sobbing aloud. On the 19th of February, he inquired of Jonas on what day
+they would arrive in Wittenberg with the corpse. In this letter, he also
+expresses his great sorrow on account of the death of this beloved man:
+"We are greatly troubled at the loss of such a teacher and leader, not
+only on account of the University, but also because of the Church
+Universal of the whole world, which he led by his counsels, doctrine,
+reputation, and the power of the Holy Ghost. Especially are we troubled
+when we think of the dangers and storms which will come, since he has
+been called away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> from his post.... But let us call upon our Lord Jesus
+Christ, who has said, I will not leave you comfortless, that he may
+continue to guide and preserve his Church, and let us thank him for the
+benefits he has conferred upon us through Dr. Luther, and let us hold
+Luther in grateful remembrance." On the same day, he also informed
+Amsdorf of this calamity, and concluded thus: "Although I have no doubt
+that many worthy persons everywhere will grieve most sincerely, I yet
+know that your grief will be still greater, because he had no older and
+dearer friend than you, and you loved him as a father. You have
+therefore a great personal reason for your sorrow. But to this must also
+be added public reasons, for after his death we seem to be threatened by
+many other evils; but I pray and conjure you, for God's sake, that you
+would encourage yourself with the divine consolations afforded us in the
+Gospel, and that you would remember us and the Church."</p>
+
+<p>About noon on the 22d of February, Luther's remains arrived at the
+Elster gate of Wittenberg, and amidst the ringing of all the bells, and
+the escort of a vast, deeply-moved multitude, were solemnly conveyed to
+the Electoral church, where the Elector had assigned him a
+resting-place. Melanchthon also walked in the procession; and after
+Bugenhagen had, with many tears, preached an affecting funeral sermon,
+Melanchthon also ascended the pulpit, and delivered a Latin address, the
+substance of which we propose to relate.</p>
+
+<p>"Although my own great sorrow almost forbids me to speak in this great
+sorrow of all pious hearts, and of the Church of Christ, yet, as I am to
+say something to this Christian assembly, I will not, after the manner
+of the heathen, merely praise the departed one, but would rather remind
+this honorable assembly of the great, wonderful,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> and divine guidance of
+the Church, and of the many dangers with which it must always contend,
+in order that Christians might learn so much better what should grieve
+them most, what they should seek and ask of God, more than anything
+else." Thus he commenced, and then spoke of <i>the office</i> which Luther
+had filled in the Church.</p>
+
+<p>He mentions particularly what he had done in respect to doctrine, how he
+had taught true repentance, justification by faith alone, the difference
+between the law and the Gospel, and true good works; how he had
+translated the Holy Scriptures, "in such a clear and plain manner," into
+the German language, and had also written other useful books.
+"Therefore, there can be no doubt but that pious Christian hearts will
+for ever continue to praise and glorify the divine blessings, which he
+has given to his Church by the hands of this Doctor Luther. They will
+first of all praise and thank God for it; but after that, also confess
+that they have been greatly benefited by the faithful labors of this
+worthy man in his writings and preaching, and that they owe him thanks
+for all this." He now speaks of it, that many reproached Doctor Luther
+"on account of being too severe and rough in his writings." He would
+reply to this, in the words of Erasmus: "God has also given a severe and
+rough physician to the world, which in this latter time has been filled
+with grievous plagues and defects." But he is truly blamed too much. "He
+always faithfully and diligently defended the true faith, and always
+maintained a good, sincere, and undefiled conscience. And every one who
+knew him well, and had much intercourse with him, must confess that he
+was a very kind-hearted man; and when among others, was always friendly,
+amiable, and gracious in his conversation, and by no means insolent,
+stormy, obstinate, or quarrelsome. And yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> withal, there was an
+earnestness and bravery in his words and gestures, which should be found
+in such a man. In short, he had a heart, faithful and without guile,
+words gracious and friendly, and, as St. Paul requires of the Christian,
+'whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever
+things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are
+lovely, whatsoever things are of good report.' Therefore, it is evident
+that the severity which he manifested in his writings against the
+enemies of the pure doctrine, did not proceed from a quarrelsome or
+wicked spirit, but rather from his great earnestness and zeal for the
+truth. This testimony must be given by us, and many pious persons, who
+saw and knew him intimately." He then proceeds to say: "No unchaste act
+or any other vice was ever discovered in him, no word leading to tumult
+or rebellion was ever heard from his lips, but he always exhorted men to
+reconciliation and peace; he never mingled other things with matters of
+religion, and never made use of any intrigues to strengthen his own
+power or that of his friends."... "I myself have often heard him pray
+with many tears for the whole Church. For he daily took time to repeat a
+few Psalms, with which he mingled his prayers to God, with sighs and
+tears, and often, in his daily conversation, expressed his displeasure
+against those who, because of their indolence or business, pretend that
+it is sufficient to call upon God with a brief ejaculation."... "We have
+likewise frequently seen, when great and important debates in regard to
+sudden and dangerous emergencies arose, that he always exhibited great
+courage and manliness; for he was not easily terrified, and did not lose
+confidence on account of threats, or dangers, or terror. For he trusted
+to this sure foundation, as upon an immovable rock, even upon the help
+and support of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> God, and permitted nothing to take this faith and
+confidence from his heart. Besides this, he possessed so great and keen
+an understanding, that he could tell before all others what should be
+advised and done in intricate, dark, and difficult affairs and disputes.
+That so worthy a man, gifted with such a mind, of sound learning, and
+tried and experienced by long practice, gifted with many lofty,
+Christian, and peculiar virtues, chosen by God to raise up the Church;
+one, too, who loved us with all his heart as a father; that such a man
+should have been called away, and has departed from this life, and from
+our midst and association, even from the foremost place of all, is
+surely enough to call forth our sorrow and distress. For we are now like
+poor, wretched, forsaken orphans, who have lost an affectionate and
+excellent father. However, as we ought to obey God, and resign ourselves
+to his will, we should for ever cherish the memory of this our beloved
+father, and never suffer it to be effaced from our hearts." The speaker
+then proceeded to describe the pleasant lot which had fallen to the
+sainted one in heaven, after having found that for which he had wished
+for a long time. "We ought not to doubt that this our dear father, Dr.
+Luther, is present with God, in external happiness." It is God's will
+that we should always remember his virtues, and the blessings bestowed
+upon us through him. We should faithfully discharge this debt of
+gratitude towards him, and should acknowledge that he was a precious,
+noble, useful, and blessed instrument in God's hands; and we should
+study his doctrine diligently, and preserve it faithfully. We should
+also regard his virtues as an example to be imitated by us; such as his
+piety, faith, earnest and fervent prayer, fidelity and diligence in
+office, chastity and modesty, prudence, anxiety to avoid everything
+which might cause tumults<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> and other offences, and a constant pleasure
+and desire to learn more and more.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Melanchthon spoke with a sorrowful heart. He felt more than all how
+much he had lost in Luther, who might well be compared to the sturdy
+oak, against which this timid man could often lean. He expressed his
+sorrow in every direction, as his letters at this time prove. And his
+way was gradually becoming lonely, for his dearest friends were dying,
+as for instance Spalatin; and the departure of another, his beloved
+Myconius, who had once before been snatched from the bonds of death by
+the faith and prayer of Luther, was also near at hand. Myconius was
+suffering with bronchitis, and it was evident that he would soon rest
+from his labors. It was at this time that Melanchthon addressed two
+letters to him, which we present on account of their consolatory
+contents. On the 1st of March, 1546, he wrote: "I most earnestly wish
+that God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, might again restore your
+bodily strength, so that you might serve the Church longer, and
+superintend the studies of your sons. But if God, my Frederick, has
+resolved to call you away, oh! then consider into what an assembly you
+shall be admitted; to God, and his Son given for us, to the patriarchs,
+prophets and apostles. You will see and converse with those who shall
+proclaim the glory of God to you without deceitful arts. I seek their
+intercourse with such ardent desire, that I am often sorrowful that I am
+obliged to sojourn longer in this earthly prison, especially as I am
+constantly contending with great sufferings and dangers. Rather would I
+be torn in pieces than unite with those deceivers who are at present
+endeavoring to consummate false unions. And yet you know that I am
+constantly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> called to attend these artful proceedings. Therefore I
+beseech you to commend the Church and me to God!" And on March 4, he
+wrote: "Dearest Frederick! The gracious word of the Son of God has
+frequently comforted me in great afflictions: '<i>Neither shall any man
+pluck them out of my hand.</i>' We will not seek any other explanation of
+the sheep, than that given us by Christ, who calls those his sheep who
+hear and love the Gospel. We are such, without doubt. Therefore, in all
+the dangers of this life and of death, we should entertain the confiding
+assurance that the watchman and defender, our shepherd, the Son of God,
+is with us always. Since Luther has been called away from this mortal
+state of existence, I have, besides my sorrow, additional cares and
+labors."</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of April, Myconius died, to the great sorrow of Melanchthon,
+who thus expresses it in a letter to Jonas: "Frederick Myconius, after
+contending with his disease for a long time, has at last been called
+away from this mortal life. You see that the righteous are gathered in,
+that they may not behold the approaching calamities, which may God
+lessen, as we pray." These calamities were nearer at hand than he
+thought.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">WAR AND THE MISERY OF WAR.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">While</span> Luther's death was not only deeply moving Wittenberg and Saxony,
+but all the friends of the Gospel elsewhere, the religious discussion of
+Ratisbon, which had been commenced on the 27th of January, was in full
+operation, but not in a very encouraging manner. For the Spanish
+Ecclesiastic, <span class="smcap">Malvenda</span>, proved himself to be a proud and obstinate
+priest. He had proposed nine propositions in regard to the article on
+Justification, which were composed in such a way that it was altogether
+impossible for the Protestants to accept them. The latter, therefore,
+declared in a protest, that they intended to abide by the Augsburg
+Confession, and regarded this as the true Catholic and Christian
+doctrine. The Theologians of Wittenberg were of the same opinion; and,
+in a letter to the Elector of the 5th of March, declared: "Dr. Martinus
+has left a valuable jewel behind him, even the true meaning of Christian
+doctrine, which we wish to transmit, undefiled, to our posterity. May
+God grant us his Grace and Holy Spirit for this purpose!" But on the
+banks of the Danube, that is, in Ratisbon, the Imperial party would have
+nothing to do with this pure doctrine, and laid every difficulty in the
+way of the Protestants. Indeed, it appeared more and more, that the
+whole discussion was a mock-fight, and that the Emperor was determined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
+to cut the Gordian knot with his sword. He indeed did not wish this to
+be made known, for he was a deceitful man, who well knew how to conceal
+his thoughts. But the Elector saw through his disguise, and ordered his
+Theologians to retire from the discussion at Ratisbon. They returned in
+the beginning of April.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon about this time prepared an opinion in the name of the
+Theologians, in which resistance against the Emperor is declared to be a
+duty: "If it is true that the Emperor intends to fall upon these States
+on account of religion, then it is doubtless right that these States
+should earnestly protect themselves and their subjects, with the help of
+God." When the Emperor, therefore, came to Ratisbon, and had opened the
+diet on the 5th of June, the Protestants were forced to ask him the
+reason of his warlike preparations.</p>
+
+<p>He distinctly told them "that, as he was unable to restore peace in
+Germany by mild measures, he was obliged to proceed against the
+disobedient with the power of the Empire." The Pope united with him, and
+published this treaty, in which he openly speaks of the extermination of
+heretics. Melanchthon wrote about this to Amsdorf, on June 25th: "It is
+certain that the Emperor Charles is preparing to wage a terrible war
+against the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave. Already large armies
+are gathered in the neighborhood of Guelders, and troops, to be
+supported by the Pope, are expected from Italy. Charles does not conceal
+that he intends to wage war against the Duke of Saxony; for he called
+together the deputies of the cities in Ratisbon, and exhorted them not
+to assist the Duke of Saxony. But the cities nobly and firmly declared
+that they would not forsake their ally in the hour of danger. So much of
+the beginning of the war.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> But as God protected the house of the widow
+of Zarephath, so I pray that God would protect our princes, who govern
+justly, and do many good services to the churches and the studies of
+religion." As the treaty between the Pope and the Emperor was published,
+the Protestants opposed it in a public address, in which they asserted
+that the Emperor had been instigated to this war by the Roman
+Antichrist, in order to suppress religion, and German liberty. On the
+other hand, the Emperor gave as a reason the disobedience of the
+princes, which was particularly shown in their invasion of the rights of
+the bishops and founders, in the expulsion of the monks, and also
+because they detained the Duke of Brunswick in custody. The Pope ordered
+public prayers for the extermination of heretics, but the Protestants
+made all possible preparations to resist the Emperor.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon published Luther's excellent little book, "A Warning to my
+beloved Germans," and added an encouraging introduction, in which he
+says: "Let all who fear God in Germany, now seriously consider and
+remember what they owe to God in these terrible warlike preparations.
+For now that it is known that the Pope is lending such great aid in
+money and soldiers to carry on this war, there can be no doubt that it
+is his principal aim to exterminate the true doctrine, which is now
+preached in our churches, and to re-establish and secure forever his own
+idolatry and errors, by shedding of blood, murder, the lasting
+destruction of the German nation, and by dismembering all the Electoral
+and princely families." He encourages resistance, and adds: "I am
+surprised that wise men have suffered themselves to be induced to begin
+this war. But it is not only the work of men, the devil's rage, and
+desire to bring about greater destruction and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> misery in Christendom....
+But I pray all God-fearing men earnestly to beseech God to protect his
+Church, in which the true doctrine is preached, and also every Christian
+government. Besides this, all such should remember that every one is in
+duty bound to aid in preserving the true Christian doctrine, according
+to his position and means. For this we live, and we cannot do a better
+work in this life."</p>
+
+<p>The Imperial ban of the Empire against the Elector and the Landgrave,
+the two leaders of the league of Smalkald, made its appearance on the
+20th of July. Besides this, Duke Maurice of Saxony, who was full of
+ambition, betrayed the cause of his relative, the Elector, and the cause
+of the Protestants in general. He went over to the Emperor's side. But
+before the Emperor had gathered his troops, the Protestants were already
+standing on the banks of the Danube, in the month of July, with an army
+of 40,000 men, prepared to strike. But they did not make a good use of
+their favorable position, for they could at this time have brought the
+war to an end by one decisive blow. The experienced commander of the
+Upper Germans, <span class="smcap">Sebastian Sch�rtlin</span>, wished to fall upon the Emperor, who
+with a few hundred men was then in Ratisbon, and compel him to make
+peace. But his plan was defeated by the scruples of the leaders of the
+League, until the Emperor had received reinforcements, and was now able
+to assume an offensive attitude. He soon became master of the Danube,
+and entered Swabia. When the leaders of the League now proposed terms of
+peace, he ordered them to surrender at discretion. Here they also
+learned that Duke Maurice had united with the Emperor, and therefore the
+two leaders of the League resolved to return to their own dominions, in
+order to protect them, especially as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> Maurice had already entered the
+Electoral dominions, and was capturing one city after the other. The
+Emperor had also promised the Electoral dignity to Duke Maurice. When
+the princes retreated, with the intention, it is true, of meeting the
+Emperor the following spring with a stronger force, they placed the game
+entirely in his hands. He conquered, and laid under contribution, the
+various confederate cities in Southern Germany; and on the Rhine,
+humbled the aged Duke Ulrich, of W�rtemberg, and deprived the aged
+Archbishop of Cologne of his princely dignity. He had thus covered his
+rear in Swabia and on the Rhine, and was now able, without much
+difficulty, to shift the war into the dominions of the two leaders of
+the Confederation.</p>
+
+<p>While the Emperor was proceeding thus in Southern Germany, and on the
+Rhine, the Elector, John Frederick, entered Thuringia with 2000 men, and
+soon swept away the armies of Duke Maurice. He even entered his
+dominions, and conquered the whole land, with the exception of Leipzig.
+At Altenberg, he was opposed by Maurice and his ally, the Margrave
+Albert, of Brandenburg, but in vain. For the Margrave was taken
+prisoner, and Maurice evacuated the country. Thus John Frederick stood
+as a victor upon the banks of the Elbe, but without taking advantage of
+his victory.</p>
+
+<p>We may easily suppose that the University and schools could not prosper
+much in these warlike times. When the troops of Duke Maurice were
+advancing, it was thought advisable in Wittenberg to dissolve the
+University. The Margrave Joachim offered a retreat to Melanchthon. Many
+fled to Magdeburg, but Melanchthon selected Zerbst, when the troops of
+Maurice threatened Wittenberg. We may conceive the feelings of
+Melanchthon's heart, when aged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> sires, women, and children, were thus
+compelled to flee, in mid-winter, in a snow-storm. He was received in a
+hospitable manner at Zerbst, and at the same time also received
+invitations from Brunswick and Nuremberg. But, while everything looked
+so gloomy, the sky assumed a bright appearance at the return of the
+Elector, who had so expeditiously cleared his dominions of hostile
+troops. Melanchthon, too, returned to Wittenberg, now freed from the
+siege, but only for a few days, as matters were still in a state of
+insecurity and uncertainty. He returned to Zerbst, and was destined soon
+to experience greater calamities than ever before. But, although he was
+greatly afflicted, he comforted himself with the word of God. He at this
+time wrote to Camerarius: "Let us be assured that God will preserve the
+seed of his Church and of the truth, as he has so repeatedly promised in
+his divine word, and let us not doubt that God has our welfare at heart,
+even if the world should be destroyed." In the beginning of February,
+1547, he again returned to Wittenberg for a few days, and thence wrote
+to the Elector to make peace, but without effecting anything.</p>
+
+<p>While Melanchthon was deeply afflicted by the death of his beloved
+daughter <span class="smcap">Anna</span>, who had been married to Sabinus, and died on the 26th of
+February, in the flower of life, he was also to behold calamities
+falling upon the dominions of his prince from every quarter. The Emperor
+had arisen with the determination to subdue John Frederick. He united
+with his brother Ferdinand and Duke Maurice, at Egra, and advanced into
+the Electoral dominions with 27,000 men, while the Elector had rapidly
+retreated to Wittenberg, which was well fortified. But he was overtaken
+by the Imperial cavalry. A battle was fought at M�hlberg, April 24. The
+pious Elector was at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> the time attending divine worship, and thought
+that he ought to remain until the close; he was overtaken on the heath
+of Lochau, and after a brave resistance on his part, was made prisoner.
+The Emperor received him in a very ungracious manner, and ordered him,
+together with the captive Duke Ernest of Brunswick-L�neburg, to be
+conveyed to the camp. Intoxicated by his victory, he even went so far as
+to pronounce sentence of death upon the Elector, against all the
+prerogatives of princes. But the Elector received the announcement with
+the greatest tranquillity. However, he did not venture to execute the
+sentence, and changed it to imprisonment for life. As the Elector
+steadily rejected the resolutions of the Council of Trent, he was
+declared to have forfeited his lands and electoral dignity, and the
+traitor Maurice was entrusted with the Electorate. When Melanchthon, who
+was then at Zerbst, heard of the defeat of the Elector, he was deeply
+moved, and thus expresses his troubles in a letter written to Caspar
+Cruciger, on the 1st of May: "Dearest Caspar, if I were able to weep as
+many tears as the Elbe rolls deep waters by you and our walls, I could
+not weep out my sorrow on account of the defeat and imprisonment of our
+prince, who truly loved the Church and Justice. Many important
+considerations increase my distress. I deeply commiserate the prisoner.
+I foresee a change of doctrine, and a new confusion of the Churches.
+Then, what an ornament is destroyed in the dispersion of our school? and
+we too are torn asunder. Truly, if it were possible for one to consider,
+I would rather die in your society, and before your altars, than wander
+about in this state of exile, in which my strength is daily decreasing."
+As the Spanish and Italian soldiers made great havoc, and especially
+mal-treated women and maidens, he did not consider Zerbst a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> safe
+retreat any longer. He, therefore, removed with his family to Magdeburg.
+He here met Luther's widow, who was about to depart to Denmark, where
+she had found a noble patron in the king. He accompanied her to
+Brunswick, where she remained for some time, and he went to Nordhausen.
+A faithful friend, Mayor <span class="smcap">Meienberg</span>, resided here, with whom he had
+carried on a cordial correspondence. He had written to him on Ascension
+day, shortly before his arrival in Nordhausen: "I write this letter on a
+happy day, in which the Ascension of the Son of God is publicly
+commemorated, and which was beheld in former days by many of the Church
+with their own eyes. And I thought of the sweet words of comfort which
+are read on this day. But the Son of God still sitteth at the right hand
+of the Eternal Father, and bestows his gifts upon the children of men.
+Therefore, if we call upon him, he will also grant us gifts, and protect
+and preserve his Church." And this trust, which he reposed in the Lord
+of the Church, was not put to shame.</p>
+
+<p>He dropped the plan he had formed, of visiting his home, and also
+declined a call to the University of T�bingen, which he received at this
+time; for his heart was wedded to Wittenberg, which had become his
+second home. He wrote to a friend on the 5th of June: "The University of
+T�bingen has called me. But in my bosom and inmost feelings I feel a
+great affection for our little nest on the Elbe, and towards the friends
+residing there, and in the neighborhood, so that it would give me the
+greatest pain to part from them. Therefore I shall soon return to the
+Elbe again."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXVI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">RESTORATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WITTENBERG.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">His</span> desire to return to Wittenberg was to be gratified sooner than he
+expected. In the beginning of June, he was informed by his countryman,
+the Imperial secretary <span class="smcap">Obernburg</span>, that Duke Maurice had become Elector,
+and intended to restore the University of Wittenberg; and by a letter
+from Cruciger, the former instructors were called upon to return.
+Already, on the 8th of June, Melanchthon signified his intention of
+going to Wittenberg or Dessau, in order to consult with his friends in
+regard to this matter. A portion of the dominions of the Elector had
+been left to his sons, including Weimar, Jena, Eisenach, Gotha, and
+other places; and it seems the father was anxious that a new institution
+should be founded in Jena. This wish of the Elector, who was deeply
+interested in the cause of the Gospel, was worthy of all commendation;
+for the treachery of Duke Maurice did not permit the hope that
+Wittenberg would again become a nursery of the pure doctrine. It must,
+therefore, have been a very desirable object with the young dukes, to
+secure the former teachers of Wittenberg, particularly Melanchthon, for
+the new school. The elder Duke therefore requested Melanchthon not to
+remove from those parts. He immediately replied from Nordhausen, June
+9th, 1547: "Although the parents of your Grace, as well as your Grace,
+and your brothers, and all your faithful subjects, are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> plunged at
+present into the deepest sorrow which can come upon us in this world of
+trouble, yet we ought not to forget that God seeth all these things, and
+if we call upon him with all the heart, will lessen our misery, and show
+mercy, although we must endure chastisement for a season. I thank your
+Grace most humbly that you have been graciously pleased to invite me to
+stay near you; and if I could serve your Electoral Grace in an humble
+position as a teacher, I would rather serve your Grace in poverty, than
+in riches in other quarters, although I have been invited to several
+places. But I will not leave your dominions without the knowledge of
+your Grace. I intend soon also to pay another visit to Wittenberg." At
+the same time, he also received a letter from his friends at Wittenberg,
+urging him to come thither. In a letter to a friend there, he says: "I
+love the University as my home, for I have there lived in the greatest
+intimacy with learned and honorable colleagues, and we have together
+endeavored to spread abroad the doctrine of the most needful things,
+with moderate zeal. The son of the imprisoned prince has merely
+requested me not to leave his dominions, without previously informing
+him of my intention to do so; and if I could find a little place, even
+in an humble school in his dominions, I would be inclined to serve him.
+For I am not thinking of a brilliant position, but of my grave." He now
+for the first time learned that it was intended to establish an
+institution of learning at Jena; and he therefore wrote to the dukes
+that he would come to Weimar, "in order to hear further what your wishes
+may be, and also to communicate my own simple and humble opinion." From
+a number of letters written at this time, for instance, from one written
+to Augustin Schurff, on the 13th of July, it is evident that he had no
+other intention but to settle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> where he might live and labor together
+with his old friends and colleagues. He said: "I will regard the place
+of their residence as my native land." However, he went to Weimar, in
+order to consult with the dukes and Chancellor Br�ck. Here, it seems,
+they intended to gain over Melanchthon for Jena, without, however,
+appointing his friends. This did not please him. Without expressing his
+sentiments fully, he proposed to retire to Zerbst, in order to consult
+with Schurff, Eber, and some other friends. But in Merseburg, he, on the
+18th of July, received letters from George of Anhalt, and Cruciger,
+summoning him to Leipzig. Duke Maurice was there at the time, and wished
+to see the Wittenberg Theologians, especially Melanchthon, who
+immediately departed for Leipzig. Bugenhagen refers to this in the
+following manner: "There Master Philip came to us, on account of which
+we greatly rejoiced, and thanked God. My most gracious lord (Maurice),
+entertained us splendidly in his own inn, paid all our expenses, and
+honored us with various gifts, and presents of money; he also received
+us in person, in a very gracious manner, and publicly declared before
+us, and all the Superintendents, that he would never permit himself to
+be led back to those Papal errors, which oppose the word of God, and the
+blessed Gospel of Jesus Christ. Therefore we should continue to teach
+the pure Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to condemn such abuses, together
+with all other fanaticism and error. His Electoral Grace also enjoined
+it upon us, that we should call the professors of the University of
+Wittenberg together again, resume our lectures, and to call the
+Consistory of the Church." Ratzeberger relates that the Elector
+presented a velvet cap, filled with dollars, to Dr. Pommer and Master
+Philip, and assured all of his favor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>The Elector Maurice had before this been exhorted to restore the
+University, and he had now returned a gracious answer. Melanchthon
+rejoiced that he was able to return to Wittenberg again. On the 25th of
+June, he departed thither, accompanied by Bugenhagen, Cruciger, and
+Eber; after having declined the invitation to remain as professor in
+Leipzig. He wrote to Camerarius: "I do not know how long I shall remain
+here." And to Weinlaub: "The deliberations in regard to the restoration
+of the University are still very uncertain, for, as you may imagine,
+many difficulties stand in the way." And to Aurifaber, August 4th: "You
+are familiar with the old accounts, with what great difficulty cities
+were restored after their destruction. How often was the rebuilding of
+Jerusalem hindered, after the return of the Israelites from Chaldea! And
+yet the temple was finally restored. Thus will our University perhaps be
+restored again, although it be done slowly; I trust that it may be
+accomplished by the help of God." The prince gave the best assurances
+that he would secure a new income; and this was very necessary, for the
+University owned very little real-estate. Melanchthon was actually
+living at his own expense;<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and, as he remarked in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> last of the
+letters above, the restoration was progressing very slowly. But
+notwithstanding all this, he declined repeated offers from K�nigsberg,
+Frankfort-on-the-Oder, &amp;c., so firmly was he rooted in Wittenberg. He
+wrote to Meienburg: "Verily, if this University is not restored, a state
+of barbarism will fall upon the churches, which may God prevent!" On the
+12th of August, he went with Eber to Dresden, in order to consult with
+Chancellor Cummerstadt about the income of the University, without,
+however, receiving any definite promises. His family were still in
+Nordhausen, whither he went to pay them a visit in October. He was
+accompanied by his son-in-law Sabinus, who, in compliance with
+Melanchthon's wishes, had brought his daughters to the house of their
+grand-parents, to be raised by them. At last, in the middle of October,
+the University was restored, and the family could again remove to the
+old home.</p>
+
+<p>By thus remaining in Wittenberg, in the service of the perfidious Duke
+Maurice, Melanchthon was much reproached by the friends of the
+unfortunate prisoner, and his sons, who were establishing a University
+in Jena. And it will remain a question, whether it would not have been
+more honorable in him to have retired to Jena. However, we must hear the
+reasons which induced him to pursue this course. He justified this step,
+in various letters addressed to his friends. He wrote to the Pastor
+<span class="smcap">Aquila</span>, in Saalfeld, August 29th: "As there seemed some prospect of the
+restoration of our University, and my colleagues earnestly conjured me
+to return, I was persuaded to do so by considering the name of the
+University, my connection with my colleagues, and the desertion and
+affliction of this Church, towards which many nations formerly directed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+their eyes. It seemed a mark of the special mercy of God that our city
+was not utterly destroyed, and I would regard it as a greater mercy
+still, if our University should be re-established. Although I know that
+many speak ill of me on account of this my return, I yet do not reply,
+but merely pray that my grief may be forgiven me. Ennius says a
+melancholy mind is always in error. In my great sadness I therefore
+longed too earnestly for my old friends, with whom I labored so long in
+one and the same excellent work. I also hoped too much in these insecure
+times, when I believed in the possibility of the restoration of the
+University, the certainty of which is not yet apparent. At all event, I
+did not seek carnal pleasures or treasures. I live here like a stranger
+at my own expense, in constant sorrow and prayer, and no day passes over
+my head without tears." As many friends of the Gospel entertained the
+suspicion that the truth would now be departed from in Wittenberg,
+Melanchthon declared in a letter to Aquila: "When those, of whom you
+write, say that the preachers of this place have deserted the truth,
+they do great injury to this Church, which is already sufficiently
+distressed. By God's grace, the voice of the Gospel now resounds as
+unanimously in the city of Wittenberg as it did before the war. And
+almost every week, ministers of the Gospel are publicly ordained, and
+sent into the neighboring districts. It was but this week that six pious
+and learned men were sent forth, all of whom declare, even as formerly,
+that they will preach the pure Gospel to their hearers. And they are
+likewise examined, as in former times. The facts of the case prove that
+we have not changed our minds in regard to doctrine. We also offer up
+public and private prayers for the imprisoned prince. We do not hear
+any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> one speak ill of our prince, and the authorities of this city would
+not permit anything of the kind. Therefore, I beseech you, do not
+believe those who slander us, or the Church here; I hope that God
+himself will confute them, and deliver us from their envenomed tongues.
+I myself honor the imprisoned prince with devout reverence, and daily
+commend him to God with tears and supplications, and pray God to deliver
+and guide him. As this is true, I am amazed at the levity of the
+slanderer who accuses me of the cruelty of preventing prayer for the
+prince. But I will beseech God, that he would protect his Church
+everywhere, and that he would also deliver us from such slanders in this
+our great distress."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon thus openly expresses himself in regard to his position at
+that time, and we are warranted in believing that these were the honest
+and sincere sentiments of his heart. But still more difficult relations
+arose, in which his Christian character was to be tried in the severest
+manner. The following chapters will show how he demeaned himself in
+these.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXVII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE DIET OF AUGSBURG AND ITS INTERIM.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Emperor Charles, proud of his victories, would not be satisfied
+until he also succeeded in securing the second leader of the League of
+Smalkald, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse. For this purpose he also
+employed Duke Maurice, which was especially disgraceful, because he was
+the son-in-law of the Landgrave. Maurice did not believe that the
+Emperor would capture the Landgrave treacherously, in order to lead him
+behind his victorious chariot, as he did with Duke John Frederick. The
+Landgrave yielded to persuasion, and upon his knees asked the Emperor's
+pardon; yet, notwithstanding all assurances to the contrary, he was
+seized and made a close prisoner. Thus the League of Smalkald was
+destroyed, and the Emperor found himself the mighty monarch of all he
+surveyed.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, the Council of Trent had published several articles of
+religion, which were opposed to the acknowledged Evangelical truth; and
+the Pope had now also removed it from Trent to Italian soil, to Bologna,
+in order to have it completely in his power. This displeased the
+Emperor, who did not like to see the Pope assuming too powerful and
+prominent a position. On the 1st September, 1547, he had opened another
+diet at Augsburg, towards which many looked with great anxiety. Not only
+the Ecclesiastical Electors, but also the Protestant princes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> were
+induced, by his influence, to declare that they would submit to the
+Council, provided it should be removed back again to Trent, and the
+articles of religion would be reconsidered. John Frederick alone opposed
+this; while the Pope did the same on the other side, because he could
+not bear to see the growing power of the Emperor. But Charles had for
+years learned at least so much, that it would be utterly impossible to
+introduce into Germany a reformation such as the Papacy desired; and
+because he wished to hold all the reins, not only of the worldly, but
+also of the spiritual government, in his own hands, he proposed to
+undertake the Reformation of the German Church himself. He had
+entertained this project for a long time, as he also manifested by the
+Ratisbon book, and now he believed he could carry out his plans, almost
+without any opposition, as the German States were prostrate at his feet.
+He therefore proposed to these to appoint a number of able men to meet
+and deliberate for the present, upon a form of doctrine and discipline
+for the Church. In January, 1548, Duke Maurice had demanded the opinion
+of the Theologians of Wittenberg, in regard to this matter. On the 26th
+of January, they replied: "We see that it is intended to form an
+interim, which many States, who are now one with us in doctrine, will
+not receive, which will cause new and great wars. Therefore, we need the
+Grace of God and good counsel in this matter, which we dread very much.
+It would be burdensome besides, to afflict our Churches by new changes;
+and it would be Christian and beneficial to suffer them to remain in
+their present condition." As the Elector had summoned them to Augsburg,
+they declared they would hold themselves in readiness. In regard to the
+Council, which was to be continued in Trent, Melanchthon expressed
+himself to the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> purpose: "I believe, that if we agree to
+holding it, we are also bound to obey its decrees. But as various
+articles are false and opposed to divine truth, I cannot advise their
+adoption, and thus burden my conscience. But if the Emperor should
+insist upon a General Council, the other side should also be heard. The
+Emperor should be urged to permit an accommodation in Germany, as had
+been advised in Spire. And both sides should present written opinions."</p>
+
+<p>It is highly gratifying that Melanchthon behaved so valiantly in this
+matter. And this must be valued still more highly, when we remember that
+the Emperor had twice already demanded his delivery. But the Emperor had
+already formed his plans. It is very likely that the Elector <span class="smcap">Joachim
+II.</span>, of Brandenburg, presented a writing to him, which, like the
+notorious book of Ratisbon, endeavored to bring about an agreement
+between the Catholics and Protestants. There is very little doubt of the
+fact, that the Elector's Chaplain, John Agricola, had composed a
+considerable portion of this book. When he entered his carriage in
+Berlin, he is said to have remarked that he was now going to Augsburg as
+the Reformer of Germany, and everywhere praised this performance
+exceedingly. The Emperor placed this document in the hands of the two
+Catholic Theologians, Julius von Pflug and Helding, that, in connection
+with Agricola, they might revise it in such a manner that it might be
+introduced into Germany as a temporary form of doctrine and discipline
+of the Church. It is generally called the <i>Augsburg Interim</i>, that is to
+say, the Augsburg "in the mean time." Agricola was so highly pleased
+with it, that he could not praise and magnify its advantages too much.
+It granted the cup, marriage of the priests, and the possession of
+confiscated church property<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> to the Protestants; and while it
+approximated their doctrine of the Church, the mass, and justification,
+it demanded that the rights of the Bishops, the seven Sacraments,
+transubstantiation, the invocation of saints, fasting, and ceremonies,
+should be retained. When Duke Maurice had received the book, he sent it
+to Melanchthon, who, from Altenburg, gave his opinion as follows: "It
+resembles the Ratisbon book, some articles being more stringent, others
+more moderate. What it says of the power of the Bishops needs
+limitation. It speaks in a very weak manner of faith and grace, although
+much better than the Council of Trent." Of the Pope and the Bishops, he
+says: "If the Pope has the true doctrine, we ought to obey him; but if
+he has not the true doctrine, our obedience must end." He expresses
+himself in a very decided manner against some points in the articles on
+the Sacraments, auricular confession, marriage, the mass, and invocation
+of saints, and says: "Finally, I am not willing to burden my conscience
+with this book, for the following reason: If the rulers would insist
+that the Pastors should adhere to this to the very letter, it would
+cause great persecution, sorrow, and offences, which would have such an
+injurious influence upon many persons, that they would not believe in
+any form of religion after it."</p>
+
+<p>After a more thorough examination of the Interim, he published a still
+more decided and definite opinion from Klosterzelle, whither he had
+gone, because the Emperor had again demanded his delivery or exile. He
+pronounces a severer judgment in regard to the "deceitful article of
+faith and love." "In reality, this is its true meaning: faith is a mere
+preparation for justification, then cometh love, by which man is
+justified. That is as much as to say: man is just because of his own
+works and virtues, so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> this light is taken away; man is just and
+accepted by God, for the sake of the Lord Jesus Christ, through faith."
+"Thus man is led away from Christ to depend upon himself, and thus loses
+the comfort he should find in the Son of God." He adds: "I pray that
+these things may be well considered, for they concern the glory of God
+and the harmony of all the Churches." And again: "If they wish to make a
+tolerable, Christian Interim, they ought doubtless to make a difference
+between those matters which are right and needful, and those which are
+unnecessary, wrong, and, besides this, impossible. Why do they wish to
+desolate the Churches on account of the needless and false masses for
+souls, invocations of the saints, &amp;c.?" For although the Interim
+admitted that the mass is no sacrifice for sin, and does not purchase
+forgiveness of sins, yet it still retained these four errors: the
+<i>first</i>, that the priest offers the Son of God as a sacrifice in the
+mass; the <i>second</i>, that by this the people obtain the merits of Christ;
+the <i>third</i>, that departed saints are to be invoked; and the <i>fourth</i>,
+that this sacrifice is beneficial to the dead. "These are all terrible
+lies, and therefore these articles should not be agreed to."</p>
+
+<p>Thus did Melanchthon express himself, and the other Theologians,
+Cruciger, Maior, and Pfeffinger, agreed with him. The Elector Maurice
+had not been pleased with the Interim from the beginning, and declared
+that he would not undertake anything of the kind without consulting his
+people. When he had, therefore, read Melanchthon's views, he demanded a
+full and dispassionate opinion from the Theologians. They went to Celle,
+and prepared one. On the 14th of April they sent it to the Elector,
+accompanied by a modest, yet determined letter. They again rejected the
+articles of justification, private masses, masses for souls,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> and the
+canons, while they agreed to confirmation, extreme unction, the power of
+the Bishops, private absolution without auricular confession, and
+several festivals and ceremonies, provided that work-holiness and the
+invocation of saints be abolished. Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius on
+the following day: "As long as I live I shall act as I did yesterday,
+and speak the same things, no matter where I shall be." "I have this
+consolation, that whatsoever cometh from God shall not perish. And I
+would not wish that our opinions should pass down to posterity if they
+are not of God."</p>
+
+<p>He wrote a letter of justification to Minister <span class="smcap">Von Carlowitz</span> on the 28th
+of April, which gained him the ill-will of many of Luther's friends. We
+shall communicate some portion of it: "When the prince has formed his
+resolutions, I shall not make any disturbance, although I may not
+approve of many things in them, but will either remain silent or go
+away, or bear whatever arises. I have also formerly borne an almost
+unbecoming servitude when Luther suffered himself to be led more by his
+nature, which was inclined to fight, than by his dignity, and the
+general welfare. And I know that we must silently and modestly bear and
+cover many defects in the affairs of State, even as we must bear the
+evil effects of a storm. But you tell me that I am not merely required
+to be <i>silent</i>, but to approve of the Interim." He proceeds to show the
+minister that he is by no means quarrelsome, but had always been
+moderate and advising peace, so that the very persons who now appear in
+Augsburg as peacemakers, had calumniated him at court on account of his
+moderation. "And afterwards others, for almost twenty years, called me
+frost and ice; others again, that I agreed with the enemy. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> recollect
+even, that one accused me of striving after a Cardinal's hat." But that
+notwithstanding all this, he had adhered to essentials in doctrine,
+cutting off all useless questions. He did not wish a change of doctrine,
+or the expulsion of worthy men, and that he could only think of it with
+the greatest sorrow. He now discusses the separate articles of the
+Augsburg book, how much he would yield, and what he would adhere to.
+But, if he should be regarded an obstinate fool, because he did not
+agree to all the articles, he would bear it, and imitate those who had
+preferred the truth to life in far less important things than these." We
+can easily discover his love of peace in all this, but also that he was
+determined not to yield in important points. While many of the more
+decided Protestants misinterpreted his constant yielding, he drew upon
+himself the highest displeasure of the Emperor, who again wished his
+expulsion, but without gaining his purpose. Melanchthon about this time
+wrote to <span class="smcap">Jerome Weller</span>: "In the consciousness of having desired what is
+right, we shall bear all that may fall upon us. For, in obedience to the
+divine commandment, we have sought the truth, which was indeed buried in
+thick darkness, and we have brought many good things to the light of
+day. Therefore let us also hope that God will hear our groans. We have
+experienced the uncertainty of the help of man."</p>
+
+<p>But the Interim did not only displease the Protestants, but the Catholic
+Electors and Bishops declared in Augsburg that they would adhere to the
+old state of things, but would not object to it if his Imperial Majesty
+would bring back the apostates to the right way.</p>
+
+<p>When Melanchthon had returned to Wittenberg, he, by request, prepared an
+opinion concerning the demand of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> the Bishops, that their jurisdiction
+should be restored to them; in which he plainly declares, that it was
+impossible to enter into an agreement with the persecutors; "and even if
+we would patch at it, it would be a peace like that between wolves and
+sheep." "But as for myself, I declare that we have just and needful
+reasons for avoiding their false doctrine and abuses. For this is God's
+eternal and unchangeable commandment: Flee Idolatry."... That the
+Bishops say of the Augsburg Confession, that it was never lived up to, I
+do not understand whom or what they mean. But it is certain that in the
+Churches of Saxony, and as far as Denmark, nothing more or different has
+been adopted than the doctrine contained in said "Augsburg Confession."
+The Interim was finally read to the States in the middle of May. The
+Catholics were not pressed to adopt it, but the Protestants were
+required to adhere to it until the Council should have published its
+decrees. Thus the Emperor succeeded in carrying out his own wishes; the
+Elector of Brandenburg signed it unconditionally, but Maurice only under
+certain conditions. The Margraves <span class="smcap">Wolfgang</span>, and <span class="smcap">John von Custrin</span>, and
+the prisoner <span class="smcap">John Frederick</span>, refused to sign, as faithful witnesses of
+the truth, who would not permit it to be tampered with. The Protestant
+cities raised a general opposition to it; the cities of southern Germany
+alone yielded to force, as threats and abuse were employed against them.
+About 400 ministers of the Gospel in these cities remained faithful to
+the truth, and were banished. The cities of northern and eastern Germany
+greatly distinguished themselves by their resistance, especially
+Magdeburg, which now called itself the chancery of God. The Protestants
+could with great justice say of the Interim:</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"Blest is the man, who can put trust in God,</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">And does not consent to the Interim,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">For it is but a rogue in disguise."</span><a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXVIII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HOW THE INTERIM FARED IN THE ELECTORATE OF SAXONY.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have already heard that the Elector Maurice only signed the Interim
+conditionally. Partly because he did not approve of many things in it,
+and partly also because he did not think it possible to enforce it in
+his dominions, where the Reformation had taken such deep root, he
+presented a protest at Augsburg, in which he explained that he could not
+at once force the Interim upon his people; it would be necessary first
+to consult the Chambers; but whatever he could do with God and a good
+conscience he would diligently do, so that he should not be found
+wanting. In the month of June he returned to his dominions, and demanded
+a full opinion from his Theologians at Wittenberg. It was composed by
+Melanchthon, and was already the fourth which the miserable Augsburg
+Interim had called forth. With a bold faith he declares in the
+beginning: "Although war and destruction are threatened, we ought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> to
+esteem the commandment of God greater, that is, we should not deny the
+truth of the Gospel which has become known to us. Besides this, the
+doctrine of the Son of God and forgiveness of sins is a particular
+counsel of God, which He, in infinite mercy, has revealed, and wishes
+that all men should help to sustain this doctrine, in order that they
+may call upon him aright, and obtain salvation. Now we know, from many
+examples, that from Adam's time the devil has tried many arts, again and
+again, to extinguish or to darken this doctrine. In the third place, it
+should also be considered what great offence it would cause in our
+Churches, if false doctrine and idolatry should be publicly introduced
+into them again. For many pious persons would fall into great distress,
+and the true worship of God would be hindered." After the opinion has
+declared that the Theologians would heartily wish to see and enjoy
+peace, it yet demands that Saxony should not be troubled with the
+Augsburg Interim. "For it will certainly not be received in many
+countries and cities." They would review it, and openly and honestly
+confess the truth it contained, but condemn its errors. The Theologians
+particularly objected to the article on Justification, and said: "We
+cannot advise any one to agree with the book in this point." They also
+rejected the article which treated of the Church and Bishops, and then
+entered upon an examination of the various articles on the Sacraments,
+confirmation, extreme unction, repentance, confession, &amp;c., and pointed
+out every defect, and confessed in conclusion:&mdash;"And whereas we have
+recently received notice that the preface of the work prohibits every
+one from preaching, teaching, or writing against the Interim, it is
+necessary, with all humility, to make this declaration: That we shall
+not change the true doctrine, as it has hitherto been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> preached in our
+churches, for no creature has the right to change divine truth, and no
+one is permitted to deny truth when known to him." This lengthy opinion
+was signed by Bugenhagen, Pfeffinger, Cruciger, Major, Melanchthon, and
+Fr�shel, and delivered into the Elector's hands.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2d of July he received his Chambers, together with several
+Theologians, one of whom was Melanchthon, in the city of Meissen. In his
+address to the Chambers, the Elector reviewed the entire course of
+things, and concluded by saying, that they should prove themselves
+disposed to assist the Emperor in whatever may be promotive of Christian
+harmony, quiet, peace, and unity, and can be done with the approbation
+of God and a good conscience." On the 4th of July, Melanchthon wrote to
+Maienburg: "It has been resolved to address a most reverent letter to
+the Emperor, beseeching him not to urge the errors of this document upon
+our Church. I therefore entertain the hope that the Churches of these
+countries will not suffer any change." He wrote in a still more decided
+manner to Paul Eber, that those were greatly in error who believed that
+the dissensions in the Church could be removed by ambiguous efforts to
+bring about an agreement, because an irreconcilable war exists between
+the devil and the Son of God, even as it is written: "I will put enmity
+between the serpent and the seed of the woman." He thus concludes this
+letter: "But I beseech the Son of God, that he would rule and support
+our minds in confessing and explaining the truth!" The Elector had
+presented the Augsburg Interim to the Chambers, together with the
+intimation that they should take the advice of the Theologians. This was
+done. Melanchthon immediately began the work, and particularly treated
+of the articles on justification and good works, which were the most
+rotten in the Interim, and on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> which so much, it may even be said <i>all</i>,
+depended. He, on the whole, considered it most advisable to pray the
+Emperor to exempt Saxony from the Interim. The Theologians communicated
+these views to the Chambers: "This is our opinion, we should prefer
+above all if these churches could remain as they now are. For a change
+would produce great trouble and offence." The Chambers agreed to this
+proposition, and besought the Elector to write to the Emperor to that
+effect. But Maurice, who was bound by the Emperor's kindness towards
+himself, declared that he could not thus utterly reject the
+Interim&mdash;that they ought to yield in indifferent matters; but that he
+would postpone the matter to the next meeting of the Chambers.</p>
+
+<p>The adoption of the Interim was particularly urged by the Elector
+<span class="smcap">Joachim</span> of Brandenburg, or rather by the author, his Court Chaplain
+Agricola, who entertained a very high opinion of it, and on his return
+from Augsburg endeavored to persuade <span class="smcap">Aquila</span> of Saalfeld to agree to it.
+But he came to the wrong person, who said of the Interim, "that in the
+beginning it showed the sheep's clothing, but afterwards the ravening
+wolf."</p>
+
+<p>When Agricola exclaimed against Melanchthon's Opinion: "Away with
+Philippus; he writes nothing but lies in his book, the Opinion. Fie upon
+you! there is not a word in it but they are ashamed of." Aquila
+answered: "Let us not abuse our teachers, but highly honor them; Master
+Philip Melanchthon will be able to defend himself." Then Eisleben, (for
+Agricola was also known by this name,) replied: "I will summon Philip to
+come to me, and will read the text to him; for the land must be utterly
+ruined if they oppose the Interim." Aquila replied: "If the devastation
+of countries is the fruit of the Interim, it would be better if it had
+never been born." Agricola was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> indeed obliged to hear much of such
+misery, but in Saxony the Interim made no progress at all. Melanchthon
+also hoped that the people of Saxony would give a brilliant evidence of
+their constancy, as he at this time expressed himself very decidedly in
+his letters to various friends. The Margrave <span class="smcap">John</span> of
+Brandenburg-C�strin, who did not at all agree with the Elector <span class="smcap">Joachim</span>,
+in regard to the Interim, and who by not subscribing it in Augsburg had
+incurred the displeasure of the Emperor, demanded an opinion from
+Melanchthon. He replied on the 31st of July, that godly and sensible
+ministers could not adopt it, because it was false in the article on
+justification: "As regards my own person, by God's grace I will not
+approve of this book, called Interim, for which I have very important
+reasons; and I shall commend my poor life to God, whether I be
+imprisoned or banished." But, as to what counsel should be given to
+rulers, many things might be said. There are points in this book which
+no prince, who understands the truth, could receive under any
+circumstances. As many cities would not approve of it, it would be best
+not to hasten with a reply. Perhaps the Emperor would be satisfied if a
+prince should offer to maintain uniformity in non-essentials, and would
+besides declare what he could and what he could not adopt. But if a
+government adopts the Interim, it also pledges itself to persecute
+innocent pastors. Whether rulers are to defend themselves? To this he
+replies: "As the father of the family is bound, as far as he is able, to
+protect his wife and children, if a murderer should break into his
+house, so are rulers bound, as far as they can, to protect their
+churches and innocent subjects! Whoever wishes to confess the truth,
+should commend himself to God, and remember that it is written: the
+hairs of your head are all numbered."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> Thus did he always advise.
+Although he may have recommended compliance in indifferent matters, he
+never advised any one to submit to a change of doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>We have already heard that Maurice had postponed the final decision in
+regard to the Interim, to the next meeting of the Chambers. But before
+this meeting in Torgau, he thought it advisable to enter into
+negotiations with the two Bishops of his dominions, Pflug of Naumburg,
+and Maltitz of Meissen, in order to yield everything to the Emperor
+which could be yielded in accordance with the pure doctrine and
+conscience. On the 23d of August, prince George of Anhalt and Forster,
+and Melanchthon with Eber, instead of Cruciger, who was ill, met the two
+Bishops in Conference in Pegau. The Elector, proceeding from the
+principle that we must give to God the things that are God's, and to
+C�sar the things that are C�sar's, said, that he expected that they
+would not be "obstinate" in those matters which might be granted without
+detracting from the honor of God, or offending conscience. Of course
+this conference adjourned after a few days, without having accomplished
+anything, for the two Bishops would not agree to any change of the
+Interim. On the 30th of August, Melanchthon returned to Wittenberg by
+way of Leipzig, to behold the approaching end of one of his dearest
+friends, Caspar Cruciger, who died on the 16th of November. The sick
+man, shortly before his death, had a heavy and alarming dream. He said
+to Fr�shel: "Oh, what a terrible and cruel disputation I held in my
+dream to-day." When he asked to hear the particulars, he replied: "I
+cannot tell. They wished to persuade me, and to absolve me in regard to
+it, that it would be all right, and do me no harm, but I protested
+against it." Fr�shel began to comfort him, and Cruciger wished to
+receive absolution of his sins.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> When he had heard it, he began to pray
+fervently for the church, and with his hands clasped together, he
+frequently repeated these words: "Father, sanctify them by thy truth,
+thy word is truth; grant that they may be one in us." Fr�shel endeavored
+to comfort him by a somewhat longer address, to which the dying man
+replied "Amen!" in a soft tone, and soon after fell asleep in the Lord.
+We may imagine the greatness of Melanchthon's sorrow, when he received
+the sad news at the meeting of the Chambers at Celle. He wrote to
+Dietrich in Nuremberg, that God had at last called Caspar to the
+heavenly university. Although no one was more distressed at this death
+than he himself, because they had been most intimate friends, he yet
+congratulated him upon this happy journey, because he was thereby
+removed from many sad scenes.</p>
+
+<p>The Chambers had met in Torgau, on the 18th of October. Already on the
+first day of the session, five knights and two Electoral chancellors, no
+doubt at the instigation of the Elector, arose and presented a document,
+in which they explained what they thought of the Augsburg Interim, and
+what they believed might be yielded. They also at the same time
+admonished the Theologians to yield in indifferent matters, and thus to
+save the country from great afflictions. Their proposition leaned
+towards the Interim, and wished to reintroduce the Catholic state of
+things, which had been abolished by the Reformation. On the 20th of
+October, Melanchthon departed from Torgau, deeply distressed at the
+plans of the Electoral Court, as he himself writes to the prince of
+Anhalt. In this letter of October 24th, he says that he would not
+countenance troublesome alterations of doctrine, and would rather suffer
+banishment or death. He believes that the Emperor's favor could be
+secured by introducing confirmation, excommunication,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> and foolish
+fasting. But wherefore also the mass? He saw very well that they did not
+merely wish to reconcile the Emperor, but also to introduce private
+masses. "If they wish this, I wish they would acknowledge it at once,
+for I know that I cannot prescribe laws to them; but those could depart
+who would not be satisfied with such a change of the churches." As late
+as November 14th, he wrote to Maienburg, that he had indeed always
+replied with moderation, but that he would never consent to a change of
+doctrine, and of the mass. This he was now to prove when he came to
+<span class="smcap">Celle</span>, with Bugenhagen and Maior, November 16th. The Superintendents
+<span class="smcap">Lauterbach</span>, of Pirna, and <span class="smcap">Weller</span>, of Freiberg, and also Camerarius, of
+Leipzig, were present. They were requested to revise the Liturgy, which
+had been prepared in the days of Duke Henry, of Saxony, approved by
+Luther, and printed in the year 1539, and had been used in the territory
+of Misnia up to the present time; but these changes were to be made in
+the spirit of the Interim. The Theologians declared, on the 18th of
+November, that God, who knows the hearts of all men, knows that we do
+not contend in an inconsiderate, wilful, or obstinate spirit, but are
+really anxious for peace; but that they could not accept false doctrine
+and idolatrous ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this the deputies, without the assistance of the clergy, placed
+together all the articles. This document is called the <i>Recess of
+Celle</i>. It was to be laid before the next meeting of the Chambers. But
+previously to this, the Electors Maurice and Joachim met in J�terbock on
+the 16th of December, and signed this Recess. The Chambers met in
+Leipzig on the 21st of December, to which Maurice had summoned all the
+deputies of his dominions. The Theologians present were the Prince of
+Anhalt, Melanchthon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> Gresser, of Dresden, Pfeffinger and Camerarius, of
+Leipzig. The Elector presented the Recess of Celle, and called upon the
+Chambers to be obedient in everything which duty to God and conscience
+would permit them to yield. "That will be your own greatest advantage,
+and also for the peace and quiet of our dominions." The Interim of Celle
+contained the pure doctrine of the Evangelical Church, and merely wished
+to adopt such usages and ceremonies from the Catholic Church as were
+indifferent or non-essential. The Interim which was prepared here in
+Leipzig, with a reference to previous forms of agreement, is called the
+<i>Leipzig Interim</i>. They did not dispute about the fall of man; and in
+regard to <i>Justification</i>, they had already come to terms at Pegau. They
+declared in this part that man is not justified by works, but by mercy,
+gratuitously, without our merit, so that the glory may redound to
+Christ, and not to man. But yet man is not a block; he is drawn in such
+a manner that his own will also co-operates. Of <i>Good Works</i>, they
+taught that God indeed accepts men for Christ's sake, but that
+nevertheless good works are very needful. They said of them, that they
+must be in us, and are needful to salvation. Melanchthon had composed
+these articles, while the remaining ones were prepared by the Elector's
+counsellors. Of the <i>Church</i>, they said that we must receive what she
+teaches, "as she shall not and cannot command anything opposed to the
+Holy Scriptures." All other ministers of the Church should be subject
+and obedient to the bishops, who discharge their office according to the
+commandment of God, and use it for edification, and not for destruction.
+<i>Baptism</i> is to be administered with exorcism, the presence and
+confession of Christian sponsors, and other ancient, Christian
+ceremonies; and so likewise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> <i>Confirmation</i>. <i>Repentance</i>, <i>Confession</i>,
+and <i>Absolution</i>, are to be taught, and no one admitted to the most holy
+sacrament of the body and blood, without confession and absolution.
+<i>Extreme Unction</i> might be practised according to the customs of the
+Apostles, yet without any superstition and misapprehension. The
+ministers of the Church should be earnestly and diligently examined
+prior to <i>ordination</i>. The <i>Mass</i> should be celebrated in future with
+ringing of bells, lights, and vessels, singing, appropriate dress, and
+other ceremonies. It also referred to further particulars as to the
+manner of celebrating mass. The pictures of the passion of Christ and
+the saints may be present to remind us of them, but are not to receive
+any divine honor. The <i>hymns</i> are also introduced again. The days of
+Corpus Christi and the festivals of the holy virgin are to be added to
+the other festival days. <i>Abstaining from meat</i> on Saturday and Friday,
+and in Lent, is introduced as an outward observance. The ministers of
+the Church are to <i>dress</i> differently from the laity.</p>
+
+<p>The Chambers accepted this Interim, only expressing their scruples in
+regard to Ordination, Confirmation, Anointing (Chrism) the festival of
+Corpus Christi, and the Mass. They were assured in regard to this by a
+declaration from the Theologians, December 28th, and the Elector also
+gave assurances. On the 6th of January, 1549, Melanchthon returned to
+Wittenberg, and on the same day wrote to Maienburg: "The Leipzig
+negotiations effect no change in the Church, because the contention in
+regard to the mass and the canon is postponed until further
+negotiations. Yet I wish that some things had been prepared
+differently."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXIX.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">DISPUTES ABOUT THE LEIPZIG INTERIM.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> more decided and strict adherents of Luther, who had before found so
+much fault with Melanchthon, now exhibited particular enmity towards
+him. He was bitterly reproached on account of his compliance. But we now
+enter upon a part of the history of his life, and of the evangelical
+Church, which is not of a very refreshing character. But this too should
+not be wanting, and will exhibit Melanchthon to us in such a light that
+we cannot refuse our sympathy, and even acknowledgment to the goodness
+of his heart, although we may regret the want of an energy like
+Luther's. These disputes mainly arose from the Interim. In the month of
+January, the Theologians of Berlin made inquiries of those at Wittenberg
+concerning the Interim. Agricola had boasted very much of it in the
+pulpit, and said that now the door of all Europe was opened to the
+Gospel. They wished to know now whether they comprehended among these
+"indifferent things," all that had been customary in the Papacy, such as
+holy water, salt, herbs, palms, consecration of unleavened bread,
+processions with flags and torches, unction at baptisms and sick-beds,
+the laying of the cross in passion-week, &amp;c. They therefore asked for a
+copy of the agreement of J�terbock, and, on the whole, a fuller
+explanation of these indifferent things, or <i>Adiaphora</i>, as they are
+called. They also asked for further explanations in regard to extreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
+unction. They replied by Bugenhagen and Melanchthon, on the 11th of
+January. They were not able to send the articles of J�terbock, because
+they had not been present at the secret conference, and did not possess
+a copy of them. They did not enumerate the consecration of oil and salt
+among indifferent things, and had always rejected this and other
+matters. They exhorted those of Berlin to adhere to the Church
+discipline formerly given by the Elector. They also added this
+much-disputed sentence: "As such great devastations are occurring in
+other places, we believe that it is better to endure a hard servitude,
+if it can only be done without impiety, than to separate ourselves from
+the Churches." Questions and answers, however, did not everywhere pass
+off as well as in this instance. The excitement increased among the more
+determined friends of truth, when the Interim was about to be
+introduced; and the prince of Anhalt had considerably revised and
+altered the Liturgy, which had been introduced by Duke Henry. Several
+conferences were held, and Melanchthon was again actively engaged. On
+the 13th of April he was present at a meeting of the Chambers at Torgau,
+where the Interim was to be read. He here communicated the fact, that an
+adherent of Flacius, most likely Deacon Schultz of Torgau, had accused
+the Theologians of an intention to lead the people back again to Popery.
+He at the same time presented a defence to the Chambers, in which he
+showed that it would be necessary to yield somewhat in indifferent
+matters, if the main things in doctrine and the Sacrament were
+sustained. But that they had also yielded somewhat, because they had
+been seeking to bring about uniformity in doctrine and ceremonies. But
+this could not be looked upon as strengthening the Papacy. Their
+opponents declared, indeed, that fear had driven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> them to compliance,
+but to this they would reply: "We ought not to be condemned for being so
+fearful as to yield indifferent to needful things, and that we are thus
+fearful, not for our sakes, but the good of the people, children, and
+the entire government." Luther himself had frequently advised
+compromises in indifferent matters. That they had not introduced any new
+ceremonies. He defends himself most powerfully against the objection,
+that they were introducing idolatry, and thus concludes: "This is indeed
+a new form of Popery, that these violent persons wish to force every one
+to hold the same opinions as themselves, and fearfully condemn every one
+who does not at once agree with them."</p>
+
+<p>The ministers of Hamburg also addressed a long epistle to the
+Wittenbergers, in which they condemn the principle expressed by them in
+their reply to those of Berlin, that it would be better to endure a hard
+servitude in indifferent things, than to leave the churches on their
+account. They thought that too many things were comprehended under this
+term, and wished the Theologians of Wittenberg to explain what they
+meant by indifferent things. Melanchthon replied in a very friendly
+manner, on the 16th of April. He begins thus: "We are pleased if you
+admonish and correct us in the spirit of love; for this is a very
+necessary duty in friendship, and much more in affairs of the church.
+But yet, we entreat you that you would judge us leniently, according to
+your wisdom, reputation, and benevolence; and that you would not condemn
+old friends who have labored much for more than twenty years, and have
+endured, and do still endure, the greatest conflicts, as we are
+furiously persecuted by certain other persons, with many false
+accusations. We therefore do not reply to them, lest hatred and discord
+might be still more inflamed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> in these sorrowful times." He declares
+that, by the grace of God, the same Gospel is still preached in
+Wittenberg, as in Hamburg. They would never permit any alterations in
+doctrine, and in the Lord's Supper, because these were the eternal
+counsels of God. They had far more to contend with than those who abused
+them. They did not consent to anything in customs and ceremonies which
+contradict the word of God. He further declares that by indifferent
+things, or Adiaphora, they did not understand magical consecrations,
+adoration of images, nor carrying about of the consecrated bread and the
+like, which they rejected by their words and writings, yea, not even the
+ridiculous stuff which occurs at funerals. Among the Adiaphora, they
+counted those things which the ancient Church already possessed, such as
+festivals, public readings, confession and absolution before the Lord's
+Supper, examination at confirmation, ordination to the ministerial
+office, and the like. He also defends the principle that it would be
+better to endure a servitude not opposed to the word of God, than to
+leave the Church; and he also thinks they should rather have been
+comforted than condemned, inasmuch as they still adhered to the true
+foundation. In conclusion, he urges unity. But the Wittenbergers, and
+Melanchthon, who was looked upon as their leader, were to endure still
+severer conflicts. We, in passing, will merely refer to the two pastors,
+<span class="smcap">Zwilling</span> and <span class="smcap">Schultz</span>, in Torgau, who preferred to be deposed from their
+ministry, rather than wear the white surplice, and called those who wore
+it, traitors and idolators. Melanchthon regarded these manifestations
+with great regret, and in his sorrow wrote to the Prince of Anhalt: "I
+would rather go into exile, than contend continually with such obstinate
+men."</p>
+
+<p>But Melanchthon's principal opponent at this time, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> also afterwards,
+was <span class="smcap">Matthias Flacius</span>, who indeed embittered his life in an indescribable
+manner. He was born of respectable parents in Albona, in Illyria, in the
+year 1520; and after the death of his father, went to Milan and Venice,
+to prosecute his studies. When a youth, he already loved the Bible, and
+intended to enter a cloister, to serve God better. But a pious monk, who
+afterwards suffered martyrdom for the Gospel's sake, dissuaded him from
+this step, and revealed to him how the Gospel, which had been darkened
+by the Papacy, had again been brought to light by Luther. This at once
+kindled a fire in the heart of the inflammable young man. Against the
+wishes of his relatives, and supplied with a very slender purse, he set
+out for Germany, and in the year 1539 arrived at Basle. He here found a
+really paternal friend in the well-known reformer, <span class="smcap">Simon Gryn�us</span>. He
+made rapid progress in the study of divinity, both at this place, and
+also in T�bingen, whither he went the following year. However, he felt
+himself drawn to Wittenberg, the mother-city of the Reformation. Here he
+enjoyed the good fortune, so often longed for, to hear Luther and
+Melanchthon; and he also enjoyed many benefits, especially at the hands
+of the latter. In Wittenberg, he for three years passed through severe
+inward conflicts, for he could not believe divine grace, and deeply felt
+the wrath of God abiding upon him. Bugenhagen brought the
+greatly-distressed young man to Dr. Luther, who, as is well known, had
+been made a powerful comforter by his own deep experience; and it seems
+that from that time, light began to arise in his troubled heart. In the
+year 1544, he was already professor of the Hebrew language in
+Wittenberg, and taught with great success. At his marriage in the year
+following, he rejoiced to see Dr. Luther present at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> wedding. He was
+greatly attached to the reformer, and with him hated everything that
+savored of Popery. However, he evidently proceeded much further in this
+respect than Luther, who was willing to suffer wholesome customs to
+remain, even though they came from the Catholic Church. On this account,
+Flacius regarded the Interim with the greatest displeasure; and spoke
+with Eber, Maior, Pomeranus, and particularly Melanchthon, that they
+should zealously oppose it by word and deed. But when he saw that they
+would not consent, but rather, as we know already, accepted the Interim
+of Leipzig, he published various severe writings against the Interim and
+its defenders, yet without mentioning his name. And as the Interim
+succeeded notwithstanding all this, and was about to be introduced into
+Wittenberg, he resolved rather to leave Wittenberg than see this change.
+He removed to Magdeburg, where various persons, among them Amsdorf, who
+had been expelled from his bishopric, who were all highly incensed at
+the compliance of the Wittenbergers, had taken up their residence.</p>
+
+<p>The most violent publications were sent forth from this Chancery of God,
+as Magdeburg was called. They gave various insulting names to their
+opponents at Wittenberg, such as knaves, Samaritans, and Baalites; but
+Melanchthon was the principal mark of their attacks, because they blamed
+him especially for the introduction of the Interim. In a letter to
+<span class="smcap">Moller</span>, he thus temperately expresses his sentiments in regard to the
+Interim: "I often advised that no innovations should be made now, for
+the people would at once cry out that we were destroying the Gospel, or
+at least beginning to do so. But the courts exclaimed that it would be
+necessary to yield somewhat to the Emperor, so that he would not send
+his armies into these parts, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> suppress the Church, as he did in
+Swabia. But although I am not able to say whether we shall appease the
+Emperor by the re-introduction of a few indifferent ceremonies, yet the
+courtiers declare that such will be the case, and exhort us not to
+expose the fatherland and the Church to devastation, on account of these
+non-essential matters. We therefore contend for essential matters, for
+purity of doctrine, and the form of the Lord's Supper, so that the Papal
+mass may not be introduced again, as it was done amid the groans of all
+the godly, in Swabia. But I have never contended about holidays, the
+order of hymns, and similar matters; and I do not believe that such
+contention could be reconciled with the moderation needful in the
+present troubled state of the Church. But when some are opposed to all
+order, and all laws, it really seems far too uncivilized to me. I have
+many years ago wished that our churches might introduce a few
+ceremonies. A similarity in such matters, conduces to unity. Of course,
+there must be moderation in all such things. We do not make the least
+alterations in doctrine or essentials. But transubstantiation is the
+fountain of all the misery in which we find ourselves at the present
+time, and which awaits the Church in future. This has added strength to
+the Papal mass, concerning which we shall again hear the most severe
+commands of the Emperor at the next diet. You know that I have treated
+all other questions of dispute in a manner calculated to remove all
+doubts from the mind of every pious man, who judges leniently; but in
+regard to the question of transubstantiation, I have always been very
+short, owing to the slanderous judgments of some of our own side."</p>
+
+<p>The men at Magdeburg, and Flacius particularly, would not be silent; but
+Melanchthon did not reply. He speaks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> of this in a letter to
+<span class="smcap">Baumgartner</span>: "I have not yet answered our neighbors in the city of
+Parthenope, (Magdeburg,) because the facts themselves refute them; and
+what a conflagration would be caused, if we should reply!" He was
+induced to remain silent by his love of peace, and perhaps he also hoped
+that Flacius, owing to his extravagant views, would not secure many
+adherents. But in this he was mistaken; and he says himself, in a letter
+written September 20th, to Pastor <span class="smcap">Lauterbach</span> of Pirna: "If they do not
+stop challenging us, I shall answer them. In the meantime I will refute
+this outcry by other useful writings. We see how the devil is spurring
+on unruly spirits, to create greater confusion. We will therefore call
+upon the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, to direct us." At last,
+October 1st, 1549, he replied to the attacks of Flacius. In answer to
+his reproach that doctrines were changed, and abolished ceremonies were
+being reintroduced, Melanchthon gives the unequivocal reply, that he
+confessed all that he had recorded in his book, <i>Loci Communes</i>, in
+which was found the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession of the year
+1530. As far as the <i>change of customs</i> was concerned, he was free to
+confess that he had advised the Franconians and others not to leave the
+churches on account of this servitude, provided it could be borne
+without impiety. "But when Flacius maintains that I have said the church
+ought by no means to be left, even if all the old abuses were to be
+introduced again, I pronounce this to be a palpable lie." He also
+particularly complains of this, that his opponent made use of
+expressions which had been uttered in private conversations and in jest.
+He concludes in a conciliatory manner, by saying that he had not taken
+up the pen on his own account, but for the sake of those who were
+injured by the writings of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> Flacius. "They should satisfy themselves
+that they adhered to the true foundation faithfully in these churches,
+namely, the pure Gospel, all the articles of faith, and the use of the
+Sacraments without any perversion. And it is certain that the Son of God
+is present in such services, and hears the prayers of such an assembly."</p>
+
+<p>In November he was summoned to Dresden on account of this affair. The
+Court of the Elector seems to have been at this time disturbed by the
+publications of Magdeburg. But let us hear what Melanchthon says of it,
+in a letter to the Prince of Anhalt: "They were deliberating at Court
+about a modest reply and refutation of the slanderous accusations of our
+neighbors. However, I advised them not to publish it; for it is very
+evident that such publications do not cure and pacify slanderous
+persons, but rather tend to irritate them more. And Pythagoras has said,
+we ought not to extinguish a fire by the sword. The newest publication
+of Magdeburg, in which they show very plainly that they thirst after my
+blood, was not yet known at court. I often think of departing: may God
+direct me! The end will show what kind of spirit rules those who are
+troubling our already sufficiently troubled churches still more."</p>
+
+<p>These disputes still went on, and Flacius published Melanchthon's
+letters which had been written with great timidity during the Diet of
+Augsburg. These were accompanied by biting original notes from the hand
+of Flacius. Melanchthon said of him, in a letter written in January,
+1550: "I believe that honorable men detest his poison. For he does not
+contend for a principal point of doctrine, but publishes books filled
+with slanders and lies, by which he wishes to gain these two points: to
+render me detested by the people, and even to rouse those against me who
+still regard me with friendly eyes. But God, the searcher of hearts,
+will protect me against this slanderer."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXX.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE CONFLICT WITH OSIANDER.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> can briefly pass over a conflict which arose in Hamburg, concerning
+the object of Christ's descent into hell. The superintendent, <span class="smcap">&AElig;pinus</span>, of
+that place, had expressed the opinion that Christ's descent into hell
+was the last stage of his humiliation, and that he there suffered the
+pains of hell for us. The Wittenbergers, at the head of whom we are
+always to regard Melanchthon, declared in an opinion that the descent
+into hell represented Christ's victory over hell and the devil, and
+counted it, as it indeed is, one of the stages of his exaltation. But,
+although the contending parties were not entirely satisfied, yet this
+conflict did not produce such results as that excited by <span class="smcap">Osiander</span>, in
+regard to the doctrine of Justification, which may be called the heart's
+blood of the Evangelical Church. Andrew Osiander, or Hosenmann, or
+Hosen-Enderlein, was born of poor parents in Gunzenhausen, December
+19th, 1498. He contended with great poverty in the school and
+University; but, by his talents, he soon acquired great knowledge, yet
+not equal to that of the learned Wittenberg Professor. Melanchthon
+always recognized his talents and other excellent gifts, so that he was
+anxious to draw him to Wittenberg to occupy the chair of Cruciger, when
+Osiander no longer wished to remain as Pastor in Nuremberg, on account
+of the Interim. Duke Albert of Prussia had once heard Osiander preach in
+Nuremberg, and had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> gained over to the side of the Gospel by that
+sermon. The Duke always remembered this gratefully, and was rejoiced
+that he was now able to call him as first professor of Divinity, to the
+new University of K�nigsberg, in 1544. In his very first disputation,
+held April, 1549, he spoke of <i>Justification</i>, but in such a way, that
+it was very evident that he did not stand upon the ground of the
+Evangelical, but rather of the Catholic Church. He explained
+<i>Justification</i> as meaning "to make just," and concluded that man
+becomes just before God by means of the righteousness or holiness
+communicated to him. He also entirely separated repentance from faith.
+When Melanchthon at first heard indistinct rumors of this K�nigsburg
+dispute, he regarded it as a mere battle of words; but he came to a very
+different conclusion when he received further particulars. On the 12th
+of August he wrote to Camerarius concerning Osiander, that he denied all
+imputation. And to a friend in Pomerania: "I do not believe that
+Osiander's controversy is a mere dispute about words, but he differs
+from our Church in a very important matter, and darkens our only
+consolation in true conflicts, or rather destroys it, by teaching us to
+rely upon essential righteousness, and does not lead us to the promise
+which offers us mercy by the obedience of the Mediator." Osiander
+continued to express his views more boldly, and was much displeased with
+those who were constantly appealing to Melanchthon. He said that they
+should no longer offend him by the stupid words: "Our preceptor
+Philippus teaches differently!" The confusion in K�nigsberg increased.
+He now also published his work: "A Confession concerning the only
+mediator Jesus Christ, and Justification." In this he maintains that the
+Redemption, by the death of Christ, has been bestowed upon all men. By
+Justification,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> man is not only <i>declared to be righteous</i>, but he is
+<i>made righteous</i>, inasmuch as the essential righteousness of God is
+communicated to him through faith in Jesus Christ. He disregarded the
+human nature of Christ entirely, and laid all stress upon his divinity,
+the righteousness of which enters the heart. He thus continued to adhere
+to his Catholic doctrine of Justification.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of May, 1551, Melanchthon wrote a friendly letter to
+Osiander, in which he assures him of his high esteem, and says: "You are
+greatly mistaken if you suspect me of entertaining different feelings."
+He at the same time also, in a supplement, added a few propositions for
+serious examination. But at last, when the views of Osiander seemed to
+be spreading more and more, he in January, 1552, published his
+well-known work: "Reply to the work of Mr. Andrew Osiander concerning
+the justification of man." As this work presents the pure doctrine of
+the Evangelical Church concerning justification, in a clear and calm
+manner, and at the same time also displays the amiable character of
+Melanchthon, it will not be amiss to present some extracts. He says in
+the beginning, that he rejoiced that others had also expressed their
+views in regard to this article; however, he would likewise speak,
+having been called upon to do so, by many distinguished and other
+persons. He would express his opinions in a clear and simple manner, in
+order that those who have been filled with trouble and sorrow by this
+dispute, may see upon what it rests, and what will be for the comfort of
+their souls. He had never intended to depart from Luther's views in this
+very important article. "As for the slanderous attacks of Osiander, in
+which he does me wrong, I will leave these to God, who knoweth the
+hearts of all men, and who is our judge. I have always loved and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+honored him, as every one knows, and I truly wonder whence all this
+bitterness proceeds.... I know that all my writings are too
+insignificant and weak, and therefore I have always submitted them to
+the judgment of our Church." He then proceeds to speak of the <i>Grace of
+God</i> and the <i>free gifts</i>, according to Romans v., and says, <i>Grace</i> is
+the forgiveness of Sin, and acceptance of our person with God; but the
+<i>gift</i> is the divine presence in us, by which we are renewed, and find
+comfort and the beginning of life everlasting. These two, Grace and
+Gift, we have by the merits of Christ; and this is not gained by our
+works, but is alone obtained by our faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. This
+faith must ever continue, receive and retain both Grace and Gift, for
+the sake of the Mediator Christ, even though Regeneration has been
+commenced. It is like this, when John says, that <i>Grace</i> and <i>Truth</i>
+came through the Lord Jesus Christ. Faith reposes all its confidence in
+the entire Lord Christ, God and man, even as the same Lord Christ God
+and man is Mediator and Redeemer according to both natures. For although
+the human nature alone felt wounds and sufferings, yet the whole Christ
+is Mediator and Redeemer. For this suffering would not have been the
+price, if the Redeemer were not God at the same time. They had at all
+times confessed that we must all undergo a change.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon refutes Osiander's objection, by which he asserted that
+nothing had hitherto been said in our churches of the indwelling of God
+in us. He then proceeds and says, that a distinction must be made
+between the righteousness of the saints after the resurrection, and of
+the saints during this life. Although God dwells in the saints, yet our
+nature abounds with great impurity, and sinful defects and desires. Here
+it was needful for the saints to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> comfort, and to know how they
+have forgiveness of Sins and Grace. All this is proved by passages of
+Scripture. He says that a principal passage is recorded in Rom. iii.
+"Being justified freely by his grace, through the redemption that is in
+Christ Jesus: whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith
+in his blood." This all refers to the merits of Christ, and cannot be
+referred to the essential righteousness of the Father, the Son, and the
+Holy Ghost. He adds several other clear passages, which all speak of the
+merit of Christ. (Rom. 5, 1 John 1, Hebrews 10, Isaiah 53.) Here there
+is reference to Christ's merit alone, which we apply by faith. And this
+was preached also from the beginning, by the prophets. Osiander is
+mistaken, when he says: "I call that <i>righteousness</i> which makes us do
+right. Here there is no mention of a forgiveness of sins." To this we
+reply: "We call the Lord Christ <i>righteousness</i>, by whom we have
+forgiveness of sins, a merciful God, and besides, the presence of God
+within us." In this sense must we regard the Mediator Jesus Christ, God
+and man, and hide ourselves in his wounds. Osiander confounds cause and
+effect. If he objects that this doctrine was calculated to fill men with
+a false security, they would reply: "We must teach the truth, give God
+the honor due to him, rebuke sin, and comfort troubled hearts with true
+comfort, although our hearers are not all alike." He is surprised that
+Osiander rejects this proposition: "Faith is a reliance upon mercy which
+is promised us for the Mediator's sake." "There must be a difference
+between the faith which the devils have, and this faith which accepts
+the promise, and by which the heart obtains comfort and joy." In
+conclusion, he remarks, that he had written all this in haste, and had
+passed by many other points, in order to avoid greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> disputes. But he
+did not thus avoid them; for Osiander is said to have remarked, when he
+read Melanchthon's confession, that "he would so bleed Melanchthon, that
+his blood should flow throughout Germany." He subsequently published two
+works, one of which was called "Bleeding of Mr. Philip," and the other
+"Refutation of the groundless and useless answer of Philip Melanchthon."
+These contained slanders after the manner of Flacius. He not only
+attacked Melanchthon, but also the other teachers of Wittenberg, in the
+most violent manner. He particularly reproached them for not ordaining
+or declaring any one a Master or Doctor, unless he solemnly promised to
+teach in accordance with the three Confessions of Faith of the ancient
+Church, and also the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon, in his reply,
+acknowledged this to be the case; but also that it had been introduced
+twenty years before by Luther, Bugenhagen, and Jonas, and was not only
+useful but necessary. But while the conflict was thus waged in the most
+violent manner, Osiander died, very unexpectedly, on the 17th of
+October, 1552. When Melanchthon received the tidings of his death, he
+wrote to Veit Winsheim: "As you see, he had a short pilgrimage. Oh that
+he had made a better use of it! Why was he so enraged against us? Merely
+because we maintain that we must build upon the merits of Christ, and
+not upon our new life. This was the principal point of the whole
+controversy."</p>
+
+<p>Although the principal person was thus removed from the arena, yet the
+conflict did not cease, because his son-in-law <span class="smcap">Funck</span> exerted a great
+influence upon the aged Duke Albert. But when these errors of Osiander
+found adherents and champions in Germany, particularly in Nuremberg,
+they were finally condemned by the Church. They are still haunting
+various places, and find champions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> in the pulpit and the lecture-room.
+It is nothing less than the spirit of Osiander, to disregard too much
+the sufferings and death of Christ, that is, his humanity in general,
+and to look to the exalted one almost exclusively, and to place the
+sinner's justification before God more in the righteousness and
+holiness, which are communicated to him from thence. As Osiander had
+given prominence to the divine nature of Christ in his office as
+Mediator, another teacher of K�nigsberg fell into the opposite error,
+and wished the humanity of Christ to be regarded alone in the work of
+Redemption and Justification. This was <span class="smcap">Francis Stankar</span>, born in Mantua
+in Italy, who had left his native land for the love of the Gospel. He
+had formerly been teaching Hebrew in Krakau, and from thence came to
+K�nigsberg. He here quarreled with Osiander, and resigned his office.</p>
+
+<p>When Melanchthon was asked in regard to his opinion of Stankar's views,
+he declared that Christ is Mediator according to both natures, for not
+only suffering and death, but also victory and intercession were
+necessary attributes of a Mediator. He also published a full opinion in
+reference to this, in the year 1553. Besides these, one <span class="smcap">Lauterwald</span> of
+Hungary, also departed from the doctrine of Justification. He went to
+greater lengths than Osiander, for he taught that Repentance and new
+obedience were necessary to obtain the Grace of God.</p>
+
+<p>But we will leave these disputes here, to look upon the state of affairs
+in the German Empire.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE CHANGED ATTITUDE OF THE ELECTOR MAURICE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pope Paul</span> III., who had caused the Emperor Charles much trouble, died,
+and was succeeded in February, 1550, by Julius III., who owed his
+elevation to the Papal chair to the Emperor, and therefore also proved
+to be more accommodating. His very first step was to transfer the
+Council back again from Bologna to Trent. The Council of the Church was
+to be continued there on May 1st, 1551. When the Emperor opened a new
+Diet at Augsburg, July 26th, 1550, he requested the States to send
+delegates to the Council. At the request of the Elector, Melanchthon had
+written an Opinion, in which he urged the propriety of requesting the
+Emperor to call a Council in Germany; further, that the Pope should not
+be Judge, but subject himself to the Council. Besides this, the articles
+already adopted in Trent should be reconsidered, and these resolutions
+should not depend altogether upon the hostile Archbishops, Bishops, and
+Prelates, but the Evangelical side should also be heard, and assist in
+passing resolutions in accordance with the divine Scriptures. But it
+mattered not whether the Council was called that of Trent or not, if the
+decrees were only "godly." The Opinion also demands a safe conduct to
+and from the place of meeting of the Council. Maurice, by his ambassador
+in Augsburg, declared himself in the spirit of this Opinion. The
+Emperor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> made the very best promises that the States should find a safe
+conduct and hearing. After this, the Elector summoned Melanchthon,
+Bugenhagen, and Camerarius to Dresden in February, 1551, in order to
+hear their opinions in regard to the Council, and the men who should be
+sent to attend it. It appears that Melanchthon prepared his Opinion in
+Dresden. It again required that the articles should first of all be
+considered over again. That it should be stated, that they did not
+demand any other doctrine than that adhered to in the Churches of
+Misnia. This would be found in the Augsburg Confession, or in the
+Liturgy of the Elector of Brandenburg. The Prince ought to abide by
+this. They were not yet united in Dresden, but Melanchthon soon after
+received orders to prepare a new confession of faith. In May he retired
+to Dessau for a few days, in order to prepare this. He set out with this
+view, that it should be so prepared, that the doctrine of the Church
+might be plainly learned from it, and that it should be delivered in the
+name of the Clergy, and not of the Princes. This is the so-called <i>Saxon
+Confession</i>, which is merely a repetition of the Augsburg Confession. He
+communicated a rough draft to the Court, and afterwards added some
+points in regard to Ordination, Examinations, and Church Visitations.
+This Confession throughout breathes a determined spirit, and does not
+endeavor to bring about an agreement with opposing doctrines. It was
+signed by the envoy of the Margrave John, by many Saxon pastors, and
+afterwards also by the deputies of Mansfeld, Strasburg, Pomerania, and
+Anspach. But not a word more was said of the journey of the Saxon Clergy
+to Trent: the whole matter seemed to have been put to rest. In the
+meantime, the Elector Maurice had received orders to subdue the stubborn
+city of Magdeburg; he accepted the Imperial commission, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> the city
+defended itself in the powerful siege with great heroism. All
+Protestants anxiously regarded the fate of Magdeburg. Germany began to
+feel the oppressions of the Emperor, and especially of his Spanish
+troops, more and more from day to day. Not only Protestants, but also
+Catholics, were highly incensed; especially, too, because the captive
+Landgrave, Philip, was treated in the most unworthy manner. The
+Protestants were greatly excited against Maurice, for they regarded him
+as the betrayer of his relative, John Frederick, his own father-in-law,
+and the German cause, and also as a denier of the Gospel. And now, to
+crown all, he permitted himself to be employed against faithful
+Magdeburg. Maurice felt this, and as he had for some time been
+dissatisfied with the course of the Emperor, he resolved to separate
+himself from him. In the midst of his victory over the brave Margrave
+John von C�strin, who had come to the assistance of Magdeburg, he, as
+some one says, "went over to the Opinion of the conquered." He entered
+into a secret league with several Protestant princes, and promised to
+confess the Augsburg Confession again, and to risk his land and people
+in defence of this and German liberty. While he was negotiating with
+France to obtain money, and promised the King various German cities, he
+continued the siege of Magdeburg to conceal his real purpose. When
+France entered into an agreement with him, he offered pardon and
+religious protection to the city of Magdeburg, and also received their
+oath of allegiance.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, and also for the purpose of deceiving the Emperor,
+Melanchthon and Maior received orders to depart for Trent. In Nuremburg
+they should expect further orders. But they did not find any particular
+directions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> how they should act; nothing was said of the manner of their
+journey, of their expenses, or an escort.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon wrote to the Electoral Chancellor, <span class="smcap">Mordeisen</span>, on the 13th of
+December, 1551: "I was surprised at this unexpected order. But as I do
+not wish to appear disobedient, I will depart for Leipzig to-morrow, and
+thence to you at Dresden, to learn further what you wish me to do,
+although I shall not be able to make this journey without danger at the
+present time, owing to my sorrows and bodily feebleness." He immediately
+carried out this proposed plan of his journey. He did not receive more
+light from the communications of the Electoral counsellors. However, he
+began to understand the Elector's object, and from Misnia he wrote to
+Eber: "Although many find fault with our journey, and I would rather
+enjoy the society and countenances of my family and friends, yet I obey,
+whether they are urging this matter at Court in earnest, or to deceive;
+so that it may not appear that we, as has frequently been said, wish to
+avoid a public meeting, either from fear or wantonness." But when he
+heard that the Elector intended to unite with France in opposing the
+Emperor, he was much concerned, and thus expresses it in a letter to
+Maurice himself, January, 1552: "It is indeed to be deplored that the
+Emperor does not release the Landgrave; but a union with France is
+unadvisable, as it cannot be depended upon. To unite with such persons,
+who were only anxious for disturbances, is sad and discreditable.
+Besides this, your Grace knows that the Emperor is the constituted
+authority, and that God generally observes his law, to overthrow those
+who oppose authorities. The advice given by some, to take advantage of
+the Emperor before he would fall upon us with the execution of the
+Council, was not an argument in favor of war and tumult."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>But the Elector seemed really to be in earnest in regard to his
+representation in the Council, and personally addressed a letter to the
+Synod of Trent, in which he names <span class="smcap">Sarcerius</span>, <span class="smcap">Pac�us</span>, and Melanchthon, as
+his deputies. From Leipzig, Melanchthon wrote to Wittenberg, requesting
+those who boarded with his family to seek another place: "For I have a
+long and dangerous journey before me, which the Son of God may direct,
+as I heartily pray he would do. But as the time of my return is
+uncertain, I did not wish to burden my family with too many cares." He
+also bade his hearers an affectionate farewell: "I conjure you to unite
+your prayers with the sighs of all the godly, that the Son of God may be
+pleased to lessen the chastisements which threaten us." And again:
+"Therefore take notice of the divine wrath, and pray that God, in his
+wrath, would not forget mercy, for the sake of his Son. And in order
+that the prayer may be more fervent, let your walk become Christian, and
+your hearts be awakened to repentance, according to the word of the
+Lord: 'Turn ye unto me, and I will turn unto you.'" After saying that
+the Church was dear to the Lord, he closes thus: "May you comfort
+yourselves with this consolation, which in public and private dangers
+shows the haven in which Christian hearts find rest; and in the
+meantime, may you be happy!"</p>
+
+<p>He departed on the 14th of January; and on the 22d of the same month, he
+and his companions, to whom his son-in-law <span class="smcap">Peucer</span> had joined himself,
+reached Nuremberg. But it began to be more evident that these envoys
+were merely journeying to Trent in order to deceive. Tidings were
+brought from every quarter, that the Elector was assuming a hostile
+attitude against the Emperor. The envoys remained in Nuremberg without
+any further instructions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> and Melanchthon preferred remaining here, to
+going to Trent for the purpose of engaging in fruitless disputations. At
+last, when no further directions came, he resolved to return, and
+arrived in Wittenberg on the 20th of March.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, Maurice had given information to the Saxon and Hessian
+Chambers, that it was intended to deliver the imprisoned princes; and
+soon his armies, and those of William of Hesse, and the Margrave Albert,
+departed from Culmbach, and united. While they were entering Augsburg,
+the King of France seized Metz, and called himself the defender of
+German liberty. The Emperor, who was at that time at Innsbruck, had not
+the remotest idea of treachery until he read the declaration of the
+confederate princes, circulated throughout Germany, in which, not
+without reason, too, they accused him of suppressing the freedom of the
+German Empire. As he was without troops and money, and was suffering
+from his old complaint, the gout, he attempted to escape to the
+Netherlands; but Maurice had already seized the narrow pass of
+Ehrenberg, so that the Emperor was compelled to return to Innsbruck.
+When Maurice saw that the Emperor was about to receive aid from various
+quarters, he resolved to storm the pass, and to seize the Emperor in
+Innsbruck. But during the night, Charles fled over the Tyrol to Villach,
+in Carinthia. The day before, he had announced liberty to his captive,
+John Frederick, under this condition, that he would voluntarily follow
+the Imperial Court for a short time longer. Full of joy, the liberated
+prince sang a spiritual song of thanksgiving, and followed the Emperor.
+But the Council of Trent had been scattered like chaff before the wind,
+for they thought that Maurice was coming to disperse them. King
+Ferdinand,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> who had always been a better friend of the Germans than his
+brother, acted the part of mediator.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting was held in Passau, where the well-known <i>Treaty of Passau</i>
+was agreed upon, on the 2d of August, 1552. In this treaty, so important
+to the Protestants, perfect religious freedom is secured to them, and
+they are to receive equal civil rights at the next diet; those who were
+banished received pardon, and the Landgrave Philip was restored to
+liberty. At first the Emperor would not consent to the treaty, but
+finally yielded to the earnest representations of his brother Ferdinand.
+The oppressions hitherto experienced in Germany now ceased; the exiled
+ministers returned, and the Interim had reached its well-deserved end.
+John Frederick and the Landgrave Philip were at liberty again. When the
+latter, who had endured many afflictions, had returned to his dominions,
+he immediately entered a church in Cassel, and for a long time remained
+before the altar engaged in prayer. John Frederick, by his steadfast
+faithfulness and unwavering faith, had extorted the unwilling respect of
+the Emperor; while Maurice had lost it to a considerable degree. When
+some one from Saxony welcomed John Frederick in Nuremberg, he said: "Go
+and tell it in your home that I come without arms, and that I do not
+intend to cause a civil warfare, and shall rather lose the remaining
+portion of my dominions than bring desolation upon the Fatherland."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon wrote to <span class="smcap">Moller</span>: "You know, that by the grace of God, Duke
+John Frederick of Saxony is with his wife and children in Thuringia.
+This return without arms is far more glorious than a bloody victory.
+Posterity too will enrol this example among the testimonies that God
+hears the prayers of the godly, and softens our afflictions even in this
+world."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>When the old defender of the Faith returned to his own country, he was
+everywhere welcomed in the most joyful and affecting manner. From
+Wittenberg too, a letter of congratulation, written by Melanchthon, was
+sent to their old patron. They express their joy in this: "First of all,
+that God has sustained your Grace in strength of body and soul, in
+Christian comfort and fidelity in your hours of trouble, and that he has
+thus adorned you with many virtues, even as Daniel was preserved among
+the lions. And then also for this praiseworthy and joyful deliverance."
+The letter also refers to the blessings this deliverance will bring upon
+the church, and closes thus: "We pray with all humility, that your Grace
+may be and continue to be our most gracious Lord. For it has always
+been, and is still our intention, with God's grace, to maintain unity in
+Christian doctrine with the churches of these lands, although we have
+been sorely tried, and great confusion ensued, from which, however, God
+delivered us; and we are still engaged in great, heavy, and highly
+important matters."</p>
+
+<p>John Frederick expressed his thanks in a very friendly reply. He says:
+"It is indeed true, that God in mercy has laid upon us a great and
+wearisome affliction, on account of our sins. But as his Omnipotent
+power, by the assistance of his Holy Spirit, has maintained us
+wonderfully in the true confession of his saving word, and has also
+preserved our health, so also has his Almighty power graciously freed us
+from captivity, and restored us to our own dominions again." He
+expresses his regrets that there had been so many disputes and changes
+in the church during this time, and says, that if they had adhered to
+Luther's doctrine, "no alteration by mere human wisdom would have been
+undertaken or permitted."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>Melanchthon also expressed his joy at the return of their prince in a
+very hearty Preface to the fourth volume of Luther's works. He says:
+"What greater privilege can be bestowed upon any man, than this grace,
+to spend his life for the glory of God, and the welfare of many of his
+fellow-men? This ornament is infinitely to be preferred above all bloody
+victories and triumphs. May your Highness continue to enjoy health and
+happiness!"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES, AND ATTEMPTS TO BRING ABOUT A UNION.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">We</span> must here revert to a conflict commenced at a former period against
+Melanchthon by Cordatus. We did not conceal the fact that his formula
+that good works are the condition without which we cannot be saved, was
+a bold venture, which could easily be misinterpreted. When he used the
+form of expression in the Leipzig Interim, that good works are necessary
+to salvation, it was expressed indeed in a milder form, but still
+admitted a bad interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>It so came to pass that the aged Amsdorf published a work in 1551, in
+which he accuses <span class="smcap">George Maior</span>, Melanchthon's friend, in the most severe
+manner, because he had adulterated the doctrine of Justification, by his
+proposition that good works are necessary to salvation. Maior did not
+owe him an answer long; he confessed his adherence to the Evangelical
+doctrine of Justification, but at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> the same time adhered to his opinion
+that good works are necessary to salvation, because no one could obtain
+salvation by evil works, or without good works. But now Maior was
+attacked from every side, and found it impossible to retain his position
+as General Superintendent at Mansfeld any longer. His opinion was not
+opposed to the doctrine of justification, for he said that good works
+were necessary to salvation, because they must necessarily be produced
+by faith, and because all men were obliged to obey God. But the opposite
+side proved to him, that the formula made use of by him might easily
+lead to misinterpretation, and should not be used, even if it were only
+on account of the Catholics. Melanchthon, of whom we know that he did
+not approve of a form which might easily be misconstrued, advised Maior
+to desist from further disputes, for, he said, you are merely adding
+fire to the flames. Maior was called to a professorship in Wittenberg in
+the autumn of the year 1552. Instead of following Melanchthon's advice,
+and abstaining from his formula for the sake of peace, he continued to
+defend it. Melanchthon himself did not employ this formula any more, and
+at a later period expressed himself against it in a very decided manner;
+although he remarks in another place, that against the Antinomians we
+should always maintain that the beginning of new obedience is necessary,
+because it is a divine and unchangeable arrangement, that a rational
+being must obey God. However, the most extravagant opponents did not
+suffer themselves to be pacified by all these things. Amsdorf was so
+involved in these contradictions, that he published a work, during
+Melanchthon's lifetime, with this title: "That the Proposition, Good
+works are injurious to salvation, is a true, just, and Christian
+proposition, taught and preached by the saints Paul and Luther." If the
+champions had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> adhered to the word of God and the Confession of the
+Church, and had acted towards each other in a friendly spirit, intent
+upon the honor of God and the discovery of the truth, they would not
+have gone astray in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>Such a spirit should also have been manifested in the so-called
+<i>Synergistic</i> controversy, which caused Melanchthon great trouble. It is
+certain that he was most decidedly opposed to the doctrines of the
+ancient heretic <span class="smcap">Pelagius</span>; for he adhered to the truth expressed in the
+word of God, that the powers of man are so much corrupted by original
+sin, that he must first be awakened by the Holy Ghost before he is able
+to make a beginning, and that he also needs the Holy Ghost as he
+progresses. He teaches that the powers of human nature are greatly
+affected, end unfitted to do good, and he represents the merits of
+Christ as the only foundation of salvation. At the close of his life, in
+reply to the Bavarian articles, he declares in the most positive manner:
+"Sin and death cannot be removed by the free will of man, and man's will
+cannot begin inward obedience without the Son of God, without the
+Gospel, and without the Holy Ghost." Therefore, it cannot be assured or
+proved that he was a <i>Synergist</i>, <i>i. e.</i>, that he taught that in the
+work of repentance, the natural will of man performs one part, and grace
+the other. He was fully convinced that the grace of God alone
+accomplishes what is good in us, and that the will of man merely
+receives. The will of man could thus be active to a certain extent, but
+could not produce the new life. The actual Synergistic controversy did
+not arise until after the Leipzig Interim. In this, Melanchthon had said
+that in the work of repentance, man was not passive like a block or a
+statue. Flacius had repeatedly directed attention to this expression;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+but it was Amsdorf who agitated this controversy towards the close of
+Melanchthon's life. But we will not enter upon a consideration of this,
+because the controversies concerning the freedom of the human will did
+not develop themselves until after the death of our Reformer.</p>
+
+<p>As such differences and disputes arose on every side in the Evangelical
+Church, to its own injury and the joy of the Catholics, several princes,
+especially Maurice and the Landgrave of Saxony, thought it necessary to
+bring about a meeting of the Theologians, in order that these
+controversies might be settled. The Osiandrian difficulties were to be
+disposed of first, as they shook the very foundation of the Evangelical
+Church. The meeting was to be held in Erfurt, June, 1553; but
+Melanchthon did not expect any good from this, and freely declared his
+opinion that such conferences produced no good effects, as Gregory of
+Nazianzen had declared, "that he had not seen any Synods in his own day
+which did not cause greater dissension than existed before." He also
+said that there was no Theologian now who was able to restrain the
+others, as Luther had done in former days. That they ought to adhere to
+the Confession, on account of the Diet which should soon assemble. If
+the Emperor should insist upon the Interim, they should explain to him
+why they could not accept it. The Landgrave also entertained the same
+views.</p>
+
+<p>This plan, which had been projected by Maurice, was postponed by a
+terrible disaster which fell upon him. The Margrave Albert continued to
+disturb the public peace by predatory excursions, which were especially
+directed against the monasteries of Franconia. Maurice therefore united
+with King Ferdinand, and Duke Henry, of Brunswick, to suppress this
+disturber. But when Albert heard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> of this design, he endeavored to
+anticipate them, and fell upon Lower Saxony. On the 9th of July, 1553, a
+battle was fought at Sievershausen. Maurice was victorious, but paid
+dearly for it, for he received a gun-shot wound in the battle, which
+caused his death two days afterwards. His last words were, "God will
+come!" He was succeeded by his brother <span class="smcap">Augustus</span>, who restored the
+Misnian Lands in Thuringia and Franconia to the aged John Frederick. He
+was a sincere man, devotedly attached to Evangelical truth, and enjoying
+the full confidence of his subjects. Already, in the month of August, he
+came to Wittenberg, and Melanchthon rejoiced to hear the most
+encouraging promises from his own lips.</p>
+
+<p>He confirmed the foundations which had been assigned for the support of
+the University by his brother Maurice. He also earnestly wished that the
+Theologians, who were not affording a very edifying and commendable
+example by their continued disputes, might become reconciled among
+themselves. This wish was shared by the pious Duke <span class="smcap">Christopher</span>, of
+Wurtemberg; and he proposed a conference of the ministers at Weimar, in
+order that they might discuss these points of difference. It was agreed
+upon to hold a Synod at Naumburg. We have already heard that Melanchthon
+dreaded such a conference, because he believed it would only make
+matters worse. On the 17th of April, he wrote to a friend: "The Court
+orders us to go to Naumburg, whither, as they write to us, the Swabian
+and Hessian pastors will also come. Although they have been warned by so
+many examples, that synods and hypocritical unions are productive of
+great evils, yet they have ordered us to hold synods again." However, he
+also wrote to Maienburg, May 11th: "Although the Synod of Naumburg,
+which I always objected to, will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> meet, I must nevertheless attend it."
+He went, accompanied by Forster and Camerarius, and reached Naumburg May
+20th, 1554. The Hessian delegates, and the well-known Sleidanus, of
+Strasburg, arrived on the following day, and Pac�us and Salmuth, of
+Leipzig, on the 23d of May.</p>
+
+<p>Although Melanchthon at first entertained the greatest fears, because he
+expected those two violent champions, Gallus and Flacius, whom he called
+the two sons of Polyphemus, he now wrote to his son-in-law Peucer, as
+early as May 23d: "To-day we shall, with the help of God, deliberate in
+a friendly manner, and I hope that no disputes will arise among us. We
+shall not expect any other Theologians, if they do not arrive here
+within three days." The princes wished the Theologians to agree upon the
+answer to be given to the Emperor, at the next Diet. In a declaration,
+prepared by Melanchthon, the Theologians frankly say: "If his Imperial
+Majesty should wish us to adopt again the Papal doctrine, which we
+condemn, and the Interim also, we shall, by the grace of God, clearly
+and positively refuse to do so."</p>
+
+<p>They continued to say, that Protestants should abide by the Confession
+delivered in Augsburg in 1530, because it contains "the only eternal
+agreement of the divine Scriptures, and the true catholic Church of
+Christ." Also, that the confession of Brentius, and that of Saxony,
+fully coincided with this. The Theologians also expressed themselves
+against the errors of <span class="smcap">Schwenkfeld</span> and <span class="smcap">Osiander</span>. Schwenkfeld, like all
+fanatics of ancient and modern days, disregarded the written word of
+God, and thought that God revealed himself to man without this. He also
+showed his perversion by other objections, which he raised against the
+Evangelical Church. They therefore say: "Therefore we unanimously reject
+the before-mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> errors, and all the lies of Schwenkfeld." One of
+the greatest errors of Osiander is his declaration, "that man is not
+just on account of the obedience of Christ, but on account of the Deity
+if it dwells in man." They maintain the Evangelical doctrine against
+these Osiandrian heresies, in a very conclusive manner. In speaking of
+<i>Ceremonies</i>, they insist upon unity in doctrine and in the sacraments.
+They reject the mass without communicants. They allow private
+confession, "but no one is to be burdened by an enumeration of his
+sins." They wish holidays to be observed, and require uniformity in
+this. They oppose the reintroduction of Latin hymns, of the garments
+used in the mass, of vestments, and other ceremonies, "because it would
+give rise to new dissensions and ruptures." The authorities, and
+sensible Pastors, would know how to make a distinction between
+essentials and non-essentials, and how to avoid all offence. Attention
+should be paid to studies, ordination, consistories, and visitations,
+all which matters had formerly been disregarded by the Bishops. As the
+Bishops are persecutors of the pure doctrine, ordination cannot possibly
+be given into their hands. The authorities are bound to see to it, that
+the pure doctrine is preached in the churches, and that the consistories
+would discharge their duties, in punishing vice and maintaining
+discipline and harmony. Melanchthon was highly pleased with the harmony
+among the Theologians at Naumburg; yet he did not conceal the fact from
+himself, that his opponents would also raise a great outcry against the
+resolutions of Naumburg. The Theologians of Wurtemberg had only
+proceeded as far as Erfurt, for they had been expected for several days
+in Naumburg, but in vain. On the 28th of May, Melanchthon wrote to
+<span class="smcap">Strigel</span>: "If the Swabians do not arrive to-day, as I believe they will
+not, we shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> adjourn to-morrow, God willing." He returned to
+Wittenberg, as he had stated. Duke Christopher, however, was highly
+pleased with the resolutions of Naumburg.</p>
+
+<p>During Melanchthon's stay in Dresden, February, 1555, where he was
+giving his opinion in regard to a visitation of the churches, the diet
+of Augsburg had been opened on the 5th of February. The Emperor had
+become completely disgusted with German affairs, particularly since the
+revolt of Maurice, and he now left the direction of this diet, promised
+in the treaty of Passau, to his brother Ferdinand. This diet witnessed
+many disputes, especially urged by the Pope's nuncio. But fortunately
+Pope Julius III. died about this time, and the nuncio was obliged to
+return to Rome. Now one principal difficulty was removed, and they at
+last, in the month of September, 1555, agreed upon the <i>Religious peace
+of Augsburg</i>, which was highly advantageous to the Protestants. For they
+not only obtained liberty of conscience in religion, but full civil
+equality with the Catholics, and remained in the possession of the
+ecclesiastical property which had been confiscated. But one unjust
+resolution was also carried, that if a Catholic sovereign should wish to
+become a Protestant at any future time, he should not indeed be
+personally molested on this account, but should forfeit his office and
+rank. Although the Protestants yielded very reluctantly, the decrees of
+the diet were of the utmost value to them, for they secured a lasting
+peace, and they no longer needed to care for the condemnations of a
+General Council. Melanchthon wrote: "I look upon the peaceful conclusion
+of the Diet of Augsburg as one of the favors of God, and we must beseech
+the Son of God to continue to guide us in future."</p>
+
+<p>While the Evangelical Church was thus celebrating outward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> triumphs, and
+securing a firm position for herself, enemies were raging in her own
+bosom, who undoubtedly retarded her development. They were contending
+about a doctrine which is as plainly founded in the word of God, as it
+is of great comfort to the heart. It is the doctrine that not only the
+earthly elements of bread and wine, but also the true body and blood of
+Christ are distributed in the holy sacrament of the Lord's Supper. As a
+middle path between the doctrine of Transubstantiation on the one hand,
+and the one-sided doctrine of the Reformed, that we receive nothing but
+bread and wine in memory of the Lord, on the other, it was objectionable
+to the Catholics and the Reformed. Luther has triumphantly vindicated
+this consoling doctrine in his writings.</p>
+
+<p>But now there arose another man with a doctrine somewhat different,
+which was adopted by many. This was the sagacious, learned, and pious
+<span class="smcap">John Calvin</span>, who was born in the year 1509. The Lutherans had hitherto
+regarded him as belonging to their own party, especially since he had
+been teaching with Bucer and Capito in Strasburg. When he had returned
+to Geneva in 1541, from which city he had been banished before, and had
+there built up the Evangelical Church with great zeal, he wrote a
+Confession in regard to the Lord's Supper, in the year 1549. The
+Zurichers had formerly suspected him of being a Lutheran, but now all
+their doubts vanished, and they could call him their own, and harmony
+was completely restored between German and French Switzerland. But that
+which produced harmony in Switzerland caused dissensions in Germany,
+although not immediately. Here they had enough to dispute in regard to
+the so-called indifferent things, (Adiaphora,) and the heresies of
+Osiander.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1552, a pastor in Hamburg, named <span class="smcap">Joachim<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></span> <span class="smcap">Westphal</span>,
+published a work in which he proved that the Reformed had given no less
+than eight-and-twenty explanations of the words of institution in the
+Lord's Supper, from the time of Zwingli to that of Calvin. In the
+following year he published a work against Calvin, entitled: "The true
+faith in regard to the Lord's Supper." This publication began to arouse
+the zeal of the Lutherans against Calvin and his friends, which was
+still more inflamed by one <span class="smcap">John von Lasco</span>, who, together with a band of
+French and Dutch Protestants, had been banished from England by that
+severe Romanist, Queen <span class="smcap">Mary</span>. He had confessed himself a follower of
+Calvin, and therefore could not find a resting-place for himself and his
+friends, either in Denmark or Germany. They were denounced from the
+pulpits in every quarter. Calvin now published a work defending them and
+his doctrine. He declared that, according to his doctrine, the Lord's
+Supper was no empty ceremony, even though he did not believe in a
+participation of the body and blood of Christ, in and under the bread
+and wine. Westphal and <span class="smcap">John Timann</span>, pastor in Bremen, arrayed themselves
+against Calvin; who, assisted by Bullinger of Zurich, and Lasco, soon
+published a refutation. Most of the cities of Lower Saxony sided with
+Westphal. The fire spread on every side, and Schnepf of Jena, Alber in
+Mecklenburg, and Eitzen in Hamburg, attacked Calvin in the most violent
+manner, who finally maintained an utter silence.</p>
+
+<p>Calvin represented his own doctrine as a mediation between the Lutherans
+and the Reformed. It did not teach an imaginary, but a real
+participation of the body and blood of Christ, yet not with the mouth,
+and it also opposes the view of an Omnipresence of Christ according to
+his human nature. The fulness of the Godhead has entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> into the body
+of Christ, and from this body the Lord fills his people spiritually,
+with a secret and mysterious power of life, whenever they receive the
+bread and wine. This participation only refers to believers, although it
+is also offered to unbelievers. So Calvin regarded the matter; but what
+did Melanchthon say to all this? He did not express himself positively
+in regard to either side, doubtless because he did not wish to pour
+fresh oil into the fire. Yet he was provoked and driven to a decided
+declaration of his sentiments by both sides. Gallus and Westphal
+published a collection of declarations taken from his former writings,
+by which they proved him to be on their side, and that he had at least
+not thought as the Sacramentarians did, as long as Luther was alive.
+Calvin also endeavored to lead him to declare himself, by stating that
+he understood the Augsburg Confession precisely as it was understood by
+its author, and that in this matter he could as little be separated from
+Philippus as from his own heart. We may admit, without hesitation, that
+Melanchthon agreed more with Calvin than with the stricter teachers of
+the Lutheran Church; but he did not wish to begin a conflict while he
+was the subject of a government which strictly adhered to Luther's
+doctrine. He wrote to <span class="smcap">Hardenberg</span> in the beginning of 1556, that if his
+life should be spared he would reply in a place where the courts could
+not hinder him; and to his friend <span class="smcap">Mordeisen</span> at the Saxon court, who
+reproached him on account of his bashfulness, he wrote: "I am certain
+that your court will not suffer a defence of the truth in this article."
+He therefore continued to adhere to the method of teaching he had
+pursued hitherto. He always spoke of a presence of Christ in the Lord's
+Supper, but never of a bodily presence of his body and blood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>Some of the princes now again, as on former occasions, thought of
+bringing about a reconciliation between the contending parties. As we
+have already heard, Duke <span class="smcap">Christopher</span> of Wurtemberg was the most
+prominent among them, for he made repeated attempts to induce the
+princes and Theologians to hold a meeting, where the points of
+difference might be discussed, and harmony restored. But his advances
+met no response, if we except the aged Elector of the Palatinate,
+<span class="smcap">Frederick</span>. "I also wish," Melanchthon writes, "that learned and
+well-meaning men might negotiate in peace concerning certain contested
+points."</p>
+
+<p>It appeared that the Theologians of Weimar were particularly opposed to
+any union or compromise. These held a separate meeting in Weimar,
+January, 1556, in which they declared that they would not unite with
+those of Wittenberg, until they would pledge themselves unequivocally to
+the Augsburg Confession, and would drop all Zwinglianism and Synergism.
+They would faithfully abide by Luther's doctrine concerning the Lord's
+Supper and free will.</p>
+
+<p>Amsdorf, Schnepf, Strigel, Stolz, Aurifaber, and delegates from the
+Palatinate and Wurtemberg, attended this meeting. Melanchthon called
+this Synod the <i>Flacian Synod</i>, because he well knew that Flacius
+exerted a great influence upon it. He expresses his regrets in regard to
+this, in a letter to Camerarius, February 7th: "This sad dissension
+troubles me so much, that I wish to leave this world; and I see that I
+am not far distant from my journey's end."</p>
+
+<p>But something occurred in the summer of the year 1556, which he perhaps
+expected least of all. Flacius endeavored to bring about a
+reconciliation with his former teacher. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> was at that time residing in
+Magdeburg, and had prepared a few "mild propositions to bring about a
+godly, needful, and peaceful reconciliation between the Theologians of
+Wittenberg and Leipzig, and others who have written against them," which
+he had sent to Paul Eber, that he might deliver them to Melanchthon. In
+the eleventh article he said, "If any persons shall teach and spread
+errors which are injurious to religion and conscience, either publicly
+or secretly, we will avoid such as a curse, and will not acknowledge
+them as brethren, or receive them into fellowship, until they have
+condemned and publicly renounced their errors. For such wounds in the
+church cannot be healed or endured silently." It was principally owing
+to this article that Eber did not present these propositions.</p>
+
+<p>About this time the French scholar, <span class="smcap">Hubert Languentius</span>, who had long
+been one of Melanchthon's most intimate friends, arrived in Magdeburg.
+They were anxious to employ him as mediator. An interview with
+Melanchthon should take place in the little town of Coswig, and Flacius
+promised to employ mild and peaceful expressions. Although Melanchthon
+at first intended to accept the offer, he was afterwards induced to
+change his opinion, and, on the 15th of July, wrote to his friend
+Languentius: "I have for a long time been anxious for a conference with
+pious and learned men, for the glory of God and the general good; but
+what would be the use of an interview with such unlearned, raging, and
+malicious persons as Stolz, Gallus, and Aurifaber." "A sweet friendship
+and intimacy subsisted between Flacius and myself in former days, and I
+should like to discuss the whole system of doctrine with him. But he has
+circulated matters about me which I never uttered, and which never
+entered into my thoughts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> Therefore, I fear treacherous intentions in
+all this. Oh! that he would act towards me with the same sincerity with
+which I should wish to approach him! But not one of my friends is
+willing to be present at such an interview, and they do not consider it
+advisable for me to meet him alone. I am not concerned if others are
+pleased to seek power and influence. The Son of God will judge the life
+and sentiments of every one, and he knows that I am only anxious to
+glorify the truth, to add to God's honor, and to promote the good of the
+Church." On the 21st of July, Flacius expressed his regrets concerning
+this reply in a letter to Languentius, and even wrote to Melanchthon,
+justifying himself, and assuring him that he had no reason to complain
+of him. Melanchthon replied on the 4th of September: "You recapitulate
+your kindnesses towards me, and state that you did not publish a letter
+written to Taupolus. I never wrote a syllable to him. In Augsburg, I
+paid a visit to this Venetian ambassador, at the request of the Elector,
+and spoke with him of the cause of the Reformation. I do not recollect
+all the words of that conversation. For I did not think then that I
+would be called to an account after the expiration of twenty-six years."
+Others had concocted a letter from this, with which R�rer had already
+reproached him, and which had been sent by the Margrave John. "You have
+also published the Leipzig Interim in a mutilated manner, and with
+notes. What induced you to attack an old friend, who loved you
+sincerely, with such weapons? I ought not to be reproached with what I
+never did; I am willing to confess all I have done. When the Augsburg
+Interim appeared, and reached our country, I at first advised that the
+churches should not be disturbed by any alterations whatever." He goes
+on to say, that he had many disputes with the courtiers, until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> the
+Elector declared that he did not wish a change of doctrine, but only
+uniformity in outward ceremonies on festival days, in lections, and
+dress. "This the people afterwards called Adiaphora. I knew that the
+smallest changes would displease the people. But as doctrine was
+untouched, I wished our friends rather to be willing to endure this
+servitude, than to relinquish the service of the Gospel, and I confess
+that I also gave this counsel to the Franconians. This I have done, but
+I never changed the doctrine of the Confession. After this, you began to
+enter your protest, but I yielded, and did not dispute. You are
+perfectly welcome to bear off the victory, for I yield, and do not
+contend about these ceremonies: and wish, with all my heart, that a
+pleasant harmony might prevail throughout the Churches. I also
+acknowledge that I erred in this matter, and pray God to forgive me that
+I did not fly far away from those treacherous deliberations. I shall
+refute all with which you and Gallus unjustly reproach me." In regard to
+Maior's proposition, that good works are necessary to salvation, he had
+exhorted him to explain his meaning, and to drop this form of
+expression. That he himself did not use this expression, and merely
+opposed the Antinomians by declaring: "New obedience is necessary,
+because it is a necessary law that the creature should obey the Creator.
+I do not believe that we really oppose each other in this question." In
+regard to the propositions for peace, he believed it would be best if
+they should be prepared by impartial judges. There must be <i>one</i>
+confession in doctrine, "and as we do not contend about ceremonies, but
+rather confess that we yield in these, do not any longer accuse us, and
+do not heap false charges upon us. Let us unite, with mutual good will,
+and by one confession, against the fearful fury of the enemies of the
+Son<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> of God, who is not only blasphemed by the Papists, but also by many
+others." But Flacius was not satisfied with this answer, and believed
+that it was necessary to have the matter decided by umpires.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of January, 1557, the Superintendents Curtius of L�beck,
+Paul von Eitzen of Hamburg, M�rlin of Brunswick, and Hennig of L�neburg,
+met in Magdeburg, and pledged themselves to adhere to a confession which
+had been published in the year 1550, against the Interim, and which bore
+the title: "Confession, Instruction, and Admonition of the pastors and
+preachers of the Christian congregations of Magdeburg." Flacius, and his
+friends Wigand, Judex, and Baumg�rtner, remained in the little town of
+Coswig, which was not far off, and exhorted the Superintendents, who had
+proceeded to Wittenberg with terms of agreement, that they should take a
+determined stand. On the morning of the 21st of January, the
+negotiations were begun in Melanchthon's residence. He addressed them in
+the most cordial manner, and assured them that he was desirous of peace,
+and had therefore remained silent. "I take a box on the ears, and still
+remain silent, while Flacius and Gallus do not stop their abuses." He
+agreed to accept the umpires, and M�rlin presented eight articles to
+him, which had been prepared at Brunswick, with this condition, that
+either side shall have the privilege to add to or take away from them
+what they pleased. The eight articles were as follows: 1. Unity of
+doctrine is to be restored, in accordance with the Augsburg Confession
+and the Smalkald articles. 2. All opposing errors of the Papists,
+Interimists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentarians, were to be rejected. 3.
+All corruptions, and especially that concerning the necessity of good
+works to salvation, in the article on Justification, which oppose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> true
+apostolical doctrine and the Augsburg Confession, were to be put away
+and condemned. 4. The Saxon Churches are not able to depart from the
+Confession which they published during the last persecution. 5. No
+agreement in ceremonies should be entered into with the Papists until
+they agree with us in doctrine, and cease to persecute the true
+doctrine. 6. In the time of persecution a sincere Confession should be
+made, and no servitude opposed to Christian liberty should be permitted.
+7. We also, in a most Christian manner, beseech our teacher to testify,
+by a public writing, that his views in regard to indifferent matters,
+and the necessity of good works to salvation, agree with the Confessions
+of our Churches; and 8. If one of the parties should be suspected of
+secretly adhering to some errors, an explanation should be required."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon was at first highly displeased with these articles, but on
+the following day he replied as follows: "For thirty years I have
+labored not a little in these churches, in teaching, developing truths,
+in daily judgments, conferences, and in treacherous conflicts. And it
+would have been very becoming in you to spare and pity me. But now, that
+which the worthy Jacob Sturm prophesied to me has come to pass; for when
+he, together with some other friends, accompanied me a part of the way
+when I left Ratisbon, and I said to him, that we would not see each
+other again in this world, he replied: 'We shall still come to you some
+day to crucify you.' Articles are laid before me, in which I am not only
+required to strangle myself, but very many of my friends. You spare
+Flacius. You know yourselves what intimate friendship subsisted between
+some of you and myself. And on this account, I am so much the more
+surprised to see you treat me so harshly. If I do not agree to your
+articles, you will excite your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> party against me; but if I do agree,
+many in our churches will complain of me that I have given them cause
+for offence. There is, consequently, danger on both sides, and it would
+have been better to negotiate with many concerning this." He agreed to
+the first two articles; but to the third he wished to add, that,
+although new obedience is needful according to the law of God, and
+Christ did not suffer in order that we should abide in sin and death,
+yet the expression, good works are necessary to salvation, should not be
+employed. His writings were opened to the eyes of the whole world. "I
+accept the fourth, fifth, and sixth articles, although they accuse us
+very much, as I would rather receive a blow than oppose harmony. As far
+as the seventh article is concerned, there is no necessity for a new
+publication, for every one is able to learn from my writings what I
+think of indifferent things." He concluded by entreating them not to
+oppose him at once, and that they should follow their own judgment
+rather than Flacius. Flacius was not satisfied with this reply, which
+was brought to Coswig by the mediators, and they returned to Wittenberg
+with several additions to the articles.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon thanked them for their trouble, and said that he hoped they
+had now learned to know him as a man inclined to peace. "I shall, with
+God's help, abide by the general Confession of these churches, and shall
+not sow discord. I have always honored you as pious teachers of the
+Church, and I love you with all my heart. I replied to the articles you
+laid before me, so that I might not appear anxious to fly from the
+light, and unwilling to bring about harmony. And this shall be my last
+answer. If you are not satisfied with it, I appeal to the judgment of
+the Church." He adhered to his previous declaration,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> merely in other
+words. The mediators departed, without having effected their object; but
+Flacius would not yield. This conflict between Melanchthon and Flacius
+had also attracted the attention of Duke <span class="smcap">John Albert</span>, of Mecklenburg;
+and he felt himself called upon to attempt to bring about a
+reconciliation. He therefore sent <span class="smcap">Venetus</span>, of Rostock, and his
+counsellor, <span class="smcap">Mylius</span>, to Wittenberg, with proposals of peace. These
+proposals were composed in the spirit of those of Magdeburg. When the
+envoys arrived in Wittenberg, about February 20th, they did not meet
+Philip, who was then on a journey to Dessau and Leipzig. When he had
+returned, heard their wishes, and saw the proposals, he replied very
+briefly, that Flacius entertained many errors; that the prince was
+ungracious; they sought to ruin him (Melanchthon); and that he would not
+condemn any of those who had been present at the debates concerning
+indifferent things, who are now dead. He expressed himself to this
+effect, and promised to present his reply on the following day. He
+retained the propositions, and examined them carefully.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day he came, accompanied by his son-in-law Peucer. His
+answer was a very short one; and when the envoys requested him to
+prepare better propositions, he refused to do so, in a passionate
+manner, and said: "If you wish to crush me, do so; for this is the
+general lot of peace-makers. I commend myself to God." And Peucer also
+added: "You shall not in future trouble my father-in-law any more with
+such disputes." And with this they were dismissed. The envoys returned
+to Magdeburg, without having gained their purpose, in order to consult
+with Flacius and Wigand. Flacius was called to Jena in April, 1557,
+where the Gymnasium had been raised into an University.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXIII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE RELIGIOUS CONFERENCE AT WORMS.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> the spring of 1557, he would have had an excellent opportunity to get
+rid of the Flacians, for the Elector of the Palatinate called him to the
+University of Heidelberg. "However, I have not yet come to any
+conclusion in regard to my removal," he wrote to Languentius from
+Leipzig, "because I must first learn the sentiments of the Court." He
+wrote to Camerarius: "I wrote this letter on the 31st of March, on which
+day, 420 years after Christ, Jerome died in his 91st year, in the town
+of Bethlehem, whither he had fled from the rage of his intriguing
+enemies. I would already have fled to those solitudes, if I had no
+family." But the Court would not permit him to go, and he remained. He
+was very much afraid of a journey to Denmark, whither the Elector wished
+to take him, because the king intended to assemble a number of
+Theologians, to discuss the sacramental controversy. Some one had told
+his father, 60 years before, that Philip would be shipwrecked on the
+Baltic Sea, and this sea he was now to cross. But no doubt he also
+dreaded a Conference where the subject of the Lord's Supper was to be
+discussed. A pastor of that place had spilt some wine, of which
+Melanchthon sarcastically remarked, "What a misfortune!" However, this
+journey was not undertaken; but another took its place. He wrote to
+Camerarius: "The Court would now prefer it, if I should go to the Rhine.
+But we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> shall remain here until new letters from Court order us to go,
+which is not at all disagreeable to me, because I look upon my stay here
+as a blessing." At last the orders arrived. He bade his hearers farewell
+on the 14th of August, in the following words: "I will not deliver any
+lectures to-day, because many poor students ask for letters of
+recommendation about the time of our departure. But I beseech the Son of
+God, our Lord Jesus Christ, who has said, 'I am the vine, ye are the
+branches,' that he would guide us. And I also conjure you, for the
+Lord's sake, to commend yourselves and us to him in devout prayers, and
+that you may become an ornament of the Church by your becoming conduct."</p>
+
+<p>Accompanied by his son-in-law Peucer, by Eber, and several others, he
+departed for Worms. They travelled by way of Schulpforte and Erfurt, to
+Frankfort. They arrived there on the 26th of August, and here learned,
+to their great sorrow, that Schnepf, Strigel, St�ssel, and the
+Counsellor Monner, of Weimar, were earnestly engaged in Worms, in urging
+a condemnation of all the errors which had been introduced. They
+intended this for Melanchthon particularly. He at this time wrote to
+Camerarius: "Many sorrows are troubling me, partly the cruelty of my
+foes, and also the misfortunes of my son, who, although he is still
+alive, is suffering great bodily and mental debility." On the 28th of
+August, they arrived in Worms. The Theologians were filled with joy when
+they again beheld the countenance of the aged and venerable Melanchthon.
+One of his enemies, the before-mentioned Monner, thus wrote to Flacius
+about this: "All our Theologians here received him in the most honorable
+manner, and adore him almost like a deity. When we came out of Church
+three days ago, all greeted him as their instructor, but I stood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> aloof.
+When he saw me, he said, rather coldly, 'Doctor!' and slightly touched
+my hand. He immediately turned away from me, and departed to his
+lodgings, accompanied by a large number of persons. I and Martin St�ssel
+immediately went to our own. His heart seems to be entirely estranged
+from me. But I do not care the least for this, and I believe that we
+should not seek the friendship of persons who pollute the pure doctrine,
+yea, I rather believe we should fly from them, in obedience to the
+passage: 'If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine,
+receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed.'"</p>
+
+<p>This Basilius Monner, together with his Weimarian friends, endeavored to
+persuade the Theologians to condemn Adiaphorism, Maiorism, Osiandrism,
+and Zwinglianism, before the opening of the Religious Conference. "For,"
+as Eber wrote, "these, in their judgment, are the only heresies in
+Europe which ought to be destroyed root and branch." Flacius, by his
+letters, also incited his Weimarian friends to insist upon this. Besides
+this, their instructions required the same. On the 5th of September, the
+Theologians of the Augsburg Confession met, for the first time, in the
+town-hall. Here Monner rose up, and declared that their instructions
+enjoined it upon him and his colleagues to insist, first of all, upon a
+condemnation of errors, so that they could then oppose the Papists even
+as one man. Schnepf also arose, and declared that if this should not be
+done, they would not have anything further to do with the Conference.
+But let us hear what Melanchthon says of this, in a letter to Prince
+Joachim, of Anhalt, of September 6th: "The first act was an accusation
+against myself, taken almost word for word from the libels of Flacius,
+and brought forward by Schnepf. I briefly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> replied to them, that we all
+agreed in doctrine, because we all adopted the Augsburg Confession,
+together with its Apology, and Luther's Confession, which he wrote prior
+to the Council of Mantua. I also spoke a little of my views, that I
+believed it would be better to retain the order of festivals, and other
+usages, which were not sinful in themselves, than to leave the churches;
+I appealed to the opinions of the other persons who were present, and
+added, that it would give me very great pleasure if I would be entirely
+excluded from the deliberations of this Conference. The envoys of the
+princes fully agreed with me, and admonished the accusers to lay their
+private disputes to one side, and to unite in a general deliberation how
+the enemy should be refuted. This was done yesterday. I do not know, as
+yet, what my accusers propose to do further. I bear these calumnies with
+equanimity. I wrote the Confession and the Apology, which they
+constantly quote; and now they are debating how they shall get rid of
+their author. However, I trust that, with God's help, I have been able
+to be of some use to students. I would much rather always engage in this
+work, than quarrel in such conferences, in which I have witnessed and
+experienced many deplorable conflicts."</p>
+
+<p>The majority insisted upon leaving particular condemnations for the
+present, until the articles referred to should come up during the
+regular course of debate. The protestation of the Weimarians was not
+entered upon the minutes, but they succeeded in having it received as
+their personal conviction, by the envoys of the princes. <span class="smcap">Julius von
+Pflug</span> was elected President of the Conference, and called the speakers
+of both sides together on the 11th of September, to open the discussion.
+Melanchthon wrote: "According to the custom of orators, he spoke of the
+evils<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> produced by discord, in his address. Sidonius replied, and I
+succeeded him. I mentioned some reasons why we were obliged to differ
+from our opponents. Our friends are all one in their Confession. The
+Weimarians, and they alone, had demanded some condemnations."</p>
+
+<p>But soon violent contentions arose, especially in regard to the source
+of knowledge. The Catholics insisted upon the continual agreement of the
+Church, but the Protestants would not suffer any other authority than
+the Bible and the most ancient confessions. Original Sin elicited a
+still more excited debate. The cunning Bishop Sidonius of Merseburg made
+these contentions a desirable excuse for breaking up the conference. He
+knew the two Protestant parties, and imitated those, as Melanchthon
+says, who wish to drive the bees from their hives: smoke is blown in for
+this purpose. "So they are seeking plans to divide us, and to break up
+the conference. I have observed all along that our opponents neither
+desire the truth nor union." This was written to Matthesius, September
+29th.</p>
+
+<p>On the 2d of October, he made the following report to the Elector
+Augustus: "By the grace of God, our side made a very good beginning. But
+afterwards the cunning Papists insisted upon knowing whether we were all
+of one and the same opinion. I replied repeatedly in the public
+assemblies, that we all agreed in the Confession. But now the Weimarians
+presented their condemnations, and because they saw that they could not
+keep pace with the other Protestants, they departed in the beginning of
+October, declaring that they had been excluded from the Conference. The
+other Theologians wished to continue, while the Catholics rejoiced at
+this rupture, and said that they did not know who were the true
+adherents of the Augsburg Confession. The President Pflug postponed the
+sessions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> until the King should decide the matter." He wrote to
+Matthesius, October 3d: "I very much doubt whether this debate, which
+has been commenced between us and our opponents, will be continued.
+Everything seems to be arranged in such a manner on both sides, that the
+whole matter will be brought to a conclusion. I earnestly long for the
+society of my family, and would rather repeat prayers with my beloved
+sons and daughters than continue to contend with these venomous
+sophists. However, I shall not leave here until we are officially
+dismissed."</p>
+
+<p>While Melanchthon was thus expressing so great a desire to behold his
+family, a change was about to take place in his house at Wittenberg,
+which caused him great sorrow and many bitter tears. His wife was taken
+ill on the 27th of September. She had a presentiment of her approaching
+end, received the Lord's Supper, and as she was now confined to her bed,
+prayed to God that he might grant her patience. And this her prayer was
+heard. Not a word of impatience passed her lips, and it was easy to see
+that she was perfectly prepared to die. An old account says: "In such
+obedience to God, and with frequent prayer to the Son of God, she fell
+asleep in Christ; and so peacefully, that those present could scarcely
+perceive the moment of her death." She died at three o'clock in the
+morning of the 11th of October. At the time of her death, Melanchthon
+was in Heidelberg, whither he had been called by the Elector Otto Henry,
+in order to assist Micyllus in improving the University of that place.
+He spent some very happy days here, as he was not only receiving
+honorable attentions from the Prince and the learned, but also enjoyed
+the opportunity of embracing his beloved brother George. And now his
+friend Camerarius also arrived. He saw his happiness, but had come to
+disturb<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> it; for he had been commissioned by the University of
+Wittenberg to bear the sad tidings to Melanchthon. While they were
+walking in the garden of the Elector on the following morning,
+Camerarius discharged this melancholy duty. Melanchthon heard him
+calmly, raised his eyes to heaven, and exclaimed: "Fare thee well, I
+will soon follow thee!" And he then began to speak of the troubles of
+the Church, and the troubled times that were to be expected; but his
+sorrow for the loss of his wife would still return. He wrote an
+affectionate letter to his nephew Sigismund, who was staying at
+Wittenberg at the time, in which he expresses his anguish at the
+departure of his beloved wife, and calls upon him to act the part of a
+father in his family. To the letter of sympathy from the University,
+which Camerarius had brought, he replied on the 31st of October: "That
+he was seeking all possible grounds for consolation; but notwithstanding
+all this, my love to her and her daughters always comes upon me again
+with such force that I am almost overcome." He returns his hearty thanks
+for the attentions of the University, and closes thus: "If I am to live
+any longer, I would not wish to live in any place but with you, whose
+virtues, sincerity, and faithfulness I value so highly. And I also love
+our well-deserving University, which God has hitherto protected against
+wicked attacks and the rage of cunning men. I call upon him to guide and
+protect it for ever."</p>
+
+<p>He returned to Worms, and remained through the greater part of November,
+without being particularly engaged. He wrote to Hardenberg on the 14th
+of November that he had very little to write about, "because, after our
+colleagues departed, leaving their condemnations behind them, our
+enemies felt themselves obliged to embrace<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> this opportunity for
+breaking off the conferences. On this account there are no meetings at
+the present time. You no doubt hear that the whole of Saxony is
+celebrating triumphs, because of the beautiful condemnations which
+emanate from the judgment-seat of Amsdorf. I pray God to deliver me from
+those sophists." He also wrote to his friend Mordeisen: "If you will
+permit me to live in another place, I shall reply truly and effectually
+to those ignorant intriguers, and for the good of the church. If the
+discussion of doctrine is to be continued, I hope that a truly Christian
+harmony will prevail among our colleagues who are still present."</p>
+
+<p>During this time, and at the instance of the Elector Frederick and Duke
+Christopher, he prepared a formula, in which he shows himself to be very
+yielding. He in this expresses himself against the fanatics, Servetus,
+Schwenkfeld, and the Anabaptists, in the strongest terms. In the article
+on justification he adhered to the word "<i>alone</i>," in retaining the
+proposition: "That we are justified before God by Faith <i>alone</i>." Faith
+must always be founded upon the merits of the Mediator. Against the
+Antinomians, (enemies of the law,) he insists upon the proposition: "New
+obedience is necessary, because the rational creature must obey God." He
+rejects the proposition that good works are necessary unto salvation,
+because this implied merit, and obscures the consolation of the Gospel;
+and he only retains the expression: "Good works are necessary, because
+man owes obedience according to the commandment of God." He adheres to
+the Augsburg Confession and the Apology, in the doctrine of the <i>Lord's
+Supper</i>. He rejects transubstantiation, and the local inclusion of the
+body and the blood, which was unknown to the ancients;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> he also rejects
+Zwinglianism, which merely recognizes signs, and says, that "Christ is
+truly and essentially present, making us members of his body, applying
+his grace to us, and will prove himself powerful in us." In regard to
+<i>indifferent things</i>, he appeals to the Confessions, and does not wish
+to see the churches, who have the Gospel, disturbed by any new changes.
+But if others discover other misdeeds under this name, we will leave it
+to the decision of a Synod.</p>
+
+<p>This form of agreement met with the approbation of the Theologians; the
+Wirtembergers being the only ones who made some objections on account of
+Osiander's position in the doctrine of Justification. Melanchthon was in
+the meantime awaiting the royal decision as to the Conference, in order
+to discuss the various points at the proper place. At last Ferdinand
+decided that the Conference, already commenced, should be continued. The
+Catholics now urged the recall of the Saxon Theologians, which was
+opposed by the others. Therefore the President adjourned the Conference,
+with the intention that it should be continued at the next diet.
+Melanchthon and his friends presented a declaration, in which they
+stated that they were not to blame in this matter, and were true
+adherents of the Augsburg Confession. This declaration was prepared on
+the 1st of December. On the 6th of December, he departed with his
+companions, filled with the saddest feelings, which he thus expresses in
+a letter to Hardenberg, December 26th: "Although many friends, prudent
+men on the banks of the Rhine, dissuaded me from returning to the Elbe,
+I have nevertheless returned; perhaps it is my destiny, and perhaps it
+is because I must bestow the little I possess upon my heirs, after the
+death of my wife. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> I expect a new banishment.... As soon as the
+times become more propitious, I have resolved to consult with you,
+unless I am forced to leave before that time. Perhaps death will soon
+conduct me to a more peaceful church.... And truly! I feel an earnest
+longing for the wisdom of that heavenly school, and hope for that, when
+we shall see those things we particularly desire to understand, with our
+own eyes. My enemies have already circulated the report that they will
+drive me out of entire Germany. They believe that they have so much
+power. If it pleases God, I am willing not only to leave Germany, but
+even this life."</p>
+
+<p>The Conference therefore did not terminate well. The strict Lutherans
+blamed Melanchthon and his adherents for this, and called them "holy
+Pharisees;" the moderate Protestants charged the breaking up of the
+Conference upon the Catholics; while the Catholics, full of delight at
+the misfortunes of their enemies, labored to convince the whole world of
+the state of discord in the Protestant camp, and showed that it must of
+necessity come to this.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXIV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE REAL YEARS OF SORROW.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> hostility existing between the stricter and more moderate Lutherans
+for the few last years, increased more and more, notwithstanding all
+efforts to the contrary, made by the well-known Duke Christopher, the
+Elector of the Palatinate, and the Landgrave of Hesse. When the Elector
+Augustus, the Elector Joachim II., and Duke Henry of Brunswick, met in
+Leipzig, February, 1558, to consult as to the plan of transferring the
+Imperial Crown to King Ferdinand at the next Convention at Frankfort,
+they also spoke of the divisions in the Evangelical Church. Melanchthon
+received an invitation, during the month of February, to come to
+Dresden, in order to present his views in regard to this subject. He
+began to write a declaration, "but sorrow interrupted this work," he
+says. He thus writes to prince Joachim of Anhalt, in reference to the
+occasion of this work: "The Elector of the Palatinate and the Duke of
+Wurtemberg, have frequently requested our Churches to hold a Synod. When
+asked concerning this, I replied, that it would not be possible to call
+a Synod, until the princes had agreed, not only upon resolutions, but
+also upon their Confession, and had discussed this matter with believing
+and learned men. I therefore received orders to prepare an opinion
+concerning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> certain controverted points, and to forward it, as soon as
+possible, to the banks of the Main. I shall send or bring this document
+as soon as possible, for I am anxious to hear your Highness's opinion in
+regard to these propositions which I have written down."</p>
+
+<p>At last this document was completed, and appeared by the title: "Opinion
+delivered by Philip Melanchthon, concerning a Synod of all the Electors,
+Princes and States, adhering to the Augsburg Confession." He declares in
+the beginning of this, that he would like to hear the judgment of
+Christian princes and men; and that he did not dread a Synod on account
+of Flacius and his party. Although they condemned him, he was satisfied,
+and had no desire of being with them, because they did not seek the
+glory of God. It would not be necessary to convene a Synod on account of
+the outcry raised by Flacius; "for I have maintained silence hitherto,
+and am prepared to remove from this country, if it is desired. I refer
+to this, in order that no one may think I am dissuading from the holding
+of this Synod, because I fear that I might be condemned or banished."</p>
+
+<p>He says further: "Several Electors and Princes wish all the adherents of
+the Confession to hold a General Synod. Now I have always entertained
+the opinion that no such Synod should be called, until all the Electors
+and Princes are perfectly agreed, not only upon what they intend to
+propose, but what they finally intend to resolve and abide by." Unless
+this should be done, it would only end in greater dissensions. In regard
+to images in the churches, and the abjuration by other persons in
+baptism, it would be well to exercise patience in these customs. In
+regard to <i>Free will</i>, a very important point of dispute, he maintained
+the following:&mdash;It is not right to assert that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> man is like a block, and
+remains passive both in evil and in good works, even if it is said that
+the will is passive in good works. "It is indeed true, that God performs
+much wonderful illumination, and great deeds in conversion, and in the
+entire life of the saints, which the human will merely receives; but
+nevertheless we must teach that we must regard the word of God in all
+our afflictions, in order that we may strengthen ourselves by this, and
+at the same time pray God for help. For God works by his word. Man is
+not to rest in unbelief, and to think that he will wait, that he will be
+drawn to God against his own will, by some strange Anabaptist vision and
+miracle."</p>
+
+<p>He appeals to Luther, and denies the "poisonous" conclusion, as if by
+this man obtained some merits. It would be well to hear the opinion of
+sensible persons in a Synod in regard to this matter. We are already
+familiar with his opinion of Osiander's doctrine, in which he properly
+makes a distinction between Justification and Sanctification; he
+expresses his belief that uniformity might easily be restored in this
+matter. In the <i>third</i> article, of the <i>Sacrament of the body and blood
+of Christ</i>, he speaks of transubstantiation as idolatry, and regrets
+that Protestants too entertain such or similar views, "just as an ass of
+Erfurt wrote to me lately, that the little pieces which fall upon the
+ground are also the body of Christ, and should be worshipped." He
+rejects the doctrine of the Bremen ministers, that the bread is the
+essential body of Christ, and the wine the essential blood of Christ;
+and the opinion of Westphal in Hamburg, that the body of Christ is
+present everywhere, in stone and in wood. He fears that a Synod might
+produce great divisions; yet he expresses his views as follows: <i>First</i>,
+nothing is sacrament except the instituted use. This had already greatly
+disturbed Eck in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> Ratisbon, so that he became drunk and quite unwell. He
+then confesses that the Son of God is thus truly and essentially
+present; that when we participate of the Lord's Supper, he gives us his
+body and blood with the bread and wine. He rejects Zwingli's doctrine,
+that it is a mere outward sign, and that Christ is not essentially
+present. He proceeds to protest against the proposition: "Good works are
+necessary to salvation;" and also against the Antinomians, concerning
+which points we have already referred to his views.</p>
+
+<p>We are also familiar with his views of the Adiaphora, or indifferent
+things. He offers to accept the decision of a Synod in this, "whether it
+affects me gently or ungently." In the article on <i>Matrimonial</i> matters,
+he speaks of <i>Consistories</i>, and advises that these be arranged like
+those in Electoral Saxony, where these form and execute decisions. He
+once more requests a serious consideration whether a Synod should be
+held, "because we have reason to fear that it will cause still greater
+divisions." But if it should be resolved upon to assemble one, the
+opinions of all the learned should be listened to in a friendly
+conference, and if they agree, resolutions should be passed and
+subscribed. But in case of disagreement, the opinion of all should be
+heard, and the resolutions passed according to the truth, "let it please
+or displease whom it will."</p>
+
+<p>At the Convention at Frankfort, held in the beginning of March, 1558,
+Ferdinand the First received the crown of the German Empire. He pledged
+himself to preserve religious and civil peace, "continually and firmly."
+His brother, the Emperor Charles V., had retired to a small residence by
+the side of the convent of St. Just, belonging to the monks of the Order
+of St. Jerome, near to Placentia, in Spain, in the month of September,
+1556. He lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> here for two years, engaged in earnest meditations upon
+the vanity of all earthly things, and in the expiation of his sins. It
+is said that he regretted not having acted more severely against the
+Protestants; and he died in September, 1558, praying for the unity of
+the Church. In Frankfort, whither other princes had also been invited,
+besides the Protestant Electors, it was resolved to restore harmony
+between the contending parties in the Evangelical Church. This was to be
+promoted by a treatise prepared by Melanchthon, which has become known
+as the <i>Recess of Frankfort</i>. There were four principal points of
+dispute. The <i>first</i> referred to justification, and makes a distinction
+between justification and sanctification. "This consolation is
+continually to be remembered in this life, that a man is just, that is,
+pleasing to God, and a recipient of forgiveness of sins, not on account
+of newness (the new life), but by faith in Christ, and his merits alone,
+through mercy, for the sake of the Lord Jesus Christ." The <i>second</i>
+article speaks of the proposition, good works are necessary to
+salvation. Although it is true that <i>the new obedience</i> of the justified
+is necessary, according to the commandment of God, yet it ought not to
+be said that it is necessary <i>to salvation</i>, because the doctrine of
+grace would be obscured by this. The <i>third</i> article, of <i>the true
+sacrament of the body and blood of the Lord Jesus Christ</i>, declares its
+agreement with the Augsburg Confession, namely, "that the Lord Jesus
+Christ is truly, in a living manner, and essentially present in this his
+ordinance of the Lord's Supper; that he has also given his body and
+blood to be received by us Christians, with the bread and wine thus
+ordained by him, and that he bears testimony by this, that we are his
+members, that he appropriates himself and his promise to us, and works
+within us." The <i>fourth</i> article,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> of <i>Adiaphora</i>, <i>or indifferent
+ceremonies in the Church</i>, declares that these may be observed or
+neglected; and if the true Christian doctrine of the holy Gospel is
+preached in a proper manner, these ceremonies may be retained without
+injury to the cause of truth. But if the true Christian doctrine of the
+holy Gospel should be polluted or persecuted, then not only the
+indifferent, but also other ceremonies, are injurious. The Recess
+expresses its agreement with the Augsburg Confession in the strongest
+terms, "that nothing opposed to said true Confession should be permitted
+to be taught, preached, or introduced among the people, in the churches,
+schools, and throughout the land."</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of March, the Recess was subscribed by the three Electors,
+Otto Henry, Augustus, and Joachim, by the Count Palatine, Wolfgang von
+Veldenz, Duke Christopher, and the Landgrave Philip. It was also finally
+resolved that they would request the other Evangelical states to
+subscribe it."</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon at this time expressed his convictions to Matthesius, that
+the Weimarians would certainly object to it; and the event proved that
+his supposition was correct. The Recess was violently opposed, not only
+by the Weimarians, but by all strict Lutherans. Flacius called the
+Recess, "The Samaritan Interim;" and the aged Amsdorf prepared a
+refutation, at the request of Duke John Frederick of Saxony; and it was
+also proposed to hold a meeting in Magdeburg in May, in opposition to
+the meeting at Frankfort. Saxony was very anxious to bring it about, but
+in vain. Melanchthon was greatly distressed at this new dispute, and in
+his letters at this time, frequently expresses his desire to be relieved
+from this miserable state of existence. On one occasion he said: "I am
+so over-burdened with labors that I expect my end daily, and yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> my
+enemies are anxious to drive me away before that." He was also greatly
+grieved at the death of his old friend, the faithful Bugenhagen, who
+died peacefully on the 20th of April; although he rejoiced to see
+another friend, Paul Eber, appointed Pastor in his place. He wrote a
+letter of consolation to one of his friends, Conrad Nessen, who was sick
+at the time, in which he says: "My breast is filled with a strong mucus,
+which threatens me with death, and admonishes me frequently to think of
+my sick friends, and of my own death. We know with certainty that God
+gives life, and strengthens the powers of our body, as long as it is his
+will that we should serve the general welfare in this sorrowful battle
+of life. I pray to him with all my heart that he would stand by and help
+you and me, and ease our illness, as long as it pleases him to retain us
+in this life; and I pray him, that for the sake of his Son, the Lord
+Jesus Christ, he would lead us into the sweet communion of the heavenly
+Church, and grant us the enjoyment of his light and wisdom, whenever he
+shall be pleased to deliver us from this prison. Let us look unto that
+fountain of light and wisdom, and bear our present sufferings with less
+sorrow, in the hope and expectation of that better life." He also wrote
+to the Landgrave of Hesse: "My enemies have declared that they would
+make Germany too narrow for me, although I do not know what has filled
+them with this Cain-like bitterness against me, which induces them to
+drive me into strange lands. Your electoral highness, and many sensible
+men in Germany, are well acquainted with my peculiar labors,
+afflictions, and sentiments. If it pleases God, I am perfectly willing,
+not only to leave this country, but even this life, for I have remained
+thus long for the benefit of this school. If I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> must go, I am perfectly
+ready and willing, even as I expect death daily."</p>
+
+<p>The Refutation of the Frankfort Recess, already mentioned as prepared by
+the Weimarians, was sent to the Elector Augustus by the Dukes of Saxony.
+Melanchthon received it, and now prepared his "Reply to the Weimarian
+Document." He passes over the calumnies in it, for the sake of peace;
+and does not agree with them, that it is altogether improper for civil
+rulers to set up articles of religion; he would rather rejoice at this,
+and call upon others to be thankful "that they thus distinctly confess
+their adherence to the true doctrine, and seek unity among themselves."
+He refutes the various attacks upon the articles of justification and
+good works, of the Lord's Supper, and of the Adiaphora. As the
+<i>Synergistic</i> dispute, of which we have already spoken, was also drawn
+in, and the Theologians of Jena intended it all as an attack upon the
+aged Melanchthon, although their assaults were ostensibly directed
+against Pfeffinger of Leipzig, the gulf was widened, and the animosity
+continued to increase. Both sides sent forth the most bitter
+publications. In Thuringia they even proceeded from mere words to deeds.
+For when the Dukes of Saxony had published their <i>Confutation</i> in the
+beginning of the year 1559, in which all heresies, that also concerning
+free will, were condemned, Victorinus Strigel, and the Pastor Andrew
+Hugel of Jena, refused to submit to it. They were both seized and taken
+to the castle of Leuchtenburg. Melanchthon thus writes to a friend in
+regard to this: "During the night succeeding the joyous festival of
+Easter, the aged Pastor Andrew, together with Victorinus, were seized at
+Jena, and carried to the neighboring castle of Leuchtenburg, in which is
+the prison for robbers. The piety and moderation of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> men had
+gained them a distinguished reputation. But Flacius is burning with rage
+against us. He proves this by thus ill-treating these men, who, although
+they are not connected with us, are yet displeased with the harsh
+measures employed against us." The Elector sent this Confutation to
+Wittenberg, that an Opinion might be given in regard to it. "It is only
+with great pain that I am able to read those subtleties and tricks,"
+Melanchthon writes to Cracovius; "but I shall freely express my opinions
+to the Prince, and shall entreat him graciously to dismiss me, if he is
+better pleased with this venomous fabrication." His <i>Opinion</i> is dated
+on the 9th of March, and speaks in very plain terms. Its principal
+objection against the Weimarian Confutation is this: that it does not
+recognize their (the Wittenbergers) efforts against the blasphemers of
+the Son of God&mdash;such as Servetus and Campanus, Schwenkfeld, and the
+Antinomians. "The Weimarian book does not say a word of this,
+(particularly of the Antinomians,) for there are many in many places who
+are filled with this heresy, who consider themselves holy, although they
+continue to live in sin against their own conscience." The Confutation
+also speaks of old and <i>new</i> Zwinglians, without mentioning whom they
+refer to by the term <i>new</i>. Now they wish to be looked upon as the most
+zealous devourers of the Pope, and yet they dare not say a word about
+that grossest of all idolatries, that there can be no Sacrament except
+according to the instituted form." He rejects the proposition, as he had
+done before, that the body of Christ is present everywhere, in wood and
+stone, and says: "I abide by the formula presented to the Elector, and
+it is certainly true that the Lord Jesus Christ is essentially present
+in his ordinance, but not present as wood and stone are present. He
+gives us comfort, and bestows his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> body and blood upon us. "In regard to
+<i>Free will</i>, it is very evident that their principal attacks are against
+me, Philip." He rejects the doctrine that all works, good and evil,
+<i>must</i> be done as they are, and asserts that man, even before
+regeneration, has a free will to maintain external propriety of conduct.
+And if this liberty still partially belongs to our sinful nature, how
+much more shall this be the case after regeneration, "when we obtain
+help by the influence of the Holy Ghost!" "We regard the word of God as
+the beginning, which word condemns sin, and at the same time offers
+forgiveness and mercy for the Lord's sake. We maintain that a man must
+regard the preaching of both the law and the Gospel; and if he comforts
+himself with the Gospel, and finds comfort in true sorrow, it is certain
+that God sends his Holy Spirit into his heart, who continues to operate
+there, and a conflict continues throughout life, in order that faith may
+become stronger." This rule must remain: "Grace precedes, the will
+accompanies it, God draws no man but him who is willing." He also
+proceeds to speak of Osiander, Stancarus, of the proposition "Good works
+are necessary to salvation," and particularly also of the Adiaphora, in
+the manner repeatedly referred to on previous occasions. In regard to
+ceremonies, he says that the two Dukes of Saxony had formerly come to
+the same conclusion, and that the present condemnation applied to their
+resolutions as well as "<i>our own</i>." The Landgrave fully concurred in
+this Opinion, and sent it to Duke John Frederick, who remarked, that
+Melanchthon had not been mentioned once in the Confutation, and that he
+exemplified the old saying: "Whoever is hit cries out." However, the
+Duke was prevailed upon to release the prisoners. In August, 1560,
+Flacius and Strigel held a discussion, in which Flacius unintentionally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>
+so far forgot himself, that he maintained that Original Sin was the
+substance of human nature. He was greatly persecuted and distressed on
+account of this proposition. He died at Frankfort on the 11th of March,
+1575, uttering these words: "Jesus Christ, thou Son of God, have mercy
+upon me!"</p>
+
+<p>The pure Gospel had also penetrated into Bavaria, and had found many
+friends there; so that the Chamber of Deputies of the Duchy petitioned
+Duke Albert in the year 1556, that he should permit the pure preaching
+of the Gospel, and the use of the cup to the laity. But the Duke, whom
+Melanchthon calls a man of mind and wisdom, would not listen to it, for
+he had given himself up to the influence of the Jesuits. They finally
+succeeded in securing the suppression and banishment of all the friends
+of the Gospel. In order to ferret out all heresy, they prepared
+thirty-one articles for the use of the Inquisition. Whoever was not able
+to reply to these in a satisfactory manner should be punished and
+banished. These articles were published in September, 1558, and
+Melanchthon saw them during the same month. In the month of May of the
+following year, he published his "Answers against the wicked Articles of
+the Bavarian Inquisition." This publication is one of the most important
+of his works, because it may be called his last Confession&mdash;his
+spiritual swan's song, (dying strain). Of these Bavarian articles, he
+says: "Whosoever reads these idolatrous articles, which have been
+prepared by a dishonorable raving monk of Bavaria, let him not be
+deceived by the appearance of the Church, but remember that we should
+not blaspheme acknowledged truth, and that blasphemers of acknowledged
+truth and murderers of the members of Christ are not the Church of God."
+He not only deals thus with the thirty-one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> Articles, but also with
+those Articles which had created dissensions in the Protestant Church.
+We are already acquainted with his views, according to which, appealing
+to Luther, he maintains that in the work of conversion grace precedes,
+and the human will follows; as Chrysostomus says: "God draweth, but only
+him who is willing." Yet, at the same time, he also admitted that God so
+operated in all his saints, that their will remained in a passive
+condition. He also refutes Servetus and the Anabaptists, and confessed
+the orthodox doctrine of the union of the two natures in Christ.</p>
+
+<p>He was also destined to behold a violent dispute in regard to the Lord's
+Supper, which arose in his native land, the Palatinate. A certain
+<span class="smcap">Tilemann Hesshuss</span>, who was born at Wesel in the year 1526, and had been
+a pupil of Melanchthon, had, upon his recommendation, been called to
+Heidelberg in 1558, as professor and general superintendent. A dispute
+arose between him and a certain Deacon, <span class="smcap">William Klebitz</span>, of that place.
+Klebitz leaned towards Calvinism. The Elector Frederick III., who had
+succeeded Otto Henry in 1559, admonished Hesshusius to express himself
+in regard to the Lord's Supper, in accordance with the Augsburg
+Confession. Hesshusius declared that he would look upon all who did not
+teach that the body of Christ is <i>in</i> the bread, as Zwinglians. He
+excommunicated Klebitz from the pulpit, and even attempted to snatch the
+cup from his hand at the altar. The Elector upon this deposed both of
+them, and sent his secretary <span class="smcap">Zeisler</span> to Wittenberg to obtain
+Melanchthon's advice. He replied on the 1st of November, and begins in
+the following manner: "This answer is not a difficult but a dangerous
+one. Yet I will say, what I am able to say in regard to this dispute,
+praying the Son of God that he may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> direct your counsels, and bring this
+matter to a happy conclusion." He approves of the proceeding of the
+Elector in ordering both sides to remain silent, and deposing them, and
+wishing them to use the apostle Paul's formula: "The bread which we
+break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ." The apostle does
+not say that the substance of the bread is changed, as the Papists
+maintain; nor that the bread is the essential body of Christ, as those
+of Bremen say; nor that the bread is the true body of Christ, as
+Hesshuss says; but communion: that is, that by which a union with the
+body of Christ is effected." He declares again, as he had often done
+before, that he believed in a presence of Christ, "not on account of the
+bread, but on account of man." Christ makes us to be his members, and
+hereby testifies that he will make our bodies alive. Thus the ancients
+expressed themselves in regard to the Lord's Supper. It cannot be proved
+that he wished to open the door for the introduction of Calvin's
+doctrine into the Palatinate by this.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known from the history of the Church in the Palatinate, that
+the Elector Frederick banished the Lutheran and introduced the Reformed
+doctrine into the Palatinate, and at times made use of very harsh
+measures to effect this. This grieved the aged Brenz so much, that
+although he had hitherto maintained friendly relations with Melanchthon,
+he made efforts to convene a Synod at Stuttgart. Here it was agreed to
+make the doctrine that Christ's body is everywhere present, which is
+called the doctrine of the <i>Ubiquity</i>, the Confession of the Church of
+Wurtemberg. This gave great offence to Melanchthon; and disputes
+concerning the Lord's Supper arose on every side. The princes,
+especially the Landgrave, were anxious to hold a General Synod, of which
+Melanchthon did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> expect any good results, and he therefore
+endeavored to dissuade them from it, in an opinion published December
+18th, 1559, in which he says: "The name <i>Synod</i> is a beautiful one, and
+Christian Synods, like those of the apostles, should be convened for the
+settlement of disputes. But these Synods have frequently been the cause
+of great and cruel disorders; and it is about as great a risk to call
+one as to make war. Therefore, it would be well if the Electors and
+Princes would not be too precipitate, and unadvisedly begin so dangerous
+a work. I do not say this for my own advantage; for, although my enemies
+and their adherents condemn me, as they have persecuted and slandered
+me, I nevertheless rejoice that I am at last separated from such
+hypocrites, who encourage idolatry and murder; and, as long as God
+grants life and reason to me, I am determined, by God's help, to adhere
+to that form of doctrine which I prepared forty years ago, in the
+beginning of the visitation, for the benefit of youth, notwithstanding
+great persecution; and I commend our churches and authorities, and
+myself, to our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God." He adds, in
+conclusion: "Finally, as union is not to be expected in such a Synod, it
+is not advisable to assemble one; and as the meeting of the Electors and
+Princes is to be held for the purpose of deliberating in regard to the
+Synod, I, as an humble individual, think that this meeting should also
+be omitted. For the princes would be urged continually, until they would
+yield something to please others, and in the end it would give rise to
+dissatisfaction."</p>
+
+<p>While he was thus remonstrating against the holding of a General Synod,
+the Elector of the Palatinate, the Duke of W�rtemberg, and the
+Landgrave, insisted upon summoning one, and their envoys endeavored to
+secure the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> assent of the Elector Augustus to this plan. Melanchthon
+writes: "I do not know what good this plan will effect, while parties
+are so greatly opposed to each other." He was also greatly distressed at
+this time, on account of the persecutions endured by his friend
+<span class="smcap">Hardeberg</span>, in Bremen, because of the Lord's Supper. Hesshuss, expelled
+from Heidelberg, came to Bremen, but declared that he could not accept
+the situation offered to him, until Hardeberg would adopt different
+views. He proposed a discussion, against which Melanchthon remonstrated
+in the strongest terms. But when he found that it was nevertheless to
+take place, he resolved to go to Bremen himself, in order to assist his
+friend. But Hardeberg would not enter into the discussion, and was
+deposed in February, 1561. But Melanchthon did not live to see this. He
+saw heavy thunder-clouds rising around him on every side, animosities
+were becoming more and more bitter from day to day, and the inmost life
+of the Evangelical Church seemed to be destroyed. It is not at all to be
+wondered at, that he began to long more and more earnestly for the
+eternal world, surrounded as he was by such gloomy prospects. He
+therefore says, in a letter to Baumg�rtner, of Nuremberg, a few weeks
+before his death: "I am consumed by my longing for the heavenly
+fatherland; and if I should be obliged to live much longer in this
+misery, I would wish to get farther away from this barbarity." This wish
+was soon to be gratified, and we are now approaching his departure; but
+will first of all briefly view his domestic life, and his manifold
+meritorious services.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXV.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HIS DOMESTIC LIFE.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">If</span> we wish to become better acquainted with a great man like
+Melanchthon, we must follow him from his public into his domestic life.
+Here his inner life is revealed to the eyes of an observer.</p>
+
+<p>We have already heard that, principally by Luther's encouragement, he
+married a daughter of Mayor <span class="smcap">Crapp</span>, of Wittenberg, on the 26th of
+November, 1520. His wife, <span class="smcap">Catharine</span>, was of the same age as himself.
+Shortly after his marriage, he was able to write of her to a friend,
+that she deserved a better husband than himself. It was therefore to be
+expected that their union would be a happy one, and so it was. They
+regarded each other with the greatest affection, and thought and felt in
+harmony. If one, for instance, bestowed anything upon the poor, it
+filled the other with joy.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Frequent attacks of illness disturbed,
+or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> we should rather say promoted, their happiness. He was greatly
+troubled with the stone; and she suffered from the same disease, and
+also an affection of the liver. It is therefore not to be wondered at,
+that the oft-repeated illness of his wife filled Melanchthon with the
+deepest compassion, and that he often freely expressed his sorrows in
+his letters. She bore the cross to her own gain, and greatly longed to
+leave this vale of tears. She endured her sufferings patiently, and
+found her principal comfort in the book of Psalms, which has so often
+proved itself a lasting blessing to many souls. Frequently did she utter
+the prayer in Psalm lxxi, 18: "Now also, when I am old and grey-headed,
+O God, forsake me not." Camerarius, who was intimately acquainted with
+her, bears the following testimony: "She was a very pious woman, who
+loved her husband devotedly; an industrious and active mother of her
+family, liberal and benevolent towards all, and so careful for the
+interests of the poor, that she did not only lose sight of her ability
+and strength in the distribution of her charities, but even interceded
+for them among her friends, with the greatest earnestness, and even
+impetuosity. She led a spotless life, and was so anxious to cultivate a
+pious and honorable character, that she did not concern herself about
+expensive entertainments, or costly dress."</p>
+
+<p>Their union was blessed by the birth of four children, two sons and two
+daughters; <span class="smcap">Anna</span>, <span class="smcap">Philip</span>, <span class="smcap">George</span>, and <span class="smcap">Magdalen</span>. His daughter Anna was
+born in 1524. Melanchthon was a great friend of children, and regarded
+his own with the deepest affection. He was particularly devoted to his
+Anna. At a certain time, this little child entered the room, and found
+its father weeping. It approached him, and with its little apron wiped
+away his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> tears. He says of this: "This proof of her love made a deep
+impression upon my heart." He did not dream, at that time, that the fate
+of this daughter should cause him to shed many bitter tears in future.
+At another time, one of his daughters absented herself from home for a
+long time. When Melanchthon saw her, he asked her, in a jesting way,
+what she would say to her mother, who would no doubt give her a severe
+scolding. The child replied, in its simplicity, "Nothing." He was highly
+pleased with this reply, and he often afterwards made use of it, when
+attacked by his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Adami relates: "Upon a certain time a Frenchman paid him a visit. He
+found Philippus in the nursery, where he was rocking the cradle with one
+hand while he held a book in the other. When he observed the surprise of
+his guest, Philip praised the duties of family life, and the gratitude
+of children towards God in such a manner, that the stranger departed
+greatly instructed." He felt happy and at home in the nursery and in the
+family circle, which he called "the little church." His son George, who
+was born November 25th, 1527, died when he was two years old. He was
+very much attached to this child, which already displayed extraordinary
+intellectual gifts. Great indeed, therefore, was his sorrow, when the
+Lord took it away. He speaks of it in several of his letters. Luther
+even calls upon Jonas to pray for him that the Lord would comfort him.
+Luther wrote to Jonas on the 17th of August: "On last Sunday the Lord
+took away our Philip's son George. You can easily imagine how very
+difficult it is for us to console this tender-hearted and most sensitive
+man. The death of his son has filled him with extraordinary sorrow, for
+he has not experienced this before. You<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> know how very important the
+preservation of his life and health is to us all; we all suffer and
+sorrow with him."</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the month Luther again wrote to Jonas: "Philippus is
+still grieving. We all sympathize with him, as a man of his worth richly
+deserves it. Oh! that all those proud Timons were humbled by crosses
+like this, who are so proud of their own wisdom, that they do not know
+how much this man, sinful and feeble though he be, is exalted above
+many, yea, thousands like Jerome, Hilary, and Macarius, who are
+altogether unworthy to unloose the shoes' latchets of my Philippus."</p>
+
+<p>The eldest son bore his father's name, and was born on the 13th of
+January, 1525. This boy suffered very much in his earlier years, so that
+his father entertained very little hope of raising him. But
+notwithstanding all this, he lived to the great age of eighty years. He
+did not possess the talents which so greatly distinguished his father.
+When very old, he wrote in an album: "I have a desire to depart, and to
+be with Christ. Philippus Melanchthon, August 9th, 1603."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Sabinus</span> was born at Brandenburg, April 23d, 1508. In his 15th
+year he had come to Wittenberg to pursue his studies. Melanchthon became
+acquainted with him, and loved him on account of his extraordinary
+talents. He was particularly distinguished for his poetical talents.
+When Anna,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Melanchthon's favorite, was 16 years old, she was married
+to this Sabinus, with the consent of her parents. This occurred in the
+year 1536. In the year 1538, the Elector Joachim of Brandenburg called
+Sabinus to Frankfort on the Oder, as professor of polite literature.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>
+Being an exceedingly vain and ambitious man, he looked upon this
+situation as too humble, and longed for one more honorable. Such an one
+seemed to be opened to him, when the Duke of Prussia established a
+University at K�nigsberg.</p>
+
+<p>Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius in the Spring of 1544: "Sabinus intends
+to leave the academy (at Frankfort) because he finds it very difficult
+to satisfy the demands of so many learned judges. He is looking for
+hiding-places where he will be able to rule, and from whence he may be
+introduced to courtly life. This, you must know, is the substance of his
+plans. Perhaps we may add to this, that he is desirous of removing my
+daughter farther away from my observation; but I endeavor to be calm."</p>
+
+<p>We may easily conceive that the modest, gentle Anna, could not live
+happily in such a union. She complained to her parents, for Sabinus was
+also a spendthrift in addition to all this. By the recommendation of
+Camerarius, Sabinus was appointed the first Rector of the University of
+K�nigsberg, on the 17th of August, 1544. Before removing to this place,
+Anna and her children remained for some time in the house of her parents
+at Wittenberg. Melanchthon's love towards his daughter and her children
+was now renewed and increased, especially as he saw the prospects that
+awaited them. He wrote to Camerarius: "This journey of my daughter fills
+me with constant sorrow. But I pray that the Lord may regard our tears.
+Could you but see how amiably my daughter has deported herself while at
+home; she is quiet, modest, gentle, very conciliatory, and of a prudent
+mind."</p>
+
+<p>But she was not destined to remain in this school of suffering for a
+very long time; for, as we have already<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> heard, the Lord removed her in
+March, 1547. This was the severest affliction that Melanchthon ever
+endured. From Zerbst he wrote to his friend Paul Eber in Wittenberg: "I
+send you a narrative of my daughter's death, which, whenever I read it,
+or even but think of it, so increases my parental sorrow, that I fear it
+will injure my health. I cannot banish the sight of my weeping daughter
+from my eyes, who, when she was asked what she would like to say to her
+parents, replied: "I think of several things, which fill me with
+anguish." Camerarius says, that she appeared as a corpse to her father
+in a dream, in the very night in which she died. Melanchthon wrote to
+him that his daughter had gently passed out of this life, giving
+striking evidences of her love towards God, her husband, and children.</p>
+
+<p>It soon appeared that the love which Melanchthon had borne towards his
+departed daughter was now transferred to her children. He therefore
+wrote to Sabinus: "I wish our friendship to be a lasting one, and am
+determined to cherish it faithfully. I shall look upon your children as
+my own, and they are indeed my own. I do not love them less than I loved
+their mother. Many know how fondly I loved my daughter; and this love
+has not been extinguished by her death, but continues to be nourished by
+sorrow and ardent desire. And as I know how much she loved her children,
+I believe that I must transfer her affections to myself." Great indeed
+was his joy when Sabinus, during his journey to Wittenberg in the autumn
+of 1547, left behind him three daughters and a son. These grand-children
+were the greatest recreation of the grand-parents. He would sometimes
+even speak of these children before his hearers.</p>
+
+<p>His youngest daughter Magdalen, born July 18th, 1533,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> was married to
+Doctor <span class="smcap">Caspar Peucer</span>, when she was but 19 years of age. After
+Melanchthon's death, Peucer became the first professor of the University
+of Wittenberg, and physician in ordinary to the Elector of Saxony. Their
+union was richly blessed with children. He endured many persecutions
+afterwards, because he and some of his colleagues secretly approved of
+the doctrines of Calvin, on which account they were called
+<i>Cryptocalvinists</i>. He was compelled to languish in a prison for twelve
+years. During this time his wife died. One morning he dreamed that he
+was tolling the bell for a funeral. The rope broke in his hand, and
+awaking, he cried out: "The rope is broken, and we are free." In the
+very same moment the door of his cell was opened, and he was liberated.
+Grief took such possession of his heart, that he was frequently observed
+weeping during public worship in Zerbst, whither he had retired.</p>
+
+<p>His servant <span class="smcap">John</span> has likewise been very properly counted a member of
+Melanchthon's family. This John was a Swabian, who for thirty-four years
+served him with great fidelity and honesty, managed all his household
+affairs, and trained and instructed his children. Melanchthon
+entertained the highest respect for him, and frequently wrote to him,
+when absent on a journey. This man must have had a truly Christian
+understanding and heart. When Veit Dietrich upon a certain occasion sent
+some sermons upon the struggles of the soul of the Son of God to
+Melanchthon, he replied that he had not read them yet, but intended to
+read them attentively, and then continues: "My servant, who reads such
+books with great delight, praises them very much."</p>
+
+<p>When he died, Melanchthon publicly announced his death, and spoke of him
+in the most touching manner.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> We will repeat it: "My servant John, born
+on the Neckar, lived with me four-and-thirty years. He served God with
+true piety, and towards men he was just, truthful, and obliging. He was
+chaste, and a friend of chastity. He devoted his mornings to the reading
+of the Scriptures and prayer, then to the training and instruction of my
+little sons and daughters, and then to household affairs. He accompanied
+us in all our times of exile, in time of war and pestilence, and
+witnessed my life, labors, and afflictions. And time never produced any
+change in him towards us." This is an honorable testimony for
+Melanchthon, even as Eliezer was an honor to Abraham.</p>
+
+<p>We must also notice Melanchthon's personal appearance, his manner of
+life, and devotional exercises. There was nothing striking in his
+appearance. He was small and thin, yet of good proportions; his chest
+was broad, and his neck somewhat long. His face was very expressive, his
+forehead was high, and his blue eyes were full of beauty, intelligence,
+and gentleness. He was very animated in conversation. The amount of work
+performed by this man is really amazing, when we remember that he
+enjoyed but few healthy days in the whole period of his life. He was
+frequently troubled with sleeplessness; at other times, he was severely
+afflicted with the stone; and besides this, he was also subject to
+affections of the bowels. He had accustomed himself to very strict
+habits of life.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> He could be found in his study at 2 or 3 o'clock in
+the morning, both in summer and winter. During the day, he read three or
+four lectures, attended to the conferences of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> the professors, and after
+that labored until supper-time. After this, he retired about 9 o'clock.
+He would not open any letters in the evening, in order that his sleep
+might not be disturbed by anxiety. As his friends on the Rhine made him
+frequent presents of wine, he was in the habit of drinking a glass
+before supper.</p>
+
+<p>His habits were extremely regular. He generally took one simple meal a
+day, and never more than two. As he was frequently invited to
+entertainments at Wittenberg, and other places, he could not at all
+times strictly adhere to this manner of life. He was not fond of
+luxuries, but preferred soups, fish, vegetables, and eggs. He was fond
+of conversing at table; and a man of his acquirements, who had conversed
+with princes, statesmen, and other celebrated persons, was never at a
+loss for a topic. He was fond of cheerfulness and pleasant jests; but
+his fervent piety diffused a pleasing and blessed light over his whole
+walk and conversation. He began every duty in the name of God, and as in
+his presence. The word of the Apostle Paul, "In him we live, and move,
+and have our being," was ever present to his mind. He was frequently
+heard exclaiming, "May our Lord God help us, and be merciful unto us!"
+When he arose from his bed in the morning, he addressed the triune God
+in the following brief form of prayer: "Almighty, Eternal God, Father of
+our Lord Jesus Christ, Creator of heaven and earth, and man, together
+with thy Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, thy word and image, and with thy
+Holy Spirit, have mercy upon us, and forgive us our sins for thy Son's
+sake, whom thou hast made our Mediator according to thy wonderful
+counsels, and do thou guide and sanctify us by thy Holy Spirit, which
+was poured out upon the Apostles. Grant that we may truly know and
+praise thee throughout all eternity!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>After prayer he read a portion of the Bible, and then looked into the
+almanac, in order to remind himself of the time of the ecclesiastical
+year, and of the men of God, whose name-days were there recorded. It was
+only after he had thus sanctified himself by the word of God and prayer,
+that he began his labors, or wrote the most urgent letters. He always
+dined regularly at a fixed hour, and here not only a blessing was asked,
+but the Apostle's Creed was also repeated. He entertained a very high
+regard for this Creed, and was in the habit of repeating it three times
+every day. He thus speaks of it in some of his writings: "There are many
+reasons why we should accustom ourselves to a daily repetition of the
+Creed. Godly and pious men are in the habit of repeating it at least
+three times every day. Dr. Jerome Schurff, a wise and learned man, when
+he found that death was approaching, repeated it almost every hour, and
+that, too, with such fervency of spirit, that all could see how much he
+was encouraged and strengthened by this Confession." He also laid great
+stress upon the Lord's Prayer, the Psalms, and the Ten Commandments; and
+frequently exhorted his students to accustom themselves to repeat them.</p>
+
+<p>This piety, which he constantly recommended to others, and practised in
+his domestic life, also animated all the labors of his calling. He
+regarded his lecture room, in which so many hearers assembled anxious to
+hear their master, as if it were his Church. He somewhere makes the
+remark: "Above the entrance of many old churches, we read the
+inscription, 'My house shall be called a house of prayer,' sculptured in
+the stone. This inscription should also be placed upon schools, for they
+are a part of the public worship of God; we there teach and learn the
+truth, and must unite prayer with it all." In another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> place he says:
+"We occupy this position in the name of God, in order that we may
+preserve and disseminate that truth which gives salvation to the human
+race; and God demands diligence both on the part of teachers and pupils.
+We must enter the school with the same feelings with which we enter the
+temple, namely, that we desire to learn and communicate divine things.
+If any man enters the school merely to acquire a portion of knowledge,
+which he may use for gain or empty ambition, let such an one remember
+that he is desecrating the holiest temple of science."</p>
+
+<p>It was his constant aim to do everything for the glory of God, and to be
+"a useful instrument of the church." And if this was the case in all his
+efforts to educate youth, how much more was it the case when the church
+itself was concerned! He was not one of those with whom Christianity and
+affection for the church is something so internal that it never
+manifests itself. He approved of the use of particular forms of prayer.
+He says: "We are not to despise the verbal prayer, which helps to arouse
+us. Dr. Jerome Schurff very properly observes: Christ says, when ye
+pray, <i>say</i>: Our Father, which art in heaven. Therefore it is not
+sufficient to pray in the spirit, but if it is possible we must also
+utter words by which the devotional feelings of our hearts are
+increased." In his prayers he steadfastly relied upon the promises of
+God, and doubtless frequently rejoiced in having found that which he
+sought. He loved the house of God, and was a faithful attendant at the
+public worship of God. <span class="smcap">Heerbrand</span> of T�bingen, in his Eulogy, bears this
+honorable testimony: "He was anxious to frequent public worship, not
+only to set a good example to others, but because he knew that the Holy
+Spirit exercised his power through the word of God, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> that the Son of
+God was present, so that his faith might be strengthened, and the spirit
+of prayer be enkindled in the congregations of the saints; even as he
+constantly prayed with inexpressible sighs, and offered up prayers and
+supplications for the church and himself. We, who knew him, are all able
+to testify in regard to this."</p>
+
+<p>He once remarked to his hearers: "You are not to act in so brutish and
+impertinent a manner as to think it does not matter even if I do not go
+to church, for it is nothing but Popery and superstition. No, but it is
+barbarism to neglect these privileges. There is no more beautiful sight
+than orderly and holy assemblies, in which men are instructed of God,
+and where they unite in prayer and thanksgiving. We have here a type of
+eternal life, where we shall sit in the presence of God and his Son, and
+hear the Son of God instructing us in reference to the greatest
+wonders."</p>
+
+<p>In another place he says: "You must connect yourselves with the church,
+and maintain the public worship of God. You know how frequently the
+Psalmist prayed: "One thing have I desired of the Lord, that will I seek
+after; that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my
+life." O Lord, let me live where there is a church, however small. Just
+as I once related of my little daughter, who said: "K�nigsberg is a very
+nice place too, for there they go to church just like here." She saw how
+glorious these assemblies are. He also in another place expresses his
+sentiments in regard to this matter in a very decided manner: "We love
+the united devotions of the house of God. Those who do not come to
+church, but accustom themselves to walking about, feasting, and other
+abominations, while the godly are assembled to hear the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> word of God,
+will degenerate more and more. They will become swine, lewd fellows, and
+devils. In my house at T�bingen, in which Dr. Jerome Schurff had also
+resided, this ancient verse was written upon the walls: "To go to church
+delayeth not, to give alms impoverisheth not, and unjust wealth
+remaineth not."</p>
+
+<p>We have heard before, that it was his opinion that the public worship of
+God should not be entirely devoid of all ceremonies. But the ceremonies
+should not be opposed to the Scriptures. He did not approve of depriving
+the churches of their ornaments and pictures. However, we are already
+sufficiently acquainted with his sentiments in these respects.</p>
+
+<p>It is very remarkable that he attached such great importance to dreams,
+and the position of the stars. He dreamed a great deal, and in his
+letters frequently speaks of the stars; and whenever comets made their
+appearance he looked upon them as signs of evil times, and troubled
+himself exceedingly. He also relates instances of the influence exerted
+upon the lives of men by good and evil spirits, from which it appears
+that he looked upon such influences as very powerful.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXVI.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">SOMETHING MORE OF MELANCHTHON'S MERITS.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> reader has had sufficient evidence in the life of our Reformer, that
+he was indeed a learned man, and performed most valuable services in the
+church and school. He labored especially to combine science with the
+work of the Reformation, and to render the study of the Greek and Latin
+writers serviceable to the cause of Christianity. And he proved very
+satisfactorily, that these studies can be attended to without
+sacrificing true Christianity. Of course, there is a very great
+difference between him and those scholars of our own day, who diffuse a
+knowledge of heathen authors apart from true Christianity. While the
+latter are training up a generation which is filled with heathen ideas,
+and but too often lives a heathenish life, Melanchthon trained pupils
+who also possessed a thorough knowledge of the ancient languages, but at
+the same time loved Christian truth. This "<i>Teacher of Germany</i>," as he
+was called, would still be able to show the teachers of our modern
+youth, that extensive attainments, and true, living Christianity, are
+not necessarily opposed to each other, but may be brought to harmonize
+with each other in the most beautiful manner. How earnestly he labored
+to instil a thorough knowledge into the minds of his pupils, is manifest
+from his own words: "To neglect the young in our schools is just like
+taking the Spring out of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> year. They indeed take away the Spring
+from the year who permit the schools to decline, because religion cannot
+be maintained without them. And a terrible darkness will fall upon
+society, if the study of the sciences should be neglected."</p>
+
+<p>As he himself had attained solid knowledge in his youth, he was also
+anxious that his pupils should be well grounded in the various branches
+of knowledge. He was therefore not ashamed to instruct young men in the
+rudiments of the dead languages. For this purpose he wrote a Greek and a
+Latin grammar, which were used in the schools until the beginning of the
+last century. He was instrumental in securing cheap editions of the
+Greek and Roman authors. But he did not confine himself entirely to the
+study of languages; he also devoted himself to other branches of
+knowledge, particularly History. He was very anxious to direct greater
+attention to German History. A number of excellent scholars were
+prepared under Melanchthon's superintendence, one of whom, Valentine
+Friedland, called <span class="smcap">Trotzendorf</span>, became very distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>We will not enter into the consideration of his services in Philosophy,
+the promotion of Eloquence, Ethics, Psychology, Natural Philosophy, and
+Astronomy, but shall merely say a few words more of the influence he
+exerted upon true <i>Theology</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He was mainly instrumental in introducing the knowledge of the Greek
+language among the Protestants, and also in encouraging them to study
+the Hebrew, because he saw that a knowledge of the original languages
+was absolutely essential in order to understand the Holy Scriptures
+properly. Besides this, as we have heard before, he wrote critical
+expositions of most of the books of the Bible. His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> Latin comments upon
+the Gospel lessons appointed to be read in the Churches, were delivered
+before the Hungarians, who did not understand the German language.
+<span class="smcap">Christopher Pezel</span> informs us of their origin: "When the University was
+re-established after the war of Smalkald, Philip Melanchthon began to
+explain the Gospels for Sundays and festival days, in his own house, for
+the sake of a number of Hungarians, who were not able to understand the
+German sermons in the churches. As a large number of other persons also
+began to attend these lectures or sermons, in which he explained the
+principal truths of his text in a familiar conversational manner, he was
+obliged to hold them in the public Lecture-Room. As he was very skilful
+in instructing youth, and thoroughly supplied with every kind of
+learning, he was careful to suit his explanations to the capacities of
+his hearers, the greater part of whom were young men, and many of them
+boys."</p>
+
+<p>These lectures were very numerously attended. He was in the habit of
+beginning to explain the separate verses according to their literal
+meaning. He then proceeded to inquire whether his explanation agreed
+with the context, and then went on to develop the doctrines of faith. He
+laid great stress upon this analogy of Scripture truths. And this alone,
+which the ungodly commentators of later times did not recognize, throws
+a full light upon exposition. We are already sufficiently well
+acquainted with his system of doctrine. Although, as we have seen, he
+yielded in some points in an improper manner, he nevertheless adhered to
+the substance of divine truth. The Augsburg Confession was his
+Confession. Whenever therefore any one attacked the fundamental
+doctrines of Christianity, as they are represented in the confessions of
+the first centuries, he would become very much excited, and thought that
+such persons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> ought to be punished. Therefore he decidedly approved of
+the burning of <span class="smcap">Michael Servetus</span>, who rejected and blasphemed the
+doctrine of the Trinity. He acted in the spirit of the Old Testament,
+and forgot, that although such persons cannot be regarded as members of
+the Christian church, they must be borne with patiently.</p>
+
+<p>He was also in favor of using the strongest measures against the
+Anabaptists, and other fanatics and heretics. Although he did not look
+upon this in the light of the New Testament, his view rested in a warm
+zeal for the purity of the Christian Church, which he looked upon as of
+the utmost importance. It is true, the objection might be raised here
+that he himself should not have been so inconstant in many doctrines.
+But this was very agreeable to many in his own days, who became his
+followers. He thus became the leader of a party, no doubt against his
+own will. His followers were afterwards called <i>Philippists</i>. It does
+not belong to our task to write the history of this party, and to
+present its sad destiny. There are still some divines who esteem
+Melanchthon's faults as his highest perfections, and look upon him as a
+man far in advance of his own time, or in other words, as a man who
+occupies their own position. But if these extollers of Melanchthon would
+take the trouble to examine his writings, and the additional trouble to
+compare their own amount of faith with that of the Master of Wittenberg,
+it would not only result to their own disadvantage, but it would be
+apparent that they are not even worthy to loosen the latchets of his
+shoes. For the fundamental doctrines of the Divinity of Christ, of the
+Atonement, Justification by Faith, and the like, were so fully
+established in his view, that he would not suffer the least doubt in
+regard to them. How steadfastly he adhered to them, and how faithfully
+he relied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> upon his Saviour, is proved by his last illness and
+death-bed, which no doubt may be regarded as among the most edifying
+upon record, and which we therefore propose to describe at length.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">CHAPTER XXXVII.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="big">HE DIES.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A cloud</span> of the noblest champions and witnesses of God had already
+departed to that place where we rest after the battle, and where the
+confessor receives the reward of grace. Melanchthon had long before this
+desired to lay aside his arms, and to celebrate a Sabbath, in which he
+might sing the new song to him that sitteth upon the throne, with his
+friends Luther, Cruciger, Veit Dietrich, Sturm, Bucer, Bugenhagen, and
+all the company of the saints made perfect. He had also expressed this
+longing towards the eternal home in many of his letters. The most
+ancient account, that of the University, says in regard to this: "When
+he had now become worn out, and weary of this life, he prepared himself
+for death for several years; even as he wrote concerning himself, that
+he was tired of this life, and was therefore directing his thoughts to
+another world, and towards his beloved Lord Jesus Christ. That he had
+done as much as he could in this life, and would leave the rest with
+God. He comforted himself with the reflection that he had always meant
+well, and his conscience did not accuse him on this account. And with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>
+this clear conscience, he trusted to go "into the presence of his Lord
+Jesus, with God's help, no matter what an ungrateful world might say
+about it." Whenever his opponents attacked him at this time, he would
+say: "Let them write until they are satisfied, and do whatever they
+please, I shall not trouble them much longer. But I, with God's help,
+will continue to teach diligently, and present a simple exposition of
+truth to the young, as long as I live, and will pray God to grant me a
+joyful departure." To this mental weariness, bodily infirmities were
+added. He began to experience great difficulty in writing letters, which
+he had done with much ease formerly; and his eyes, too, grew weaker.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of March, 1560, he departed for Leipzig, in order to examine
+the stipendiaries of the Elector. After he had finished his labors, he
+left Leipzig on the 4th of April. His journey affected him very
+unfavorably, for the air was inclement and cold, and they were riding
+against a cutting north wind. He said, even while in the carriage, "that
+he had not felt the coldness so much during the whole winter, as he did
+now." He was able to sleep very little during the night from the 7th to
+the 8th of April; towards morning he was affected with fever,
+accompanied by a cough and shortness of breath, and his eyes appeared so
+sunken, that his friends were terrified. But notwithstanding all this,
+he roused himself from his couch to attend to his duties, but found
+himself so much exhausted by his efforts, that he was repeatedly obliged
+to totter to his couch, to refresh himself. During this day, he yet
+wrote a short letter to Moller, and apologized for its brevity on
+account of the severe pain he was suffering. His son-in-law, Doctor
+Peucer, thought that the affection of the stone, with which his
+father-in-law had suffered severely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> before, was again making its
+appearance, and had a bath and warm poultices prepared for him.</p>
+
+<p>After wishing him good night, the invalid said: "If it is the will of
+God that I shall die, I am heartily willing to die, and I only pray God
+to grant me a joyful dismission." He felt that death was approaching;
+and as he was fond of reading and interpreting the stars, he observed
+intimations of his death in the planets. He rose shortly before 8
+o'clock, in order to deliver his usual lecture. His friends, Esrom
+(R�diger) and Sturm, in vain endeavored to dissuade him from doing so.
+He said, "I will lecture for a half hour, and then use a bath." But when
+he was about to set his foot upon a little stool which he used when he
+washed his hands, he became so weak that he was not able to lift up the
+other foot, so that he almost fell back. Upon this he said, "I shall go
+out like a lamp." He went to the lecture-room, accompanied by his two
+friends; but it was not yet 8 o'clock, and but few students were
+present. He then remarked: "What is the use of our being here?" On the
+way back to his house, he said to his companions: "If I could reach
+K�nigsberg, I might become better." When he reached the house, he felt
+somewhat better, and his friends did not venture to give notice that the
+lecture would be omitted. Esrom departed, in order to seal the letter in
+which he had communicated Melanchthon's illness to Camerarius.</p>
+
+<p>At 9 o'clock, he again went out to deliver his lecture. It only lasted a
+quarter of an hour. He spoke of the <i>ransom</i> of Christ, which he offered
+as Mediator, not silver and gold, but his precious blood, by which he
+fulfilled the law, and satisfied justice. He spoke with his usual
+animation. Upon his return home, he took a bath. He took but very little
+food, and then slept soundly for three hours.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> At supper, he spoke
+distinctly, but feebly. On the following night the fever returned, and
+Peucer found that he had been mistaken as to his disease.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th and 10th of April, Melanchthon was lively and cheerful; and
+at a meeting of the faculty, spoke very earnestly against the parties
+among the students. In the afternoon, he corrected several funeral
+orations in honor of Duke Philip, of Pomerania, who died on the 24th of
+February, and said: "I am now only engaged upon funeral matters. This
+worthy Prince of Pomerania was also named Philip. Perhaps I shall be the
+next Philip, from the common herd, who shall follow this pious prince."
+On the same day he delivered a very animated lecture upon Christ's
+prayer (John xvii.), and also made preparations to read a meditation
+suitable to the festival of Good Friday, in the morning at 6 o'clock
+(April 12th). It was based upon the 53d chapter of the Prophet Isaiah.
+In this he remarks: "Our diligence and valor is also needed." He had
+indeed spent a bad night, but this did not deter him. When he was told
+that in the evening they had seen clouds resembling bound rods, he spoke
+very earnestly of the judgments of God. "The people," he said, "are
+becoming secure, and care for no warnings; and whenever this is the
+case, punishment is not far off. May God Almighty be gracious unto us,
+whom we heartily pray to remember mercy in the midst of his wrath." The
+following night he enjoyed good rest, and slept very quietly. He awoke
+whilst he was singing an old hymn, which, when a boy, he had frequently
+sung in Church: "With desire have I desired to eat this passover with
+you before I suffer." He wrote an Easter Meditation on the great
+Sabbath, the day before Easter, and carried it to the printing-office
+himself. He then went to church, confessed his sins,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> received
+absolution, and together with others, in true faith received the body
+and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ with thanksgiving and fervent prayer.
+In the afternoon at 2 o'clock, he went to look after his manuscript in
+the printing-office. This was his last walk in the street.</p>
+
+<p>At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, his dear friend Camerarius, of Leipzig,
+who had been informed of his friend's precarious condition, through
+Peucer, entered the house, and found his friend Melanchthon upon the
+lowest step of the stairway that led to his study, resting his head upon
+his hand. He arose and welcomed him, and they continued to converse for
+some time. At 5 o'clock, he expressed a wish to go to bed, for a severe
+chill had come upon him. He did not eat anything. He could not sleep
+during the night after Easter; the heat of the fever was rapidly
+consuming his strength; but notwithstanding all this, he could not be
+persuaded to omit his customary annual Easter Meditation. He had already
+put on his coat to go out. But the good man was so feeble that he was
+barely able to stand. Some one had informed the students that the Master
+would not lecture, upon which they all departed. When his son Philip
+came in to inform his father that there were no auditors there, his
+father replied, in a tone of displeasure, "So you have told them to go
+away." But when his son apologized, he said, in a milder tone, "To whom
+shall I lecture, if there is no one present?" He then took off his coat.
+He proceeded to write several letters, while Camerarius remained with
+him, and the rest went to church. The excellent and pious prince
+Joachim, of Anhalt, who had heard of his illness, sent him a moor-hen,
+and several partridges. He partook of some of these, and also of some
+Hungarian plums. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> also drank some Rhenish wine, and remarked that he
+liked it. He also conversed very pleasantly with his friends.</p>
+
+<p>When he arose from the table, he went up into his room and rested for a
+while upon his couch. He had also commenced writing a letter to Prussia,
+which he now continued, without however finishing it. He was not able to
+write any more; he rested, and thought of his deceased friend, Dr.
+Pommer.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> He said, "Doctor Pommer, that good, and now sainted man,
+died of nothing but old age;" and continued: "no one ought to wish to
+live so long that his age and feebleness would render him altogether
+useless to men."</p>
+
+<p>On one of the following days, he prayed to God in a very fervent manner,
+in the hearing of many persons, that he would graciously remove him from
+this life, if he was not to serve the Church and Christian youth any
+longer." And God heard this prayer, which he repeated several times.</p>
+
+<p>During the night he slept tolerably well. When he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> arose, therefore, he
+continued to write. However, his friends persuaded him not to lecture on
+this day, (Easter Monday.) Before going to table, he said: "If it is
+God's will, I am willing to die. I have a desire to depart, and to be
+with Christ." He then spoke of the original Greek word in the New
+Testament, which does not properly signify to <i>depart</i>, but "to journey
+or prepare for a journey." He also recollected a remark made by the
+worthy and pious Dr. Milichius: "It might be that a person would be very
+anxious to leave this life; but at the same time, no man could earnestly
+think of death, without shuddering." Melanchthon coincided with this,
+and said: "The great misery and troubles of life are not able to give a
+man joy in the hour of death. Something more is needful before a man can
+feel this." He retired to his bed, and rested for about three hours.
+When he had risen at one time, and Camerarius and Peucer were again
+placing him upon his couch, he began to sink under their hands. But they
+restored him by rubbing him. He spent a very restless night; his cough
+was quite troublesome, and he slept little. This was the fifth attack of
+the fever. He remarked that at Weimar, Doctor Sturtz had applied a
+cardiac of corals, which relieved him, and that he had thought of the
+word of the prophet in his sleep: "I shall not die, but live, and
+declare the works of the Lord." He requested them to apply corals in the
+present instance, and they did so.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning of the 16th of April, at 4 o'clock, he was heard praying
+very earnestly. After his prayer he completed the letter to Prussia. On
+this day Camerarius wished to go home, intending to return at a more
+convenient time. All entertained hopes that the fever would leave him
+after the seventh attack. As Melanchthon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> had not eaten anything the day
+before, a meal was prepared earlier than usual, in order that he and his
+friend might eat together. Before going down, they sat on a bench
+surrounded by some other friends. And now Melanchthon quite unexpectedly
+said to Camerarius, as if giving him his blessing: "My dear Dr. Joachim,
+we have been joined in the bonds of friendship about forty years, and we
+have loved each other with a sincere and disinterested affection. We
+have been teachers of youth and faithful colleagues, each in his proper
+place, and I hope to God that our labors have not been useless, but have
+done much good. If it is God's will that I must die, we will perpetuate
+our unalterable friendship in the world to come." They then both sat
+down to table. Melanchthon then turned to Camerarius's son-in-law,
+<span class="smcap">Esrom</span>, whose wife had died a year and a half before, and said: "I to-day
+dreamed of your wife, as if I had seen her die." He said of this pious
+and virtuous woman, that he heard her remark: "I know that God will not
+forsake me." "I can never forget that word," he said. When something was
+said of the hurtful doctrine of doubt, he said to Esrom: "Your sainted
+wife did not speak so." He also referred again to the hymn, which he
+sung in his sleep three days ago, and said that it sounded so sweetly.
+He ate and drank very little, and grew weaker and weaker. He expressed a
+wish to retire to his room, and tried to go to sleep. Camerarius felt
+very anxious in regard to him, and determined not to depart that day.
+The sick man fell asleep, lying upon his back, with his eyes half-open.</p>
+
+<p>He was the very picture of a corpse. His friends were filled with fear,
+and tears filled their eyes as they gazed upon him. The servants wept
+and cried aloud, as if their master were already dead. But it had not
+come to this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> yet; and when he turned upon his side in his sleep, his
+countenance assumed a more natural appearance, and he slept soundly. He
+awoke after three hours, and said that he had slept exceedingly well.
+Cheerfulness and animation seemed to return. During this day, a Danish
+Theologian, on his way to his own country, entered his room. Melanchthon
+was very much pleased with the visit of this gentleman, and gave him
+several books, which had been printed at Wittenberg, in order that he
+might present them to the King of Denmark. The invalid requested him to
+apologize for him to the king, because he had not written; that he was
+prevented by illness; however, God willing, he hoped to write soon, and
+faithfully and humbly to thank his majesty for all his gracious favors.
+He also prayed that the king and his entire kingdom might continue to
+enjoy happiness and prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>He was so refreshed by his sleep, that he wrote letters, walked through
+his room and the house, and was more cheerful and animated than during
+the whole time of his illness. All began to entertain a hope of his
+recovery. At the supper-table, he was very cheerful. When the
+conversation turned upon those men who had brought discord into the
+Church, and still continued to foment it, he was greatly moved, and with
+unusual passion remarked: "They are knaves, and will remain knaves, and
+God will yet make it manifest that they are knaves." He remained at
+table until about 8 o'clock. It was the last meal he ever received in
+the lower part of his house. His sleep was refreshing. In his sleep his
+spirit was impressed with the words of the Apostle Paul, "If God be for
+us, who can be against us?"</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, April 17th, he sealed the letter to Prussia, wrote
+something upon some small pamphlets, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> sent them to his friends, and
+a few of them to the Duke. When he felt some fatigue, and the fever was
+about attacking him again, Camerarius came to bid him farewell. Philip
+said: "The Son of God, who sitteth at the right hand of his heavenly
+Father, and giveth gifts to men, preserve you and yours, and all of us.
+Give my warmest regards to your dear wife!" This was the last interview
+of these affectionate friends. Camerarius mounted his horse before
+Melanchthon's door, and went to Leipzig to attend to some important
+matters, intending to return afterwards. Prince Joachim, of Anhalt, on
+the same day sent one of his attendants to inquire in regard to the good
+man's health. Melanchthon conversed with him in a very friendly manner,
+and expressed his affection towards the prince in such moving blessings
+and wishes for his welfare, that every eye was filled with tears.
+Several letters also arrived from Switzerland, which spoke of the
+prospects of a General Council, which the Pope intended to convene. He
+said: "It is far better for me to die, than to be obliged to attend this
+Council." For every one could easily imagine what shameful dissensions
+would arise there, even on the side of the Protestants. At 8 o'clock,
+the fever made its appearance for the sixth time. To some one standing
+at his bedside, he remarked: "I was to-night thinking of the foolish
+dispute that some pretend, that Christ was not afraid of death. But he
+understood what it is to die, far better than we do, or can do.
+Therefore he no doubt was more afraid of death than we are." He also
+said, "How does the will of the Lord Jesus Christ agree with the will of
+his Heavenly Father, when he was afraid of death!" But he did not give
+any further intimation of his views in regard to this. He again spoke of
+Esrom's wife: "What a fine young woman your beloved wife was! She had a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
+strong constitution, too; and yet she died very easily, and had a
+disease very much like mine. For she had pains in her left side, and I
+have them too. But the great weakness of my body is owing to other
+causes, which I do not understand." And shortly before retiring, he
+said: "If this is not death, it is indeed a very severe scourge." A
+large map hung near his bed, which he regarded very attentively. He
+turned round, and with a smile remarked: "Virdungus once foretold to me,
+by astrology, that I would be shipwrecked upon the ocean, and now I am
+not far from it." He had reference to the painted ocean upon the map.
+When the heat of the fever came upon him, and he was about to uncover
+his extremities, a feeling of modesty led him to say to those who were
+surrounding his bed: "What are you standing here for? Can't you go
+home?" This frightened many so much that they retired, and fewer persons
+were present during that day. At 2 o'clock, the fever left him; it had
+not been as severe as before. He rose, and took some food, but his
+stomach would not retain it. He again retired, and slept until 5
+o'clock. He was lying all night in his chamber, his slumbers being very
+slight and restless. His friends feared that the returning fever would
+consume his remaining strength. Philip himself said, "The end is not far
+distant;" and prayed, "O Lord, make an end!"</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of April he rose early in the morning at 4 o'clock, and was
+conveyed down into his study. He requested them to remove the sofa,
+which felt uncomfortable, and to put up his travelling-bed. When he was
+taken down, he said: "This is called a travelling-bed; suppose I should
+be obliged to travel in it?" While the physicians became convinced, from
+a number of signs, that he would not recover, he felt it himself, and
+said, "he was perfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> satisfied, if it was God's will." At 8 o'clock,
+pastor Paul Eber, and several other persons, entered the room, and
+approached the death-bed. Melanchthon frequently repeated that he had
+subjected his own will to the will of God, and that life and death were
+altogether in his hands. He would be perfectly satisfied with whatever
+he should do; and he also remarked, "by the blessing of God I have no
+particular anxieties now; for although my daughter's children, whom I
+tenderly love, are now passing before my eyes, I comfort myself with the
+thought that they are in the hands of pious and godly parents, whom I
+love also. They will be solicitous for their welfare, and carefully
+train them, as I have done hitherto, and God will also add his blessing.
+But I feel for the common calamities, and am greatly troubled because a
+cavilling and perverse world acts so wilfully, and troubles the Holy
+Christian Church so shamefully. However, let them do whatever they
+please, through the goodness of God our doctrine is correct and clear
+for all that." He then said to some persons present, "You are young, and
+have received sufficient talents through the goodness of God; but see to
+it that you use them aright. May Almighty God preserve you, and give you
+strength and wisdom, that you may be of service to him and his Church."</p>
+
+<p>When, on the same day, he saw one of his granddaughters, Peucer's eldest
+child, passing before his bed, he called her to him, and said: "Dear
+daughter, I have loved you most affectionately: see that you reverence
+your parents, and always obey them, and fear God, who will never forsake
+you. May God Almighty protect you, and give you his blessing. Amen!"</p>
+
+<p>He also spoke in the same friendly manner to the other children, who
+were younger, and exhorted them to pray<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> and to be pious. To his
+daughter he said: "Dear daughter, God has given you a pious husband.
+Love, honor, and obey him. And raise your children in the fear of God,
+and God will be with you, and will not forsake you." He spoke like one
+who was taking leave.</p>
+
+<p>Camerarius was written to on the following day, and informed that he
+must make haste, if he wished to find his Philip alive. But it was
+impossible for him to arrive before the death of his friend. At 8
+o'clock on the 18th of April he had some food prepared for himself, and
+partook of a little broth, and a few slices of lemon. Soon after he
+asked his son-in-law, "What hopes he entertained in regard to him, and
+that he should not hide anything from him." Peucer replied: "God is your
+life, and the length of the days of your life. But as you request me to
+tell the whole truth, there is indeed very little hope, as far as I am
+able to judge from natural causes, for you are very weak, and your
+weakness is increasing every moment." Upon this he said: "Yes, I feel my
+weakness, and understand what it imports very well. I have commended the
+whole matter to God, whom I pray to deal mercifully with me!"</p>
+
+<p>He had before commenced his will, which opened with a short declaration
+of all the articles of his doctrine and faith. He now ordered them to
+look for it, in order that he might finish it. But it could not be
+found, and it was supposed some one had stolen it. At 2 o'clock he
+seated himself at his desk, to write another. We will insert a part of
+what he wrote: "In the year 1560, on the eighteenth day of April, I have
+written this will in my sickness, briefly in reference to the humble
+possessions which God has bestowed upon me. I have twice before written
+the confession of my faith, and gratitude to God and our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> Lord Jesus
+Christ, but this has been lost. But I wish my answer to the Bavarian
+articles to be looked upon as my confession against the Papists,
+Anabaptists, the followers of Flacius, and others like them."</p>
+
+<p>He then expressed his wishes in regard to the division of his property
+among his heirs; but his weakness prevented him from concluding it,
+which he intended to do on the following day, but it was never done. He
+was in full possession of all his mental faculties, and remained so to
+the end. As he felt no pain in his head at all, some supposed that he
+would die very painfully. He also conversed with his son-in-law in
+regard to the affairs of the University, what subjects should be taught
+there, and also pointed out his successor. At three o'clock, he
+expressed a wish to retire to his room again. He slept soundly until
+six. In the meantime, letters had arrived from Frankfort, in which his
+friends informed him how terribly the pious were being persecuted in
+France. He said: "Well, I am weak, and do not feel well; but all my
+sickness does not pain me as much as the great misery of the holy
+Christian Church, which arises from the unnecessary separation,
+wickedness, and wilfulness, of those who have departed from us without
+cause; and these mad people are not able to stop, but must still go on
+and make this misery worse than it is; for they do not spare any one.
+But you will see that God will punish this wantonness, and we shall be
+punished along with them. However, our punishment shall be that which a
+father inflicts. But they shall be compelled to suffer severer
+punishment. I deeply commiserate the poor people who are so wretchedly
+deceived." He continued to utter his complaints thus for a long time,
+and it affected him very much. His friends also read other letters to
+him, of more cheering character. Thus the conversation was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> turned into
+a different channel, he thought of several friends and acquaintances,
+and even uttered a few words in jest. His friends conversed with him
+until about eight o'clock, and entertained the best hopes in regard to
+his condition. Before retiring to rest, he ate a few preserved cherries,
+and drank a little wine, to strengthen himself for sleep.</p>
+
+<p>It was his last night, for the 19<i>th of April</i> was the day of his death.
+His sleep was very much disturbed. At two o'clock at night, he rose in
+the bed, and said to the physician who was present, that he had slept
+very little. He had again thought of the word of Paul, "If God be for
+us, who can be against us?" He thought of the misery and troubles of the
+Church with great sorrow; and his complaints were finally changed into
+fervent prayers for the whole Christian Church. He spoke with his
+son-in-law until about three o'clock, and was then led into his study.
+After walking up and down for some time, he laid himself upon his
+travelling-bed, and fell asleep, breathing very easily. When he awoke
+about 6 o'clock, he requested his son-in-law to cut off his hair. This
+was done. He had three clean linen shirts brought to him, which he put
+on, one over the other, as he had been in the habit of doing for years,
+in order to keep his body warm. He also placed a clean night-cap upon
+his head, for he was in the habit of always wearing one at home; and he
+remarked that he had learned this of the celebrated Dr. Reuchlin. In
+this manner he adorned himself for his departure. Soon after, the
+minister of Torgau, together with his chaplain, Fisher, and the
+physician Kentman, of Torgau, came to pay a visit to the sick man. He
+conversed with these friends for about half an hour. He said that he did
+not feel particularly troubled on account of himself, but that he
+deeply<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> felt the sad condition of the Church; for men were exciting
+wanton and useless controversies, dividing the Church, and darkening the
+truth of the pure doctrine by violence. But that he also had the
+consolation to know, that by the grace of God, the true doctrine is
+rightly explained in our churches; and thus concluded: "If I die, I
+shall escape coming misfortunes, and shall be torn away from this
+unhappy, sophistical, and strange year of nature."</p>
+
+<p>He began to pray with tears, and to commend the Church to the Son of
+God, our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. When the three friends were
+about to depart, he invited them to dinner. They accepted the
+invitation; but one of them received word that his daughter was taken
+ill. They then came to bid him farewell; and the invalid exhorted them
+to pray for the churches and schools, and said: "I know very well that
+you do so. The Almighty God be with you!" This was at 7 o'clock, and he
+was exceedingly weak.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime his pastor, several deacons, professors, and other
+persons came in. Eight o'clock was the hour when the fever was expected;
+his strength decreased perceptibly, and at last he fainted. His friends
+restored him, and he slept quietly for a little while. When he awoke, he
+began to repeat his customary prayer. He spoke with a very feeble voice,
+yet every word could be heard. He prayed: "O Almighty, Eternal, living
+and true God, Creator of heaven, and earth, and men, together with thy
+co-eternal Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, who was crucified for us and
+raised from the dead, and thy living, pure, and true holy Spirit; thou
+wise, good, faithful, gracious and just God; thou voluntary, pure, and
+faithful Saviour, who givest life and law, thou hast said: 'I have no
+pleasure in the death of the sinner, but rather that he should return<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>
+unto me and live;' and who hast also said, 'Call upon me in the day of
+trouble, and I will deliver thee.' I confess myself a poor sinner before
+thee, who is burdened with many sins; for I have offended against thy
+holy commandments in many ways, and I mourn from my heart that I have
+offended thee, and pray thee, for the sake of thy dear Son, our Lord and
+Saviour Jesus Christ, who was nailed to the cross for our sakes, and was
+raised again from the dead, that thou wouldst have mercy upon me,
+forgive me my sins, and justify me by and for the sake of the Lord Jesus
+Christ, who is thy eternal word and image, whom thou didst deliver as a
+sacrifice, mediator, Redeemer, and Saviour, led by thy wonderful and
+indescribable counsels, and inscrutable wisdom and mercy. And I also
+pray thee to sanctify me by thy holy, living, pure, and true Spirit, so
+that I may truly acknowledge, and firmly believe, obey, thank, fear, and
+invoke thee, behold thy gracious countenance with joy throughout all
+eternity, and for ever serve thee, the Almighty, true God, Creator of
+heaven and earth, and men, the everlasting Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and also Jesus Christ, thy dear Son, thine eternal word and
+image, and thy Holy Spirit, the true, pure, and living Comforter. In
+thee have I hoped, O Lord: let me never be confounded: in thy
+righteousness deliver me. Make me righteous, and bring me unto eternal
+life; thou hast redeemed me, O thou God of faithfulness and truth. Keep
+and rule our churches and government, and this school. Bestow a salutary
+peace and government upon them. Rule and protect our princes and
+government; gather and preserve an everlasting Christian Church unto
+thyself in these lands. Sanctify and unite it by thy Holy Spirit, that
+it may be one in thee, in the true knowledge and worship of thy dear
+Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, by and through him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> thy eternal Son, our
+Lord Jesus Christ, who for our sakes was nailed to the cross, and raised
+again from the dead. Almighty, eternal Son of God, thou faithful Lord
+and Saviour Jesus Christ, who art the eternal word and image of the
+eternal Father, our Mediator and Saviour, crucified for us and raised
+again, I give thee most hearty thanks that thou didst assume our human
+nature, and art ordained my Redeemer, that in the flesh thou didst
+suffer, and arise from the dead, and now intercedest for me, I beseech
+thee regard and have mercy upon me, for I am lonely and poor; increase
+the light of faith in me, by thy Holy Spirit, bear with me in my
+weakness, rule, protect, and sanctify me; in thee, O Lord, have I hoped;
+let me never be confounded. Almighty, Holy Spirit, true, pure, and
+living Comforter, illuminate, rule, and sanctify me, strengthen faith in
+my heart and in my soul, give me true consolation, preserve and rule me,
+that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, that
+I may behold the beauty of the Lord, and may be and remain for ever a
+holy temple of the Lord, and praise God for ever with a joyful spirit in
+that eternal heavenly Church and Congregation."</p>
+
+<p>Thus he prayed. This prayer must have exhausted him very much, for he
+leaned back upon his bed, and slumbered for some time. But suddenly he
+opened his eyes, and said to Peucer: "I have been in the power of death,
+but the Lord has graciously delivered me." He repeated this several
+times, and as it could only be explained by supposing that he had passed
+through some severe internal conflict, Magister <span class="smcap">John Sturio</span> said to him:
+"There is now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus."
+Melanchthon soon added: "Christ is made to us wisdom, righteousness,
+sanctification, and redemption, in order that, as it is written, "Let
+him that glorieth, glory in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> Lord." He also frequently repeated the
+words: "Oh Lord, have mercy upon me!" His pulse was gone, his hands and
+feet became cold, his breathing short, his eyes, temples, and the pit of
+his neck fell in, and his strength was failing very rapidly. It was easy
+to see that the hour of his departure was near. He was asked whether he
+did not wish to eat something. When he signified his willingness, they
+made him a soup of Hamburg beer. He ate about three spoonsful, and
+remarked: "What a very good soup this is!" He did not eat or drink
+anything more after this, but requested them to raise him up, because he
+wished to finish his will. But when he found that he was too weak, he
+said: "Oh God, that I should be seized so unexpectedly." He laid his
+hands before him, and sat for a little while, and then laid himself
+down. The heat of the fever was still so strong, that he left his feet
+uncovered, although they were extremely cold. He was able to turn about
+in his bed without assistance. About 1 o'clock he fainted again. Being
+restored by rubbing, he said, "Ah, what are you doing?" While he was
+thus lying perfectly still, the Pastor thought it proper to read some
+portions of the Old and New Testaments to him. He, and the two Deacons,
+Fr�shel and Sturio, now alternately read the 24th, 25th, and 26th
+Psalms, the 53d chapter of Isaiah, the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th
+chapters of John, Romans v., and several other chapters and verses of
+Paul and the prophets. When they were done and silent, the dying man
+said, in a loud and distinct voice: "I perpetually bear in mind the word
+of John of the Son of God, my Lord Jesus Christ: The World knew him
+not;&mdash;but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the
+sons of God, even to them that believe on his name." He then continued
+to pray silently; his lips were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> moving, but no one understood what he
+was saying. Those professors, whose duty it was to lecture in the
+afternoon, gave notice of the postponement of their lectures, in which
+they stated the reason, and called upon the students to unite their
+prayers with their own. A great excitement arose among the students and
+citizens, and all were filled with sorrow. All were anxiously awaiting
+the end.</p>
+
+<p>Within, the dying man was lying in the struggle of death, his eyes half
+open, and his body very restless. He did not speak, unless a question
+was put to him, although he was fully conscious. His son-in-law asked
+him whether he wished to have anything. "Nothing but heaven," he
+replied, "and therefore do not ask me such questions any more."</p>
+
+<p>About 3 o'clock in the afternoon, when his head had slipped from the
+pillow, and he was lying in an uncomfortable position, they attempted to
+raise him and alter his position, when he fainted again. He was soon
+restored. "Ah, what are you doing?" he said, "why do you disturb my
+sweet repose? let me rest unto the end, for it will not last very long."</p>
+
+<p>As they saw that his end was approaching, several persons united in
+prayer to God that he would be pleased soon to grant him a blessed
+dismission. The Pastor began to pray in a very consoling manner, and all
+in the room fell upon their knees, and united in prayer with him. Those
+passages of Scripture which he was known to have regarded with peculiar
+interest, were now repeated, such as, "Let not your heart be troubled;"
+so also, John 15, 16, 17, also 10: "Whoever loves me, will keep my
+commandments." "My sheep hear my voice." Also, Rom. viii., "If God be
+for us, who can be against us?"</p>
+
+<p>Several persons, who had not taken any food throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> the day, now
+went to table, but soon returned. It was in the evening at 6 o'clock,
+and the dying man was lying still, when Fr�shel arose, and pronounced
+the benediction upon him: "The Lord bless thee and keep thee! The Lord
+make his face to shine on thee, and be gracious unto thee! The Lord lift
+up his countenance on thee, and give thee peace!" Veit <span class="smcap">Winsheim</span>, Doctor
+of Medicine, and Professor of Greek, repeated the words of the Psalm to
+him: "Into thy hands I commend my spirit; O Lord, thou hast delivered
+me, thou righteous and faithful God!" He asked him whether he heard him?
+The dying man replied, "<i>Yes!</i>" loud enough to be heard by all. It was
+his last word upon the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Fr�hshel now repeated the Creed, the Lord's prayer, and the words "Lord
+Jesus Christ, into thy hands I commend my spirit!" he repeated several
+times. When he repeated them for the third time, Melanchthon moved his
+lips as if he was praying. More than twenty persons were gazing upon the
+dying man. Without the slightest motion, this worthy man gently fell
+asleep in the evening, at 7 o'clock, in the very same hour in which he
+first beheld the light of this world, 63 years and 63 days before. In
+the midst of prayer he celebrated his return home, as the old account
+says, "to his beloved Lord Jesus Christ, whom he always praised with his
+heart and mouth. With him he no doubt now enjoys everlasting happiness
+and glory, together with all the elect. May our Lord Jesus Christ, the
+Son of God, help us all to enjoy the same, and may he grant us all a
+happy end, and joyous dismission, whenever it shall please him to call
+us away. Amen."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 33%;" />
+
+<p>Winsheim, who delivered his funeral oration, said: "Failing gradually,
+he ceased to breathe almost without<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> feeling death, and lay like one who
+is asleep; his face was not distorted, and his features were not
+changed, as is generally the case with the dead." When the beloved
+teacher had thus closed his eyes, the tidings of this event spread
+rapidly through the city. The students, greatly distressed, came to the
+house in great numbers. It was very easy to see how much they had loved
+him. The University soon informed the Elector of this sad event. The
+body was laid out in the study during the same evening. On the morning
+of the 20th of April, the artist, <span class="smcap">Lucas Kranach</span>, painted his portrait.
+All were anxious to behold the beloved body, and permission was given to
+all during that and the following day.</p>
+
+<p>No one looked upon the beloved countenance, without tears. Some touched
+his head; others took his hand, and pressed it. Many kissed him, with
+many tears. The citizens brought their children to look upon him, so
+that they might be able to say, in future times, what kind of man he
+was. His body was placed in a leaden coffin, and this again in one of
+wood, and with other papers, the following was also placed in it: "In
+this coffin, <span class="smcap">Philip Melanchthon</span> was buried, who was a professor of the
+Holy Scriptures, and the good arts, for 42 years. He was an excellent,
+learned, pleasant, sensible, sincere, pious, and holy man; patient and
+benevolent towards the poor, the most faithful and diligent assistant of
+the sainted and revered Doctor Martin Luther, in explaining and
+establishing the pure doctrine of the divine word, which had been
+darkened by the fraud of the Roman Popes, the juggling of the monks, and
+a great number of abuses. He also prepared the <i>Augsburg Confession</i>,
+which was delivered to the Emperor Charles V., in 1530, after the
+purification<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> and exposition of the true doctrine had begun in 1517, and
+a change had also taken place in these churches. And he continued to
+defend the truth of the heavenly doctrine for 30 years, upon public
+diets, and privately, as is proved by his writings, which have been
+published to the world." After this follows a short account of the
+events of his life, from his birth to his death.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral took place on the 21st of April. Joachim Camerarius, and <span class="smcap">Dr.
+Morch</span>, of Leipzig, arrived at nine o'clock in the morning. His great
+grief would not suffer him to look upon the body of his beloved friend
+once more. The procession set out in the afternoon. The students came
+first, and were followed by the body, borne by the professors of
+philosophy, who were dressed in long black funeral robes. After them
+came the relatives, the other professors, the city council, strange
+noblemen and others, students and citizens. The coffin was first taken
+to the parish church, where it was set down before the altar, on the
+very spot where Melanchthon had been in the habit of kneeling when
+priests were ordained. A psalm and several other hymns, were sung here.
+The Pastor, Paul Eber, then mounted the pulpit, and preached the funeral
+sermon, from the words in 1 Thess. iv. From the parish Church, the
+procession moved towards the Electoral Church. There the body was
+deposited by the side of Luther's grave. Veit Winsheim mounted a pulpit
+which had been erected near it, and delivered an excellent and moving
+Latin address. He closed it in the following words: "He has left us, and
+all his, the churches of these dominions, and the University, in a
+painful state of anxiety. At the very time when we are tossed about by
+the ocean-storms, we have lost our pilot, at the very time when we need
+him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> most, and could spare him less than ever before. But it is not
+difficult to understand what God means by taking such men from the
+world, in order that they may not see the coming distresses. I do not
+wish to be a prophet of misfortunes; but let us cultivate repentance and
+patience, so that we may either escape from the wrath of God, or that we
+may be able to bear his paternal chastisement, if it be necessary. For
+the death of such men should incite us to piety, to repentance, and more
+fervent prayer; and also to preserve the inheritance left us by these
+two men, Luther and Melanchthon; namely, the pure doctrines of truth,
+with the greatest prudence, diligence, and fidelity. For this is not the
+time for security and sleep, but for watchfulness. We have all seen what
+came to pass after Luther's death; let every one reflect for himself,
+what things are to be expected now." After this, the body was deposited
+in its resting-place, by the side of Luther. The whole community
+assisted at these funeral solemnities. There was such a concourse of
+persons of every condition and age, that Wittenberg had never seen one
+to exceed it. All were deeply moved, and many tears were shed.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>A small plate of metal, in the floor, still marks Melanchthon's
+resting-place, while another on the wall presents his portrait, and
+eulogizes the great and ever to be remembered reformer and teacher, not
+only of Germany, but of entire evangelical Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>The Wittenberg account closes with the following prayer, with which we,
+too, shall end our narrative:</p>
+
+<p>"And we hereby earnestly and heartily beseech God, that he will be
+pleased to gather and preserve an everlasting Christian Church among us,
+and in these lands, and the entire human race, through his dear Son, our
+Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; and that he will also preserve us against
+factions and schisms, and grant us courage and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> strength to oppose them
+confidently and successfully. And as human strength and wisdom are too
+weak to accomplish this, we beseech the Eternal Son of God, that he
+would abundantly pour out his Holy Spirit by his word, in our hearts and
+those of all believers, so that we may obtain knowledge and wisdom, and
+be ruled and guided in all things, in order that his holy Divine name
+may be praised and glorified by us and the whole Christian Church, here
+in this world, and forever in the world to come. Amen."</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="big">THE END.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">FOOTNOTES:</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This learned scholar, known to the learned by the name of
+<span class="smcap">Capnio</span>, was a native of Pforzheim, and successively a teacher of
+languages at Basle and at Orleans. He was the restorer of letters in
+Germany, and the author of several treatises on Philosophy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> He wrote a humorous piece in the form of a comedy, which he
+dedicated to Reuchlin, to show the sense he entertained of his truly
+parental kindness, and engaged his schoolfellows to perform it in his
+presence. It was upon this occasion that he gave him the name of
+Melanchthon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> His proficiency in the Greek was so remarkable, that even
+at this early age he composed <span class="smcap">Rudiments</span> of the language, which were
+afterwards published.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Erasmus also wrote to Oecolampadius, "Of Melanchthon I have
+already the highest opinion, and cherish the most magnificent hopes: so
+much so, that I am persuaded Christ designs this youth to excel us all:
+<i>he will totally eclipse Erasmus!</i>" In a letter to Julius Pflug, he
+says: "He not only excels in learning and eloquence, but by a certain
+fatality is a <i>general favorite</i>. Honest and candid men are fond of him,
+<i>and even his adversaries cannot hate him</i>!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> It may be mentioned here, that John Agricola, of Eisleben,
+who was engaged on the Lutheran side, afterwards became an opponent of
+the Reformation; and John Poliander, the amanuensis of Eck, attached
+himself to Luther at the close of the disputation, and afterwards
+preached the Gospel in Prussia.&mdash;<i>Seckendorf. Hist. Luther</i>, Book I.,
+page 230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> This term applied to the faculty of Theology at Paris. The
+College of the University in which they assembled was called the house
+of the Sorbonne, which was first erected and endowed in the year 1250,
+by a wealthy favorite of St. Louis, whose name was Robert de Sorbonne.
+This Theological faculty enjoyed the highest repute at that time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Karlstadt was heard to say, that "he wished to be as great
+a man and as much thought of as Luther;" for which he was properly
+reproved by Melanchthon, who reminded him, "that such language could
+only proceed from a spirit of emulation, envy, and
+pride."&mdash;<i>Seckendorf.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Luther's principal assistants in this work were Philip
+Melanchthon, Caspar Cruciger, Justus Jonas, John Bugenhagen, or
+Pomeranus, and Matthew Aurogallus;&mdash;the corrector of the press was
+George Rorarius.&mdash;<i>Seckendorf.</i>
+</p><p>
+We are also told in Adams, that Bugenhagen constantly kept the
+anniversary of the day on which this work was finished, with a select
+party of friends at his own house. This social meeting was called "The
+festival of the translation of the Scriptures."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Henry von Z�tphen preached the gospel in Ditmars, a county
+of Holstein. He was seized by the enraged priests, and after having been
+beaten and stabbed, and covered with more than twenty wounds, was cast
+into the fire. He suffered martyrdom with most heroic calmness. Luther
+published the history of this martyr.&mdash;<i>Seckendorf.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Melanchthon addressed the following apologetic letter to
+Camerarius: "As some unfounded reports will probably reach you,
+respecting the marriage of Luther, I think it proper to inform you of
+the true state of the case, and to give my opinion. On the 13th of June,
+Luther, to our great surprise, and without saying a word to his friends,
+married Catharine de Bora, and only invited Pomeranus, Lucca the
+painter, and Apellus the lawyer, to supper in the evening, celebrating
+the espousals in the customary manner. Some perhaps may be astonished
+that he should have married at this unfavorable juncture of public
+affairs, so deeply afflictive to every good man, and thus appear to be
+unaffected and careless about the distressing events which have occurred
+amongst us; even though his own reputation suffers at a moment when
+Germany most requires his talents and influence. This, however, is my
+view of the subject: Luther is a man who has nothing of the unsocial
+misanthropist about him; but you know his habits, and I need say no more
+on this head. Surely it is no wonderful thing that his great and
+benevolent soul should be influenced by the gentle affections,
+especially as there is nothing reprehensible or criminal in it. He is in
+fact by nature fitted for the married state; and it is pronounced
+honorable in the sacred Scriptures. I saw that his change of situation
+produced some degree of perturbation and gloom of mind, and I have done
+my utmost to cheer him; for I cannot condemn him as having committed a
+fault, or fallen into sin, though I grant God has recorded many sins
+which some of his ancient saints committed, in order that we might be
+stimulated to repose our confidence, not in men, however dignified and
+distinguished, but in his word alone. I have in possession the most
+decisive evidences of his piety and love to God, so that the malicious
+reproaches heaped upon Luther are nothing else than the inventions of
+scurrilous sycophants, who want employment for a slanderous tongue, &amp;c.
+&amp;c.&mdash;<i>Mel. Epistles.</i> <i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> In Germany, the higher schools, intended to give immediate
+preparation for the universities, are termed gymnasia.&mdash;<i>Brande.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Melanchthon discloses a secret to Camerarius: "I am
+applied to from Bohemia to desert the Reformed cause, and promised any
+remuneration from King Ferdinand. Indeed, my defection is publicly
+reported as a fact, because in the little book written for the Reformed
+Churches, I have shown an increased degree of moderation; and yet you
+perceive I have really inserted nothing different from what Luther
+constantly affirms. But because I have employed no asperity of language,
+these very acute men judge that I necessarily differ from Luther.&mdash;<i>Mel.
+Epist. Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The first who thus acquired the honorable appellation of
+<i>Protestants</i>, were John, Elector of Saxony, George, Elector of
+Brandenburg, Ernest and Francis, Dukes of Luneburg, Philip, Landgrave of
+Hesse, and Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt. They were seconded by thirteen or
+fourteen imperial cities.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> During a conversation at this time, his mother mentioned
+the manner in which she was accustomed to attend to her devotions, and
+the form she generally used, which was free from the prevailing
+superstitions. "But what," said she, "am I to believe amidst so many
+different opinions of the present day?" "Go on," replied Melanchthon,
+"believe and pray as you now do, and have done before, and do not
+disturb yourself about the disputes and controversies of the
+time."&mdash;<i>Adam. in Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> The election of Ferdinand as King of Rome, was regarded as
+an artful proceeding of his brother, the Emperor, for the purpose of
+rendering the imperial crown hereditary in his family, and consequently,
+subversive of the liberties of the empire.&mdash;<i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Maimbourg relates, that Queen Margaret of Navarre, sister
+of Francis I., united with other illustrious females attached to the
+Court, who cherished sentiments favorable to the Reformation, to request
+that he might be invited for the purpose of consultation on existing
+disputes in religion. The Queen frequently spoke of him to her brother
+as a man of exalted piety, profound learning, and singular
+eloquence.&mdash;<i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Some Parisians, who had imbibed the principles of
+Protestantism, indiscreetly posted up hand-bills in several of the
+public places, and on the gates of the Louvre, containing reflections on
+the doctrines, rites, and clergy of the Church of Rome. The king, being
+highly incensed at these proceedings, issued a general order against
+heretics, and appointed a solemn procession. The holy host was carried
+through the city, the king walked with his feet bare, and his head
+uncovered, attended by the queen, the princes of the blood, and all his
+courtiers. Six Lutherans were publicly condemned by the parliament to be
+burnt; a decree which was executed with the most shocking barbarity
+before the procession was finished, and others were sought after with
+the most eager diligence.&mdash;<i>Sleid. Dupin. Belcar. in Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Milichius was a physician, to whom he was particularly
+attached on account of his professional skill, devoted friendship, and
+literary taste. He was a native of Freiburg, and for a series of years
+led a useful and eminent course of public life at Wittenberg.&mdash;<i>Cam.
+Life of Mel. in Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Those who wish to know more of this strange event, which
+has so often been used as an argument against the Wittenberg Reformers,
+will find a complete and excellent examination of it in Dr. John
+Bachman's "Defence of Luther and the Reformation against the charges of
+John Bellinger, M. D., and others." Page 153.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Melanchthon wrote an enigma upon the names of these
+persons, playing upon the German words Pflug (plow), Eck (harrow),
+Groper (digging), &amp;c. As this could not retain its meaning in a
+translation, we have omitted it from the text.&mdash;T.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Eck, during the heat of disputation, made use of some
+puzzling sophism, at which Melanchthon paused to revolve the statement
+in his mind, and at length replied: "I will give you an answer
+to-morrow." "Oh," said his antagonist, "there is no merit or honor in
+that, if you cannot answer me immediately." To which he replied in these
+memorable words: "My good Doctor, I am not seeking my own glory in this
+business, but truth; I say then, God willing, you shall have an answer
+to-morrow."&mdash;(<i>Adam. Lives of Germ. Theolog. Cox.</i>)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Melanchthon's disinterestedness is evident from a letter
+written in former years by Luther to the Elector. He mentions
+Melanchthon's hesitation to accept an increase of his salary to the
+amount of an hundred florins, and his wish to continue his Greek
+lectures without any remuneration, so that the ordinary stipend might be
+devoted to augment the revenue of the University. "But," says Luther,
+"he has sustained the greatest share of academical labor for upwards of
+twenty years past, and surely he has the greatest right to enjoy in
+quiet some of the profits. He has been a kind of general servant to the
+whole institution, and well merits the bounty of your highness. The
+whole Christian world is his debtor, and, blessed be God, the Popish
+fraternity are more afraid of him and his scholars, than all the learned
+besides put together."&mdash;<i>Seckendorf.</i> <i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Agricola was liberally rewarded by the Emperor and by
+Ferdinand; and Sidonius obtained the Bishopric of Merseburg. This
+furnished occasion for a common joke upon them, "that they only defended
+the Popish chrism and oil as necessary to salvation, that they might
+come off the better greased themselves."&mdash;<i>Sleidan, in Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Their house was crowded with a constant succession of
+comers and goers, of every age, sex, and condition; some pressing in to
+receive, and others departing well-stored from this ample repository of
+kindness and bounty. It formed a part of their domestic regulations,
+never to refuse an applicant.... Camerarius has stated, that on several
+occasions when his pecuniary resources have been exhausted, he would
+contrive to supply the necessitous by privately taking cups, or other
+vessels appropriated to domestic use, to a trader to sell, even at a
+very low rate. He received many presents of gold and silver coin. These
+he would often give to the first person who, from avarice or curiosity,
+might be induced to ask for them, simply from a disposition to oblige.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Anna was handsome, accomplished, and of a very literary
+turn. Luther, in one of his letters, calls her "the elegant daughter of
+Philip."&mdash;<i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> He always estimated <i>time</i> as a most precious possession.
+It is said of him, that when he made an appointment, he expected not
+only the day or the hour, but the <i>minute</i> to be fixed, that time might
+not be squandered away in the vacuity or idleness of suspense.&mdash;<i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> John Bugenhagen, Pomeranus, or Pommer, was one of the most
+remarkable men of the age, and may be justly ranked with Luther and
+Melanchthon, with whom he cherished a long and close friendship, and to
+whom he was in many respects little inferior. Originally he was a
+schoolmaster at Treptow in Pomerania; and when he first saw the
+"Babylonish Captivity" by Luther, exclaimed, "The author of this book is
+the most pestilent heretic that ever infested the Church of Christ." But
+after examining it more seriously, and with an inquisitive mind, it
+produced so entire a change of sentiment, that he said, "The whole world
+is blind, and this man alone sees the truth." When he was chosen to be
+minister of the great Church at Wittenberg, he not only did not aim at
+this elevation, but was almost dragged by force out of his obscurity to
+possess it, and assiduously devoted himself to the duties of this
+eminent station during thirty-six years. He expired in peace, at the
+advanced age of seventy-three."&mdash;<i>Cox.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> His well-known friend and pupil, John Matthesius, wrote an
+epitaph in verse, which the author says he proposes to lay upon the
+godly man's grave as a lovely flower. Despairing of being able to give
+it to the reader in a good translation, we have omitted it in the text,
+and propose to give it as well as we can in simple prose: "A
+honey-flower, sprung from <i>black earth</i> (alluding to the name
+Melanchthon, or Schwartzerd), worthy of the crown of honor and praise,
+withered by the intense heat, lies at rest here. Many grateful little
+bees sipped and made honey from it, for the comfort and instruction of
+Christendom; and therefore many churches and schools are filled with
+sorrow. This little flower has satisfied many insects and wild birds
+with its perfume and precious nectar. God has done much good by it in
+the Church, school, house, and government, and now all its labors and
+dangers are at an end. Neither caterpillars, bees, horse-flies, wasps,
+nor nettles, burdock, thistle, or cockle, could destroy this sweet
+little flower; and it continued to praise God, and to instruct men at
+all hours. Many a spider crept over it, many poisonous reptiles pierced
+it; but yet it lives, and slumbers in this shrine, and its work will
+never be forgotten. God now wipes away its tears, and refreshes it with
+the dew of heaven. Its little leaves give out a pleasant perfume, and in
+a short time it will live again. When the bones and skin of faithful
+teachers shall blossom like the green herb, then its faith, patience,
+and industry, will receive praise, thanksgiving, and honor. Whosoever,
+therefore, performs a pilgrimage to this shrine, let him drop a longing
+tear, and sigh with us from the depths of his heart, for God is pleased
+with a grateful heart and mouth. Lord Christ, come and show thy glory,
+which is prepared for this little flower. Help thy church in all her
+distresses, by thy intercessions, and bloody wounds. Preserve all thy
+little bees, and the leaves of this little flower, in thine own cypress
+shrine, for they are the witnesses of thy name. Thy word, and the
+writings of good men, avail against murder and the poison of Satan,
+teach, comfort, refresh, and warn every one; but an evil book is the
+cause of all misery."</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
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+
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+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Philip Melanchthon, by
+Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of Philip Melanchthon
+
+Author: Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
+
+Translator: Gottlob Frederick Krotel
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2012 [EBook #39734]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF PHILIP MELANCHTHON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David E. Brown, Bryan Ness and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER's NOTES:
+
+  Text in italics is surrounded with underscores: _italics_.
+
+  Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from
+    the original.
+
+  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected without note;
+    however, irregularities with quotation marks have been retained
+    from the original.
+
+  Pages 56-60 were printed out of order as described in the "Notice"
+    after page 2. These pages have been put into the correct order
+    in this eText.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MELANCHTHON.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE LIFE
+  OF
+  PHILIP MELANCHTHON.
+
+  BY
+  CHARLES FREDERICK LEDDERHOSE.
+
+  Translated from the German,
+  BY THE
+  REV. G. F. KROTEL,
+  PASTOR OF TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH, LANCASTER, PA.
+
+  PHILADELPHIA:
+  LINDSAY & BLAKISTON.
+  1855.
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by
+  LINDSAY & BLAKISTON,
+  in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
+  the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
+
+
+
+
+NOTICE.
+
+
+By an oversight on the part of the pressman whose duty it is to revise
+the sheets on the press in my Printing Office, the following pages of
+this work (The Life of Melanchthon), are transposed, 56, 57, 58, 59, and
+60. This error makes the book appear at first sight to be incomplete,
+the reader, however, will find all the pages, as above, but transposed.
+The error was not discovered until the whole edition of the work was
+bound, and largely distributed, consequently too late to be corrected in
+any other way than by this notice.
+
+                                           C. SHERMAN, Printer,
+                                    for LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, Publishers.
+
+PHILADELPHIA, NOV. 30, 1854.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+Luther occupies so great, unrivalled, and apostolical a position among
+the Reformers, that we should not feel surprised to see his life and
+labors presented to the evangelical community again and again. Although
+we are far from encouraging an idolatrous worship of the man, we believe
+we are acting in the spirit of the word of God, when we encourage men to
+follow his faith. But we should act very ungratefully if, on account of
+this Prince in Israel, we should lose sight of the other distinguished
+men of God in the days of the Reformation. And among these, PHILIP
+MELANCHTHON occupies the highest place. The age in which he lived called
+him the Teacher of the German people, because he exerted a powerful
+influence upon the scientific and Christian culture of Germany. And we
+too may give him the same name, for his writings continue to exert a
+great influence, and justly claim our consideration. To show that this
+is indeed true, that he is still calculated to be the teacher of the
+German people, especially of the evangelical community, is the object
+of this Biography. As this volume was prepared for the general reader,
+all learned discussions were necessarily avoided. It does not enter into
+critical investigations, but faithfully appropriates known facts, in
+order to present them to the reader in an intelligible manner. A candid
+examination must decide how far the author has succeeded in
+accomplishing this object. It is the first attempt of the kind, for the
+Life of Melanchthon has not been written often; and when it was written,
+it was not treated in a popular manner.
+
+It was therefore the principal aim of the author of the present volume
+to present a truthful picture of the faith and the life of the Reformer.
+The man who wrote the Augsburg Confession, and its Apology, Confessions
+which, after three hundred years, are still a stumbling-block to some,
+but also an encouragement and consolation to many; a man who,
+notwithstanding all his scientific attainments, in which he no doubt
+excelled the great majority in our own day, yet held fast to the
+fundamental principles of Christianity, to the manifestation of God in
+the Flesh, to the Redemption, to Justification by Faith, in life and in
+the hour of death,--undoubtedly deserves to be introduced from the past
+into the present, in order to preach salvation in Christ to the present
+generation.
+
+If Melanchthon's godly walk and conversation should be instrumental in
+leading him who is a stranger to salvation in Christ, to seek this; if
+it should serve to comfort and strengthen others, then may that word of
+the Scriptures be remembered: "_The memory of the just is blessed_;" and
+may every one gratefully rejoice, with the Reformer, in that glorious
+promise: "_And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the
+firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness, as the stars for
+ever and ever._"
+
+Ardently desiring that this volume may be useful and profitable unto
+salvation to very many, we suffer it to go forth upon its way.
+
+St. G.   On the first Sunday in Advent, 1846.
+
+                                                                 L.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+Melanchthon has been called the most amiable, the purest, and most
+learned of the celebrated men of the sixteenth century. The
+distinguished Erasmus confesses, that he was a _general favorite_, that
+honest and candid men were fond of him, and _even his adversaries cannot
+hate him_. And he has succeeded in securing the affections of posterity,
+and, more than any other one of the valiant champions of the
+Reformation, is the general favorite of all evangelical Christians, and
+still seems to stand as the gentle mediator between the two great
+divisions of the Protestant Church formed at that time, claimed and
+loved by both.
+
+Yet, notwithstanding all this, we venture to say, that a very large
+proportion of Protestant readers know no more of the life of this lovely
+man of God, than that which is interwoven with the life of Luther. His
+life has not been written for the people even by his own countrymen, and
+our author presents us with the first attempt of this kind. In our own
+language we have but one Life of Melanchthon, the one written by Dr.
+Cox, the first American edition of which, from the second London
+edition, is now lying before us, bearing the date 1835. Admirable as
+this work has been acknowledged to be, we believe the work of
+Ledderhose to be still more calculated for general reading. Our author
+assures us that it was "his principal aim to present a truthful picture
+of the faith and the life of the Reformer;" and it is this constant
+exhibition of his inner life, even in his own words, which is calculated
+to edify as well as instruct. Besides this, many incidents in his own
+life, and interesting events and questions after the death of Luther,
+omitted or briefly mentioned in Dr. Cox's work, will be found here. A
+number of facts, mentioned by Cox and others, have been added by the
+translator, and will be found in the notes scattered through the volume.
+The style is very simple and popular, and this simplicity and frequent
+quaintness of expression, especially in the numerous extracts from
+letters and declarations of faith, rendered the work of translation more
+difficult, especially as it seemed necessary and desirable to retain the
+homeliness of the German as much as possible.
+
+Believing that this portraiture of the life of Melanchthon cannot offend
+the feelings of any Protestant Christian, but that it is calculated to
+afford instruction and edification to the old and young, the translator
+humbly trusts, that it may not only make Lutherans, but many other
+evangelical Christians, better acquainted with the "faith and life" of
+the faithful friend of Luther, and distinguished author of the Augsburg
+Confession.
+
+                                                                G. F. K.
+
+LANCASTER, November, 1854.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                              Page
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE                                                 3
+
+TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE                                             7
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+  His Youth                                                     13
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+  The University                                                21
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+  His Debut in Wittenberg, and at the Leipzig Disputation       29
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Building and Fighting                                         35
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+  Melanchthon without Luther                                    41
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Labors, Recreation, and Trouble                               51
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+  The War of the Peasants                                       59
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  His Labors for the Church and Schools                         67
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+  The Diet of Spire                                             75
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+  The Conference at Marburg                                     81
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+  The Diet of Augsburg                                          89
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+  The Position of the Evangelical Party after the Diet
+    of Augsburg                                                117
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+  The Kings of France and England, and Melanchthon             123
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+  The Wittenberg Form of Concord                               131
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+  Recreation and Trouble                                       139
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+  The Convention at Smalkald                                   147
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+  Conflicts in the Evangelical Camp                            153
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+  The Assembly of the Princes at Frankfort, and the
+    Victories of the Reformation                               159
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+  Help in a Dangerous Illness                                  167
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+  Worms and Ratisbon                                           177
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+  Progress of the Reformation                                  194
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+  The School of Tribulation                                    200
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+  Worms and Ratisbon again                                     205
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+  Luther Dies, and Melanchthon Mourns                          211
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+  War and the Misery of War                                    221
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+  Restoration of the University of Wittenberg                  229
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+  The Diet of Augsburg and its Interim                         236
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+  How the Interim fared in the Electorate of Saxony            244
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+  Disputes about the Leipzig Interim                           254
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+  The Conflict with Osiander                                   263
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+  The Changed Attitude of the Elector Maurice                  270
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+  Doctrinal Controversies, and Attempts to bring about
+    a Union                                                    278
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+  The Religious Conference at Worms                            297
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+  The Last Years of his Life, real Years of Sorrow             307
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+  His Domestic Life                                            322
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+  Something more of Melanchthon's Merits                       335
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+  He Dies                                                      339
+
+
+
+
+Life of Melanchthon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HIS YOUTH.
+
+
+In a hilly part of the Kraichgau lies the city of BRETTEN. In former
+times it belonged to the Electors of the Palatinate, and in the year
+1504 defended itself bravely against Duke Ulrich of Wuertemberg, and also
+manifested a brave loyalty to its hereditary sovereign in the war of the
+peasants. It is now included in the Grand-Duchy of Baden. It has
+acquired an imperishable name, because a great man, PHILIP MELANCHTHON,
+was born in it. We will begin by hearing what an old account relates of
+his ancestors and parents, his birth and youth.
+
+"In the days of the Count Palatine PHILIP, Elector on the Rhine, there
+lived in Heidelberg, before the mountain, a worthy, pious man, named
+CLAUS SCHWARTZERD. With Elizabeth, his wife, he begat two sons, HANS and
+GEORGE, and from their youth up trained them in the fear of God, and the
+practice of every virtue. The Count Palatine Philip took so great a
+liking to GEORGE, who was a very active and ingenious lad, and
+discharged every duty most diligently, that he took him to Court, and
+permitted him to examine a number of professions, in order by this
+means to satisfy himself what his inclinations were, and what might be
+made of him. When the boy, therefore, took delight in armor, the Elector
+placed him in charge of a master in Amberg. He learned the trade so
+rapidly that every one was astonished, and the journeymen became so
+hostile to him, that one of them on a certain occasion burned him with
+hot lead in so dangerous a manner that his life was despaired of, and he
+was only saved by Divine mercy, and very faithful nursing." By order of
+the Elector he was then sent to an armorer in Nuremberg. Here also he
+made rapid advances. "For the boy was so ingenious, that, as we commonly
+say, his hands could imitate whatever his eyes saw. He could forge as
+neatly as if it had been done with a file." In a few years he was able
+to make everything needful for the tournament. The Elector again took
+him to Court, and appointed him an armorer or armor-bearer. He became so
+celebrated, that even foreign potentates courted him. Even the German
+Emperor MAXIMILIAN had his armor made by him. For a very skilful suit of
+armor, the Emperor presented him with a family coat of arms,
+representing a lion sitting upon a shield and helmet, holding tongs and
+a hammer in his paws. George's son, our Philip, never made use of this
+coat of arms, his own representing the serpent upon the cross, alluding
+to the well-known typical event in the wilderness. When George was
+thirty years old, the Elector thought of having him married. A
+well-known citizen of Bretten, HANS REUTER, "a very fine, sensible man,
+who had even studied," enjoying great respect, having served as Mayor of
+the place for several years, had a daughter called BARBARA. "She was a
+virtuous and well-bred maiden. By the providence of Almighty God, and
+the negotiations of the Elector, she was promised to him in marriage,
+and they were married in Spire, in the presence of many knights, who
+appeared to do honor to his espousals." The ancient account goes on to
+say: "The married couple continued to love and esteem each other, for
+the said GEORGE SCHWARTZERD was a just, pious, God-fearing man, serving
+God earnestly, praying diligently, and observing his hours of prayer as
+strictly as any priest, permitting nothing to hinder him from the
+discharge of this duty, so that he would arise in the night, fall upon
+his knees, and pray with earnestness. No one ever heard him utter a
+profane word, or saw him intoxicated, or even heard of anything of the
+kind of him to the day of his death." He did not concern himself
+especially with laying up this world's goods, and he was never seen in
+the courts to carry on lawsuits. His wife, besides her piety, and
+domestic, frugal spirit, exercised benevolence towards the poor and
+afflicted. The familiar saying was often upon her lips: "Alms do not
+impoverish," and the lines also--
+
+  Whoever wishes to consume more
+  Than his plough can support,
+  Will at last come to ruin,
+  And die upon the gallows.
+
+After living childless for four years, a son was born to them on the
+16th of February, 1497, on the Thursday after the first Sunday in Lent,
+who, in baptism, received the name of PHILIP. "Thus does God bless this
+pious and godly man with the gift of such a child, which afterwards
+became a blessing to the whole land, yea, many lands, and the whole of
+Christendom, and will remain so to the end of the world." Their marriage
+was further blessed by the birth of another son and three daughters.
+
+PHILIP, and his brother GEORGE, four years younger than himself,
+attended the town-school of Bretten, to acquire the rudiments of human
+learning. But because a malignant disease was raging at that time, and
+their teacher himself was confined with it, their careful grandfather
+Reuter removed the boys from school, fearing lest they too might be
+attacked, and provided a private tutor for them in his own house. His
+name was JOHN UNGER. A little grandson, John Reuter, enjoyed these
+instructions together with the two boys. Unger was an excellent teacher,
+who laboured to give his pupils a thorough education. He took especial
+pains in his Latin instructions. Melanchthon, who was "a master in that
+language," in after years could not sufficiently praise the teacher of
+his youth. He says of him: "He loved me as a son, and I loved him as a
+father." Unger was afterwards made court chaplain of the Margrave Philip
+of Baden, and continued to preach the gospel faithfully in Pforzheim to
+a very advanced age. "When their grandfather observed the diligence of
+the boys, he bought them a Missal, in order that they might become
+familiar with the hymns of the church, whilst pursuing their other
+studies; and he required of them to take their places in the choir on
+all holy days. About this time the great Bachanti (so called roving
+scholars) roved through the country. When one of these came to Bretten,
+his grandfather would set Philip to dispute with him. It was a rare
+thing to find one who was a match for him. This pleased the old man, and
+he took special delight in these contests. The boy too became bolder,
+and more fond of study. And his grandfather took care to provide books
+and other things, so that the boy might not be hindered."
+
+The extraordinary gifts of little Philip manifested themselves at an
+early period. He was possessed of a quick perception, a retentive
+memory, and great acuteness. He was continually engaged in asking
+questions during school hours, and afterwards, he would seek out his
+friends, in order to converse more about what he had learned. It was
+impossible not to love the boy, for he was peculiarly amiable and
+modest. His talkativeness found a great obstacle in his stammering
+tongue, which, however, he endeavoured to surmount. It is said of him,
+that in early life he could be very easily irritated; but he would
+sometimes apply to himself the saying: "He cuts and stabs, and yet hurts
+nobody."
+
+His grandfather was particularly attached to Philip, and it is to be
+regretted that the worthy man was so soon to leave the land of his
+pilgrimage, which happened in the year 1507. As Philip's father was
+frequently taken away from home by his many engagements, he was obliged
+to intrust the education of his children to his wife and her father. We
+are told "he enjoined it upon his father-in-law, Hans Reuter, to look to
+his children, so that they might be sent to school regularly, and might
+learn something profitable." In his travels he came to Manheim, in
+Neuburg, in 1504. His sovereign had summoned him thither, in order that
+he might be nearer him in preparing and forwarding ordnance in the
+Bavarian war. Here, however, he found an incurable disease. The wells
+from which he drank were poisoned. As the life of this man was of great
+value to the prince, he left no efforts untried to save him, but all
+proved in vain. It is true he lived for four years after this, but in a
+very helpless condition. About the very time when grandfather Reuter
+died, Schwartzerd was also lying upon his death-bed. Three days before
+his death, he expressed himself to the following effect: "These three
+things I will also leave my little children when I die--that they are in
+the bosom of the true Christian Church, that they are one in HIM, and
+united among each other, and heirs of eternal life." When he felt the
+approach of death, he called for Philip, then ten years old, commended
+him to God, and exhorted him to fear God. Dying, he said, "I have
+experienced many changes in the world, but greater ones are coming. My
+prayer is, that God may rule you in them. I counsel thee, my son, to
+fear God, and live honestly." These words were treasured in the boy's
+memory as long as he lived. In order that he might not behold the death
+of his father, he was sent to Spire. He was naturally very
+tender-hearted, and the communication of his father's illness deeply
+moved him. He says: "Like all children, I had never yet thought of
+sickness and death, nor had I ever seen a sick person or a corpse. When
+my mother, therefore, told me,--'Your father is ill,' I was obliged to
+ask what that imported. But she had scarcely given me an idea of it,
+when I was overwhelmed with grief." On the 27th of October, of the same
+year in which his grandfather Reuter died, his father also finished his
+course, in the forty-ninth year of his age. But a very important outward
+change for the boy was brought about by these two deaths. The three
+boys, who had hitherto enjoyed Unger's instructions, were removed, in
+the autumn of this year, to the Latin school in the city of Pforzheim,
+in Baden. Their mother had a relative, named ELIZABETH, a sister of the
+well-known distinguished scholar REUCHLIN,[1] residing in Pforzheim. The
+boys lodged in her house.
+
+The able Rector, GEORGE SIMLER, and JOHN HILDENBRAND, were their
+teachers. The Latin language was then the principal study, and the great
+object to be reached was, that the pupils should be able to speak it.
+The Greek language was still a very rare accomplishment. Simler, who had
+some knowledge of it, only introduced it to the notice of his ablest
+pupils. It was Philip Schwartzerd's good fortune to be one of this
+number, and he used the opportunity with great profit to himself. Of
+Simler, he somewhere says: "He first unlocked the meaning of the Greek
+and Latin Poets to me, and introduced me to a purer philosophy." He met
+with this teacher again in the University at Tuebingen. In Pforzheim he
+was fortunate enough to become better acquainted with the celebrated
+JOHN REUCHLIN, who then resided in Wuertemberg, as President of the
+Swabian Court of the Confederates. Reuchlin took great delight in the
+talented boy, gave him his paternal regard, called him his son, and
+presented him with beautiful and useful books. On a certain occasion he
+also gave him his chestnut-colored Doctor's hat, and placed it on the
+boy's head. "All this greatly pleased Philip, and he so advanced in his
+studies, that he was soon promoted to a place among the largest and
+oldest pupils." Reuchlin also gave young Schwartzerd the name of
+MELANCHTHON,[2] which is the Greek word for his own name, (black earth).
+It was then a very general custom to change German names into Greek.
+After the year 1531, he did not write his name Melanchthon, but
+MELANTHON, most likely because this is more easily pronounced.
+
+But it is time to notice the internal development of the boy. As the
+parents lived in the fear of God, this was also aimed at in the
+education of their children. Philip soon exhibited a great love for the
+public services of the house of God. He was especially delighted with
+the histories of the holy men of the Christian Church. Of these he heard
+much, both in the church and at home. Had the Gospel been opened to him
+at that time, he would doubtless have received it joyfully. However, he
+admits the use of the Legends of the saints in the words: "It was a part
+of our domestic discipline rather to employ the boys with these matters,
+than to permit them to run about the streets, or engage in wild noise."
+As a matter of course, such food, as the Church then profferred, could
+not satisfy an inquiring mind like that of Philip. The law, as it was
+then exclusively employed by the Catholic Church, was barely able to
+plow up the soil of the heart. But when it is yet considered, in
+addition to this, that the laws of God occupied the background behind
+the frequently ridiculous laws of the Church, it is matter for surprise
+that so many spiritual wants were yet felt, as we find to be the case
+with young Melanchthon. But his mind at this time was still principally
+directed to the acquisition of learning, of which he had already
+gathered an unusually large store in Pforzheim, by the instructions of
+Simler, and the encouragement of the deeply-learned Reuchlin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE UNIVERSITY.
+
+
+When he had spent two years in the town-school of Pforzheim, he had
+improved himself so much that he wrote down his own thoughts, both in
+the Latin and Greek languages, with facility. He already composed neat
+verses in these strange languages. Thus it came to pass, that, although
+he was but thirteen years old, he could already enter the University of
+HEIDELBERG. His acquirements were of a superior character. He was
+received as a student on the 13th of October, 1509. In Heidelberg it was
+his good fortune to become an inmate of the house of a distinguished
+scholar, Dr. PALLAS SPENGEL. Although Pallas held fast to the
+established order of things in religious matters, he was not opposed to
+anything better. Melanchthon rejoiced in after life that he had enjoyed
+the intercourse of this aged, and, in his own way, pious professor. He
+was instructed in the elements of astronomy by Dr. Caesarius, and praised
+him in the following words: "I acknowledge that I owe particular esteem
+and gratitude to him as my teacher." But he principally devoted himself
+to the ancient languages, and that with such zeal, that his knowledge of
+them increased more and more, and the learned boy became generally known
+in Heidelberg. On a certain occasion the teacher had proposed a very
+difficult question, and asked, "Where will I find a Grecian?" The
+students cried out with one voice: "Melanchthon! Melanchthon!" He was
+generally called "the Grecian."[3] At another time a teacher was
+suddenly seized with illness during the hour of instruction. He did not
+stop the lecture, however, but without delay said: "Philip, let your
+fellow-students proceed, and do you occupy my place." His quiet and
+decorous conduct procured him the distinction of instructing the sons of
+the Count Louis of Lowenstein. The Counts became so attached to him,
+that they maintained a friendly correspondence with him in after years.
+On the 10th of June, 1511, he was already honoured with the degree of
+BACHELOR OF ARTS. Although he spent many happy hours in Heidelberg, in
+the society of learned men and talented youths, yet did the place no
+longer satisfy him.
+
+This was partly owing to the fact, that the University did not number
+such men among its instructors, under whom he could make any further
+great progress, and partly also to the climate of Heidelberg, which did
+not agree with him. He was annually troubled with fever in the Spring,
+which enfeebled him very much, so that his anxious mother strongly
+wished for a change of residence. To this was added, that he was seeking
+the degree following the Baccalaureate, that of MASTER OF ARTS. His
+instructors, however, considered themselves bound to deny this request,
+"because he was too young, and of too childish an appearance." This
+occasioned great pain to the young man, and made his departure still
+more desirable. In after life, it is true, he formed a correct judgment
+of the refusal of his youthful request: "It is often very good for
+young persons if their wishes are not all gratified. This I experienced
+at Heidelberg."
+
+In the autumn of the year 1512 we find Melanchthon upon the road to the
+University of Tuebingen. It had not long before been founded by Duke
+EVERARD with the beard, a man who was ever anxious for the welfare of
+his country.
+
+Tuebingen had at that time already a good reputation. That which
+Melanchthon considered the most important, employed his labors also in
+this nursery of science. The Greeks and Romans were his favorites, yet
+not in a one-sided manner; for he was also attracted by mathematics and
+astronomy, to which he was encouraged by the distinguished Professor
+STOeFFLER. When he was therefore engaged in reading the Greek writer
+Hesiod, with his friend HAUSSCHEIN, who became so well known and useful
+in the Reformation under the name of OECOLAMPADIUS, he could obtain an
+explanation of those passages which referred to astronomy, from STOeFFLER
+alone. He also made himself acquainted with jurisprudence and medicine.
+He gathered a mass of information, which in a young man of his age can
+really be called extraordinary. But divinity attracted him above all
+other things. This did not flow from the unrefreshing spirit which then
+pervaded this science. The old beaten track of the middle ages was still
+pursued in all the universities. Altogether neglecting the Bible, the
+only fountain of true Christianity, men were merely concerned with the
+teachings of the Church. These were empty, fruitless subtleties, in
+which a sincerely seeking soul could find no nourishment. He heard
+LEMPUS, the most distinguished Professor in this field, who, when
+explaining transubstantiation to his hearers, could write it down with
+chalk upon the board, to make it more intelligible. Melanchthon read
+the writings of WILLIAM OCCAM, an old scholastic, with great zeal. But
+the curious structure erected by the Catholic church by its system of
+doctrine could not attract him any longer, when he had become the owner
+of a Bible. His beloved cousin REUCHLIN had presented him with one. He
+loved the holy volume more than every thing else, as he became better
+acquainted with its precious contents. As Reuchlin diligently read the
+Holy Book, and took it with him upon his journeys, so now did
+Melanchthon. He carried it with him in his bosom, and could not part
+with it; "he read it carefully day and night." Here he found
+explanations, which no professor in Tuebingen, and no priest in the
+church were able to give him. How disgusted he must have been, to hear
+priests upon the pulpits discourse upon a passage of the Greek
+Philosopher Aristotle, or to listen to another who was laboring to
+prove, that the wooden shoe of the Franciscans was made of the tree of
+the knowledge of Good and Evil in Paradise! Whenever therefore he went
+to church, he carried his Bible with him. During the progress of the
+ceremonies, and while the people were reading in the prescribed
+prayer-books, he was wrapt up in the reading of his Bible. Some
+evil-disposed persons took offence at this, and endeavored to render him
+suspected.
+
+It is impossible to show in Melanchthon's case, as it can be done in
+that of Luther, and other great men of Christ's church, how he arrived
+at the knowledge of the Truth, and an experience of the Grace of God.
+This saving change in him seems to have been brought about _gradually_.
+Beyond doubt it was closely connected with the reading and deeper
+searching of the Holy Scriptures. His acquaintance with Reuchlin was
+also propitious. Melanchthon frequently journeyed to the not far distant
+city of Stuttgart, where Reuchlin then resided. The latter also came to
+Tuebingen, and did not think it beneath him to occupy the room and eat
+the fare of his youthful friend. Here they conversed much of the corrupt
+condition of the church. But the time was near when mere conversation
+should be changed to open testimony.
+
+At that time great darkness reigned in Cologne. The Theologians, as well
+as the Dominican Monks of that place, had demanded that all Jewish
+writings should be burned. When the Emperor called upon Reuchlin for his
+opinion in this matter, he defended most of these writings. This enraged
+the people of Cologne, who were led by the baptized Jew PFEFFERKORN and
+the inquisitor HOCHSTRATEN. They appealed to the Pope. It gave Reuchlin
+much trouble, and caused much correspondence to and fro. Melanchthon
+also became involved in the matter, together with a large number of the
+most distinguished men, who entered the lists in Reuchlin's defence, and
+were obliged to bear the name of contempt, REUCHLINISTS. We here already
+meet the well-known knight, ULRICH VON HUTTEN, who wielded a sharp pen,
+as well as the brave and noble FRANCIS VON SICKINGEN with the knightly
+sword.
+
+Before this time, January 25, 1514, consequently in the 17th year of his
+life, Melanchthon, as the first among eleven candidates, received the
+degree of MASTER OF ARTS, and the privilege of delivering lectures. He
+lectured principally on Virgil, Terence, Cicero and Livy, and at once
+exhibited his great talents as a teacher. The students listened to him
+with pleasure, and soon many distinguished young men gathered around
+him. But he not only gained applause in his chair in the University; he
+also began to appear as an author. As early as the year 1516, ERASMUS of
+Rotterdam, one of the most learned men of that time, gave him the
+warmest eulogium in the words: "My God, what promising hopes does Philip
+Melanchthon give us, who, yet a youth, yes almost a boy, deserves equal
+esteem for his knowledge of both languages! What sagacity in argument,
+what purity of expression, what a rare and comprehensive knowledge, what
+extensive reading, what a delicacy and elegance of mind does he not
+display!"[4]
+
+A man of such mind and acquirements, and who, besides all this, bore a
+deeper knowledge within, could no longer remain in his confined position
+in Tuebingen. The Lord of the Church had selected a different theatre for
+his labors and struggles. When, by the advice of Reuchlin, he had
+declined a call to the bigoted University of Ingolstadt, another
+extensive and richly blessed field of labor was thrown open to him. The
+Elector FREDERICK of Saxony, who has very properly been called the WISE,
+in the spring of the year 1518, wrote to Reuchlin from Augsburg, where
+he was attending the Diet, requesting him to propose to him a teacher of
+the Greek, and one of the Hebrew language, for his University at
+WITTENBERG. Wittenberg had already acquired a great reputation, not only
+in Germany, but throughout Europe, on account of the mighty and bold
+step which an Augustinian Monk, MARTIN LUTHER, had taken about half a
+year before. Who has not heard of the 95 Theses, nailed by that monk on
+the church door at Wittenberg, on the 31st of October, 1517, against the
+doctrine of indulgences, and other matters connected with it, and which
+circulated so rapidly, that it seemed almost, in the language of a
+contemporary, as if the angels had served as footposts? All better
+disposed minds, to which class Reuchlin also belonged, joyfully welcomed
+the appearance of the intrepid monk of Wittenberg. When, therefore, the
+request of the Elector, to seek out two professors, was made to
+Reuchlin, he could not propose a more able and suitable man to Frederick
+the Wise than his own relative Melanchthon. He had received the youthful
+master's permission to do this. The Elector was highly pleased,
+especially as Tuebingen had already supplied him with several able men.
+Testimony concerning Melanchthon, such as that given by Reuchlin, could
+not but produce the most favorable impression. He says: "Among the
+Germans I know of no one who excels him, except Erasmus of Rotterdam,
+and he is an Hollander."
+
+As Duke ULRICH felt the loss he was about to sustain, he endeavored to
+retain him. An old narrative gives us the following account: "In the
+meantime, Duke Ulrich, of Wuertemberg, who wished to keep Philip in his
+own land, sent CONRAD VON SICKINGEN, who was then his servant, to master
+Philip's mother, to inform her, that if her son wished to enter the
+priesthood, he could apply to his Grace. Then he would also provide him
+with a good benefice, on account of his sainted father's faithful
+services. However, Philip had no inclination to become a priest, but
+intended to comply with the invitation of the Elector of Saxony, and to
+serve his Grace the Elector and the University, which also eventually
+came to pass."
+
+Reuchlin dismissed his young friend in a parental manner with these
+beautiful words: "'Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred,
+and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will show thee: and I
+will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy
+name great; and thou shalt be a blessing.' Gen. xii. 1, 2. This the
+Spirit tells me, and this hope do I entertain of thee, my Philip, my
+work and my comfort! Go, then, with a cheerful and happy courage!" Thus
+blessed and consecrated by his old friend, whom he was not to behold
+again in this world, he bid adieu to him and all his friends. He also
+paid a parting visit to the beloved ones in Bretten. His teacher,
+SIMLER, who was professor of the Greek language in Tuebingen, remarked
+on the day of Melanchthon's departure: "The entire city ought to mourn
+the departure of this Melanchthon, and all those now residing in
+Tuebingen have not even advanced far enough in their studies fully to
+appreciate how much they had lost by the removal of this great man." In
+August, Melanchthon is on his way. He made some valuable acquaintances.
+In Augsburg he was admitted to an audience with the Elector, and became
+acquainted with his chaplain and secretary, SPALATIN, "and they remained
+together until the close of the Diet." The celebrated statesman,
+PIRKHEIMER, in Nuremberg, a patron of Melanchthon, also received a visit
+from the young professor. On the 20th of August he reached Leipzig. Here
+the University honored him with an entertainment. He here declined a
+call to Ingolstadt, as well as one from Leipzig. He remained true to his
+promise. On the 25th of August, 1518, he arrived in his new field of
+labor, Wittenberg, to the joy of all, and his reception was a festive
+one.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HIS DEBUT IN WITTENBERG, AND THE LEIPZIG DISPUTATION.
+
+
+Four days after his arrival, the 22 years old professor delivered the
+Introductory to his Lectures. The lecture-room was entirely filled. His
+exterior did not promise much. A small, insignificant form, with a timid
+gait, entered the desk, but the lofty brow, and his large blue eyes,
+indicated the mighty mind which tabernacled in this unseemly and frail
+vessel. But when he commenced his Latin address, which treated of the
+improvement of studies, unfolding the deepest thoughts in the most
+chaste language, and resting so entirely upon the word of God, all were
+filled with joy.
+
+Luther, who was also present, was full of enthusiasm; for he felt at
+once how much the University and the good cause of the Reformation had
+gained in the possession of a man so learned, and with so deep an
+insight into truth. He therefore, full of joy, wrote to his beloved
+friend Spalatin as early as August 31: "Philip delivered a very learned
+and chaste address on the fourth day after his arrival, and that too
+with such applause and admiration on every side, that you need not
+trouble yourself further in commending him to us. We must look away from
+his exterior appearance; we rejoice in his gifts, at the same time that
+we are amazed at them; and we heartily thank our gracious prince, as
+well as your own assistance. It is now especially important that you
+recommend him most earnestly to our prince. I by no means desire a
+different teacher of Greek, as long as he remains with us. There is but
+one thing I fear, namely, that his delicate constitution will not be
+able to endure the manner of life in this region. I also learn that he
+has been called with too small a salary, so that the Leipzigers already
+boast and hope that they shall soon be able to draw him away from us;
+for they already courted him before he came to us. I, and many others
+with me, suspect that Dr. Pfeffinger has, according to his usual custom,
+been endeavoring to save the Elector's purse too much in this matter.
+Therefore, my dear Spalatin, to speak freely, that is, with my best
+friend: I pray you, look to it, that you do not despise his person and
+age. This man is deserving of all honor; for I do not wish us and the
+University to do so uncourteous a thing, and give envious persons
+occasion to speak evil of us." Two days after this, he again commends
+him to Spalatin most earnestly: "I would most heartily commend to you
+Philip, the great Grecian, the thorough scholar, and most amiable man.
+His lecture-room is crowded with hearers. It is owing to him,
+principally, that all theologians, the first, middle, and lowest class,
+are studying Greek." And thus Luther also expressed himself towards
+other friends. But the more they learned to know each other, so much the
+more also did their mutual esteem and affection increase. When
+Melanchthon, at a certain time, wrote to his paternal friend Reuchlin,
+and requested Luther to add a letter also, he complied with great
+cheerfulness; for Reuchlin was not only one of the first champions
+against Papal darkness, but it was also owing to him that Melanchthon
+adorned Wittenberg. In his letter he called Melanchthon a wonderful man,
+"in whom everything is almost supernatural; and yet he is the friend and
+confidant of my heart." But Reuchlin could not comprehend the rapid
+progress of the Reformation any more than Erasmus, and latterly had
+become cooler towards Melanchthon, no doubt because he had taken a too
+zealous and active part in the work of the reformation of the church.
+
+As Luther's whole heart was soon devoted to Melanchthon, so also did the
+young professor admire the chosen instrument of God. He soon discovered
+that a turning point had been reached in the history of the Christian
+church, and that Luther, partly because of his humility, and also his
+powerful apostolical faith, was the man chosen by the Head of the Church
+to bring about this blessed revolution. But an opportunity should soon
+be afforded the ingenious youth to step upon the battle-field of the
+Reformation himself, and to fight the good fight at Luther's side. The
+cause of the Gospel, proclaimed trumpet-tongued in Wittenberg, had
+awakened a mighty sympathy. They soon became convinced in Rome that this
+was not an ordinary dispute among Monks, whether the cowls should be
+peaked or round, and matters like these. Although the frivolous
+Medicean, Pope Leo X., regarded the matter very lightly in the
+beginning, its progress soon taught him to take a different view.
+Writings, conceived in the true Roman spirit, and dipped in blood, were
+sent forth. But all was unavailing. Despotic commands, such as had been
+hurled against Luther in Augsburg by the proud CAJETAN, were powerless.
+At first the lion in the Vatican roared, then he fawned. All knew the
+Papal nuncio MILTIZ, who could speak sweetly, and if this would not
+suffice, could even shed tears. An agreement was entered into between
+him and Luther, who in the beginning still entertained a high esteem for
+the Pope's supremacy, in Altenburg, in the year 1519, in which he
+promised silence, provided his opponents would remain silent also. But
+even in the midst of these negotiations, a zealous Romanist brought
+about an unexpected outbreak of the fire that slumbered beneath the
+ashes. This was the well-known Dr. JOHN ECK, Chancellor of the
+University of Ingolstadt, a man ever inclined to noise and disputes. He
+had already attacked Professor ANDREW CARLSTADT, in Wittenberg, in the
+year 1516. At a later period he challenged him to a public discussion,
+although he had his eye fixed upon Luther more than him. As the choice
+of the place and the time of the discussion were left to Dr. Eck, he
+fixed upon Leipzig. It was to be opened on the 27th of June, 1519.
+
+Eck arrived in Leipzig betimes, where he was delighted at being seen and
+admired. On the 24th of June the Wittenbergers also arrived. Many other
+learned men and students were present, besides the two champions,
+Carlstadt and Luther. Philip Melanchthon rode at Luther's side in a
+carriage. A crowd of persons, abbots, counts, knights, the learned and
+unlearned, such as Leipzig had not seen for a long time, were gathered
+together. It does not belong to our purpose to describe at length the
+history of the discussion at Leipzig. It occupied three weeks. First of
+all, Eck disputed with Carlstadt about Free-will, then with Luther about
+the Pope's supremacy, purgatory, indulgences, penance, absolution, and
+satisfaction. The contest often became very hot. Even if Carlstadt did
+not defend his good cause with the greatest skill, Eck found his match
+in Luther, who placed himself in the citadel of the word of God, and
+went forth unconquered from the battle. However, Melanchthon did not
+merely sit by as an idle hearer. It is said that he now and then mingled
+in the contest, and supported his two friends with a few observations.
+Upon this, Eck addressed him in a harsh tone: "Be silent, Philip; mind
+your own business, and do not disturb me!"
+
+Melanchthon, who had inwardly taken a lively interest in the discussion,
+left Leipzig, together with his Wittenberg friends, richly blessed and
+strengthened for his whole life.[5] But he was now to enter into a
+dispute with Eck himself. For he had written a letter to his beloved
+friend Oecolampadius, who regarded the bold stand of Luther and his
+friends with approbation, in which he related the events of the
+disputation, and exposed several weak points in Eck's arguments. But,
+although he did this, he praised Eck's "excellent natural gifts." Of
+course it can be easily seen where Melanchthon's heart was. He thus
+spoke of Luther in this letter: "I must admire the clear head, learning,
+and eloquence, and heartily love the sincere and truly Christian heart
+of Luther, whom I have known intimately for a long time." This letter
+was printed, and was seen by Eck, who felt himself so much aggrieved by
+it, that he printed a very rude reply as early as the 25th of July, in
+Leipzig. He treats the teacher of languages--Philippus--"who understands
+Greek and Latin so well," in a most contemptuous manner, as if he had
+assumed the right of pronouncing judgment in a matter which he did not
+understand, and endeavors to refute Melanchthon's letter by sixteen
+brief remarks. At one time he calls him "the bold little man," then
+again "the Wittenbergian teacher of languages, who fared like the
+shoemaker who wanted to know more than his last," and then again "the
+literalist," and "little language man." Once he addresses him in the
+words: "Thou dusty schoolmaster!" The whole letter is conceived in this
+spirit: but he was mistaken in Melanchthon. In the month of August he
+sent forth from "the celebrated Saxon city Wittenberg," a defence
+against John Eck, in which he does not use similar language. He declares
+in this "that he has been driven to this, more by a holy anxiety and
+zeal for the Holy Scriptures than by any enmity." He declares, in the
+most decided manner, "that it is ungodly to wrest the Scriptures
+according to human will and inclinations." He now refutes Eck's
+principal objections in the clearest manner, and advises him "to suffer
+the cause to strive rather than abusive language." "We owe this," he
+says, "to love, which, as truly as I hope to have a merciful God, I from
+my heart do not wish to grieve or offend."
+
+Luther was much displeased with Eck's conduct. He expresses this in a
+letter to Spalatin, dated August 15th: "I again come to speak of Philip,
+whom no Eck can bring me to hate, and whose testimony in my favour I
+always esteem higher than anything else. The judgment and opinion of
+this single man is of more value to me than that of many thousand
+worthless Ecks, and I would not be ashamed, although I am a Master of
+Arts, of Philosophy, and Theology, and am adorned almost with all the
+titles of Eck, to leave my own opinion, if this Grammarian could not
+agree with it. I have often done this, and do it still, because of the
+divine gift which God has deposited in this frail vessel (although it
+seems contemptible to Eck,) with a bountiful blessing. Philip I do not
+praise, he is a creature of God, and nothing."
+
+But Eck did not consider it advisable to contend further with the
+champions of Wittenberg, who were also supported by other worthy men. He
+was silent, and as he perhaps thought that other weapons were needful in
+such a case, perhaps like those employed against Huss and Jerome a
+hundred years before, he journeyed to Rome, and sought shelter beneath
+the thunders of excommunication from the Papal Chair.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+BUILDING AND FIGHTING.
+
+
+It has happened sometimes in the Church of Christ, that the kingdom of
+God has been built up, whilst the builders were obliged to carry the
+sword against the enemies in one hand. This was the case at Wittenberg
+at that time. By Luther's side we find Melanchthon engaged in this
+double labor. We have already heard with what joy his introductory
+lecture was listened to. He continued to gain more applause from day to
+day. Students from all parts of Germany, yea of Europe, were found in
+his lecture-room. In the year 1520, Spalatin saw about 600 students,
+whereas the whole number of students had formerly not exceeded 200.
+Luther's European reputation, of course, also contributed much towards
+the prosperity of the University. HEERBRAND, in his oration to his
+memory, relates that Melanchthon had as many as 2000 pupils and hearers,
+among whom were princes, counts, barons, and other noblemen. Whilst
+Reuchlin and Erasmus labored more by their writings, Melanchthon
+attracted both by his lectures and his solid writings. To this was
+added, that, whilst Reuchlin and Erasmus from day to day grew cooler
+towards the great movement proceeding from Wittenberg, Melanchthon
+attached himself to it in the most decided manner, and powerfully aided
+it by his mind, acquirements, and great name. He, therefore, did not
+only lecture on the Greek poet Homer, and other writers of antiquity,
+but also treated the writings of the New Testament. His industry was
+extraordinary. In addition to the regular labors of his station, he for
+a time also acted as professor of the Hebrew. For this purpose, however,
+it was necessary that he should first of all make himself thoroughly
+acquainted with this language. Luther wrote to Spalatin, January, 1519:
+"Our Philip is now busy with the Hebrew; the faithfulness and industry
+of the man are too great, so that he hardly permits himself to enjoy any
+leisure." He could generally be found busily engaged in his study at two
+o'clock in the morning. The amount of labor accomplished by him in a
+short time is almost incredible. But to his well-trained mind, his quick
+perception, and his unwearied industry, was added the blessing of God,
+which indeed was most needful, and which he sought with all his heart.
+When the Elector heard of his extraordinary industry, he feared lest the
+worthy professor might ruin his health, and himself wrote to him that he
+should take care of himself. He says in this letter: "We must make
+provision for the body, and if you look upon the other words of Paul as
+true, regard this in the same way, and believe that we ought to obey
+it." Melanchthon was particularly engaged with the epistles of Paul.
+With unusual clearness he comprehended the deeply evangelical truths
+which this Apostle of Justification by Faith had been permitted to see
+and express so clearly.
+
+Luther was not ashamed to appear among the hearers of the youthful
+professor, when he explained the Epistles to the Romans and Corinthians.
+Yea, he even considered it worth while to communicate these lessons of
+the lecture-room to the great public of Christendom. As Melanchthon's
+modesty induced him to retain such productions in his desk, Luther
+secretly published his explanations of the Epistles to the Romans and
+Corinthians, and prefixed an introduction, addressed to Melanchthon, in
+which he jocosely remarks: "It is I who publish your writings and
+expositions. I send you to yourself. If you are not pleased with
+yourself, well and good; let it suffice that we are pleased with you. If
+I have transgressed in this matter, it is your own fault. Why did you
+not publish yourself, for which I so often entreated, prayed, and
+commanded you? Let this be my excuse, that I shall be called, and will
+be, your thief, whether you are angry or whether you laugh." Further on
+he says: "But to those whom you so fear that they will be displeased and
+dissatisfied with it, I will say: 'Dear Sirs, do better yourselves.' I
+proclaim it publicly before the world, that no one has approached nearer
+to, and hit upon Paul's meaning, better than yourself."
+
+Melanchthon now published a series of volumes upon books of Scripture.
+He saw very well that the fountain of divine truth and wisdom, which had
+been obstructed so long, must again begin to flow. And he contributed an
+honest share towards the diffusion of Scripture truth. His books and
+minor publications on the books of the Bible were greatly applauded, and
+met with a rapid sale, so that repeated editions were called for. And
+even yet they deserve not only to be read, but studied by all who
+devote themselves to the discovery of truth. When Luther, at a later
+period, prefaced and recommended Melanchthon's exposition of the Epistle
+to the Colossians, to which he had given great attention, he speaks thus
+of himself and Melanchthon: "I have been born to war and fight with
+factions and devils, therefore my books are stormy and warlike. I must
+root out the stumps and stocks, cut away the thorns and hedges, fill up
+the ditches, and am the rough forester, to break a path, and make things
+ready. But master Philip walks gently and silently, tills and plants,
+sows and waters with pleasure, as God has gifted him richly." Thus did
+Melanchthon write and teach, and mightily build up the kingdom of God.
+About this time he published a work, which is doubtless not only one of
+the best of his productions, but also inclined many hearts towards the
+Reformation.
+
+It is the work LOCI COMMUNES, _the principal articles of Christian
+doctrine_, as they were afterwards called. We have already heard that
+Melanchthon devoted himself especially to the writings of Paul. He
+gathered together all the principal truths of this apostle, and
+presented them to his hearers. These were so highly pleased with the
+production, that they had it published. As Melanchthon, however,
+discovered many imperfections in it, he published it himself in 1521,
+corrected and enlarged. This volume, which may be called the first
+system of religion in the evangelical church, was everywhere greeted in
+the most friendly manner. Luther was quite delighted with it, and once
+said of it, that it was not only worthy of immortality, but even to be
+admitted into the canon of Scripture. In his table-talk he expressed the
+following opinion of it: "Whoever wishes to become a theologian now,
+enjoys great advantages; for first of all, he has the Bible, which is so
+clear, that he can read it without difficulty. Then let him read in
+addition the Loci Communes Philippi; let him read them diligently and
+well, that he may impress them upon his mind. If he has these two
+things, he is a theologian, from whom neither the devil nor heretics
+shall be able to take away anything. To him the whole field of theology
+lies open, so that he is able to read anything he pleases after that
+with edification."
+
+Melanchthon issued improved editions of the work from time to time.
+Seldom has a book met with so extensive a demand. We can form an
+estimate of its value from this fact alone. But it was also totally
+different from the old trash which Melanchthon had become acquainted
+with in Tuebingen. It followed the pure dictates of the Bible, and was
+thoroughly practical. Here the doctrines of sin, of the law and the
+Gospel, of Justification, of Faith and Good Works, were developed in a
+convincing manner, as they had been brought to light after a long
+midnight, by Luther himself. With this work he stood entirely upon the
+Bible, and on this account it was so refreshing to friends and annoying
+to enemies. In September, 1519, he was made a Bachelor of Divinity on
+account of his great learning. He would never accept a higher degree,
+and always remained a Magister (Master.) But Luther said of him: "It is
+true he is but a poor Master, but also a Doctor above all Doctors."
+
+Whilst this worthy man was laying the foundation for the building of the
+renewed church, he also bore in his other hand the sword of the Spirit
+to drive away the foe. We have already heard how he smote Dr. Eck with
+it. As early as the year 1520, a publication filled with poison and gall
+appeared against Luther in Rome. It bore the following title: "To the
+Princes and People of Germany against Martin Luther, the Defamer of
+German Glory." The author had chosen the fictitious name THOMAS
+RHODINUS. The Leipzigers, especially the wicked JEROME EMSER, rejoiced
+in this libel, and soon reprinted it, in order to injure the cause of
+the Reformation. But now Melanchthon entered the lists in February of
+the year 1521. He wrote a defence of the greatly slandered Luther, under
+the fictitious name of DIDYMUS FAVENTINUS. He remarks in this: "Judge
+for yourselves, whether those are seeking the welfare and glory of the
+Fatherland indeed, who accuse that man, who has delivered our Fatherland
+from Romish frauds; who has ventured all alone to root out the errors
+which existed for centuries; who has again brought to light Christian
+doctrines which were almost buried by the wicked laws of the Popes, and
+the foolish subtleties of the schools. For this praise is given him by
+all the learned, and not only by me." In this decided tone spoke
+Melanchthon, and declared that everything which opposed the Gospel must
+fall, no matter how ancient it may be. After explaining the manner in
+which the Pope had gained supremacy in Germany, he called upon the
+princes to defend the Church against the power of Antichrist. The battle
+grew more exciting, and Melanchthon took a bolder position, although he
+was a man who might truly, with reference to his inward disposition, be
+called a child of peace. Towards the close of the year 1520, principally
+by Luther's advice, he had married a daughter of Mayor CRAPP, of
+Wittenberg. But of this we shall speak further hereafter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+MELANCHTHON WITHOUT LUTHER.
+
+
+As early as the summer of 1520, the Pope, upon Eck's instigation, issued
+a severe bull against Luther, in which forty-one propositions from his
+various writings were condemned, and he himself was threatened with
+excommunication if he should not recant. But the hero was of good
+courage, for he was suffering for the best cause. Eck triumphed, but the
+Wittenberger was not to be intimidated, and wrote the well-known severe
+work "Against the Bull of Antichrist," and even took the bold step, on
+the 10th of December, 1520, to cast this bull, together with the canon
+law and other papal writings, into the fire, before the Elster gate, in
+the presence of many students and doctors. Thus did he powerfully
+separate himself from the Roman Church and the Pope. All who preferred
+the better way were thus driven to decision. Melanchthon was not wanting
+among these better ones, as he proved by his vindication of Luther.
+
+In the meantime, CHARLES V. had become Emperor of Germany. The papal
+nuncios urged him to execute the bull. But this youthful monarch
+proceeded leisurely. He summoned a Diet to Worms, where, among other
+matters, the difficulties of the Church might also be decided. Although
+the Papal legates endeavored to prevent Luther's summons to the Diet,
+they could not succeed. When parting from Melanchthon, he said: "If I
+should return no more, and my enemies should murder me at Worms, as may
+very easily be the case, I conjure you, dear brother, not to neglect
+teaching and abiding by the truth. In the meantime, labor also for me,
+because I am not able to be here. You can do better than I can.
+Therefore it will not be a great loss, provided you remain. The Lord
+still finds a learned champion in you." It is well known to all with
+what joyful faith Luther received the summons, and with what bold words
+he expressed himself in regard to it. Luther's journey to Worms, and his
+demeanor before the Emperor and the States of the Empire, are among the
+most glorious events of his own history, and of the Reformation in
+general.
+
+Faith, like that exhibited by him at this time, is not often found in
+Israel. "Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise; God help me! Amen!" These
+were Luther's words; he remained faithful, and God helped him. He was
+removed until March, 1522, for it is known that the care of the Elector
+had sheltered him from the malice of his enemies in the silent Wartburg.
+
+During this time, Wittenberg truly seemed to be fatherless, for
+Melanchthon was no Luther. And yet the burden of the Reformation rested
+upon the shoulders of this young man. But, notwithstanding the papal
+bulls, and in spite of the Edict of Worms, which appeared May 26, 1521,
+and spoke in the papal spirit, he was not afraid to stand in the gap. He
+published the acts of the Diet of Worms, and sided with the proscribed
+Luther. Every where his assistance was required, so also to give his
+advice in supplying the professorial chairs in the University. During
+this time, AUROGALLUS, teacher of the Hebrew, and JUSTUS JONAS, in the
+capacity of provost and professor of Theology, arrived in Wittenberg.
+During the same year, Melanchthon published a severe work against the
+Theologians of Paris. These had severely condemned Luther and his
+writings. Against these he wrote his defence of Dr. M. Luther, "against
+the raging judgment of the Paris Divines." It is one of his most cutting
+productions. He begins thus: "Behold, Christian reader, what monstrous
+beasts of Theologians this part of the earth, Europe, gives birth to!"
+He expresses himself unwilling to believe that this production has
+emanated from Paris, because so furious a spirit breathes in it. The
+common people believe that Christian doctrine dwells in the high school
+as in its own palace. But he will disregard the distinguished
+personages, and the high rank of the University, and says: "In our
+common Christianity, Christ's voice alone shall rule. Whoever does not
+hear this, does not belong to Christ." The Universities of Cologne and
+Loewen had also condemned Luther's writings, but they had not acted as
+_crazily_ as the Parisians. He, therefore, found himself obliged to
+believe that the saying of those in the olden time was not altogether
+without foundation: "That the French have no brains." They called Luther
+a heretic because he did not agree with the Universities, the holy
+fathers, and the councils. But here Melanchthon plants himself upon the
+basis of the Bible, and declares this alone can be infallible, and adds:
+"What new articles of Faith do magistri nostri of Paris wish to add to
+this? Perhaps their own gross ones!" In this biting manner he proceeds,
+and in a clear, lively manner, thoroughly refutes the assertions of the
+Parisians. He proves the Scriptures to be the only fountain of knowledge
+in the most triumphant manner, and then proceeds to show that Luther is
+standing upon the Bible, and yet does not contradict the Fathers.
+Luther's defender proves that he is on Augustine's side in the
+doctrines of Free-will and of Grace, and then goes on to show that the
+Parisians themselves are opposed to the Fathers. He concludes thus: "I
+wished to guard you in these things, Christian reader, in order that you
+may not be prejudiced against Luther by the reputation of the
+Sorbonne,[6] the wisdom of which you have been able to see in one or two
+points. From those which I have exposed to you, you may easily guess the
+rest--for the Sorbonne is the Sorbonne. It will be easier for you to
+find Christ among the carpenters than among these people."
+
+So bravely did Melanchthon speak, and yet the position he occupied
+alone, during Luther's absence, depressed him so much that he felt the
+need of consolation. When Luther had reached the Wartburg, Melanchthon
+discovered it, and full of joy wrote to WENZESLAUS LINK: "Our dearest
+father is alive!" He wishes to fold him in his arms very soon, and says:
+"Everything is going on well in the University, except that we are
+deprived of our father Doctor Martinus."
+
+At another time he wrote: "Our Elijah is not yet with us, but we wait
+and hope for him. What more shall I say? My longing for him tortures me
+grievously!" Luther reprimanded him about this, and wrote thus: "Even
+though I should be lost, the Gospel will lose nothing by that; for in
+that you now excel me, and follow Elijah as an Elisha with a double
+portion of the spirit, which may the Lord Jesus bestow upon you in his
+mercy! Amen." Already on the 12th of May, 1521, a letter of comfort
+arrived from PATMOS, as Luther called the Wartburg. He says in it: "And
+what are you doing, my Philip? Do you pray for me, that this my
+involuntary concealment may redound to the greater glory of God?" In
+conclusion, he says: "Here I sit, and all day long place before me the
+picture of the Church, and lament my insensibility that I am not
+drenched in tears, and with my eyes, as with fountains of tears, weep
+for the slain of my people. But there is no one who will arise and
+cleave to the Lord, or oppose himself as a wall for the house of Israel,
+in these latter days of his wrath. Yes, Kingdom of the Pope, thou art
+worthy of this latter time! God be merciful unto us! Do you then, as a
+servant of the word, stand in the midst, and guard the walls and gates
+of Jerusalem, until they come upon you also. You understand your calling
+and your gifts. I pray for you before all other things, if, (as I do not
+doubt,) my prayer availeth anything. Do you likewise. Let us bear our
+burden together. We stand alone in the battle. After me, they will fall
+upon thee."
+
+Melanchthon needed such encouragement in his present position; for as it
+has often been, so was it now in Wittenberg, that enemies are less
+dangerous than friends. With all his storming, Luther yet proceeded
+calmly. It was his primary object to lay on every side the deep
+foundation of Justification by Grace through Faith; and he thought less
+of the finishing of the building. He permitted all those things to
+remain which did not flatly contradict the word of God. But his friends
+in Wittenberg did not think so soberly and prudently. They wished to
+overturn the structure of the Roman Church by rapid assault, and to
+erect something entirely new. Every particle of the Romish leaven was
+to be exterminated from the public worship of God.
+
+First of all, Luther's fellow-conventuals, the Augustinian monks of
+Wittenberg, led by the preacher GABRIEL ZWILLING, appeared with a
+resolution to omit the daily private mass, and to distribute the
+Sacrament in both kinds. When the Elector heard of this, he inquired at
+once into the particulars of the matter, and appointed a commission, to
+which Melanchthon belonged, to investigate the whole matter. The report
+of this commission was decidedly in favor of those who encouraged these
+innovations. After exhibiting the antiscriptural character of the mass,
+and the denial of the cup to the laity, and saying: "It is certain that
+the abuse of the mass is one of the greatest and most abominable abuses
+in the world," they pray the Elector to take hold of the matter
+earnestly, and speedily to abolish the abuse of the masses in his own
+dominions, and not to care if he should be abused as a Bohemian or
+heretic. It is impossible to avoid reviling. They appeal to the
+Elector's conscience, and reminded him of the great day of reckoning.
+But it also gave liberty to conscience, if any one wished to celebrate
+mass alone. But the Elector was not satisfied with this opinion. As he
+generally preferred to act prudently, he considered the step of the
+Augustinians too hasty. He thought that the opinion of so few persons
+could not be decisive, and he also clearly foresaw the consequences,
+should the overthrow of private masses put an end to the legacies for
+this purpose. He communicated these views to the Commission in writing,
+through Dr. BAYER. They returned an excellent reply, full of a joyful
+faith, which we regret not to be able to print entire. The reply said:
+"Although we are the smallest party, the truth of the divine word, which
+is above all angels and creatures, because it is clearly revealed in
+the Gospel and in the apostle Paul, shall not therefore be despised. For
+the smallest party ever received and preached the truth, and so it will
+remain to the end of the world." It concludes thus: "Let no one be
+offended because this matter will cause great offence. For Christ, as it
+is written, came into the world, and was given to those who believe in
+him and his word, that they might improve themselves in him, to obtain
+eternal life. But to those who do not receive him and his word, he has
+been given and set for a stumbling-block, that they may die for ever."
+Luther also, in his work "Of the Abuse of the Mass," expressed himself
+in favor of the omission of private masses. The Elector now permitted
+the matter to take its own course. The movement, which had commenced in
+the Augustinian cloister in Wittenberg, communicated itself likewise to
+those in Meissen and Thuringia. In the month of December of this year a
+provincial assembly of Augustinians from different quarters was
+convened. Their resolutions contemplated the abolition of secret masses,
+cloistral confinement, and other antiscriptural customs. At this time
+appeared Luther's publication "Concerning Priestly and Monastic Vows,"
+which gave the movement scriptural progress. When a minister, BERNHARDI,
+called Feldkirch, relinquished his celibacy, and defended this step,
+Melanchthon was not afraid to step forward to defend the severely
+assaulted man, and to renounce a doctrine which the Bible terms a
+doctrine of devils, and is yet held fast by the Papal Chair with the
+utmost tenacity.
+
+But other events occurred in Wittenberg, which might have done the
+greatest injury to the good cause of the Reformation, had not the Lord
+of the Church watched over it. A fanatical spirit had arisen in the city
+of ZWICKAU. Among other things he rejected Infant Baptism, and boasted
+of the possession of supernatural revelations. At Christmas, three of
+these fanatics came to Wittenberg. These were two cloth-weavers named
+NICHOLAS STORCH and THOMAS MARX, the third being MARCUS STUeBNER, who
+claimed to belong to the learned. In Wittenberg, the private teacher,
+MARTIN CELLARIUS, joined them. They also met with Melanchthon, who had
+even received the chief spokesman, Stuebner, into his house. He did not
+possess that deep insight into human nature which distinguished Luther.
+He, therefore, did not at once declare himself opposed to this perverted
+movement. December 27, 1521, he gave notice of this to the Elector, and
+says: "I have conversed with them myself, and they declare most
+wonderful things concerning themselves, viz., that God with a loud voice
+sent them forth to teach, that they enjoy most intimate conversations
+with God, behold future events, and that they are, in short, prophetic
+and apostolical men. I cannot describe how all this moves me. That
+spirits possess them, seems to be established by many reasons,
+concerning which no one can easily form an opinion but Martinus,
+(Luther.) If the Gospel and the honor and peace of the Church are in any
+danger, it is absolutely necessary that these people should have an
+interview with Martinus, especially as they appeal to him. I would not
+write anything to your Electoral Grace about this matter, did not the
+importance of the matter require that steps should be taken in time. For
+it is needful for us to be on our guard, lest the devil entrap us."
+Spalatin relates that the Elector expressed himself about this matter
+very humbly in these words: "This is a very important matter, which I,
+as a layman, do not understand. Now, God has bestowed considerable
+possessions upon me and my brother. If I understood these matters, I
+would rather take a staff in my hands and fly, than act knowingly
+against God." However, the Elector summoned Melanchthon and Amsdorf to
+PRETTIN.
+
+There HAUBOLD VON EINSIEDEL and Spalatin questioned them further
+concerning these matters. They expressed themselves to the same effect
+as Melanchthon had done in his report. Again Luther's judgment was
+solicited. In a letter of Luther's, called forth by Melanchthon, he
+judged very correctly of the spirits of Zwickau. He requires letter and
+seal for their public ministry. As to their spirit, it would only be
+necessary to inquire, whether they had experienced spiritual conflicts
+and divine birth, death and hell. He proceeds to express himself in a
+very decided manner in reference to Infant Baptism, and concludes thus:
+"I have all along expected that the devil would create this ulcer, but
+it was not to be done by the Papists. He desires to bring about this
+great schism among us and ours, but Christ will soon trample him beneath
+our feet. But these fanatics had already gained adherents. Among them
+was the well-known Dr. KARLSTADT,[7] a man of a legal, unsettled mind,
+who, with all his boasting of liberty, knew nothing of true evangelical
+liberty. He commenced a sad work in Wittenberg. Many students joined
+him. They abolished private masses, burned the images, destroyed the
+altars, abolished auricular confession, dropped the hymns and ceremonies
+of the Church, went to communion without previous confession, and did
+many other things of a similar character. Without applying to the
+constituted authorities, without caring for those who were offended at
+their course, they carried everything before them by storm, appealing to
+their liberty, the first commandment, and the Holy Ghost, which they
+possessed. Whoever did not side with them was denounced as an heretic.
+
+This was too much for the youthful professor, the burden was too great,
+and he longed for the faith and strength of that man, who, under these
+circumstances could not endure to remain longer in his Patmos. Luther
+addressed a capital letter to the Wittenbergians, in which he most
+clearly points out to them the true point of view from which Karlstadt's
+innovation was to be examined. But Melanchthon ardently desired Luther's
+return to Wittenberg. His return was absolutely necessary too, yet the
+Elector would not hear of it. At last, on the 7th of March, 1522, Luther
+escaped from the Wartburg. Two letters, addressed to the Elector, and
+which really display an apostolical strength of faith, paved and
+prepared the way. He was received with acclamations in Wittenberg, and
+when he now began, from the first Sunday in Lent until the Sunday
+Reminiscere, to preach eight sermons against these innovations, in a
+convincing, winning manner, all rejoiced, and the turbulent waves again
+grew calm.
+
+Gabriel was convinced, but Karlstadt remained hardened. But the fanatics
+again gathered together secretly, and endeavored to spread themselves.
+The desire was expressed that Luther might have an interview with them.
+Although reluctantly, he at last resolved to hear MARCUS, one of their
+leaders. Melanchthon was present at the interview. Marcus was
+accompanied by the impetuous Cellarius, and several others. When Luther
+pointed out to them, that their pretensions were not founded upon the
+Holy Scriptures, but were really the inventions of over-curious minds,
+or perhaps even foolish and hurtful inspirations of a deceitful spirit,
+Cellarius behaved like a mad-man. They departed with curses, but Luther
+calmly said: "That God, whom I worship and serve, will know right well
+how to restrain your gods, so that none of these things will come to
+pass."
+
+We may well conceive how relieved Melanchthon must have felt, when the
+proper man of the Reformation again stood in the breach.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+LABORS, RECREATION, AND TROUBLE.
+
+
+The Gospel gained greater and greater victories. The preaching of the
+truth found open doors in Denmark and Sweden, in Transylvania and
+Hungary, in Silesia and France. As the spirit of primitive Christianity
+in Germany went forth from Wittenberg through the various provinces, so
+also did ZWINGLI, and Melanchthon's friend and fellow-student,
+OECOLAMPADIUS, labor in Switzerland with blessed results. A new time was
+coming, and its spring had already dawned. Perhaps no other means
+contributed so much to the promotion of the Reformation as the
+translation of the Bible, which we owe to Luther's master hand. In the
+Wartburg he completed the translation of the New Testament, with a
+spirit which to this day has not been excelled. But he was not ashamed
+to make use of the assistance and advice of his friends in this work.[8]
+Among these friends, Melanchthon was the principal one, who, indeed,
+excelled Luther in learning. Melanchthon took very great pains to
+discover the true meaning of the passages, for which his assistance had
+been solicited. If any expression remained dark, he could apply for an
+explanation to the physician, STURTZ, in Erfurt, to Spalatin, and other
+friends. We have before heard that he applied himself to the Hebrew
+language. The knowledge of this language was very serviceable to him in
+the translation of the Old Testament. The Book of Job particularly
+called forth the efforts of the Wittenbergians. Luther somewhere speaks
+of it in a letter: "M. Philip, Aurogallus, and I, are laboring so
+carefully in Job that sometimes we could scarcely complete three lines
+in four days. But Melanchthon labored with especial energy in his own
+field of labor. He saw the importance of a classical education, and
+labored very zealously for its extension. But, although he mightily
+promoted the ancient languages, his heart was yet in the Holy
+Scriptures. This is proved by his explanations of several books of the
+Old and New Testaments, which appeared in 1523.
+
+But his numerous uninterrupted labors were beginning to undermine his
+health. He was particularly troubled with sleeplessness about this time.
+Recreation was indispensable for him, and his friends also earnestly
+advised him to it. When Luther went to Worms, he was not permitted to
+refresh himself by a visit to his home. He now wished to pay this visit.
+One of his friends and colleagues, NESEN, intended to make a trip to
+Frankfort. It seemed best to join him, and from thence to visit his
+beloved native city, Bretten, and to see the dear relatives residing
+there. Luther, to whom he communicated his intentions, approved of them,
+relieved him of all scruples and doubts, and dismissed him with these
+pleasant words: "Go, dear brother Philip, in the name of God. Even our
+Lord Jesus did not always preach and teach, but also journeyed, and
+visited his relatives and friends. All I ask of you is, that you return
+to us soon! I will include you in my prayers day and night. And now
+depart!"
+
+On the 16th of April, 1524, he departed, with a very pleasant caravan of
+friends. NESEN, who taught History, Geography and the Languages, in
+Wittenberg; Philip's fellow-boarder, FRANCIS BURKHARD, of Weimar, who
+afterwards became Chancellor in Saxony; JOHN SILBERBORNER, of Worms; and
+his dearest friend in all the world, with whom he became acquainted
+during the Leipzig disputation, JOACHIM CAMERARIUS, were his
+fellow-travellers. They rode upon horses, which were none of the best;
+but most likely these gentlemen were not among the best of riders. Their
+way led them through Leipzig. There a most worthy man, PETER SCHADE,
+called MOSELLANUS, who had expressed himself much in favor of the
+Reformation, was breathing his last. They visited him, and bade him
+farewell in this world. Thence they went to the city of Fulda. CROTUS
+RUBIANUS and ADAM KRAFT rejoiced in the arrival of the beloved Saxons,
+and entertained them most hospitably. Here the travellers heard of the
+death of the Knight ULRICH VON HUTTEN, who died upon an island in the
+Lake of Zurich. It is well known with what ardor this champion joined
+the Reformation. Neither Luther nor Melanchthon, however, could approve
+of everything in the conduct of the clever freebooter; for he was not
+inspired with the pure, evangelical spirit.
+
+Nesen remained in Frankfort; but Melanchthon and his remaining
+companions, after a short stay, hastened to the end of their journey. It
+is said that when he first beheld his beloved native city in the
+distance, overcome with joy, he dismounted, and falling upon his knees,
+exclaimed: "Oh! my native soil! I thank thee, Lord, that I have been
+permitted to see it again!" And now they went to Bretten, to his
+mother's house. How she rejoiced to behold her son again! She had in the
+meantime ceased to be a widow, and had married a widower named
+Christopher Kolbe. It seems she had remained a good Catholic; and
+perhaps had no other fault to find with her Philip, but that he had
+taken too decided and zealous a part in the Reformation. Now there was
+opportunity to speak of these things; and the son did not neglect to
+instruct his mother as to the object and extent of the Reformation. But
+she seems to have remained steadfast in her old persuasion.
+
+The mother knew very well that her son had gained a great name. She
+could see this with her own eyes during his stay in Bretten. CAMPEGIUS,
+at that time the Papal legate in Germany, was then in Heidelberg on
+account of a great hunt. We can well conceive how anxious he must have
+felt to detach Melanchthon from Luther; and he must have thought it
+worth while to make an attempt to bring about this desirable result. He
+had a very shrewd secretary, named NAUSEA, who was sent upon this
+difficult and important errand. When he arrived in Bretton, he
+immediately repaired to Melanchthon, in order to introduce the matter.
+He seconded his appeal with the best inducements, but he did not find a
+reed that could be swayed to and fro by the wind. The Wittenberg
+Professor declared, in a firm and decided manner: "If I discover
+anything to be true, I hold it fast, and maintain it without any regard
+to the consequence of any mortal, without any regard to advantages,
+honor, or gain. I shall never forsake those who were the first to bring
+better things to light. But in the same manner I shall also continue to
+prove true to myself, that I shall teach and defend the truth without
+quarrelling or abuse. I therefore advise every one who earnestly desires
+peace and unity, to do all he can to heal those wounds which can no
+longer be concealed, and to restrain the mad rage of those who are
+constantly tearing them open again!" He added a small essay on the
+principal points of the Lutheran doctrine, in which he particularly gave
+prominence to the difference between divine and human righteousness, and
+that they were only striving against work-holiness.
+
+Nausea returned to Heidelberg, without having effected his object; but
+Melanchthon received another visit, from three professors of the
+University. These did not come to alienate him from _that_ cause, which
+was the cause of God. On the contrary, they presented him with a richly
+ornamented goblet, as an acknowledgment of his meritorious services, for
+which he returned his cordial thanks in a letter.
+
+Whilst Melanchthon was spending most agreeable days in Bretten, his
+travelling-companions sojourned in Basle. ERASMUS of Rotterdam resided
+in this city, and by his great reputation also attracted these
+Wittenbergians. This will be the proper place to say something of the
+relations existing between this renowned scholar and Melanchthon. It was
+Erasmus who, at a very early period, recognized and admired
+Melanchthon's talents and great acquirements. Melanchthon had taken this
+great man, who exerted such an influence upon the restoration of the
+sciences, for his model. But Erasmus was a man who preferred standing on
+neutral ground, and considered the Reformation commenced by Luther, and
+supported by Melanchthon's learning, as by far too extravagant. He was
+very fond of the honor of this world, which prevents so many learned men
+from arriving at a knowledge of the truth. Although he, therefore, at
+first expressed his approbation of the work in Wittenberg, he gradually
+became more and more opposed to it. He manifested his hostility
+particularly in his work "ON FREE WILL." He shows in this, like all
+persons who do not consult the word of God, and a deep inward
+experience, that the great corruption of this world of sin, and the
+indescribable riches of divine grace, were both mysteries to him. He
+also expressed his views more fully in a letter to his friend at
+Wittenberg, on the 6th of September, 1524; and did not forget to state
+that he could not agree on all points with Melanchthon's book, Loci
+Communes, in which he had, however, found much that was excellent.
+Nothing else could have been expected, for Melanchthon had most
+decidedly expressed the doctrine of the renewed Church. He could,
+therefore, neither be satisfied with Erasmus' publication against
+Luther, nor with his letter to himself.
+
+It is well known to every one acquainted with these disputes, that
+Erasmus had found a powerful opponent in Luther, by means of his work
+"Of the Bond Will," which is one of the ablest and most powerful
+productions of the Reformer. The gulf between these two men became wider
+and wider. All mediation was impossible.
+
+In a letter to Erasmus, in answer to the one already referred to,
+Melanchthon expressed his decided adherence to Luther's doctrine, and
+declared that if the Bible should teach differently, he would gladly
+adopt it. He took Luther's side, and defended him against Erasmus'
+attacks upon his character. But Erasmus adhered to his own opinions, and
+especially censured Luther's violence. He was particularly displeased
+with this violence in Luther's polemic treatise against himself. This
+relation to the great man in Rotterdam caused Melanchthon much trouble.
+It was one of the many sorrows which afflicted him.
+
+But we have thus already returned to Wittenberg, and we must first see
+what happened to Melanchthon on his return. It was difficult to part
+from Bretten, for his mother did not wish him to depart so soon. It
+seemed to her, as we often feel when bidding farewell, that she was then
+beholding him for the last time. But at last, with his companions who
+had returned from Basle, he tore himself away from his home. Not far
+from Frankfort he met with a singular adventure. The young Landgrave
+PHILIP of Hesse, who had early exhibited a warm interest in the progress
+of the Reformation, was travelling with his retainers to Heidelberg. He
+had, no doubt, heard that Melanchthon was on the road. He sees a company
+of travellers approaching, and he feels that Melanchthon must be among
+them. He rode towards them, and asked for him. When Melanchthon
+discovered himself, and was about to dismount in token of respect, the
+Landgrave prevented him, and requested him to change his route, and to
+remain with him over night, because he would like to have many matters
+explained to him. He bade him entertain no fear, but be of good courage.
+Melanchthon assured the Landgrave that he was not afraid, and that he
+was a very unimportant person besides. The prince replied: "But,
+nevertheless, Cardinal Campegius would be not a little rejoiced if you
+were to be delivered into his hands." On the condition that, after his
+return to Wittenberg, he would prepare a written statement concerning
+these innovations in religion and send it to the Landgrave, he permitted
+him to continue his journey, and gave him the promise of a safe conduct
+through the Hessian dominion. This writing was really prepared, and bore
+the title: "An Epitome of the renewed Christian doctrine, addressed to
+his most serene highness the Landgrave of Hesse." The journey was safely
+completed, but he soon experienced great sorrow in Wittenberg. His
+beloved travelling companion, Nesen, wished to cross the Elbe in a
+fisherman's boat, as he had often done before; but upon the present
+occasion, it was July 5th, the boat struck against the trunk of a tree,
+was capsized, and Nesen was drowned. Besides this, his beloved
+Camerarius, who was daily more endeared to him, removed from Wittenberg.
+He felt very lonely and forsaken, and in this frame of mind wrote to
+Camerarius: "I sit at home like a lame cobbler."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE WAR OF THE PEASANTS
+
+
+The hopes raised by the proposed plans for reform, by the new Pope
+Hadrian VI., were not realized. How often have men been deceived in
+their hopes, when they looked towards the city on the seven hills! The
+Diet in Nuremberg opened in a threatening manner, for the Pope and the
+Emperor insisted on severe measures, and the execution of the Edict of
+Worms. But it came to pass here, as the Elector Frederick the Wise is
+said to have remarked before the Diet: "In heaven it has been resolved
+far otherwise than in Nuremberg!" Already in the year 1523, death
+summoned Hadrian from the scene. True to the proverb, "The Pope does not
+die," another one, Clemens VII., of the same spirit as all the rest,
+ascended the throne. He insisted upon the execution of the Edict of
+Worms, and caused this opinion to be proclaimed during the Diet at
+Nuremberg, which had been opened again. The Emperor made the same demand
+by his ambassador. But all these violent measures were defeated by the
+action of the princes, who said "that they would do what they could."
+The more the Gospel began to penetrate to every quarter, to find good
+soil and to strike deep root, so much more the hostility of the
+Catholics increased. Persecutions arose, and martyrs began to bleed for
+the Lord's cause. Melanchthon took an especially deep interest in the
+terrible martyrdom of Henry von Zuetphen, who was burned at the stake
+towards the end of the year 1524.[9]
+
+The _war of the Peasants_, which commenced in Swabia as early as 1524,
+but took a new and dangerous turn in the beginning of 1525, still more
+increased the hate of the enemies of the pure Gospel, and gave them a
+plausible excuse forcibly to exterminate these ecclesiastical novelties
+and the innovators themselves. As when fire has been placed in the
+different quarters of a city, and it breaks out on every side, so that
+the inhabitants do not know where to begin to extinguish it, so was it
+in the peasants' war. Almost everywhere the peasants arose and
+threatened death and destruction to the authorities and existing laws.
+Nothing is more easy than, with preconceived opinions, either to
+proclaim this war a noble struggle for freedom, or, on the other hand,
+to trample under foot the just sighs of the deeply injured peasants. It
+is well known that no event in the days of the Reformation was more
+welcome to its enemies than this desperate and bloody rebellion of the
+peasants. They at once proclaimed this war to be a legitimate fruit of
+the new doctrine. It cannot be denied that this opinion has some
+appearance of truth, but then only if we look at the mere surface of
+things, and carry an evil-disposed heart within us. The peasants
+themselves have partly given occasion for this opinion, because in the
+well-known "twelve articles of the peasants," they mingled spiritual and
+temporal demands together. It is, however, not our purpose to give a
+history of the peasants' war, which still awaits a _true_
+representation, even if it were carried out in the shortest outlines. We
+are here but to consider how the Reformers, particularly Melanchthon,
+demeaned themselves in this critical event.
+
+In Melanchthon's home, the palatinate, this extravagant spirit had also
+seized the peasants. There too they rose up on every side, however
+little reason for it they might have had, under the reign of the Elector
+LOUIS of the palatinate. This prince wrote to Melanchthon, whom he
+esteemed very highly, requesting him to come to Heidelberg to assist him
+by his counsels in this dangerous affair. He says of Melanchthon: "You
+who were born and raised in the palatinate are more learned and
+experienced in the Scriptures than others, celebrated, and doubtless
+favorable to peace and justice." If it was impossible for him to come,
+he should send his advice and opinion, "according to divine and truly
+evangelical Scripture" to him in writing. On this account Melanchthon
+wrote his "Pamphlet against the articles of the peasantry." As Luther's
+writings in regard to the war of the peasants have frequently given
+offence, because he stood firmly by the word of God, which demands
+obedience towards the authorities, so did it also fare with Melanchthon.
+He too, like Luther, must submit to be called a Court-theologian. But
+their theology was drawn from the word of God, and redounded to the
+glory of God, let the enemies to the right and left say to the
+contrary--whatever they please. The peasants declared they would submit
+themselves to the word of God. This Melanchthon seized upon. He wishes
+to present to them "the Gospel, and the true Christian doctrine; for no
+doubt there are many among the masses who sin from ignorance; who, it is
+to be hoped, if they are properly instructed, will forsake such wicked
+practices, and consider the Judgment of God, their own souls, and their
+poor wives and children. But many are so wanton, and blinded by the
+devil, that they do not desire, and cannot abide peace." After having
+spoken of Faith and Love, he proceeds to obedience to government, and
+says: "Whereas this article is even despised by those who call
+themselves evangelical, we will hold before them the Gospel and the Word
+of God, in which they may see how desperately they are fighting against
+God under the pretext of the Gospel."
+
+The beginning of the 13th chapter of the Epistle to the Romans will ever
+be the principal direction in this matter. Melanchthon, too, refers to
+it, and fully and convincingly explains this passage to every one whose
+passions have not blinded and disordered his senses. He proceeds to say:
+"From all this we therefore conclude, that, because the Gospel demands
+obedience to government, and forbids rebellion, although princes may do
+evil; and also further requires that we endure wrong, they act against
+the Gospel, inasmuch as they arise against the government, and use force
+and violence against them. And they prove themselves liars in this, that
+they write they desire to live in accordance with the Gospel, and yet
+thus openly act against God, so that it is easy to observe that the
+devil is instigating them, desiring to destroy their bodies and souls.
+For the end may be whatever it will, such wickedness will be punished at
+last."
+
+Melanchthon now proceeds to consider each of the twelve articles
+separately. In the _first_ article he proves, that the government is
+bound to have the Gospel preached. But if a government, possessed by
+Satan, will not permit it, we ought not to raise a tumult, for God has
+forbidden it. Each one is to profess his faith, and suffer, if the
+government be hostile. "It is not possible to be a Christian, and lay
+the cross upon the shoulders of others; you must bear it yourself." In
+the _second_ article "Of Tithes," he takes the side of right, and
+refutes the misapplied scriptural passages of the peasants. In the
+article "On Vassalage," he also defends the established order of things,
+and proves that the passages quoted by the peasants had no reference to
+bodily, but to spiritual freedom. "Therefore," he says, "the expectation
+of the peasants has no pretext. Yes, it would be better if so wild and
+unruly a nation, like the German, had less liberty than they really
+possess."--"Our authorities indulge the people in all wantonness, and
+only require money of them, but keep them under no restraint, which
+causes great disorders!"
+
+He then reviews the remaining articles, of the chase, forests, services,
+taxes, penalties, &c. Of the right of heriot, a tax, he says that the
+government ought to abolish it, and remember the poor orphans. He
+concludes his pamphlet with very earnest words to the princes and
+peasants. To the former he says, they should humble themselves, because
+they had transgressed in many ways. "For God has always, from the
+beginning, overturned governments, when their wantonness became too
+great." He advises them to abolish the abuse of the mass, the celibacy
+of the clergy, and to appropriate the possessions of convents for useful
+purposes, especially for schools. Thus, should the princes lend a
+friendly hand, there should be some hope that words might answer a good
+purpose; but should this clemency be unavailing, the princes should
+strengthen themselves to treat the rebels as murderers. Melanchthon, who
+completed this pamphlet before the conclusion of the war of the
+peasants, added an appendix as soon as he heard that the peasants had
+been put down on every side. Now, the amiable man is merely a herald of
+peace and clemency. In this appendix he says: "As God has now given the
+victory, and the murderous rabble, which would not have peace, has been
+punished according to the laws of God, the princes should further be
+very careful that no harm befall the innocent, and also show mercy to
+the poor people, some of whom sinned through fear, others through
+folly." He points them to the example of David, who punished at the
+proper time, but at another also showed mercy, and concludes his
+excellent production in the following words--worthy of being taken to
+heart: "The Government should also look to it, that the word of God
+might be preached in the proper way, and that those customs of the
+church which oppose the word of God, be changed. Then God would grant
+them peace and prosperity in their government, as he did to Hezekiah and
+other pious monarchs, who put away the old abuses in the services of
+religion. For he declares, 1 Sam. ii. 30: 'For them that honor me, I
+will honor, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed.'" Not
+all the victorious princes regarded this truly Christian word, but
+punished and oppressed the peasants most severely, whilst they laid the
+blame of the rebellion upon the gospel thus recommended. But the Elector
+Frederick the Wise did not act thus. The peasants had also risen in
+rebellion in his dominions. THOMAS MUeNZER, one of the most crazed and
+preposterous of beings, stood at their head. He endeavored to screen
+himself behind divine revelations, for all his violence against the
+government. When the rebellion was increasing, the Elector was confined
+by illness. These events moved him deeply; but in a letter to his
+brother, Duke John, he thus expressed himself: "It is God's sending and
+work, and God grant a happy conclusion." Again, he says: "Perhaps
+occasion has been given the poor people, particularly by prohibiting
+the word of God. Thus the poor are oppressed in many ways by us secular
+and spiritual authorities. God avert his anger from us!" This was
+Frederick's opinion, and his brother fully coincided in it. The Lord
+also gave the victory to the princes in Saxony and Thuringia.
+Melanchthon has described this rebellion in its beginning and close. He
+thus begins his narrative: "After Dr. Martin Luther had preached several
+years, and had taught the pure and true gospel, the devil sowed his seed
+by its side, raised many false and hurtful preachers, in order that the
+gospel might again be darkened and suppressed, and much blood might also
+be shed. For Christ himself has given the devil this name, and has thus
+painted him, that he was a murderer from the beginning, and will cause
+murders to the end of the world."
+
+Before the termination of the war, the Elector fell asleep on the 5th of
+May, 1525, in a truly Christian manner, so that his physician said: "He
+was a child of peace, and died peacefully." As it was desirable to
+prevent all superstitious customs at the funeral of the Elector, Luther
+and Melanchthon were requested to give their opinion. They did so; and
+the funeral ceremonies were conducted in this manner. Not only did
+Luther preach his celebrated funeral sermon, but Melanchthon also
+delivered a Latin oration in the church, which shows how well he was
+able to appreciate a prince of Frederick's character. He spoke of the
+excellent qualities of the deceased, and his love for the word of God,
+and concluded thus: "I pray that God in his mercy may receive into his
+own keeping the soul of Frederick! May he also bless the administration
+of the government by his brother, protect our country in these unhappy
+times, and grant you all that affection for public peace, that you may
+reverence your princes with all fidelity and conscientiousness,
+according to the command of God."
+
+Melanchthon sustained a great loss in the death of this exalted patron;
+but JOHN THE CONSTANT, who now held the reins of government, bore the
+same affection in his heart towards the chosen instruments of the
+Reformation.
+
+He even took a more decided stand than his brother, as we shall see
+hereafter. Melanchthon feared that the wheels of the machine would be
+interfered with too much. The slow, prudent conduct of the Elector,
+which he had extolled in his address, pleased him very well. To his
+fears in this respect another event was added during this year, which
+incited their enemies to increased slanders. This was Luther's sudden
+marriage in June, 1525, to CATHARINE VON BORA, who had been a nun.
+Luther took this step, standing upon the word of God, and in defiance of
+his enemies. But there seemed to be no end to the noise; yet
+Melanchthon, who had declared himself in favor of the marriage of the
+clergy, could not but approve of the marriage. Yet he would have
+prevented it during this period of ferment, had it been in his power to
+do so. But when Luther began to be concerned himself, Melanchthon became
+his comforter.[10]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HIS LABORS FOR THE CHURCH AND SCHOOLS.
+
+
+Although Melanchthon's professional activity was principally directed to
+the education of good teachers and pastors for the schools and churches,
+yet the confidence enjoyed by him, and his splendid reputation, which
+bore his name far beyond the confines of Saxony, soon afforded him an
+opportunity to exert a very salutary influence in the erection of new,
+and improvement of established schools. Even before he had, together
+with Luther, arranged the school in Eisleben, and also one in Magdeburg,
+of which CRUCIGER was Rector, he was invited to Nuremberg, by JEROME
+BAUMGARTNER, towards the close of the year 1524, in order to establish a
+Gymnasium,[11] and to act as its Rector. But nothing could induce him to
+leave Wittenberg. He therefore declined the offer of an appointment in
+Nuremberg, although he had the establishment of this institution of
+learning much at heart. One year after the invitation to visit
+Nuremberg, he undertook the journey with his friend Camerarius. This
+celebrated imperial city, which was then called "the eye of Germany,"
+attracted him on many accounts; for it had an eye open to the Gospel,
+and numbered among its inhabitants many of the most distinguished minds,
+with whom Melanchthon was intimately connected. Among these were
+Pirkheimer, Baumgartner, Lazarus Spengler, Ebner and Nuetzel. He entered
+Nuremberg on the 12th of November, 1525. He communicated his views in
+regard to the arrangement of the school, and proposed able men as
+teachers. Camerarius, his beloved friend, was appointed Rector of the
+school. Other men also accepted the call extended to them. In the
+following year we find Melanchthon, true to his promise, in Nuremberg
+again. He formally opened this learned institution with a Latin address,
+May 23, 1526. In this address he uttered weighty words concerning the
+necessity and utility of the sciences. He concluded with the appropriate
+prayer: "I pray Christ that he may assist your important work by his
+grace, and that he may accompany your intentions and the diligence of
+those who shall study here, with his blessing." Among his friends in
+Nuremberg, he also numbered the celebrated painter, ALBERT DUeRER, whose
+heart was also with the work of the Reformation. He spent a few very
+pleasant days with him and the rest of his friends, but returned to
+Wittenberg in June. Important business awaited him there, but in the
+middle of July he was seized with a severe illness, and his physician
+considered his recovery doubtful; but the Lord could not spare him yet.
+
+In the beginning of the year 1526, he was formally appointed to deliver
+lectures on Theology, although he remonstrated against it. His salary
+was increased to 200 florins. But the most important duty in which he
+was engaged at that time was in participating in the visitation of the
+schools and churches in Saxony. It may well be imagined that these were
+in a miserable condition. The Apostolic doctrine, which was proclaimed
+in Wittenberg with Apostolical power, had not found an entrance
+everywhere. In some of the schools and churches they still
+pertinaciously adhered to the beaten path. In other quarters it was
+patchwork, a new patch upon an old garment. There was one case of a
+minister who preached the gospel in his principal church, but read mass
+in the under-parochial church where they required a different practice.
+The confusion in doctrine, church customs, and church treasuries was
+truly deplorable. Luther did not complain without reason: "Help, dear
+Lord, what frequent distress have I seen, because the common people,
+particularly in villages, know nothing at all of Christian doctrine, and
+it is but too true that many ministers are unskilful and unfit to teach.
+And yet all are called Christians, are baptized, and enjoy the holy
+sacraments, and do not even know the Lord's Prayer, or the Creed, or
+the Ten Commandments, and live on like the brutes...."
+
+Luther had taken this distress to heart long before, and had earnestly
+appealed to Court, to institute a Visitation of all the schools and
+churches in the land. The Elector John, who was greatly concerned for
+the spread of the truth, ordered such a visitation. It took place in
+1527, and was a real work of necessity, but at the same time full of
+blessings. Different commissions were appointed for different parts of
+the country. Melanchthon was ordered to visit Thuringia, accompanied by
+Jerome Schurff, Erasmus of Haugwitz, and John of Planitz. Great indeed
+was the spiritual distress discovered by them! Melanchthon often went
+out and wept, as he writes himself: "What can be offered in
+justification, that these poor people have hitherto been left in such
+great ignorance and stupidity? My heart bleeds when I regard this
+misery. Often when we have completed the visitation of a place, I go to
+one side and pour forth my distress in tears. And who would not mourn to
+see the faculties of man so utterly neglected, and that his soul, which
+is able to learn and grasp so much, does not even know anything of its
+Creator and Lord." However, the Elector's instructions to the visitors
+enjoined it upon them to proceed in the most lenient manner. They obeyed
+strictly, and no doubt accomplished more in this way than if they had
+fallen upon everything in the stormy spirit of a Karlstadt.
+
+Melanchthon was also commissioned to prepare an _Instruction_ for the
+ministers in the Electorate of Saxony. This called forth a little volume
+with the title, "Instruction of the Members of the Visitation to the
+Pastors in the Electorate of Saxony." It was handed to Luther for
+inspection, who was entirely satisfied with it, and therefore made but
+few alterations. He added a Preface to the book, in which he explained
+the necessity of the Visitation. This volume may be called the first
+Confession of Faith of the Lutheran Church, and on this account already
+deserves to be better known. As might be expected from Melanchthon, it
+is conceived in a spirit of great moderation, and, whilst it gives
+prominence to the principal doctrines of the true Church, treats the
+opposite opinions with great forbearance. Let us select a few passages
+from this book of Instruction. The _first_ chapter treats "_Of
+Doctrine_." It says: "But how many now only speak of the forgiveness of
+sins, and nothing or very little of repentance, and yet there is no
+forgiveness of sin without repentance; and forgiveness of sins cannot be
+understood without repentance. And when we preach forgiveness of sins
+without repentance, it will come to pass that the people will believe
+that they have already obtained forgiveness of sins, and will thereby
+become secure and careless. Therefore we have instructed and exhorted
+Pastors that, according to their duty, they should preach the _whole_
+Gospel, and not one part without the other." In the article "_Of the Ten
+Commandments_," he requires that the people might be brought to a
+knowledge of their sins, by an exhibition of the law and of their sins,
+and proceeds thus: "Besides this, it will be profitable to preach of
+faith, in this manner, that whosoever feels pain and sorrow for sin
+should believe that his sins are forgiven him, not because of any merit
+of his own, but for Christ's sake." But the instruction always reverts
+to this, that faith is nothing without repentance. "Where there is no
+repentance there is a painted faith." After having thus given prominence
+to the two first parts of the Christian life, he proceeds: "The third
+part of the Christian life is to do good works, such as chastity, to
+love our neighbor, to help him, not to lie nor cheat, not to steal, not
+to murder, not to be revengeful, not to take vengeance into his own
+hands, &c. He then enters upon a consideration of the Ten Commandments.
+In treating the second commandment, he requires "_the true Christian
+prayer_." This section fully treats of the manner in which we ought to
+pray, and renounces all abuses. "Whatever it may be, we are to seek help
+_from God alone_." The fourth commandment is treated at length, and
+proceeds to show how children should treat parents, and parents their
+children, and particularly how subjects should conduct themselves
+towards the government. An entire section is devoted to the
+consideration of _Tribulations_, as a part of good works. They are to be
+careful to teach that all tribulations come from God, but also, that God
+is to be called upon in the midst of them. In considering the _Sacrament
+of Baptism_, the lawfulness of Infant Baptism is proved from its
+antitype, circumcision. They should perform the ceremony in the German
+language, in order that those present might understand its meaning.
+Here, too, they are directed to repentance and faith. _Of the Sacrament
+of the body and blood of Christ_, it teaches, "That in the bread is the
+true body of Christ, and in the wine the true blood of Christ," and
+mentions two of the principal passages of the Bible. The miracle is not
+wrought by the merits of the priest, but because Christ has so ordered
+it, that his body is present wherever men commune. They should teach in
+the most decided manner that _both_ kinds, bread and wine, should be
+distributed; yet no one, who, because of the weakness and fear of his
+conscience, could not receive both kinds, should be forced to receive
+both. Under such circumstances the Pastor should offer but _one_. It
+treats fully "_Of true Christian Repentance_." Added to this, is the
+section, "_Of true Christian Confession_." It says: "Papal Confession,
+namely, to rehearse all our sins, is not commanded, for it is impossible
+to do it."
+
+Yet, every one going to communion should be previously examined by the
+pastor. The article "_Of true Christian Satisfaction for Sin_," shows
+that Christ alone has made satisfaction for our sin. In the chapter "_Of
+human Church Regulations_," the pastors are exhorted to insist upon the
+principal matters in their sermons. Sundays and festival-days are to be
+observed. Yea, they even suffer Apostles' and Saints' days to remain.
+But on the latter they are to permit labor. But it is not their
+intention hereby to establish or commend the invocations and
+intercessions of the saints, for Christ _alone_ is the mediator who
+intercedes for us. Matters relating to marriage are also briefly
+considered. Of _free will_ it says, that we are able to perform worldly
+piety and good works by our own strength, given us and preserved for
+this purpose by God. This is the righteousness of the flesh. But they
+also teach--"Man by his own power cannot purify his heart, and produce
+divine gifts, such as true repentance from sin, a true and unfeigned
+fear of God, true faith, cordial love, chastity, an absence of revenge,
+true patience, earnest prayer, freedom from covetousness, &c."
+_Concerning Christian Liberty_, the errors of the vulgar are set aside,
+and liberty in Christ exhibited. We are also freed from the ceremonies
+of the Old Testament. The _Turks_ are not forgotten, and it also
+mentions how the _daily exercise in church_ is to be conducted. Would
+that it were so still in our churches! _Concerning true Christian
+Excommunication_, they teach that it is to be employed against those
+persons who live in open vices, after they have been admonished several
+times. They are not to be permitted to come to the Lord's Supper; but
+they are not prevented from hearing preaching. Overseers, called
+Superintendents, selected from the pastors, were appointed in particular
+districts. Besides this, this instruction of the visitation devotes a
+full chapter to schools.
+
+The Commissions of Visitation labored in this mild, conciliatory, and
+truly scriptural spirit, and that, too, with blessed results. The
+Catholics pretended to find a creeping back, as Luther calls it, in this
+book of instruction, and began to rejoice aloud.[12] When the little
+volume appeared publicly in 1528, and also during the previous years
+when a Latin sketch of it had been printed, different opinions were
+expressed concerning it. But the most singular attack upon the book was
+made by one of the evangelical party. A former friend of Melanchthon,
+JOHN AGRICOLA, rector in Eisleben, considered it unscriptural, and
+leading to the papacy, if repentance was derived from the law, and not
+from the gospel. This dispute made so much noise, that the Elector
+considered himself obliged to arrange a meeting in Torgau, between
+Agricola, on the one side, and Melanchthon, Luther, and Bugenhagen, on
+the other. It was held in November, 1527. Agricola could easily be
+refuted from the Scriptures; however, he was a man obstinately wedded
+to his own opinion, who, as it is well known, stirred up this very
+matter ten years after, in the most violent manner, at which time he
+made use of the most daring expressions, such as "Moses deserves the
+gallows." But this Antinomian spirit, which was manifested by the
+ultra-evangelical party from time to time, was refuted by Luther in the
+most powerful and conclusive manner. Melanchthon refers to this, and
+refutes it in a number of writings.
+
+In the summer of 1527, the university was removed to Jena, because the
+plague had broken out in Wittenberg. When Melanchthon had finished his
+first visitation tour, he continued to lecture in Jena, and wrote
+against the Anabaptists, who were also carrying on their sectarianism in
+various parts of Saxony. In the autumn of 1528, he made his second
+visitation tour into Thuringia, together with Myconius and Menius.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE DIET OF SPIRE.
+
+
+It is reasonable to suppose that the Pope could not have been satisfied
+with the great activity of the evangelical party, and the constantly
+increasing and noble spread of the gospel. He had but too many adherents
+in Germany, who were filled with the most violent rage against the
+Evangelical party. DUKE GEORGE of Saxony, who had been frequently
+attacked by Luther, especially breathed vengeance. He had in his service
+a counsellor, named OTTO VON PACK. It is a mystery to the present day,
+how this man came to reveal a pretended secret to the son-in-law of the
+Duke, the well-known Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, according to which the
+Catholic princes had formed a league against the evangelical states. He
+succeeded in presenting the matter in so plausible a manner, that
+Philip, who was already inclined to fight, believed it necessary to form
+a counter-league. Even the Elector John, who was otherwise more sober
+and calm, was of the same opinion. The Landgrave was not satisfied with
+mere words, but marched to the frontier with his troops; but the Elector
+was prudent enough to ask the opinions of his theologians, among whom
+Melanchthon was included.
+
+Their advice was quite temperate. Although they were highly incensed at
+this Catholic league, they would hear nothing of an attack. How much
+Melanchthon was inclined to a scriptural peace, is shown in a letter
+addressed by him to the Elector on the 18th of May, 1528: "To have a
+good conscience, and to enjoy the friendship of God, is surely the best
+consolation in all afflictions. But if we should begin by seizing the
+sword, and commence a war with an evil conscience, we would have lost
+this consolation. Great sorrow and cares induce me to write this. God
+knows that I do not value my own life so highly, but I am only thinking
+how much dishonor might be brought upon the holy Gospel, should your
+Electoral Grace begin to war, without previously making use of all means
+and ways to preserve the peace, which indeed ought to be done." The
+Elector was of the same opinion, but the Landgrave stood prepared to
+fight. But when he wrote to his father-in-law, Duke George, he declared
+the whole matter to be "an unfounded lying report." Although the
+evangelical party could hardly believe this assertion, and perhaps had
+reason for it, they were, nevertheless, obliged to put an end to all
+further preparations.
+
+Two years before, in the year 1526, a Diet had been held in Spire, which
+had taken a turn favorable to the evangelical party. Although the
+Catholics demanded that the wicked Edict of Worms should be executed,
+they nevertheless did not succeed. The States were divided, and the
+Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave Philip were about to leave the Diet,
+when King Ferdinand and the Elector of Treves acted as mediators, and
+declared that a Christian free council should be held in a year, in
+order to settle these religious difficulties. During this time each one
+should remain quiet and peaceful. The princes promised to act as they
+wished to answer for it before God and the Emperor, or in their own
+words: "During the meantime, until a council shall be held, each State
+is so to treat its subjects, in reference to the Edict of Worms, as they
+hope to answer for it before God and the Emperor." After this, the whole
+matter remained as it was before, and there was great reason for
+gratitude to God that such a result had been reached.
+
+There was nothing to be dreaded on the part of the Emperor at this time,
+for he was engaged in open war with the Pope; he had not yet been
+reconciled to the king of France, and the Turks were advancing
+victoriously. It would have been highly imprudent to arouse the
+hostility of a part of the German princes at this time. But that which
+he had avoided by the prudence which always characterized his conduct
+throughout life, was earnestly sought by the Catholic States, who had
+denied the existence of a league against the Evangelical party. Their
+hearts were full of anger. The Emperor had summoned another Diet to
+Spire, to meet on February 1st, 1529. The Imperial proclamation did not
+promise as favorable a result as had been brought about by the last Diet
+of Spire. As the Elector well knew what hostility prevailed against
+Luther, he did not take him along with him, but chose the more peaceful
+Melanchthon. They arrived at Spire on the 13th of March, 1529. The
+general hatred was now directed against him. The prospect was a gloomy
+one. Melanchthon had not the strong faith of Luther, by which he could
+have _believed_ the clouds away--he rather increased their number by his
+anxiety. The Imperial proposition, in reference to religious matters,
+did not speak favorably of the innovations. It regrets that "such
+wicked, grievous, troublesome and destructive doctrines and errors have
+arisen in our holy faith, and are daily spread abroad more and more."
+His Imperial majesty, by his Imperial absolute power, annuls the
+resolution of the previous Diet, which had indeed been a very flexible
+one. This was not a good beginning. The Catholics triumphed, and
+succeeded in passing a final decree of the States of the Empire
+assembled in Diet, which was very unfavorable to the Evangelical party.
+For this final decree insisted upon the execution of the Edict of the
+Diet of Worms. The mass should be retained, and all innovations in the
+Church be stopped.
+
+The Elector requested Luther and Melanchthon to give their opinion
+concerning this decree. They express themselves decidedly opposed to
+assenting to the decree, but drop the Anabaptists and Sacramentarians,
+who were as unpopular in the electoral dominions as elsewhere. This
+opinion no doubt exercised an influence upon the Evangelical States.
+Melanchthon's spirits were deeply affected during the progress of these
+negotiations. He expressed his sorrow in his letters. On the 15th of
+March he wrote to Camerarius that it could easily be seen on every side
+that the Evangelical party is hated, as well as what they intend to do.
+"You know," he continues, "that I observe many defects among our
+friends, but their object here is not to correct our faults, but to
+suppress the best of causes. But I hope that Christ will prevent this,
+and frustrate the counsels of those people who desire war." So he also
+entreated his friend Myconius: "I exhort thee to pray Christ that he
+would regard us in mercy, and protect us. For here we are objects of
+scorn to the proud spirits, and of derision to the rich."
+
+A very bad state of feeling prevailed in Spire. Faber preached: "The
+Turks are better than the Lutherans, for they fast, and these do not."
+He even went so far as to say, that if he had his choice, he would
+rather throw away the Bible, than the ancient errors of the church.
+Camerarius exhorted Melanchthon to cast his cares upon God. He replied,
+"If I had no cares, I should not cry unto God. But whereas piety
+conquers cares by prayers, it cannot be altogether rid of them. By
+cares, therefore, am I driven to prayer, and prayer drives away my
+cares."
+
+Verbal and written objections to the final decree were unavailing.
+Finally, the Evangelical party, and Melanchthon with them, saw
+themselves compelled to take the step which has become so celebrated in
+the history of the Reformation. On the 15th of April, 1529, they entered
+a formal _Protest_ and _Appeal_ against the decree of the diet. Even
+though the Catholics afterwards called them _Protestants_, by way of
+derision, the despised ones could regard that name as an honorable
+title.[13] And at this time, more than ever, should we abide by this
+name, as an honorable distinction of the Evangelical Church, because the
+old assumptions are again endeavoring to gain an influence; and even in
+the bosom of the Evangelical Church, there is enough against which we
+must protest.
+
+The Emperor received the Protest in a very ungracious manner. A
+threatening imperial reply arrived from Barcelona, dated July 12, 1529,
+in which he expresses his disapprobation of the Protest, and concludes
+thus: "If you should continue to appear disobedient after this our
+gracious warning, we would no longer hesitate, but would and should be
+obliged to punish you, in order to maintain proper obedience in the Holy
+Empire." We may well imagine how such language was calculated to trouble
+Melanchthon.
+
+During this season of troubles, he made a brief visit to Bretten, to see
+his mother. He saw her for the last time, for she completed her earthly
+pilgrimage on the 6th of June, 1529.[14]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE CONFERENCE AT MARBURG.
+
+
+While the Catholics were filled with the most violent enmity against the
+evangelical party, and dark clouds were gathering over the heads of the
+Protestants, because of the decided expression of the emperor's will, it
+was a matter for the very deepest regret that a deep gulf was opened in
+the midst of the evangelical party, which grew wider and wider in the
+course of time. This was the rupture between the Lutherans and the
+Reformed, to use the names familiar now. We have already become
+acquainted with the restless, stormy spirit of Dr. Carlstadt, whom
+Melanchthon called the wicked A B C, on account of the initials of the
+three names, Andrew Bodenstein Carlstadt. Among other errors, he also
+denied the bodily presence of Christ in the sacrament, and explained the
+words of institution in so forced a manner, that Luther was doubtful
+whether he should consider him in earnest, or think that God had
+hardened and blinded him. Luther simply adhered to the words of Christ,
+however much, as he confesses himself, he was spurred by his reason to
+deviate from the words. "But I am a prisoner," he says, "and cannot
+escape; the text is too powerful, and will not permit its meaning to be
+changed by words." Melanchthon also strictly held, that the body and
+blood of Christ are truly and essentially present in the Lord's Supper.
+
+Because Carlstadt would not return to Wittenberg, he was obliged to
+leave the country. But soon after he solicited Luther's intercession,
+who willingly complied. He returned to Saxony in the year 1525. Luther
+baptized his son, and his wife and Melanchthon acted as sponsors. But in
+the year 1527, Luther already expressed himself unfavorably of the man,
+who still adhered to his ridiculous explanation of the words of the
+Lord's Supper. Carlstadt now left Saxony, and in 1528 came to Basle,
+where he was appointed preacher and professor. He soon disappeared in
+the back-ground, when another, ULRICH ZWINGLI, the Swiss reformer,
+appeared with his unsatisfactory exposition of the words of the supper,
+according to which the words "This _is_ my body," were said to mean
+"This _signifies_ my body." Although he labored with great success in
+Switzerland, he yet bore some resemblance to Dr. Carlstadt, in his
+stormy proceedings, for he destroyed the images, bells, organs, and the
+like. Zwingli took Carlstadt's side against Luther. John Oecolampadius,
+professor and pastor in Basle, and a friend of Melanchthon's youth,
+united with him in the same unsatisfactory view of the Lord's Supper.
+
+Luther was greatly grieved at these innovations, and attacked them with
+terrible earnestness. He called the Swiss _Sacramentarians_. We shall
+not introduce those matters, which more properly belong to the Life of
+Luther. Adhering to his declaration: "Thus it is written," he laid
+powerful blows upon the Sacramentarians, who replied in equally violent
+and biting publications. Although Melanchthon had not mingled in the
+strife up to the present time, he yet stood on Luther's side. He too
+felt himself bound by the express words of the Bible. Even from Spire,
+as early as the year 1529, he had written to his otherwise dearly
+beloved friend Oecolampadius concerning this matter: "It is very painful
+to me that discord should have arisen in this matter, ordained by Christ
+himself to establish an indissoluble love. Never has anxiety for any
+matter disturbed my heart more than my anxiety in this. And I have not
+only myself considered what might be said for and against this matter,
+but I have also examined the opinions of the ancients. For I should not
+like to stand up as the author or defender of any new dogma in the
+Church. After having thus weighed what seemed to be best established on
+both sides, I will express my sentiments, with your permission, but I
+cannot agree with your opinion." He then reviews the objections of
+opponents. One of these objections was, that the _absent_ body of Christ
+could not be present. In answer to this he says: "I know that there is a
+promise of Christ; 'I am with you alway, even unto the end of the
+world;' and other ones similar to this, in which it is not necessary to
+separate his humanity from his divinity; and therefore I am of the
+opinion that this sacrament is a testimony of the true presence.... That
+opinion, that Christ has taken possession of a part of heaven in such a
+manner that he is shut up in it as in a prison, is one altogether
+unworthy of a Christian." Such an important question should not be
+judged by the rules of geometry, but by the word of God. He also says,
+that the most distinguished Fathers of the Church explain the sacrament
+like those of the Evangelical party. In the conclusion of his letter he
+yet presents a variety of considerations. "I observe," he says, "that
+your cause relies upon the assistance of the understanding and
+subtleties, and that you are not only employing public but secret arts
+also, to attract attention; and I doubt whether these will further your
+cause more than public ones. I am well aware of your own modesty;
+therefore I consider it necessary to remind you to reflect, that even
+shrewd and prudent persons may sometimes fall, and it is particularly
+dangerous to rely upon our own reason in spiritual matters." Melanchthon
+gave up all thoughts of a conference concerning this matter.
+
+However, this plan, entertained by another individual also, was soon to
+be realized. The Landgrave PHILIP of Hesse saw what incalculable
+mischief would follow a division of the Germans and the Swiss. He
+regarded the matter from a political point of view, because a party,
+divided in itself, could not accomplish that which it might do when
+united. But he also appreciated the religious aspect of the question. It
+was soon discovered to which side he leaned in this dispute. Be this as
+it may, the Landgrave considered it advisable to arrange a conference at
+Marburg between the Germans and the Swiss. Although the doctrine of the
+Lord's Supper was the principal point of difference, there were yet
+besides this a number of other differences. Although Melanchthon had
+suggested the idea of such a conference to Oecolampadius, he now
+dissuaded from it, when the Landgrave wished such an one to take place.
+With Luther he believed that the conference would not be productive of
+good.
+
+But finally both parties consented. The day after Michaelmas, the
+Wittenbergians, Luther, Melanchthon and Jonas, arrived in Marburg, after
+Zwingli, Oecolampadius, Bucer and Hedio, had already arrived. Andrew
+Osiander, of Nuremberg, Brenz of Hall, and Stephen Agricola of Augsburg,
+arrived after this. Jonas cannot sufficiently extol the gracious,
+friendly, even princely reception, they met with. Although it had at
+first been arranged that they should lodge in the city, the Landgrave
+now received them into his palace. Jonas remarks: "This has been done in
+these forests, not only in honor of learning, but of the true God and
+Christ, whom we preach. Would to God that everything might be decided
+to the honor of Christ!"
+
+Melanchthon reported the proceedings of the conference to the Elector
+John of Saxony, and likewise to Duke Henry of Saxony. We follow his
+narrative, which gives us a clear view of this important meeting. At
+first, Luther conversed with Oecolampadius alone, and Melanchthon with
+Zwingli. It was stated that Zwingli was accused of teaching that
+Original Sin was not sin, and that Baptism did not secure to children
+forgiveness of Original Sin. That he declared concerning the Lord's
+Supper, that the body and blood of Christ are not truly in the
+sacrament. He is also said to teach that the Holy Ghost is not given
+through the Word and Sacrament, but without the word and sacrament.
+Further, it is asserted, that some do not teach correctly of the
+Divinity of Christ, and also spoke awkwardly of Justification before
+God. That they did not insist enough upon the doctrine of Faith. Zwingli
+hereupon declared that he always believed, and did still believe, that
+Christ is true God and man. That it is not his fault if others have
+taught improperly. They disputed a long time concerning original sin,
+and the means by which the Holy Ghost is communicated. Zwingli yielded
+this point.
+
+On the 2d of October, the following day, they began the principal battle
+on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The Landgrave and his chief
+counsellors attended this discussion. They disputed two days on this
+point of difference. Zwingli and Oecolampadius steadily maintained: 1.
+That Christ taught a spiritual eating of his body in John vi., and
+therefore we should only understand a spiritual eating in the Sacrament.
+2. That a body cannot be present in many places at one and the same
+time. Christ possesses a true body, and is in heaven; therefore, he
+could not be in the Sacrament at the same time. Here they made a number
+of awkward assertions; _e. g._, God does not present such unintelligible
+matters to us, outward participation is useless. 3. Oecolampadius
+introduced quotations from Augustine, that Sacraments are mere signs,
+signifying something, even as the serpent in the wilderness signifies
+something. He thought it sufficient to be satisfied with a spiritual
+participation. Luther replied as the principal speaker. Concerning John
+vi., he declared that, although Christ is there speaking of spiritual
+eating, yet this is not opposed to bodily eating. He, too, taught a
+spiritual eating, but in the words of the institution an outward eating
+is ordained. The opposite party then referred to the words: "The flesh
+profiteth nothing." It was replied to them, that, as Christ above speaks
+of his flesh as giving life, the words quoted by them could not refer to
+his own flesh, but to our own carnal being and thoughts. But if we wish
+to explain it of Christ's flesh, we cannot draw any other conclusion
+from it than this, that the flesh of Christ, when received without
+faith, profiteth nothing. To the _second_ objection they replied, that
+our reason should not judge God's power and glory, whether one body is
+able to be present in many places or not. Melanchthon relates that their
+opponents steadfastly adhered to this objection. They said that even
+wicked priests could perform this great miracle. It was replied to them,
+that we ought not to regard the worthiness of the priests, but the
+commandment of God. Upon this they dropped their objection. To the
+_third_ objection, in which Oecolampadius declared "the Sacraments are
+signs, and therefore we ought to grant that they signify something;
+therefore we ought to acknowledge in the Lord's Supper that the body of
+the Lord is only _signified_, and not present," the other side replied,
+that we ought not to explain them in a manner different from that in
+which Christ had explained them. That the Sacraments are signs, should
+be understood thus, that they signify promises connected with them.
+Thus, the Lord's Supper signifies that the death of Christ has obtained
+satisfaction for our sins, and gives us the assurance of the forgiveness
+of sin. From this it does not follow as a matter of necessity that
+Christ's body is not present. Zwingli and Oecolampadius quoted many
+passages from the Fathers in corroboration of their views. Their
+opponents also presented many clear declarations of the Church Fathers
+to the Landgrave in writing, from which it appeared that the ancient
+Church taught the true presence of the body and blood of Christ in the
+Lord's Supper.
+
+Such was the result of the conference at Marburg. Both parties adhered
+to their own opinions. The Swiss asked to be regarded as brethren.
+Luther refused, and declared this to be an evidence that they did not
+value their own cause very highly. Although they were satisfied with
+Luther's doctrines on all other points, they adhered to their own
+opinion of the Lord's Supper. It is true Melanchthon expresses a hope
+that they might change their opinion in this matter at some future day,
+but this hope was never realized.
+
+The Conference lasted three days. Melanchthon had feared that their
+opponents would be far more violent, and expressed himself well
+satisfied with them in this respect. The Landgrave was also deeply
+interested in this discussion. It is said that he made the remark: "Now
+he would rather believe the simple words of Christ than the subtle
+thoughts of men." Although this conference effected some good in
+correcting many misapprehensions and errors, as well as for a while
+putting an end to the violent polemical writings, yet no union had been
+brought about in the matter of the Lord's Supper. The schism remained,
+and grew more incurable in future days. Meetings were again held in
+Rotach, Schwabach, Smalkald, and in Nuremberg, in the beginning of the
+year 1530, in order to bring about a union with the upper Germans. But
+they would not forsake their opinion, and the Elector, who believed
+Luther's doctrine, could not induce himself to enter into a league with
+his opponents. Besides this, the latter were so far removed from the
+Catholics in the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, that it was not to be
+hoped that they would be received when united. However, the Landgrave,
+whose purpose to unite the Reformed, especially the four upper German
+cities, with the Lutherans, had so far been frustrated, did not
+relinquish all hope of final success. He made repeated efforts. Thus a
+meeting was held in Schwabach in October, 1529. Luther had prepared
+seventeen articles, one of which expressed the true presence of the body
+and blood of Christ in the Sacrament. But they could not unite here, nor
+in the Conferences at Smalkald in November, and Nuremberg, in January,
+1530.
+
+Thus, while the Catholics were banded together to inflict deadly blows
+upon the Protestants, these were separated into two parties; and if we
+add the sects, into a number of parties. But now every eye was directed
+to the Diet of Augsburg, at which the cause of the Protestants was to be
+considered again. All were in anxious expectation to see what the
+Emperor would do. And on this occasion it was reserved for Melanchthon
+to produce a work which should not only excite attention in Augsburg,
+but which decided and secured the lawful position of the Evangelical
+Church. However, Melanchthon was not in the most joyous frame of mind
+at this time. He thus expresses this in a letter to Camerarius: "Not a
+day passes in which I do not wish that I might leave this world."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE DIET OF AUGSBURG.
+
+
+The Turks, who had advanced victoriously as far as Vienna, met with so
+determined a resistance at the hands of the brave hero PHILIP of the
+Palatinate, that they were obliged to retreat. Thus the danger which
+threatened the Emperor from the East was lessened. He had resumed
+peaceful relations with King FRANCIS of France, and was also reconciled
+to the Pope, and had been crowned by him. He now had abundant
+opportunity to attend to the religious difficulties, and, as he hoped,
+to bring them to a happy conclusion. It is very true that Pope Clemens
+would hear nothing of it, when he informed him that it would be
+necessary to hold a general council, and that he intended to summon a
+Diet on this account. Clemens, in his reply, declared, that religious
+difficulties must be brought before the Bishop of Rome, and that he in
+every case had a right to convene a General Council. He demanded power
+of arms to suppress the dissatisfaction reigning in Germany, and said:
+"There is no other way for you but to restore peace by your arms." Of
+course Charles would not agree to this. He insisted upon a Diet, and
+said: "We must hear both sides, and then pronounce sentence, not
+according to our tyrannical pleasure, but according to the law and
+doctrine given us by God."
+
+On the 21st of January, 1530, the necessary imperial documents were
+dispatched from Bologna to Germany, fixing the meeting of the Diet for
+the 8th of April, in Augsburg. Besides deliberating concerning
+assistance against the Turks, they would also consider "what might be
+done and resolved in reference to the errors and schism in our holy
+faith and the Christian religion." The imperial proclamation was couched
+in very mild terms, yet the Evangelical party entertained unfounded
+fears that the Emperor would now assume a more hostile attitude. The
+Landgrave Philip of Hesse even considered it dangerous to attend the
+Diet. We are already acquainted with this man, who was not at all
+disinclined to divide the Gordian knot with the sword. But the Elector
+John was of a different opinion, and besides this, consulted his
+Theologians in this important matter. They expressed themselves most
+decidedly against an armed resistance. Luther gave his opinion to the
+Elector as early as the 6th of March. Melanchthon added a preface. On
+the 14th of March an electoral decree was sent to Luther, Jonas,
+Bugenhagen, and Melanchthon, which called upon them to prepare a list of
+the principal points of difference in matters of Faith, and the customs
+of the Church, so that it might be known how far they might go at the
+approaching Diet. They selected the 17 so called articles of Torgau,
+which were formerly called the articles of Schwabach, and had been
+prepared by Luther. They constitute the basis of the Augsburg
+Confession. On March 21, the Theologians were commanded to meet the
+Elector in Torgau. Here in Torgau, these Theologians assembled in the
+parsonage, and presented this matter to God, with prayers and sighs.
+
+On one occasion, Melanchthon arose, sad and weary, having been called
+out by a messenger. When he had dismissed the messenger, he retired to
+his room. Here he found the wives and children of the Pastor, and his
+two chaplains. Some of these children were being suckled, whilst others
+were being examined in the Catechism and Prayer. When Master Philip saw
+this, he stood still for a little while, looking on and listening with
+great surprise as the little children are praying with stammering
+tongues, and he thinks of the words of the Psalmist: "Out of the mouths
+of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise." He is especially
+moved by beholding the wife of one of the chaplains suckling one child,
+and at the same time cutting turnips for her husband's dinner, whilst
+another child is repeating its prayers to her. When Philip saw this, he
+exclaimed: "Oh! what a holy and God-pleasing work!" He goes in again to
+the Theologians, joyous and comforted. Dr. Luther asked him how he came
+to enter so pleasantly, after having gone out in such sadness. Then
+Melanchthon replied: "My clear Sirs, let us not be so faint-hearted, for
+I have just now seen those who shall fight for us, who protect us, and
+who are and shall remain invincible in all violence." Dr. Luther
+inquired who these mighty heroes were? Philip replied: "The wives and
+little children of our Pastor and his chaplains, whose prayer is now
+heard, and which God will not leave unanswered, even as our faithful God
+and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ has not despised this their prayer
+up to the present time." This filled the Theologians with great joy, so
+that they remained firmly in the truth, and bore witness of the same.
+And the result proved that faith and prayer will always gain the
+victory. The Elector was pleased with these articles, and commissioned
+Melanchthon to arrange them in a proper manner, and also to write an
+introduction to them.
+
+On the third of April, the Elector, accompanied by a numerous retinue,
+and the Theologians, commenced his journey. They proceeded very slowly,
+by way of Eisenberg, Weimar, and Coburg. Here they rested several days,
+for Melanchthon was already preparing the articles which were to be
+delivered at Augsburg. But Luther, who was particularly hated by their
+opponents, was left behind in Coburg, where he took up his quarters in
+the castle, having for his companion a very worthy man, VEIT DIETRICH,
+of Nuremberg. April 21st or 22d, the Elector resumes his journey, and
+Agricola has taken Luther's place. In Nuremberg they halted but a single
+day. Melanchthon made use of these moments to report the latest news to
+Luther, and thus concludes: "Christ preserve you, pray for us all!" On
+the 2d of May, the Elector and his retinue arrived in Augsburg. None of
+the princes had yet arrived. As they were obliged to wait some time for
+the coming of the Emperor, Melanchthon, who was at all times fond of
+correcting his productions, had ample time to improve the Confession. On
+the 4th of May, he wrote to Luther concerning this matter, and says: "I
+have given the introduction to our Confession a more elegant turn than
+it had as I wrote it in Coburg. But I will shortly bring it to you, or,
+if the Elector will not permit this, send it you." He was already able
+to send the Confession to Luther on the 11th of May; but he now called
+it an _Apology_, because at the same time it should also be a defence of
+the Evangelical faith. It was his intention to prove in this that the
+doctrine of the Evangelical party did not at all depart from the
+Christian Church. He writes: "We send our Apology to you, although it is
+rather a Confession. For the Emperor has no time to listen to long
+disputations. But I have, nevertheless, mentioned whatever I considered
+to be particularly useful and appropriate. On this account I have
+included nearly every article of faith, because Eck has published quite
+devilish blasphemies against us. I wished to present an antidote to
+this. You will judge of the entire work according to your own mind."
+Melanchthon and the Elector, who added a letter to the Confession,
+inquired of Luther what ought to be done, in case the Emperor should
+prohibit the Evangelical party from preaching. Luther returned
+Melanchthon's manuscript to the Elector, with these words: "I have read
+Mr. Philip's Apology. I like it well enough. I know of nothing to
+improve or alter in it, besides that would not be suitable, for I cannot
+walk so meekly and so silently. May Christ our Lord grant that this may
+produce much and great fruit, even as we hope and pray. Amen." In reply
+to the question concerning preaching, he declared his opinion, that
+"they ought to yield to the Emperor, if previous humble remonstrance has
+been made, because the city is his." As the Emperor still delayed,
+Melanchthon again took the file in hand, in order to give greater
+perfection to the Confession of Faith. He wrote to Luther on the 22d of
+May: "I daily alter many things in the Apology. I have taken out the
+article 'On vows,' because it was by far too short and meagre, and have
+put a fuller one in its place. I am now arranging the article on the
+'Power of the Keys.'" He prepared the Latin, as well as the German text.
+When the document was completed, it was also communicated to the
+ambassadors of the free cities. These were so well pleased with it, that
+the resolution that it should be signed in the name of all the
+Evangelical States was passed at once. However, the Theologians of the
+various States met together to discuss the different articles of the
+Confession. They particularly discussed the little word "_really_," in
+Article 10, which treats of the Sacrament of the body and blood of
+Christ. For this was opposed by some in the most determined manner.
+
+While they were thus deliberating, the emperor was still delaying his
+coming, and they were thus kept in the greatest suspense. It was
+reported that the notorious Cajetan was accompanying the Emperor as the
+legate of the Pope. Melanchthon says of him: "He is a foolish and
+insolent man, with whom you cannot do anything." But this report, as so
+many others circulated at this time, was not corroborated. The Elector
+had sent JOHN VON DOLTZIG to the imperial court, who returned with the
+order that all preaching in Augsburg should be stopped. We already know
+what Luther thought of this. Melanchthon entertained the same opinion.
+But the Elector, and his chancellor BRUeCK, were unwilling to obey this
+prohibition, and protested against it. At last, the Emperor decided that
+no preacher, no matter who he might be, should be permitted to preach in
+Augsburg, without being appointed to do so by the Emperor himself. When
+the Lutherans in Augsburg were likewise deliberating what they should
+do, if they should be forbidden to eat meat on certain days, if
+spiritual jurisdiction should be demanded again, and they should desire
+to re-establish convents, and the like, Melanchthon delivered his
+written opinion to the Elector. He was in favor of yielding, but opposed
+the re-establishment of convents.
+
+The conduct of the Landgrave Philip, of Hesse, grieved him exceedingly;
+for he was very anxious to bring about a union between the Lutherans and
+the Swiss. For this purpose, he had previously brought about the
+Conference at Marburg, without, however, accomplishing his purpose in
+the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. He still entertained thoughts of a
+union. On this account, Melanchthon wrote to Luther, May 22: "I entreat
+you most earnestly to write to the Landgrave, and to exhort him, that he
+should not burden his conscience by defending any false doctrine." In
+addition to this, Melanchthon and Brenz also addressed a letter to the
+Landgrave, and justified themselves for not being able to unite with the
+Zwinglians. The Landgrave replied in very temperate language, insisting
+upon treating the Zwinglians as brethren, without, however, being able
+to shake the opinions of the two theologians. The Catholics knew very
+well that such divisions had arisen in the Evangelical camp. It will
+always remain a subject of regret that no union could be brought about.
+Melanchthon and Brenz declared: "We have such articles, of which, by the
+grace of God, we are certain, and are able to suffer for them with a
+good conscience, which is indeed a source of great comfort in every
+danger; but we cannot be certain of the Zwinglian doctrine, as it is
+called, for we have no clear word of God for it."
+
+Relying upon the word of God, they could indeed calmly await coming
+events. At last the Emperor, who had delayed so long, arrived in
+Augsburg. He made his public entrance on the 15th of June. Not Cajetan,
+but the smoother Campegius, accompanied the Emperor, as the Pope's
+legate. We may well suppose that this public entrance was very
+magnificent. The following day was the festival of Corpus Christi. As
+the evangelical princes could not conscientiously take a part in this
+festival, which celebrated a doctrine which they rejected most
+decidedly, they took no part in the procession. They declared to the
+Emperor, who insisted upon their attendance: "They could not
+conscientiously before God, comply with this demand, because this
+procession was made a species of worship." The princes at first
+expressed themselves in the most decided manner, against the Emperor's
+demand that the preaching should be stopped. The Margrave George even
+said, before the Emperor: "Rather than deny my God and his Gospel, I
+would kneel down here before your Imperial Majesty, and have my head cut
+off." The Emperor replied, in his defective German, "Not head off, not
+head off." However, as the Emperor had prohibited preaching to both
+parties, and had reserved the right to appoint preachers for himself,
+the Lutherans could not complain any longer, especially as their
+theologians advised peaceful measures. The day preceding the opening of
+the Diet, Melanchthon wrote to his friend Camerarius, that the
+Confession would be more moderate than the ungodliness of their enemies
+deserved. He had only insisted upon the principal matters, and restored
+spiritual jurisdiction entirely to the bishops. That many, indeed, were
+dissatisfied with this; but that he would be willing to accept even more
+stringent conditions, if peace might be attained by these means. He
+continues: "After Mercurinus is dead, there is no one of any consequence
+at Court, who is inclined to peace. He had gained over a Spanish
+secretary, who promised well, and had already spoken to the Emperor and
+Campegius; but all lies in the hands of God. Pray to Christ that he may
+grant peace. Not only are we forbidden to preach, but our adversaries
+also. However, the Emperor, by his imperial power, will appoint a
+preacher who shall only read the mere text of the gospel and Epistle. In
+this you may observe the wonderful wisdom of the courtiers." Concerning
+the prospects of the Diet, Luther thus strikingly expresses himself
+towards Agricola: "Truly, you are not merely to contend with men in
+Augsburg, but with the gates of Hell." And again: "The Lord Jesus, who
+has sent you all thither to be his witnesses and servants, and for whose
+sake you expose your necks, be with you, and testify unto you by his
+Spirit, that you may know with certainty, and may not doubt, that you
+are his witnesses. This faith will strengthen and comfort you, for you
+are the ambassadors of a great King. These are true words. Amen." Such
+courageous faith should have filled all the Lutherans, and Melanchthon
+in particular.
+
+At last, on the 20th of June, the Diet was opened by the celebration of
+Mass, by the Archbishop of Mentz. The Papal orator, Pimpinelli, made the
+address. Afterwards they proceeded to the town-hall, where the Imperial
+demands were proclaimed, first against the Turks, then in matters of
+religion. In reference to the last point, the Emperor expressed his
+regret that the previous Imperial resolutions had not been carried out.
+Nevertheless, the States should express their sentiments in matters of
+religion in Latin and German declarations. Melanchthon, filled with
+excessive alarm, believed this important matter might be brought to a
+favorable conclusion by private efforts. It was not a good plan;
+however, he adopted it. Among the retainers of the Emperor was a
+secretary named ALPHONSUS WALDESIUS. This Spaniard seems to have been a
+shrewd man. He entered into communication with Melanchthon, and revealed
+his views of the Lutherans as they were regarded in Spain. It was
+thought there that they did not believe in a God, or the Holy Trinity,
+or Christ, or Mary; so that the people of Spain thought they could not
+serve God better than by killing a Lutheran. Melanchthon replied
+somewhat to the following effect: "The Lutheran cause is not so tedious
+and awkward as it may have been represented to his Imperial Majesty; and
+that the principal difficulty was concerning the articles, of the two
+forms in the Sacrament, of priests and monks, marriage and the mass;
+because the Lutherans considered solitary masses sinful. If these
+articles should be conceded, he believed that ways and means might be
+found to settle all the rest." Soon after he was informed by the
+Imperial secretary that the Emperor was pleased to hear this, and had
+commanded that he should make a very brief statement of the Lutheran
+articles, and deliver it to him. The Emperor also believed that it would
+be most advisable to settle the matter quietly; for public trials and
+quarrelsome disputations were only productive of ill-will, and not of
+unity.
+
+Melanchthon expressed himself ready to reflect upon this subject; but
+neither the Elector nor Chancellor Brueck would permit the matter to be
+disposed of in this way. He was merely permitted to show the Confession,
+which, as Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius, the Secretary Waldesius found
+"entirely too bitter for the opponents to endure it."
+
+As they could not and would not take the by-way of silence, the Emperor
+suddenly, on the 22d of June, appointed Friday, June 24th, for the
+delivery of the Evangelical Confession. This short time greatly
+perplexed the Lutherans, because Melanchthon still wished to make
+further corrections, and the Introduction also was wanting. In order
+that this might be in the proper form, Chancellor Brueck assisted him.
+The Theologians, (there were twelve present,) assembled to deliberate.
+Nine princes and cities signed the German copy of the Confession; and
+because they had no further time to spare, they took Melanchthon's
+manuscript as the Latin copy. The 24th of June arrived, but it being too
+late, the reading of the Confession could only take place on the
+following day, Saturday, June 25, 1530.
+
+This day, which has become one of the most important in the History of
+the Evangelical Church, came at last. Spalatin says: "One of the
+greatest deeds ever accomplished in the world has been done this day."
+The Emperor and his brother Ferdinand, Princes and States of the Empire,
+and distinguished Ecclesiastics, were there assembled, to listen to the
+reading of the Confession of Faith. The Saxon Chancellor read the German
+Confession so loudly and distinctly, that it was not only heard in the
+hall, but also in the court, where a great multitude was assembled. It
+contained two parts, the first including all the doctrines of Faith, the
+other the disputed articles. On account of our limited space, we shall
+but briefly touch upon the different articles, as every one, especially
+every Lutheran, should be most intimately acquainted with the Confession
+of his Church. We have more need of it at this time than formerly, for
+the ancient errors arise with renewed vigor, and may easily shake one
+who is uncertain in his belief.
+
+_First_--1. Stands the Confession of the Holy Trinity, of God the
+Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. 2. How we become pious and righteous before
+God. 3. How all men are born with Original Sin. 4. What Original Sin is.
+5. How we attain God's Grace. 6. How preaching is necessary towards
+Justification. 7. How Faith must produce good fruits and works. 8. What
+the general Christian Church is. 9. That the Sacraments are efficacious,
+even when administered by wicked priests. 10. Of Baptism, against the
+Anabaptists. 11. Of the Holy Sacrament of the true body and blood of
+Christ in the Sacrament of the Altar. 12. Of Repentance. 13. That the
+Sacraments are such consoling tokens, with which we are assured and may
+be certain that God, for Christ's sake, will be gracious, kind and
+merciful to us, and do us good in time and eternity. 14. Of the Teachers
+of the Church. 15. Of Ceremonies, that those are to be observed for the
+sake of peace, which can be observed without sin, but they are not to be
+observed in order to attain salvation. 16. Of human laws and order. 17.
+That Christ will come at the last day, to judge the quick and the dead,
+to give everlasting life and joy to believers, and to condemn the devil
+and the wicked. 18. Of Free Will, that we have a free will to be pious
+outwardly, but not before God. 19. That sin comes from the perverted
+will of the devil and wicked men. 20. Of Faith and Good Works, that this
+is true Faith, that we are heartily assured of every good, Grace and
+help from God, for Christ's sake, and that Faith without Works, such as
+God has commanded, is dead. And 21. Of the Adoration of Saints, that we
+should expect all good from God, as the saints did, and that we should
+imitate their faith and love, but call upon God alone.
+
+Then, in the _second_ part, follow the disputed articles: first, 22. Of
+the two kinds in Sacrament, why we distribute them to all. 23. Of mass,
+how it is observed among us, and why we have rejected secret masses. 24.
+Of priests, and the marriage of monks and nuns. 25. Of cloister vows.
+26. Of difference of meats. 27. Of confession. 28. Of the power of the
+Bishops, and the difference between the spiritual and temporal sword.
+These twenty-eight articles are discussed in a clear, simple,
+scriptural, and peaceful manner. No ingenuous mind could withhold its
+approbation from them. It is impossible to say what impression they made
+upon the Emperor. It is well known that he was not very well acquainted
+with the German language. Besides this, he no doubt had previously also
+decided upon the course he would take. When the two copies were being
+handed to his secretary, he graciously took them into his own hands. He
+gave the German copy to the Archbishop of Mentz, and kept the Latin one
+for himself, and caused it to be translated into Italian and French for
+himself. He intimated to the Lutherans, that he would consider the
+matter further, but expected that they would not print the Confession.
+However, their opponents soon circulated defective copies, so that the
+Lutherans were forced to publish the correct Confession.
+
+Luther was regularly informed of the progress of events. He indeed was
+deeply interested, and secretly, by the help of God's hand, ruled the
+Diet. As Moses prayed, and had his sinking arms supported during the
+battle between the Israelites and their enemies, so Luther prayed in his
+castle of Coburg. He who sitteth in the heavens alone knows what
+influence he exerted. It would have been well for Melanchthon had he
+possessed such strong faith, and such a mighty spirit of prayer. But he
+looked too much to men, their power and their craftiness. And for this
+he was rewarded by complaints and sighs, but he did not conceal his
+sorrows from his paternal friend in Coburg. Through this, Luther opened
+the depth and power of his faith, and permitted the flame to spread even
+to Augsburg, that Melanchthon's heart might be encouraged. His precious
+letters should be read at length in the history of his own life; here we
+can only communicate extracts. June 26th, he wrote: "I heartily hate
+your great care, which, as you write, weakens you. That it increases so
+greatly in your heart, is not owing to the greatness of our cause, but
+is the fault of our great unbelief. Why do you thus unceasingly trouble
+yourself? If our cause is wrong, let us recant; but if it is right, why
+do we make God a liar in such great promises, because he bids us be of
+good cheer and satisfied? You are troubled thus by your philosophy, and
+not by your theology. The same also greatly vexes your friend Joachim;
+just as if you could accomplish anything by your useless cares. What
+more can the devil do than to kill us?" On the same day, Melanchthon
+sent a dejected letter to Coburg: "We are here constantly in the
+greatest trouble, and shed tears continually, which has been aggravated
+by still greater distress to-day, when we read M. Veit's letters, in
+which he informs us that you are so highly displeased with us that you
+would not even read our letters. My dear father, I do not wish to
+increase my sorrow by many words, but would only ask you to consider
+where and in what great danger we now are, having no other comfort but
+your own encouragement. The sophists and monks are running daily, and
+making every effort to excite the Emperor against us." He prays that
+Luther would read and answer his letters. On the following day already,
+June 27th, another letter from the afflicted one followed this. He says:
+"At no time have we stood in greater need of your advice and
+encouragement than at this time, as we have followed you, as our head,
+in the most dangerous cause up to the present time. Therefore, I also
+pray, for the sake of the honor of the Gospel, that you would take our
+part. Christ permitted himself to be awakened in the vessel when it was
+in danger. Now, truly, we are in still greater danger here, in which
+nothing worse could happen to us all than if you should forsake us." He
+also said: "I have written to you before, that you should inform me, if
+necessary, how much we may yield to our adversaries." On the 29th of
+June an answer arrived from Coburg, in which, among other things, we
+read this: "I have received your Apology, and I am wondering what you
+mean, that you desire to know what and how much we may yield to the
+Papists? According to my opinion, too much is already conceded to them
+in the Apology. If they will not accept this, I do not know what I could
+yield further, unless I see their arguments and clearer Scripture than I
+have seen hitherto." He expressed himself most decidedly against being
+called "head," by Philip: "I wish to have no name, wish not to command,
+and do not wish to be called Author. You are troubled about the
+beginning and end of this matter, because you cannot understand it. But
+I say so much: If you could understand it, I should not like to have
+anything to do with the matter, much less would I be a head or beginner.
+God has set it in a place which you can neither reach by your rhetoric
+nor by your philosophy. That place is called Faith, in which are all
+things that we cannot see or understand. Whoever wishes to make these
+things visible, open, and comprehensible, as you do, will get sorrow and
+weeping for his pains, even as you have against our will." As he was
+closing the letter, he reflected that Melanchthon might think he had
+received little in reply to his question, what and how much should be
+conceded to their opponents. On this account he added this: "You have
+not asked sufficiently, and have not clearly stated what you think they
+will ask of us. I am ready, as I have always written to you, to yield up
+everything to them, if they will only leave the Gospel free. But
+whatever opposes the Gospel I cannot allow. What other answer can I
+give?" From such an apostolical faith, several other letters flowed to
+the friends in Augsburg, and particularly to Melanchthon, who truly
+needed such a mode of address more and more.
+
+After the Confession had been presented to the Emperor, different
+opinions were held by their enemies as to the course that must now be
+pursued. Faber, Campegius, and others of like stamp who endeavored to
+influence the Emperor, insisted upon the execution of the Edict of
+Worms. Others wished the Confession to be examined by impartial men,
+whilst others again demanded a written refutation of the Confession. The
+last opinion prevailed. But at the same time it was also declared that
+the Emperor should decide in this matter, in default of which the whole
+should be postponed until the calling of a General Council. In regard to
+this latter point, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the 9th of July: "You
+see that our cause is now in the same position as it was with me in
+Worms, namely, that they require us to accept the Emperor as Judge. Thus
+does the devil ever fiddle upon one string, and the old conjurer has
+nothing he can oppose to Christ but this single helpless weapon."
+Notwithstanding all these exhortations, Melanchthon was still anxiously
+engaged in finding a middle path. Thus he considered it advisable to
+write to Cardinal Campegius, in order to lead to thoughts of peace. He
+did not reflect that this man, although of a smooth exterior, was
+nevertheless a viper, swollen with venom. The crafty Roman endeavored to
+instil the most odious thoughts into the mind of the Emperor. This evil,
+he remarked, could be cured. The Emperor should unite himself with the
+well-meaning princes, and change the sentiments of the others by
+promises or threats. But what is to be done if they remain obstinate? We
+have the right to destroy these poisonous plants with fire and sword.
+If we have gained the mastery over them, we can appoint holy
+inquisitors, the University of Wittenberg can be excommunicated, the
+books of the heretics can be burned, and the like. It was needful to
+strike a decisive blow in the beginning.
+
+With such a man, Melanchthon, of course without knowing his true
+character, entered into negotiations. After an humble letter, Campegius
+sent for the writer. Let us hear Veit Winsheim, Melanchthon's friend and
+eulogist, relate the particulars of the interview: "The day after, when
+the whole company was assembled, Philip was summoned, who enters with a
+firm mind. He saw himself surrounded by a circle of serpents and devils,
+and like the prophet Jonah, shaken alone in the belly of the whale.
+Campegius is importunate, and flourishes the terrible lightnings of his
+highly enraged and cruel Jupiter, the others vehemently threaten the
+poor and small flock of the helpless sheep of Christ with the power and
+force of so many kingdoms. It was enough to terrify even a strong and
+courageous man. But when Philip was asked whether they would yield, he
+replied: "We cannot yield nor forsake the truth. But we pray for God's
+and Christ's sake that our adversaries will not think hardly of us, and
+will dispute with us, as they are able, _i. e._, will yield that to us
+which we cannot forsake with a good conscience." When Campegius heard
+this, he shrieked: "I cannot, I cannot, because the key does not err."
+To this thundering, although Philip stood, as it were, in the midst of
+lions, wolves, and bears, who could have torn him in pieces without
+punishment, yet having a great and glorious spirit in a little body, he
+now boldly replied: "We commend our cause to the Lord God. If God be for
+us, who can be against us? And finally, come what will, we must abide
+by our fortune or misfortune."
+
+Melanchthon had frequent interviews with the cardinal after this,
+especially, as the Protestant princes believed, that they might
+accomplish some good in this way. It is true, some have maintained, that
+Melanchthon was willing to agree to a base accommodation; but this
+cannot be proved. However, this much is certain, that all mediations
+were ineffectual. How true is Luther's word in a letter to Melanchthon,
+on the 13th of July: "I should think, dear master Philip, that you have
+by this time sufficiently learned by your own experience, that Christ
+and Belial cannot be united by any means whatever, and that no unity in
+religion is to be thought of."
+
+While this was transpiring, the Catholic theologians were busily engaged
+with the task laid upon them by the Emperor, in refuting the Confession
+of the Protestants. He had recommended moderation to them, when the
+first draught had exhibited too great a violence. The Catholic
+theologians who were preparing the refutation, were Eck, Faber, Wimpina,
+Cochlaeus, and others. The last one composed it. What good thing could be
+expected of these men? Melanchthon therefore remarks, in a letter to
+Camerarius: "I hear that their refutation is finished, and will make its
+appearance in two or three days. It is said that the Emperor will order
+all things to remain as they were, until these disputes shall be
+examined in a Council. This is to be the end of the deliberations. And
+if this decree is not tempered, you may easily conceive what troubles
+will be the consequence." At last, after having awaited it for a long
+time, the princes and electors were summoned, on the 3d of August, to
+hear the _Confutation_ of the Augsburg Confession. This document follows
+the same order as the Confession. It first treats of doctrines in 21
+articles, and afterwards of abuses, in 7 articles. Although it
+acknowledged many things in doctrine, as agreeing with the Catholic
+church, it did not depart in the slightest degree from Roman principles,
+and strictly adhered to the abuses. In the article on Original Sin, it
+did not acknowledge the prevailing corruption; and in the article of
+Good Works, it maintained that the good works which are performed by the
+help of Divine grace, are meritorious. It also refuses to allow that
+faith alone justifies. In the article on Repentance, it insists upon
+satisfaction which man is to pay, whilst the Confession excludes all
+human satisfaction. The Confutation likewise finds fault with the
+Lutherans, because they deny that we can by our works earn forgiveness
+of sins, and also because they reject the adoration of the saints. It is
+not willing to grant the cup to the laity, and defends this position
+with the most absurd reasons. It adheres to the celibacy of the priests
+and monks, and maintains the mass, with all its antiscriptural
+characteristics. In short, it will not cast aside any abuses. The
+Emperor really regarded this untenable production as a refutation of the
+Confession of the Protestants; and gave these to understand that it was
+his will that they should compromise matters with the other Christian
+states, and should not separate themselves from the general Christian
+church. If this should not take place, which the Emperor did not expect,
+he should act as it became him, as the guardian and protector of the
+Holy Christian church, and as a true Christian Emperor. Melanchthon
+speaks of this in a letter to Luther, August 6th: "This was the sum and
+substance of it, which, although it seemed very harsh, yet, as the
+Confutation was executed in a very childish manner, our friends became
+quite cheerful after it was read; for this Confutation is the paragon of
+all the childish and foolish writings of Faber. In speaking of the two
+kinds, he referred to the history of the sons of Eli, that they would
+ask the priests for a piece of bread, and proved from this that laymen
+should only receive the bread. The mass has been defended by
+particularly bald and lame tricks." The Princes requested a copy of the
+Confutation after it had been read, but could not obtain it. Even if the
+Emperor had now been inclined to act severely, a quarrel arose in the
+midst of the Catholic camp, because they could not agree among
+themselves in regard to the steps that should now be taken.
+
+At last, the views of the more moderate prevailed, that a delegation
+should be appointed by both sides, in order to effect a compromise. On
+the 6th of August, several Catholic princes and bishops assembled to
+agree upon the points of convention. On the following day, the Elector
+JOACHIM, of Brandenburg, informed the Lutherans that they should drop
+their erroneous views, and no longer separate themselves from the
+Catholic Church. Even if there were some abuses, they might be done away
+with by the assistance of the Pope. And now ensued answers and replies
+in great number. The Lutherans would not entertain the yielding
+propositions of Melanchthon, who believed that unity in doctrine might
+be secured, and only wished to insist upon the two kinds--marriage of
+the priests, and the Evangelical mass. The Evangelical states declared
+that they did not intend to retreat from the word of God, although they
+were inclined to maintain peace and harmony. Philip, the Landgrave of
+Hesse, was not at all satisfied with this course of things. He was
+opposed to yielding in the slightest degree, and said to his
+counsellors, in a letter dated August 24th: "If the Papists wish to
+remain sitting in their devil's roses, and will not permit the pure
+preaching of the truth of the gospel, nor freedom of marriage, nor the
+Sacraments according to Christ's institution, why then you shall not
+yield one hair's-breadth. Much less still are we to allow the
+jurisdiction of the bishops, because they do not permit the gospel to be
+preached nor practised in their dominions." And because he hated the
+yielding of Melanchthon, he added: "Stop the game of that subtle
+philosopher, Philip!"
+
+Such were the sentiments of the Landgrave, and therefore he could no
+longer contain himself in Augsburg, but suddenly and unexpectedly to
+all, left the city August 6. This excited great attention; however, the
+proposed plan to bring about an accommodation by means of a committee of
+fourteen persons, including the Evangelical Theologians Melanchthon,
+Brenz, and Schnepf, and the Catholics Eck, Wimpina, and Cochlaeus, was
+not prevented by it. They met together from the 16th of August until the
+21st. On motion of Chancellor VEHUS of Baden, the Augsburg Confession
+was examined, article after article. They agreed in many articles, but
+in Justification Eck would not admit that we are justified by faith
+alone, for that would make rude, wicked, and impious men. Love justifies
+more than Faith. Because he did not like the word _sola_, which means
+"alone," he perpetrated the wretched witticism: "Let us for the present
+send the soles to the cobbler." However, he found Melanchthon a man who
+stood immovable in the main point. Whenever the two Theologians grew
+somewhat passionate, the princes present entreated them to maintain
+peace.
+
+Although they agreed in many points of doctrine, there were others, such
+as Justification, Repentance, &c., in which they could not agree; and
+when they came to the abuses, their opponents would not allow the two
+kinds, the marriage of priests and the mass. There were in all 14 points
+on which they could not unite. On August 22, Melanchthon wrote to
+Luther: "Yesterday we finished the Conference, or rather dispute, before
+the Commissioners." After having referred to the opposition to
+Justification, satisfaction, the merit of good works, and the two kinds
+in the Sacrament, he thus concludes: "I do not know where this will end;
+for, although peace is also necessary to our enemies, yet it seems to me
+that some do not consider what great danger there will be, if this
+matter ends in war. We proposed very reasonable conditions; we have
+given authority and jurisdiction to the Bishops, and have promised that
+we would re-establish the usual ceremonies. I do not know what we shall
+accomplish by it. Pray to Christ to preserve us."
+
+Luther was not satisfied with these compromises, and among other things
+replied thus: "Summa Summarum, I do not like it at all that you are
+endeavoring to treat of Unity of doctrine, because this is entirely
+impossible, unless the Pope is willing to abolish the entire papacy. It
+would have been sufficient for us to have shown the reasons of our
+faith, and to have demanded peace. But how can we hope to convert them
+to the truth?" And concluded thus: "Why do we not perceive that all they
+are attempting is mere deception and fraud? For you are not able to say
+that their acts are prompted by the Holy Ghost; for they have neither
+Repentance, Faith, nor the fear of God. But may the Lord, who began this
+matter, finish his work in you; to him I heartily commend you."
+
+On the 24th of August, a sub-committee met, in which only Melanchthon
+and Eck were to meet each other. But upon this occasion Melanchthon took
+a bolder and more decided stand, and wrote to Luther on the following
+day: "Our mildness only makes these proud fellows more stubborn. I
+cannot tell you how they triumph. If I were attending to these matters
+on my account, and not in the name of the prince, I would by no means
+endure this insolence. But now I must endure all, because of the common
+danger of princes and subjects. The spirits of our friends are at times
+depressed, and again unseasonably brave. However, I trust we shall do
+nothing against the Gospel." He also sent two other letters, in which he
+spoke of the mass, which the Papists demanded. Luther replied that they
+could not consent, and says in his letter of August 28, "Would to God
+that I might soon see you again, whether you had departed secretly or
+publicly. You have even done more than enough. And now it is time for
+the Lord to act in the matter, and he will do it. Be of good cheer, and
+trust in him." And further on: "You have confessed Christ; you have
+offered peace; you have been obedient to the Emperor; you have patiently
+borne much contempt; have been overwhelmed with shame and abuse; and
+have not returned evil for evil. Summa, you have managed this holy work
+in a proper manner, as it became saints. Rejoice in the Lord, and be
+joyous, ye righteous. You have been sad and afflicted long enough in
+this world; look up, and lift up your heads; I promise heaven to you, as
+faithful members of Christ. What greater honor do you desire? Is it so
+small a matter to serve the Lord Jesus faithfully, and to have proved
+yourselves faithful members of Christ? Far be it from us, that the Grace
+of Christ should be so lightly esteemed by you. I await your return with
+great anxiety, so that I may wipe away your sweat after this."
+
+All these efforts, as might have been foreseen, did not effect peace,
+so that the committee adjourned August 30, and Melanchthon wrote to
+Luther September 1: "Three days ago we brought our Conference to a
+conclusion. We would not accept the proposed terms of Union on the
+subjects of the one kind in the Sacrament, of the Canon of Private
+Masses, and also of the Celibacy of the Priesthood. Now the matter has
+again been laid before the Emperor, and I do not know what will be done.
+Let us only pray God that he may influence the heart of the Emperor to
+maintain peace, which we need so much, and not we alone, but all
+Germany. You cannot believe how the Nurembergers and others hate me on
+account of the restoration of Jurisdiction to the Bishops. In this
+manner do our friends merely contend for power, and not for the Gospel.
+A certain friend wrote: If the Pope had bribed me with never so much
+money, I could not have invented a better plan to restore the papal
+supremacy than the one we have taken appears to the people. Yet I have
+not, up to this time, dropped or given up a single article of doctrine."
+
+Although Melanchthon did really not give up a single doctrinal point, he
+was yet justly to be blamed for wishing to restore jurisdiction to the
+Bishops. How soon would they have suppressed the true doctrine! Jerome
+Baumgaertner, otherwise a friend of Melanchthon, expresses himself very
+strongly in regard to him: "Philippus has become more childish than a
+child;" and calls upon Spengler: "You will do your part, and write to
+Dr. Martin Luther, that he, as the one by whom God first again revealed
+his word to the world, should put a stop to Philip's course, and should
+warn the pious princes, and especially his own sovereign, against him,
+and exhort them to be steadfast. For no man has done more harm to the
+Gospel during this Diet, up to the present day, than Philip." This
+judgment is indeed too severe; and Baumgaertner, at a later period,
+himself repented of having formed so severe a judgment. It is true,
+also, that Melanchthon did not only defend Episcopal jurisdiction during
+the Diet of Augsburg, but has also expressed his approbation of it in a
+number of places. He did this for the sake of order in the Church.
+
+September 7.--The Emperor summoned the Evangelical States to appear
+before him. His answer, given by the Elector of the Palatinate,
+Frederick, was an ungracious one. He had heard with displeasure that
+they disagreed with others in the principal articles. He would speak
+with the Pope in regard to a General Council, yet on the condition that
+they would, in the mean time, adhere to the Catholic Church. But the
+Protestants now behaved like true Protestants, by declaring that they
+would abide by the word of God. The more moderate Catholics, at the head
+of whom were the Baron of Truchsess, and Vehus, the Chancellor of Baden,
+once more made efforts to bring about an accommodation, but without
+success. There were thirteen articles on which they could not unite.
+These were delivered to the mediators just mentioned. The _first_ treats
+of justification through grace by faith in Christ; the _second_, that
+works indeed are necessary, but do not earn grace. The _third_ declares
+that the enumeration of particular sins is not needful in confession;
+the _fourth_, that repentance is necessary, but that our sins are not
+forgiven on this account, but on account of our faith, by which we
+believe the Gospel; the _fifth_, declares the ecclesiastical exercises
+of penance unnecessary for the remission of punishment; and the _sixth_
+declares that uniform human ordinances are not, but unity in doctrine
+and sacrament are needful to constitute a true unity. The _seventh_
+rejects the self-elected service of God, by which men wish to earn his
+grace, and which has been established without God's command. The
+_eighth_ declares monastic vows, which men consider meritorious, opposed
+to the Gospel. The _ninth_ permits the observance of such rules of the
+Church as may be kept without sin, but not as if they were needful to
+salvation. The _tenth_ declares the invocation of saints to be a very
+dangerous practice, and one greatly diminishing the glory of Christ. The
+_eleventh_ declares that the denial of the cup is opposed to Scripture;
+and the _twelfth_, that the prohibition of marriage to priests is also
+unscriptural. The _thirteenth_ and last article maintains that the mass
+is not a work with which to earn grace, but that grace is offered in the
+Lord's Supper, and faith obtains it.
+
+After all attempts to bring about an agreement had been made, the
+Emperor summoned the States on the 22d of September, in order to present
+to them the final decree of the Diet. He declared their positions
+thoroughly refuted by the holy Gospels and other writings, but would
+give time for further deliberation on the contested points until the
+15th of April of the following year. During this time they should not
+print or sell anything new in matters of faith, should not draw over any
+one to join their sect, should not oppress those yet holding to the old
+Christian faith and practice, and unite with him in opposing the
+Sacramentarians and Anabaptists. He would endeavor to bring about that a
+General Council would be summoned in six months. The Protestants
+replied, by Chancellor Brueck, that they considered their Confession to
+be founded on the word of God, and that it was divine truth, so that
+they trusted to abide by it in the day of judgment. At the same time,
+Brueck also presented a written defence, which the Emperor, however,
+would not accept. This was the well-known _Apology_ of the Augsburg
+Confession, in its rough draft. Melanchthon had been preparing it for
+some time, with the assistance of several theologians. But as he only
+received a copy of the Catholic Confutation towards the close of the
+Diet, he laid this sketch aside, and prepared one of his ablest works,
+the _Apology of the Augsburg Confession_, which has justly been enrolled
+among the number of the Confessions of the Lutheran Church. He did not,
+however, complete it until the following year. The Protestants prayed
+for a more gracious discharge, but the Emperor adhered firmly to the
+decree. On this account, the Elector of Saxony, together with
+Melanchthon and the other theologians, departed from Augsburg September
+23d, leaving a few counsellors to hear the general final decree of the
+Diet.
+
+When Luther heard of the departure of the Elector, he was much rejoiced,
+and congratulated the prince: "I am heartily rejoiced that your
+Electoral Grace has, by God's grace, escaped from the hell at Augsburg.
+And although human displeasure, and its god the devil, may look sour, we
+still entertain the hope that God's grace, which hath begun with us,
+will remain more strongly with us in time to come." The Elector passed
+through Nuremberg to Coburg, where Luther was expecting him with the
+greatest anxiety. On the road to Wittenberg, the theologians stopped in
+ALTENBURG, to visit Spalatin. Melanchthon, who was constantly revolving
+his Apology of the Augsburg Confession in his mind, wrote even while
+partaking of his meals. But Luther snatched the pen from his hand, and
+said: "We can serve God, not only by labor, but also by rest; therefore,
+too, has he given us the third commandment, and ordained the Sabbath."
+At last they arrived in Wittenberg. How Melanchthon rejoiced! To his
+friend Silberborner, who had asked him for an account of the Diet of
+Augsburg, he now wrote a detailed letter, in which he expressed himself
+favorably of the Emperor, _e. g._: "Without referring to other matters,
+he has with great condescension heard our side in this matter of
+religion, in which he had been excited against us by the many wonderful
+arts of our enemies." "The remaining history of the Diet constitutes a
+lengthy tragedy." He now briefly describes the course of events, and
+says: "The remotest posterity will bear testimony, that our intentions
+were pious and conscientious, and that we exerted ourselves honestly to
+clear up the doctrine of the Catholic Church, and to promote the glory
+of Christ. This truly is the reasonable service of God, with which he is
+pleased above all things: To teach and practise the word of God in its
+purity. Even should we be overwhelmed by unfair means, our writings will
+undoubtedly transmit to posterity a picture of our opponents, who, while
+they excite princes against us, under the pretext of serving the honor
+of Christ, neither care for the temple of the Church, nor for the
+doctrine of the Gospel, nor for the Glorification of the name of Christ.
+However, the whole matter is in the hand of God. Therefore will we pray
+to God that, for Christ's sake, he would put mild means in the hands of
+our rulers, and that he may not suffer the pure doctrines of the Gospel
+to perish."
+
+On the 19th of November, the final general decree of the Diet was
+published. It was very severe, for it condemned everything taught by the
+Lutherans in opposition to the Roman Church; it confounds them with the
+Anabaptists, and commands that all innovations in doctrine and practice
+shall be abolished, and the former state of things re-established. The
+Protestants did not sign it. Thus a division between the Catholic and
+Evangelical states was fully accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE POSITION OF THE EVANGELICAL PARTY AFTER THE DIET OF AUGSBURG.
+
+
+The severe decree of the Diet, which even threatened violence, was at
+least productive of this good result, that it united the Evangelical
+party more closely. Whereas the theologians, especially Melanchthon, had
+formerly dissuaded from resistance to the Emperor, matters now took a
+very different turn. In view of the threatening attitude of the
+Catholics, the theologians perceived very well that it was necessary to
+be prepared for defence; and Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius, January
+1st, 1531, that they were seldom asked the question now, whether it was
+right to wage war, and that they did not dissuade from preparation. "For
+there may be many needful and just causes for defence." One of these
+causes was the threatening language of the decree of the Diet of
+Augsburg. The election of the Emperor's brother FERDINAND, as King of
+Rome, which was strongly urged and accomplished by the Emperor, was
+another threatening event,[15] although Melanchthon defended it in a
+special opinion, delivered December 12, 1530. He referred to similar
+cases in former times. During the month of December of this year, the
+Evangelical states united more closely, and formed a league, March 29,
+1531. Both Conferences were held in SMALKALD. The confederates declared
+that they had united "for the honor of Almighty God, and the better
+growth and prosperity of divine free doctrines, and to gain and maintain
+a Christian and harmonious peace," yet "only for mutual defence and
+preservation." This league, therefore, neither contemplated an attack,
+nor war. The Emperor, who was obliged to have his eyes directed to more
+than one point, and particularly against the Turks, whose Sultan,
+SOLYMAN, had already declared that he would soon be master of Hungary,
+and the whole of Germany, considered it most advisable to conciliate,
+under existing circumstances. The Electors of the Palatinate and of
+Mentz, acted as mediators.
+
+While Melanchthon had before this time been filled with the most anxious
+apprehensions, so that he feared the worst, he now said in a letter to
+Camerarius, when he heard of this mediation: "May God regard the sighs
+and tears of the distressed among us, and grant us peace!" This wish
+seemed about to be fulfilled, when the Emperor in Nuremberg made
+preparations for a Religious Peace. Melanchthon, Luther, and other
+Theologians, expressed their approbation in a written opinion.
+
+On July 23, 1532, the so-called _Religious Peace of Nuremberg_ was
+actually agreed to, according to which no State was to give offence to
+any other, on account of Religion or other matters, until the meeting of
+a Council, soon to be held; and "that each was to treat the other with
+true friendship and Christian love." At last a period of rest seemed to
+have been granted to Melanchthon, that child of peace; but it was not to
+continue very long. For it was no slight pang to his heart to be called
+with Luther to Schweinitz, to the death-bed of the Elector JOHN. The
+Elector had gone thither to hunt. On the 15th of August he was suddenly
+attacked by such a severe pain in his head, that he soon lost the power
+of speech, and remained motionless, and deprived of all sense and
+feeling, for 28 hours. On Friday, these two men of God, accompanied by
+Dr. Augustin Schurff, appeared by his bedside; the Elector raised both
+hands and dropped them again, and breathed his last. On the following
+Sunday the body of the pious Elector was deposited by the side of that
+of his brother Frederick. Melanchthon had, in a very touching manner,
+invited the University to attend the funeral. He said in this letter:
+"that the departed manifested a truly paternal affection towards his
+subjects." After Luther's consoling funeral sermon, Melanchthon spoke of
+the excellent traits of the sainted one in Latin. In his letters,
+written at this time, he expresses the most cordial wishes in regard to
+the successor of the departed one, the Elector JOHN FREDERICK. We have
+heard of this son, that he trod in the footsteps of his father. He was a
+man full of zeal for the cause of the Kingdom of God, and, as we shall
+learn hereafter, honored by the Lord to endure contempt, the robbing of
+his Electorate, and fetters, for the sake of the Gospel. But he at this
+time already found opportunity to show the strength of his faith. The
+Religious Peace of Nuremberg seemed lenient, and even favorable to the
+Protestants, compared with the final decree of the Diet of Augsburg. It
+was but too soon apparent that the Catholic States, who had very
+unwillingly yielded to these concessions, were not pleased with it. For
+at the Diet of Ratisbon, which was held soon after the Nuremberg
+Religious Peace, they already wished to grant less to the Evangelical
+party. Notwithstanding all the assurances of peace, the Emperor
+entertained no good intentions towards them. He only postponed matters
+on account of the perplexing circumstances by which he was surrounded.
+They were again referred to a general, free, Christian Council, which,
+according to the announcement, should be held in half a year.
+
+It appears, that in the following year, 1533, Pope Clemens VII. actually
+took steps towards assembling a Council. For in June he sent a legate,
+accompanied by an Imperial orator, to the Elector, who then resided in
+Weimar. Although the Papal Nuncio spoke of a free, general Council, he
+at the same time took away all liberty with the other hand, by demanding
+in advance that all should submit to the resolutions of the Council. On
+the following day the Elector returned a truly Christian and princely
+answer. He expressed his joy at this offer, but remarked that he could
+only give a reply after the next meeting in Smalkald. In conclusion, he
+confessed that his contemporaries and successors should learn: "That his
+Electoral Grace had not hitherto regarded, and with the help of God
+would not in all the future days of his life regard anything as being
+more valuable and worthy of his love, than the pure, saving and blessed
+word of God, and the true and proper worship of God." The Elector now
+gathered the opinions of his Theologians, who indeed advised the
+acceptance of the offer of a Council, but under this condition that no
+pledge of obedience should be required in advance. In the middle of
+June, Melanchthon declared himself to the following purpose: "The Pope
+says, that he would hold a Council, such as have been held in the Church
+before. Now Councils at the present time are not conducted as the
+ancient Councils were. For in the ancient Councils they judged according
+to the word of God." This advice was not forgotten by the Elector, who,
+together with Duke Ernest and the Landgrave Philip, delivered an answer
+to the Nuncio of the Pope and Emperor on the 30th of June, 1533. Of
+course the Pope, who was merely dissembling, suffered the matter to
+remain as it was.
+
+While the Evangelical party was held in an attitude of suspense, they
+could still cultivate and spread the cause of the Lord. It increased in
+popularity, and spread more and more. The Reformers, and Melanchthon
+particularly, did not omit to labor in their official capacity and by
+their writings. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession, already
+mentioned, is one of Philip's master-pieces; and as one of the
+Confessions of our Church, deserves to be studied and taken to heart. He
+concludes its Preface in the following words: "We have, thanks be unto
+God! the testimony of many distinguished, honest, sincere, and pious
+persons, who heartily thank God for his unspeakable gifts and mercies,
+that they have received far more correct, certain and clearer
+instruction in the most needful portions of the entire Scriptures, as
+well as consolation for their consciences, than is to be found in all
+the books of our adversaries. Therefore, should this discovered, clear
+truth be trodden under the feet of men, we commend our cause to Christ
+and God in heaven, who is the Father of widows and orphans, and the
+Judge of all the forsaken; he, we know with certainty, will consider
+this matter, and judge righteously; and thou, Lord Jesus, it is thy holy
+Gospel, it is thy cause: wilt thou regard so many troubled hearts and
+consciences, thy churches and little flocks, which suffer terror and
+distress from the devil, and also preserve and establish thy truth?
+Bring to nought all hypocrisy and lies, and thus give peace and unity,
+that thy honor may advance, and thy kingdom may flourish and increase
+without ceasing against the gates of hell."
+
+In September, 1532, he published a new edition of his explanation of the
+Epistle to the Romans. It is a matter of great surprise that he
+dedicated this volume to Archbishop Albert of Mentz, who had not gained
+much honor in the matter of indulgences. This man is reported to have
+trampled the book beneath his feet, and to have said: "The man is
+possessed by St. Valentine." But it is well known that he sent a very
+costly present to the scholar at Wittenberg, for which Melanchthon, who
+regarded it as sincere, returned his most friendly thanks January 5th,
+1533. He enjoyed so great a reputation as a scholar, that even the
+Archbishop of Mentz, who wished to be considered a patron of the arts
+and sciences, saw himself compelled to do honor to Melanchthon. His
+distinguished reputation elicited repeated invitations from abroad. It
+was, no doubt, not a very difficult matter for him to decline a call to
+Poland, in the year 1534; but it must have been difficult when Duke
+Ulrich of Wuertemberg, who had been banished from his dukedom for a long
+time, but had now regained it by the help of the landgrave Philip of
+Hesse, invited Melanchthon to reform the University of Tuebingen
+according to the principles of the Reformation. But his attachment to
+Saxony, and his field of labor there, was so great, that he declined
+this call from Wuertemberg. The Elector was so highly pleased with this,
+that he himself wrote a letter to his Professor, praising him for his
+fidelity, and assuring him of his favor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE KINGS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND, AND MELANCHTHON.
+
+
+The reigning King of France, FRANCIS I., as well as King HENRY VIII., of
+England, were little pleased with the victorious advances of the
+Emperor. Francis had waged war against him some years before this, but
+was completely vanquished, and taken prisoner, at the battle of Pavia,
+1525. He was, indeed, liberated upon certain conditions, after one year
+of captivity; but inveterate enmity remained, for Francis had suffered
+great losses. It was to be expected that such a man would unite with the
+enemies of the Emperor at the first good opportunity. He recognized an
+ally in the League of Smalkald, which was daily assuming a more decided
+form. But the principles of this League were quite different, for it
+aimed principally to secure spiritual rights, while the King of France
+was merely prompted by ambition.
+
+But the Reformation had also penetrated into France, and he may have
+thought that it would be expedient to do something in reference to
+ecclesiastical matters. He was persuaded to this by his minister,
+William Bellay, his brother John Bellay, Bishop of Paris, and
+particularly also by John Sturm, of Strasburg, who was favorably
+disposed towards the Reformation. These men endeavored to gain over the
+King for the cause of the Reformation, and recommended the amiable
+Melanchthon to him, who was already known to him, and also highly
+esteemed by Queen Margaret of Navarre.[16] When the King sent an
+ambassador, Barnabas Voraeus Fossa, to Germany, in 1534, in order to
+unite with the Evangelical States, Bellay, the minister, requested the
+man of peace, Melanchthon, to state, in a written opinion, in what way a
+union might be brought about between the divided parties. He complied
+with this request, and on the first of August sent a very conciliatory
+opinion to the minister, in which he gave prominence to eight articles.
+In the _first_, he grants outward power to the Pope and the Bishops,
+provided "they do not abuse their power to suppress the true doctrine."
+In the _second_, that it would be easy to agree about _non-essentials_,
+such as meats, holidays, dress of the priests, and similar ceremonies,
+provided there would be uniformity in doctrine. In the _third_, he
+expresses himself in favor of retaining _Confession_, but without the
+superstitious enumeration of sins. In the _fourth_, he treats of
+_Justification_. It is now generally conceded that faith in Christ is
+necessary. It is necessary to insist upon it, that a man is justified by
+faith. In the _fifth_, he speaks of the _Mass_. This is an almost
+inextricable knot. He declares himself opposed to secret masses, and
+demands both kinds in the Sacrament. In the _sixth_, he speaks of the
+_Invocation of Saints_. This is opposed to Scripture. Yet he proposes
+the following form, after the pattern of ancient forms in the Church:
+"Grant, O God, that they may be assisted by the prayers of the Saints."
+In the _seventh_, he says of _Convents_, that it is not necessary
+utterly to destroy them, but that it was rather to be preferred that
+they should become schools, as they formerly were. Yet no one ought to
+be detained in a convent against his will. In reference to the
+_Celibacy_ of the clergy, he says, in the _eighth_, that the Pope ought
+to abolish it. They might select unmarried men for the highest
+dignities. It would be possible to come to an agreement on all the
+articles, with the exception of the one on the Mass. After adding: "Let
+us beseech Christ, that he would in mercy regard and lead back to a
+cordial true unity, the Church for which he prayed and suffered," he
+says, that he had only written these things, in order that learned men
+might jointly deliberate upon such important matters.
+
+It was a long time before anything was heard of the effect of this
+Opinion. However, at last, in the month of March, 1535, JOHN STURM broke
+this silence in a manner not very agreeable to the friends of the
+Reformation. The king was highly incensed against the friends of these
+novelties, who seemed to him to check a too rapid advance. He even
+permitted his rage to lead him to burn several of them.[17] Very little
+could be hoped for the kingdom of God, from a man of this character.
+However, Sturm strongly urged Melanchthon to come to France, because the
+king reposed the greatest confidence in him, and called himself his
+pupil. On the 22d of April, Melanchthon wrote a suppliant letter to
+Bishop Bellay, that he would exert his influence to arrest the
+persecution. In his reply to Sturm, on May 4th, he said that he had
+never found it more difficult to decide in any matter, than in reference
+to this journey to France. "But you must not think that I am restrained
+by domestic ties, or that I fear any danger. For nothing human is so
+important in my eyes, that I would not prefer the honor of Christ, the
+salvation of so many of the righteous, and the peace of the Church, to
+it. But I am thinking of, and exceedingly troubled by this _one_
+apprehension, that I am doubtful whether I would indeed accomplish any
+good by going." At the close of the letter, he advises that the king, if
+he desired to do anything for the honor of Christ, and the peace of the
+Church, should be earnestly entreated to convene a council, in order to
+discuss the affairs of the Church. He would attend this, provided he
+could obtain the permission of his sovereign. But what happened? What,
+indeed, he did not think of in the remotest degree. The king addressed
+him in a most friendly letter, on June 23. The French Ambassador
+delivered this letter in person, which closes in the following manner:
+"Your coming will give me great pleasure, whether you come as a private
+individual, or in the name of the Evangelical states." At the same time
+Bellay, who had been made a Cardinal in the meantime, and Sturm, pressed
+him to come, and gave him the strongest assurances of a happy result.
+The latter concluded his lengthy letter in the following manner: "I
+exhort, yea, I conjure you, in the name of Christ, not to neglect this
+opportunity to further the best of causes among men." Towards the end of
+the month of July, Melanchthon left Wittenberg on account of the
+appearance of the plague, and with some other teachers resided in JENA,
+until the middle of February. When he had received such a pressing
+invitation to come to France, and also a safe-conduct, he proceeded to
+Torgau, where the Elector was sojourning at the time, and in writing
+applied for leave of absence for two or three months. Luther also
+seconded Master Philip's application, by a most earnest petition. He
+said: "May it please your Grace to permit M. Philip to venture for these
+three months, trusting to the grace of God. Who knows what it may please
+God to do, whose thoughts are at all times higher and better than our
+own? As for myself, too, it would pain me that so many pious hearts, who
+so anxiously call, and certainly expect M. Philip, should be
+disappointed, and might also be led to entertain evil thoughts
+concerning us." But the Elector was of a different opinion. He
+understood King Francis' relation to the Emperor at this time, far too
+well, to be anxious unnecessarily to excite the suspicions of the latter
+against himself. He therefore refused the request of his petitioner.
+Perhaps he also entertained the opinion, not altogether without
+foundation too, that Melanchthon might yield too much, "which would
+displease many, and do great harm to the Gospel." He said to Dr. Brueck,
+in the most positive manner: "We are determined, once for all, that
+Philip shall not go with our permission and good will, even if we
+should, in consequence, lose his services altogether."
+
+When Melanchthon, therefore, applied again for leave, a severe decree
+of the Elector was handed to him, in which he was told that he should
+not, as a good subject, have meddled in this matter, without the
+knowledge of the Elector. No good, but rather evil, was to be expected
+from such a journey. "But if, over and above all these considerations,
+you think that you cannot omit this journey conscientiously, we must in
+such a case suffer you to take your own way, and to gratify your own
+will; and it remains for you to decide what you will do under these
+circumstances." The Elector also sent a letter of apology to King
+Francis, stating why he could not, under present circumstances, permit
+Philip to go. But at some future time, if Philip's services could be
+dispensed with, and the present difficulties and apprehensions should
+cease, he would permit him to visit France.
+
+On the 28th of August, Melanchthon himself wrote to King Francis,
+expressing his regrets that he was not permitted to visit France at this
+time, and praying the King most earnestly not to suffer himself to be
+led, by the severe judgments and writings of some persons, to destroy
+things that were really good and useful for the Church. He also excused
+himself in letters to BELLAY the Minister, and to JOHN STURM, and
+expressed himself in rather strong terms in regard to the Elector. To
+Camerarius, to whom he was in the habit of opening his whole heart, he
+wrote, August 31, that he feared that the prince had been estranged from
+him by the efforts of evil-minded persons; and in a letter to Spalatin,
+he said: "His most serene Highness prevents me from taking a journey to
+France. And besides this, he gave me a very severe reply, although I am
+willing to stay at home, and take no delight in these French
+Conferences." This caused him great sorrow for several weeks, until he
+met the Elector in October, and saw that he was as friendly towards him
+as ever. He was also more and more convinced in his own mind that his
+journey to France would not have accomplished the good he expected.
+Francis was a politician, and he merely regarded religion as a means to
+gratify his ambition. For when the Sorbonne in Paris pronounced
+Melanchthon's opinion heretical, he fully agreed with this sentence.
+
+Thus this matter terminated. The case of Henry VIII. of England was a
+similar one. He is well known on account of his attack upon Luther, for
+which the Pope gave him the title of "A Defender of the Faith." It is
+also well known what a scandalous, adulterous life he led. It was such a
+marriage matter which at this time separated him from Rome, and brought
+him nearer to the Evangelical States. He wished to be divorced from his
+wife CATHARINE, who was an aunt of the Emperor Charles. As the Pope
+would not comply with his request, Henry renounced all allegiance to the
+Pope, and proclaimed himself the Supreme Bishop of the Church of
+England. This happened in the year 1534. We learn from a letter to
+Camerarius, that during this year Henry had invited Melanchthon twice to
+come to England. The King was anxious to settle his matrimonial matters,
+and to enter into a union with the Evangelical States. He therefore sent
+a special envoy, ANTHONY BARNES, who came to Wittenberg March 11, 1535,
+to enter into a negotiation. Melanchthon, who believed that he could and
+should embrace this opportunity to recommend and promote the truth,
+wrote to the King two days after this, in which he most earnestly
+commends the cause of the Gospel to him. He even dedicated the second
+edition of his _Loci Communes_ to the King, in a most winning letter.
+Henry esteemed this honor highly, and sent him 200 gold florins, with a
+very gracious letter, in which he calls Melanchthon his "dearest
+friend," and signs himself: "Your friend Henry, King." In September we
+again find Dr. Barnes in Wittenberg. In the matter of divorce he had not
+found the Wittenbergians favorably disposed. But now he also came to
+negotiate concerning doctrine, and to ask leave of absence for
+Melanchthon, that he might visit England. The Elector, whose sagacity in
+this matter cannot be denied, understood very well that Henry was merely
+anxious to unite with the Evangelical party from impure motives,
+particularly his matrimonial matters; and therefore in his letter to the
+English envoy gave his permission to hold a Religious Conference, but
+did not permit Melanchthon to go to England, because he could not spare
+this Professor, owing to the breaking out of the plague in Wittenberg,
+by which the Professors had been dispersed. In December, the religious
+negotiations were commenced with the utmost zeal. Besides Barnes, Bishop
+Fox, and Archdeacon Heyth or Hethe, had also arrived. These negotiations
+were carried on in Wittenberg. On this account Melanchthon, who then
+resided at Jena, was obliged to go to Wittenberg, January 15, 1536. The
+marriage difficulty continued to occupy the foreground, but the
+Wittenbergians would not accommodate themselves to the views of the
+Englishmen. As to doctrine, the articles of the mass and the marriage of
+priests continued to be _the_ points on which they could not agree.
+February 11th, Melanchthon returned to Wittenberg. The negotiations were
+continued until the end of April, without arriving at any definite
+result. But gradually all hopes of an Evangelical change of doctrine and
+worship in England disappeared, and Melanchthon entirely relinquished
+his desire to visit England, as he says to Camerarius in a letter, June
+9: "I am perfectly freed from my anxiety about that English journey."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE WITTENBERG FORM OF CONCORD.
+
+
+We have already mentioned that the division of the Evangelical party, in
+the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, was not beneficial to the good cause
+of the Reformation. On this account, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse had
+made an earnest effort to bring about a union between the Germans and
+the Swiss in Marburg. He did not relinquish his hope of such a union,
+and made efforts to effect it at the Diet of Augsburg. One of the ablest
+divines of this period was the preacher and professor, MARTIN BUCER of
+Strasburg, born in Schlettstadt in Alsace, in the year 1491, and gained
+over to the side of the Gospel in the year 1518, by means of Luther's
+Discussion in Heidelberg. This man made it the task of his life to bring
+about a union in the doctrine of the Sacrament. For this purpose he had
+visited Luther in Coburg as early as 1530, and had found him inclined to
+union. Soon after, he published a confession of the four upper German
+cities, Augsburg, Constance, Lindau, and Memmingen, in which he closely
+approximated the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper. Luther and
+Melanchthon were highly pleased with this, and the latter wrote to
+Bucer, January 22d, 1531, that he would write to him, although he was
+troubled by a fever at the time. "I saw the grounds of your union, and
+greatly rejoiced that you admit a presence of the body of Christ with
+the soul. But I do not see why you are so strongly opposed to admit a
+presence with the sign also." Luther expressed himself to the same
+purpose, and was very much surprised that Bucer represented Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius as holding the same view. He, therefore, expressed himself
+in favor of a postponement of the Form of Concord, although he confessed
+that he would rather lose his life thrice, if this dispute could be
+settled. It seems that Bucer said in several places that the differences
+which had hitherto prevented a union were mere trifles. Luther,
+therefore, in a letter to the town council of Augsburg in 1533, declared
+that he did not agree with the ministers there, who only presented mere
+bread and wine to the people. In a letter of the year 1534, "To a good
+friend concerning his book of secret masses," he expressly declares: "I
+believe, and do not doubt, that in the Lord's Supper, under the form of
+bread is the true body of Christ given for us to the cross; under the
+form of wine is the true blood of Christ shed for us, and that this body
+and blood of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, is not only received by the
+holy and worthy, but that sinners and unworthy persons truly receive it
+in a bodily manner." But Bucer did not give up his efforts to bring
+about a union on this account, and especially endeavored to gain over
+Melanchthon, who, in a letter of October 10th, 1533, assures him of his
+love, and promises to use his utmost endeavors to bring about such a
+union. In September, 1534, the indefatigable Bucer published a Form of
+Concord. On the 16th of September, Melanchthon wrote to Erhard Schnepf
+and the Landgrave Philip, who was deeply interested in this matter, that
+he had spoken of this Form with Luther that very day; and that he was
+satisfied with it, provided Bucer believed what his words expressed. For
+Bucer confesses that, in the reception of the bread and wine, Christ is
+truly and essentially present. Melanchthon adds, "I would not require
+more." He relied much upon the Landgrave in this matter, exhorted him to
+act promptly, and added concerning himself: "All that I am able to do,
+in order to bring about a Christian unity, I am willing to do with all
+my heart, and know of no more agreeable task in the world. May God add
+his blessing!" The Landgrave was now anxious that Bucer and Melanchthon
+should meet in Cassel. Luther agreed to this, although he did not
+entertain great expectations of the result of such a meeting, and gave
+written instructions to Melanchthon, pointing out the basis upon which a
+union might be established. This document contains seven propositions:
+one of which demands, that it should not be said that they had not
+understood each other before; and another, that no middle meaning should
+be invented, as if, for instance, the opponents should say the true body
+of Christ is present, and the Lutherans should say that nothing is eaten
+but the bread. Luther said in this matter: "God is my witness, that if
+it were possible, I would gladly give my body and blood to put away this
+disunion." He here expressed himself in a very conciliatory and
+tolerating manner towards those who entertained different views of the
+Lord's Supper, and concluded with a decided confession concerning the
+Lord's Supper, that the body of Christ is truly eaten in and with the
+bread. Melanchthon also at this time expressed his views of this
+important doctrine to the Landgrave, and in it declares: "That the body
+and blood of Christ, that is, Christ essentially, and not figuratively,
+are truly in the bread and wine. But here we must cast aside those
+thoughts which our reason proposes, such as, _how_ does Christ ascend
+and descend, conceal himself in the bread, and is in no other place."
+
+About the 12th of December, Melanchthon travelled to Cassel, to
+negotiate a Form of Concord with Bucer. Bucer had a short time before
+met with several ministers from upper Germany, in Constance, who fully
+coincided in his views of the Lord's Supper. The Landgrave took a deep
+interest in the matter, and treated the Wittenberg envoy in the most
+friendly manner. Here Bucer, with the upper Germans, expressed his
+opinion to the following effect:--"That we receive the body of Christ
+essentially and truly when we receive the Sacrament, and that bread and
+wine are signs, with which, when they are dispensed and received, the
+body of Christ is given and received at the same time." He further said,
+"that the body and the bread are thus united, not by a mingling of their
+essence, but as a Sacrament, and that which is given together with the
+Sacrament." With a doctrine thus approximating, together with the
+declaration, that the opposite side would abide by the Augsburg
+Confession and its Apology, Melanchthon returned from Cassel January
+9th, 1535. Luther was highly pleased with it, so that he remarked: "As
+for my own person, I do not know how I could reject such a Form of
+Concord." Yet he advised that this Concord should not be finally
+arranged at once, but that it would be best to wait a while longer,
+because these differences were so great and wide-spread. We must notice
+here that Melanchthon returned in favor of Bucer's views. He shows this
+very distinctly in a letter to Camerarius; and in a letter to Brenz, who
+was opposed to a Concord, he remarked, that they were not treating with
+persons who denied the Trinity and other articles. With such he would
+have nothing to do, but would look upon them as persons who ought to be
+condemned. He confesses the true presence to him, yet with a leaning
+towards Bucer, and remarks that uniformity could be brought about.
+Letters arrived from every side, declaring how gladly all would unite
+with the Wittenbergers in the Lord's Supper. So also did they write from
+Augsburg, to whom Luther wrote: "If this Form of Concord is established,
+I will sing with tears of joy: Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart
+in peace. For I will leave peace in the Church, that is, the glory of
+God, the punishment of the devil, and vengeance upon all enemies and
+adversaries." Such encouraging letters also came from Strasburg, Ulm,
+and Esslingen, which filled Luther with great joy. He remarked to the
+Strasburgers, that it would also be necessary to interest the princes
+and cities in this matter. As to the time, it would scarcely be possible
+to hold the conference before next Easter. The Elector would be
+requested to appoint the place of meeting. He also expressed his cordial
+wishes to the preacher, Shelling, in Strasburg, towards the close of
+December: "I have received your letter with pleasure, and assure you
+that I am just as anxious for the Concord as I observe you to be. Let
+Him bear witness whom no one can deceive. Therefore pray God, as we also
+do, that this union, which, thanks to God, is prospering better and
+better, may at last be fully established. May God not be merciful to me,
+if anything is wanting on my part, or if I lay difficulties in the way;
+so anxious am I that peace should be restored to the Church before my
+death." Melanchthon had written to the ministers in Augsburg: "I would
+willingly endanger my life to promote this Concord, and I trust that the
+way is already prepared for it. May Christ rule and guide the designs of
+the godly." Thus the two leaders were warmly in favor of the Form of
+Concord. The place was also appointed, the Elector selecting EISENACH.
+But all at once, Melanchthon began to fear that greater divisions might
+be brought about by this conference, as he writes to the Landgrave of
+Hesse in April: "Now I have all the time feared, if this should be held
+at this time, that some rigorous individuals might attend, and thus more
+disunion and offence than improvement would be the consequence." He then
+goes on to say that no negotiations should be undertaken without the
+presence of the Landgrave and the other princes and States, and that, on
+the whole, too great haste should be avoided. His concern may have been
+caused by an epistle sent forth at this time by Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius, which could not promote unity. This was prefaced too by a
+letter of Bucer, who praised these men on account of their orthodoxy. On
+this account Melanchthon was so anxious, and feared that it would only
+increase discord. "This disease," he wrote to Veit Dietrich on the 15th
+of May, "cannot be healed suddenly. But I beseech God in mercy to look
+upon the Church, and to deliver it from all offences."
+
+Notwithstanding all this, the Conference was held. But because Luther
+suffered great bodily pain at this time, and could not go to Eisenach,
+he proposed Grimma, which was nearer. Melanchthon was already on the way
+thither, when Bucer, with his friends Capito and Wohlfahrt, called
+Lycosthenes, arrived in Wittenberg, May 21, 1536.
+
+Luther was not greatly pleased with their coming, for he had read the
+epistle already mentioned, and thought that the opposite party were not
+seeking a sincere union. However, this does not seem to have been the
+case, for on the road to Wittenberg they had visited FREDERICK MYCONIUS
+at Gotha, who soon led them to converse on the Lord's Supper, and found
+them inclined to unite with the Wittenbergers upon a proper basis. This
+he relates in a detailed narrative of the proceedings of the
+Convention. MENIUS also had understood this to be the case, and they
+both informed Luther and Melanchthon of it. Early on the 22d of May,
+Bucer and Capito visited Luther, but the convention did not begin until
+three o'clock in the afternoon. One side was represented by Luther,
+Pomeranus, Jonas, Cruciger, Melanchthon, Menius, Myconius, Weller, and
+Rorarius; the other merely by Bucer and Capito. Bucer opened the meeting
+by a lengthy address, in which he particularly expressed his joy on
+account of this Conference, and stated that this was now the fourth year
+that he had been laboring to bring about a union. Luther replied, and
+expressed his disapprobation of the epistle of Zwingli and
+Oecolampadius, prefaced by a letter from Bucer, which did not at all
+agree with this union. He believed it would be better to leave matters
+as they were, than to make this business, which is already bad enough, a
+hundred times worse by a fictitious form of concord. This of course
+greatly perplexed Bucer; but in a long speech he again declared that
+there was no deception in the case, but that the Upper Germans had fully
+expressed their sentiments, and that the said epistle had been printed
+against his will, yea, even against his express injunctions; and that
+his own letter had been written to others during the previous year, and
+had not been intended for publication. Luther now, in his reply,
+demanded that they should, _first_ of all, publicly recant their
+previous opinion as incorrect; and _secondly_, that they would
+henceforth teach in unison with the Wittenbergers. He began to explain
+this doctrine at length; but, during this address, he became so feeble,
+that he was obliged to desist. They did not resume the conference until
+three o'clock in the afternoon of the next day. Luther insisted upon the
+two points referred to yesterday, and requested an answer from them.
+Bucer consented to recant, and confessed in his own name and that of the
+Swiss, that the bread in the Lord's Supper is truly the body of Christ,
+and that the wine is truly the blood of Christ; and that the body and
+blood of Christ, namely, the natural, essential body, are received, not
+only by the heart, but with the mouth of those who receive it, if
+worthily, unto salvation, but if unworthily, unto damnation. His friends
+also, upon Luther's inquiry, expressed themselves to be of the same
+opinion, and earnestly requested that they might be received in a
+brotherly manner into such a union, as members of Christ. This was done,
+and Luther, as Myconius says, assured them of it "with great fervor and
+joy, which was visible also in his eyes and entire countenance."
+
+The same narrator proceeds to say, that it made so great an impression
+upon the whole assembly, that "Capito and Bucer began to weep, and we,
+on both sides, thanked God with clasped hands and devout gestures."
+Melanchthon, who was known to be peculiarly skilful in preparing a Form
+of Concord, was commissioned to draw it up, which he cheerfully did. On
+the 29th of May, this Form was signed by both parties. In the _first_
+article it declares, that there are two things in the holy sacrament, a
+heavenly and earthly; and that the body and blood of Christ are really
+and essentially present with the bread and wine, and are thus presented
+and received. In the _second_ article they reject the Romish doctrine of
+transubstantiation; and in the _third_, they declare that "the body and
+blood of Christ are also truly presented to the unworthy," but unto
+condemnation. They had also agreed in regard to Baptism and Absolution.
+
+Thus was the concord established with the gracious assistance of God. It
+caused great joy among the Lutherans in every quarter, and declarations
+of approbation were sent to Wittenberg from many sides, and even the
+Swiss partially acceded to it. All were of course not satisfied; for
+instance, Amsdorf, who was not at all pleased with the Form of Concord.
+But Melanchthon rejoiced most of all; for he now discovered that the
+fears which had troubled him so much were groundless. He from henceforth
+continued to abide by the Wittenberg Form of Concord.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+RECREATION AND TROUBLE.
+
+
+After the completion of this work, Melanchthon felt desirous of carrying
+out a plan of a journey for recreation, which he had formed a long time
+before. Whither did he wish to go? To no other place but his home. He
+therefore, on the 17th of July, 1536, addressed a petition to the
+Elector: "I would, in all humility, inform your Electoral Grace, that
+there are some matters in which my poor children are also concerned,
+which I ought to settle with my brother, and which cannot be done
+through other persons, or by letter. In addition to this, Magister
+Camerarius, who is now dangerously ill, has expressed a strong desire to
+see me. I would therefore humbly pray your Grace to grant me, and
+Magister Milichius,[18] whose father has earnestly entreated him to
+visit him, leave of absence to visit our homes for about five weeks."
+Already on the following day, he and Milichius received a gracious
+permission from the Elector, and also at the same time permission to
+make use of a one-horse carriage belonging to the Elector.
+
+But when he was about to depart, important difficulties arose, which
+made it necessary to postpone his intended journey. Pope PAUL III., who
+had ascended the Papal chair at the death of Clement VII., seemed to be
+in earnest about summoning a General Council of the Church. The Emperor
+had held the opinion since 1530, that a General Council must be held, if
+harmony was to be restored to Germany. But Pope Clement was never in
+earnest in the matter; and even the Papal Nuncio, PAUL VERGERIUS, seems
+only to have gone to Wittenberg in order to deceive. But now it had a
+different appearance. Pope Paul had already published a bull, June 2d,
+1536, calling a Council to meet at Mantua, on the 23d of May, of the
+following year. But it offered no hopeful prospect, for it said, among
+other things: "Not only to exterminate all heresy and error from the
+vineyard of the Lord, and to improve the morals of the Christian Church
+by such holy and wholesome medicine, but also to effect a general peace
+and unity among all Christian believers, and to reconquer our kingdom
+and lands by a general crusade against the Unbelievers." It proceeds in
+the same tone. The Lutherans could not greatly rejoice in a Council
+which was to accomplish such things. It was generally reported at this
+time, that a Papal Nuncio would come to Saxony; and it was of importance
+to know how he was to be received. We may easily understand that the
+Elector was not disposed to meet him in the most friendly manner.
+However, he requested the opinions of the divines and jurists in
+Wittenberg. They replied that it would only be possible to consent to a
+Council, under certain conditions. Let us hear what principles were
+expressed in Melanchthon's opinion. He thought that it would be best, if
+the Council could be prevented, for the Pope evidently had no other
+intention than to condemn the Protestants. That they had a perfect right
+to protest against the Council, but as they had continually appealed to
+such an one, it would now bring "disgrace" upon the Protestants, if they
+should fly from it. Neither he, nor the other Wittenbergers, would
+permit the Pope to be judge in this General Council of the Church.
+However, the Elector differed altogether from the temperate views
+expressed in these opinions. He held, that the Council summoned by the
+Pope was neither a free nor general one, and that it ought not to be
+attended to; he even thought that an opposition Council should be
+called, in which nothing should be transacted "but what is founded in
+divine and holy Scripture, and drawn up in accordance with it."
+
+While matters were in this state, Melanchthon began his journey August
+23, with Professor MILICH, who wished to visit his home, Freiburg in the
+Brisgau. They passed through Frankfort and Bretten, to Tuebingen, where
+his most faithful friend Camerarius had received an appointment a year
+before. We may easily imagine what a cordial reception he met with here.
+From Tuebingen he wrote to Milich: "By God's grace, Joachim is now quite
+well. Oh, that it might be of long duration! I was received in the most
+friendly manner." He remained three weeks in Tuebingen, and could
+scarcely separate himself from Camerarius, and therefore remarks in a
+letter, that he would rather be with his Joachim than anywhere else.
+"But I do not see how I can separate myself from those with whom I have
+hitherto associated." He thus again declined the renewed invitation of
+Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg, to accept a professorship there. The learned
+from every quarter came to Tuebingen, to see and to converse with
+Melanchthon. When these were assembled at a dinner upon a certain
+occasion, in the house of Phrygio, Melanchthon asked the preacher ZELL,
+of Strasburg, what he thought of the Lord's Supper? He honestly replied:
+"When God the Lord permitted me to arrive at a knowledge of his holy
+Gospel, I never believed, taught, and preached otherwise in regard to
+the Lord's Supper, but that the true body and the true blood of Jesus
+Christ, my Saviour, are offered to all those who receive and partake of
+the Lord's Supper. But as for believing that I must receive the body and
+blood in the Lord's Supper, _substantialiter_, _essentialiter_,
+_realiter_, _naturaliter_, _praesentialiter_, _localiter_,
+_corporaliter_, _transubstantialiter_, _quantitative_, _qualitative_,
+_ubiqualiter_, _carnaliter_, I believe the devil has brought these words
+from hell. Christ simply said, 'This is my body, this is my blood.'"
+Melanchthon replied, in a pleasant manner: "You have given a correct
+answer." On the 14th of October, he went to Nuertingen, and there
+consulted with the Duke about the arrangement of the University. From
+this place he wrote an encouraging letter to the professors of the
+University, in which he assures them that the Duke entertained the
+kindest feelings towards the University, and looked upon it as one of
+the most important institutions of the state.
+
+The Duke commissioned Melanchthon to write to Brenz at Hall, to induce
+him to accept a professorship in the University. Melanchthon discharged
+this honorable duty on the 17th of October. He entreated Brenz in the
+most earnest manner, in the name of the Duke, to accept of the
+appointment at least for _one_ year, until a suitable person could be
+found. Yea, he conjured him for the sake of Christ and the good of the
+Church, and said that he would go himself, if the Elector of Saxony
+would suffer him to go for a time. "But," he adds, "I cannot preach, and
+therefore would be of little use in such a situation." Brenz actually
+accepted the call, and received the permission of his government for
+this purpose. The Duke dismissed Melanchthon in the most friendly
+manner, and presented him with one hundred gold florins. He journeyed
+through Goeppingen and Ellwangen to Nuremberg, where a circle of devoted
+friends resided, such as Baumgaertner, Ebner, Dietrich, Roting, Osiander,
+and others. A dispute concerning Private Confession was carried on here
+at this time. Andrew Osiander was involved in it. He adhered to this
+ancient and established custom of the Church, whilst others maintained
+that forgiveness of sins was to be sought in preaching, in the general
+Confession, and in the Sacrament. Osiander granted that forgiveness was
+also granted in preaching, but did not wish the servant of Christ
+immediately to say: I absolve thee from thy sins, without knowing who
+should be bound and who absolved. He feared confusion, because the
+wicked man might thus falsely comfort himself with absolution; and he
+called this absolution juggling. Against this last, Melanchthon declared
+himself in writing and verbally, for he understood very well that
+absolution "is effectual to those who receive it with true faith, and
+comfort themselves with it,"--"although others are present to whom the
+absolution does not apply. These, however, are reminded and excluded by
+the condition of repentance." It was, however, also his opinion that
+efforts should be made to re-establish Private Confession more and more
+in future. At the same time he modestly suggests that others also "who
+have more knowledge," should give their opinion in this matter. From
+Nuremberg he wrote to Camerarius, and revealed his troubles in regard to
+these disputes: "Oh that this evil might be remedied! I am oppressed and
+consumed by private and public cares. Therefore I so earnestly long for
+your company, with whom I somewhat refreshed myself. I am most painfully
+troubled about these disputes, by which, as is very evident, Churches
+and States are rent. Therefore we will withdraw from all such disputes,
+and devote all our zeal to the education of youth, and to form their
+judgment, so that, as much as possible, we may provide for posterity. I
+shall exert myself more and more to instil moderate and useful
+principles into the minds of the young, and to restrain them from such
+foolish disputes."
+
+While he was thus pouring forth his sorrows, he himself was threatened
+with a great trial in Wittenberg. A preacher named Conrad Cordatus, of
+Niemegk, a zealous adherent of Luther, had been present at a lecture,
+delivered by Cruciger towards the end of July, 1536. In this, Cruciger
+expressed the opinion that in the article of Justification, good works
+are the condition, without which we cannot be saved. Cordatus was
+greatly and properly shocked at this, for such a form of expression was
+totally opposed to the doctrine of the Lutheran Church. In the following
+month he wrote to Cruciger, to call him to account, on account of this
+wrong doctrine. The professor did not reply. Cordatus wrote again,
+threatening that he would not be silent until he should hear a
+recantation of this heresy. If this should not be done, he would apply
+to the theological faculty for a decision. He also said that there were
+many trifling Theologians in Wittenberg, who would rather read and hear
+the dead Erasmus than the living Luther. Now Cruciger replied, and
+defended his views. On the 17th of September, Cordatus came to
+Wittenberg, and visited Cruciger. He here heard that what he had read
+concerning the Gospel of John was the work of Melanchthon, who, as
+Ratzeberger relates, in a manner composed their lectures for the
+professors. "For no labor was distasteful to Philip, and he served every
+one cheerfully." The next day Cordatus went to Luther, and presented the
+whole matter to him. Luther replied: "You are not the first to inform me
+of this. Michael Stiefel and Amsdorf have already asked me about it." It
+is not known how much more was spoken and resolved, although it seems
+that Luther labored to suppress the difficulty. Melanchthon's journey of
+recreation was not a little embittered, for he received the news of this
+occurrence in Wittenberg. Even while yet upon the road he found it
+necessary to write to Luther, Bugenhagen, Jonas, and Cruciger, in which
+he at length justifies his manner of teaching. He says: "I never wished,
+and in this particular point of dispute, I have never taught anything
+else but what you all together unite in teaching." He declared that many
+had fallen into the opinion, especially on account of this
+proposition--"We are justified by faith alone," that we are justified by
+the new life, or the gifts communicated to us.
+
+Hence arose the question: If we are only acceptable by Grace, wherefore
+is the new life required? Although he highly praised good works, he yet
+distinctly states that they are neither the price nor the merit of
+eternal life. He prayed for Christ's sake that they should be convinced
+concerning him; that he had taught thus with the best intentions, and
+not on account of stubbornness of opinion. He had never wished to hold
+opinions different from their own, and if they wished to make him
+suspected and estranged, he would rather remove far away from them.
+Cordatus already circulated the report that Melanchthon would return to
+Wittenberg no more. But on the 5th of November, a few days after his
+letter, he arrived, and almost the first thing he did was to write a
+friendly and conciliatory letter to his accuser, in which he reminds him
+of old friendship, and says that he should have spoken to him first of
+all, if he found anything reprehensible in him. He concludes thus: "This
+cause, in which we are engaged, is not our own, but Christ's, whose
+glory I truly desire to serve." Cordatus had raised considerable
+excitement, which spread even to the Court of the Elector. Towards the
+end of December, Cordatus referred the decision of this matter to Jonas,
+then Rector of the University, who had already besought him to desist
+from the accusation. Another event, however, put a stop to this
+disagreeable matter for the present.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE CONVENTION AT SMALKALD.
+
+
+We have before referred to the proceedings instituted by the Elector,
+when he received notice that Pope Paul III. was about to convene a
+Council at Mantua. The Evangelical States appointed a meeting at
+Smalkald, February 7, 1537, in order to deliberate whether they should
+accept the invitation to attend the Papal diet or not. The Elector, at
+the same time, as Luther informs us, commissioned him "to arrange
+articles of our doctrine, in order to see if it should come to this,
+what and how much we could and would yield to the Papists, and which we
+finally intend to adhere to." This led to the so-called "_Smalkald
+Articles_," which were very properly adopted among the Confessional
+writings of the Lutheran Church. When he had completed this work, the
+Theologians from abroad, Amsdorf, Agricola, and Spalatin, met with
+Luther and Melanchthon in Wittenberg, in order to discuss these articles
+before they should be delivered at the meeting at Smalkald. This
+document contains three parts. The _first_ relates to the doctrines of
+the _Divine Majesty_, in which both parties were agreed. The _second_
+part treats of the articles "which refer to the office and work of Jesus
+Christ, or our Salvation." 1. It speaks of Justification by Faith alone.
+"From this article," it declares, "we cannot move or let anything fall,
+if heaven and earth should fall." 2. They treat of the Mass and
+Invocation of Saints. 3. Of charitable foundations and convents. And 4.
+Of the Papacy. The _third_ part included the doctrines of Sin, of the
+Law, Repentance, of the erroneous repentance of the Papists, of the
+Gospel, of Baptism, of the Sacrament of the Altar, of the Keys, of
+Confession, of Excommunication, of Ordination and Vocation, of the
+Marriage of the Priests, of the Church, of Justification and good works,
+of Monastic Vows, and Human Ordinances. Luther says, "These are the
+articles to which I must and will adhere until I die, if it pleases God;
+and I know of nothing in them that I can alter or yield. But if any one
+wishes to yield anything, let him do it upon his conscience."
+
+These articles, which are composed with a truly Lutheran vigor, were
+highly approved of by the Theologians. They subscribed them in
+Wittenberg. Melanchthon also signed them, and added these remarks: "I,
+Philip Melanchthon, also consider the above articles right and
+Christian. But concerning the Pope, I hold, that his superiority over
+the Bishops, which he otherwise possesses, should also be conceded by
+us, jure humano, (according to human right,) on account of the peace and
+unity of those Christians who now yield obedience to him, and may do so
+in time to come." Luther had disputed this _human right_ of the Pope, in
+the article on the Papacy; and surely not without good reason. For a
+Pope, as he was now presupposed by Melanchthon, had never existed in any
+place. If he accepted the Gospel, he was no longer Pope; he could not
+longer be Pope. It was clearly an erroneous yielding to the powers on
+the opposing side, and must be explained by Melanchthon's timidity, as
+is manifested in his letter to Veit Dietrich, January 20: "When I think
+of the Convention, and of the terrible conflicts, which, I believe,
+will arise there, I shudder all over my body." The Elector was highly
+pleased with Luther's articles, and did not agree with Melanchthon's
+view of the Pope; for he saw very well that they would by this expose
+themselves to future suppression and extermination.
+
+Towards the end of January, Luther, Melanchthon, and Bugenhagen,
+departed for Smalkald, although Melanchthon's health was seriously
+affected. They passed through Torgau, Altenburg, and Weimar. In the
+latter city, Luther preached before the retinue of the Papal Nuncio. He
+was not afraid to complain that the kings and bishops hated the
+Evangelical party more than the Turks. On the 7th of February they
+arrived at Smalkald, and eight days after this the Convention was
+opened. But they had not been here long, when Luther became very ill
+with violent pains of the stone. Immediately every attention was paid by
+the physicians of the princes, but in vain. Luther begged Melanchthon to
+send for Dr. Sturz, of Erfurt, in whom he reposed great confidence.
+Philip wrote to him: "I beseech you to come at once, and do not fail,
+when such a man is in danger." He took Luther's illness much to heart,
+which he manifested in all his letters at this time. He wrote to Jonas,
+"Let us pray to God earnestly, that he would preserve him, and restore
+him to health." Luther did not wish to remain in Smalkald any longer,
+and had himself conveyed away. When he was riding out of the gate of the
+city, he turned to the friends who were escorting him, with these words:
+"God fill you with hatred against the Pope!" This legacy to those
+remaining behind was faithfully taken to heart by them.
+
+The object of this meeting of Smalkald was, as Melanchthon stated in a
+letter to Jonas, partly thoroughly to discuss doctrine, in order to
+promote uniformity in all the churches, and partly also to deliberate
+to which articles they would adhere to the last, and in which they might
+yield should any hope of peace appear. This, too, was the Elector's
+plan, but it did not succeed, particularly as far as _yielding_ was
+concerned, because the more determined Theologians were altogether
+opposed to it. They entertained the opinion, which was no doubt correct,
+that to yield would be explained as inconstancy both by friends and
+foes, and the Emperor would only press them more urgently because they
+seemed to fly. Even a closer comparison of doctrine did not become
+popular, doubtless because they feared that if disunion should arise,
+the League would be broken. Luther's illness and departure also
+interfered with the deliberations. The Theologians, together with Bucer
+and Blaurer, who represented the upper Germans, as well as the princes,
+continued to adhere to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology. They
+also subscribed the Smalkald articles.
+
+Melanchthon wrote to Jonas, that, in order they might not be idle, and
+play the part of dumb persons, they had received orders to write
+something in regard to the power of the Roman Chief-Priest. He applied
+himself to this task, and confesses himself that it was sharper than he
+generally wrote. He still entertained the opinion that the Council
+should not be rejected unconditionally, and did not wish to dispute the
+Pope's right to call such an one, even if he should not be considered
+judge. Those who were more determined, granted that some of the reasons
+of Melanchthon were acute and true, but they were not expedient; for
+even if they should promise an attendance of the Evangelical party in
+this Council, their opponents would interpret this as a submission to
+the right of Papal decision. He himself could not deny that his views
+were somewhat dangerous, and finally yielded to the majority; but it
+drew forth sighs and complaints, which he poured into the heart of his
+friend Camerarius. But he also confesses that the lawfulness of the good
+cause affords great consolation, let the consequences be what they will.
+
+The Imperial Ambassador, HELD, a decided enemy of the Evangelical party,
+was to receive their answer. They informed him that they could not
+approve of the Council of Mantua, and therefore begged the Emperor to
+provide a free Council. Held made many objections, and promised that the
+Emperor would see to it, that everything should be lawfully decided in
+the General Council. However, the Evangelical states were not satisfied
+with such general declarations. They delivered a written statement,
+prepared by Melanchthon, both to him and the Papal Nuncio, Bishop Vorst
+of Aix, in which they justify themselves for declining to meet with the
+Council. He proved in a thorough manner, that there was no divine right
+constituting the Pope the head of the Christian Church, and that he
+consequently deserved no obedience. He also disputed the power of the
+bishops, because it was merely founded upon human regulations. The
+princes and divines assembled in Smalkald were so highly pleased with
+this work, that they subscribed it with joy. During this meeting, the
+Theologians present felt themselves urged to recommend a proper
+appropriation of the possessions of the Church to the princes. They said
+in their address: "May your electoral and princely highnesses, for God's
+sake, take this great want to heart, and exhort the states that the
+possessions of churches and convents be principally retained for and
+applied to the support of churches and schools, which will be for the
+glory of God, and the good of the people, and will also prevent their
+dissipation, which would injure the Church, government, and country."
+The princes received this address in a very gracious manner, and the
+Landgrave of Hesse declared that in this thing help must be given by
+deeds, and not merely by words.
+
+Thus the Convention was brought to a close, and Melanchthon rejoiced to
+be able to go home again. On the 14th of March he returned with Luther,
+who had recovered again, and whom he found on the way to Wittenberg. He
+could not thank God sufficiently that his friend Luther was well again,
+and in all his letters he calls upon his friends to thank the Lord for
+this. On the 16th of March he wrote to Agricola: "I was seized by a
+peculiar sorrow when I saw Luther's danger. I was moved to it by the
+loss of the Church, but also by my love for this man, and my admiration
+of his distinguished and heroic virtues. I could not but be greatly
+troubled at the danger of such a man. Therefore, I heartily thank God
+and our Lord Jesus Christ, that he has looked upon our tears and sighs,
+and has restored Luther to health." In another letter he calls upon
+Spalatin, not only to be thankful for this, but also to pray God "that
+he would preserve such a teacher for his Church for a long time."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+CONFLICTS IN THE EVANGELICAL CAMP.
+
+
+On the day after his arrival in Wittenberg he wrote to Veit Dietrich:
+"Wittenberg, by the grace of God, is still quiet;" and as late as the
+14th of April he wrote: "There is still peace here, and Christ grant
+that it may endure for a long time." He little thought that conflicts,
+which should trouble him greatly, would soon break out in this camp. The
+dispute which had arisen, certainly not without Melanchthon's fault, was
+interrupted for a while by the convention at Smalkald, but it was not
+yet to be brought to a conclusion. On the 14th of April, Cordatus
+addressed a letter to Melanchthon, in which he accuses him of making
+Cruciger's cause his own, and also complains that unworthy motives were
+imputed to him. It is true, Melanchthon had made this cause his own, and
+could not well do otherwise. He had invited Cordatus to an interview, by
+a man named Ungarus; but he did not come, because, as he himself
+confesses in the letter already mentioned, he was too much excited
+against Melanchthon, and particularly because Melanchthon had before
+that only spoken jestingly of the whole matter, and his present
+earnestness was altogether unexpected." He also addressed a letter to
+Dr. Jonas, then Rector of the University, in which he prays that
+Cruciger should be compelled publicly to recant the error he had
+publicly proclaimed. That he could not now desist, in his own name, from
+that which he had begun in the name of Christ. Jonas replied in a very
+haughty manner, and accused him of seeking notoriety, because he was
+disgusted with his obscurity and little church, and advises him to obey,
+and to tame his violent disposition. But this merely served to call
+forth stronger letters from Cordatus to Jonas and Melanchthon, in which
+he threatened that he would apply to the whole Theological faculty. At
+the same time he also gave notice of this matter to Chancellor Brueck,
+and said: "I cannot endure that so great a crowd at Wittenberg oppose
+the blessed doctrine of the pious man Luther, who is indeed the only
+Doctor of these things, and that too, God knows, without just cause."
+And besides, that Melanchthon had written to him yesterday: "I have of
+my own accord altered many things in my little volume, and I rejoice
+that I made these alterations." Melanchthon, in a letter to Bucer, April
+23d, complained most bitterly of Cordatus, and insisted upon his
+proposition, that new obedience is necessary to eternal life. In this
+too, as in a letter to Dietrich, he spoke of retiring from Wittenberg if
+he should see that the conduct of Cordatus met with approbation.
+
+This dispute at last attracted the attention of the Elector, who
+directed an inquiry to Luther and Bugenhagen, May 5th, through the
+Chancellor, whether it was true that Master Philip, Dr. Cruciger, and
+many masters and students, entertained different opinions from Luther
+and Pomeranus in some doctrines. The Inquiry referred to several points,
+especially to _Justification_, concerning which, Cruciger is said, by
+Melanchthon's direction, to have taught publicly a year ago that we are
+not justified before God by faith alone, "but that works were also
+necessary, for they are _causa sine qua non_," (the condition, without
+which we cannot be saved.) The Inquiry also referred to another point,
+according to which men might securely, and without burdening their
+consciences, receive the Sacrament in _one_ kind. There is also said to
+be a difference in reference to "free will."
+
+The Elector especially censured Melanchthon for arbitrarily altering the
+Augsburg Confession, which was not a private, but a public Confession.
+The people, too, were highly displeased with this. He required an answer
+to this and several other points. He would rather suffer the University,
+which had prospered under Melanchthon, to decrease, than endure such
+divisions. Luther did not say anything about this to Melanchthon. When a
+certain Peter Ravus was made a Doctor, on the 4th of June, Luther led to
+the discussion of the doctrine of the necessity of good works, and
+rejected the formula that good works are necessary to salvation.
+Cruciger, who yielded at last, wrote a lengthy account of this to
+Dietrich. Cordatus was silent after this public discussion, in which
+Melanchthon's formula had been defeated; and Master Philip himself began
+to retract, no doubt because he saw that his formula might be promotive
+of work-righteousness. He simply wished to insist upon the doctrine that
+sanctification must necessarily follow from justification. He should not
+therefore have adhered so obstinately to his formula in the beginning.
+
+The "Inquiry" of the Elector referred to an opinion, that under certain
+circumstances, one kind of the sacrament might also be distributed.
+Melanchthon had thus advised the preacher JACOB SHENK, of Freiberg, who
+had asked his opinion whether he should not introduce both kinds of the
+sacrament into his congregation, even against the will of the
+authorities. This answer, which regarded the circumstances of the case,
+and wished to prevent rebellion against tyrannical princes, had been
+given without any consultation with Luther. Shenk sent Melanchthon's
+letter to the Elector's court at Weimar. When Melanchthon heard of this,
+he was greatly incensed. On the 16th of July he wrote to Brenz that he
+was here contending with a Hydra. As soon as he was done with one, many
+others arise. Another slanderer of Freiberg had complained of him to the
+Elector. He now refers to the cause which had induced this friend and
+former hearer to take this step. On the 11th of October he wrote to
+Camerarius, that the prince was present himself. For he had sent his
+Chancellor to speak with Luther concerning this matter. The result of
+this interview was, that Luther expressed his surprise that Melanchthon
+still entertained such fancies; and, on the whole, he thought that
+Melanchthon did not think much of the sacrament, and was almost of
+Zwingli's opinion. Yet he was not able to say how he felt at heart, and
+did not wish that so distinguished a man should separate from them and
+their University. But if he should adhere to the opinion expressed to
+Shenk, why everything else must yield to the truth. If for the sake of
+peace, we are to permit _one_ kind, we should also be obliged to yield
+to tyrants, if they wished us to teach that works justify us. "I think,"
+said the Chancellor, "that it would do no harm if Dr. Martinus would
+proceed, and speak earnestly and cordially with Philip. There is a chain
+in these matters which connects something. May the Almighty overrule it
+for good."
+
+October 13, Melanchthon wrote to Dietrich: "Yesterday I understood that
+several articles should be presented to me to subscribe, but I am not
+certain of anything, because everything is kept secret. Not only are all
+who are considered my friends excluded from these interviews and
+deliberations, but also all those who do not seem to be full of the
+proper heat and violence. I earnestly hope that, if they are displeased
+with me, they will produce their complaints openly and without
+concealment. I have to-day prepared a defence."
+
+He completed this, and met all the accusations against him, not only in
+regard to the Lord's Suppers but also in regard to those other points in
+which he had somewhat changed his views. The day on which he was to make
+his defence was already appointed, but Luther's illness prevented the
+meeting. Besides this, Shenk went over to Agricola, who, as is well
+known, held the erroneous doctrine that the law is no longer to be
+taught in the Christian Church. On this account no further notice was
+taken of him.
+
+The year 1538 also brought him fresh troubles. In the summer Melanchthon
+had indeed been honored by being made Rector of the University, but he
+was soon to experience the unpleasant part of his office. A young Master
+SIMON LEMNIUS, a Grison, had published a small volume of satirical
+poems, in which he not only ridiculed several citizens of Wittenberg,
+but also the most worthy Professors, among them even Luther and
+Melanchthon. He even made satirical allusions to the Elector's Court. On
+the other hand, he praised Archbishop ALBERT of Mentz, who indeed
+deserved so little praise. This part displeased Luther more than all the
+rest; and he expressed his displeasure, "because this lampooner praises
+that miserable town-clerk of Halle, (pardon the expression,) Bishop
+Albert, and thus makes a saint of the devil." As many were already
+prejudiced against Melanchthon, he was suspected of secretly having
+countenanced the satirical poems of Lemnius. For, among other things, it
+was also the duty of the Rector of the University to keep a watchful
+eye upon the various publications.
+
+It was certainly a fault that Melanchthon had overlooked this; however,
+he did everything he could to rectify it. He forbade the satirist to
+leave the city; and when he fled, and did not appear after having been
+summoned twice, he was expelled. However, his enemies were not satisfied
+yet, and Melanchthon believed it necessary to send a written
+justification of his conduct to the Elector. He proves that he could not
+have known anything of this lampoon, because he and his wife are also
+attacked in two places in the most virulent manner. He had not seen a
+page of the book until it was handed to him, and then he scarcely looked
+into it, regarding it as an abject petition addressed to the Bishop of
+Mentz; but when he had examined it more carefully, he had forbidden the
+author to leave the city. As he had fled, and did not appear to answer
+the summons, he had been expelled from the University as a traitor and
+calumniator. Melanchthon thus concludes: "This is indeed the truth, for
+by God's grace, unfaithfulness and falsehood shall never be laid to my
+charge." When it was said that his son-in-law Sabinus knew something of
+it, he added to his report: "I do not know what my son-in-law knew of,
+or did in this matter, for he has caused me enough sorrow in other
+matters, which I must labor to mend." This settled the whole matter. But
+these repeated attacks grieved Melanchthon exceedingly, as appears from
+various letters to his friends. He once wrote to Camerarius, that he
+felt in Wittenberg as if he was tied to Mount Caucasus. The continual,
+bitter sorrows which had been weighing upon his mind for years, and his
+daily anxieties, were preying upon him so much, that he feared he would
+not live much longer.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PRINCES AT FRANKFORT, AND THE VICTORIES OF THE
+REFORMATION.
+
+
+The Catholics and Protestants assumed a more hostile attitude towards
+each other; but the Electors of Brandenburg and the Palatinate
+interposed, and finally succeeded in bringing about a meeting of the
+princes, in Frankfort-on-the-Main, at the beginning of the year 1539. On
+the 31st of January, Melanchthon also went thither. From Weimar he wrote
+to Jonas, that there was some hope of peace, for the princes manifested
+their readiness to bring it about. The Emperor and King Ferdinand had
+likewise sent ambassadors. They were not regarded much before they had
+presented their offers as to the conditions of peace. But when the
+Imperial orator requested the mediators already mentioned to make
+propositions for peace, according to their judgment, a star of hope
+seemed to arise. The Count Palatine and the Margrave hereupon demanded a
+form of agreement from the Protestants, in order to learn what they
+still missed in the Nuremberg Religious Peace. The Protestants complied
+with this request; they demanded that not only the states of the present
+time, but also those who should receive the Gospel in the future, should
+receive full liberty, and especially also that the proceedings of the
+Imperial chamber of justice should be stopped. Thus matters stood March
+4th, as Melanchthon wrote to Jonas; but the ambassadors were stubborn,
+and would by no means consent to the proposed conditions of peace. He
+wrote to the prince of Anhalt: "May God incline their minds to the love
+of peace!" But this did not happen; on the contrary, the Imperial
+ambassador overwhelmed the Protestants with accusations, although the
+mediators seemed more inclined to terms. Melanchthon wrote to BRENZ "The
+matter has almost come to that point, that, as the Emperor said, the
+time for arms, and not for deliberations, seems to have arrived. Yet,
+although I tremble when I think what a very serious matter this is, I am
+sometimes surprised that our friends, who are so greatly irritated, do
+not break forth more violently."
+
+They could not effect an agreement. Thus time passed on, and
+Melanchthon, in the meantime, wrote three discourses in the German
+language. The _first_ treated of the right of defence, if they should be
+attacked by their enemies; the _second_ showed that upright persons
+could not take up arms against the Protestants; and the _third_, that
+all the godly must assist them. Some disputed the right of waging war
+against the Emperor. Two years ago the Wittenbergers had declared the
+lawfulness of this step, maintaining that the Gospel did not oppose
+natural rights or public laws. All hopes of an agreement diminished more
+and more, and he was obliged to write to Camerarius, on April 5th: "We
+have here been weaving the veil of Penelope. If we have rejected one
+form of peace, another is laid before us, which merely differs from the
+preceding one in words, but not in sense. Some maintain that they are
+treacherously procrastinating this matter, but this has not frightened
+us as yet. I hope that the Empire may remain undisturbed, although no
+fair conditions could yet be obtained from the Imperial orator. He
+demands that we should not receive any new confederates. This shameful
+condition is introduced again and again, with new sophistries, although
+it has been rejected repeatedly. In this you have the entire history of
+the Convention. In the beginning, I disputed concerning a number of
+points; but when the Imperial ambassador made such unreasonable demands,
+I ceased; and if no truce is made, we shall publish the reasons which
+induced us to reject those demands." For this purpose he had prepared
+his three German discourses. Luther understood the state of things very
+well when he wrote; that one party wished an open door for the Gospel,
+and the other locked it; and the matter was now so, that Christ and
+Belial must be united, or one must yield to the other.
+
+As the King of England still intended to enter into a league with the
+Protestants, and had therefore sent his ambassador, CHRISTOPHER MOUAT,
+to the Convention at Smalkald, Melanchthon again addressed a letter to
+him. In his letter, dated April 1st, he most earnestly urges the King,
+that, as he had already reformed some abuses in the Church, he should
+also abolish all remaining Roman ungodliness. At the same time, Louis
+von Baumbach and Francis Burckard, vice-chancellor of the Electorate of
+Saxony, departed from Frankfort to England. These messengers were
+received by the King in a very friendly manner, but they could not
+induce Henry to reform the Church according to the principles of the
+Gospel. When Henry demanded again that Melanchthon should be sent over,
+it was not done, for they saw very well that the King was not serious in
+this matter. He had also received Melanchthon's letter in a very
+ungracious manner. Henry was an obstinate man, who pretended to be a
+Theologian himself. How ridiculous this his boasted learning was, is
+apparent, for instance, in the argument he advances for the necessity of
+good works. He argued, because evil works merit everlasting wrath, it
+follows that good works merit everlasting bliss. At the request of the
+Elector and the Landgrave, Melanchthon also addressed a letter to King
+Francis of France, in order to explain the character of the League of
+Smalkald to him. This was brought about, not for bad ends, but simply to
+defend the Gospel. He thus concludes this letter: "It is much to be
+desired that the greatest monarchs will prevent a suppression of the
+truth by unjust means." At last the Convention of the Princes at
+Frankfort adjourned. On the 19th of April they agreed on a truce of
+fifteen months, and also a religious discussion, to be held in
+Nuremberg, August 1st. "We thank God," Melanchthon writes from Saalfeld
+April 23d, "that no one is permitted to begin war, and that the peace of
+Nuremberg has again been established and renewed. But this was only
+gained by great exertions."
+
+He was now to have a more agreeable experience than he had been
+accustomed to for the past few years. On the 17th of April, Duke GEORGE
+of Saxony, this decided enemy of the Gospel, departed this life. It is
+true, it is said that he passed from this world with full faith in the
+Lord Jesus Christ. He had already, in the beginning of this year,
+expressed a wish that a reformation of his dominions should be
+undertaken. But he wished a Reformation like that of King Henry of
+England. He did not wish the Scriptures to decide, but rather the
+traditions of the first eight centuries. However, Melanchthon, together
+with Chancellor Brueck and Bucer, had gone to Leipzig in the beginning of
+January, in order to negotiate with GEORGE VON CARLOWITZ, and GEORGE
+WIZEL, who, after having become a Protestant, had returned into the
+bosom of the Catholic Church. These negotiations, however, were soon
+brought to a conclusion, because the principles of the two parties were
+entirely opposed to each other. But now, after the accession of the
+Duke's brother HENRY, the Reformation was accomplished easily and
+rapidly, for he was a friend of Evangelical truth. It was, indeed, a
+blessing that death had carried off Duke George so suddenly, for, as
+Melanchthon relates in a letter to Camerarius, he intended to exclude
+his brother and the other heirs, and to bequeath his dominions to King
+Ferdinand. But it is evident in this case also, that God's thoughts are
+often different from, and always better than the thoughts of men. The
+new Duke had an interview with the Elector, concerning the Reformation
+of his dukedom, on the 5th of May. May 22d, Melanchthon, Luther, and
+Jonas went to Leipzig, where Myconius and Cruciger were already, in
+order to reform the Church and University according to the Gospel. On
+the 28th of May, they published their opinion in regard to the
+Reformation of the University, in which they declared that "all
+government is bound before God to abolish and forbid false doctrine and
+false worship." All preaching, discussions, reading, distribution of the
+Sacrament, and all their ceremonies, were to be forbidden to the monks,
+because they continued to practise, and would not forsake their
+blasphemy. The Theologians of the University should be required "to
+receive this doctrine, or, if they should be unwilling to do this, that
+they should not be allowed to lecture, dispute, or preach. Also, that it
+was highly necessary to introduce Christian doctrine into the schools
+and churches at the same time." In addition to this, they proposed
+Amsdorf, Dr. Hess of Breslau, or Alexander Alesius and Ziegler, as
+teachers of the Hebrew language. That it would also be necessary to
+increase the salaries, for twenty florins would no longer suffice in
+these times, especially as the professors were married. The abundance
+of the convents should be taken from them, and provision made for poor
+students of Theology, because "the rich do not become pastors and
+preachers, for alas! they are ashamed of this high service of God."
+
+On Pentecost the Evangelical form of worship was introduced in Leipzig,
+and Luther preached a powerful sermon. On the 30th of May we already
+find our friend Melanchthon busily engaged in Wittenberg. But his eyes
+were still bent upon Leipzig, where his two dear friends Myconius and
+Cruciger had to contend with the powers of darkness. He comforted and
+encouraged them in a letter dated June 6: "I pray God and our Lord Jesus
+Christ to be with and to preserve you in your conflicts and dangers. For
+I have no doubt that you have there become acquainted with the
+pharisaical, yea diabolical venom of the enemies of the Gospel. But you
+know that your labor will redound to the honor of Christ, and you also
+know how much the Empire would be benefited by the reunion of these
+countries. Therefore patiently endure labor and danger in so important a
+cause." "We look for your letters with fearful anxiety, and pray you to
+write more frequently. Here, by the Grace of God, we have peace, only we
+have almost too much to do."
+
+On the 24th of June he wrote to Duke ALBERT of Prussia: "According to
+the latest news we learn, that by the hand of God, the Gospel has had a
+good and flourishing beginning in the dominions of Duke Henry of Saxony,
+as well as in Leipzig and other places. May our Lord Jesus Christ grant
+his Grace to it! In Leipzig they have begun to administer the sacrament
+in the true way, and they are also abolishing secret masses." A few days
+before, Myconius and Cruciger had a severe conflict with the Dominicans.
+The disputation lasted eight hours. After this the University renounced
+the Roman Church. Many were, however, not at all satisfied with this
+Reformation, which was especially opposed by John von Maltitz, Bishop of
+Meissen. He sent a memorial to the Duke, which was either composed by
+Pflug or Witzel, and asked that the reformation of the defects of the
+Church should be left to him. The Duke sent it to the Elector, who
+required an opinion from his Theologians in regard to it. Melanchthon is
+the author of this opinion. Although this _Meissen Book_, as the
+Bishop's memorial was called, had taken up some portions of the true
+doctrine, in order to be more acceptable, yet on the whole it adhered to
+hereditary teachings, and found fault with the Protestants.
+
+As Melanchthon, Luther, and Jonas, appealed to the Holy Scriptures, they
+could easily refute the Bishop's book. They therefore declare: "That
+they announce to the priests that they would not receive or approve of
+their book; and that they did not consider it calculated to effect the
+Reformation and Improvement of the Church, nor to bring about a
+Christian agreement."
+
+As Melanchthon had been so active in the Reformation of the Church and
+University in Leipzig, he was now commissioned to visit the Churches in
+the Duke's possessions in Thuringia, and also some cities in Meissen. He
+discharged this duty, and found a most lamentable state of things. We
+will extract some parts of his report. Of the minister at Weissensee he
+says, that he was unlearned, frivolous, and led a scandalous life; that
+the people asked for a good Pastor, and displayed an affection for the
+Gospel. Of the minister of Danstadt he says, that he was a highly
+vicious person, and should be deposed at once. The two preachers of
+Sangerhaus, although they had adopted the new doctrine, were accused of
+adultery. The minister in Freiburg is a venomous blasphemer, sent
+thither by Eck, and ought to be deposed forthwith. He also proposed
+persons for these vacant places. Myconius should be lent for a time to
+Annaberg. He thus discharged his duty in the region which he had been
+appointed to visit, in a most earnest and conscientious manner. He also
+enjoyed the great satisfaction of hearing that his dearest friend in the
+world, Joachim Camerarius, had been called to a Professorship in
+Leipzig, in 1541.
+
+He had not long completed his labors in the dominions of the Duke, when
+he received a call from the Elector of Brandenburg, JOACHIM II., to come
+to Berlin, in order to give his advice in regard to the introduction of
+the Reformation in that country.
+
+We have already seen that the Elector had acted as mediator in the
+assembly of the princes at Frankfort; so he also wished to introduce a
+Church discipline of this character, which was strongly tainted with
+Catholicism, although he wished the preaching of the Gospel to remain
+free. Melanchthon, who met the Elector about the 12th of October,
+induced him to change his Church discipline after the pattern of that of
+Nuremberg, although it still retained much that was Catholic. He wrote
+to Dietrich, that private masses were abolished, that the priests were
+permitted to marry, that the invocation of saints was abolished, that
+the preaching of the pure doctrine was enjoined, and that the Lord's
+Supper was distributed in both kinds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+HELP IN A DANGEROUS ILLNESS.
+
+
+When he returned, he found the plague raging in Wittenberg. It had
+carried off his dear friend and brother-in-law, the jurist SEBALD
+MUeNSTERER, together with his wife. He received their children into his
+own house; but he himself felt seriously indisposed, and entertained
+earnest thoughts of death. On the 26th of October, he wrote to his
+beloved Dietrich in Nuremberg, that he was now standing in one of the
+climacterical years of human life, the forty-second year, which had
+proved the year of death to many; that his strength had failed, partly
+because of the sorrows of the soul, and partly on account of his
+excessive labors. He continues thus: "Although I might wish to live
+somewhat longer, on account of my children, and also on account of my
+books, yet I shall follow God with resignation, whenever it pleases him
+to call me away from this place. I am very glad that you so kindly offer
+your assistance to my son (Philip, then 14 years old), and I commend him
+to you; for he will need the kindness of his friends, when I am gone.
+His moral character is good, but I cannot praise his temperament; and I
+also believe that he does not possess sufficient talent to study."
+
+Although many fled on account of the plague, he was determined to remain
+in Wittenberg. "I will bear the present cross, as I have borne many
+other things; God will put an end to it." At that time, when he was
+very weak, and suffering much from sleeplessness, he made his will,
+from which we here present a few extracts, showing his truly Christian
+disposition. He began by declaring, that after the manner of the
+fathers, he wished to prepare his will, as a Confession for his friends
+and children, in order that they might abide by it at all times. "And
+first of all do I return thanks to God, the Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, who was crucified for us, the Creator of all things, that he has
+called me to repentance and the knowledge of the Gospel, and beseech
+him, for the sake of his Son, whom he has given as a sacrifice for us,
+that he would forgive my sins, accept of, and justify me, hear me, and
+deliver me from eternal death, as I also confidently trust he will do.
+For he has commanded us to believe it; and it is a sin to think our sins
+greater than the death of the Son of God. I prefer him before my sins.
+But I pray that God would strengthen these beginnings of faith, by the
+Holy Ghost, for the sake of his Son, our mediator. I am indeed troubled
+concerning my own sins, and the offences of others; but I consider the
+death of the Son of God greater, so that Grace is mightier than sin." He
+then proceeds to confess his belief in the Apostles' and Nicene Creed,
+and the entire system of doctrine which he had so unequivocally declared
+in his _Loci Communes_, and the Epistle to the Romans. He warns his
+children against the Roman Church, which in many articles teaches the
+most corrupt doctrine. "I therefore beg my children to obey me in this,
+on account of the divine commandment, that they do not connect
+themselves with the Papists." He also particularly warns them against
+those frivolous persons who should deny the doctrines of the Son of God,
+and of the Holy Ghost, among whom he especially mentions Servetus. He
+also defends himself against the suspicions of those who have said that
+he leaned to the side of the enemy; he calls God to witness that he
+never wished to do so. He never wished to spread any new doctrine, but
+adhered to that doctrine which had been brought to light in these latter
+days, by Dr. Martin Luther. He therefore thanks this man of God,
+"firstly, because I have learned the Gospel from him; and secondly, on
+account of his particular kindness towards me, which he has manifested
+in many acts of kindness; and I wish that he may be always revered as a
+father by the members of my family." Then he also gratefully mentions
+the Elector, Chancellor Brueck, his brother George, in Bretten,
+Camerarius, and a number of other friends. "I beseech them all kindly to
+forgive all my faults, if I have in any respect offended any of them; I
+never wished to offend any one wilfully." But the Lord still needed him
+for important labors; his health gradually returned, and he could again
+attend to his numerous duties. He published one of his best writings,
+"On the Soul," about this time. Towards the close of this year, 1539,
+Bucer came to Wittenberg on account of a certain matter, which became a
+source of much bodily and mental distress to Melanchthon.
+
+The Landgrave, PHILIP of Hesse, had commissioned Bucer to solicit the
+opinions of the Wittenberg Theologians in a peculiar and very delicate
+matter. It did not refer to the general affairs of the Church, but a
+private, domestic affair of the Landgrave. For various reasons his
+affections had become alienated from his wife, and he believed that it
+would be better for him to form a new matrimonial connection than fall
+into sins of the flesh. Bucer brought an elaborate treatise with him,
+which justified this double marriage of the Landgrave, and now only
+wished that Luther and Melanchthon should also signify their approval
+of this step. The two Theologians delivered a "secret Confessor's
+advice," on the 10th of December, in which they show that God originally
+permitted man to have but one wife, and that this law, although God bore
+with its violation in the Old Covenant, was restored in the New
+Testament. But an exception should be made in the present case of
+necessity, in order to avoid greater evils; yet without making it
+public, so that the enemies of the Gospel could not cry out that the
+Protestants were like the Anabaptists, who took many wives at once.[19]
+With this wished-for advice, Bucer departed; and after the Landgrave had
+also obtained a formal consent from his wife to form a second marriage,
+he was secretly married to Lady Margaret von der Saale, on the 3d of
+March, 1540, at Rothenburg on the Fulda. Melanchthon, who was at the
+time in Smalkald attending a convention, was also invited, without being
+informed particularly of the character of the occasion. He was much
+offended because he was thus obliged to be present at the wedding, and
+never forgot this treatment of the Landgrave. But even upon the present
+occasion he exhorted him to take better care of pastors and the teachers
+of the schools, to avoid the vices of fornication and adultery, and to
+remember David's punishment; also, to keep this second marriage secret,
+and not permit it to be spoken of publicly.
+
+We have but now mentioned that Melanchthon was in Smalkald. He had gone
+thither on the 18th of February, 1540. It was proposed to discuss the
+Religious Convention here, which had been called to Spire. The
+Theologians had already, in obedience to the Elector's orders, delivered
+their opinion, "whether the Evangelical princes should enter into a
+worldly peace with the Bishops, and whether they could yield anything to
+them in matters of religion." This document was signed by the
+Theologians on the first of March. It discussed doctrine, needful
+external matters, and external indifferent matters, (adiaphora.) In the
+_first_ article of doctrine, it does not depart from the Confession, and
+will not yield anything. The _second_ article enumerates among external
+needful matters, the abolition of private masses, of the canon of the
+mass, of monastic vows, of the celibacy of the priesthood, of the
+Invocation of saints, of all magical ceremonies, as, for instance,
+herbs, consecration of bells, &c., and required the restoration of the
+Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. In this article also it does not
+yield anything. The _third_ article speaks of external indifferent
+matters, of the power of the Bishops, ordination, reading, singing,
+holidays, and other ceremonies, and of possessions. They expressed the
+opinion that if Princes and Bishops would accept doctrine and the
+needful points, arrangements might be made with them in reference to the
+last point. Envoys were sent from Smalkald to the Emperor, who was in
+Belgium at this time, to present the peaceful sentiments of the
+Protestants to him, and to pray him not to begin war. They returned with
+the most peaceful prospects, for the Emperor expressed his intention to
+institute further deliberations in regard to the harmony of the
+Churches. After Melanchthon had prepared another opinion, concerning the
+erroneous doctrines of Sebastian Franck and Caspar Schwenkfeldt, which
+was also signed by the Theologians, the Convention adjourned April 15th.
+Melanchthon returned by way of Erfurt, and on the 4th of May wrote to
+Dietrich that the Emperor did not as yet manifest any hostility,
+although he had not promised a certain peace. He, on this occasion,
+related that the Count-palatine Frederick had conversed with the Emperor
+in Spain, and had advised him to follow more moderate counsels. The
+Emperor promised him he would do so. He had not been long in Wittenberg,
+when he heard that the Emperor was willing to hold a convention at
+Spire. After having written a letter to the Emperor in Torgau, whither
+he had been called by the Elector, he departed in the beginning of June
+to attend this convention, which, according to the last orders, was to
+be held, not in Spire, but in Hagenau, in Alsatia. It is not to be
+wondered at, that he should have felt very unwell when he departed from
+Wittenberg, after so many exertions, and recent recovery from a severe
+illness. Before he departed, he deposited his last will with Cruciger. A
+large concourse of students and masters escorted him, and when he was
+crossing the bridge over the Elbe, he said: "We have lived upon Synods,
+and now we shall die there." With such thoughts of death he departed,
+and reached Weimar. Here he was obliged to remain for some time, because
+he was not sure whether he should go to Hagenau. Luther, at least, had
+written to the Elector beseeching him to see to it, "That each and every
+one of the delegates should be earnestly commanded, that they could not
+and should not depart from that which has now finally been harmoniously
+agreed upon at Smalkald."
+
+Melanchthon, however, was the person whose yielding temper was most
+objected to. He was at this time filled with indescribable dread,
+because a report reached his ears that the Landgrave intended to publish
+the secret advice of the Wittenbergers. He saw very well that its
+publication would not only place him in a very doubtful position, but
+would also greatly injure the cause of the Gospel. His sorrows almost
+consumed him, and he therefore wrote to Luther for consolation and
+support in this matter. He faithfully responded to this call. But this
+consolation did not help him, and he became seriously ill. But let us
+hear the account of old Ratzeberger: "As it now also became known that
+the Landgrave had, besides his first wife, also married Lady von der
+Saale, and it was apparent that this deed would bring great disgrace and
+injury to the Gospel, Master Philip took it very much to heart. For he
+saw, if he went to Hagenau, that this would give the Lutherans a very
+severe blow. He was particularly grieved by this, because he had always
+looked upon this Landgrave, who had caused this great offence, with
+particular affection and hope. However, some assert, that he fell into
+this distress because he approved of this improper conduct of the
+Landgrave through the persuasions of his Court Chaplain, Dionysius, with
+which the court was afterwards highly displeased. He therefore became
+very sick at Weimar, more on account of sorrow and melancholy than
+anything else. His strength failed rapidly, and certain death seemed to
+be his only prospect. When he was thus seriously and dangerously ill,
+the Elector sent for Luther, who rode day and night from Wittenberg, in
+order to see Philip before his death. When he arrived, he to his sorrow
+found him as he had already heard. His eyes were already dim, his reason
+was gone, he could not speak nor hear, and his countenance was loose and
+fallen; having, as Luther said, a Hippocratical countenance. He
+recognized no one, and could neither eat nor drink. When Luther,
+unrecognized, looked upon him, he was greatly shocked, and said to his
+companion, God forbid! how has the devil abused this instrument! and
+immediately turned to the window and earnestly prayed to God. Then,
+Luther said, God our Lord was obliged to listen to me. For I cast my
+burden before his door, and besieged his ear with all his promises that
+he would hear prayer, which I could remember in the Bible, so that he
+was obliged to hear me, if I was to trust his promises.
+
+He then took Philip by the hand, and said, "Be of good cheer, Philip,
+you will not die! Although God has reason enough to take away life, yet
+he hath no pleasure in the death of the sinner, but that he should
+return from his ways and live. If God again called and received the
+greatest sinners who ever lived upon this earth, namely, Adam and Eve,
+he will not cast out thee, my Philip, nor suffer thee to perish in sins
+and sorrow. Therefore, do not give way to despondency, and do not murder
+yourself, but trust in the Lord, who is able to kill and make alive,
+wound and bind, scourge and heal again. For Luther fully understood the
+troubles of his heart and conscience. When he had thus held and
+addressed him, Philip began to draw his breath again, but could not say
+anything for a long time. He then turned his face towards Luther, and
+began to entreat him for God's sake not to detain him any longer; that
+he was now upon a good journey, and that he should suffer him to
+proceed, for nothing better could happen to him. Luther replied: "By no
+means, Philip; you must serve the Lord still longer." Philip became more
+and more animated, and Luther immediately ordered them to prepare some
+food, and took it to him himself. But Philip refused to taste it. Luther
+forced him, and said: "Do you hear, Philip! you must eat, or I shall
+excommunicate you. He was prevailed upon by such language, so that he
+began to eat a little, and thus gradually regained strength."
+
+Melanchthon himself said of Luther: "If he had not come I should have
+died." The Elector also, who deeply sympathized with his sorrows and
+illness, comforted him in the most friendly manner: "Although it
+belongeth to God alone, according to his good pleasure, to bestow or
+take away courage and comfort, yet you on your part must not fail to lay
+aside and forget the causes of your trouble, which, thanks to God! are
+not so great in our estimation, that they should afflict you so deeply.
+We doubt not but that Almighty God will soon restore your cheerfulness,
+and with it your health."
+
+The Elector then requests him, as soon as he should be able to move, to
+come to Eisenach, with Luther and Jonas, because he needed them; for
+letters and reports were constantly arriving from Hagenau. He gradually
+recovered, and, although it was with difficulty, he was able to leave
+for Eisenach on the 7th of July. On the 10th of July, Luther wrote
+concerning him to Wittenberg: "Master Philip has been restored to life,
+as it were from the grave; he looks sickly, yet lively, jests and lives
+with us, and eats and drinks in his own room and at table."
+
+Melanchthon himself wrote to Bugenhagen from Eisenach: "I thank you
+heartily, best and dearest pastor, that you have comforted me in so
+Christian a manner, while I was absent, and visited with terrible
+afflictions in body and spirit, and that at home you assisted my wife by
+your counsels. I still feel my disease, although it has abated somewhat.
+If I should remain alive, I will be able to say that I have been
+restored from death to life, by the power of God. This is the testimony
+of all who were with me. Oh! that I might thank God rightly, and live
+for his glory! I commend myself, and the Church of Christ, to your
+prayers. I hope that he also (the Landgrave), who has brought me into
+this great trouble, warned by my example, and the writings of our
+friends, will be more modest, and not publicly defend a scandalous
+affair. I have heard that he promised to listen to the counsels of our
+friends." In Eisenach, the Saxon and Hessian Theologians conferred
+concerning the double-marriage of the Landgrave. The Hessian
+Theologians, among them the court-chaplain, Dionysius Melander, wished
+the permission to publish the second marriage, to be granted to their
+Prince. An old account relates, that upon this Luther attacked them in
+so severe a manner, "that the water ran down their cheeks." The
+Wittenbergers insisted that this marriage should be concealed, like the
+secrets of the Confessional. On the 24th of July, Melanchthon himself
+wrote to the Landgrave, exhorting him to cover the matter, and not to
+give cause for its public discussion. He should prevent this, "not only
+on account of the evil reports and the offence, but also because it is
+no easy matter to defend this business plausibly." The Landgrave took
+this to heart, and for a long time bore the disgrace he so richly
+deserved. But when he sent forth a pamphlet, written by Bucer, yet
+without his name, which endeavored to justify his conduct, Melanchthon
+published a very severe reply to it.
+
+At the close of July, he returned to Wittenberg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+WORMS AND RATISBON.
+
+
+The Convention at Hagenau was not successful. The Chancellor of Treves
+here made a proposition, in the name of the Catholics, July 6th, 1540,
+that the points already disposed of in Augsburg, in 1530, should not be
+considered now, but they should merely discuss those on which they could
+not agree there. The Protestants would not agree to this, and declared
+"that they could not recollect that any agreement in disputed matters
+had been reached in the Diet held at Augsburg." Finally, they obtained
+sight of a writing of Dr. Eck's, who had compared the articles agreed
+upon, and they sent it to the Elector with the remark: "Your Grace will
+be able to see from this, in what a childish and improper manner they
+have prepared these." The Convention adjourned without having come to an
+actual Religious Conference. This was now to be held in Worms, on the
+28th of October of the same year. The Emperor was exceedingly anxious
+for a union; but before the meeting was opened, the Elector requested
+the opinions of his Theologians. In this they resolved not to
+acknowledge the precedence or judicial power of the Pope in the Council,
+and also to reject those articles marked by Eck as agreed upon. The
+Elector positively enjoined upon his ambassadors, by no means to depart
+from the meaning or the words of the Augsburg Confession. Whenever
+Melanchthon, in his letters, referred to the coming religious
+conference, he always expressed the wish: "Oh! that God would incline
+the hearts of the princes to magnify his glory, and to seek wholesome
+peace!"
+
+On the 18th of October, he set out with Cruciger. In Leipzig they took
+along with them the professors SHEUBEL, and ANDREW FRANCK, called
+Camicianus; and in Eisenach, JUSTUS MENIUS, selected instead of
+Myconius. In Gotha he prepared the Protestation, in which he showed "how
+the Protestants should act in the present Conference, and whether the
+spiritual ambassador is to be acknowledged as judge in disputed
+questions." On the 31st of October they reached Worms; and November 2d,
+he already wrote to Camerarius about the "shameless hypocrites," Eck,
+Cochlaeus, Nausea, Mensinger, and others, who had been appointed to
+attend this Conference in behalf of the Catholics. "These men will
+pronounce sentence upon our heads, although they do not understand our
+cause, and are burning with hatred, and have stained their hearts and
+hands with the blood of the godly. But if an opportunity should present
+itself to explain our affairs, I shall with God's help endeavor to
+unfold those useful views which we contend for, clearly, truly, and
+without perversion. This I can do so much better, because I have ceased
+to regard the will of the princes, and on this account have an easier
+conscience than I had before." And to Dietrich he wrote: "Even if
+Spanish and French gentlemen were standing before the gates, I would not
+approve of these double-tongued articles." He adhered steadfastly to
+this resolution. But the Convention was not opened for a long time,
+owing to the delay of the Imperial Commissioner, GRANVELLA, "of whom it
+is said, that he is at present the heart of the Emperor Charles,"
+although the Papal Nuncio, a brother of the well-known Cardinal
+Campegius, had arrived at the proper time.
+
+He formed the centre, around whom the enemy gathered to discuss their
+plans. More and more enemies arrived in Worms, in order that they might
+command a respectable position on account of their numbers. "But God,
+the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, will protect us, whom do you also
+call upon to preserve and rule his Church,"--thus Melanchthon wrote to
+Jonas. The Protestants entertained the hope that Granvella "would exert
+himself to obtain peace, even if no union or agreement could be
+effected." Melanchthon at this time did not visit any of the decided
+enemies; however, he went to a few of those who wished to be considered
+somewhat moderate. He wrote to Dietrich: "These wish to persuade me to
+consider the whole difference a mere contention about words. I answered,
+as Aristides said to Themistocles, that Athens would not have peace
+until they both should be drowned in the sea; so we also, on both sides,
+deserved the severest punishment if we were confusing the Church by a
+mere contention about words." At last the Imperial Envoy Granvella
+arrived, November 22d, and opened the session on the 25th with an
+address, in which he entreated the States with tears to come to an
+agreement, and conjured them to "unite again the rent mantle of Christ,
+and think of your name as Christians which you received in Holy Baptism,
+and also of your own highly-renowned German nation." They disputed a
+long time as to the manner in which the religious discussion should be
+conducted. The Catholics would have preferred settling the matter as
+rapidly as possible without entering upon a regular discussion, although
+the final decree of Hagenau, and also the Imperial Proclamation,
+demanded that the separate articles of the Augsburg Confession and its
+Apology should be debated in a friendly and Christian manner, but not
+so as to be obligatory.
+
+While these useless negotiations were carried on, Melanchthon was
+surprised by a visit from Camerarius on the 9th of December. This was an
+excellent opportunity for interchange of thought and friendly
+conversations. When Camerarius returned, Melanchthon sent a letter to
+the physician FUCHS, in Tuebingen, by him: "I have been restored from
+death to life so short a time, that I still bear about the remains of my
+sickness and sufferings. I am heartily obliged to Joachim, that he
+wished to alleviate these by his visit."
+
+When Eck had prepared a form of agreement on the articles of Original
+Sin and Justification, concerning which there was a great difference of
+opinion, the Catholics were anxious that it should be brought to vote.
+Eck must have considered his form a very excellent one, for he in
+various places made use of the ridiculous expression, that they could
+not obtain a better one from Calcutta in India. The Catholics were not
+at all pleased when even the envoys of the Palatinate, of Brandenburg,
+and Juelich would not accept of this. Melanchthon wrote to Luther: "These
+acknowledged, in a modest but determined manner, that they approved of
+our opinions, as included and explained in the Confession and Apology."
+In a memorial addressed to Granvella by Melanchthon, the Protestants
+demanded that the matter should be discussed in a calm and Christian
+manner in the public assembly, and rejected the secret movements of
+their opponents, who merely wished ambiguous and entangling articles
+subscribed. On December 22d he also addressed a private letter to
+Granvella, in which he lays before him the necessity of a public
+discussion, and says: "The Church will be benefited if we establish a
+pure and useful doctrine. I am conscious of my own weakness; yet as far
+as I am concerned, I do not fear the judgment of honorable and learned
+men, nor moderate counsels." After long debates, it was at last agreed
+upon that Eck and Melanchthon should debate the matter in the presence
+of all. At last, January 14th, 1541, they began the debate, in the
+presence of the Imperial envoy Granvella. Melanchthon published an
+account of this discussion, which lasted but four days. We will present
+parts of this, to show that notwithstanding all his love of peace, he
+also adhered steadfastly to the truth.
+
+An old account, speaking of his and Eck's speeches, says that they
+compared with each other like the song of a nightingale with that of a
+raven. They first discussed Original Sin. Eck opened the debate, and at
+once asserted the Augsburg Confession and Apology handed to him had been
+altered in many articles, and did not agree with the former ones. It was
+certainly an arbitrary act on the part of Melanchthon, to make
+alterations in those documents, which had acquired a public character.
+But he explained that his alterations did not affect the substance, but
+merely the form of expression, which was "milder and clearer" now. Eck
+was not at all willing to grant this, especially when he regarded the
+tenth article, on the Lord's Supper. However, he proceeded, passing over
+the first article, because both sides agreed in this, and came to the
+second article, of _Original Sin_. He was not willing to admit that it
+was really Sin, but it is merely a want of hereditary righteousness, not
+of remaining gifts; and the evil lust, which remains after Baptism,
+cannot be properly called Sin. Melanchthon says: "Eck has at last
+admitted that the evil inclination, which remains in the saints, is a
+fault, opposed to God's commandment; but the word sin he wished to be
+confined to unforgiven sins." Eck had disputed in the same way in
+Augsburg. But secretly he had said here and there that the views of the
+opposite side were really true. Melanchthon writes: "What a crime
+against his convictions, that he should defend such a thing! But I trust
+that he has been refuted in a sufficiently clear manner."
+
+Granvella listened very attentively, and it is said of him, that he
+declared he would faithfully report everything to his Sovereign, and
+also what he thought of the cause of the Protestants, which was not as
+foolish as their opponents represented it to be. They disputed on
+Original Sin for four days, and at last Eck proposed a form of agreement
+which did not oppose the Augsburg Confession. They were now about to
+proceed to discuss the article of Righteousness, or Justification, for
+which Melanchthon was very anxious; but on January 18, an Imperial
+decree was published to the assembly, which postponed this Religious
+Conference to the diet soon to be held in Ratisbon. Thus they left Worms
+again, and were obliged to confess that their journey had been entirely
+unsuccessful.
+
+All were now eagerly waiting for the diet. Melanchthon, in a letter,
+says: "God grant Grace, that something profitable for the Churches and
+the general peace may be accomplished at this diet." Yet he looked
+forward to this diet with a troubled heart, not because he feared a
+religious discussion with the enemy, but rather because he did not
+approve of the plans of the Evangelical princes, particularly those of
+the Landgrave Philip. Concerning the latter he expressed himself in the
+very strongest terms. Luther had entreated the Elector to excuse Philip
+from this journey; but the Elector could not grant this request, because
+he needed able men at this diet; yet he also trusted confidently that
+as he "intended to abide faithfully to the end in the truth revealed,
+and the pure doctrine of the divine word," so also would all the other
+allies in the faith present at this diet "steadfastly adhere to that
+which becometh the honor of God, and the extension of his saving word."
+The Elector, deeply interested in the preservation of pure doctrine,
+gave explicit directions to his counsellors how they were to act in
+Ratisbon. He particularly regarded Melanchthon with a watchful eye. He
+was ordered to reside with the counsellors of the Elector. If any person
+wished to converse with him there, it should be done in the presence of
+the counsellors. "And altogether Philip should take heed not to go out
+too much, but rather remain in his lodgings and with the counsellors,
+even as he himself will best know how he ought to act."
+
+He departed, with Cruciger, on the 14th of March. From Leipzig he wrote
+home: "May God bless and overrule this journey and all our acts, that
+they may be undertaken for the honor of God, the growth of the Gospel,
+the welfare of the Church, and the peace of the Empire." March 16, in
+the evening, he reached Altenburg, and there united with the other
+delegates. But on the Bavarian frontier he met with a misfortune, for
+the carriage was overturned, and he strained the wrist of his right hand
+so seriously that he could not use it; and it was thought for some time
+that it was broken. He not only arrived in Ratisbon in great pain, but
+could not use his hand for a considerable time. He dictated his letters
+to Cruciger, whom he therefore called his "other self." On the 4th of
+April, he for the first time, and with great difficulty, wrote to Eber
+in Wittenberg, and expresses the wish that God might make him a useful
+instrument in the Church. On the following day the diet was opened by
+the Emperor himself. He expressed his wish to restore harmony, and
+thought the best way to accomplish this would be to appoint honorable
+and peaceable persons, who should discuss the contested articles of
+religion, and endeavor to bring about a compromise. They should then
+make a report, and finally consult with the Papal nuncio CONTARINI, whom
+the Emperor called a friend of peace. Melanchthon wrote to Dietrich:
+"This is a dangerous business, and therefore our friends have been
+disputing for two days among themselves. The more determined of them
+will only agree to a continuation of the discussion of Worms, but others
+are willing to permit the Emperor to try this new way." The opinion of
+the latter was at last given to the Emperor as the decision of the
+Protestants. He appointed Pflug, Eck, and Groper, of the Catholics; and
+Melanchthon, Bucer, and Pistorius, of the Protestants, to discuss the
+articles.[20]
+
+The Count Palatine Frederick, and Granvella, were to officiate as
+moderators during this discussion; and some other persons were also
+appointed to attend as hearers and witnesses. Burkard, in a letter to
+chancellor Brueck, thus judges the different speakers at this Conference:
+"What hope of the spread of truth can be entertained, when they take the
+drunken Eck for such important matters, who values wine more than all
+religion? Julius (Pflug) is altogether dependent upon the Pope; the
+third, Groper, is a worthy, modest, and not unlearned man, but he will
+be overcome by the noise on the one side, and by craftiness on the
+other, and perhaps he will also introduce his own peculiar opinions,
+which do not altogether agree with the truth of the Gospel. I have
+confidence in all our Theologians here present, and am convinced that
+they will not forsake the truth."
+
+Before the debate began, the Emperor summoned them into his presence,
+and exhorted them, in a very condescending manner, that they should
+transact this matter in a friendly manner, and not lose sight of the
+glory of God, and the general welfare. The Catholics now wished that
+they would begin with the disputed articles, the Lord's Supper, the
+power of the Church, the pope, masses, secret masses, monastic vows,
+celibacy of priests, and the one kind in the Sacrament, and then pass
+over to the articles of Justification, of merit, and of good works. By
+this we can easily see, that at the outset they were anxious to
+frustrate the discussion. But when the discussion was about to begin, on
+April 27th, the Emperor presented a book, which contained an attempt to
+reconcile these articles, with the direction "that the persons selected
+should examine it, and correct whatever was opposed to Holy Scripture,
+but suffer everything Christian to remain." This book was afterwards
+called the _Ratisbon book_, and also the _Ratisbon Interim_, and was
+known to the Wittenbergers before. For the Margrave JOACHIM, of
+Brandenburg, had already sent it to Luther, that he might give his
+opinion, as early as February 4th. Luther said of it: "These people (the
+authors of the book), whoever they are, mean very well, but their
+propositions are impossible, and such as the Pope, Cardinals, Bishops,
+and Prebendaries, can never agree to.... Besides this, it contains many
+points which our side will not and cannot adopt. The best thing to be
+done, would be to appoint pious and learned men to judge what and where
+is God's word." The author of the book was not known with certainty;
+some looked upon Wizel as the author, others, Groper. Melanchthon
+believed that Groper had prepared it, with the help of a young Imperial
+Counsellor, Gerhard Volcruck, and also Bucer's; that he had presented it
+to Capito, and then sent it to the Landgrave Philip, and the Elector of
+Brandenburg. By the last it had been sent to Luther. The book contained
+23 articles, which were treated in such a manner that they could be
+called half-Catholic, and half-Protestant. Thus it came to pass as
+Luther had said, that it neither gave satisfaction to the Catholics nor
+to the Protestants. But as the Emperor valued it highly, and wished it
+to be made the basis of their deliberations, this was done, "although I
+was much afraid," says Melanchthon, "that this book would cause no
+little strife." They passed over the first articles, of creation, the
+perfect state of man before the fall, of free will, of the origin of
+sin, and of original sin, without any difficulty. Now they came to the
+article on _Justification_. This was not at all satisfactory to either
+party, and therefore they substituted another. Eck had proposed a
+formula, but Melanchthon objected to it. They disputed about it for
+several days, and at last agreed to a formula, concerning which the
+Saxon counsellors wrote to the Elector, that in the main it was not
+opposed to the Augsburg Confession and the Apology, "and that the words
+employed were sufficiently clear, so that it could not be perverted to a
+misunderstanding." The counsellors highly commended the firmness of
+their Theologians, and Melanchthon in particular. They relate to the
+Elector, that Melanchthon had expressed himself before all the
+Theologians and Granvella, to the following effect: "that he would
+rather die than yield anything against his conscience and the truth, for
+it would bring about his death, for he could not reconcile it to his
+conscience." But the Elector was by no means pleased with the formula of
+agreement in regard to justification, which they had sent to him; for he
+thought that their opponents wished "either entirely to cast aside, or
+at least obscure, the doctrine that we are saved by faith alone." He
+therefore laid this formula before Dr. Luther and Pomeranus, who could
+not but say that it might easily lead to a misunderstanding. He
+therefore, May 13th, informed his counsellors that he could not possibly
+agree to it. However, Luther entreated the Elector "not to write too
+severe a letter to Melanchthon and his friends, lest he should again
+trouble himself to death. For they have still retained our beloved
+Confession, and have adhered steadfastly to this, even if every thing
+else should fail." The Elector, who had intended to go to Ratisbon
+himself, now remained at home, and sent Amsdorf, a man who strictly
+adhered to the Confession, in his place. He and the Duke of Pomerania
+arrived in Ratisbon on the 13th of May.
+
+The next point to be discussed, was the article of the _Church_. It was
+very easy to predict that this would be an apple of discord, for the
+Ratisbon book maintained that there must be a power in the Church to
+interpret the Bible, and that private individuals did not enjoy this
+power; also, that no private individual has the right to oppose the
+majority. Much contention ensued, in which Granvella himself mingled,
+and said to Melanchthon, he should read the article more carefully.
+Melanchthon replied, "that he had read it frequently, and even in
+Wittenberg; but they should know that he could not, and would not
+approve of it. For if the power referred to by them, was to be given to
+the Councils, many errors of former Councils must be sanctioned, and
+posterity would also be grievously burdened thereby." Melanchthon was
+so determined that they could not agree, and they were obliged to pass
+on to other articles. The book next spoke of the doctrine of the
+Sacraments. Melanchthon consented to retain _Confirmation_, although all
+abuses connected with it should be abolished, the Catechism studied
+diligently, and "true and earnest prayer" connected with it.
+
+When the article on the _Lord's Supper_ was made the order of the day,
+it caused a violent debate, which lasted for eight days. The Catholics
+presented a formula declaring transubstantiation, and maintained all the
+abuses which had crept into the Roman Church on account of this false
+doctrine. Melanchthon had before given the warning in vain, that Eck
+ought not to be permitted to indulge in his bullying and abusing,
+otherwise "he might kindle a fire which he would not be able to
+extinguish."[21] The Protestants referred to the gross abuses attending
+the carrying about and adoration of the Sacrament, and also spoke of the
+ridiculous case which had already been discussed by the Catholics in
+their own writings, what a mouse was eating when she gnaws the
+consecrated bread. The Protestants adhered to the doctrine of the Bible
+and of the ancient Church, that the Sacraments are only Sacraments when
+they are used, and not so when they are not used. It was during this
+contest, manfully waged by the Protestants, that, as Melanchthon tells
+us, "Eck became sick, having become too excited, perhaps, and drinking
+so excessively afterwards, that a fever followed." The articles on
+_Confession_ and _Satisfaction_ again led to violent discussions,
+because Groper insisted upon the enumeration of particular sins. He
+thought, as the Church had the right of binding and loosing, this was a
+court of justice, where it was necessary for the Judge to hear the case;
+and because in Confession, satisfaction was imposed to heal the wounds,
+the priest ought to know beforehand whether the injury is great or
+small. Melanchthon disproved these propositions, and proposed a milder
+article. Granvella was greatly displeased at this, and said "many evil
+words" to Melanchthon. "So that," he relates himself, "the next day, at
+the beginning of the debate, I complained, and said if it was intended
+that I should not express my opinions, I would stay away in future." The
+Envoy excused himself, and pacified him. The article concerning the
+order of _Church Government_, and the power of the Bishops, again
+brought about a sharp conflict. When he observed that it had been
+prepared in a very sly manner, "I became very impatient, and opposed the
+entire article," he reports himself. They simply wished to retain the
+entire Papacy. Melanchthon was here obliged not only to battle against
+the Catholics, but also with Bucer and the Hessian chancellor. Granvella
+assured him, that if he would not accept this article, he would prevent
+the entire work of Reformation. Even the Elector Joachim sent a deputy
+to him, to urge him to accept this article. Melanchthon says: "I gave
+him a very short answer." They then considered the articles on the
+Invocation of Saints, Masses, One kind, Celibacy, and Monastic Life.
+Melanchthon remarks: "Although there was much opposition, we presented
+counter-articles to all these." Because he adhered to the truth, which
+he had discovered and confessed in a determined manner, prompted partly
+by his own conscience and the exhortations of the Elector and his
+counsellors, he was declared to be a stubborn person, and he was even
+accused to the Emperor. The latter expressed himself very unfavorably in
+regard to him to the Landgrave Philip. He was particularly accused of
+being governed by Luther, and also led by the French ambassador. Under
+these circumstances, Melanchthon believed it necessary to defend himself
+before the Emperor against these unjust accusations. He addressed a
+letter to him, of which we shall communicate some parts. He declares in
+the most positive manner that he had no instructions from Luther, and
+was not at all connected with the French ambassador, and that his
+Elector had only given the general direction, that they should not
+depart from the truth. "This is a direction which must be deeply
+engraven upon every heart, without the orders of an Elector." Further on
+he says: "I have always acted according to my own convictions, and have
+never contended about useless things." He then proceeds to speak of
+Councils, and of Auricular Confession, showing their want of foundation;
+and also, that he had sought peace. "However, even moderation must have
+its bounds. That Truth, which the Son of God revealed to us from the
+bosom of the Father, should shine in the Church. And I wish your
+Imperial Majesty could see into my heart, so that you might judge
+truthfully what my endeavors in regard to these disputes have been for
+many years. A true, scripturally developed, and sure doctrine, and one
+that will be beneficial to the Church, must be found." He concludes this
+letter, so faithful to the Confession, in the following manner: "I know
+that our doctrine is the doctrine of the true Catholic Church, and I
+believe that many wise men confess the same. But these believe that we
+have gone farther in the abolition of abuses than was necessary. They
+wish to retain a species of adoration of the saints, private masses, and
+the like. Therefore they wish us to take a step backwards, and to
+approve the first germs of these abuses. As I am not able to do this, I
+again urgently pray for my dismissal." The Elector rejoiced at this
+firmness, and therefore wrote to his counsellors: "We have with great
+satisfaction heard that Magister Philip proves himself firm and faithful
+in this business, and hope that Almighty God will graciously sustain him
+in this course."
+
+On the 16th of May the religious discussion was brought to a close; and
+May 31, the Protestants presented a memorial to the Emperor, in which
+they refer to nine articles in particular, which they could not accept
+on any consideration. They treated of the Church, the Sacrament, the
+enumeration of particular sins in Confession, of Satisfaction, of the
+Unity of the Church and Ordination, of the Saints, the Mass, Secret
+Masses, and the Celibacy of the Priesthood. We may easily understand
+that the Emperor, who was very desirous of a union, was not at all
+satisfied with such a conclusion. As he believed that very much depended
+upon Luther in this matter, he even sent a deputation to him. It was
+composed of Prince JOHN of Anhalt, MATTHIAS VON SCHULENBURG, and
+ALEXANDER ALESIUS. They arrived in Wittenberg on the 7th of June, and
+conferred with him a few days. But they did not find a hearing here; for
+Luther's motto was the word, once expressed in a letter to the Elector:
+"It is impossible to reconcile Christ and the serpent." They therefore
+returned to Ratisbon without effecting their purpose. Melanchthon
+expressed himself in a very decided and clear manner in regard to the
+Ratisbon book, in an address to the States. He says of the _rejected_
+articles: "I will not accept one of them, nor patch at them any more."
+Of the _omitted_ articles, to which Confirmation and Extreme Unction
+belong, he said: "We would not contend much about these, if we could
+agree in other points." He then speaks of the articles which were looked
+upon as _agreed upon_, while they were nevertheless not _agreed_ upon.
+He here had many objections to make to the book in reference to
+Justification, the state of Grace, Sin, and the like. He concludes his
+opinion in these beautiful words: "I cannot and will not accept this
+book, and pray God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, that he would
+grant good counsels and help to us all, and that he would guard and rule
+his Church, which he has redeemed by his Son unto eternal life, and
+which he still wonderfully preserves. However, in order that each and
+every one may know what I believe, I wish to declare by this, that I
+hold the doctrine of our Church, as it is contained in our Confession
+and Apology, and that, with the help of God, I intend to abide by it. I
+also thank God that he has again illuminated his Church, and would not
+wish to give any occasion to darken the pure doctrine again." But the
+Catholics rejected the book also; Eck called it an insipid book, and
+expressed himself against it in the most decided manner.
+
+Now the final decree of the Diet was to be issued. The Protestants
+previously, however, presented their declaration, prepared by
+Melanchthon, who, at the Emperor's request, also delivered an opinion
+concerning the Reformation, on the 18th of July. He was willing to
+grant temporal power to the Bishops, an opinion which he expressed at
+different times, without considering what dangers this must necessarily
+cause. At last, on the 29th of July, the recess of the Diet took place.
+The religious difficulties were postponed, to be decided at a Council
+soon to be held, or postponed to the next diet, in case no Council
+should be convened within 15 months. The Peace of Nuremberg was to be
+observed until that time.
+
+On the 30th of July, Melanchthon departed from Ratisbon. He did not go
+by way of Nuremberg, although he had been invited thither in the most
+urgent manner, but came to Leipzig, where he zealously labored to have
+his beloved friend Camerarius called to the University. He thus speaks
+of his friend in a letter to Duke HENRY: "He is peaceable, modest, and
+sincere, and so learned in Philosophy and Eloquence, that he is excelled
+by few in foreign and German lands." In consequence of this the Duke
+called him.
+
+When, to the great sorrow of the Protestants, Duke Henry was gathered
+unto his fathers, the young Duke MAURICE entered upon the government
+with the most promising prospects. During his reign Camerarius came to
+Leipzig, and thus into the vicinity of his friend Melanchthon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+While the Protestants were enjoying a period of rest, because the
+Emperor was busily occupied with the Turks and the pirates of Algiers,
+the work of the Reformation advanced more and more. And where it could
+not be done peacefully, the power of the princes was now and then
+employed. In the beginning of the year 1541, the Bishop of
+Naumburg-Zeitz had died, and the Chapter elected the well-known Julius
+von Pflug, Bishop. When the Elector John Frederick heard of this, he
+pronounced the election invalid, not only because the citizens in that
+region had long since been friends of the Gospel, but also because the
+right of protectorship of the Bishopric belonged to him. He proceeded
+upon the almost unbounded right of sovereignty--even over the Church,
+and we cannot expect anything else from him, but that he would appoint a
+decidedly Evangelical Bishop to this important see. He asked the advice
+of his Theologians, who, in their opinion, likewise took for granted,
+that the right of electing the Bishop belonged to him. They advised him
+to elect a Christian man, and at the same time one who was descended
+from a princely family.
+
+The Chapter, which was ordered to proceed to another election, refused
+to do so; so that the Elector found himself compelled to interfere by
+force of arms, notwithstanding the threats of the Emperor. On the first
+of November, the Wittenbergers prepared an Opinion in regard to the
+election of the Bishop, in which they express a wish that the chapter of
+Naumburg might be preserved, because encouragement to study was thus
+given to the nobility, although the chapter itself must be improved and
+reformed in a Christian manner. If the chapter wished to elect another
+man, it ought not to be "a young fellow," but a man "who has an
+affection for Christian doctrine, and proper exercises in the Church,
+and would altogether set a good example." They propose Prince GEORGE VON
+ANHALT, who is especially recommended by Melanchthon, who gives him this
+testimony, that "he rightly understands the doctrine of the Gospel, is
+pious, and would care for the interests of the Church." Against the
+opinion prevailing in regard to the prince, that he merely wished to do
+things by halves, Melanchthon declared that, on the contrary, the prince
+wished no patch-work in doctrine, and would not listen to any articles,
+in Ratisbon, which could be twisted. The Licentiate Amsdorf, however,
+Superintendent of Magdeburg, could not be prevailed upon to accept a
+bishopric. The Opinion generally demands a thorough Reformation, a
+pious, reasonable preacher, "who would not preach the Church empty,"
+abolition of the mass, and good schools. The Bishop and the Canons
+should not grant any power to the Bishop; and the noblemen who should be
+elected Canons, should not merely be hunters and idle persons, but able
+men. Even if the Chapter should retain the right of election, the
+Elector should nevertheless retain his power, to see to it that proper
+persons would be elected, and improper ones rejected. But, as before
+remarked, the Chapter would not proceed to another election; and
+another Opinion adjudged the right to the Elector, under these
+circumstances, to nominate a proper person for the see, to the nobility
+and the senators of the cities, "in order that the churches and country
+might be supplied." The Elector placed great confidence in Amsdorf, and
+succeeded in having him elected Bishop. On the 10th of January, he was
+installed into his office in the presence of Melanchthon, who had been
+appointed to reform the churches and schools in the See. From this time,
+this region enjoyed the blessed influences of the Gospel.
+
+A Reformation was also to be brought about in the Electorate of COLOGNE.
+The present Elector, and Archbishop HERMAN, Count of WIED, was a friend
+of the Evangelical doctrine, and had for several years been actively
+engaged in improving Church matters. It is true that he was counselled
+by Groper, with whom we became acquainted at the Diet of Ratisbon. But
+now he wished to make further advances, with the assistance of
+Melanchthon and Bucer. Bucer had come to Bonn at the close of the year
+1542, in order to begin the Reformation. In January, 1543, the
+Archbishop sent Magister ERDMANN to Wittenberg, to invite Melanchthon to
+Bonn for the same purpose. The Landgrave Philip also urged him to go
+thither. He replied to him, that it was to be feared that the Chapter of
+the Archbishop would not yield, and that the Pope would urge them to
+elect another Bishop. That he was willing to venture his body and life
+for such a pious old prince. "But such a work requires men who are able
+to preach, and so to present the truth to the people, that they may be
+encouraged, and not deterred by the opposition of the other side." He
+also excused himself on account of his numerous duties in the
+University, and thought that even if the Elector desired a true change,
+yet those in power only labored to bring about a Reformation, in which
+the adoration of the saints, and daily masses, might still find a place.
+On the 12th of March, Bucer wrote a very pressing letter to induce him
+to come, as his labors could be completed in 10 or 12 days. But he did
+not go. In April, Father Medmann again appeared in Wittenberg in behalf
+of the aged Elector, in order to induce him to come. He sent him with a
+letter to his own Elector and lord, in which he declared that he had no
+inclination to go, but also added: "I will obey whatever your Electoral
+Grace may order in this matter." The Elector, "because this is a godly
+and Christian work," at once gave him leave of absence for six or seven
+weeks. He also allowed him one hundred gold florins, and two troopers as
+an escort.
+
+On the 17th of April he departed, accompanied by JUSTUS JONAS, the son
+of the Rector, and JEROME SCHREIBER, and reached Bonn, where the
+Archbishop resided, on the 4th of May. He writes to some one, that two
+plans of reformation had been proposed; one, which was simple and pure,
+prepared by Bucer; the other, by Groper, who endeavored to excuse and
+establish abuses, as we may suppose from the book of Ratisbon. What
+strange sights met his eyes here! He writes to Camerarius: "You could
+not look without tears upon the ruin of the churches here, in which
+crowds of people still daily run to the images of the Saints. This is
+the main thing of religion, in the eyes of the ignorant multitude." He
+wrote the same to Bugenhagen, and especially referred to the deplorable
+ignorance of the clergy. And yet Groper, in his own way, wished to hold
+fast this state of things. The aged Archbishop, of whom Melanchthon says
+that he has the best intentions, "confesses that an improvement is
+necessary, and protests that he wishes a true and thorough reformation,
+and that he is not afraid of dangers." He therefore placed more
+confidence in Bucer than in Groper. Although the nobility and the cities
+expressed themselves favorable to such a reformation, they were opposed
+by Cologne and the Chapter. The Landgrave informed the Archbishop that
+he and the other allies would come to his assistance, should it be
+necessary. Pistorius assisted Bucer.
+
+Melanchthon writes to Luther of both these men, that their preaching was
+largely attended, and that they taught pure and correct doctrine. He
+superintended their labors, and wrote to Cruciger, May 23d, that the
+entire work was almost completed, and that he would extricate himself as
+soon as possible. A short time before this, he also sent a little letter
+to his son Philip, which we cannot bear to omit here: "Although I have
+public cares enough, I yet also bear the domestic ones about with me.
+These you should lighten by your diligence and obedience, especially as
+you know with how much love we have raised and cared for you. I
+therefore admonish you, that you walk in the fear of God, and strive,
+first of all, to please God, the eternal Judge, and then also good men,
+and that you will show greater diligence and care in this for my sake.
+Heartily obey your mother, whom you could already support by your age
+and virtue."
+
+It was already known at Rome what they were doing in Cologne. The Pope,
+therefore, sent an admonition to that city, of which Melanchthon writes:
+"He buries Christ, and promises a change of affairs." But the Archbishop
+did not permit this to terrify him. When the plan or book of the
+Reformation was finished, it was read to him, in the presence of the
+dean of the cathedral, Count von Stolberg, and other counsellors. Six
+days were spent in reading and discussing it. The Bible, translated by
+Luther, was lying before them. The Elector himself looked for the
+passages referred to. He approved of the book, and it was also
+unanimously adopted by the chamber of deputies. But the Chapter and
+Clergy of Cologne, led by Groper, were most decidedly opposed to it. And
+at the same time the superstitious populace was excited against it, and
+their opposition was considerably increased by a lampoon written by a
+Carmelite monk named Billig.
+
+Towards the end of July, Melanchthon departed, and passed through
+Frankfort, where he closed a dispute concerning some customs in the
+Lord's Supper; and also through Weimar, where the Court wished to see
+him, and arrived in Wittenberg on the 15th of August. It is true he had
+been absent for a longer time than had been allowed by the Elector. So
+much more did the professors and students rejoice who had gone to meet
+and escort him into the city. A few days afterwards he wrote to
+Dietrich: "The Reformation of the Church is, by the grace of God,
+progressing very finely in the territory of Cologne;" and to Matthesius:
+"The Reformation is already introduced into several cities, and pious
+and learned preachers teach faithfully and purely. We will pray God that
+he would suffer the light of his truth to shine far and wide, and also
+preserve it." Great as his hopes of a prosperous progress of the
+Reformation in the Electorate of Cologne were, he was obliged to
+relinquish them to a considerable degree, when he heard that the
+refractory Chapter had accused the aged Archbishop before the Pope and
+the Emperor. Finally the old man was deposed from his office, and the
+work of Reformation, which had thus been commenced, was extinguished.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+THE SCHOOL OF TRIBULATION.
+
+
+We have learned before that Melanchthon was compelled to pass through
+much tribulation. But the year 1544 is particularly marked in this
+respect. Domestic afflictions are certainly among the bitterest we are
+called upon to bear, and such he amply experienced. His favorite
+daughter, ANNA, had formed an unhappy marriage with the poet SABINUS,
+who was a frivolous debauchee, and wished to be divorced from her.
+However, the Lord separated them by the death of Anna, in 1547. We shall
+speak of this again. His son Philip also gave him much trouble. While he
+was yet a student of law, about nineteen years old, he was betrothed to
+a young woman of Leipzig, without the knowledge of his parents. This
+grieved his father exceedingly.
+
+But he was still more troubled on account of his relations with Luther,
+with whom he was at variance at this time. This was caused by
+Melanchthon's changed views of the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. We
+have remarked before that it was an arbitrary act on his part, and one
+which has done much harm, to alter the Augsburg Confession. For it was
+not his private work, but a public Confession. He altered this document
+in the editions of 1533 and 1535, but it was not until the year 1540
+that he published a greatly changed edition. An old account says that
+Luther found fault with him on this account, and said to him: "Philip,
+you are not acting rightly in altering the Augsburg Confession so often,
+for it is not your book, but the book of the Church." These alterations
+particularly referred to the doctrine of the Lord's Supper, with which
+Eck had reproached him at Worms.
+
+He expressed this article in such a manner that the Catholics and the
+Reformed could include their views. This may have been satisfactory
+enough to the Reformed, but the Lutherans were highly displeased. Luther
+adhered to the bodily eating and drinking of the body and blood, as he
+had taught from the beginning. Although he had not laid so great a
+stress upon this point for the last few years, he now asserted it again.
+There were some faithful adherents of the Gospel in Venice, who were
+compelled to endure great oppression. They applied to Luther, and
+complained of their afflictions, and spoke particularly also of the
+spread of the Swiss views of the Lord's Supper. Luther replied, that he
+had only formed a concord with the Upper Germans, but would have nothing
+to do with the Swiss, particularly those of Zurich. They are indeed
+learned, but intoxicated men, who merely eat common bread in the Lord's
+Supper. They should beware of false prophets, and adhere strictly to the
+doctrine of the connection of the body and blood of Christ with the
+bread and wine, even if many should think of a transubstantiation. When
+Melanchthon heard of this letter, he was much grieved, for he thought
+that Luther had conceded transubstantiation, which, however, was not the
+case. But the flame only began to break forth somewhat in the year 1544.
+During this year the Reformation book of Cologne was brought to
+Wittenberg. When Luther came to the article on the Lord's Supper, he
+would not read any further, and wrote to Chancellor Brueck, who had sent
+it for his inspection, by the order of the Elector: "The book does not
+only tolerate, but encourages the fanatics, and is far more favorable to
+_their_ doctrine than our own. If I am to read the whole of it, our
+gracious Master must allow me further time, until my displeasure has
+abated. Otherwise I do not wish to look at it. And besides this, as the
+Bishop shows, it is altogether too long and too great nonsense, so that
+I can well perceive that chatterer, Bucer, in it." It is true that Bucer
+had prepared the book, but not without Melanchthon's approbation.
+
+Luther had said, in the spring of this year, that he did not suspect
+Melanchthon in the least. But when he visited Amsdorf during the summer,
+and was in the habit of thundering against the Sacramentarians, in the
+pulpit and elsewhere, Melanchthon feared the worst, and wrote both to
+Bucer, and to Bullinger in Zurich, that Luther had never treated this
+matter more violently than at present, and that, on the whole, there was
+little hope of peace. At last Luther published his "Short Confession"
+concerning the Lord's Supper, which is one of his ablest productions.
+However strongly he attacked the Swiss in this, nothing was said of
+Bucer and Melanchthon, the latter of whom had feared an attack. About
+this time, as Melanchthon himself states in a letter to Myconius,
+October 10th, 1544, he had a conversation with Luther, in which he
+assured him that he had always granted a union of Christ with the bread
+and wine; so that if bread and wine are taken, Christ is truly present,
+and makes us his members. He believes that Luther was satisfied with
+this; but if not, he would be obliged to think of removing from
+Wittenberg, which he had been advised to do, and for which he had many
+and weighty reasons. However, after some time, a better state of feeling
+seemed to be established, so that Melanchthon could reply to Chancellor
+Brueck's inquiries, "that there was nothing of importance:" and Brueck
+wrote to the Elector, "I cannot learn anything from Philip, but that he
+and Martin are very good friends. May the Almighty add his blessing to
+it!"
+
+But Luther's Short Confession had called forth a violent refutation from
+Bullinger, and it was again feared that Luther would make another
+attack, especially upon Melanchthon, who was a correspondent of
+Bullinger. The Elector heard of it, and directed his Chancellor to
+pacify Luther, and to request him not to attack Melanchthon, "which, if
+it should take place, would cause us a great deal of sorrow." If
+Philippus adhered to those of Zurich or others, Luther should admonish
+him in a Christian and paternal manner, and that would certainly be
+effectual. Their ancient friendship was gradually restored, whether by a
+conversation with Melanchthon or in some other way, is not known. That
+Luther was not induced to depart from the true doctrine by the attacks
+from Zurich, is evident in a letter, addressed by him to a friend, not
+long before his death, from which we merely extract these words: "I am
+satisfied with this blessedness of the Psalm, 'Blessed is the man that
+walketh not in the counsel of the Sacramentarians, nor standeth in the
+way of the Zwinglians, nor sitteth in the seat of the Zurichers. Here
+you have my opinion.'"
+
+So many sorrows resting upon Melanchthon injuriously affected his body
+and spirit. He was seized by another illness in July, 1544. He wrote to
+Veit Dietrich, July 1: "Dearest Veit, while I am writing this, I am
+suffering severely from an affection of the spleen, which has been
+caused by the afflictions which have weighed upon me for the last two
+months; and if my spleen ulcerates, I shall lose my life." His dear
+friend Camerarius, who had heard of this illness, hastened to
+Wittenberg, to see and comfort him. On the 6th of July, the sufferer was
+able to write to Myconius: "Although my health is not yet established,
+(for the disease of the stone is added to my other afflictions, and in
+two days I have passed three stones with great pain,) yet I attend to my
+scholastic labors, to which God has called me, and I pray for the civil
+government."
+
+He at this time also received the sad tidings that one of his best
+friends, the celebrated JEROME BAUMGARTNER, of Nuremberg, had been
+captured by the robber-knight, ALBERT VON ROSENBERG, when he was
+returning from the Diet of Spire. We cannot deny ourselves the pleasure
+to communicate some parts of the letter of consolation, addressed to
+Baumgaertner's wife by Melanchthon: "We pray God that he will not permit
+you to sink in this great distress, but would by his Holy Spirit grant
+you comfort and strength, as he has often promised that he is a God who
+dwelleth with the sorrowful, as I have often experienced in no slight
+afflictions. And may you particularly console yourself with these three
+considerations: _first_, that what our Saviour said is certainly true,
+that all our hairs are numbered by God; that is, that God regards and
+preserves us, although we may be in danger. Therefore, even as he
+preserved Daniel among the lions, so he will also comfort and preserve
+your lord in the midst of the robbers who have captured him. In the
+_second_ place, that this also is certainly true, that the Divine
+Majesty has promised, and pledged itself, to be with the troubled and
+terrified who call upon him, as it is written in the 37th chapter of the
+Prophet Isaiah. Therefore you should not doubt that the Eternal God is
+with your lord and you, and will strengthen and save you from this great
+distress. In the _third place_, it is certain that it is God's will
+that we should acknowledge him by calling upon him, and that he will
+manifest his presence by those gifts for which we pray, as he has said,
+'Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver thee, and thou shalt
+glorify me.' Therefore you should not doubt that God will hear you, and
+the many Christians who are praying that the Lord would restore your
+husband to you with joy. May the Eternal God, the Father of our Lord
+Jesus Christ, do this for his own glory, and at all times comfort and
+protect you and your husband. Amen."
+
+He wrote this on the 9th July, 1544; but, with many other sympathizing
+friends, was obliged to wait an entire year, until the prisoner regained
+his liberty, and could return to his family.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+WORMS AND RATISBON AGAIN.
+
+
+When the just-mentioned Baumgaertner attended the Diet of Spire, in 1544,
+as the deputy from Nuremberg, the Emperor demanded the assistance of the
+states of the Empire against the Turks, who were giving his brother
+Ferdinand much trouble in Hungary. The Protestants took advantage of
+this opportunity, and before all demanded a fixed peace, and equal
+rights with the Catholics. The Emperor made many promises, and appointed
+a new diet to be held at Worms. He would have a Plan of Reformation
+prepared by learned and peaceable men, and the Protestants should also
+present their plans. In the meantime there should be a general peace,
+and no party persecute the other because of religion. Law-suits and
+proscriptions, on account of religion, should be abolished. These were
+pleasing prospects for the Protestants, but did not last very long; for
+the Emperor now made peace with the king of France, and did not find any
+difficulty in using force of arms in Germany, as he had long ago
+intended. The Pope also summoned a General Council of the Church, to
+meet in Trent in the spring of 1545, so that it was easy to see that the
+affairs of the Church would be disposed of there, and not at the Diet.
+Melanchthon says, in a letter written January 11th, 1545, to Duke
+Albert, of Prussia: "The hope was entertained that the Emperor would
+call a National Synod, or would cause religion to be further discussed;
+but the Pope could not bear this. On this account the Council has been
+summoned for the 8th of April. Yesterday I received a letter from Worms,
+showing the violent feelings of the Emperor."
+
+However, the Elector caused a writing to be prepared for the Diet,
+called "The Reformation of Wittenberg," composed by Melanchthon. The
+Theologians of Wittenberg sent this work to the Elector, together with a
+letter, in which they say: "We have with due submission placed together
+our humble opinion, and have shown by what we intend to abide to the
+last." The work itself was divided into five parts, treating of the pure
+doctrine, the true use of the sacraments, of the ministry, of the
+maintenance of proper discipline, of the support of needful studies and
+schools, and also adds one article concerning bodily protection and
+support. It was a mild and simple confession of the truth. At the same
+time, they also delivered an opinion in regard to one of Bucer's works,
+which had been sent to them for this purpose by the Elector. Bucer had
+proposed that at the Diet, the Evangelical states should unite in a
+complaint against the Pope, and refuse to acknowledge that he is the
+regular ecclesiastical power; and therefore they should labor to bring
+about a general reformation. But, as it was generally said that the
+Emperor and the King of France intended to bring about the General
+Council, those at Wittenberg had good reason for declaring that the
+Emperor would reject such proposals on the part of the States. They
+should only wait until the meeting of the Council, for it would propose
+articles which would enable well-meaning men to see the folly of the
+Pope and bishops. They did not, therefore, agree with the Opinion of
+Strasburg, and the Elector was perfectly satisfied with their judgment,
+for he said: "If the states on our side should accuse the Pope and his
+adherents before the Emperor, they would by this acknowledge his Majesty
+to be a judge in this matter."
+
+The result would be bad, for the Emperor was greatly influenced by the
+Spanish bishops and priests, "and we have not been able to permit or
+approve of men being judges of the word of God." He also thought it
+would be best simply to abide by the Augsburg Confession, "for in it
+nothing is withheld from the Pope and his party," and there is no
+complaint made. But although he considered the work of his Theologians
+too mild, the chancellor defended it in a lengthy report of the 20th of
+January, in which he proves that it agrees fully with the Augsburg
+Confession and Apology, "which have, by the grace of God, accomplished
+much good." "God willing, this Reformation will do the same, and will
+serve to destroy and to disgrace the venomous priests before the world,
+and his Imperial Majesty also. And your Grace will observe that Martin
+and the rest agree fully with him in this." To the wish expressed by the
+Elector, that Luther should write something against the Pope, the
+prudent chancellor replied: "May it please your Electoral Grace to spare
+Martin, until we see that the Papal Council still carries on this
+villany. Then it will be necessary for him to use the axe valiantly, for
+which he has been gifted by God's grace with a more valiant spirit than
+other men." This axe Luther not long after wielded with destructive
+force, in his publication called, "The Papacy at Rome, founded by the
+Devil." The Landgrave of Hesse did not find much to object to in the
+Wittenberg Reformation.
+
+But at the Diet of Worms, which began at the end of March, it was not
+brought into notice at all, the Protestants themselves not insisting
+upon its delivery. The Emperor's great object at the Diet of Worms was
+to induce the Protestants to send delegates to the Council of Trent,
+which was to be actually convened during the same year. This, however,
+they refused to do in the most decided manner. He then appointed another
+Diet, to be held in Ratisbon, January 6th, 1546, at which a religious
+discussion should take place. They saw very plainly that the Emperor
+contemplated violent measures, and therefore the Protestants met at the
+end of the year 1545, in order to renew the League of Smalkald. The
+Theologians of Wittenberg also advised this League, and said: "We pray
+that Almighty God may incline the princes and rulers to a cordial,
+lasting, and inseparable union." But this union was the very thing that
+was wanting. They resolved to accept the religious discussion at
+Ratisbon, but to protest against the Council of Trent, which began at
+last on the 7th of January, 1546. Melanchthon drew up a memorial to this
+effect.
+
+As the Protestants had declared that they would send representatives to
+the discussion at Ratisbon, it was now necessary to elect these
+delegates. We may suppose that the Court of the Elector had fixed upon
+Melanchthon, who had given such repeated evidences of his capability.
+But Luther appealed to the Elector with the words, "As it will be a
+useless and ineffectual council, of which we can hope nothing, Philip,
+who is indeed very ill, should be spared." In order to prevent
+Melanchthon's journey to Ratisbon, he even went to Brueck, and explained
+the state of things to him. Of Melanchthon, he said: "He is a faithful
+man, who fears or shuns no one, and besides this he is weak and sick. He
+had no little difficulty in getting him home alive from Mansfeld, for he
+would not eat or drink. If we should lose this man from the University,
+it is likely that half the University would leave on his account. He
+would not advise, but most faithfully dissuade them from sending him."
+They should send Dr. Zoch and Dr. Maior, who was at least more learned
+than the Emperor's ass. Cruciger also begged that he should be excused
+from this discussion and journey. "However, if I knew," said the
+chancellor in his report, "that Melanchthon would not be excused from
+the disagreeable affairs at Mansfeld, I would rather advise and urge
+that he should be sent to Ratisbon. And Philip himself said that he
+would rather do the last than the first." The Elector yielded, but first
+summoned Melanchthon to Torgau, in order to consult with him about the
+discussion at Ratisbon. He here, on the 11th of January, published an
+Opinion, in which he said that it is not known whether the Emperor will
+again present one of Groper's books, or whether the Augsburg Confession
+would be discussed, article upon article. The Emperor was accompanied by
+a Spanish ecclesiastic, called MALVENDA. Melanchthon thought that _he_
+would not fail to oppose the article on Justification. If they desired
+to destroy the whole discussion, it would be most useful to begin with
+this article, which is now known and highly esteemed throughout Germany,
+and among all the godly. This would soon bring matters to a close, and
+the Protestants could then publish a protest, that the opposite party
+would not be convinced, and that it would evidently be entirely useless
+to carry on further negotiations.
+
+The two persons pointed out by Luther, GEORGE MAIOR and LAURENTIUS ZOCH,
+were now chosen to attend the religious discussion at Ratisbon. It is
+said that when Maior once more visited Luther before his departure, he
+found upon the door of Luther's study the following words in Latin: "Our
+professors must be examined concerning the Lord's Supper." Maior asked
+him: "Venerable Father, what is the meaning of these words?" Luther
+replied: "They mean just what you read, and as they say; and when you
+return home again, and I too, an examination must be held, to which you
+as well as others shall be called." But when Maior in the most decided
+manner declared his adherence to the true doctrine of the sacrament,
+Luther spoke at length of this matter, and exhorted him to confess the
+same in the Church, in schools, and in private conversations, and by
+these means strengthen the brethren, lead his friends into the right way
+again, and oppose the wanton spirits. He who has the true Confession
+cannot stand in one stable with heretics, nor give fair words to the
+devil and his knaves. A teacher who says nothing against errors is worse
+than an open fanatic. He either lies under one cover with the enemies,
+or he is a doubter and weathervane, who is merely waiting to see whether
+Christ or the devil will gain the victory; or he is altogether in a
+state of uncertainty, and is not worthy to be called a disciple, much
+less teacher."
+
+Thus Luther spake, and Maior thanked him for it. How steadfastly Luther
+adhered to the truth, which he had recognized in regard to the important
+article of the Sacrament, may be inferred from this, if it were not
+known long before. Yet we also know that he was at this time on the most
+friendly terms with Melanchthon, whom he twice took along with him to
+Eisleben. Philip was often found at his table, and there was nothing but
+friendship between them. But in a few days this friendship was to
+receive a wound which this world could not heal. I do not refer to any
+change of doctrine, but to Luther's death, which to Melanchthon's great
+sorrow occurred very unexpectedly at Eisleben.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+LUTHER DIES, AND MELANCHTHON MOURNS.
+
+
+Melanchthon saw him, his dearly beloved father, for the last time, on
+the 23d of January, 1546, on which day Luther with his three sons
+departed for Eisleben, there to assist in settling the difficulties
+between the Counts of Mansfeld. It is not a part of our design to
+describe the particulars of Luther's journey, his labors in Eisleben,
+his short illness, and his blessed death. Melanchthon wrote to Jonas,
+(and doubtless sent the letter along with him,) that the angel of the
+covenant might accompany the Doctor, and assist him in his efforts to
+restore a lasting and beneficial harmony between the Counts of
+Mansfeld; and adds, that he was prevented from accompanying him by
+indisposition. He was at that time suffering from constipation, which he
+attributed to the stone. And on the 31st of January he wrote to Luther
+himself that his wife had been greatly troubled about him and the boys,
+because they had heard that the river Saale was very much swollen. "Now
+we pray," he adds, "the everlasting God, and Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, that he would bring you all back again in health, when you have
+been successful in restoring harmony among the Counts of Mansfeld. By
+God's grace, we are here in the enjoyment of peace; God grant that it
+may last for a long time." He received the most hearty greetings from
+Eisleben. On the 18th of February, on which day Luther had already made
+his happy departure from this world, Melanchthon yet wrote to him. We
+will here present the beginning of this letter: "To the venerable man,
+Dr. Martin Luther, distinguished by learning, virtue, and wisdom, the
+restorer of the true doctrine of the Gospel, his dearest father! Revered
+Doctor, and dearest Father! I thank you that you have written to me so
+often and kindly. And we now pray God, the eternal Father of our Lord
+Jesus Christ, that he would lead you all safely home." This prayer was
+not to be heard, or rather it was to be heard in a far higher sense. On
+the following day, February 19, he already received the sad tidings of
+the departure of his dear father, from Jonas. At 9 o'clock he was to
+lecture on the Epistle to the Romans, but his sorrow would not permit
+him to do so, and he said to the assembled students: "Beloved, pious
+young men!--you know that I proposed to explain to you the Epistle to
+the Romans, according to the simple and natural meaning of the words,
+because in this is contained the true doctrine of the Son of God, which
+God in special mercy has also revealed to us, in this our day, through
+our venerable father and dear teacher, Doctor Martin Luther. But I have
+this day received so sad a letter, which troubles and afflicts, and
+discourages me so much, that I doubt whether I shall be able in future
+to discharge the duties of my office in the University. What this is I
+will now relate to you, especially as other persons have also advised me
+to do so, and especially that you may know how it came to pass, so that
+you may not relate it differently from what is true, or may not believe
+other persons who may circulate false reports in regard to the matter,
+as is generally the case.
+
+"On Wednesday, February 7, shortly before supper, Dr. Martinus was
+attacked by his usual affection, a pain in the pit of the stomach, with
+which he was several times afflicted here. This returned after supper,
+and as it did not cease, he went into his chamber, and laid himself down
+for about two hours, until the pains had become much worse. He then
+called Doctor Jonas, who slept in the same room, and asked him to
+request Ambrosius, the tutor of his sons, to make a fire in the room. He
+then went in, and was soon surrounded by Count Mansfeld and his lady,
+and many others, whose names, on account of haste, are not mentioned in
+this letter. On the morning of Feb. 18, before four o'clock in the
+morning, he commended himself to God in this prayer: 'My dear heavenly
+Father, eternal, merciful God! Thou hast revealed unto me thy beloved
+Son, our Lord Jesus Christ; him have I taught and confessed, him I love
+and honor as my dear Saviour and Redeemer, whom the wicked persecute,
+despise, and revile. Take my soul to thyself!' He then thrice repeated
+the words: 'Into thy hands I commend my spirit, thou hast redeemed me,
+O God of Truth!' and then said: 'God so loved the world, that he gave
+his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not
+perish, but have everlasting life.' This prayer he repeated several
+times, and was thus taken by God into the everlasting school, and
+eternal joy, where he is now enjoying fellowship with God the Father,
+Son, and Holy Ghost, together with all prophets and apostles. Alas! the
+Chariot of Israel is gone, which ruled the Church in this last age of
+the world. For assuredly this doctrine of forgiveness of sin, and of
+faith in the Son of God, was not invented by the wisdom of man, but was
+revealed by God through this man, as we ourselves have also seen that he
+was awakened by God. Therefore let us willingly remember him, and love
+the doctrine which he proclaimed; let us also live more discreetly and
+moderately, and consider what great troubles and changes will follow the
+departure of this man. I beseech thee, O Son of God and Immanuel, who
+wast crucified for us, and didst rise again, to rule and protect thy
+Church. Amen."
+
+Thus Melanchthon spoke and prayed, with tears and with a troubled heart.
+His hearers were so deeply affected, that it seemed, as Selnecker says,
+as if the very walls were weeping, for all manifested their sorrow by
+sobbing aloud. On the 19th of February, he inquired of Jonas on what day
+they would arrive in Wittenberg with the corpse. In this letter, he also
+expresses his great sorrow on account of the death of this beloved man:
+"We are greatly troubled at the loss of such a teacher and leader, not
+only on account of the University, but also because of the Church
+Universal of the whole world, which he led by his counsels, doctrine,
+reputation, and the power of the Holy Ghost. Especially are we troubled
+when we think of the dangers and storms which will come, since he has
+been called away from his post.... But let us call upon our Lord Jesus
+Christ, who has said, I will not leave you comfortless, that he may
+continue to guide and preserve his Church, and let us thank him for the
+benefits he has conferred upon us through Dr. Luther, and let us hold
+Luther in grateful remembrance." On the same day, he also informed
+Amsdorf of this calamity, and concluded thus: "Although I have no doubt
+that many worthy persons everywhere will grieve most sincerely, I yet
+know that your grief will be still greater, because he had no older and
+dearer friend than you, and you loved him as a father. You have
+therefore a great personal reason for your sorrow. But to this must also
+be added public reasons, for after his death we seem to be threatened by
+many other evils; but I pray and conjure you, for God's sake, that you
+would encourage yourself with the divine consolations afforded us in the
+Gospel, and that you would remember us and the Church."
+
+About noon on the 22d of February, Luther's remains arrived at the
+Elster gate of Wittenberg, and amidst the ringing of all the bells, and
+the escort of a vast, deeply-moved multitude, were solemnly conveyed to
+the Electoral church, where the Elector had assigned him a
+resting-place. Melanchthon also walked in the procession; and after
+Bugenhagen had, with many tears, preached an affecting funeral sermon,
+Melanchthon also ascended the pulpit, and delivered a Latin address, the
+substance of which we propose to relate.
+
+"Although my own great sorrow almost forbids me to speak in this great
+sorrow of all pious hearts, and of the Church of Christ, yet, as I am to
+say something to this Christian assembly, I will not, after the manner
+of the heathen, merely praise the departed one, but would rather remind
+this honorable assembly of the great, wonderful, and divine guidance of
+the Church, and of the many dangers with which it must always contend,
+in order that Christians might learn so much better what should grieve
+them most, what they should seek and ask of God, more than anything
+else." Thus he commenced, and then spoke of _the office_ which Luther
+had filled in the Church.
+
+He mentions particularly what he had done in respect to doctrine, how he
+had taught true repentance, justification by faith alone, the difference
+between the law and the Gospel, and true good works; how he had
+translated the Holy Scriptures, "in such a clear and plain manner," into
+the German language, and had also written other useful books.
+"Therefore, there can be no doubt but that pious Christian hearts will
+for ever continue to praise and glorify the divine blessings, which he
+has given to his Church by the hands of this Doctor Luther. They will
+first of all praise and thank God for it; but after that, also confess
+that they have been greatly benefited by the faithful labors of this
+worthy man in his writings and preaching, and that they owe him thanks
+for all this." He now speaks of it, that many reproached Doctor Luther
+"on account of being too severe and rough in his writings." He would
+reply to this, in the words of Erasmus: "God has also given a severe and
+rough physician to the world, which in this latter time has been filled
+with grievous plagues and defects." But he is truly blamed too much. "He
+always faithfully and diligently defended the true faith, and always
+maintained a good, sincere, and undefiled conscience. And every one who
+knew him well, and had much intercourse with him, must confess that he
+was a very kind-hearted man; and when among others, was always friendly,
+amiable, and gracious in his conversation, and by no means insolent,
+stormy, obstinate, or quarrelsome. And yet withal, there was an
+earnestness and bravery in his words and gestures, which should be found
+in such a man. In short, he had a heart, faithful and without guile,
+words gracious and friendly, and, as St. Paul requires of the Christian,
+'whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever
+things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are
+lovely, whatsoever things are of good report.' Therefore, it is evident
+that the severity which he manifested in his writings against the
+enemies of the pure doctrine, did not proceed from a quarrelsome or
+wicked spirit, but rather from his great earnestness and zeal for the
+truth. This testimony must be given by us, and many pious persons, who
+saw and knew him intimately." He then proceeds to say: "No unchaste act
+or any other vice was ever discovered in him, no word leading to tumult
+or rebellion was ever heard from his lips, but he always exhorted men to
+reconciliation and peace; he never mingled other things with matters of
+religion, and never made use of any intrigues to strengthen his own
+power or that of his friends."... "I myself have often heard him pray
+with many tears for the whole Church. For he daily took time to repeat a
+few Psalms, with which he mingled his prayers to God, with sighs and
+tears, and often, in his daily conversation, expressed his displeasure
+against those who, because of their indolence or business, pretend that
+it is sufficient to call upon God with a brief ejaculation."... "We have
+likewise frequently seen, when great and important debates in regard to
+sudden and dangerous emergencies arose, that he always exhibited great
+courage and manliness; for he was not easily terrified, and did not lose
+confidence on account of threats, or dangers, or terror. For he trusted
+to this sure foundation, as upon an immovable rock, even upon the help
+and support of God, and permitted nothing to take this faith and
+confidence from his heart. Besides this, he possessed so great and keen
+an understanding, that he could tell before all others what should be
+advised and done in intricate, dark, and difficult affairs and disputes.
+That so worthy a man, gifted with such a mind, of sound learning, and
+tried and experienced by long practice, gifted with many lofty,
+Christian, and peculiar virtues, chosen by God to raise up the Church;
+one, too, who loved us with all his heart as a father; that such a man
+should have been called away, and has departed from this life, and from
+our midst and association, even from the foremost place of all, is
+surely enough to call forth our sorrow and distress. For we are now like
+poor, wretched, forsaken orphans, who have lost an affectionate and
+excellent father. However, as we ought to obey God, and resign ourselves
+to his will, we should for ever cherish the memory of this our beloved
+father, and never suffer it to be effaced from our hearts." The speaker
+then proceeded to describe the pleasant lot which had fallen to the
+sainted one in heaven, after having found that for which he had wished
+for a long time. "We ought not to doubt that this our dear father, Dr.
+Luther, is present with God, in external happiness." It is God's will
+that we should always remember his virtues, and the blessings bestowed
+upon us through him. We should faithfully discharge this debt of
+gratitude towards him, and should acknowledge that he was a precious,
+noble, useful, and blessed instrument in God's hands; and we should
+study his doctrine diligently, and preserve it faithfully. We should
+also regard his virtues as an example to be imitated by us; such as his
+piety, faith, earnest and fervent prayer, fidelity and diligence in
+office, chastity and modesty, prudence, anxiety to avoid everything
+which might cause tumults and other offences, and a constant pleasure
+and desire to learn more and more.
+
+Thus Melanchthon spoke with a sorrowful heart. He felt more than all how
+much he had lost in Luther, who might well be compared to the sturdy
+oak, against which this timid man could often lean. He expressed his
+sorrow in every direction, as his letters at this time prove. And his
+way was gradually becoming lonely, for his dearest friends were dying,
+as for instance Spalatin; and the departure of another, his beloved
+Myconius, who had once before been snatched from the bonds of death by
+the faith and prayer of Luther, was also near at hand. Myconius was
+suffering with bronchitis, and it was evident that he would soon rest
+from his labors. It was at this time that Melanchthon addressed two
+letters to him, which we present on account of their consolatory
+contents. On the 1st of March, 1546, he wrote: "I most earnestly wish
+that God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, might again restore your
+bodily strength, so that you might serve the Church longer, and
+superintend the studies of your sons. But if God, my Frederick, has
+resolved to call you away, oh! then consider into what an assembly you
+shall be admitted; to God, and his Son given for us, to the patriarchs,
+prophets and apostles. You will see and converse with those who shall
+proclaim the glory of God to you without deceitful arts. I seek their
+intercourse with such ardent desire, that I am often sorrowful that I am
+obliged to sojourn longer in this earthly prison, especially as I am
+constantly contending with great sufferings and dangers. Rather would I
+be torn in pieces than unite with those deceivers who are at present
+endeavoring to consummate false unions. And yet you know that I am
+constantly called to attend these artful proceedings. Therefore I
+beseech you to commend the Church and me to God!" And on March 4, he
+wrote: "Dearest Frederick! The gracious word of the Son of God has
+frequently comforted me in great afflictions: '_Neither shall any man
+pluck them out of my hand._' We will not seek any other explanation of
+the sheep, than that given us by Christ, who calls those his sheep who
+hear and love the Gospel. We are such, without doubt. Therefore, in all
+the dangers of this life and of death, we should entertain the confiding
+assurance that the watchman and defender, our shepherd, the Son of God,
+is with us always. Since Luther has been called away from this mortal
+state of existence, I have, besides my sorrow, additional cares and
+labors."
+
+On the 7th of April, Myconius died, to the great sorrow of Melanchthon,
+who thus expresses it in a letter to Jonas: "Frederick Myconius, after
+contending with his disease for a long time, has at last been called
+away from this mortal life. You see that the righteous are gathered in,
+that they may not behold the approaching calamities, which may God
+lessen, as we pray." These calamities were nearer at hand than he
+thought.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+WAR AND THE MISERY OF WAR.
+
+
+While Luther's death was not only deeply moving Wittenberg and Saxony,
+but all the friends of the Gospel elsewhere, the religious discussion of
+Ratisbon, which had been commenced on the 27th of January, was in full
+operation, but not in a very encouraging manner. For the Spanish
+Ecclesiastic, MALVENDA, proved himself to be a proud and obstinate
+priest. He had proposed nine propositions in regard to the article on
+Justification, which were composed in such a way that it was altogether
+impossible for the Protestants to accept them. The latter, therefore,
+declared in a protest, that they intended to abide by the Augsburg
+Confession, and regarded this as the true Catholic and Christian
+doctrine. The Theologians of Wittenberg were of the same opinion; and,
+in a letter to the Elector of the 5th of March, declared: "Dr. Martinus
+has left a valuable jewel behind him, even the true meaning of Christian
+doctrine, which we wish to transmit, undefiled, to our posterity. May
+God grant us his Grace and Holy Spirit for this purpose!" But on the
+banks of the Danube, that is, in Ratisbon, the Imperial party would have
+nothing to do with this pure doctrine, and laid every difficulty in the
+way of the Protestants. Indeed, it appeared more and more, that the
+whole discussion was a mock-fight, and that the Emperor was determined
+to cut the Gordian knot with his sword. He indeed did not wish this to
+be made known, for he was a deceitful man, who well knew how to conceal
+his thoughts. But the Elector saw through his disguise, and ordered his
+Theologians to retire from the discussion at Ratisbon. They returned in
+the beginning of April.
+
+Melanchthon about this time prepared an opinion in the name of the
+Theologians, in which resistance against the Emperor is declared to be a
+duty: "If it is true that the Emperor intends to fall upon these States
+on account of religion, then it is doubtless right that these States
+should earnestly protect themselves and their subjects, with the help of
+God." When the Emperor, therefore, came to Ratisbon, and had opened the
+diet on the 5th of June, the Protestants were forced to ask him the
+reason of his warlike preparations.
+
+He distinctly told them "that, as he was unable to restore peace in
+Germany by mild measures, he was obliged to proceed against the
+disobedient with the power of the Empire." The Pope united with him, and
+published this treaty, in which he openly speaks of the extermination of
+heretics. Melanchthon wrote about this to Amsdorf, on June 25th: "It is
+certain that the Emperor Charles is preparing to wage a terrible war
+against the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave. Already large armies
+are gathered in the neighborhood of Guelders, and troops, to be
+supported by the Pope, are expected from Italy. Charles does not conceal
+that he intends to wage war against the Duke of Saxony; for he called
+together the deputies of the cities in Ratisbon, and exhorted them not
+to assist the Duke of Saxony. But the cities nobly and firmly declared
+that they would not forsake their ally in the hour of danger. So much of
+the beginning of the war. But as God protected the house of the widow
+of Zarephath, so I pray that God would protect our princes, who govern
+justly, and do many good services to the churches and the studies of
+religion." As the treaty between the Pope and the Emperor was published,
+the Protestants opposed it in a public address, in which they asserted
+that the Emperor had been instigated to this war by the Roman
+Antichrist, in order to suppress religion, and German liberty. On the
+other hand, the Emperor gave as a reason the disobedience of the
+princes, which was particularly shown in their invasion of the rights of
+the bishops and founders, in the expulsion of the monks, and also
+because they detained the Duke of Brunswick in custody. The Pope ordered
+public prayers for the extermination of heretics, but the Protestants
+made all possible preparations to resist the Emperor.
+
+Melanchthon published Luther's excellent little book, "A Warning to my
+beloved Germans," and added an encouraging introduction, in which he
+says: "Let all who fear God in Germany, now seriously consider and
+remember what they owe to God in these terrible warlike preparations.
+For now that it is known that the Pope is lending such great aid in
+money and soldiers to carry on this war, there can be no doubt that it
+is his principal aim to exterminate the true doctrine, which is now
+preached in our churches, and to re-establish and secure forever his own
+idolatry and errors, by shedding of blood, murder, the lasting
+destruction of the German nation, and by dismembering all the Electoral
+and princely families." He encourages resistance, and adds: "I am
+surprised that wise men have suffered themselves to be induced to begin
+this war. But it is not only the work of men, the devil's rage, and
+desire to bring about greater destruction and misery in Christendom....
+But I pray all God-fearing men earnestly to beseech God to protect his
+Church, in which the true doctrine is preached, and also every Christian
+government. Besides this, all such should remember that every one is in
+duty bound to aid in preserving the true Christian doctrine, according
+to his position and means. For this we live, and we cannot do a better
+work in this life."
+
+The Imperial ban of the Empire against the Elector and the Landgrave,
+the two leaders of the league of Smalkald, made its appearance on the
+20th of July. Besides this, Duke Maurice of Saxony, who was full of
+ambition, betrayed the cause of his relative, the Elector, and the cause
+of the Protestants in general. He went over to the Emperor's side. But
+before the Emperor had gathered his troops, the Protestants were already
+standing on the banks of the Danube, in the month of July, with an army
+of 40,000 men, prepared to strike. But they did not make a good use of
+their favorable position, for they could at this time have brought the
+war to an end by one decisive blow. The experienced commander of the
+Upper Germans, SEBASTIAN SCHAeRTLIN, wished to fall upon the Emperor, who
+with a few hundred men was then in Ratisbon, and compel him to make
+peace. But his plan was defeated by the scruples of the leaders of the
+League, until the Emperor had received reinforcements, and was now able
+to assume an offensive attitude. He soon became master of the Danube,
+and entered Swabia. When the leaders of the League now proposed terms of
+peace, he ordered them to surrender at discretion. Here they also
+learned that Duke Maurice had united with the Emperor, and therefore the
+two leaders of the League resolved to return to their own dominions, in
+order to protect them, especially as Maurice had already entered the
+Electoral dominions, and was capturing one city after the other. The
+Emperor had also promised the Electoral dignity to Duke Maurice. When
+the princes retreated, with the intention, it is true, of meeting the
+Emperor the following spring with a stronger force, they placed the game
+entirely in his hands. He conquered, and laid under contribution, the
+various confederate cities in Southern Germany; and on the Rhine,
+humbled the aged Duke Ulrich, of Wuertemberg, and deprived the aged
+Archbishop of Cologne of his princely dignity. He had thus covered his
+rear in Swabia and on the Rhine, and was now able, without much
+difficulty, to shift the war into the dominions of the two leaders of
+the Confederation.
+
+While the Emperor was proceeding thus in Southern Germany, and on the
+Rhine, the Elector, John Frederick, entered Thuringia with 2000 men, and
+soon swept away the armies of Duke Maurice. He even entered his
+dominions, and conquered the whole land, with the exception of Leipzig.
+At Altenberg, he was opposed by Maurice and his ally, the Margrave
+Albert, of Brandenburg, but in vain. For the Margrave was taken
+prisoner, and Maurice evacuated the country. Thus John Frederick stood
+as a victor upon the banks of the Elbe, but without taking advantage of
+his victory.
+
+We may easily suppose that the University and schools could not prosper
+much in these warlike times. When the troops of Duke Maurice were
+advancing, it was thought advisable in Wittenberg to dissolve the
+University. The Margrave Joachim offered a retreat to Melanchthon. Many
+fled to Magdeburg, but Melanchthon selected Zerbst, when the troops of
+Maurice threatened Wittenberg. We may conceive the feelings of
+Melanchthon's heart, when aged sires, women, and children, were thus
+compelled to flee, in mid-winter, in a snow-storm. He was received in a
+hospitable manner at Zerbst, and at the same time also received
+invitations from Brunswick and Nuremberg. But, while everything looked
+so gloomy, the sky assumed a bright appearance at the return of the
+Elector, who had so expeditiously cleared his dominions of hostile
+troops. Melanchthon, too, returned to Wittenberg, now freed from the
+siege, but only for a few days, as matters were still in a state of
+insecurity and uncertainty. He returned to Zerbst, and was destined soon
+to experience greater calamities than ever before. But, although he was
+greatly afflicted, he comforted himself with the word of God. He at this
+time wrote to Camerarius: "Let us be assured that God will preserve the
+seed of his Church and of the truth, as he has so repeatedly promised in
+his divine word, and let us not doubt that God has our welfare at heart,
+even if the world should be destroyed." In the beginning of February,
+1547, he again returned to Wittenberg for a few days, and thence wrote
+to the Elector to make peace, but without effecting anything.
+
+While Melanchthon was deeply afflicted by the death of his beloved
+daughter ANNA, who had been married to Sabinus, and died on the 26th of
+February, in the flower of life, he was also to behold calamities
+falling upon the dominions of his prince from every quarter. The Emperor
+had arisen with the determination to subdue John Frederick. He united
+with his brother Ferdinand and Duke Maurice, at Egra, and advanced into
+the Electoral dominions with 27,000 men, while the Elector had rapidly
+retreated to Wittenberg, which was well fortified. But he was overtaken
+by the Imperial cavalry. A battle was fought at Muehlberg, April 24. The
+pious Elector was at the time attending divine worship, and thought
+that he ought to remain until the close; he was overtaken on the heath
+of Lochau, and after a brave resistance on his part, was made prisoner.
+The Emperor received him in a very ungracious manner, and ordered him,
+together with the captive Duke Ernest of Brunswick-Lueneburg, to be
+conveyed to the camp. Intoxicated by his victory, he even went so far as
+to pronounce sentence of death upon the Elector, against all the
+prerogatives of princes. But the Elector received the announcement with
+the greatest tranquillity. However, he did not venture to execute the
+sentence, and changed it to imprisonment for life. As the Elector
+steadily rejected the resolutions of the Council of Trent, he was
+declared to have forfeited his lands and electoral dignity, and the
+traitor Maurice was entrusted with the Electorate. When Melanchthon, who
+was then at Zerbst, heard of the defeat of the Elector, he was deeply
+moved, and thus expresses his troubles in a letter written to Caspar
+Cruciger, on the 1st of May: "Dearest Caspar, if I were able to weep as
+many tears as the Elbe rolls deep waters by you and our walls, I could
+not weep out my sorrow on account of the defeat and imprisonment of our
+prince, who truly loved the Church and Justice. Many important
+considerations increase my distress. I deeply commiserate the prisoner.
+I foresee a change of doctrine, and a new confusion of the Churches.
+Then, what an ornament is destroyed in the dispersion of our school? and
+we too are torn asunder. Truly, if it were possible for one to consider,
+I would rather die in your society, and before your altars, than wander
+about in this state of exile, in which my strength is daily decreasing."
+As the Spanish and Italian soldiers made great havoc, and especially
+mal-treated women and maidens, he did not consider Zerbst a safe
+retreat any longer. He, therefore, removed with his family to Magdeburg.
+He here met Luther's widow, who was about to depart to Denmark, where
+she had found a noble patron in the king. He accompanied her to
+Brunswick, where she remained for some time, and he went to Nordhausen.
+A faithful friend, Mayor MEIENBERG, resided here, with whom he had
+carried on a cordial correspondence. He had written to him on Ascension
+day, shortly before his arrival in Nordhausen: "I write this letter on a
+happy day, in which the Ascension of the Son of God is publicly
+commemorated, and which was beheld in former days by many of the Church
+with their own eyes. And I thought of the sweet words of comfort which
+are read on this day. But the Son of God still sitteth at the right hand
+of the Eternal Father, and bestows his gifts upon the children of men.
+Therefore, if we call upon him, he will also grant us gifts, and protect
+and preserve his Church." And this trust, which he reposed in the Lord
+of the Church, was not put to shame.
+
+He dropped the plan he had formed, of visiting his home, and also
+declined a call to the University of Tuebingen, which he received at this
+time; for his heart was wedded to Wittenberg, which had become his
+second home. He wrote to a friend on the 5th of June: "The University of
+Tuebingen has called me. But in my bosom and inmost feelings I feel a
+great affection for our little nest on the Elbe, and towards the friends
+residing there, and in the neighborhood, so that it would give me the
+greatest pain to part from them. Therefore I shall soon return to the
+Elbe again."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+RESTORATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WITTENBERG.
+
+
+His desire to return to Wittenberg was to be gratified sooner than he
+expected. In the beginning of June, he was informed by his countryman,
+the Imperial secretary OBERNBURG, that Duke Maurice had become Elector,
+and intended to restore the University of Wittenberg; and by a letter
+from Cruciger, the former instructors were called upon to return.
+Already, on the 8th of June, Melanchthon signified his intention of
+going to Wittenberg or Dessau, in order to consult with his friends in
+regard to this matter. A portion of the dominions of the Elector had
+been left to his sons, including Weimar, Jena, Eisenach, Gotha, and
+other places; and it seems the father was anxious that a new institution
+should be founded in Jena. This wish of the Elector, who was deeply
+interested in the cause of the Gospel, was worthy of all commendation;
+for the treachery of Duke Maurice did not permit the hope that
+Wittenberg would again become a nursery of the pure doctrine. It must,
+therefore, have been a very desirable object with the young dukes, to
+secure the former teachers of Wittenberg, particularly Melanchthon, for
+the new school. The elder Duke therefore requested Melanchthon not to
+remove from those parts. He immediately replied from Nordhausen, June
+9th, 1547: "Although the parents of your Grace, as well as your Grace,
+and your brothers, and all your faithful subjects, are plunged at
+present into the deepest sorrow which can come upon us in this world of
+trouble, yet we ought not to forget that God seeth all these things, and
+if we call upon him with all the heart, will lessen our misery, and show
+mercy, although we must endure chastisement for a season. I thank your
+Grace most humbly that you have been graciously pleased to invite me to
+stay near you; and if I could serve your Electoral Grace in an humble
+position as a teacher, I would rather serve your Grace in poverty, than
+in riches in other quarters, although I have been invited to several
+places. But I will not leave your dominions without the knowledge of
+your Grace. I intend soon also to pay another visit to Wittenberg." At
+the same time, he also received a letter from his friends at Wittenberg,
+urging him to come thither. In a letter to a friend there, he says: "I
+love the University as my home, for I have there lived in the greatest
+intimacy with learned and honorable colleagues, and we have together
+endeavored to spread abroad the doctrine of the most needful things,
+with moderate zeal. The son of the imprisoned prince has merely
+requested me not to leave his dominions, without previously informing
+him of my intention to do so; and if I could find a little place, even
+in an humble school in his dominions, I would be inclined to serve him.
+For I am not thinking of a brilliant position, but of my grave." He now
+for the first time learned that it was intended to establish an
+institution of learning at Jena; and he therefore wrote to the dukes
+that he would come to Weimar, "in order to hear further what your wishes
+may be, and also to communicate my own simple and humble opinion." From
+a number of letters written at this time, for instance, from one written
+to Augustin Schurff, on the 13th of July, it is evident that he had no
+other intention but to settle where he might live and labor together
+with his old friends and colleagues. He said: "I will regard the place
+of their residence as my native land." However, he went to Weimar, in
+order to consult with the dukes and Chancellor Brueck. Here, it seems,
+they intended to gain over Melanchthon for Jena, without, however,
+appointing his friends. This did not please him. Without expressing his
+sentiments fully, he proposed to retire to Zerbst, in order to consult
+with Schurff, Eber, and some other friends. But in Merseburg, he, on the
+18th of July, received letters from George of Anhalt, and Cruciger,
+summoning him to Leipzig. Duke Maurice was there at the time, and wished
+to see the Wittenberg Theologians, especially Melanchthon, who
+immediately departed for Leipzig. Bugenhagen refers to this in the
+following manner: "There Master Philip came to us, on account of which
+we greatly rejoiced, and thanked God. My most gracious lord (Maurice),
+entertained us splendidly in his own inn, paid all our expenses, and
+honored us with various gifts, and presents of money; he also received
+us in person, in a very gracious manner, and publicly declared before
+us, and all the Superintendents, that he would never permit himself to
+be led back to those Papal errors, which oppose the word of God, and the
+blessed Gospel of Jesus Christ. Therefore we should continue to teach
+the pure Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to condemn such abuses, together
+with all other fanaticism and error. His Electoral Grace also enjoined
+it upon us, that we should call the professors of the University of
+Wittenberg together again, resume our lectures, and to call the
+Consistory of the Church." Ratzeberger relates that the Elector
+presented a velvet cap, filled with dollars, to Dr. Pommer and Master
+Philip, and assured all of his favor.
+
+The Elector Maurice had before this been exhorted to restore the
+University, and he had now returned a gracious answer. Melanchthon
+rejoiced that he was able to return to Wittenberg again. On the 25th of
+June, he departed thither, accompanied by Bugenhagen, Cruciger, and
+Eber; after having declined the invitation to remain as professor in
+Leipzig. He wrote to Camerarius: "I do not know how long I shall remain
+here." And to Weinlaub: "The deliberations in regard to the restoration
+of the University are still very uncertain, for, as you may imagine,
+many difficulties stand in the way." And to Aurifaber, August 4th: "You
+are familiar with the old accounts, with what great difficulty cities
+were restored after their destruction. How often was the rebuilding of
+Jerusalem hindered, after the return of the Israelites from Chaldea! And
+yet the temple was finally restored. Thus will our University perhaps be
+restored again, although it be done slowly; I trust that it may be
+accomplished by the help of God." The prince gave the best assurances
+that he would secure a new income; and this was very necessary, for the
+University owned very little real-estate. Melanchthon was actually
+living at his own expense;[22] and, as he remarked in the last of the
+letters above, the restoration was progressing very slowly. But
+notwithstanding all this, he declined repeated offers from Koenigsberg,
+Frankfort-on-the-Oder, &c., so firmly was he rooted in Wittenberg. He
+wrote to Meienburg: "Verily, if this University is not restored, a state
+of barbarism will fall upon the churches, which may God prevent!" On the
+12th of August, he went with Eber to Dresden, in order to consult with
+Chancellor Cummerstadt about the income of the University, without,
+however, receiving any definite promises. His family were still in
+Nordhausen, whither he went to pay them a visit in October. He was
+accompanied by his son-in-law Sabinus, who, in compliance with
+Melanchthon's wishes, had brought his daughters to the house of their
+grand-parents, to be raised by them. At last, in the middle of October,
+the University was restored, and the family could again remove to the
+old home.
+
+By thus remaining in Wittenberg, in the service of the perfidious Duke
+Maurice, Melanchthon was much reproached by the friends of the
+unfortunate prisoner, and his sons, who were establishing a University
+in Jena. And it will remain a question, whether it would not have been
+more honorable in him to have retired to Jena. However, we must hear the
+reasons which induced him to pursue this course. He justified this step,
+in various letters addressed to his friends. He wrote to the Pastor
+AQUILA, in Saalfeld, August 29th: "As there seemed some prospect of the
+restoration of our University, and my colleagues earnestly conjured me
+to return, I was persuaded to do so by considering the name of the
+University, my connection with my colleagues, and the desertion and
+affliction of this Church, towards which many nations formerly directed
+their eyes. It seemed a mark of the special mercy of God that our city
+was not utterly destroyed, and I would regard it as a greater mercy
+still, if our University should be re-established. Although I know that
+many speak ill of me on account of this my return, I yet do not reply,
+but merely pray that my grief may be forgiven me. Ennius says a
+melancholy mind is always in error. In my great sadness I therefore
+longed too earnestly for my old friends, with whom I labored so long in
+one and the same excellent work. I also hoped too much in these insecure
+times, when I believed in the possibility of the restoration of the
+University, the certainty of which is not yet apparent. At all event, I
+did not seek carnal pleasures or treasures. I live here like a stranger
+at my own expense, in constant sorrow and prayer, and no day passes over
+my head without tears." As many friends of the Gospel entertained the
+suspicion that the truth would now be departed from in Wittenberg,
+Melanchthon declared in a letter to Aquila: "When those, of whom you
+write, say that the preachers of this place have deserted the truth,
+they do great injury to this Church, which is already sufficiently
+distressed. By God's grace, the voice of the Gospel now resounds as
+unanimously in the city of Wittenberg as it did before the war. And
+almost every week, ministers of the Gospel are publicly ordained, and
+sent into the neighboring districts. It was but this week that six pious
+and learned men were sent forth, all of whom declare, even as formerly,
+that they will preach the pure Gospel to their hearers. And they are
+likewise examined, as in former times. The facts of the case prove that
+we have not changed our minds in regard to doctrine. We also offer up
+public and private prayers for the imprisoned prince. We do not hear
+any one speak ill of our prince, and the authorities of this city would
+not permit anything of the kind. Therefore, I beseech you, do not
+believe those who slander us, or the Church here; I hope that God
+himself will confute them, and deliver us from their envenomed tongues.
+I myself honor the imprisoned prince with devout reverence, and daily
+commend him to God with tears and supplications, and pray God to deliver
+and guide him. As this is true, I am amazed at the levity of the
+slanderer who accuses me of the cruelty of preventing prayer for the
+prince. But I will beseech God, that he would protect his Church
+everywhere, and that he would also deliver us from such slanders in this
+our great distress."
+
+Melanchthon thus openly expresses himself in regard to his position at
+that time, and we are warranted in believing that these were the honest
+and sincere sentiments of his heart. But still more difficult relations
+arose, in which his Christian character was to be tried in the severest
+manner. The following chapters will show how he demeaned himself in
+these.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+THE DIET OF AUGSBURG AND ITS INTERIM.
+
+
+The Emperor Charles, proud of his victories, would not be satisfied
+until he also succeeded in securing the second leader of the League of
+Smalkald, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse. For this purpose he also
+employed Duke Maurice, which was especially disgraceful, because he was
+the son-in-law of the Landgrave. Maurice did not believe that the
+Emperor would capture the Landgrave treacherously, in order to lead him
+behind his victorious chariot, as he did with Duke John Frederick. The
+Landgrave yielded to persuasion, and upon his knees asked the Emperor's
+pardon; yet, notwithstanding all assurances to the contrary, he was
+seized and made a close prisoner. Thus the League of Smalkald was
+destroyed, and the Emperor found himself the mighty monarch of all he
+surveyed.
+
+In the meantime, the Council of Trent had published several articles of
+religion, which were opposed to the acknowledged Evangelical truth; and
+the Pope had now also removed it from Trent to Italian soil, to Bologna,
+in order to have it completely in his power. This displeased the
+Emperor, who did not like to see the Pope assuming too powerful and
+prominent a position. On the 1st September, 1547, he had opened another
+diet at Augsburg, towards which many looked with great anxiety. Not only
+the Ecclesiastical Electors, but also the Protestant princes were
+induced, by his influence, to declare that they would submit to the
+Council, provided it should be removed back again to Trent, and the
+articles of religion would be reconsidered. John Frederick alone opposed
+this; while the Pope did the same on the other side, because he could
+not bear to see the growing power of the Emperor. But Charles had for
+years learned at least so much, that it would be utterly impossible to
+introduce into Germany a reformation such as the Papacy desired; and
+because he wished to hold all the reins, not only of the worldly, but
+also of the spiritual government, in his own hands, he proposed to
+undertake the Reformation of the German Church himself. He had
+entertained this project for a long time, as he also manifested by the
+Ratisbon book, and now he believed he could carry out his plans, almost
+without any opposition, as the German States were prostrate at his feet.
+He therefore proposed to these to appoint a number of able men to meet
+and deliberate for the present, upon a form of doctrine and discipline
+for the Church. In January, 1548, Duke Maurice had demanded the opinion
+of the Theologians of Wittenberg, in regard to this matter. On the 26th
+of January, they replied: "We see that it is intended to form an
+interim, which many States, who are now one with us in doctrine, will
+not receive, which will cause new and great wars. Therefore, we need the
+Grace of God and good counsel in this matter, which we dread very much.
+It would be burdensome besides, to afflict our Churches by new changes;
+and it would be Christian and beneficial to suffer them to remain in
+their present condition." As the Elector had summoned them to Augsburg,
+they declared they would hold themselves in readiness. In regard to the
+Council, which was to be continued in Trent, Melanchthon expressed
+himself to the following purpose: "I believe, that if we agree to
+holding it, we are also bound to obey its decrees. But as various
+articles are false and opposed to divine truth, I cannot advise their
+adoption, and thus burden my conscience. But if the Emperor should
+insist upon a General Council, the other side should also be heard. The
+Emperor should be urged to permit an accommodation in Germany, as had
+been advised in Spire. And both sides should present written opinions."
+
+It is highly gratifying that Melanchthon behaved so valiantly in this
+matter. And this must be valued still more highly, when we remember that
+the Emperor had twice already demanded his delivery. But the Emperor had
+already formed his plans. It is very likely that the Elector JOACHIM
+II., of Brandenburg, presented a writing to him, which, like the
+notorious book of Ratisbon, endeavored to bring about an agreement
+between the Catholics and Protestants. There is very little doubt of the
+fact, that the Elector's Chaplain, John Agricola, had composed a
+considerable portion of this book. When he entered his carriage in
+Berlin, he is said to have remarked that he was now going to Augsburg as
+the Reformer of Germany, and everywhere praised this performance
+exceedingly. The Emperor placed this document in the hands of the two
+Catholic Theologians, Julius von Pflug and Helding, that, in connection
+with Agricola, they might revise it in such a manner that it might be
+introduced into Germany as a temporary form of doctrine and discipline
+of the Church. It is generally called the _Augsburg Interim_, that is to
+say, the Augsburg "in the mean time." Agricola was so highly pleased
+with it, that he could not praise and magnify its advantages too much.
+It granted the cup, marriage of the priests, and the possession of
+confiscated church property to the Protestants; and while it
+approximated their doctrine of the Church, the mass, and justification,
+it demanded that the rights of the Bishops, the seven Sacraments,
+transubstantiation, the invocation of saints, fasting, and ceremonies,
+should be retained. When Duke Maurice had received the book, he sent it
+to Melanchthon, who, from Altenburg, gave his opinion as follows: "It
+resembles the Ratisbon book, some articles being more stringent, others
+more moderate. What it says of the power of the Bishops needs
+limitation. It speaks in a very weak manner of faith and grace, although
+much better than the Council of Trent." Of the Pope and the Bishops, he
+says: "If the Pope has the true doctrine, we ought to obey him; but if
+he has not the true doctrine, our obedience must end." He expresses
+himself in a very decided manner against some points in the articles on
+the Sacraments, auricular confession, marriage, the mass, and invocation
+of saints, and says: "Finally, I am not willing to burden my conscience
+with this book, for the following reason: If the rulers would insist
+that the Pastors should adhere to this to the very letter, it would
+cause great persecution, sorrow, and offences, which would have such an
+injurious influence upon many persons, that they would not believe in
+any form of religion after it."
+
+After a more thorough examination of the Interim, he published a still
+more decided and definite opinion from Klosterzelle, whither he had
+gone, because the Emperor had again demanded his delivery or exile. He
+pronounces a severer judgment in regard to the "deceitful article of
+faith and love." "In reality, this is its true meaning: faith is a mere
+preparation for justification, then cometh love, by which man is
+justified. That is as much as to say: man is just because of his own
+works and virtues, so that this light is taken away; man is just and
+accepted by God, for the sake of the Lord Jesus Christ, through faith."
+"Thus man is led away from Christ to depend upon himself, and thus loses
+the comfort he should find in the Son of God." He adds: "I pray that
+these things may be well considered, for they concern the glory of God
+and the harmony of all the Churches." And again: "If they wish to make a
+tolerable, Christian Interim, they ought doubtless to make a difference
+between those matters which are right and needful, and those which are
+unnecessary, wrong, and, besides this, impossible. Why do they wish to
+desolate the Churches on account of the needless and false masses for
+souls, invocations of the saints, &c.?" For although the Interim
+admitted that the mass is no sacrifice for sin, and does not purchase
+forgiveness of sins, yet it still retained these four errors: the
+_first_, that the priest offers the Son of God as a sacrifice in the
+mass; the _second_, that by this the people obtain the merits of Christ;
+the _third_, that departed saints are to be invoked; and the _fourth_,
+that this sacrifice is beneficial to the dead. "These are all terrible
+lies, and therefore these articles should not be agreed to."
+
+Thus did Melanchthon express himself, and the other Theologians,
+Cruciger, Maior, and Pfeffinger, agreed with him. The Elector Maurice
+had not been pleased with the Interim from the beginning, and declared
+that he would not undertake anything of the kind without consulting his
+people. When he had, therefore, read Melanchthon's views, he demanded a
+full and dispassionate opinion from the Theologians. They went to Celle,
+and prepared one. On the 14th of April they sent it to the Elector,
+accompanied by a modest, yet determined letter. They again rejected the
+articles of justification, private masses, masses for souls, and the
+canons, while they agreed to confirmation, extreme unction, the power of
+the Bishops, private absolution without auricular confession, and
+several festivals and ceremonies, provided that work-holiness and the
+invocation of saints be abolished. Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius on
+the following day: "As long as I live I shall act as I did yesterday,
+and speak the same things, no matter where I shall be." "I have this
+consolation, that whatsoever cometh from God shall not perish. And I
+would not wish that our opinions should pass down to posterity if they
+are not of God."
+
+He wrote a letter of justification to Minister VON CARLOWITZ on the 28th
+of April, which gained him the ill-will of many of Luther's friends. We
+shall communicate some portion of it: "When the prince has formed his
+resolutions, I shall not make any disturbance, although I may not
+approve of many things in them, but will either remain silent or go
+away, or bear whatever arises. I have also formerly borne an almost
+unbecoming servitude when Luther suffered himself to be led more by his
+nature, which was inclined to fight, than by his dignity, and the
+general welfare. And I know that we must silently and modestly bear and
+cover many defects in the affairs of State, even as we must bear the
+evil effects of a storm. But you tell me that I am not merely required
+to be _silent_, but to approve of the Interim." He proceeds to show the
+minister that he is by no means quarrelsome, but had always been
+moderate and advising peace, so that the very persons who now appear in
+Augsburg as peacemakers, had calumniated him at court on account of his
+moderation. "And afterwards others, for almost twenty years, called me
+frost and ice; others again, that I agreed with the enemy. I recollect
+even, that one accused me of striving after a Cardinal's hat." But that
+notwithstanding all this, he had adhered to essentials in doctrine,
+cutting off all useless questions. He did not wish a change of doctrine,
+or the expulsion of worthy men, and that he could only think of it with
+the greatest sorrow. He now discusses the separate articles of the
+Augsburg book, how much he would yield, and what he would adhere to.
+But, if he should be regarded an obstinate fool, because he did not
+agree to all the articles, he would bear it, and imitate those who had
+preferred the truth to life in far less important things than these." We
+can easily discover his love of peace in all this, but also that he was
+determined not to yield in important points. While many of the more
+decided Protestants misinterpreted his constant yielding, he drew upon
+himself the highest displeasure of the Emperor, who again wished his
+expulsion, but without gaining his purpose. Melanchthon about this time
+wrote to JEROME WELLER: "In the consciousness of having desired what is
+right, we shall bear all that may fall upon us. For, in obedience to the
+divine commandment, we have sought the truth, which was indeed buried in
+thick darkness, and we have brought many good things to the light of
+day. Therefore let us also hope that God will hear our groans. We have
+experienced the uncertainty of the help of man."
+
+But the Interim did not only displease the Protestants, but the Catholic
+Electors and Bishops declared in Augsburg that they would adhere to the
+old state of things, but would not object to it if his Imperial Majesty
+would bring back the apostates to the right way.
+
+When Melanchthon had returned to Wittenberg, he, by request, prepared an
+opinion concerning the demand of the Bishops, that their jurisdiction
+should be restored to them; in which he plainly declares, that it was
+impossible to enter into an agreement with the persecutors; "and even if
+we would patch at it, it would be a peace like that between wolves and
+sheep." "But as for myself, I declare that we have just and needful
+reasons for avoiding their false doctrine and abuses. For this is God's
+eternal and unchangeable commandment: Flee Idolatry."... That the
+Bishops say of the Augsburg Confession, that it was never lived up to, I
+do not understand whom or what they mean. But it is certain that in the
+Churches of Saxony, and as far as Denmark, nothing more or different has
+been adopted than the doctrine contained in said "Augsburg Confession."
+The Interim was finally read to the States in the middle of May. The
+Catholics were not pressed to adopt it, but the Protestants were
+required to adhere to it until the Council should have published its
+decrees. Thus the Emperor succeeded in carrying out his own wishes; the
+Elector of Brandenburg signed it unconditionally, but Maurice only under
+certain conditions. The Margraves WOLFGANG, and JOHN VON CUSTRIN, and
+the prisoner JOHN FREDERICK, refused to sign, as faithful witnesses of
+the truth, who would not permit it to be tampered with. The Protestant
+cities raised a general opposition to it; the cities of southern Germany
+alone yielded to force, as threats and abuse were employed against them.
+About 400 ministers of the Gospel in these cities remained faithful to
+the truth, and were banished. The cities of northern and eastern Germany
+greatly distinguished themselves by their resistance, especially
+Magdeburg, which now called itself the chancery of God. The Protestants
+could with great justice say of the Interim:
+
+  "Blest is the man, who can put trust in God,
+  And does not consent to the Interim,
+  For it is but a rogue in disguise."[23]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+HOW THE INTERIM FARED IN THE ELECTORATE OF SAXONY.
+
+
+We have already heard that the Elector Maurice only signed the Interim
+conditionally. Partly because he did not approve of many things in it,
+and partly also because he did not think it possible to enforce it in
+his dominions, where the Reformation had taken such deep root, he
+presented a protest at Augsburg, in which he explained that he could not
+at once force the Interim upon his people; it would be necessary first
+to consult the Chambers; but whatever he could do with God and a good
+conscience he would diligently do, so that he should not be found
+wanting. In the month of June he returned to his dominions, and demanded
+a full opinion from his Theologians at Wittenberg. It was composed by
+Melanchthon, and was already the fourth which the miserable Augsburg
+Interim had called forth. With a bold faith he declares in the
+beginning: "Although war and destruction are threatened, we ought to
+esteem the commandment of God greater, that is, we should not deny the
+truth of the Gospel which has become known to us. Besides this, the
+doctrine of the Son of God and forgiveness of sins is a particular
+counsel of God, which He, in infinite mercy, has revealed, and wishes
+that all men should help to sustain this doctrine, in order that they
+may call upon him aright, and obtain salvation. Now we know, from many
+examples, that from Adam's time the devil has tried many arts, again and
+again, to extinguish or to darken this doctrine. In the third place, it
+should also be considered what great offence it would cause in our
+Churches, if false doctrine and idolatry should be publicly introduced
+into them again. For many pious persons would fall into great distress,
+and the true worship of God would be hindered." After the opinion has
+declared that the Theologians would heartily wish to see and enjoy
+peace, it yet demands that Saxony should not be troubled with the
+Augsburg Interim. "For it will certainly not be received in many
+countries and cities." They would review it, and openly and honestly
+confess the truth it contained, but condemn its errors. The Theologians
+particularly objected to the article on Justification, and said: "We
+cannot advise any one to agree with the book in this point." They also
+rejected the article which treated of the Church and Bishops, and then
+entered upon an examination of the various articles on the Sacraments,
+confirmation, extreme unction, repentance, confession, &c., and pointed
+out every defect, and confessed in conclusion:--"And whereas we have
+recently received notice that the preface of the work prohibits every
+one from preaching, teaching, or writing against the Interim, it is
+necessary, with all humility, to make this declaration: That we shall
+not change the true doctrine, as it has hitherto been preached in our
+churches, for no creature has the right to change divine truth, and no
+one is permitted to deny truth when known to him." This lengthy opinion
+was signed by Bugenhagen, Pfeffinger, Cruciger, Major, Melanchthon, and
+Froeshel, and delivered into the Elector's hands.
+
+On the 2d of July he received his Chambers, together with several
+Theologians, one of whom was Melanchthon, in the city of Meissen. In his
+address to the Chambers, the Elector reviewed the entire course of
+things, and concluded by saying, that they should prove themselves
+disposed to assist the Emperor in whatever may be promotive of Christian
+harmony, quiet, peace, and unity, and can be done with the approbation
+of God and a good conscience." On the 4th of July, Melanchthon wrote to
+Maienburg: "It has been resolved to address a most reverent letter to
+the Emperor, beseeching him not to urge the errors of this document upon
+our Church. I therefore entertain the hope that the Churches of these
+countries will not suffer any change." He wrote in a still more decided
+manner to Paul Eber, that those were greatly in error who believed that
+the dissensions in the Church could be removed by ambiguous efforts to
+bring about an agreement, because an irreconcilable war exists between
+the devil and the Son of God, even as it is written: "I will put enmity
+between the serpent and the seed of the woman." He thus concludes this
+letter: "But I beseech the Son of God, that he would rule and support
+our minds in confessing and explaining the truth!" The Elector had
+presented the Augsburg Interim to the Chambers, together with the
+intimation that they should take the advice of the Theologians. This was
+done. Melanchthon immediately began the work, and particularly treated
+of the articles on justification and good works, which were the most
+rotten in the Interim, and on which so much, it may even be said _all_,
+depended. He, on the whole, considered it most advisable to pray the
+Emperor to exempt Saxony from the Interim. The Theologians communicated
+these views to the Chambers: "This is our opinion, we should prefer
+above all if these churches could remain as they now are. For a change
+would produce great trouble and offence." The Chambers agreed to this
+proposition, and besought the Elector to write to the Emperor to that
+effect. But Maurice, who was bound by the Emperor's kindness towards
+himself, declared that he could not thus utterly reject the
+Interim--that they ought to yield in indifferent matters; but that he
+would postpone the matter to the next meeting of the Chambers.
+
+The adoption of the Interim was particularly urged by the Elector
+JOACHIM of Brandenburg, or rather by the author, his Court Chaplain
+Agricola, who entertained a very high opinion of it, and on his return
+from Augsburg endeavored to persuade AQUILA of Saalfeld to agree to it.
+But he came to the wrong person, who said of the Interim, "that in the
+beginning it showed the sheep's clothing, but afterwards the ravening
+wolf."
+
+When Agricola exclaimed against Melanchthon's Opinion: "Away with
+Philippus; he writes nothing but lies in his book, the Opinion. Fie upon
+you! there is not a word in it but they are ashamed of." Aquila
+answered: "Let us not abuse our teachers, but highly honor them; Master
+Philip Melanchthon will be able to defend himself." Then Eisleben, (for
+Agricola was also known by this name,) replied: "I will summon Philip to
+come to me, and will read the text to him; for the land must be utterly
+ruined if they oppose the Interim." Aquila replied: "If the devastation
+of countries is the fruit of the Interim, it would be better if it had
+never been born." Agricola was indeed obliged to hear much of such
+misery, but in Saxony the Interim made no progress at all. Melanchthon
+also hoped that the people of Saxony would give a brilliant
+evidence of their constancy, as he at this time expressed himself
+very decidedly in his letters to various friends. The Margrave JOHN of
+Brandenburg-Cuestrin, who did not at all agree with the Elector JOACHIM,
+in regard to the Interim, and who by not subscribing it in Augsburg had
+incurred the displeasure of the Emperor, demanded an opinion from
+Melanchthon. He replied on the 31st of July, that godly and sensible
+ministers could not adopt it, because it was false in the article on
+justification: "As regards my own person, by God's grace I will not
+approve of this book, called Interim, for which I have very important
+reasons; and I shall commend my poor life to God, whether I be
+imprisoned or banished." But, as to what counsel should be given to
+rulers, many things might be said. There are points in this book which
+no prince, who understands the truth, could receive under any
+circumstances. As many cities would not approve of it, it would be best
+not to hasten with a reply. Perhaps the Emperor would be satisfied if a
+prince should offer to maintain uniformity in non-essentials, and would
+besides declare what he could and what he could not adopt. But if a
+government adopts the Interim, it also pledges itself to persecute
+innocent pastors. Whether rulers are to defend themselves? To this he
+replies: "As the father of the family is bound, as far as he is able, to
+protect his wife and children, if a murderer should break into his
+house, so are rulers bound, as far as they can, to protect their
+churches and innocent subjects! Whoever wishes to confess the truth,
+should commend himself to God, and remember that it is written: the
+hairs of your head are all numbered." Thus did he always advise.
+Although he may have recommended compliance in indifferent matters, he
+never advised any one to submit to a change of doctrine.
+
+We have already heard that Maurice had postponed the final decision in
+regard to the Interim, to the next meeting of the Chambers. But before
+this meeting in Torgau, he thought it advisable to enter into
+negotiations with the two Bishops of his dominions, Pflug of Naumburg,
+and Maltitz of Meissen, in order to yield everything to the Emperor
+which could be yielded in accordance with the pure doctrine and
+conscience. On the 23d of August, prince George of Anhalt and Forster,
+and Melanchthon with Eber, instead of Cruciger, who was ill, met the two
+Bishops in Conference in Pegau. The Elector, proceeding from the
+principle that we must give to God the things that are God's, and to
+Caesar the things that are Caesar's, said, that he expected that they
+would not be "obstinate" in those matters which might be granted without
+detracting from the honor of God, or offending conscience. Of course
+this conference adjourned after a few days, without having accomplished
+anything, for the two Bishops would not agree to any change of the
+Interim. On the 30th of August, Melanchthon returned to Wittenberg by
+way of Leipzig, to behold the approaching end of one of his dearest
+friends, Caspar Cruciger, who died on the 16th of November. The sick
+man, shortly before his death, had a heavy and alarming dream. He said
+to Froeshel: "Oh, what a terrible and cruel disputation I held in my
+dream to-day." When he asked to hear the particulars, he replied: "I
+cannot tell. They wished to persuade me, and to absolve me in regard to
+it, that it would be all right, and do me no harm, but I protested
+against it." Froeshel began to comfort him, and Cruciger wished to
+receive absolution of his sins. When he had heard it, he began to pray
+fervently for the church, and with his hands clasped together, he
+frequently repeated these words: "Father, sanctify them by thy truth,
+thy word is truth; grant that they may be one in us." Froeshel endeavored
+to comfort him by a somewhat longer address, to which the dying man
+replied "Amen!" in a soft tone, and soon after fell asleep in the Lord.
+We may imagine the greatness of Melanchthon's sorrow, when he received
+the sad news at the meeting of the Chambers at Celle. He wrote to
+Dietrich in Nuremberg, that God had at last called Caspar to the
+heavenly university. Although no one was more distressed at this death
+than he himself, because they had been most intimate friends, he yet
+congratulated him upon this happy journey, because he was thereby
+removed from many sad scenes.
+
+The Chambers had met in Torgau, on the 18th of October. Already on the
+first day of the session, five knights and two Electoral chancellors, no
+doubt at the instigation of the Elector, arose and presented a document,
+in which they explained what they thought of the Augsburg Interim, and
+what they believed might be yielded. They also at the same time
+admonished the Theologians to yield in indifferent matters, and thus to
+save the country from great afflictions. Their proposition leaned
+towards the Interim, and wished to reintroduce the Catholic state of
+things, which had been abolished by the Reformation. On the 20th of
+October, Melanchthon departed from Torgau, deeply distressed at the
+plans of the Electoral Court, as he himself writes to the prince of
+Anhalt. In this letter of October 24th, he says that he would not
+countenance troublesome alterations of doctrine, and would rather suffer
+banishment or death. He believes that the Emperor's favor could be
+secured by introducing confirmation, excommunication, and foolish
+fasting. But wherefore also the mass? He saw very well that they did not
+merely wish to reconcile the Emperor, but also to introduce private
+masses. "If they wish this, I wish they would acknowledge it at once,
+for I know that I cannot prescribe laws to them; but those could depart
+who would not be satisfied with such a change of the churches." As late
+as November 14th, he wrote to Maienburg, that he had indeed always
+replied with moderation, but that he would never consent to a change of
+doctrine, and of the mass. This he was now to prove when he came to
+CELLE, with Bugenhagen and Maior, November 16th. The Superintendents
+LAUTERBACH, of Pirna, and WELLER, of Freiberg, and also Camerarius, of
+Leipzig, were present. They were requested to revise the Liturgy, which
+had been prepared in the days of Duke Henry, of Saxony, approved by
+Luther, and printed in the year 1539, and had been used in the territory
+of Misnia up to the present time; but these changes were to be made in
+the spirit of the Interim. The Theologians declared, on the 18th of
+November, that God, who knows the hearts of all men, knows that we do
+not contend in an inconsiderate, wilful, or obstinate spirit, but are
+really anxious for peace; but that they could not accept false doctrine
+and idolatrous ceremonies.
+
+Upon this the deputies, without the assistance of the clergy, placed
+together all the articles. This document is called the _Recess of
+Celle_. It was to be laid before the next meeting of the Chambers. But
+previously to this, the Electors Maurice and Joachim met in Jueterbock on
+the 16th of December, and signed this Recess. The Chambers met in
+Leipzig on the 21st of December, to which Maurice had summoned all the
+deputies of his dominions. The Theologians present were the Prince of
+Anhalt, Melanchthon, Gresser, of Dresden, Pfeffinger and Camerarius, of
+Leipzig. The Elector presented the Recess of Celle, and called upon the
+Chambers to be obedient in everything which duty to God and conscience
+would permit them to yield. "That will be your own greatest advantage,
+and also for the peace and quiet of our dominions." The Interim of Celle
+contained the pure doctrine of the Evangelical Church, and merely wished
+to adopt such usages and ceremonies from the Catholic Church as were
+indifferent or non-essential. The Interim which was prepared here in
+Leipzig, with a reference to previous forms of agreement, is called the
+_Leipzig Interim_. They did not dispute about the fall of man; and in
+regard to _Justification_, they had already come to terms at Pegau. They
+declared in this part that man is not justified by works, but by mercy,
+gratuitously, without our merit, so that the glory may redound to
+Christ, and not to man. But yet man is not a block; he is drawn in such
+a manner that his own will also co-operates. Of _Good Works_, they
+taught that God indeed accepts men for Christ's sake, but that
+nevertheless good works are very needful. They said of them, that they
+must be in us, and are needful to salvation. Melanchthon had composed
+these articles, while the remaining ones were prepared by the Elector's
+counsellors. Of the _Church_, they said that we must receive what she
+teaches, "as she shall not and cannot command anything opposed to the
+Holy Scriptures." All other ministers of the Church should be subject
+and obedient to the bishops, who discharge their office according to the
+commandment of God, and use it for edification, and not for destruction.
+_Baptism_ is to be administered with exorcism, the presence and
+confession of Christian sponsors, and other ancient, Christian
+ceremonies; and so likewise _Confirmation_. _Repentance_, _Confession_,
+and _Absolution_, are to be taught, and no one admitted to the most holy
+sacrament of the body and blood, without confession and absolution.
+_Extreme Unction_ might be practised according to the customs of the
+Apostles, yet without any superstition and misapprehension. The
+ministers of the Church should be earnestly and diligently examined
+prior to _ordination_. The _Mass_ should be celebrated in future with
+ringing of bells, lights, and vessels, singing, appropriate dress, and
+other ceremonies. It also referred to further particulars as to the
+manner of celebrating mass. The pictures of the passion of Christ and
+the saints may be present to remind us of them, but are not to receive
+any divine honor. The _hymns_ are also introduced again. The days of
+Corpus Christi and the festivals of the holy virgin are to be added to
+the other festival days. _Abstaining from meat_ on Saturday and Friday,
+and in Lent, is introduced as an outward observance. The ministers of
+the Church are to _dress_ differently from the laity.
+
+The Chambers accepted this Interim, only expressing their scruples in
+regard to Ordination, Confirmation, Anointing (Chrism) the festival of
+Corpus Christi, and the Mass. They were assured in regard to this by a
+declaration from the Theologians, December 28th, and the Elector also
+gave assurances. On the 6th of January, 1549, Melanchthon returned to
+Wittenberg, and on the same day wrote to Maienburg: "The Leipzig
+negotiations effect no change in the Church, because the contention in
+regard to the mass and the canon is postponed until further
+negotiations. Yet I wish that some things had been prepared
+differently."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+DISPUTES ABOUT THE LEIPZIG INTERIM.
+
+
+The more decided and strict adherents of Luther, who had before found so
+much fault with Melanchthon, now exhibited particular enmity towards
+him. He was bitterly reproached on account of his compliance. But we now
+enter upon a part of the history of his life, and of the evangelical
+Church, which is not of a very refreshing character. But this too should
+not be wanting, and will exhibit Melanchthon to us in such a light that
+we cannot refuse our sympathy, and even acknowledgment to the goodness
+of his heart, although we may regret the want of an energy like
+Luther's. These disputes mainly arose from the Interim. In the month of
+January, the Theologians of Berlin made inquiries of those at Wittenberg
+concerning the Interim. Agricola had boasted very much of it in the
+pulpit, and said that now the door of all Europe was opened to the
+Gospel. They wished to know now whether they comprehended among these
+"indifferent things," all that had been customary in the Papacy, such as
+holy water, salt, herbs, palms, consecration of unleavened bread,
+processions with flags and torches, unction at baptisms and sick-beds,
+the laying of the cross in passion-week, &c. They therefore asked for a
+copy of the agreement of Jueterbock, and, on the whole, a fuller
+explanation of these indifferent things, or _Adiaphora_, as they are
+called. They also asked for further explanations in regard to extreme
+unction. They replied by Bugenhagen and Melanchthon, on the 11th of
+January. They were not able to send the articles of Jueterbock, because
+they had not been present at the secret conference, and did not possess
+a copy of them. They did not enumerate the consecration of oil and salt
+among indifferent things, and had always rejected this and other
+matters. They exhorted those of Berlin to adhere to the Church
+discipline formerly given by the Elector. They also added this
+much-disputed sentence: "As such great devastations are occurring in
+other places, we believe that it is better to endure a hard servitude,
+if it can only be done without impiety, than to separate ourselves from
+the Churches." Questions and answers, however, did not everywhere pass
+off as well as in this instance. The excitement increased among the more
+determined friends of truth, when the Interim was about to be
+introduced; and the prince of Anhalt had considerably revised and
+altered the Liturgy, which had been introduced by Duke Henry. Several
+conferences were held, and Melanchthon was again actively engaged. On
+the 13th of April he was present at a meeting of the Chambers at Torgau,
+where the Interim was to be read. He here communicated the fact, that an
+adherent of Flacius, most likely Deacon Schultz of Torgau, had accused
+the Theologians of an intention to lead the people back again to Popery.
+He at the same time presented a defence to the Chambers, in which he
+showed that it would be necessary to yield somewhat in indifferent
+matters, if the main things in doctrine and the Sacrament were
+sustained. But that they had also yielded somewhat, because they had
+been seeking to bring about uniformity in doctrine and ceremonies. But
+this could not be looked upon as strengthening the Papacy. Their
+opponents declared, indeed, that fear had driven them to compliance,
+but to this they would reply: "We ought not to be condemned for being so
+fearful as to yield indifferent to needful things, and that we are thus
+fearful, not for our sakes, but the good of the people, children, and
+the entire government." Luther himself had frequently advised
+compromises in indifferent matters. That they had not introduced any new
+ceremonies. He defends himself most powerfully against the objection,
+that they were introducing idolatry, and thus concludes: "This is indeed
+a new form of Popery, that these violent persons wish to force every one
+to hold the same opinions as themselves, and fearfully condemn every one
+who does not at once agree with them."
+
+The ministers of Hamburg also addressed a long epistle to the
+Wittenbergers, in which they condemn the principle expressed by them in
+their reply to those of Berlin, that it would be better to endure a hard
+servitude in indifferent things, than to leave the churches on their
+account. They thought that too many things were comprehended under this
+term, and wished the Theologians of Wittenberg to explain what they
+meant by indifferent things. Melanchthon replied in a very friendly
+manner, on the 16th of April. He begins thus: "We are pleased if you
+admonish and correct us in the spirit of love; for this is a very
+necessary duty in friendship, and much more in affairs of the church.
+But yet, we entreat you that you would judge us leniently, according to
+your wisdom, reputation, and benevolence; and that you would not condemn
+old friends who have labored much for more than twenty years, and have
+endured, and do still endure, the greatest conflicts, as we are
+furiously persecuted by certain other persons, with many false
+accusations. We therefore do not reply to them, lest hatred and discord
+might be still more inflamed, in these sorrowful times." He declares
+that, by the grace of God, the same Gospel is still preached in
+Wittenberg, as in Hamburg. They would never permit any alterations in
+doctrine, and in the Lord's Supper, because these were the eternal
+counsels of God. They had far more to contend with than those who abused
+them. They did not consent to anything in customs and ceremonies which
+contradict the word of God. He further declares that by indifferent
+things, or Adiaphora, they did not understand magical consecrations,
+adoration of images, nor carrying about of the consecrated bread and the
+like, which they rejected by their words and writings, yea, not even the
+ridiculous stuff which occurs at funerals. Among the Adiaphora, they
+counted those things which the ancient Church already possessed, such as
+festivals, public readings, confession and absolution before the Lord's
+Supper, examination at confirmation, ordination to the ministerial
+office, and the like. He also defends the principle that it would be
+better to endure a servitude not opposed to the word of God, than to
+leave the Church; and he also thinks they should rather have been
+comforted than condemned, inasmuch as they still adhered to the true
+foundation. In conclusion, he urges unity. But the Wittenbergers, and
+Melanchthon, who was looked upon as their leader, were to endure still
+severer conflicts. We, in passing, will merely refer to the two pastors,
+ZWILLING and SCHULTZ, in Torgau, who preferred to be deposed from their
+ministry, rather than wear the white surplice, and called those who wore
+it, traitors and idolators. Melanchthon regarded these manifestations
+with great regret, and in his sorrow wrote to the Prince of Anhalt: "I
+would rather go into exile, than contend continually with such obstinate
+men."
+
+But Melanchthon's principal opponent at this time, and also afterwards,
+was MATTHIAS FLACIUS, who indeed embittered his life in an indescribable
+manner. He was born of respectable parents in Albona, in Illyria, in the
+year 1520; and after the death of his father, went to Milan and Venice,
+to prosecute his studies. When a youth, he already loved the Bible, and
+intended to enter a cloister, to serve God better. But a pious monk, who
+afterwards suffered martyrdom for the Gospel's sake, dissuaded him from
+this step, and revealed to him how the Gospel, which had been darkened
+by the Papacy, had again been brought to light by Luther. This at once
+kindled a fire in the heart of the inflammable young man. Against the
+wishes of his relatives, and supplied with a very slender purse, he set
+out for Germany, and in the year 1539 arrived at Basle. He here found a
+really paternal friend in the well-known reformer, SIMON GRYNAEUS. He
+made rapid progress in the study of divinity, both at this place, and
+also in Tuebingen, whither he went the following year. However, he felt
+himself drawn to Wittenberg, the mother-city of the Reformation. Here he
+enjoyed the good fortune, so often longed for, to hear Luther and
+Melanchthon; and he also enjoyed many benefits, especially at the hands
+of the latter. In Wittenberg, he for three years passed through severe
+inward conflicts, for he could not believe divine grace, and deeply felt
+the wrath of God abiding upon him. Bugenhagen brought the
+greatly-distressed young man to Dr. Luther, who, as is well known, had
+been made a powerful comforter by his own deep experience; and it seems
+that from that time, light began to arise in his troubled heart. In the
+year 1544, he was already professor of the Hebrew language in
+Wittenberg, and taught with great success. At his marriage in the year
+following, he rejoiced to see Dr. Luther present at the wedding. He was
+greatly attached to the reformer, and with him hated everything that
+savored of Popery. However, he evidently proceeded much further in this
+respect than Luther, who was willing to suffer wholesome customs to
+remain, even though they came from the Catholic Church. On this account,
+Flacius regarded the Interim with the greatest displeasure; and spoke
+with Eber, Maior, Pomeranus, and particularly Melanchthon, that they
+should zealously oppose it by word and deed. But when he saw that they
+would not consent, but rather, as we know already, accepted the Interim
+of Leipzig, he published various severe writings against the Interim and
+its defenders, yet without mentioning his name. And as the Interim
+succeeded notwithstanding all this, and was about to be introduced into
+Wittenberg, he resolved rather to leave Wittenberg than see this change.
+He removed to Magdeburg, where various persons, among them Amsdorf, who
+had been expelled from his bishopric, who were all highly incensed at
+the compliance of the Wittenbergers, had taken up their residence.
+
+The most violent publications were sent forth from this Chancery of God,
+as Magdeburg was called. They gave various insulting names to their
+opponents at Wittenberg, such as knaves, Samaritans, and Baalites; but
+Melanchthon was the principal mark of their attacks, because they blamed
+him especially for the introduction of the Interim. In a letter to
+MOLLER, he thus temperately expresses his sentiments in regard to the
+Interim: "I often advised that no innovations should be made now, for
+the people would at once cry out that we were destroying the Gospel, or
+at least beginning to do so. But the courts exclaimed that it would be
+necessary to yield somewhat to the Emperor, so that he would not send
+his armies into these parts, and suppress the Church, as he did in
+Swabia. But although I am not able to say whether we shall appease the
+Emperor by the re-introduction of a few indifferent ceremonies, yet the
+courtiers declare that such will be the case, and exhort us not to
+expose the fatherland and the Church to devastation, on account of these
+non-essential matters. We therefore contend for essential matters, for
+purity of doctrine, and the form of the Lord's Supper, so that the Papal
+mass may not be introduced again, as it was done amid the groans of all
+the godly, in Swabia. But I have never contended about holidays, the
+order of hymns, and similar matters; and I do not believe that such
+contention could be reconciled with the moderation needful in the
+present troubled state of the Church. But when some are opposed to all
+order, and all laws, it really seems far too uncivilized to me. I have
+many years ago wished that our churches might introduce a few
+ceremonies. A similarity in such matters, conduces to unity. Of course,
+there must be moderation in all such things. We do not make the least
+alterations in doctrine or essentials. But transubstantiation is the
+fountain of all the misery in which we find ourselves at the present
+time, and which awaits the Church in future. This has added strength to
+the Papal mass, concerning which we shall again hear the most severe
+commands of the Emperor at the next diet. You know that I have treated
+all other questions of dispute in a manner calculated to remove all
+doubts from the mind of every pious man, who judges leniently; but in
+regard to the question of transubstantiation, I have always been very
+short, owing to the slanderous judgments of some of our own side."
+
+The men at Magdeburg, and Flacius particularly, would not be silent; but
+Melanchthon did not reply. He speaks of this in a letter to
+BAUMGARTNER: "I have not yet answered our neighbors in the city of
+Parthenope, (Magdeburg,) because the facts themselves refute them; and
+what a conflagration would be caused, if we should reply!" He was
+induced to remain silent by his love of peace, and perhaps he also hoped
+that Flacius, owing to his extravagant views, would not secure many
+adherents. But in this he was mistaken; and he says himself, in a letter
+written September 20th, to Pastor LAUTERBACH of Pirna: "If they do not
+stop challenging us, I shall answer them. In the meantime I will refute
+this outcry by other useful writings. We see how the devil is spurring
+on unruly spirits, to create greater confusion. We will therefore call
+upon the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, to direct us." At last,
+October 1st, 1549, he replied to the attacks of Flacius. In answer to
+his reproach that doctrines were changed, and abolished ceremonies were
+being reintroduced, Melanchthon gives the unequivocal reply, that he
+confessed all that he had recorded in his book, _Loci Communes_, in
+which was found the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession of the year
+1530. As far as the _change of customs_ was concerned, he was free to
+confess that he had advised the Franconians and others not to leave the
+churches on account of this servitude, provided it could be borne
+without impiety. "But when Flacius maintains that I have said the church
+ought by no means to be left, even if all the old abuses were to be
+introduced again, I pronounce this to be a palpable lie." He also
+particularly complains of this, that his opponent made use of
+expressions which had been uttered in private conversations and in jest.
+He concludes in a conciliatory manner, by saying that he had not taken
+up the pen on his own account, but for the sake of those who were
+injured by the writings of Flacius. "They should satisfy themselves
+that they adhered to the true foundation faithfully in these churches,
+namely, the pure Gospel, all the articles of faith, and the use of the
+Sacraments without any perversion. And it is certain that the Son of God
+is present in such services, and hears the prayers of such an assembly."
+
+In November he was summoned to Dresden on account of this affair. The
+Court of the Elector seems to have been at this time disturbed by the
+publications of Magdeburg. But let us hear what Melanchthon says of it,
+in a letter to the Prince of Anhalt: "They were deliberating at Court
+about a modest reply and refutation of the slanderous accusations of our
+neighbors. However, I advised them not to publish it; for it is very
+evident that such publications do not cure and pacify slanderous
+persons, but rather tend to irritate them more. And Pythagoras has said,
+we ought not to extinguish a fire by the sword. The newest publication
+of Magdeburg, in which they show very plainly that they thirst after my
+blood, was not yet known at court. I often think of departing: may God
+direct me! The end will show what kind of spirit rules those who are
+troubling our already sufficiently troubled churches still more."
+
+These disputes still went on, and Flacius published Melanchthon's
+letters which had been written with great timidity during the Diet of
+Augsburg. These were accompanied by biting original notes from the hand
+of Flacius. Melanchthon said of him, in a letter written in January,
+1550: "I believe that honorable men detest his poison. For he does not
+contend for a principal point of doctrine, but publishes books filled
+with slanders and lies, by which he wishes to gain these two points: to
+render me detested by the people, and even to rouse those against me who
+still regard me with friendly eyes. But God, the searcher of hearts,
+will protect me against this slanderer."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+THE CONFLICT WITH OSIANDER.
+
+
+We can briefly pass over a conflict which arose in Hamburg, concerning
+the object of Christ's descent into hell. The superintendent, AEPINUS, of
+that place, had expressed the opinion that Christ's descent into hell
+was the last stage of his humiliation, and that he there suffered the
+pains of hell for us. The Wittenbergers, at the head of whom we are
+always to regard Melanchthon, declared in an opinion that the descent
+into hell represented Christ's victory over hell and the devil, and
+counted it, as it indeed is, one of the stages of his exaltation. But,
+although the contending parties were not entirely satisfied, yet this
+conflict did not produce such results as that excited by OSIANDER, in
+regard to the doctrine of Justification, which may be called the heart's
+blood of the Evangelical Church. Andrew Osiander, or Hosenmann, or
+Hosen-Enderlein, was born of poor parents in Gunzenhausen, December
+19th, 1498. He contended with great poverty in the school and
+University; but, by his talents, he soon acquired great knowledge, yet
+not equal to that of the learned Wittenberg Professor. Melanchthon
+always recognized his talents and other excellent gifts, so that he was
+anxious to draw him to Wittenberg to occupy the chair of Cruciger, when
+Osiander no longer wished to remain as Pastor in Nuremberg, on account
+of the Interim. Duke Albert of Prussia had once heard Osiander preach in
+Nuremberg, and had been gained over to the side of the Gospel by that
+sermon. The Duke always remembered this gratefully, and was rejoiced
+that he was now able to call him as first professor of Divinity, to the
+new University of Koenigsberg, in 1544. In his very first disputation,
+held April, 1549, he spoke of _Justification_, but in such a way, that
+it was very evident that he did not stand upon the ground of the
+Evangelical, but rather of the Catholic Church. He explained
+_Justification_ as meaning "to make just," and concluded that man
+becomes just before God by means of the righteousness or holiness
+communicated to him. He also entirely separated repentance from faith.
+When Melanchthon at first heard indistinct rumors of this Koenigsburg
+dispute, he regarded it as a mere battle of words; but he came to a very
+different conclusion when he received further particulars. On the 12th
+of August he wrote to Camerarius concerning Osiander, that he denied all
+imputation. And to a friend in Pomerania: "I do not believe that
+Osiander's controversy is a mere dispute about words, but he differs
+from our Church in a very important matter, and darkens our only
+consolation in true conflicts, or rather destroys it, by teaching us to
+rely upon essential righteousness, and does not lead us to the promise
+which offers us mercy by the obedience of the Mediator." Osiander
+continued to express his views more boldly, and was much displeased with
+those who were constantly appealing to Melanchthon. He said that they
+should no longer offend him by the stupid words: "Our preceptor
+Philippus teaches differently!" The confusion in Koenigsberg increased.
+He now also published his work: "A Confession concerning the only
+mediator Jesus Christ, and Justification." In this he maintains that the
+Redemption, by the death of Christ, has been bestowed upon all men. By
+Justification, man is not only _declared to be righteous_, but he is
+_made righteous_, inasmuch as the essential righteousness of God is
+communicated to him through faith in Jesus Christ. He disregarded the
+human nature of Christ entirely, and laid all stress upon his divinity,
+the righteousness of which enters the heart. He thus continued to adhere
+to his Catholic doctrine of Justification.
+
+On the 1st of May, 1551, Melanchthon wrote a friendly letter to
+Osiander, in which he assures him of his high esteem, and says: "You are
+greatly mistaken if you suspect me of entertaining different feelings."
+He at the same time also, in a supplement, added a few propositions for
+serious examination. But at last, when the views of Osiander seemed to
+be spreading more and more, he in January, 1552, published his
+well-known work: "Reply to the work of Mr. Andrew Osiander concerning
+the justification of man." As this work presents the pure doctrine of
+the Evangelical Church concerning justification, in a clear and calm
+manner, and at the same time also displays the amiable character of
+Melanchthon, it will not be amiss to present some extracts. He says in
+the beginning, that he rejoiced that others had also expressed their
+views in regard to this article; however, he would likewise speak,
+having been called upon to do so, by many distinguished and other
+persons. He would express his opinions in a clear and simple manner, in
+order that those who have been filled with trouble and sorrow by this
+dispute, may see upon what it rests, and what will be for the comfort of
+their souls. He had never intended to depart from Luther's views in this
+very important article. "As for the slanderous attacks of Osiander, in
+which he does me wrong, I will leave these to God, who knoweth the
+hearts of all men, and who is our judge. I have always loved and
+honored him, as every one knows, and I truly wonder whence all this
+bitterness proceeds.... I know that all my writings are too
+insignificant and weak, and therefore I have always submitted them to
+the judgment of our Church." He then proceeds to speak of the _Grace of
+God_ and the _free gifts_, according to Romans v., and says, _Grace_ is
+the forgiveness of Sin, and acceptance of our person with God; but the
+_gift_ is the divine presence in us, by which we are renewed, and find
+comfort and the beginning of life everlasting. These two, Grace and
+Gift, we have by the merits of Christ; and this is not gained by our
+works, but is alone obtained by our faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. This
+faith must ever continue, receive and retain both Grace and Gift, for
+the sake of the Mediator Christ, even though Regeneration has been
+commenced. It is like this, when John says, that _Grace_ and _Truth_
+came through the Lord Jesus Christ. Faith reposes all its confidence in
+the entire Lord Christ, God and man, even as the same Lord Christ God
+and man is Mediator and Redeemer according to both natures. For although
+the human nature alone felt wounds and sufferings, yet the whole Christ
+is Mediator and Redeemer. For this suffering would not have been the
+price, if the Redeemer were not God at the same time. They had at all
+times confessed that we must all undergo a change.
+
+Melanchthon refutes Osiander's objection, by which he asserted that
+nothing had hitherto been said in our churches of the indwelling of God
+in us. He then proceeds and says, that a distinction must be made
+between the righteousness of the saints after the resurrection, and of
+the saints during this life. Although God dwells in the saints, yet our
+nature abounds with great impurity, and sinful defects and desires. Here
+it was needful for the saints to have comfort, and to know how they
+have forgiveness of Sins and Grace. All this is proved by passages of
+Scripture. He says that a principal passage is recorded in Rom. iii.
+"Being justified freely by his grace, through the redemption that is in
+Christ Jesus: whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith
+in his blood." This all refers to the merits of Christ, and cannot be
+referred to the essential righteousness of the Father, the Son, and the
+Holy Ghost. He adds several other clear passages, which all speak of the
+merit of Christ. (Rom. 5, 1 John 1, Hebrews 10, Isaiah 53.) Here there
+is reference to Christ's merit alone, which we apply by faith. And this
+was preached also from the beginning, by the prophets. Osiander is
+mistaken, when he says: "I call that _righteousness_ which makes us do
+right. Here there is no mention of a forgiveness of sins." To this we
+reply: "We call the Lord Christ _righteousness_, by whom we have
+forgiveness of sins, a merciful God, and besides, the presence of God
+within us." In this sense must we regard the Mediator Jesus Christ, God
+and man, and hide ourselves in his wounds. Osiander confounds cause and
+effect. If he objects that this doctrine was calculated to fill men with
+a false security, they would reply: "We must teach the truth, give God
+the honor due to him, rebuke sin, and comfort troubled hearts with true
+comfort, although our hearers are not all alike." He is surprised that
+Osiander rejects this proposition: "Faith is a reliance upon mercy which
+is promised us for the Mediator's sake." "There must be a difference
+between the faith which the devils have, and this faith which accepts
+the promise, and by which the heart obtains comfort and joy." In
+conclusion, he remarks, that he had written all this in haste, and had
+passed by many other points, in order to avoid greater disputes. But he
+did not thus avoid them; for Osiander is said to have remarked, when he
+read Melanchthon's confession, that "he would so bleed Melanchthon, that
+his blood should flow throughout Germany." He subsequently published two
+works, one of which was called "Bleeding of Mr. Philip," and the other
+"Refutation of the groundless and useless answer of Philip Melanchthon."
+These contained slanders after the manner of Flacius. He not only
+attacked Melanchthon, but also the other teachers of Wittenberg, in the
+most violent manner. He particularly reproached them for not ordaining
+or declaring any one a Master or Doctor, unless he solemnly promised to
+teach in accordance with the three Confessions of Faith of the ancient
+Church, and also the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon, in his reply,
+acknowledged this to be the case; but also that it had been introduced
+twenty years before by Luther, Bugenhagen, and Jonas, and was not only
+useful but necessary. But while the conflict was thus waged in the most
+violent manner, Osiander died, very unexpectedly, on the 17th of
+October, 1552. When Melanchthon received the tidings of his death, he
+wrote to Veit Winsheim: "As you see, he had a short pilgrimage. Oh that
+he had made a better use of it! Why was he so enraged against us? Merely
+because we maintain that we must build upon the merits of Christ, and
+not upon our new life. This was the principal point of the whole
+controversy."
+
+Although the principal person was thus removed from the arena, yet the
+conflict did not cease, because his son-in-law FUNCK exerted a great
+influence upon the aged Duke Albert. But when these errors of Osiander
+found adherents and champions in Germany, particularly in Nuremberg,
+they were finally condemned by the Church. They are still haunting
+various places, and find champions in the pulpit and the lecture-room.
+It is nothing less than the spirit of Osiander, to disregard too much
+the sufferings and death of Christ, that is, his humanity in general,
+and to look to the exalted one almost exclusively, and to place the
+sinner's justification before God more in the righteousness and
+holiness, which are communicated to him from thence. As Osiander had
+given prominence to the divine nature of Christ in his office as
+Mediator, another teacher of Koenigsberg fell into the opposite error,
+and wished the humanity of Christ to be regarded alone in the work of
+Redemption and Justification. This was FRANCIS STANKAR, born in Mantua
+in Italy, who had left his native land for the love of the Gospel. He
+had formerly been teaching Hebrew in Krakau, and from thence came to
+Koenigsberg. He here quarreled with Osiander, and resigned his office.
+
+When Melanchthon was asked in regard to his opinion of Stankar's views,
+he declared that Christ is Mediator according to both natures, for not
+only suffering and death, but also victory and intercession were
+necessary attributes of a Mediator. He also published a full opinion in
+reference to this, in the year 1553. Besides these, one LAUTERWALD of
+Hungary, also departed from the doctrine of Justification. He went to
+greater lengths than Osiander, for he taught that Repentance and new
+obedience were necessary to obtain the Grace of God.
+
+But we will leave these disputes here, to look upon the state of affairs
+in the German Empire.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+THE CHANGED ATTITUDE OF THE ELECTOR MAURICE.
+
+
+Pope Paul III., who had caused the Emperor Charles much trouble, died,
+and was succeeded in February, 1550, by Julius III., who owed his
+elevation to the Papal chair to the Emperor, and therefore also proved
+to be more accommodating. His very first step was to transfer the
+Council back again from Bologna to Trent. The Council of the Church was
+to be continued there on May 1st, 1551. When the Emperor opened a new
+Diet at Augsburg, July 26th, 1550, he requested the States to send
+delegates to the Council. At the request of the Elector, Melanchthon had
+written an Opinion, in which he urged the propriety of requesting the
+Emperor to call a Council in Germany; further, that the Pope should not
+be Judge, but subject himself to the Council. Besides this, the articles
+already adopted in Trent should be reconsidered, and these resolutions
+should not depend altogether upon the hostile Archbishops, Bishops, and
+Prelates, but the Evangelical side should also be heard, and assist in
+passing resolutions in accordance with the divine Scriptures. But it
+mattered not whether the Council was called that of Trent or not, if the
+decrees were only "godly." The Opinion also demands a safe conduct to
+and from the place of meeting of the Council. Maurice, by his ambassador
+in Augsburg, declared himself in the spirit of this Opinion. The
+Emperor made the very best promises that the States should find a safe
+conduct and hearing. After this, the Elector summoned Melanchthon,
+Bugenhagen, and Camerarius to Dresden in February, 1551, in order to
+hear their opinions in regard to the Council, and the men who should be
+sent to attend it. It appears that Melanchthon prepared his Opinion in
+Dresden. It again required that the articles should first of all be
+considered over again. That it should be stated, that they did not
+demand any other doctrine than that adhered to in the Churches of
+Misnia. This would be found in the Augsburg Confession, or in the
+Liturgy of the Elector of Brandenburg. The Prince ought to abide by
+this. They were not yet united in Dresden, but Melanchthon soon after
+received orders to prepare a new confession of faith. In May he retired
+to Dessau for a few days, in order to prepare this. He set out with this
+view, that it should be so prepared, that the doctrine of the Church
+might be plainly learned from it, and that it should be delivered in the
+name of the Clergy, and not of the Princes. This is the so-called _Saxon
+Confession_, which is merely a repetition of the Augsburg Confession. He
+communicated a rough draft to the Court, and afterwards added some
+points in regard to Ordination, Examinations, and Church Visitations.
+This Confession throughout breathes a determined spirit, and does not
+endeavor to bring about an agreement with opposing doctrines. It was
+signed by the envoy of the Margrave John, by many Saxon pastors, and
+afterwards also by the deputies of Mansfeld, Strasburg, Pomerania, and
+Anspach. But not a word more was said of the journey of the Saxon Clergy
+to Trent: the whole matter seemed to have been put to rest. In the
+meantime, the Elector Maurice had received orders to subdue the stubborn
+city of Magdeburg; he accepted the Imperial commission, and the city
+defended itself in the powerful siege with great heroism. All
+Protestants anxiously regarded the fate of Magdeburg. Germany began to
+feel the oppressions of the Emperor, and especially of his Spanish
+troops, more and more from day to day. Not only Protestants, but also
+Catholics, were highly incensed; especially, too, because the captive
+Landgrave, Philip, was treated in the most unworthy manner. The
+Protestants were greatly excited against Maurice, for they regarded him
+as the betrayer of his relative, John Frederick, his own father-in-law,
+and the German cause, and also as a denier of the Gospel. And now, to
+crown all, he permitted himself to be employed against faithful
+Magdeburg. Maurice felt this, and as he had for some time been
+dissatisfied with the course of the Emperor, he resolved to separate
+himself from him. In the midst of his victory over the brave Margrave
+John von Cuestrin, who had come to the assistance of Magdeburg, he, as
+some one says, "went over to the Opinion of the conquered." He entered
+into a secret league with several Protestant princes, and promised to
+confess the Augsburg Confession again, and to risk his land and people
+in defence of this and German liberty. While he was negotiating with
+France to obtain money, and promised the King various German cities, he
+continued the siege of Magdeburg to conceal his real purpose. When
+France entered into an agreement with him, he offered pardon and
+religious protection to the city of Magdeburg, and also received their
+oath of allegiance.
+
+At this time, and also for the purpose of deceiving the Emperor,
+Melanchthon and Maior received orders to depart for Trent. In Nuremburg
+they should expect further orders. But they did not find any particular
+directions how they should act; nothing was said of the manner of their
+journey, of their expenses, or an escort.
+
+Melanchthon wrote to the Electoral Chancellor, MORDEISEN, on the 13th of
+December, 1551: "I was surprised at this unexpected order. But as I do
+not wish to appear disobedient, I will depart for Leipzig to-morrow, and
+thence to you at Dresden, to learn further what you wish me to do,
+although I shall not be able to make this journey without danger at the
+present time, owing to my sorrows and bodily feebleness." He immediately
+carried out this proposed plan of his journey. He did not receive more
+light from the communications of the Electoral counsellors. However, he
+began to understand the Elector's object, and from Misnia he wrote to
+Eber: "Although many find fault with our journey, and I would rather
+enjoy the society and countenances of my family and friends, yet I obey,
+whether they are urging this matter at Court in earnest, or to deceive;
+so that it may not appear that we, as has frequently been said, wish to
+avoid a public meeting, either from fear or wantonness." But when he
+heard that the Elector intended to unite with France in opposing the
+Emperor, he was much concerned, and thus expresses it in a letter to
+Maurice himself, January, 1552: "It is indeed to be deplored that the
+Emperor does not release the Landgrave; but a union with France is
+unadvisable, as it cannot be depended upon. To unite with such persons,
+who were only anxious for disturbances, is sad and discreditable.
+Besides this, your Grace knows that the Emperor is the constituted
+authority, and that God generally observes his law, to overthrow those
+who oppose authorities. The advice given by some, to take advantage of
+the Emperor before he would fall upon us with the execution of the
+Council, was not an argument in favor of war and tumult."
+
+But the Elector seemed really to be in earnest in regard to his
+representation in the Council, and personally addressed a letter to the
+Synod of Trent, in which he names SARCERIUS, PACAEUS, and Melanchthon, as
+his deputies. From Leipzig, Melanchthon wrote to Wittenberg, requesting
+those who boarded with his family to seek another place: "For I have a
+long and dangerous journey before me, which the Son of God may direct,
+as I heartily pray he would do. But as the time of my return is
+uncertain, I did not wish to burden my family with too many cares." He
+also bade his hearers an affectionate farewell: "I conjure you to unite
+your prayers with the sighs of all the godly, that the Son of God may be
+pleased to lessen the chastisements which threaten us." And again:
+"Therefore take notice of the divine wrath, and pray that God, in his
+wrath, would not forget mercy, for the sake of his Son. And in order
+that the prayer may be more fervent, let your walk become Christian, and
+your hearts be awakened to repentance, according to the word of the
+Lord: 'Turn ye unto me, and I will turn unto you.'" After saying that
+the Church was dear to the Lord, he closes thus: "May you comfort
+yourselves with this consolation, which in public and private dangers
+shows the haven in which Christian hearts find rest; and in the
+meantime, may you be happy!"
+
+He departed on the 14th of January; and on the 22d of the same month, he
+and his companions, to whom his son-in-law PEUCER had joined himself,
+reached Nuremberg. But it began to be more evident that these envoys
+were merely journeying to Trent in order to deceive. Tidings were
+brought from every quarter, that the Elector was assuming a hostile
+attitude against the Emperor. The envoys remained in Nuremberg without
+any further instructions, and Melanchthon preferred remaining here, to
+going to Trent for the purpose of engaging in fruitless disputations. At
+last, when no further directions came, he resolved to return, and
+arrived in Wittenberg on the 20th of March.
+
+In the meantime, Maurice had given information to the Saxon and Hessian
+Chambers, that it was intended to deliver the imprisoned princes; and
+soon his armies, and those of William of Hesse, and the Margrave Albert,
+departed from Culmbach, and united. While they were entering Augsburg,
+the King of France seized Metz, and called himself the defender of
+German liberty. The Emperor, who was at that time at Innsbruck, had not
+the remotest idea of treachery until he read the declaration of the
+confederate princes, circulated throughout Germany, in which, not
+without reason, too, they accused him of suppressing the freedom of the
+German Empire. As he was without troops and money, and was suffering
+from his old complaint, the gout, he attempted to escape to the
+Netherlands; but Maurice had already seized the narrow pass of
+Ehrenberg, so that the Emperor was compelled to return to Innsbruck.
+When Maurice saw that the Emperor was about to receive aid from various
+quarters, he resolved to storm the pass, and to seize the Emperor in
+Innsbruck. But during the night, Charles fled over the Tyrol to Villach,
+in Carinthia. The day before, he had announced liberty to his captive,
+John Frederick, under this condition, that he would voluntarily follow
+the Imperial Court for a short time longer. Full of joy, the liberated
+prince sang a spiritual song of thanksgiving, and followed the Emperor.
+But the Council of Trent had been scattered like chaff before the wind,
+for they thought that Maurice was coming to disperse them. King
+Ferdinand, who had always been a better friend of the Germans than his
+brother, acted the part of mediator.
+
+A meeting was held in Passau, where the well-known _Treaty of Passau_
+was agreed upon, on the 2d of August, 1552. In this treaty, so important
+to the Protestants, perfect religious freedom is secured to them, and
+they are to receive equal civil rights at the next diet; those who were
+banished received pardon, and the Landgrave Philip was restored to
+liberty. At first the Emperor would not consent to the treaty, but
+finally yielded to the earnest representations of his brother Ferdinand.
+The oppressions hitherto experienced in Germany now ceased; the exiled
+ministers returned, and the Interim had reached its well-deserved end.
+John Frederick and the Landgrave Philip were at liberty again. When the
+latter, who had endured many afflictions, had returned to his dominions,
+he immediately entered a church in Cassel, and for a long time remained
+before the altar engaged in prayer. John Frederick, by his steadfast
+faithfulness and unwavering faith, had extorted the unwilling respect of
+the Emperor; while Maurice had lost it to a considerable degree. When
+some one from Saxony welcomed John Frederick in Nuremberg, he said: "Go
+and tell it in your home that I come without arms, and that I do not
+intend to cause a civil warfare, and shall rather lose the remaining
+portion of my dominions than bring desolation upon the Fatherland."
+
+Melanchthon wrote to MOLLER: "You know, that by the grace of God, Duke
+John Frederick of Saxony is with his wife and children in Thuringia.
+This return without arms is far more glorious than a bloody victory.
+Posterity too will enrol this example among the testimonies that God
+hears the prayers of the godly, and softens our afflictions even in this
+world."
+
+When the old defender of the Faith returned to his own country, he was
+everywhere welcomed in the most joyful and affecting manner. From
+Wittenberg too, a letter of congratulation, written by Melanchthon, was
+sent to their old patron. They express their joy in this: "First of all,
+that God has sustained your Grace in strength of body and soul, in
+Christian comfort and fidelity in your hours of trouble, and that he has
+thus adorned you with many virtues, even as Daniel was preserved among
+the lions. And then also for this praiseworthy and joyful deliverance."
+The letter also refers to the blessings this deliverance will bring upon
+the church, and closes thus: "We pray with all humility, that your Grace
+may be and continue to be our most gracious Lord. For it has always
+been, and is still our intention, with God's grace, to maintain unity in
+Christian doctrine with the churches of these lands, although we have
+been sorely tried, and great confusion ensued, from which, however, God
+delivered us; and we are still engaged in great, heavy, and highly
+important matters."
+
+John Frederick expressed his thanks in a very friendly reply. He says:
+"It is indeed true, that God in mercy has laid upon us a great and
+wearisome affliction, on account of our sins. But as his Omnipotent
+power, by the assistance of his Holy Spirit, has maintained us
+wonderfully in the true confession of his saving word, and has also
+preserved our health, so also has his Almighty power graciously freed us
+from captivity, and restored us to our own dominions again." He
+expresses his regrets that there had been so many disputes and changes
+in the church during this time, and says, that if they had adhered to
+Luther's doctrine, "no alteration by mere human wisdom would have been
+undertaken or permitted."
+
+Melanchthon also expressed his joy at the return of their prince in a
+very hearty Preface to the fourth volume of Luther's works. He says:
+"What greater privilege can be bestowed upon any man, than this grace,
+to spend his life for the glory of God, and the welfare of many of his
+fellow-men? This ornament is infinitely to be preferred above all bloody
+victories and triumphs. May your Highness continue to enjoy health and
+happiness!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES, AND ATTEMPTS TO BRING ABOUT A UNION.
+
+
+We must here revert to a conflict commenced at a former period against
+Melanchthon by Cordatus. We did not conceal the fact that his formula
+that good works are the condition without which we cannot be saved, was
+a bold venture, which could easily be misinterpreted. When he used the
+form of expression in the Leipzig Interim, that good works are necessary
+to salvation, it was expressed indeed in a milder form, but still
+admitted a bad interpretation.
+
+It so came to pass that the aged Amsdorf published a work in 1551, in
+which he accuses GEORGE MAIOR, Melanchthon's friend, in the most severe
+manner, because he had adulterated the doctrine of Justification, by his
+proposition that good works are necessary to salvation. Maior did not
+owe him an answer long; he confessed his adherence to the Evangelical
+doctrine of Justification, but at the same time adhered to his opinion
+that good works are necessary to salvation, because no one could obtain
+salvation by evil works, or without good works. But now Maior was
+attacked from every side, and found it impossible to retain his position
+as General Superintendent at Mansfeld any longer. His opinion was not
+opposed to the doctrine of justification, for he said that good works
+were necessary to salvation, because they must necessarily be produced
+by faith, and because all men were obliged to obey God. But the opposite
+side proved to him, that the formula made use of by him might easily
+lead to misinterpretation, and should not be used, even if it were only
+on account of the Catholics. Melanchthon, of whom we know that he did
+not approve of a form which might easily be misconstrued, advised Maior
+to desist from further disputes, for, he said, you are merely adding
+fire to the flames. Maior was called to a professorship in Wittenberg in
+the autumn of the year 1552. Instead of following Melanchthon's advice,
+and abstaining from his formula for the sake of peace, he continued to
+defend it. Melanchthon himself did not employ this formula any more, and
+at a later period expressed himself against it in a very decided manner;
+although he remarks in another place, that against the Antinomians we
+should always maintain that the beginning of new obedience is necessary,
+because it is a divine and unchangeable arrangement, that a rational
+being must obey God. However, the most extravagant opponents did not
+suffer themselves to be pacified by all these things. Amsdorf was so
+involved in these contradictions, that he published a work, during
+Melanchthon's lifetime, with this title: "That the Proposition, Good
+works are injurious to salvation, is a true, just, and Christian
+proposition, taught and preached by the saints Paul and Luther." If the
+champions had adhered to the word of God and the Confession of the
+Church, and had acted towards each other in a friendly spirit, intent
+upon the honor of God and the discovery of the truth, they would not
+have gone astray in this manner.
+
+Such a spirit should also have been manifested in the so-called
+_Synergistic_ controversy, which caused Melanchthon great trouble. It is
+certain that he was most decidedly opposed to the doctrines of the
+ancient heretic PELAGIUS; for he adhered to the truth expressed in the
+word of God, that the powers of man are so much corrupted by original
+sin, that he must first be awakened by the Holy Ghost before he is able
+to make a beginning, and that he also needs the Holy Ghost as he
+progresses. He teaches that the powers of human nature are greatly
+affected, end unfitted to do good, and he represents the merits of
+Christ as the only foundation of salvation. At the close of his life, in
+reply to the Bavarian articles, he declares in the most positive manner:
+"Sin and death cannot be removed by the free will of man, and man's will
+cannot begin inward obedience without the Son of God, without the
+Gospel, and without the Holy Ghost." Therefore, it cannot be assured or
+proved that he was a _Synergist_, _i. e._, that he taught that in the
+work of repentance, the natural will of man performs one part, and grace
+the other. He was fully convinced that the grace of God alone
+accomplishes what is good in us, and that the will of man merely
+receives. The will of man could thus be active to a certain extent, but
+could not produce the new life. The actual Synergistic controversy did
+not arise until after the Leipzig Interim. In this, Melanchthon had said
+that in the work of repentance, man was not passive like a block or a
+statue. Flacius had repeatedly directed attention to this expression;
+but it was Amsdorf who agitated this controversy towards the close of
+Melanchthon's life. But we will not enter upon a consideration of this,
+because the controversies concerning the freedom of the human will did
+not develop themselves until after the death of our Reformer.
+
+As such differences and disputes arose on every side in the Evangelical
+Church, to its own injury and the joy of the Catholics, several princes,
+especially Maurice and the Landgrave of Saxony, thought it necessary to
+bring about a meeting of the Theologians, in order that these
+controversies might be settled. The Osiandrian difficulties were to be
+disposed of first, as they shook the very foundation of the Evangelical
+Church. The meeting was to be held in Erfurt, June, 1553; but
+Melanchthon did not expect any good from this, and freely declared his
+opinion that such conferences produced no good effects, as Gregory of
+Nazianzen had declared, "that he had not seen any Synods in his own day
+which did not cause greater dissension than existed before." He also
+said that there was no Theologian now who was able to restrain the
+others, as Luther had done in former days. That they ought to adhere to
+the Confession, on account of the Diet which should soon assemble. If
+the Emperor should insist upon the Interim, they should explain to him
+why they could not accept it. The Landgrave also entertained the same
+views.
+
+This plan, which had been projected by Maurice, was postponed by a
+terrible disaster which fell upon him. The Margrave Albert continued to
+disturb the public peace by predatory excursions, which were especially
+directed against the monasteries of Franconia. Maurice therefore united
+with King Ferdinand, and Duke Henry, of Brunswick, to suppress this
+disturber. But when Albert heard of this design, he endeavored to
+anticipate them, and fell upon Lower Saxony. On the 9th of July, 1553, a
+battle was fought at Sievershausen. Maurice was victorious, but paid
+dearly for it, for he received a gun-shot wound in the battle, which
+caused his death two days afterwards. His last words were, "God will
+come!" He was succeeded by his brother AUGUSTUS, who restored the
+Misnian Lands in Thuringia and Franconia to the aged John Frederick. He
+was a sincere man, devotedly attached to Evangelical truth, and enjoying
+the full confidence of his subjects. Already, in the month of August, he
+came to Wittenberg, and Melanchthon rejoiced to hear the most
+encouraging promises from his own lips.
+
+He confirmed the foundations which had been assigned for the support of
+the University by his brother Maurice. He also earnestly wished that the
+Theologians, who were not affording a very edifying and commendable
+example by their continued disputes, might become reconciled among
+themselves. This wish was shared by the pious Duke CHRISTOPHER, of
+Wurtemberg; and he proposed a conference of the ministers at Weimar, in
+order that they might discuss these points of difference. It was agreed
+upon to hold a Synod at Naumburg. We have already heard that Melanchthon
+dreaded such a conference, because he believed it would only make
+matters worse. On the 17th of April, he wrote to a friend: "The Court
+orders us to go to Naumburg, whither, as they write to us, the Swabian
+and Hessian pastors will also come. Although they have been warned by so
+many examples, that synods and hypocritical unions are productive of
+great evils, yet they have ordered us to hold synods again." However, he
+also wrote to Maienburg, May 11th: "Although the Synod of Naumburg,
+which I always objected to, will meet, I must nevertheless attend it."
+He went, accompanied by Forster and Camerarius, and reached Naumburg May
+20th, 1554. The Hessian delegates, and the well-known Sleidanus, of
+Strasburg, arrived on the following day, and Pacaeus and Salmuth, of
+Leipzig, on the 23d of May.
+
+Although Melanchthon at first entertained the greatest fears, because he
+expected those two violent champions, Gallus and Flacius, whom he called
+the two sons of Polyphemus, he now wrote to his son-in-law Peucer, as
+early as May 23d: "To-day we shall, with the help of God, deliberate in
+a friendly manner, and I hope that no disputes will arise among us. We
+shall not expect any other Theologians, if they do not arrive here
+within three days." The princes wished the Theologians to agree upon the
+answer to be given to the Emperor, at the next Diet. In a declaration,
+prepared by Melanchthon, the Theologians frankly say: "If his Imperial
+Majesty should wish us to adopt again the Papal doctrine, which we
+condemn, and the Interim also, we shall, by the grace of God, clearly
+and positively refuse to do so."
+
+They continued to say, that Protestants should abide by the Confession
+delivered in Augsburg in 1530, because it contains "the only eternal
+agreement of the divine Scriptures, and the true catholic Church of
+Christ." Also, that the confession of Brentius, and that of Saxony,
+fully coincided with this. The Theologians also expressed themselves
+against the errors of SCHWENKFELD and OSIANDER. Schwenkfeld, like all
+fanatics of ancient and modern days, disregarded the written word of
+God, and thought that God revealed himself to man without this. He also
+showed his perversion by other objections, which he raised against the
+Evangelical Church. They therefore say: "Therefore we unanimously reject
+the before-mentioned errors, and all the lies of Schwenkfeld." One of
+the greatest errors of Osiander is his declaration, "that man is not
+just on account of the obedience of Christ, but on account of the Deity
+if it dwells in man." They maintain the Evangelical doctrine against
+these Osiandrian heresies, in a very conclusive manner. In speaking of
+_Ceremonies_, they insist upon unity in doctrine and in the sacraments.
+They reject the mass without communicants. They allow private
+confession, "but no one is to be burdened by an enumeration of his
+sins." They wish holidays to be observed, and require uniformity in
+this. They oppose the reintroduction of Latin hymns, of the garments
+used in the mass, of vestments, and other ceremonies, "because it would
+give rise to new dissensions and ruptures." The authorities, and
+sensible Pastors, would know how to make a distinction between
+essentials and non-essentials, and how to avoid all offence. Attention
+should be paid to studies, ordination, consistories, and visitations,
+all which matters had formerly been disregarded by the Bishops. As the
+Bishops are persecutors of the pure doctrine, ordination cannot possibly
+be given into their hands. The authorities are bound to see to it, that
+the pure doctrine is preached in the churches, and that the consistories
+would discharge their duties, in punishing vice and maintaining
+discipline and harmony. Melanchthon was highly pleased with the harmony
+among the Theologians at Naumburg; yet he did not conceal the fact from
+himself, that his opponents would also raise a great outcry against the
+resolutions of Naumburg. The Theologians of Wurtemberg had only
+proceeded as far as Erfurt, for they had been expected for several days
+in Naumburg, but in vain. On the 28th of May, Melanchthon wrote to
+STRIGEL: "If the Swabians do not arrive to-day, as I believe they will
+not, we shall adjourn to-morrow, God willing." He returned to
+Wittenberg, as he had stated. Duke Christopher, however, was highly
+pleased with the resolutions of Naumburg.
+
+During Melanchthon's stay in Dresden, February, 1555, where he was
+giving his opinion in regard to a visitation of the churches, the diet
+of Augsburg had been opened on the 5th of February. The Emperor had
+become completely disgusted with German affairs, particularly since the
+revolt of Maurice, and he now left the direction of this diet, promised
+in the treaty of Passau, to his brother Ferdinand. This diet witnessed
+many disputes, especially urged by the Pope's nuncio. But fortunately
+Pope Julius III. died about this time, and the nuncio was obliged to
+return to Rome. Now one principal difficulty was removed, and they at
+last, in the month of September, 1555, agreed upon the _Religious peace
+of Augsburg_, which was highly advantageous to the Protestants. For they
+not only obtained liberty of conscience in religion, but full civil
+equality with the Catholics, and remained in the possession of the
+ecclesiastical property which had been confiscated. But one unjust
+resolution was also carried, that if a Catholic sovereign should wish to
+become a Protestant at any future time, he should not indeed be
+personally molested on this account, but should forfeit his office and
+rank. Although the Protestants yielded very reluctantly, the decrees of
+the diet were of the utmost value to them, for they secured a lasting
+peace, and they no longer needed to care for the condemnations of a
+General Council. Melanchthon wrote: "I look upon the peaceful conclusion
+of the Diet of Augsburg as one of the favors of God, and we must beseech
+the Son of God to continue to guide us in future."
+
+While the Evangelical Church was thus celebrating outward triumphs, and
+securing a firm position for herself, enemies were raging in her own
+bosom, who undoubtedly retarded her development. They were contending
+about a doctrine which is as plainly founded in the word of God, as it
+is of great comfort to the heart. It is the doctrine that not only the
+earthly elements of bread and wine, but also the true body and blood of
+Christ are distributed in the holy sacrament of the Lord's Supper. As a
+middle path between the doctrine of Transubstantiation on the one hand,
+and the one-sided doctrine of the Reformed, that we receive nothing but
+bread and wine in memory of the Lord, on the other, it was objectionable
+to the Catholics and the Reformed. Luther has triumphantly vindicated
+this consoling doctrine in his writings.
+
+But now there arose another man with a doctrine somewhat different,
+which was adopted by many. This was the sagacious, learned, and pious
+JOHN CALVIN, who was born in the year 1509. The Lutherans had hitherto
+regarded him as belonging to their own party, especially since he had
+been teaching with Bucer and Capito in Strasburg. When he had returned
+to Geneva in 1541, from which city he had been banished before, and had
+there built up the Evangelical Church with great zeal, he wrote a
+Confession in regard to the Lord's Supper, in the year 1549. The
+Zurichers had formerly suspected him of being a Lutheran, but now all
+their doubts vanished, and they could call him their own, and harmony
+was completely restored between German and French Switzerland. But that
+which produced harmony in Switzerland caused dissensions in Germany,
+although not immediately. Here they had enough to dispute in regard to
+the so-called indifferent things, (Adiaphora,) and the heresies of
+Osiander.
+
+In the year 1552, a pastor in Hamburg, named JOACHIM WESTPHAL,
+published a work in which he proved that the Reformed had given no less
+than eight-and-twenty explanations of the words of institution in the
+Lord's Supper, from the time of Zwingli to that of Calvin. In the
+following year he published a work against Calvin, entitled: "The true
+faith in regard to the Lord's Supper." This publication began to arouse
+the zeal of the Lutherans against Calvin and his friends, which was
+still more inflamed by one JOHN VON LASCO, who, together with a band of
+French and Dutch Protestants, had been banished from England by that
+severe Romanist, Queen MARY. He had confessed himself a follower of
+Calvin, and therefore could not find a resting-place for himself and his
+friends, either in Denmark or Germany. They were denounced from the
+pulpits in every quarter. Calvin now published a work defending them and
+his doctrine. He declared that, according to his doctrine, the Lord's
+Supper was no empty ceremony, even though he did not believe in a
+participation of the body and blood of Christ, in and under the bread
+and wine. Westphal and JOHN TIMANN, pastor in Bremen, arrayed themselves
+against Calvin; who, assisted by Bullinger of Zurich, and Lasco, soon
+published a refutation. Most of the cities of Lower Saxony sided with
+Westphal. The fire spread on every side, and Schnepf of Jena, Alber in
+Mecklenburg, and Eitzen in Hamburg, attacked Calvin in the most violent
+manner, who finally maintained an utter silence.
+
+Calvin represented his own doctrine as a mediation between the Lutherans
+and the Reformed. It did not teach an imaginary, but a real
+participation of the body and blood of Christ, yet not with the mouth,
+and it also opposes the view of an Omnipresence of Christ according to
+his human nature. The fulness of the Godhead has entered into the body
+of Christ, and from this body the Lord fills his people spiritually,
+with a secret and mysterious power of life, whenever they receive the
+bread and wine. This participation only refers to believers, although it
+is also offered to unbelievers. So Calvin regarded the matter; but what
+did Melanchthon say to all this? He did not express himself positively
+in regard to either side, doubtless because he did not wish to pour
+fresh oil into the fire. Yet he was provoked and driven to a decided
+declaration of his sentiments by both sides. Gallus and Westphal
+published a collection of declarations taken from his former writings,
+by which they proved him to be on their side, and that he had at least
+not thought as the Sacramentarians did, as long as Luther was alive.
+Calvin also endeavored to lead him to declare himself, by stating that
+he understood the Augsburg Confession precisely as it was understood by
+its author, and that in this matter he could as little be separated from
+Philippus as from his own heart. We may admit, without hesitation, that
+Melanchthon agreed more with Calvin than with the stricter teachers of
+the Lutheran Church; but he did not wish to begin a conflict while he
+was the subject of a government which strictly adhered to Luther's
+doctrine. He wrote to HARDENBERG in the beginning of 1556, that if his
+life should be spared he would reply in a place where the courts could
+not hinder him; and to his friend MORDEISEN at the Saxon court, who
+reproached him on account of his bashfulness, he wrote: "I am certain
+that your court will not suffer a defence of the truth in this article."
+He therefore continued to adhere to the method of teaching he had
+pursued hitherto. He always spoke of a presence of Christ in the Lord's
+Supper, but never of a bodily presence of his body and blood.
+
+Some of the princes now again, as on former occasions, thought of
+bringing about a reconciliation between the contending parties. As we
+have already heard, Duke CHRISTOPHER of Wurtemberg was the most
+prominent among them, for he made repeated attempts to induce the
+princes and Theologians to hold a meeting, where the points of
+difference might be discussed, and harmony restored. But his advances
+met no response, if we except the aged Elector of the Palatinate,
+FREDERICK. "I also wish," Melanchthon writes, "that learned and
+well-meaning men might negotiate in peace concerning certain contested
+points."
+
+It appeared that the Theologians of Weimar were particularly opposed to
+any union or compromise. These held a separate meeting in Weimar,
+January, 1556, in which they declared that they would not unite with
+those of Wittenberg, until they would pledge themselves unequivocally to
+the Augsburg Confession, and would drop all Zwinglianism and Synergism.
+They would faithfully abide by Luther's doctrine concerning the Lord's
+Supper and free will.
+
+Amsdorf, Schnepf, Strigel, Stolz, Aurifaber, and delegates from the
+Palatinate and Wurtemberg, attended this meeting. Melanchthon called
+this Synod the _Flacian Synod_, because he well knew that Flacius
+exerted a great influence upon it. He expresses his regrets in regard to
+this, in a letter to Camerarius, February 7th: "This sad dissension
+troubles me so much, that I wish to leave this world; and I see that I
+am not far distant from my journey's end."
+
+But something occurred in the summer of the year 1556, which he perhaps
+expected least of all. Flacius endeavored to bring about a
+reconciliation with his former teacher. He was at that time residing in
+Magdeburg, and had prepared a few "mild propositions to bring about a
+godly, needful, and peaceful reconciliation between the Theologians of
+Wittenberg and Leipzig, and others who have written against them," which
+he had sent to Paul Eber, that he might deliver them to Melanchthon. In
+the eleventh article he said, "If any persons shall teach and spread
+errors which are injurious to religion and conscience, either publicly
+or secretly, we will avoid such as a curse, and will not acknowledge
+them as brethren, or receive them into fellowship, until they have
+condemned and publicly renounced their errors. For such wounds in the
+church cannot be healed or endured silently." It was principally owing
+to this article that Eber did not present these propositions.
+
+About this time the French scholar, HUBERT LANGUENTIUS, who had long
+been one of Melanchthon's most intimate friends, arrived in Magdeburg.
+They were anxious to employ him as mediator. An interview with
+Melanchthon should take place in the little town of Coswig, and Flacius
+promised to employ mild and peaceful expressions. Although Melanchthon
+at first intended to accept the offer, he was afterwards induced to
+change his opinion, and, on the 15th of July, wrote to his friend
+Languentius: "I have for a long time been anxious for a conference with
+pious and learned men, for the glory of God and the general good; but
+what would be the use of an interview with such unlearned, raging, and
+malicious persons as Stolz, Gallus, and Aurifaber." "A sweet friendship
+and intimacy subsisted between Flacius and myself in former days, and I
+should like to discuss the whole system of doctrine with him. But he has
+circulated matters about me which I never uttered, and which never
+entered into my thoughts. Therefore, I fear treacherous intentions in
+all this. Oh! that he would act towards me with the same sincerity with
+which I should wish to approach him! But not one of my friends is
+willing to be present at such an interview, and they do not consider it
+advisable for me to meet him alone. I am not concerned if others are
+pleased to seek power and influence. The Son of God will judge the life
+and sentiments of every one, and he knows that I am only anxious to
+glorify the truth, to add to God's honor, and to promote the good of the
+Church." On the 21st of July, Flacius expressed his regrets concerning
+this reply in a letter to Languentius, and even wrote to Melanchthon,
+justifying himself, and assuring him that he had no reason to complain
+of him. Melanchthon replied on the 4th of September: "You recapitulate
+your kindnesses towards me, and state that you did not publish a letter
+written to Taupolus. I never wrote a syllable to him. In Augsburg, I
+paid a visit to this Venetian ambassador, at the request of the Elector,
+and spoke with him of the cause of the Reformation. I do not recollect
+all the words of that conversation. For I did not think then that I
+would be called to an account after the expiration of twenty-six years."
+Others had concocted a letter from this, with which Roerer had already
+reproached him, and which had been sent by the Margrave John. "You have
+also published the Leipzig Interim in a mutilated manner, and with
+notes. What induced you to attack an old friend, who loved you
+sincerely, with such weapons? I ought not to be reproached with what I
+never did; I am willing to confess all I have done. When the Augsburg
+Interim appeared, and reached our country, I at first advised that the
+churches should not be disturbed by any alterations whatever." He goes
+on to say, that he had many disputes with the courtiers, until the
+Elector declared that he did not wish a change of doctrine, but only
+uniformity in outward ceremonies on festival days, in lections, and
+dress. "This the people afterwards called Adiaphora. I knew that the
+smallest changes would displease the people. But as doctrine was
+untouched, I wished our friends rather to be willing to endure this
+servitude, than to relinquish the service of the Gospel, and I confess
+that I also gave this counsel to the Franconians. This I have done, but
+I never changed the doctrine of the Confession. After this, you began to
+enter your protest, but I yielded, and did not dispute. You are
+perfectly welcome to bear off the victory, for I yield, and do not
+contend about these ceremonies: and wish, with all my heart, that a
+pleasant harmony might prevail throughout the Churches. I also
+acknowledge that I erred in this matter, and pray God to forgive me that
+I did not fly far away from those treacherous deliberations. I shall
+refute all with which you and Gallus unjustly reproach me." In regard to
+Maior's proposition, that good works are necessary to salvation, he had
+exhorted him to explain his meaning, and to drop this form of
+expression. That he himself did not use this expression, and merely
+opposed the Antinomians by declaring: "New obedience is necessary,
+because it is a necessary law that the creature should obey the Creator.
+I do not believe that we really oppose each other in this question." In
+regard to the propositions for peace, he believed it would be best if
+they should be prepared by impartial judges. There must be _one_
+confession in doctrine, "and as we do not contend about ceremonies, but
+rather confess that we yield in these, do not any longer accuse us, and
+do not heap false charges upon us. Let us unite, with mutual good will,
+and by one confession, against the fearful fury of the enemies of the
+Son of God, who is not only blasphemed by the Papists, but also by many
+others." But Flacius was not satisfied with this answer, and believed
+that it was necessary to have the matter decided by umpires.
+
+On the 17th of January, 1557, the Superintendents Curtius of Luebeck,
+Paul von Eitzen of Hamburg, Moerlin of Brunswick, and Hennig of Lueneburg,
+met in Magdeburg, and pledged themselves to adhere to a confession which
+had been published in the year 1550, against the Interim, and which bore
+the title: "Confession, Instruction, and Admonition of the pastors and
+preachers of the Christian congregations of Magdeburg." Flacius, and his
+friends Wigand, Judex, and Baumgaertner, remained in the little town of
+Coswig, which was not far off, and exhorted the Superintendents, who had
+proceeded to Wittenberg with terms of agreement, that they should take a
+determined stand. On the morning of the 21st of January, the
+negotiations were begun in Melanchthon's residence. He addressed them in
+the most cordial manner, and assured them that he was desirous of peace,
+and had therefore remained silent. "I take a box on the ears, and still
+remain silent, while Flacius and Gallus do not stop their abuses." He
+agreed to accept the umpires, and Moerlin presented eight articles to
+him, which had been prepared at Brunswick, with this condition, that
+either side shall have the privilege to add to or take away from them
+what they pleased. The eight articles were as follows: 1. Unity of
+doctrine is to be restored, in accordance with the Augsburg Confession
+and the Smalkald articles. 2. All opposing errors of the Papists,
+Interimists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentarians, were to be rejected. 3.
+All corruptions, and especially that concerning the necessity of good
+works to salvation, in the article on Justification, which oppose true
+apostolical doctrine and the Augsburg Confession, were to be put away
+and condemned. 4. The Saxon Churches are not able to depart from the
+Confession which they published during the last persecution. 5. No
+agreement in ceremonies should be entered into with the Papists until
+they agree with us in doctrine, and cease to persecute the true
+doctrine. 6. In the time of persecution a sincere Confession should be
+made, and no servitude opposed to Christian liberty should be permitted.
+7. We also, in a most Christian manner, beseech our teacher to testify,
+by a public writing, that his views in regard to indifferent matters,
+and the necessity of good works to salvation, agree with the Confessions
+of our Churches; and 8. If one of the parties should be suspected of
+secretly adhering to some errors, an explanation should be required."
+
+Melanchthon was at first highly displeased with these articles, but on
+the following day he replied as follows: "For thirty years I have
+labored not a little in these churches, in teaching, developing truths,
+in daily judgments, conferences, and in treacherous conflicts. And it
+would have been very becoming in you to spare and pity me. But now, that
+which the worthy Jacob Sturm prophesied to me has come to pass; for when
+he, together with some other friends, accompanied me a part of the way
+when I left Ratisbon, and I said to him, that we would not see each
+other again in this world, he replied: 'We shall still come to you some
+day to crucify you.' Articles are laid before me, in which I am not only
+required to strangle myself, but very many of my friends. You spare
+Flacius. You know yourselves what intimate friendship subsisted between
+some of you and myself. And on this account, I am so much the more
+surprised to see you treat me so harshly. If I do not agree to your
+articles, you will excite your party against me; but if I do agree,
+many in our churches will complain of me that I have given them cause
+for offence. There is, consequently, danger on both sides, and it would
+have been better to negotiate with many concerning this." He agreed to
+the first two articles; but to the third he wished to add, that,
+although new obedience is needful according to the law of God, and
+Christ did not suffer in order that we should abide in sin and death,
+yet the expression, good works are necessary to salvation, should not be
+employed. His writings were opened to the eyes of the whole world. "I
+accept the fourth, fifth, and sixth articles, although they accuse us
+very much, as I would rather receive a blow than oppose harmony. As far
+as the seventh article is concerned, there is no necessity for a new
+publication, for every one is able to learn from my writings what I
+think of indifferent things." He concluded by entreating them not to
+oppose him at once, and that they should follow their own judgment
+rather than Flacius. Flacius was not satisfied with this reply, which
+was brought to Coswig by the mediators, and they returned to Wittenberg
+with several additions to the articles.
+
+Melanchthon thanked them for their trouble, and said that he hoped they
+had now learned to know him as a man inclined to peace. "I shall, with
+God's help, abide by the general Confession of these churches, and shall
+not sow discord. I have always honored you as pious teachers of the
+Church, and I love you with all my heart. I replied to the articles you
+laid before me, so that I might not appear anxious to fly from the
+light, and unwilling to bring about harmony. And this shall be my last
+answer. If you are not satisfied with it, I appeal to the judgment of
+the Church." He adhered to his previous declaration, merely in other
+words. The mediators departed, without having effected their object; but
+Flacius would not yield. This conflict between Melanchthon and Flacius
+had also attracted the attention of Duke JOHN ALBERT, of Mecklenburg;
+and he felt himself called upon to attempt to bring about a
+reconciliation. He therefore sent VENETUS, of Rostock, and his
+counsellor, MYLIUS, to Wittenberg, with proposals of peace. These
+proposals were composed in the spirit of those of Magdeburg. When the
+envoys arrived in Wittenberg, about February 20th, they did not meet
+Philip, who was then on a journey to Dessau and Leipzig. When he had
+returned, heard their wishes, and saw the proposals, he replied very
+briefly, that Flacius entertained many errors; that the prince was
+ungracious; they sought to ruin him (Melanchthon); and that he would not
+condemn any of those who had been present at the debates concerning
+indifferent things, who are now dead. He expressed himself to this
+effect, and promised to present his reply on the following day. He
+retained the propositions, and examined them carefully.
+
+On the following day he came, accompanied by his son-in-law Peucer. His
+answer was a very short one; and when the envoys requested him to
+prepare better propositions, he refused to do so, in a passionate
+manner, and said: "If you wish to crush me, do so; for this is the
+general lot of peace-makers. I commend myself to God." And Peucer also
+added: "You shall not in future trouble my father-in-law any more with
+such disputes." And with this they were dismissed. The envoys returned
+to Magdeburg, without having gained their purpose, in order to consult
+with Flacius and Wigand. Flacius was called to Jena in April, 1557,
+where the Gymnasium had been raised into an University.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+THE RELIGIOUS CONFERENCE AT WORMS.
+
+
+In the spring of 1557, he would have had an excellent opportunity to get
+rid of the Flacians, for the Elector of the Palatinate called him to the
+University of Heidelberg. "However, I have not yet come to any
+conclusion in regard to my removal," he wrote to Languentius from
+Leipzig, "because I must first learn the sentiments of the Court." He
+wrote to Camerarius: "I wrote this letter on the 31st of March, on which
+day, 420 years after Christ, Jerome died in his 91st year, in the town
+of Bethlehem, whither he had fled from the rage of his intriguing
+enemies. I would already have fled to those solitudes, if I had no
+family." But the Court would not permit him to go, and he remained. He
+was very much afraid of a journey to Denmark, whither the Elector wished
+to take him, because the king intended to assemble a number of
+Theologians, to discuss the sacramental controversy. Some one had told
+his father, 60 years before, that Philip would be shipwrecked on the
+Baltic Sea, and this sea he was now to cross. But no doubt he also
+dreaded a Conference where the subject of the Lord's Supper was to be
+discussed. A pastor of that place had spilt some wine, of which
+Melanchthon sarcastically remarked, "What a misfortune!" However, this
+journey was not undertaken; but another took its place. He wrote to
+Camerarius: "The Court would now prefer it, if I should go to the Rhine.
+But we shall remain here until new letters from Court order us to go,
+which is not at all disagreeable to me, because I look upon my stay here
+as a blessing." At last the orders arrived. He bade his hearers farewell
+on the 14th of August, in the following words: "I will not deliver any
+lectures to-day, because many poor students ask for letters of
+recommendation about the time of our departure. But I beseech the Son of
+God, our Lord Jesus Christ, who has said, 'I am the vine, ye are the
+branches,' that he would guide us. And I also conjure you, for the
+Lord's sake, to commend yourselves and us to him in devout prayers, and
+that you may become an ornament of the Church by your becoming conduct."
+
+Accompanied by his son-in-law Peucer, by Eber, and several others, he
+departed for Worms. They travelled by way of Schulpforte and Erfurt, to
+Frankfort. They arrived there on the 26th of August, and here learned,
+to their great sorrow, that Schnepf, Strigel, Stoessel, and the
+Counsellor Monner, of Weimar, were earnestly engaged in Worms, in urging
+a condemnation of all the errors which had been introduced. They
+intended this for Melanchthon particularly. He at this time wrote to
+Camerarius: "Many sorrows are troubling me, partly the cruelty of my
+foes, and also the misfortunes of my son, who, although he is still
+alive, is suffering great bodily and mental debility." On the 28th of
+August, they arrived in Worms. The Theologians were filled with joy when
+they again beheld the countenance of the aged and venerable Melanchthon.
+One of his enemies, the before-mentioned Monner, thus wrote to Flacius
+about this: "All our Theologians here received him in the most honorable
+manner, and adore him almost like a deity. When we came out of Church
+three days ago, all greeted him as their instructor, but I stood aloof.
+When he saw me, he said, rather coldly, 'Doctor!' and slightly touched
+my hand. He immediately turned away from me, and departed to his
+lodgings, accompanied by a large number of persons. I and Martin Stoessel
+immediately went to our own. His heart seems to be entirely estranged
+from me. But I do not care the least for this, and I believe that we
+should not seek the friendship of persons who pollute the pure doctrine,
+yea, I rather believe we should fly from them, in obedience to the
+passage: 'If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine,
+receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed.'"
+
+This Basilius Monner, together with his Weimarian friends, endeavored to
+persuade the Theologians to condemn Adiaphorism, Maiorism, Osiandrism,
+and Zwinglianism, before the opening of the Religious Conference. "For,"
+as Eber wrote, "these, in their judgment, are the only heresies in
+Europe which ought to be destroyed root and branch." Flacius, by his
+letters, also incited his Weimarian friends to insist upon this. Besides
+this, their instructions required the same. On the 5th of September, the
+Theologians of the Augsburg Confession met, for the first time, in the
+town-hall. Here Monner rose up, and declared that their instructions
+enjoined it upon him and his colleagues to insist, first of all, upon a
+condemnation of errors, so that they could then oppose the Papists even
+as one man. Schnepf also arose, and declared that if this should not be
+done, they would not have anything further to do with the Conference.
+But let us hear what Melanchthon says of this, in a letter to Prince
+Joachim, of Anhalt, of September 6th: "The first act was an accusation
+against myself, taken almost word for word from the libels of Flacius,
+and brought forward by Schnepf. I briefly replied to them, that we all
+agreed in doctrine, because we all adopted the Augsburg Confession,
+together with its Apology, and Luther's Confession, which he wrote prior
+to the Council of Mantua. I also spoke a little of my views, that I
+believed it would be better to retain the order of festivals, and other
+usages, which were not sinful in themselves, than to leave the churches;
+I appealed to the opinions of the other persons who were present, and
+added, that it would give me very great pleasure if I would be entirely
+excluded from the deliberations of this Conference. The envoys of the
+princes fully agreed with me, and admonished the accusers to lay their
+private disputes to one side, and to unite in a general deliberation how
+the enemy should be refuted. This was done yesterday. I do not know, as
+yet, what my accusers propose to do further. I bear these calumnies with
+equanimity. I wrote the Confession and the Apology, which they
+constantly quote; and now they are debating how they shall get rid of
+their author. However, I trust that, with God's help, I have been able
+to be of some use to students. I would much rather always engage in this
+work, than quarrel in such conferences, in which I have witnessed and
+experienced many deplorable conflicts."
+
+The majority insisted upon leaving particular condemnations for the
+present, until the articles referred to should come up during the
+regular course of debate. The protestation of the Weimarians was not
+entered upon the minutes, but they succeeded in having it received as
+their personal conviction, by the envoys of the princes. JULIUS VON
+PFLUG was elected President of the Conference, and called the speakers
+of both sides together on the 11th of September, to open the discussion.
+Melanchthon wrote: "According to the custom of orators, he spoke of the
+evils produced by discord, in his address. Sidonius replied, and I
+succeeded him. I mentioned some reasons why we were obliged to differ
+from our opponents. Our friends are all one in their Confession. The
+Weimarians, and they alone, had demanded some condemnations."
+
+But soon violent contentions arose, especially in regard to the source
+of knowledge. The Catholics insisted upon the continual agreement of the
+Church, but the Protestants would not suffer any other authority than
+the Bible and the most ancient confessions. Original Sin elicited a
+still more excited debate. The cunning Bishop Sidonius of Merseburg made
+these contentions a desirable excuse for breaking up the conference. He
+knew the two Protestant parties, and imitated those, as Melanchthon
+says, who wish to drive the bees from their hives: smoke is blown in for
+this purpose. "So they are seeking plans to divide us, and to break up
+the conference. I have observed all along that our opponents neither
+desire the truth nor union." This was written to Matthesius, September
+29th.
+
+On the 2d of October, he made the following report to the Elector
+Augustus: "By the grace of God, our side made a very good beginning. But
+afterwards the cunning Papists insisted upon knowing whether we were all
+of one and the same opinion. I replied repeatedly in the public
+assemblies, that we all agreed in the Confession. But now the Weimarians
+presented their condemnations, and because they saw that they could not
+keep pace with the other Protestants, they departed in the beginning of
+October, declaring that they had been excluded from the Conference. The
+other Theologians wished to continue, while the Catholics rejoiced at
+this rupture, and said that they did not know who were the true
+adherents of the Augsburg Confession. The President Pflug postponed the
+sessions until the King should decide the matter." He wrote to
+Matthesius, October 3d: "I very much doubt whether this debate, which
+has been commenced between us and our opponents, will be continued.
+Everything seems to be arranged in such a manner on both sides, that the
+whole matter will be brought to a conclusion. I earnestly long for the
+society of my family, and would rather repeat prayers with my beloved
+sons and daughters than continue to contend with these venomous
+sophists. However, I shall not leave here until we are officially
+dismissed."
+
+While Melanchthon was thus expressing so great a desire to behold his
+family, a change was about to take place in his house at Wittenberg,
+which caused him great sorrow and many bitter tears. His wife was taken
+ill on the 27th of September. She had a presentiment of her approaching
+end, received the Lord's Supper, and as she was now confined to her bed,
+prayed to God that he might grant her patience. And this her prayer was
+heard. Not a word of impatience passed her lips, and it was easy to see
+that she was perfectly prepared to die. An old account says: "In such
+obedience to God, and with frequent prayer to the Son of God, she fell
+asleep in Christ; and so peacefully, that those present could scarcely
+perceive the moment of her death." She died at three o'clock in the
+morning of the 11th of October. At the time of her death, Melanchthon
+was in Heidelberg, whither he had been called by the Elector Otto Henry,
+in order to assist Micyllus in improving the University of that place.
+He spent some very happy days here, as he was not only receiving
+honorable attentions from the Prince and the learned, but also enjoyed
+the opportunity of embracing his beloved brother George. And now his
+friend Camerarius also arrived. He saw his happiness, but had come to
+disturb it; for he had been commissioned by the University of
+Wittenberg to bear the sad tidings to Melanchthon. While they were
+walking in the garden of the Elector on the following morning,
+Camerarius discharged this melancholy duty. Melanchthon heard him
+calmly, raised his eyes to heaven, and exclaimed: "Fare thee well, I
+will soon follow thee!" And he then began to speak of the troubles of
+the Church, and the troubled times that were to be expected; but his
+sorrow for the loss of his wife would still return. He wrote an
+affectionate letter to his nephew Sigismund, who was staying at
+Wittenberg at the time, in which he expresses his anguish at the
+departure of his beloved wife, and calls upon him to act the part of a
+father in his family. To the letter of sympathy from the University,
+which Camerarius had brought, he replied on the 31st of October: "That
+he was seeking all possible grounds for consolation; but notwithstanding
+all this, my love to her and her daughters always comes upon me again
+with such force that I am almost overcome." He returns his hearty thanks
+for the attentions of the University, and closes thus: "If I am to live
+any longer, I would not wish to live in any place but with you, whose
+virtues, sincerity, and faithfulness I value so highly. And I also love
+our well-deserving University, which God has hitherto protected against
+wicked attacks and the rage of cunning men. I call upon him to guide and
+protect it for ever."
+
+He returned to Worms, and remained through the greater part of November,
+without being particularly engaged. He wrote to Hardenberg on the 14th
+of November that he had very little to write about, "because, after our
+colleagues departed, leaving their condemnations behind them, our
+enemies felt themselves obliged to embrace this opportunity for
+breaking off the conferences. On this account there are no meetings at
+the present time. You no doubt hear that the whole of Saxony is
+celebrating triumphs, because of the beautiful condemnations which
+emanate from the judgment-seat of Amsdorf. I pray God to deliver me from
+those sophists." He also wrote to his friend Mordeisen: "If you will
+permit me to live in another place, I shall reply truly and effectually
+to those ignorant intriguers, and for the good of the church. If the
+discussion of doctrine is to be continued, I hope that a truly Christian
+harmony will prevail among our colleagues who are still present."
+
+During this time, and at the instance of the Elector Frederick and Duke
+Christopher, he prepared a formula, in which he shows himself to be very
+yielding. He in this expresses himself against the fanatics, Servetus,
+Schwenkfeld, and the Anabaptists, in the strongest terms. In the article
+on justification he adhered to the word "_alone_," in retaining the
+proposition: "That we are justified before God by Faith _alone_." Faith
+must always be founded upon the merits of the Mediator. Against the
+Antinomians, (enemies of the law,) he insists upon the proposition: "New
+obedience is necessary, because the rational creature must obey God." He
+rejects the proposition that good works are necessary unto salvation,
+because this implied merit, and obscures the consolation of the Gospel;
+and he only retains the expression: "Good works are necessary, because
+man owes obedience according to the commandment of God." He adheres to
+the Augsburg Confession and the Apology, in the doctrine of the _Lord's
+Supper_. He rejects transubstantiation, and the local inclusion of the
+body and the blood, which was unknown to the ancients; he also rejects
+Zwinglianism, which merely recognizes signs, and says, that "Christ is
+truly and essentially present, making us members of his body, applying
+his grace to us, and will prove himself powerful in us." In regard to
+_indifferent things_, he appeals to the Confessions, and does not wish
+to see the churches, who have the Gospel, disturbed by any new changes.
+But if others discover other misdeeds under this name, we will leave it
+to the decision of a Synod.
+
+This form of agreement met with the approbation of the Theologians; the
+Wirtembergers being the only ones who made some objections on account of
+Osiander's position in the doctrine of Justification. Melanchthon was in
+the meantime awaiting the royal decision as to the Conference, in order
+to discuss the various points at the proper place. At last Ferdinand
+decided that the Conference, already commenced, should be continued. The
+Catholics now urged the recall of the Saxon Theologians, which was
+opposed by the others. Therefore the President adjourned the Conference,
+with the intention that it should be continued at the next diet.
+Melanchthon and his friends presented a declaration, in which they
+stated that they were not to blame in this matter, and were true
+adherents of the Augsburg Confession. This declaration was prepared on
+the 1st of December. On the 6th of December, he departed with his
+companions, filled with the saddest feelings, which he thus expresses in
+a letter to Hardenberg, December 26th: "Although many friends, prudent
+men on the banks of the Rhine, dissuaded me from returning to the Elbe,
+I have nevertheless returned; perhaps it is my destiny, and perhaps it
+is because I must bestow the little I possess upon my heirs, after the
+death of my wife. But I expect a new banishment.... As soon as the
+times become more propitious, I have resolved to consult with you,
+unless I am forced to leave before that time. Perhaps death will soon
+conduct me to a more peaceful church.... And truly! I feel an earnest
+longing for the wisdom of that heavenly school, and hope for that, when
+we shall see those things we particularly desire to understand, with our
+own eyes. My enemies have already circulated the report that they will
+drive me out of entire Germany. They believe that they have so much
+power. If it pleases God, I am willing not only to leave Germany, but
+even this life."
+
+The Conference therefore did not terminate well. The strict Lutherans
+blamed Melanchthon and his adherents for this, and called them "holy
+Pharisees;" the moderate Protestants charged the breaking up of the
+Conference upon the Catholics; while the Catholics, full of delight at
+the misfortunes of their enemies, labored to convince the whole world of
+the state of discord in the Protestant camp, and showed that it must of
+necessity come to this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE REAL YEARS OF SORROW.
+
+
+The hostility existing between the stricter and more moderate Lutherans
+for the few last years, increased more and more, notwithstanding all
+efforts to the contrary, made by the well-known Duke Christopher, the
+Elector of the Palatinate, and the Landgrave of Hesse. When the Elector
+Augustus, the Elector Joachim II., and Duke Henry of Brunswick, met in
+Leipzig, February, 1558, to consult as to the plan of transferring the
+Imperial Crown to King Ferdinand at the next Convention at Frankfort,
+they also spoke of the divisions in the Evangelical Church. Melanchthon
+received an invitation, during the month of February, to come to
+Dresden, in order to present his views in regard to this subject. He
+began to write a declaration, "but sorrow interrupted this work," he
+says. He thus writes to prince Joachim of Anhalt, in reference to the
+occasion of this work: "The Elector of the Palatinate and the Duke of
+Wurtemberg, have frequently requested our Churches to hold a Synod. When
+asked concerning this, I replied, that it would not be possible to call
+a Synod, until the princes had agreed, not only upon resolutions, but
+also upon their Confession, and had discussed this matter with believing
+and learned men. I therefore received orders to prepare an opinion
+concerning certain controverted points, and to forward it, as soon as
+possible, to the banks of the Main. I shall send or bring this document
+as soon as possible, for I am anxious to hear your Highness's opinion in
+regard to these propositions which I have written down."
+
+At last this document was completed, and appeared by the title: "Opinion
+delivered by Philip Melanchthon, concerning a Synod of all the Electors,
+Princes and States, adhering to the Augsburg Confession." He declares in
+the beginning of this, that he would like to hear the judgment of
+Christian princes and men; and that he did not dread a Synod on account
+of Flacius and his party. Although they condemned him, he was satisfied,
+and had no desire of being with them, because they did not seek the
+glory of God. It would not be necessary to convene a Synod on account of
+the outcry raised by Flacius; "for I have maintained silence hitherto,
+and am prepared to remove from this country, if it is desired. I refer
+to this, in order that no one may think I am dissuading from the holding
+of this Synod, because I fear that I might be condemned or banished."
+
+He says further: "Several Electors and Princes wish all the adherents of
+the Confession to hold a General Synod. Now I have always entertained
+the opinion that no such Synod should be called, until all the Electors
+and Princes are perfectly agreed, not only upon what they intend to
+propose, but what they finally intend to resolve and abide by." Unless
+this should be done, it would only end in greater dissensions. In regard
+to images in the churches, and the abjuration by other persons in
+baptism, it would be well to exercise patience in these customs. In
+regard to _Free will_, a very important point of dispute, he maintained
+the following:--It is not right to assert that man is like a block, and
+remains passive both in evil and in good works, even if it is said that
+the will is passive in good works. "It is indeed true, that God performs
+much wonderful illumination, and great deeds in conversion, and in the
+entire life of the saints, which the human will merely receives; but
+nevertheless we must teach that we must regard the word of God in all
+our afflictions, in order that we may strengthen ourselves by this, and
+at the same time pray God for help. For God works by his word. Man is
+not to rest in unbelief, and to think that he will wait, that he will be
+drawn to God against his own will, by some strange Anabaptist vision and
+miracle."
+
+He appeals to Luther, and denies the "poisonous" conclusion, as if by
+this man obtained some merits. It would be well to hear the opinion of
+sensible persons in a Synod in regard to this matter. We are already
+familiar with his opinion of Osiander's doctrine, in which he properly
+makes a distinction between Justification and Sanctification; he
+expresses his belief that uniformity might easily be restored in this
+matter. In the _third_ article, of the _Sacrament of the body and blood
+of Christ_, he speaks of transubstantiation as idolatry, and regrets
+that Protestants too entertain such or similar views, "just as an ass of
+Erfurt wrote to me lately, that the little pieces which fall upon the
+ground are also the body of Christ, and should be worshipped." He
+rejects the doctrine of the Bremen ministers, that the bread is the
+essential body of Christ, and the wine the essential blood of Christ;
+and the opinion of Westphal in Hamburg, that the body of Christ is
+present everywhere, in stone and in wood. He fears that a Synod might
+produce great divisions; yet he expresses his views as follows: _First_,
+nothing is sacrament except the instituted use. This had already greatly
+disturbed Eck in Ratisbon, so that he became drunk and quite unwell. He
+then confesses that the Son of God is thus truly and essentially
+present; that when we participate of the Lord's Supper, he gives us his
+body and blood with the bread and wine. He rejects Zwingli's doctrine,
+that it is a mere outward sign, and that Christ is not essentially
+present. He proceeds to protest against the proposition: "Good works are
+necessary to salvation;" and also against the Antinomians, concerning
+which points we have already referred to his views.
+
+We are also familiar with his views of the Adiaphora, or indifferent
+things. He offers to accept the decision of a Synod in this, "whether it
+affects me gently or ungently." In the article on _Matrimonial_ matters,
+he speaks of _Consistories_, and advises that these be arranged like
+those in Electoral Saxony, where these form and execute decisions. He
+once more requests a serious consideration whether a Synod should be
+held, "because we have reason to fear that it will cause still greater
+divisions." But if it should be resolved upon to assemble one, the
+opinions of all the learned should be listened to in a friendly
+conference, and if they agree, resolutions should be passed and
+subscribed. But in case of disagreement, the opinion of all should be
+heard, and the resolutions passed according to the truth, "let it please
+or displease whom it will."
+
+At the Convention at Frankfort, held in the beginning of March, 1558,
+Ferdinand the First received the crown of the German Empire. He pledged
+himself to preserve religious and civil peace, "continually and firmly."
+His brother, the Emperor Charles V., had retired to a small residence by
+the side of the convent of St. Just, belonging to the monks of the Order
+of St. Jerome, near to Placentia, in Spain, in the month of September,
+1556. He lived here for two years, engaged in earnest meditations upon
+the vanity of all earthly things, and in the expiation of his sins. It
+is said that he regretted not having acted more severely against the
+Protestants; and he died in September, 1558, praying for the unity of
+the Church. In Frankfort, whither other princes had also been invited,
+besides the Protestant Electors, it was resolved to restore harmony
+between the contending parties in the Evangelical Church. This was to be
+promoted by a treatise prepared by Melanchthon, which has become known
+as the _Recess of Frankfort_. There were four principal points of
+dispute. The _first_ referred to justification, and makes a distinction
+between justification and sanctification. "This consolation is
+continually to be remembered in this life, that a man is just, that is,
+pleasing to God, and a recipient of forgiveness of sins, not on account
+of newness (the new life), but by faith in Christ, and his merits alone,
+through mercy, for the sake of the Lord Jesus Christ." The _second_
+article speaks of the proposition, good works are necessary to
+salvation. Although it is true that _the new obedience_ of the justified
+is necessary, according to the commandment of God, yet it ought not to
+be said that it is necessary _to salvation_, because the doctrine of
+grace would be obscured by this. The _third_ article, of _the true
+sacrament of the body and blood of the Lord Jesus Christ_, declares its
+agreement with the Augsburg Confession, namely, "that the Lord Jesus
+Christ is truly, in a living manner, and essentially present in this his
+ordinance of the Lord's Supper; that he has also given his body and
+blood to be received by us Christians, with the bread and wine thus
+ordained by him, and that he bears testimony by this, that we are his
+members, that he appropriates himself and his promise to us, and works
+within us." The _fourth_ article, of _Adiaphora_, _or indifferent
+ceremonies in the Church_, declares that these may be observed or
+neglected; and if the true Christian doctrine of the holy Gospel is
+preached in a proper manner, these ceremonies may be retained without
+injury to the cause of truth. But if the true Christian doctrine of the
+holy Gospel should be polluted or persecuted, then not only the
+indifferent, but also other ceremonies, are injurious. The Recess
+expresses its agreement with the Augsburg Confession in the strongest
+terms, "that nothing opposed to said true Confession should be permitted
+to be taught, preached, or introduced among the people, in the churches,
+schools, and throughout the land."
+
+On the 18th of March, the Recess was subscribed by the three Electors,
+Otto Henry, Augustus, and Joachim, by the Count Palatine, Wolfgang von
+Veldenz, Duke Christopher, and the Landgrave Philip. It was also finally
+resolved that they would request the other Evangelical states to
+subscribe it."
+
+Melanchthon at this time expressed his convictions to Matthesius, that
+the Weimarians would certainly object to it; and the event proved that
+his supposition was correct. The Recess was violently opposed, not only
+by the Weimarians, but by all strict Lutherans. Flacius called the
+Recess, "The Samaritan Interim;" and the aged Amsdorf prepared a
+refutation, at the request of Duke John Frederick of Saxony; and it was
+also proposed to hold a meeting in Magdeburg in May, in opposition to
+the meeting at Frankfort. Saxony was very anxious to bring it about, but
+in vain. Melanchthon was greatly distressed at this new dispute, and in
+his letters at this time, frequently expresses his desire to be relieved
+from this miserable state of existence. On one occasion he said: "I am
+so over-burdened with labors that I expect my end daily, and yet my
+enemies are anxious to drive me away before that." He was also greatly
+grieved at the death of his old friend, the faithful Bugenhagen, who
+died peacefully on the 20th of April; although he rejoiced to see
+another friend, Paul Eber, appointed Pastor in his place. He wrote a
+letter of consolation to one of his friends, Conrad Nessen, who was sick
+at the time, in which he says: "My breast is filled with a strong mucus,
+which threatens me with death, and admonishes me frequently to think of
+my sick friends, and of my own death. We know with certainty that God
+gives life, and strengthens the powers of our body, as long as it is his
+will that we should serve the general welfare in this sorrowful battle
+of life. I pray to him with all my heart that he would stand by and help
+you and me, and ease our illness, as long as it pleases him to retain us
+in this life; and I pray him, that for the sake of his Son, the Lord
+Jesus Christ, he would lead us into the sweet communion of the heavenly
+Church, and grant us the enjoyment of his light and wisdom, whenever he
+shall be pleased to deliver us from this prison. Let us look unto that
+fountain of light and wisdom, and bear our present sufferings with less
+sorrow, in the hope and expectation of that better life." He also wrote
+to the Landgrave of Hesse: "My enemies have declared that they would
+make Germany too narrow for me, although I do not know what has filled
+them with this Cain-like bitterness against me, which induces them to
+drive me into strange lands. Your electoral highness, and many sensible
+men in Germany, are well acquainted with my peculiar labors,
+afflictions, and sentiments. If it pleases God, I am perfectly willing,
+not only to leave this country, but even this life, for I have remained
+thus long for the benefit of this school. If I must go, I am perfectly
+ready and willing, even as I expect death daily."
+
+The Refutation of the Frankfort Recess, already mentioned as prepared by
+the Weimarians, was sent to the Elector Augustus by the Dukes of Saxony.
+Melanchthon received it, and now prepared his "Reply to the Weimarian
+Document." He passes over the calumnies in it, for the sake of peace;
+and does not agree with them, that it is altogether improper for civil
+rulers to set up articles of religion; he would rather rejoice at this,
+and call upon others to be thankful "that they thus distinctly confess
+their adherence to the true doctrine, and seek unity among themselves."
+He refutes the various attacks upon the articles of justification and
+good works, of the Lord's Supper, and of the Adiaphora. As the
+_Synergistic_ dispute, of which we have already spoken, was also drawn
+in, and the Theologians of Jena intended it all as an attack upon the
+aged Melanchthon, although their assaults were ostensibly directed
+against Pfeffinger of Leipzig, the gulf was widened, and the animosity
+continued to increase. Both sides sent forth the most bitter
+publications. In Thuringia they even proceeded from mere words to deeds.
+For when the Dukes of Saxony had published their _Confutation_ in the
+beginning of the year 1559, in which all heresies, that also concerning
+free will, were condemned, Victorinus Strigel, and the Pastor Andrew
+Hugel of Jena, refused to submit to it. They were both seized and taken
+to the castle of Leuchtenburg. Melanchthon thus writes to a friend in
+regard to this: "During the night succeeding the joyous festival of
+Easter, the aged Pastor Andrew, together with Victorinus, were seized at
+Jena, and carried to the neighboring castle of Leuchtenburg, in which is
+the prison for robbers. The piety and moderation of these men had
+gained them a distinguished reputation. But Flacius is burning with rage
+against us. He proves this by thus ill-treating these men, who, although
+they are not connected with us, are yet displeased with the harsh
+measures employed against us. The Elector sent this Confutation to
+Wittenberg, that an Opinion might be given in regard to it. "It is only
+with great pain that I am able to read those subtleties and tricks,"
+Melanchthon writes to Cracovius; "but I shall freely express my opinions
+to the Prince, and shall entreat him graciously to dismiss me, if he is
+better pleased with this venomous fabrication." His _Opinion_ is dated
+on the 9th of March, and speaks in very plain terms. Its principal
+objection against the Weimarian Confutation is this: that it does not
+recognize their (the Wittenbergers) efforts against the blasphemers of
+the Son of God--such as Servetus and Campanus, Schwenkfeld, and the
+Antinomians. "The Weimarian book does not say a word of this,
+(particularly of the Antinomians,) for there are many in many places who
+are filled with this heresy, who consider themselves holy, although they
+continue to live in sin against their own conscience." The Confutation
+also speaks of old and _new_ Zwinglians, without mentioning whom they
+refer to by the term _new_. Now they wish to be looked upon as the most
+zealous devourers of the Pope, and yet they dare not say a word about
+that grossest of all idolatries, that there can be no Sacrament except
+according to the instituted form." He rejects the proposition, as he had
+done before, that the body of Christ is present everywhere, in wood and
+stone, and says: "I abide by the formula presented to the Elector, and
+it is certainly true that the Lord Jesus Christ is essentially present
+in his ordinance, but not present as wood and stone are present. He
+gives us comfort, and bestows his body and blood upon us." "In regard to
+_Free will_, it is very evident that their principal attacks are against
+me, Philip." He rejects the doctrine that all works, good and evil,
+_must_ be done as they are, and asserts that man, even before
+regeneration, has a free will to maintain external propriety of conduct.
+And if this liberty still partially belongs to our sinful nature, how
+much more shall this be the case after regeneration, "when we obtain
+help by the influence of the Holy Ghost!" "We regard the word of God as
+the beginning, which word condemns sin, and at the same time offers
+forgiveness and mercy for the Lord's sake. We maintain that a man must
+regard the preaching of both the law and the Gospel; and if he comforts
+himself with the Gospel, and finds comfort in true sorrow, it is certain
+that God sends his Holy Spirit into his heart, who continues to operate
+there, and a conflict continues throughout life, in order that faith may
+become stronger." This rule must remain: "Grace precedes, the will
+accompanies it, God draws no man but him who is willing." He also
+proceeds to speak of Osiander, Stancarus, of the proposition "Good works
+are necessary to salvation," and particularly also of the Adiaphora, in
+the manner repeatedly referred to on previous occasions. In regard to
+ceremonies, he says that the two Dukes of Saxony had formerly come to
+the same conclusion, and that the present condemnation applied to their
+resolutions as well as "_our own_." The Landgrave fully concurred in
+this Opinion, and sent it to Duke John Frederick, who remarked, that
+Melanchthon had not been mentioned once in the Confutation, and that he
+exemplified the old saying: "Whoever is hit cries out." However, the
+Duke was prevailed upon to release the prisoners. In August, 1560,
+Flacius and Strigel held a discussion, in which Flacius unintentionally
+so far forgot himself, that he maintained that Original Sin was the
+substance of human nature. He was greatly persecuted and distressed on
+account of this proposition. He died at Frankfort on the 11th of March,
+1575, uttering these words: "Jesus Christ, thou Son of God, have mercy
+upon me!"
+
+The pure Gospel had also penetrated into Bavaria, and had found many
+friends there; so that the Chamber of Deputies of the Duchy petitioned
+Duke Albert in the year 1556, that he should permit the pure preaching
+of the Gospel, and the use of the cup to the laity. But the Duke, whom
+Melanchthon calls a man of mind and wisdom, would not listen to it, for
+he had given himself up to the influence of the Jesuits. They finally
+succeeded in securing the suppression and banishment of all the friends
+of the Gospel. In order to ferret out all heresy, they prepared
+thirty-one articles for the use of the Inquisition. Whoever was not able
+to reply to these in a satisfactory manner should be punished and
+banished. These articles were published in September, 1558, and
+Melanchthon saw them during the same month. In the month of May of the
+following year, he published his "Answers against the wicked Articles of
+the Bavarian Inquisition." This publication is one of the most important
+of his works, because it may be called his last Confession--his
+spiritual swan's song, (dying strain). Of these Bavarian articles, he
+says: "Whosoever reads these idolatrous articles, which have been
+prepared by a dishonorable raving monk of Bavaria, let him not be
+deceived by the appearance of the Church, but remember that we should
+not blaspheme acknowledged truth, and that blasphemers of acknowledged
+truth and murderers of the members of Christ are not the Church of God."
+He not only deals thus with the thirty-one Articles, but also with
+those Articles which had created dissensions in the Protestant Church.
+We are already acquainted with his views, according to which, appealing
+to Luther, he maintains that in the work of conversion grace precedes,
+and the human will follows; as Chrysostomus says: "God draweth, but only
+him who is willing." Yet, at the same time, he also admitted that God so
+operated in all his saints, that their will remained in a passive
+condition. He also refutes Servetus and the Anabaptists, and confessed
+the orthodox doctrine of the union of the two natures in Christ.
+
+He was also destined to behold a violent dispute in regard to the Lord's
+Supper, which arose in his native land, the Palatinate. A certain
+TILEMANN HESSHUSS, who was born at Wesel in the year 1526, and had been
+a pupil of Melanchthon, had, upon his recommendation, been called to
+Heidelberg in 1558, as professor and general superintendent. A dispute
+arose between him and a certain Deacon, WILLIAM KLEBITZ, of that place.
+Klebitz leaned towards Calvinism. The Elector Frederick III., who had
+succeeded Otto Henry in 1559, admonished Hesshusius to express himself
+in regard to the Lord's Supper, in accordance with the Augsburg
+Confession. Hesshusius declared that he would look upon all who did not
+teach that the body of Christ is _in_ the bread, as Zwinglians. He
+excommunicated Klebitz from the pulpit, and even attempted to snatch the
+cup from his hand at the altar. The Elector upon this deposed both of
+them, and sent his secretary ZEISLER to Wittenberg to obtain
+Melanchthon's advice. He replied on the 1st of November, and begins in
+the following manner: "This answer is not a difficult but a dangerous
+one. Yet I will say, what I am able to say in regard to this dispute,
+praying the Son of God that he may direct your counsels, and bring this
+matter to a happy conclusion." He approves of the proceeding of the
+Elector in ordering both sides to remain silent, and deposing them, and
+wishing them to use the apostle Paul's formula: "The bread which we
+break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ." The apostle does
+not say that the substance of the bread is changed, as the Papists
+maintain; nor that the bread is the essential body of Christ, as those
+of Bremen say; nor that the bread is the true body of Christ, as
+Hesshuss says; but communion: that is, that by which a union with the
+body of Christ is effected." He declares again, as he had often done
+before, that he believed in a presence of Christ, "not on account of the
+bread, but on account of man." Christ makes us to be his members, and
+hereby testifies that he will make our bodies alive. Thus the ancients
+expressed themselves in regard to the Lord's Supper. It cannot be proved
+that he wished to open the door for the introduction of Calvin's
+doctrine into the Palatinate by this.
+
+It is well known from the history of the Church in the Palatinate, that
+the Elector Frederick banished the Lutheran and introduced the Reformed
+doctrine into the Palatinate, and at times made use of very harsh
+measures to effect this. This grieved the aged Brenz so much, that
+although he had hitherto maintained friendly relations with Melanchthon,
+he made efforts to convene a Synod at Stuttgart. Here it was agreed to
+make the doctrine that Christ's body is everywhere present, which is
+called the doctrine of the _Ubiquity_, the Confession of the Church of
+Wurtemberg. This gave great offence to Melanchthon; and disputes
+concerning the Lord's Supper arose on every side. The princes,
+especially the Landgrave, were anxious to hold a General Synod, of which
+Melanchthon did not expect any good results, and he therefore
+endeavored to dissuade them from it, in an opinion published December
+18th, 1559, in which he says: "The name _Synod_ is a beautiful one, and
+Christian Synods, like those of the apostles, should be convened for the
+settlement of disputes. But these Synods have frequently been the cause
+of great and cruel disorders; and it is about as great a risk to call
+one as to make war. Therefore, it would be well if the Electors and
+Princes would not be too precipitate, and unadvisedly begin so dangerous
+a work. I do not say this for my own advantage; for, although my enemies
+and their adherents condemn me, as they have persecuted and slandered
+me, I nevertheless rejoice that I am at last separated from such
+hypocrites, who encourage idolatry and murder; and, as long as God
+grants life and reason to me, I am determined, by God's help, to adhere
+to that form of doctrine which I prepared forty years ago, in the
+beginning of the visitation, for the benefit of youth, notwithstanding
+great persecution; and I commend our churches and authorities, and
+myself, to our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God." He adds, in
+conclusion: "Finally, as union is not to be expected in such a Synod, it
+is not advisable to assemble one; and as the meeting of the Electors and
+Princes is to be held for the purpose of deliberating in regard to the
+Synod, I, as an humble individual, think that this meeting should also
+be omitted. For the princes would be urged continually, until they would
+yield something to please others, and in the end it would give rise to
+dissatisfaction."
+
+While he was thus remonstrating against the holding of a General Synod,
+the Elector of the Palatinate, the Duke of Wuertemberg, and the
+Landgrave, insisted upon summoning one, and their envoys endeavored to
+secure the assent of the Elector Augustus to this plan. Melanchthon
+writes: "I do not know what good this plan will effect, while parties
+are so greatly opposed to each other." He was also greatly distressed at
+this time, on account of the persecutions endured by his friend
+HARDEBERG, in Bremen, because of the Lord's Supper. Hesshuss, expelled
+from Heidelberg, came to Bremen, but declared that he could not accept
+the situation offered to him, until Hardeberg would adopt different
+views. He proposed a discussion, against which Melanchthon remonstrated
+in the strongest terms. But when he found that it was nevertheless to
+take place, he resolved to go to Bremen himself, in order to assist his
+friend. But Hardeberg would not enter into the discussion, and was
+deposed in February, 1561. But Melanchthon did not live to see this. He
+saw heavy thunder-clouds rising around him on every side, animosities
+were becoming more and more bitter from day to day, and the inmost life
+of the Evangelical Church seemed to be destroyed. It is not at all to be
+wondered at, that he began to long more and more earnestly for the
+eternal world, surrounded as he was by such gloomy prospects. He
+therefore says, in a letter to Baumgaertner, of Nuremberg, a few weeks
+before his death: "I am consumed by my longing for the heavenly
+fatherland; and if I should be obliged to live much longer in this
+misery, I would wish to get farther away from this barbarity." This wish
+was soon to be gratified, and we are now approaching his departure; but
+will first of all briefly view his domestic life, and his manifold
+meritorious services.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+HIS DOMESTIC LIFE.
+
+
+If we wish to become better acquainted with a great man like
+Melanchthon, we must follow him from his public into his domestic life.
+Here his inner life is revealed to the eyes of an observer.
+
+We have already heard that, principally by Luther's encouragement, he
+married a daughter of Mayor CRAPP, of Wittenberg, on the 26th of
+November, 1520. His wife, CATHARINE, was of the same age as himself.
+Shortly after his marriage, he was able to write of her to a friend,
+that she deserved a better husband than himself. It was therefore to be
+expected that their union would be a happy one, and so it was. They
+regarded each other with the greatest affection, and thought and felt in
+harmony. If one, for instance, bestowed anything upon the poor, it
+filled the other with joy.[24] Frequent attacks of illness disturbed,
+or we should rather say promoted, their happiness. He was greatly
+troubled with the stone; and she suffered from the same disease, and
+also an affection of the liver. It is therefore not to be wondered at,
+that the oft-repeated illness of his wife filled Melanchthon with the
+deepest compassion, and that he often freely expressed his sorrows in
+his letters. She bore the cross to her own gain, and greatly longed to
+leave this vale of tears. She endured her sufferings patiently, and
+found her principal comfort in the book of Psalms, which has so often
+proved itself a lasting blessing to many souls. Frequently did she utter
+the prayer in Psalm lxxi, 18: "Now also, when I am old and grey-headed,
+O God, forsake me not." Camerarius, who was intimately acquainted with
+her, bears the following testimony: "She was a very pious woman, who
+loved her husband devotedly; an industrious and active mother of her
+family, liberal and benevolent towards all, and so careful for the
+interests of the poor, that she did not only lose sight of her ability
+and strength in the distribution of her charities, but even interceded
+for them among her friends, with the greatest earnestness, and even
+impetuosity. She led a spotless life, and was so anxious to cultivate a
+pious and honorable character, that she did not concern herself about
+expensive entertainments, or costly dress."
+
+Their union was blessed by the birth of four children, two sons and two
+daughters; ANNA, PHILIP, GEORGE, and MAGDALEN. His daughter Anna was
+born in 1524. Melanchthon was a great friend of children, and regarded
+his own with the deepest affection. He was particularly devoted to his
+Anna. At a certain time, this little child entered the room, and found
+its father weeping. It approached him, and with its little apron wiped
+away his tears. He says of this: "This proof of her love made a deep
+impression upon my heart." He did not dream, at that time, that the fate
+of this daughter should cause him to shed many bitter tears in future.
+At another time, one of his daughters absented herself from home for a
+long time. When Melanchthon saw her, he asked her, in a jesting way,
+what she would say to her mother, who would no doubt give her a severe
+scolding. The child replied, in its simplicity, "Nothing." He was highly
+pleased with this reply, and he often afterwards made use of it, when
+attacked by his enemies.
+
+Adami relates: "Upon a certain time a Frenchman paid him a visit. He
+found Philippus in the nursery, where he was rocking the cradle with one
+hand while he held a book in the other. When he observed the surprise of
+his guest, Philip praised the duties of family life, and the gratitude
+of children towards God in such a manner, that the stranger departed
+greatly instructed." He felt happy and at home in the nursery and in the
+family circle, which he called "the little church." His son George, who
+was born November 25th, 1527, died when he was two years old. He was
+very much attached to this child, which already displayed extraordinary
+intellectual gifts. Great indeed, therefore, was his sorrow, when the
+Lord took it away. He speaks of it in several of his letters. Luther
+even calls upon Jonas to pray for him that the Lord would comfort him.
+Luther wrote to Jonas on the 17th of August: "On last Sunday the Lord
+took away our Philip's son George. You can easily imagine how very
+difficult it is for us to console this tender-hearted and most sensitive
+man. The death of his son has filled him with extraordinary sorrow, for
+he has not experienced this before. You know how very important the
+preservation of his life and health is to us all; we all suffer and
+sorrow with him."
+
+At the close of the month Luther again wrote to Jonas: "Philippus is
+still grieving. We all sympathize with him, as a man of his worth richly
+deserves it. Oh! that all those proud Timons were humbled by crosses
+like this, who are so proud of their own wisdom, that they do not know
+how much this man, sinful and feeble though he be, is exalted above
+many, yea, thousands like Jerome, Hilary, and Macarius, who are
+altogether unworthy to unloose the shoes' latchets of my Philippus."
+
+The eldest son bore his father's name, and was born on the 13th of
+January, 1525. This boy suffered very much in his earlier years, so that
+his father entertained very little hope of raising him. But
+notwithstanding all this, he lived to the great age of eighty years. He
+did not possess the talents which so greatly distinguished his father.
+When very old, he wrote in an album: "I have a desire to depart, and to
+be with Christ. Philippus Melanchthon, August 9th, 1603."
+
+GEORGE SABINUS was born at Brandenburg, April 23d, 1508. In his 15th
+year he had come to Wittenberg to pursue his studies. Melanchthon became
+acquainted with him, and loved him on account of his extraordinary
+talents. He was particularly distinguished for his poetical talents.
+When Anna,[25] Melanchthon's favorite, was 16 years old, she was married
+to this Sabinus, with the consent of her parents. This occurred in the
+year 1536. In the year 1538, the Elector Joachim of Brandenburg called
+Sabinus to Frankfort on the Oder, as professor of polite literature.
+Being an exceedingly vain and ambitious man, he looked upon this
+situation as too humble, and longed for one more honorable. Such an one
+seemed to be opened to him, when the Duke of Prussia established a
+University at Koenigsberg.
+
+Melanchthon wrote to Camerarius in the Spring of 1544: "Sabinus intends
+to leave the academy (at Frankfort) because he finds it very difficult
+to satisfy the demands of so many learned judges. He is looking for
+hiding-places where he will be able to rule, and from whence he may be
+introduced to courtly life. This, you must know, is the substance of his
+plans. Perhaps we may add to this, that he is desirous of removing my
+daughter farther away from my observation; but I endeavor to be calm."
+
+We may easily conceive that the modest, gentle Anna, could not live
+happily in such a union. She complained to her parents, for Sabinus was
+also a spendthrift in addition to all this. By the recommendation of
+Camerarius, Sabinus was appointed the first Rector of the University of
+Koenigsberg, on the 17th of August, 1544. Before removing to this place,
+Anna and her children remained for some time in the house of her parents
+at Wittenberg. Melanchthon's love towards his daughter and her children
+was now renewed and increased, especially as he saw the prospects that
+awaited them. He wrote to Camerarius: "This journey of my daughter fills
+me with constant sorrow. But I pray that the Lord may regard our tears.
+Could you but see how amiably my daughter has deported herself while at
+home; she is quiet, modest, gentle, very conciliatory, and of a prudent
+mind."
+
+But she was not destined to remain in this school of suffering for a
+very long time; for, as we have already heard, the Lord removed her in
+March, 1547. This was the severest affliction that Melanchthon ever
+endured. From Zerbst he wrote to his friend Paul Eber in Wittenberg: "I
+send you a narrative of my daughter's death, which, whenever I read it,
+or even but think of it, so increases my parental sorrow, that I fear it
+will injure my health. I cannot banish the sight of my weeping daughter
+from my eyes, who, when she was asked what she would like to say to her
+parents, replied: "I think of several things, which fill me with
+anguish." Camerarius says, that she appeared as a corpse to her father
+in a dream, in the very night in which she died. Melanchthon wrote to
+him that his daughter had gently passed out of this life, giving
+striking evidences of her love towards God, her husband, and children.
+
+It soon appeared that the love which Melanchthon had borne towards his
+departed daughter was now transferred to her children. He therefore
+wrote to Sabinus: "I wish our friendship to be a lasting one, and am
+determined to cherish it faithfully. I shall look upon your children as
+my own, and they are indeed my own. I do not love them less than I loved
+their mother. Many know how fondly I loved my daughter; and this love
+has not been extinguished by her death, but continues to be nourished by
+sorrow and ardent desire. And as I know how much she loved her children,
+I believe that I must transfer her affections to myself." Great indeed
+was his joy when Sabinus, during his journey to Wittenberg in the autumn
+of 1547, left behind him three daughters and a son. These grand-children
+were the greatest recreation of the grand-parents. He would sometimes
+even speak of these children before his hearers.
+
+His youngest daughter Magdalen, born July 18th, 1533, was married to
+Doctor CASPAR PEUCER, when she was but 19 years of age. After
+Melanchthon's death, Peucer became the first professor of the University
+of Wittenberg, and physician in ordinary to the Elector of Saxony. Their
+union was richly blessed with children. He endured many persecutions
+afterwards, because he and some of his colleagues secretly approved of
+the doctrines of Calvin, on which account they were called
+_Cryptocalvinists_. He was compelled to languish in a prison for twelve
+years. During this time his wife died. One morning he dreamed that he
+was tolling the bell for a funeral. The rope broke in his hand, and
+awaking, he cried out: "The rope is broken, and we are free." In the
+very same moment the door of his cell was opened, and he was liberated.
+Grief took such possession of his heart, that he was frequently observed
+weeping during public worship in Zerbst, whither he had retired.
+
+His servant JOHN has likewise been very properly counted a member of
+Melanchthon's family. This John was a Swabian, who for thirty-four years
+served him with great fidelity and honesty, managed all his household
+affairs, and trained and instructed his children. Melanchthon
+entertained the highest respect for him, and frequently wrote to him,
+when absent on a journey. This man must have had a truly Christian
+understanding and heart. When Veit Dietrich upon a certain occasion sent
+some sermons upon the struggles of the soul of the Son of God to
+Melanchthon, he replied that he had not read them yet, but intended to
+read them attentively, and then continues: "My servant, who reads such
+books with great delight, praises them very much."
+
+When he died, Melanchthon publicly announced his death, and spoke of him
+in the most touching manner. We will repeat it: "My servant John, born
+on the Neckar, lived with me four-and-thirty years. He served God with
+true piety, and towards men he was just, truthful, and obliging. He was
+chaste, and a friend of chastity. He devoted his mornings to the reading
+of the Scriptures and prayer, then to the training and instruction of my
+little sons and daughters, and then to household affairs. He accompanied
+us in all our times of exile, in time of war and pestilence, and
+witnessed my life, labors, and afflictions. And time never produced any
+change in him towards us." This is an honorable testimony for
+Melanchthon, even as Eliezer was an honor to Abraham.
+
+We must also notice Melanchthon's personal appearance, his manner of
+life, and devotional exercises. There was nothing striking in his
+appearance. He was small and thin, yet of good proportions; his chest
+was broad, and his neck somewhat long. His face was very expressive, his
+forehead was high, and his blue eyes were full of beauty, intelligence,
+and gentleness. He was very animated in conversation. The amount of work
+performed by this man is really amazing, when we remember that he
+enjoyed but few healthy days in the whole period of his life. He was
+frequently troubled with sleeplessness; at other times, he was severely
+afflicted with the stone; and besides this, he was also subject to
+affections of the bowels. He had accustomed himself to very strict
+habits of life.[26] He could be found in his study at 2 or 3 o'clock in
+the morning, both in summer and winter. During the day, he read three or
+four lectures, attended to the conferences of the professors, and after
+that labored until supper-time. After this, he retired about 9 o'clock.
+He would not open any letters in the evening, in order that his sleep
+might not be disturbed by anxiety. As his friends on the Rhine made him
+frequent presents of wine, he was in the habit of drinking a glass
+before supper.
+
+His habits were extremely regular. He generally took one simple meal a
+day, and never more than two. As he was frequently invited to
+entertainments at Wittenberg, and other places, he could not at all
+times strictly adhere to this manner of life. He was not fond of
+luxuries, but preferred soups, fish, vegetables, and eggs. He was fond
+of conversing at table; and a man of his acquirements, who had conversed
+with princes, statesmen, and other celebrated persons, was never at a
+loss for a topic. He was fond of cheerfulness and pleasant jests; but
+his fervent piety diffused a pleasing and blessed light over his whole
+walk and conversation. He began every duty in the name of God, and as in
+his presence. The word of the Apostle Paul, "In him we live, and move,
+and have our being," was ever present to his mind. He was frequently
+heard exclaiming, "May our Lord God help us, and be merciful unto us!"
+When he arose from his bed in the morning, he addressed the triune God
+in the following brief form of prayer: "Almighty, Eternal God, Father of
+our Lord Jesus Christ, Creator of heaven and earth, and man, together
+with thy Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, thy word and image, and with thy
+Holy Spirit, have mercy upon us, and forgive us our sins for thy Son's
+sake, whom thou hast made our Mediator according to thy wonderful
+counsels, and do thou guide and sanctify us by thy Holy Spirit, which
+was poured out upon the Apostles. Grant that we may truly know and
+praise thee throughout all eternity!"
+
+After prayer he read a portion of the Bible, and then looked into the
+almanac, in order to remind himself of the time of the ecclesiastical
+year, and of the men of God, whose name-days were there recorded. It was
+only after he had thus sanctified himself by the word of God and prayer,
+that he began his labors, or wrote the most urgent letters. He always
+dined regularly at a fixed hour, and here not only a blessing was asked,
+but the Apostle's Creed was also repeated. He entertained a very high
+regard for this Creed, and was in the habit of repeating it three times
+every day. He thus speaks of it in some of his writings: "There are many
+reasons why we should accustom ourselves to a daily repetition of the
+Creed. Godly and pious men are in the habit of repeating it at least
+three times every day. Dr. Jerome Schurff, a wise and learned man, when
+he found that death was approaching, repeated it almost every hour, and
+that, too, with such fervency of spirit, that all could see how much he
+was encouraged and strengthened by this Confession." He also laid great
+stress upon the Lord's Prayer, the Psalms, and the Ten Commandments; and
+frequently exhorted his students to accustom themselves to repeat them.
+
+This piety, which he constantly recommended to others, and practised in
+his domestic life, also animated all the labors of his calling. He
+regarded his lecture room, in which so many hearers assembled anxious to
+hear their master, as if it were his Church. He somewhere makes the
+remark: "Above the entrance of many old churches, we read the
+inscription, 'My house shall be called a house of prayer,' sculptured in
+the stone. This inscription should also be placed upon schools, for they
+are a part of the public worship of God; we there teach and learn the
+truth, and must unite prayer with it all." In another place he says:
+"We occupy this position in the name of God, in order that we may
+preserve and disseminate that truth which gives salvation to the human
+race; and God demands diligence both on the part of teachers and pupils.
+We must enter the school with the same feelings with which we enter the
+temple, namely, that we desire to learn and communicate divine things.
+If any man enters the school merely to acquire a portion of knowledge,
+which he may use for gain or empty ambition, let such an one remember
+that he is desecrating the holiest temple of science."
+
+It was his constant aim to do everything for the glory of God, and to be
+"a useful instrument of the church." And if this was the case in all his
+efforts to educate youth, how much more was it the case when the church
+itself was concerned! He was not one of those with whom Christianity and
+affection for the church is something so internal that it never
+manifests itself. He approved of the use of particular forms of prayer.
+He says: "We are not to despise the verbal prayer, which helps to arouse
+us. Dr. Jerome Schurff very properly observes: Christ says, when ye
+pray, _say_: Our Father, which art in heaven. Therefore it is not
+sufficient to pray in the spirit, but if it is possible we must also
+utter words by which the devotional feelings of our hearts are
+increased." In his prayers he steadfastly relied upon the promises of
+God, and doubtless frequently rejoiced in having found that which he
+sought. He loved the house of God, and was a faithful attendant at the
+public worship of God. HEERBRAND of Tuebingen, in his Eulogy, bears this
+honorable testimony: "He was anxious to frequent public worship, not
+only to set a good example to others, but because he knew that the Holy
+Spirit exercised his power through the word of God, and that the Son of
+God was present, so that his faith might be strengthened, and the spirit
+of prayer be enkindled in the congregations of the saints; even as he
+constantly prayed with inexpressible sighs, and offered up prayers and
+supplications for the church and himself. We, who knew him, are all able
+to testify in regard to this."
+
+He once remarked to his hearers: "You are not to act in so brutish and
+impertinent a manner as to think it does not matter even if I do not go
+to church, for it is nothing but Popery and superstition. No, but it is
+barbarism to neglect these privileges. There is no more beautiful sight
+than orderly and holy assemblies, in which men are instructed of God,
+and where they unite in prayer and thanksgiving. We have here a type of
+eternal life, where we shall sit in the presence of God and his Son, and
+hear the Son of God instructing us in reference to the greatest
+wonders."
+
+In another place he says: "You must connect yourselves with the church,
+and maintain the public worship of God. You know how frequently the
+Psalmist prayed: "One thing have I desired of the Lord, that will I seek
+after; that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my
+life." O Lord, let me live where there is a church, however small. Just
+as I once related of my little daughter, who said: "Koenigsberg is a very
+nice place too, for there they go to church just like here." She saw how
+glorious these assemblies are. He also in another place expresses his
+sentiments in regard to this matter in a very decided manner: "We love
+the united devotions of the house of God. Those who do not come to
+church, but accustom themselves to walking about, feasting, and other
+abominations, while the godly are assembled to hear the word of God,
+will degenerate more and more. They will become swine, lewd fellows, and
+devils. In my house at Tuebingen, in which Dr. Jerome Schurff had also
+resided, this ancient verse was written upon the walls: "To go to church
+delayeth not, to give alms impoverisheth not, and unjust wealth
+remaineth not."
+
+We have heard before, that it was his opinion that the public worship of
+God should not be entirely devoid of all ceremonies. But the ceremonies
+should not be opposed to the Scriptures. He did not approve of depriving
+the churches of their ornaments and pictures. However, we are already
+sufficiently acquainted with his sentiments in these respects.
+
+It is very remarkable that he attached such great importance to dreams,
+and the position of the stars. He dreamed a great deal, and in his
+letters frequently speaks of the stars; and whenever comets made their
+appearance he looked upon them as signs of evil times, and troubled
+himself exceedingly. He also relates instances of the influence exerted
+upon the lives of men by good and evil spirits, from which it appears
+that he looked upon such influences as very powerful.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+SOMETHING MORE OF MELANCHTHON'S MERITS.
+
+
+The reader has had sufficient evidence in the life of our Reformer, that
+he was indeed a learned man, and performed most valuable services in the
+church and school. He labored especially to combine science with the
+work of the Reformation, and to render the study of the Greek and Latin
+writers serviceable to the cause of Christianity. And he proved very
+satisfactorily, that these studies can be attended to without
+sacrificing true Christianity. Of course, there is a very great
+difference between him and those scholars of our own day, who diffuse a
+knowledge of heathen authors apart from true Christianity. While the
+latter are training up a generation which is filled with heathen ideas,
+and but too often lives a heathenish life, Melanchthon trained pupils
+who also possessed a thorough knowledge of the ancient languages, but at
+the same time loved Christian truth. This "_Teacher of Germany_," as he
+was called, would still be able to show the teachers of our modern
+youth, that extensive attainments, and true, living Christianity, are
+not necessarily opposed to each other, but may be brought to harmonize
+with each other in the most beautiful manner. How earnestly he labored
+to instil a thorough knowledge into the minds of his pupils, is manifest
+from his own words: "To neglect the young in our schools is just like
+taking the Spring out of the year. They indeed take away the Spring
+from the year who permit the schools to decline, because religion cannot
+be maintained without them. And a terrible darkness will fall upon
+society, if the study of the sciences should be neglected."
+
+As he himself had attained solid knowledge in his youth, he was also
+anxious that his pupils should be well grounded in the various branches
+of knowledge. He was therefore not ashamed to instruct young men in the
+rudiments of the dead languages. For this purpose he wrote a Greek and a
+Latin grammar, which were used in the schools until the beginning of the
+last century. He was instrumental in securing cheap editions of the
+Greek and Roman authors. But he did not confine himself entirely to the
+study of languages; he also devoted himself to other branches of
+knowledge, particularly History. He was very anxious to direct greater
+attention to German History. A number of excellent scholars were
+prepared under Melanchthon's superintendence, one of whom, Valentine
+Friedland, called TROTZENDORF, became very distinguished.
+
+We will not enter into the consideration of his services in Philosophy,
+the promotion of Eloquence, Ethics, Psychology, Natural Philosophy, and
+Astronomy, but shall merely say a few words more of the influence he
+exerted upon true _Theology_.
+
+He was mainly instrumental in introducing the knowledge of the Greek
+language among the Protestants, and also in encouraging them to study
+the Hebrew, because he saw that a knowledge of the original languages
+was absolutely essential in order to understand the Holy Scriptures
+properly. Besides this, as we have heard before, he wrote critical
+expositions of most of the books of the Bible. His Latin comments upon
+the Gospel lessons appointed to be read in the Churches, were delivered
+before the Hungarians, who did not understand the German language.
+CHRISTOPHER PEZEL informs us of their origin: "When the University was
+re-established after the war of Smalkald, Philip Melanchthon began to
+explain the Gospels for Sundays and festival days, in his own house, for
+the sake of a number of Hungarians, who were not able to understand the
+German sermons in the churches. As a large number of other persons also
+began to attend these lectures or sermons, in which he explained the
+principal truths of his text in a familiar conversational manner, he was
+obliged to hold them in the public Lecture-Room. As he was very skilful
+in instructing youth, and thoroughly supplied with every kind of
+learning, he was careful to suit his explanations to the capacities of
+his hearers, the greater part of whom were young men, and many of them
+boys."
+
+These lectures were very numerously attended. He was in the habit of
+beginning to explain the separate verses according to their literal
+meaning. He then proceeded to inquire whether his explanation agreed
+with the context, and then went on to develop the doctrines of faith. He
+laid great stress upon this analogy of Scripture truths. And this alone,
+which the ungodly commentators of later times did not recognize, throws
+a full light upon exposition. We are already sufficiently well
+acquainted with his system of doctrine. Although, as we have seen, he
+yielded in some points in an improper manner, he nevertheless adhered to
+the substance of divine truth. The Augsburg Confession was his
+Confession. Whenever therefore any one attacked the fundamental
+doctrines of Christianity, as they are represented in the confessions of
+the first centuries, he would become very much excited, and thought that
+such persons ought to be punished. Therefore he decidedly approved of
+the burning of MICHAEL SERVETUS, who rejected and blasphemed the
+doctrine of the Trinity. He acted in the spirit of the Old Testament,
+and forgot, that although such persons cannot be regarded as members of
+the Christian church, they must be borne with patiently.
+
+He was also in favor of using the strongest measures against the
+Anabaptists, and other fanatics and heretics. Although he did not look
+upon this in the light of the New Testament, his view rested in a warm
+zeal for the purity of the Christian Church, which he looked upon as of
+the utmost importance. It is true, the objection might be raised here
+that he himself should not have been so inconstant in many doctrines.
+But this was very agreeable to many in his own days, who became his
+followers. He thus became the leader of a party, no doubt against his
+own will. His followers were afterwards called _Philippists_. It does
+not belong to our task to write the history of this party, and to
+present its sad destiny. There are still some divines who esteem
+Melanchthon's faults as his highest perfections, and look upon him as a
+man far in advance of his own time, or in other words, as a man who
+occupies their own position. But if these extollers of Melanchthon would
+take the trouble to examine his writings, and the additional trouble to
+compare their own amount of faith with that of the Master of Wittenberg,
+it would not only result to their own disadvantage, but it would be
+apparent that they are not even worthy to loosen the latchets of his
+shoes. For the fundamental doctrines of the Divinity of Christ, of the
+Atonement, Justification by Faith, and the like, were so fully
+established in his view, that he would not suffer the least doubt in
+regard to them. How steadfastly he adhered to them, and how faithfully
+he relied upon his Saviour, is proved by his last illness and
+death-bed, which no doubt may be regarded as among the most edifying
+upon record, and which we therefore propose to describe at length.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+HE DIES.
+
+
+A cloud of the noblest champions and witnesses of God had already
+departed to that place where we rest after the battle, and where the
+confessor receives the reward of grace. Melanchthon had long before this
+desired to lay aside his arms, and to celebrate a Sabbath, in which he
+might sing the new song to him that sitteth upon the throne, with his
+friends Luther, Cruciger, Veit Dietrich, Sturm, Bucer, Bugenhagen, and
+all the company of the saints made perfect. He had also expressed this
+longing towards the eternal home in many of his letters. The most
+ancient account, that of the University, says in regard to this: "When
+he had now become worn out, and weary of this life, he prepared himself
+for death for several years; even as he wrote concerning himself, that
+he was tired of this life, and was therefore directing his thoughts to
+another world, and towards his beloved Lord Jesus Christ. That he had
+done as much as he could in this life, and would leave the rest with
+God. He comforted himself with the reflection that he had always meant
+well, and his conscience did not accuse him on this account. And with
+this clear conscience, he trusted to go "into the presence of his Lord
+Jesus, with God's help, no matter what an ungrateful world might say
+about it." Whenever his opponents attacked him at this time, he would
+say: "Let them write until they are satisfied, and do whatever they
+please, I shall not trouble them much longer. But I, with God's help,
+will continue to teach diligently, and present a simple exposition of
+truth to the young, as long as I live, and will pray God to grant me a
+joyful departure." To this mental weariness, bodily infirmities were
+added. He began to experience great difficulty in writing letters, which
+he had done with much ease formerly; and his eyes, too, grew weaker.
+
+On the 30th of March, 1560, he departed for Leipzig, in order to examine
+the stipendiaries of the Elector. After he had finished his labors, he
+left Leipzig on the 4th of April. His journey affected him very
+unfavorably, for the air was inclement and cold, and they were riding
+against a cutting north wind. He said, even while in the carriage, "that
+he had not felt the coldness so much during the whole winter, as he did
+now." He was able to sleep very little during the night from the 7th to
+the 8th of April; towards morning he was affected with fever,
+accompanied by a cough and shortness of breath, and his eyes appeared so
+sunken, that his friends were terrified. But notwithstanding all this,
+he roused himself from his couch to attend to his duties, but found
+himself so much exhausted by his efforts, that he was repeatedly obliged
+to totter to his couch, to refresh himself. During this day, he yet
+wrote a short letter to Moller, and apologized for its brevity on
+account of the severe pain he was suffering. His son-in-law, Doctor
+Peucer, thought that the affection of the stone, with which his
+father-in-law had suffered severely before, was again making its
+appearance, and had a bath and warm poultices prepared for him.
+
+After wishing him good night, the invalid said: "If it is the will of
+God that I shall die, I am heartily willing to die, and I only pray God
+to grant me a joyful dismission." He felt that death was approaching;
+and as he was fond of reading and interpreting the stars, he observed
+intimations of his death in the planets. He rose shortly before 8
+o'clock, in order to deliver his usual lecture. His friends, Esrom
+(Ruediger) and Sturm, in vain endeavored to dissuade him from doing so.
+He said, "I will lecture for a half hour, and then use a bath." But when
+he was about to set his foot upon a little stool which he used when he
+washed his hands, he became so weak that he was not able to lift up the
+other foot, so that he almost fell back. Upon this he said, "I shall go
+out like a lamp." He went to the lecture-room, accompanied by his two
+friends; but it was not yet 8 o'clock, and but few students were
+present. He then remarked: "What is the use of our being here?" On the
+way back to his house, he said to his companions: "If I could reach
+Koenigsberg, I might become better." When he reached the house, he felt
+somewhat better, and his friends did not venture to give notice that the
+lecture would be omitted. Esrom departed, in order to seal the letter in
+which he had communicated Melanchthon's illness to Camerarius.
+
+At 9 o'clock, he again went out to deliver his lecture. It only lasted a
+quarter of an hour. He spoke of the _ransom_ of Christ, which he offered
+as Mediator, not silver and gold, but his precious blood, by which he
+fulfilled the law, and satisfied justice. He spoke with his usual
+animation. Upon his return home, he took a bath. He took but very little
+food, and then slept soundly for three hours. At supper, he spoke
+distinctly, but feebly. On the following night the fever returned, and
+Peucer found that he had been mistaken as to his disease.
+
+On the 9th and 10th of April, Melanchthon was lively and cheerful; and
+at a meeting of the faculty, spoke very earnestly against the parties
+among the students. In the afternoon, he corrected several funeral
+orations in honor of Duke Philip, of Pomerania, who died on the 24th of
+February, and said: "I am now only engaged upon funeral matters. This
+worthy Prince of Pomerania was also named Philip. Perhaps I shall be the
+next Philip, from the common herd, who shall follow this pious prince."
+On the same day he delivered a very animated lecture upon Christ's
+prayer (John xvii.), and also made preparations to read a meditation
+suitable to the festival of Good Friday, in the morning at 6 o'clock
+(April 12th). It was based upon the 53d chapter of the Prophet Isaiah.
+In this he remarks: "Our diligence and valor is also needed." He had
+indeed spent a bad night, but this did not deter him. When he was told
+that in the evening they had seen clouds resembling bound rods, he spoke
+very earnestly of the judgments of God. "The people," he said, "are
+becoming secure, and care for no warnings; and whenever this is the
+case, punishment is not far off. May God Almighty be gracious unto us,
+whom we heartily pray to remember mercy in the midst of his wrath." The
+following night he enjoyed good rest, and slept very quietly. He awoke
+whilst he was singing an old hymn, which, when a boy, he had frequently
+sung in Church: "With desire have I desired to eat this passover with
+you before I suffer." He wrote an Easter Meditation on the great
+Sabbath, the day before Easter, and carried it to the printing-office
+himself. He then went to church, confessed his sins, received
+absolution, and together with others, in true faith received the body
+and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ with thanksgiving and fervent prayer.
+In the afternoon at 2 o'clock, he went to look after his manuscript in
+the printing-office. This was his last walk in the street.
+
+At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, his dear friend Camerarius, of Leipzig,
+who had been informed of his friend's precarious condition, through
+Peucer, entered the house, and found his friend Melanchthon upon the
+lowest step of the stairway that led to his study, resting his head upon
+his hand. He arose and welcomed him, and they continued to converse for
+some time. At 5 o'clock, he expressed a wish to go to bed, for a severe
+chill had come upon him. He did not eat anything. He could not sleep
+during the night after Easter; the heat of the fever was rapidly
+consuming his strength; but notwithstanding all this, he could not be
+persuaded to omit his customary annual Easter Meditation. He had already
+put on his coat to go out. But the good man was so feeble that he was
+barely able to stand. Some one had informed the students that the Master
+would not lecture, upon which they all departed. When his son Philip
+came in to inform his father that there were no auditors there, his
+father replied, in a tone of displeasure, "So you have told them to go
+away." But when his son apologized, he said, in a milder tone, "To whom
+shall I lecture, if there is no one present?" He then took off his coat.
+He proceeded to write several letters, while Camerarius remained with
+him, and the rest went to church. The excellent and pious prince
+Joachim, of Anhalt, who had heard of his illness, sent him a moor-hen,
+and several partridges. He partook of some of these, and also of some
+Hungarian plums. He also drank some Rhenish wine, and remarked that he
+liked it. He also conversed very pleasantly with his friends.
+
+When he arose from the table, he went up into his room and rested for a
+while upon his couch. He had also commenced writing a letter to Prussia,
+which he now continued, without however finishing it. He was not able to
+write any more; he rested, and thought of his deceased friend, Dr.
+Pommer.[27] He said, "Doctor Pommer, that good, and now sainted man,
+died of nothing but old age;" and continued: "no one ought to wish to
+live so long that his age and feebleness would render him altogether
+useless to men."
+
+On one of the following days, he prayed to God in a very fervent manner,
+in the hearing of many persons, that he would graciously remove him from
+this life, if he was not to serve the Church and Christian youth any
+longer." And God heard this prayer, which he repeated several times.
+
+During the night he slept tolerably well. When he arose, therefore, he
+continued to write. However, his friends persuaded him not to lecture on
+this day, (Easter Monday.) Before going to table, he said: "If it is
+God's will, I am willing to die. I have a desire to depart, and to be
+with Christ." He then spoke of the original Greek word in the New
+Testament, which does not properly signify to _depart_, but "to journey
+or prepare for a journey." He also recollected a remark made by the
+worthy and pious Dr. Milichius: "It might be that a person would be very
+anxious to leave this life; but at the same time, no man could earnestly
+think of death, without shuddering." Melanchthon coincided with this,
+and said: "The great misery and troubles of life are not able to give a
+man joy in the hour of death. Something more is needful before a man can
+feel this." He retired to his bed, and rested for about three hours.
+When he had risen at one time, and Camerarius and Peucer were again
+placing him upon his couch, he began to sink under their hands. But they
+restored him by rubbing him. He spent a very restless night; his cough
+was quite troublesome, and he slept little. This was the fifth attack of
+the fever. He remarked that at Weimar, Doctor Sturtz had applied a
+cardiac of corals, which relieved him, and that he had thought of the
+word of the prophet in his sleep: "I shall not die, but live, and
+declare the works of the Lord." He requested them to apply corals in the
+present instance, and they did so.
+
+In the morning of the 16th of April, at 4 o'clock, he was heard praying
+very earnestly. After his prayer he completed the letter to Prussia. On
+this day Camerarius wished to go home, intending to return at a more
+convenient time. All entertained hopes that the fever would leave him
+after the seventh attack. As Melanchthon had not eaten anything the day
+before, a meal was prepared earlier than usual, in order that he and his
+friend might eat together. Before going down, they sat on a bench
+surrounded by some other friends. And now Melanchthon quite unexpectedly
+said to Camerarius, as if giving him his blessing: "My dear Dr. Joachim,
+we have been joined in the bonds of friendship about forty years, and we
+have loved each other with a sincere and disinterested affection. We
+have been teachers of youth and faithful colleagues, each in his proper
+place, and I hope to God that our labors have not been useless, but have
+done much good. If it is God's will that I must die, we will perpetuate
+our unalterable friendship in the world to come." They then both sat
+down to table. Melanchthon then turned to Camerarius's son-in-law,
+ESROM, whose wife had died a year and a half before, and said: "I to-day
+dreamed of your wife, as if I had seen her die." He said of this pious
+and virtuous woman, that he heard her remark: "I know that God will not
+forsake me." "I can never forget that word," he said. When something was
+said of the hurtful doctrine of doubt, he said to Esrom: "Your sainted
+wife did not speak so." He also referred again to the hymn, which he
+sung in his sleep three days ago, and said that it sounded so sweetly.
+He ate and drank very little, and grew weaker and weaker. He expressed a
+wish to retire to his room, and tried to go to sleep. Camerarius felt
+very anxious in regard to him, and determined not to depart that day.
+The sick man fell asleep, lying upon his back, with his eyes half-open.
+
+He was the very picture of a corpse. His friends were filled with fear,
+and tears filled their eyes as they gazed upon him. The servants wept
+and cried aloud, as if their master were already dead. But it had not
+come to this yet; and when he turned upon his side in his sleep, his
+countenance assumed a more natural appearance, and he slept soundly. He
+awoke after three hours, and said that he had slept exceedingly well.
+Cheerfulness and animation seemed to return. During this day, a Danish
+Theologian, on his way to his own country, entered his room. Melanchthon
+was very much pleased with the visit of this gentleman, and gave him
+several books, which had been printed at Wittenberg, in order that he
+might present them to the King of Denmark. The invalid requested him to
+apologize for him to the king, because he had not written; that he was
+prevented by illness; however, God willing, he hoped to write soon, and
+faithfully and humbly to thank his majesty for all his gracious favors.
+He also prayed that the king and his entire kingdom might continue to
+enjoy happiness and prosperity.
+
+He was so refreshed by his sleep, that he wrote letters, walked through
+his room and the house, and was more cheerful and animated than during
+the whole time of his illness. All began to entertain a hope of his
+recovery. At the supper-table, he was very cheerful. When the
+conversation turned upon those men who had brought discord into the
+Church, and still continued to foment it, he was greatly moved, and with
+unusual passion remarked: "They are knaves, and will remain knaves, and
+God will yet make it manifest that they are knaves." He remained at
+table until about 8 o'clock. It was the last meal he ever received in
+the lower part of his house. His sleep was refreshing. In his sleep his
+spirit was impressed with the words of the Apostle Paul, "If God be for
+us, who can be against us?"
+
+On the following day, April 17th, he sealed the letter to Prussia, wrote
+something upon some small pamphlets, and sent them to his friends, and
+a few of them to the Duke. When he felt some fatigue, and the fever was
+about attacking him again, Camerarius came to bid him farewell. Philip
+said: "The Son of God, who sitteth at the right hand of his heavenly
+Father, and giveth gifts to men, preserve you and yours, and all of us.
+Give my warmest regards to your dear wife!" This was the last interview
+of these affectionate friends. Camerarius mounted his horse before
+Melanchthon's door, and went to Leipzig to attend to some important
+matters, intending to return afterwards. Prince Joachim, of Anhalt, on
+the same day sent one of his attendants to inquire in regard to the good
+man's health. Melanchthon conversed with him in a very friendly manner,
+and expressed his affection towards the prince in such moving blessings
+and wishes for his welfare, that every eye was filled with tears.
+Several letters also arrived from Switzerland, which spoke of the
+prospects of a General Council, which the Pope intended to convene. He
+said: "It is far better for me to die, than to be obliged to attend this
+Council." For every one could easily imagine what shameful dissensions
+would arise there, even on the side of the Protestants. At 8 o'clock,
+the fever made its appearance for the sixth time. To some one standing
+at his bedside, he remarked: "I was to-night thinking of the foolish
+dispute that some pretend, that Christ was not afraid of death. But he
+understood what it is to die, far better than we do, or can do.
+Therefore he no doubt was more afraid of death than we are." He also
+said, "How does the will of the Lord Jesus Christ agree with the will of
+his Heavenly Father, when he was afraid of death!" But he did not give
+any further intimation of his views in regard to this. He again spoke of
+Esrom's wife: "What a fine young woman your beloved wife was! She had a
+strong constitution, too; and yet she died very easily, and had a
+disease very much like mine. For she had pains in her left side, and I
+have them too. But the great weakness of my body is owing to other
+causes, which I do not understand." And shortly before retiring, he
+said: "If this is not death, it is indeed a very severe scourge." A
+large map hung near his bed, which he regarded very attentively. He
+turned round, and with a smile remarked: "Virdungus once foretold to me,
+by astrology, that I would be shipwrecked upon the ocean, and now I am
+not far from it." He had reference to the painted ocean upon the map.
+When the heat of the fever came upon him, and he was about to uncover
+his extremities, a feeling of modesty led him to say to those who were
+surrounding his bed: "What are you standing here for? Can't you go
+home?" This frightened many so much that they retired, and fewer persons
+were present during that day. At 2 o'clock, the fever left him; it had
+not been as severe as before. He rose, and took some food, but his
+stomach would not retain it. He again retired, and slept until 5
+o'clock. He was lying all night in his chamber, his slumbers being very
+slight and restless. His friends feared that the returning fever would
+consume his remaining strength. Philip himself said, "The end is not far
+distant;" and prayed, "O Lord, make an end!"
+
+On the 18th of April he rose early in the morning at 4 o'clock, and was
+conveyed down into his study. He requested them to remove the sofa,
+which felt uncomfortable, and to put up his travelling-bed. When he was
+taken down, he said: "This is called a travelling-bed; suppose I should
+be obliged to travel in it?" While the physicians became convinced, from
+a number of signs, that he would not recover, he felt it himself, and
+said, "he was perfectly satisfied, if it was God's will." At 8 o'clock,
+pastor Paul Eber, and several other persons, entered the room, and
+approached the death-bed. Melanchthon frequently repeated that he had
+subjected his own will to the will of God, and that life and death were
+altogether in his hands. He would be perfectly satisfied with whatever
+he should do; and he also remarked, "by the blessing of God I have no
+particular anxieties now; for although my daughter's children, whom I
+tenderly love, are now passing before my eyes, I comfort myself with the
+thought that they are in the hands of pious and godly parents, whom I
+love also. They will be solicitous for their welfare, and carefully
+train them, as I have done hitherto, and God will also add his blessing.
+But I feel for the common calamities, and am greatly troubled because a
+cavilling and perverse world acts so wilfully, and troubles the Holy
+Christian Church so shamefully. However, let them do whatever they
+please, through the goodness of God our doctrine is correct and clear
+for all that." He then said to some persons present, "You are young, and
+have received sufficient talents through the goodness of God; but see to
+it that you use them aright. May Almighty God preserve you, and give you
+strength and wisdom, that you may be of service to him and his Church."
+
+When, on the same day, he saw one of his granddaughters, Peucer's eldest
+child, passing before his bed, he called her to him, and said: "Dear
+daughter, I have loved you most affectionately: see that you reverence
+your parents, and always obey them, and fear God, who will never forsake
+you. May God Almighty protect you, and give you his blessing. Amen!"
+
+He also spoke in the same friendly manner to the other children, who
+were younger, and exhorted them to pray and to be pious. To his
+daughter he said: "Dear daughter, God has given you a pious husband.
+Love, honor, and obey him. And raise your children in the fear of God,
+and God will be with you, and will not forsake you." He spoke like one
+who was taking leave.
+
+Camerarius was written to on the following day, and informed that he
+must make haste, if he wished to find his Philip alive. But it was
+impossible for him to arrive before the death of his friend. At 8
+o'clock on the 18th of April he had some food prepared for himself, and
+partook of a little broth, and a few slices of lemon. Soon after he
+asked his son-in-law, "What hopes he entertained in regard to him, and
+that he should not hide anything from him." Peucer replied: "God is your
+life, and the length of the days of your life. But as you request me to
+tell the whole truth, there is indeed very little hope, as far as I am
+able to judge from natural causes, for you are very weak, and your
+weakness is increasing every moment." Upon this he said: "Yes, I feel my
+weakness, and understand what it imports very well. I have commended the
+whole matter to God, whom I pray to deal mercifully with me!"
+
+He had before commenced his will, which opened with a short declaration
+of all the articles of his doctrine and faith. He now ordered them to
+look for it, in order that he might finish it. But it could not be
+found, and it was supposed some one had stolen it. At 2 o'clock he
+seated himself at his desk, to write another. We will insert a part of
+what he wrote: "In the year 1560, on the eighteenth day of April, I have
+written this will in my sickness, briefly in reference to the humble
+possessions which God has bestowed upon me. I have twice before written
+the confession of my faith, and gratitude to God and our Lord Jesus
+Christ, but this has been lost. But I wish my answer to the Bavarian
+articles to be looked upon as my confession against the Papists,
+Anabaptists, the followers of Flacius, and others like them."
+
+He then expressed his wishes in regard to the division of his property
+among his heirs; but his weakness prevented him from concluding it,
+which he intended to do on the following day, but it was never done. He
+was in full possession of all his mental faculties, and remained so to
+the end. As he felt no pain in his head at all, some supposed that he
+would die very painfully. He also conversed with his son-in-law in
+regard to the affairs of the University, what subjects should be taught
+there, and also pointed out his successor. At three o'clock, he
+expressed a wish to retire to his room again. He slept soundly until
+six. In the meantime, letters had arrived from Frankfort, in which his
+friends informed him how terribly the pious were being persecuted in
+France. He said: "Well, I am weak, and do not feel well; but all my
+sickness does not pain me as much as the great misery of the holy
+Christian Church, which arises from the unnecessary separation,
+wickedness, and wilfulness, of those who have departed from us without
+cause; and these mad people are not able to stop, but must still go on
+and make this misery worse than it is; for they do not spare any one.
+But you will see that God will punish this wantonness, and we shall be
+punished along with them. However, our punishment shall be that which a
+father inflicts. But they shall be compelled to suffer severer
+punishment. I deeply commiserate the poor people who are so wretchedly
+deceived." He continued to utter his complaints thus for a long time,
+and it affected him very much. His friends also read other letters to
+him, of more cheering character. Thus the conversation was turned into
+a different channel, he thought of several friends and acquaintances,
+and even uttered a few words in jest. His friends conversed with him
+until about eight o'clock, and entertained the best hopes in regard to
+his condition. Before retiring to rest, he ate a few preserved cherries,
+and drank a little wine, to strengthen himself for sleep.
+
+It was his last night, for the _19th of April_ was the day of his death.
+His sleep was very much disturbed. At two o'clock at night, he rose in
+the bed, and said to the physician who was present, that he had slept
+very little. He had again thought of the word of Paul, "If God be for
+us, who can be against us?" He thought of the misery and troubles of the
+Church with great sorrow; and his complaints were finally changed into
+fervent prayers for the whole Christian Church. He spoke with his
+son-in-law until about three o'clock, and was then led into his study.
+After walking up and down for some time, he laid himself upon his
+travelling-bed, and fell asleep, breathing very easily. When he awoke
+about 6 o'clock, he requested his son-in-law to cut off his hair. This
+was done. He had three clean linen shirts brought to him, which he put
+on, one over the other, as he had been in the habit of doing for years,
+in order to keep his body warm. He also placed a clean night-cap upon
+his head, for he was in the habit of always wearing one at home; and he
+remarked that he had learned this of the celebrated Dr. Reuchlin. In
+this manner he adorned himself for his departure. Soon after, the
+minister of Torgau, together with his chaplain, Fisher, and the
+physician Kentman, of Torgau, came to pay a visit to the sick man. He
+conversed with these friends for about half an hour. He said that he did
+not feel particularly troubled on account of himself, but that he
+deeply felt the sad condition of the Church; for men were exciting
+wanton and useless controversies, dividing the Church, and darkening the
+truth of the pure doctrine by violence. But that he also had the
+consolation to know, that by the grace of God, the true doctrine is
+rightly explained in our churches; and thus concluded: "If I die, I
+shall escape coming misfortunes, and shall be torn away from this
+unhappy, sophistical, and strange year of nature."
+
+He began to pray with tears, and to commend the Church to the Son of
+God, our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. When the three friends were
+about to depart, he invited them to dinner. They accepted the
+invitation; but one of them received word that his daughter was taken
+ill. They then came to bid him farewell; and the invalid exhorted them
+to pray for the churches and schools, and said: "I know very well that
+you do so. The Almighty God be with you!" This was at 7 o'clock, and he
+was exceedingly weak.
+
+In the meantime his pastor, several deacons, professors, and other
+persons came in. Eight o'clock was the hour when the fever was expected;
+his strength decreased perceptibly, and at last he fainted. His friends
+restored him, and he slept quietly for a little while. When he awoke, he
+began to repeat his customary prayer. He spoke with a very feeble voice,
+yet every word could be heard. He prayed: "O Almighty, Eternal, living
+and true God, Creator of heaven, and earth, and men, together with thy
+co-eternal Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, who was crucified for us and
+raised from the dead, and thy living, pure, and true holy Spirit; thou
+wise, good, faithful, gracious and just God; thou voluntary, pure, and
+faithful Saviour, who givest life and law, thou hast said: 'I have no
+pleasure in the death of the sinner, but rather that he should return
+unto me and live;' and who hast also said, 'Call upon me in the day of
+trouble, and I will deliver thee.' I confess myself a poor sinner before
+thee, who is burdened with many sins; for I have offended against thy
+holy commandments in many ways, and I mourn from my heart that I have
+offended thee, and pray thee, for the sake of thy dear Son, our Lord and
+Saviour Jesus Christ, who was nailed to the cross for our sakes, and was
+raised again from the dead, that thou wouldst have mercy upon me,
+forgive me my sins, and justify me by and for the sake of the Lord Jesus
+Christ, who is thy eternal word and image, whom thou didst deliver as a
+sacrifice, mediator, Redeemer, and Saviour, led by thy wonderful and
+indescribable counsels, and inscrutable wisdom and mercy. And I also
+pray thee to sanctify me by thy holy, living, pure, and true Spirit, so
+that I may truly acknowledge, and firmly believe, obey, thank, fear, and
+invoke thee, behold thy gracious countenance with joy throughout all
+eternity, and for ever serve thee, the Almighty, true God, Creator of
+heaven and earth, and men, the everlasting Father of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, and also Jesus Christ, thy dear Son, thine eternal word and
+image, and thy Holy Spirit, the true, pure, and living Comforter. In
+thee have I hoped, O Lord: let me never be confounded: in thy
+righteousness deliver me. Make me righteous, and bring me unto eternal
+life; thou hast redeemed me, O thou God of faithfulness and truth. Keep
+and rule our churches and government, and this school. Bestow a salutary
+peace and government upon them. Rule and protect our princes and
+government; gather and preserve an everlasting Christian Church unto
+thyself in these lands. Sanctify and unite it by thy Holy Spirit, that
+it may be one in thee, in the true knowledge and worship of thy dear
+Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, by and through him, thy eternal Son, our
+Lord Jesus Christ, who for our sakes was nailed to the cross, and raised
+again from the dead. Almighty, eternal Son of God, thou faithful Lord
+and Saviour Jesus Christ, who art the eternal word and image of the
+eternal Father, our Mediator and Saviour, crucified for us and raised
+again, I give thee most hearty thanks that thou didst assume our human
+nature, and art ordained my Redeemer, that in the flesh thou didst
+suffer, and arise from the dead, and now intercedest for me, I beseech
+thee regard and have mercy upon me, for I am lonely and poor; increase
+the light of faith in me, by thy Holy Spirit, bear with me in my
+weakness, rule, protect, and sanctify me; in thee, O Lord, have I hoped;
+let me never be confounded. Almighty, Holy Spirit, true, pure, and
+living Comforter, illuminate, rule, and sanctify me, strengthen faith in
+my heart and in my soul, give me true consolation, preserve and rule me,
+that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, that
+I may behold the beauty of the Lord, and may be and remain for ever a
+holy temple of the Lord, and praise God for ever with a joyful spirit in
+that eternal heavenly Church and Congregation."
+
+Thus he prayed. This prayer must have exhausted him very much, for he
+leaned back upon his bed, and slumbered for some time. But suddenly he
+opened his eyes, and said to Peucer: "I have been in the power of death,
+but the Lord has graciously delivered me." He repeated this several
+times, and as it could only be explained by supposing that he had passed
+through some severe internal conflict, Magister JOHN STURIO said to him:
+"There is now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus."
+Melanchthon soon added: "Christ is made to us wisdom, righteousness,
+sanctification, and redemption, in order that, as it is written, "Let
+him that glorieth, glory in the Lord." He also frequently repeated the
+words: "Oh Lord, have mercy upon me!" His pulse was gone, his hands and
+feet became cold, his breathing short, his eyes, temples, and the pit of
+his neck fell in, and his strength was failing very rapidly. It was easy
+to see that the hour of his departure was near. He was asked whether he
+did not wish to eat something. When he signified his willingness, they
+made him a soup of Hamburg beer. He ate about three spoonsful, and
+remarked: "What a very good soup this is!" He did not eat or drink
+anything more after this, but requested them to raise him up, because he
+wished to finish his will. But when he found that he was too weak, he
+said: "Oh God, that I should be seized so unexpectedly." He laid his
+hands before him, and sat for a little while, and then laid himself
+down. The heat of the fever was still so strong, that he left his feet
+uncovered, although they were extremely cold. He was able to turn about
+in his bed without assistance. About 1 o'clock he fainted again. Being
+restored by rubbing, he said, "Ah, what are you doing?" While he was
+thus lying perfectly still, the Pastor thought it proper to read some
+portions of the Old and New Testaments to him. He, and the two Deacons,
+Froeshel and Sturio, now alternately read the 24th, 25th, and 26th
+Psalms, the 53d chapter of Isaiah, the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th
+chapters of John, Romans v., and several other chapters and verses of
+Paul and the prophets. When they were done and silent, the dying man
+said, in a loud and distinct voice: "I perpetually bear in mind the word
+of John of the Son of God, my Lord Jesus Christ: The World knew him
+not;--but as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the
+sons of God, even to them that believe on his name." He then continued
+to pray silently; his lips were moving, but no one understood what he
+was saying. Those professors, whose duty it was to lecture in the
+afternoon, gave notice of the postponement of their lectures, in which
+they stated the reason, and called upon the students to unite their
+prayers with their own. A great excitement arose among the students and
+citizens, and all were filled with sorrow. All were anxiously awaiting
+the end.
+
+Within, the dying man was lying in the struggle of death, his eyes half
+open, and his body very restless. He did not speak, unless a question
+was put to him, although he was fully conscious. His son-in-law asked
+him whether he wished to have anything. "Nothing but heaven," he
+replied, "and therefore do not ask me such questions any more."
+
+About 3 o'clock in the afternoon, when his head had slipped from the
+pillow, and he was lying in an uncomfortable position, they attempted to
+raise him and alter his position, when he fainted again. He was soon
+restored. "Ah, what are you doing?" he said, "why do you disturb my
+sweet repose? let me rest unto the end, for it will not last very long."
+
+As they saw that his end was approaching, several persons united in
+prayer to God that he would be pleased soon to grant him a blessed
+dismission. The Pastor began to pray in a very consoling manner, and all
+in the room fell upon their knees, and united in prayer with him. Those
+passages of Scripture which he was known to have regarded with peculiar
+interest, were now repeated, such as, "Let not your heart be troubled;"
+so also, John 15, 16, 17, also 10: "Whoever loves me, will keep my
+commandments." "My sheep hear my voice." Also, Rom. viii., "If God be
+for us, who can be against us?"
+
+Several persons, who had not taken any food throughout the day, now
+went to table, but soon returned. It was in the evening at 6 o'clock,
+and the dying man was lying still, when Froeshel arose, and pronounced
+the benediction upon him: "The Lord bless thee and keep thee! The Lord
+make his face to shine on thee, and be gracious unto thee! The Lord lift
+up his countenance on thee, and give thee peace!" Veit WINSHEIM, Doctor
+of Medicine, and Professor of Greek, repeated the words of the Psalm to
+him: "Into thy hands I commend my spirit; O Lord, thou hast delivered
+me, thou righteous and faithful God!" He asked him whether he heard him?
+The dying man replied, "_Yes!_" loud enough to be heard by all. It was
+his last word upon the earth.
+
+Froehshel now repeated the Creed, the Lord's prayer, and the words "Lord
+Jesus Christ, into thy hands I commend my spirit!" he repeated several
+times. When he repeated them for the third time, Melanchthon moved his
+lips as if he was praying. More than twenty persons were gazing upon the
+dying man. Without the slightest motion, this worthy man gently fell
+asleep in the evening, at 7 o'clock, in the very same hour in which he
+first beheld the light of this world, 63 years and 63 days before. In
+the midst of prayer he celebrated his return home, as the old account
+says, "to his beloved Lord Jesus Christ, whom he always praised with his
+heart and mouth. With him he no doubt now enjoys everlasting happiness
+and glory, together with all the elect. May our Lord Jesus Christ, the
+Son of God, help us all to enjoy the same, and may he grant us all a
+happy end, and joyous dismission, whenever it shall please him to call
+us away. Amen."
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+Winsheim, who delivered his funeral oration, said: "Failing gradually,
+he ceased to breathe almost without feeling death, and lay like one who
+is asleep; his face was not distorted, and his features were not
+changed, as is generally the case with the dead." When the beloved
+teacher had thus closed his eyes, the tidings of this event spread
+rapidly through the city. The students, greatly distressed, came to the
+house in great numbers. It was very easy to see how much they had loved
+him. The University soon informed the Elector of this sad event. The
+body was laid out in the study during the same evening. On the morning
+of the 20th of April, the artist, LUCAS KRANACH, painted his portrait.
+All were anxious to behold the beloved body, and permission was given to
+all during that and the following day.
+
+No one looked upon the beloved countenance, without tears. Some touched
+his head; others took his hand, and pressed it. Many kissed him, with
+many tears. The citizens brought their children to look upon him, so
+that they might be able to say, in future times, what kind of man he
+was. His body was placed in a leaden coffin, and this again in one of
+wood, and with other papers, the following was also placed in it: "In
+this coffin, PHILIP MELANCHTHON was buried, who was a professor of the
+Holy Scriptures, and the good arts, for 42 years. He was an excellent,
+learned, pleasant, sensible, sincere, pious, and holy man; patient and
+benevolent towards the poor, the most faithful and diligent assistant of
+the sainted and revered Doctor Martin Luther, in explaining and
+establishing the pure doctrine of the divine word, which had been
+darkened by the fraud of the Roman Popes, the juggling of the monks, and
+a great number of abuses. He also prepared the _Augsburg Confession_,
+which was delivered to the Emperor Charles V., in 1530, after the
+purification and exposition of the true doctrine had begun in 1517, and
+a change had also taken place in these churches. And he continued to
+defend the truth of the heavenly doctrine for 30 years, upon public
+diets, and privately, as is proved by his writings, which have been
+published to the world." After this follows a short account of the
+events of his life, from his birth to his death.
+
+The funeral took place on the 21st of April. Joachim Camerarius, and DR.
+MORCH, of Leipzig, arrived at nine o'clock in the morning. His great
+grief would not suffer him to look upon the body of his beloved friend
+once more. The procession set out in the afternoon. The students came
+first, and were followed by the body, borne by the professors of
+philosophy, who were dressed in long black funeral robes. After them
+came the relatives, the other professors, the city council, strange
+noblemen and others, students and citizens. The coffin was first taken
+to the parish church, where it was set down before the altar, on the
+very spot where Melanchthon had been in the habit of kneeling when
+priests were ordained. A psalm and several other hymns, were sung here.
+The Pastor, Paul Eber, then mounted the pulpit, and preached the funeral
+sermon, from the words in 1 Thess. iv. From the parish Church, the
+procession moved towards the Electoral Church. There the body was
+deposited by the side of Luther's grave. Veit Winsheim mounted a pulpit
+which had been erected near it, and delivered an excellent and moving
+Latin address. He closed it in the following words: "He has left us, and
+all his, the churches of these dominions, and the University, in a
+painful state of anxiety. At the very time when we are tossed about by
+the ocean-storms, we have lost our pilot, at the very time when we need
+him most, and could spare him less than ever before. But it is not
+difficult to understand what God means by taking such men from the
+world, in order that they may not see the coming distresses. I do not
+wish to be a prophet of misfortunes; but let us cultivate repentance and
+patience, so that we may either escape from the wrath of God, or that we
+may be able to bear his paternal chastisement, if it be necessary. For
+the death of such men should incite us to piety, to repentance, and more
+fervent prayer; and also to preserve the inheritance left us by these
+two men, Luther and Melanchthon; namely, the pure doctrines of truth,
+with the greatest prudence, diligence, and fidelity. For this is not the
+time for security and sleep, but for watchfulness. We have all seen what
+came to pass after Luther's death; let every one reflect for himself,
+what things are to be expected now." After this, the body was deposited
+in its resting-place, by the side of Luther. The whole community
+assisted at these funeral solemnities. There was such a concourse of
+persons of every condition and age, that Wittenberg had never seen one
+to exceed it. All were deeply moved, and many tears were shed.[28]
+
+A small plate of metal, in the floor, still marks Melanchthon's
+resting-place, while another on the wall presents his portrait, and
+eulogizes the great and ever to be remembered reformer and teacher, not
+only of Germany, but of entire evangelical Christendom.
+
+The Wittenberg account closes with the following prayer, with which we,
+too, shall end our narrative:
+
+"And we hereby earnestly and heartily beseech God, that he will be
+pleased to gather and preserve an everlasting Christian Church among us,
+and in these lands, and the entire human race, through his dear Son, our
+Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; and that he will also preserve us against
+factions and schisms, and grant us courage and strength to oppose them
+confidently and successfully. And as human strength and wisdom are too
+weak to accomplish this, we beseech the Eternal Son of God, that he
+would abundantly pour out his Holy Spirit by his word, in our hearts and
+those of all believers, so that we may obtain knowledge and wisdom, and
+be ruled and guided in all things, in order that his holy Divine name
+may be praised and glorified by us and the whole Christian Church, here
+in this world, and forever in the world to come. Amen."
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] This learned scholar, known to the learned by the name of CAPNIO,
+was a native of Pforzheim, and successively a teacher of languages at
+Basle and at Orleans. He was the restorer of letters in Germany, and the
+author of several treatises on Philosophy.
+
+[2] He wrote a humorous piece in the form of a comedy, which he
+dedicated to Reuchlin, to show the sense he entertained of his truly
+parental kindness, and engaged his schoolfellows to perform it in his
+presence. It was upon this occasion that he gave him the name of
+Melanchthon.
+
+[3] His proficiency in the Greek was so remarkable, that even at this
+early age he composed RUDIMENTS of the language, which were afterwards
+published.
+
+[4] Erasmus also wrote to Oecolampadius, "Of Melanchthon I have already
+the highest opinion, and cherish the most magnificent hopes: so much so,
+that I am persuaded Christ designs this youth to excel us all: _he will
+totally eclipse Erasmus!_" In a letter to Julius Pflug, he says: "He not
+only excels in learning and eloquence, but by a certain fatality is a
+_general favorite_. Honest and candid men are fond of him, _and even his
+adversaries cannot hate him_!"
+
+[5] It may be mentioned here, that John Agricola, of Eisleben, who was
+engaged on the Lutheran side, afterwards became an opponent of the
+Reformation; and John Poliander, the amanuensis of Eck, attached himself
+to Luther at the close of the disputation, and afterwards preached the
+Gospel in Prussia.--_Seckendorf. Hist. Luther_, Book I., page 230.
+
+[6] This term applied to the faculty of Theology at Paris. The College
+of the University in which they assembled was called the house of the
+Sorbonne, which was first erected and endowed in the year 1250, by a
+wealthy favorite of St. Louis, whose name was Robert de Sorbonne. This
+Theological faculty enjoyed the highest repute at that time.
+
+[7] Karlstadt was heard to say, that "he wished to be as great a man and
+as much thought of as Luther;" for which he was properly reproved by
+Melanchthon, who reminded him, "that such language could only proceed
+from a spirit of emulation, envy, and pride."--_Seckendorf._
+
+[8] Luther's principal assistants in this work were Philip Melanchthon,
+Caspar Cruciger, Justus Jonas, John Bugenhagen, or Pomeranus, and
+Matthew Aurogallus;--the corrector of the press was George
+Rorarius.--_Seckendorf._
+
+We are also told in Adams, that Bugenhagen constantly kept the
+anniversary of the day on which this work was finished, with a select
+party of friends at his own house. This social meeting was called "The
+festival of the translation of the Scriptures."
+
+[9] Henry von Zuetphen preached the gospel in Ditmars, a county of
+Holstein. He was seized by the enraged priests, and after having been
+beaten and stabbed, and covered with more than twenty wounds, was cast
+into the fire. He suffered martyrdom with most heroic calmness. Luther
+published the history of this martyr.--_Seckendorf._
+
+[10] Melanchthon addressed the following apologetic letter to
+Camerarius: "As some unfounded reports will probably reach you,
+respecting the marriage of Luther, I think it proper to inform you of
+the true state of the case, and to give my opinion. On the 13th of June,
+Luther, to our great surprise, and without saying a word to his friends,
+married Catharine de Bora, and only invited Pomeranus, Lucca the
+painter, and Apellus the lawyer, to supper in the evening, celebrating
+the espousals in the customary manner. Some perhaps may be astonished
+that he should have married at this unfavorable juncture of public
+affairs, so deeply afflictive to every good man, and thus appear to be
+unaffected and careless about the distressing events which have occurred
+amongst us; even though his own reputation suffers at a moment when
+Germany most requires his talents and influence. This, however, is my
+view of the subject: Luther is a man who has nothing of the unsocial
+misanthropist about him; but you know his habits, and I need say no more
+on this head. Surely it is no wonderful thing that his great and
+benevolent soul should be influenced by the gentle affections,
+especially as there is nothing reprehensible or criminal in it. He is in
+fact by nature fitted for the married state; and it is pronounced
+honorable in the sacred Scriptures. I saw that his change of situation
+produced some degree of perturbation and gloom of mind, and I have done
+my utmost to cheer him; for I cannot condemn him as having committed a
+fault, or fallen into sin, though I grant God has recorded many sins
+which some of his ancient saints committed, in order that we might be
+stimulated to repose our confidence, not in men, however dignified and
+distinguished, but in his word alone. I have in possession the most
+decisive evidences of his piety and love to God, so that the malicious
+reproaches heaped upon Luther are nothing else than the inventions of
+scurrilous sycophants, who want employment for a slanderous tongue, &c.
+&c.--_Mel. Epistles. Cox._
+
+[11] In Germany, the higher schools, intended to give immediate
+preparation for the universities, are termed gymnasia.--_Brande._
+
+[12] Melanchthon discloses a secret to Camerarius: "I am applied to from
+Bohemia to desert the Reformed cause, and promised any remuneration from
+King Ferdinand. Indeed, my defection is publicly reported as a fact,
+because in the little book written for the Reformed Churches, I have
+shown an increased degree of moderation; and yet you perceive I have
+really inserted nothing different from what Luther constantly affirms.
+But because I have employed no asperity of language, these very acute
+men judge that I necessarily differ from Luther.--_Mel. Epist. Cox._
+
+[13] The first who thus acquired the honorable appellation of
+_Protestants_, were John, Elector of Saxony, George, Elector of
+Brandenburg, Ernest and Francis, Dukes of Luneburg, Philip, Landgrave of
+Hesse, and Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt. They were seconded by thirteen or
+fourteen imperial cities.
+
+[14] During a conversation at this time, his mother mentioned the manner
+in which she was accustomed to attend to her devotions, and the form she
+generally used, which was free from the prevailing superstitions. "But
+what," said she, "am I to believe amidst so many different opinions of
+the present day?" "Go on," replied Melanchthon, "believe and pray as you
+now do, and have done before, and do not disturb yourself about the
+disputes and controversies of the time."--_Adam. in Cox._
+
+[15] The election of Ferdinand as King of Rome, was regarded as an
+artful proceeding of his brother, the Emperor, for the purpose of
+rendering the imperial crown hereditary in his family, and consequently,
+subversive of the liberties of the empire.--_Cox._
+
+[16] Maimbourg relates, that Queen Margaret of Navarre, sister of
+Francis I., united with other illustrious females attached to the Court,
+who cherished sentiments favorable to the Reformation, to request that
+he might be invited for the purpose of consultation on existing disputes
+in religion. The Queen frequently spoke of him to her brother as a man
+of exalted piety, profound learning, and singular eloquence.--_Cox._
+
+[17] Some Parisians, who had imbibed the principles of Protestantism,
+indiscreetly posted up hand-bills in several of the public places, and
+on the gates of the Louvre, containing reflections on the doctrines,
+rites, and clergy of the Church of Rome. The king, being highly incensed
+at these proceedings, issued a general order against heretics, and
+appointed a solemn procession. The holy host was carried through the
+city, the king walked with his feet bare, and his head uncovered,
+attended by the queen, the princes of the blood, and all his courtiers.
+Six Lutherans were publicly condemned by the parliament to be burnt; a
+decree which was executed with the most shocking barbarity before the
+procession was finished, and others were sought after with the most
+eager diligence.--_Sleid. Dupin. Belcar. in Cox._
+
+[18] Milichius was a physician, to whom he was particularly attached on
+account of his professional skill, devoted friendship, and literary
+taste. He was a native of Freiburg, and for a series of years led a
+useful and eminent course of public life at Wittenberg.--_Cam. Life of
+Mel. in Cox._
+
+[19] Those who wish to know more of this strange event, which has so
+often been used as an argument against the Wittenberg Reformers, will
+find a complete and excellent examination of it in Dr. John Bachman's
+"Defence of Luther and the Reformation against the charges of John
+Bellinger, M. D., and others." Page 153.
+
+[20] Melanchthon wrote an enigma upon the names of these persons,
+playing upon the German words Pflug (plow), Eck (harrow), Groper
+(digging), &c. As this could not retain its meaning in a translation, we
+have omitted it from the text.--T.
+
+[21] Eck, during the heat of disputation, made use of some puzzling
+sophism, at which Melanchthon paused to revolve the statement in his
+mind, and at length replied: "I will give you an answer to-morrow."
+"Oh," said his antagonist, "there is no merit or honor in that, if you
+cannot answer me immediately." To which he replied in these memorable
+words: "My good Doctor, I am not seeking my own glory in this business,
+but truth; I say then, God willing, you shall have an answer
+to-morrow."--(_Adam. Lives of Germ. Theolog. Cox._)
+
+[22] Melanchthon's disinterestedness is evident from a letter written in
+former years by Luther to the Elector. He mentions Melanchthon's
+hesitation to accept an increase of his salary to the amount of an
+hundred florins, and his wish to continue his Greek lectures without any
+remuneration, so that the ordinary stipend might be devoted to augment
+the revenue of the University. "But," says Luther, "he has sustained the
+greatest share of academical labor for upwards of twenty years past, and
+surely he has the greatest right to enjoy in quiet some of the profits.
+He has been a kind of general servant to the whole institution, and
+well merits the bounty of your highness. The whole Christian world
+is his debtor, and, blessed be God, the Popish fraternity are more
+afraid of him and his scholars, than all the learned besides put
+together."--_Seckendorf. Cox._
+
+[23] Agricola was liberally rewarded by the Emperor and by Ferdinand;
+and Sidonius obtained the Bishopric of Merseburg. This furnished
+occasion for a common joke upon them, "that they only defended the
+Popish chrism and oil as necessary to salvation, that they might come
+off the better greased themselves."--_Sleidan, in Cox._
+
+[24] Their house was crowded with a constant succession of comers and
+goers, of every age, sex, and condition; some pressing in to receive,
+and others departing well-stored from this ample repository of kindness
+and bounty. It formed a part of their domestic regulations, never to
+refuse an applicant.... Camerarius has stated, that on several occasions
+when his pecuniary resources have been exhausted, he would contrive to
+supply the necessitous by privately taking cups, or other vessels
+appropriated to domestic use, to a trader to sell, even at a very low
+rate. He received many presents of gold and silver coin. These he would
+often give to the first person who, from avarice or curiosity, might be
+induced to ask for them, simply from a disposition to oblige.
+
+[25] Anna was handsome, accomplished, and of a very literary turn.
+Luther, in one of his letters, calls her "the elegant daughter of
+Philip."--_Cox._
+
+[26] He always estimated _time_ as a most precious possession. It is
+said of him, that when he made an appointment, he expected not only the
+day or the hour, but the _minute_ to be fixed, that time might not be
+squandered away in the vacuity or idleness of suspense.--_Cox._
+
+[27] John Bugenhagen, Pomeranus, or Pommer, was one of the most
+remarkable men of the age, and may be justly ranked with Luther and
+Melanchthon, with whom he cherished a long and close friendship, and to
+whom he was in many respects little inferior. Originally he was a
+schoolmaster at Treptow in Pomerania; and when he first saw the
+"Babylonish Captivity" by Luther, exclaimed, "The author of this book is
+the most pestilent heretic that ever infested the Church of Christ." But
+after examining it more seriously, and with an inquisitive mind, it
+produced so entire a change of sentiment, that he said, "The whole world
+is blind, and this man alone sees the truth." When he was chosen to be
+minister of the great Church at Wittenberg, he not only did not aim at
+this elevation, but was almost dragged by force out of his obscurity to
+possess it, and assiduously devoted himself to the duties of this
+eminent station during thirty-six years. He expired in peace, at the
+advanced age of seventy-three."--_Cox._
+
+[28] His well-known friend and pupil, John Matthesius, wrote an epitaph
+in verse, which the author says he proposes to lay upon the godly man's
+grave as a lovely flower. Despairing of being able to give it to the
+reader in a good translation, we have omitted it in the text, and
+propose to give it as well as we can in simple prose: "A honey-flower,
+sprung from _black earth_ (alluding to the name Melanchthon, or
+Schwartzerd), worthy of the crown of honor and praise, withered by the
+intense heat, lies at rest here. Many grateful little bees sipped and
+made honey from it, for the comfort and instruction of Christendom; and
+therefore many churches and schools are filled with sorrow. This little
+flower has satisfied many insects and wild birds with its perfume and
+precious nectar. God has done much good by it in the Church, school,
+house, and government, and now all its labors and dangers are at an end.
+Neither caterpillars, bees, horse-flies, wasps, nor nettles, burdock,
+thistle, or cockle, could destroy this sweet little flower; and it
+continued to praise God, and to instruct men at all hours. Many a spider
+crept over it, many poisonous reptiles pierced it; but yet it lives, and
+slumbers in this shrine, and its work will never be forgotten. God now
+wipes away its tears, and refreshes it with the dew of heaven. Its
+little leaves give out a pleasant perfume, and in a short time it will
+live again. When the bones and skin of faithful teachers shall blossom
+like the green herb, then its faith, patience, and industry, will
+receive praise, thanksgiving, and honor. Whosoever, therefore, performs
+a pilgrimage to this shrine, let him drop a longing tear, and sigh with
+us from the depths of his heart, for God is pleased with a grateful
+heart and mouth. Lord Christ, come and show thy glory, which is prepared
+for this little flower. Help thy church in all her distresses, by thy
+intercessions, and bloody wounds. Preserve all thy little bees, and the
+leaves of this little flower, in thine own cypress shrine, for they are
+the witnesses of thy name. Thy word, and the writings of good men, avail
+against murder and the poison of Satan, teach, comfort, refresh, and
+warn every one; but an evil book is the cause of all misery."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Philip Melanchthon, by
+Karl Friedrich Ledderhose
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