%PDF-1.4 %ÐÔÅØ 5 0 obj << /Length 1574 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td [(The)-376(Project)-376(Gutenberg)-375(EBook)-376(of)-376(History)-376(of)-376(European)-375(Morals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(From)-200(Augustus)-200(to)-200(Charlemagne)-200(\050Vol.)-233(2)-200(of)-200(2\051)-200(by)-200(William)-199(Edward)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Hartpole)-250(Lecky)]TJ 0 -29.913 Td [(This)-546(eBook)-546(is)-546(for)-546(the)-546(use)-546(of)-546(anyone)-546(anywhere)-546(at)-546(no)-546(cost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-470(with)-470(almost)-470(no)-470(restrictions)-470(whatsoever.)-910(You)-470(may)-469(copy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it,)-565(give)-502(it)-503(away)-502(or)-502(re-use)-502(it)-502(under)-503(the)-502(terms)-502(of)-502(the)-502(Project)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Gutenberg)-633(License)-632(included)-633(with)-632(this)-633(eBook)-632(or)-633(online)-632(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/license)]TJ 0 -29.913 Td [(Title:)-500(History)-500(of)-500(European)-500(Morals)-500(From)-500(Augustus)-500(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charlemagne)-500(\050Vol.)-500(2)-500(of)]TJ 38.182 -13.549 Td [(2\051)]TJ -38.182 -27.098 Td [(Author:)-500(William)-500(Edward)-500(Hartpole)-500(Lecky)]TJ 0 -27.099 Td [(Release)-500(Date:)-500(April)-500(15,)-500(2012)-500([Ebook)-500(39535])]TJ 0 -27.098 Td [(Language:)-500(English)]TJ 0 -40.648 Td [(***START)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(PROJECT)-500(GUTENBERG)-500(EBOOK)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(HISTORY)-500(OF)-500(EUROPEAN)-500(MORALS)-500(FROM)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(AUGUSTUS)-500(TO)-500(CHARLEMAGNE)-500(\050VOL.)-500(2)-500(OF)-500(2\051***)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 5 0 R /Resources 3 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 8 0 R /Annots [ 1 0 R 2 0 R ] >> endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [140.547 418.138 262.463 427.858] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense) >> >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [46.771 404.589 193.422 414.309] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >> >> endobj 6 0 obj << /D [4 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Length 643 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 194.865 516.375 Td [(History)-280(of)]TJ -20.775 -24.647 Td [(European)-271(Morals)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -35.527 -20.515 Td [(From)-260(Augustus)-260(to)-260(Charlemagne)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 93.599 -17.096 Td [(By)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -116.677 -20.515 Td [(William)-253(Edward)-253(Hartpole)-253(Lecky,)-254(M.A.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 88.17 -17.096 Td [(Ninth)-280(Edition)]TJ -8.734 -17.096 Td [(In)-277(Two)-277(Volumes)]TJ 26.146 -17.095 Td [(Vol.)-354(2.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 1.8 -13.55 Td [(London)]TJ -43.749 -13.549 Td [(Longmans,)-278(Green,)-277(And)-273(Co.)]TJ 49.809 -13.549 Td [(1890)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 12 0 R /Resources 10 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 8 0 R >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Length 953 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Contents)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.422 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-391(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G [-1474(2)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -13.549 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-557(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G [-474(271)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -13.549 Td [(Index.)-723(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G [-474(366)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -13.55 Td [(Footnotes)-805(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G [-474(455)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 15 0 R /Resources 13 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 8 0 R >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 32 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 18 0 R /Resources 16 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 8 0 R >> endobj 16 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF ] >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Length 92 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 7.9701 Tf 337.795 512.811 Td [([001])]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 21 0 R /Resources 19 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 8 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /D [20 0 R /XYZ 46.771 518.175 null] >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 23 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index1) >> endobj 26 0 obj (Chapter IV. From Constantine To Charlemagne.) endobj 29 0 obj << /Length 3754 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-257(IV.)-257(From)-257(Constantine)-257(To)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td [(Charlemagne.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -36.253 Td [(Having)-248(in)-248(the)-249(last)-248(chapter)-248(given)-248(a)-248(brief,)-249(but)-248(I)-248(trust)-248(not)-248(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indistinct,)-506(account)-455(of)-455(the)-454(causes)-455(that)-455(ensured)-455(the)-455(triumph)-454(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-356(in)-356(Rome,)-383(and)-356(of)-356(the)-356(character)-356(of)-356(the)-356(opposition)-356(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overcame,)-417(I)-384(proceed)-383(to)-384(examine)-384(the)-384(nature)-383(of)-384(the)-384(moral)-383(ideal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-351(new)-350(religion)-351(introduced,)-376(and)-351(also)-351(the)-350(methods)-351(by)-351(which)-350(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attempted)-312(to)-312(realise)-311(it.)-436(And)-312(at)-312(the)-311(very)-312(outset)-312(of)-312(this)-312(enquiry)-311(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-289(necessary)-289(to)-289(guard)-289(against)-289(a)-289(serious)-289(error.)-367(It)-289(is)-289(common)-288(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-429(persons)-429(to)-430(establish)-429(a)-429(comparison)-429(between)-429(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-515(Paganism,)-581(by)-514(placing)-515(the)-515(teaching)-514(of)-515(the)-515(Christians)-514(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(juxtaposition)-318(with)-318(corresponding)-318(passages)-318(from)-318(the)-318(writings)-318(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-297(Aurelius)-297(or)-297(Seneca,)-308(and)-297(to)-297(regard)-297(the)-297(superiority)-297(of)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-251(over)-251(the)-250(philosophical)-251(teaching)-251(as)-251(a)-251(complete)-250(measure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-369(the)-368(moral)-369(advance)-369(that)-368(was)-369(effected)-368(by)-369(Christianity.)-606(But)-368(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moment's)-295(reflection)-296(is)-295(sufficient)-295(to)-295(display)-296(the)-295(injustice)-295(of)-295(such)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-260(conclusion.)-279(The)-260(ethics)-260(of)-260(Paganism)-259(were)-260(part)-260(of)-260(a)-259(philosophy.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-457(ethics)-456(of)-457(Christianity)-456(were)-457(part)-456(of)-457(a)-456(religion.)-870(The)-456(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-245(the)-245(speculations)-245(of)-245(a)-245(few)-245(highly)-245(cultivated)-245(individuals)-490(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([002])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(neither)-395(had)-396(nor)-395(could)-395(have)-395(had)-395(any)-396(direct)-395(influence)-395(upon)-395(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(masses)-399(of)-399(mankind.)-696(The)-399(second)-399(were)-399(indissolubly)-398(connected)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-380(the)-380(worship,)-413(hopes,)-413(and)-380(fears)-380(of)-380(a)-380(vast)-380(religious)-380(system,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-362(acts)-361(at)-362(least)-361(as)-362(powerfully)-361(on)-362(the)-361(most)-362(ignorant)-361(as)-362(on)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-417(educated.)-752(The)-418(chief)-417(objects)-417(of)-418(Pagan)-417(religions)-417(were)-417(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foretell)-310(the)-310(future,)-325(to)-310(explain)-310(the)-310(universe,)-325(to)-310(avert)-310(calamity,)-325(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obtain)-244(the)-244(assistance)-244(of)-244(the)-244(gods.)-248(They)-244(contained)-244(no)-243(instruments)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-341(moral)-340(teaching)-341(analogous)-341(to)-340(our)-341(institution)-341(of)-340(preaching,)-363(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-351(the)-351(moral)-351(preparation)-351(for)-352(the)-351(reception)-351(of)-351(the)-351(sacrament,)-376(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-446(confession,)-495(or)-446(to)-446(the)-446(reading)-446(of)-446(the)-446(Bible,)-495(or)-446(to)-446(religious)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 29 0 R /Resources 27 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 8 0 R >> endobj 24 0 obj << /D [28 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null] >> endobj 30 0 obj << /D [28 0 R /XYZ 355.747 201.634 null] >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 4553 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5865(3)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(education,)-421(or)-386(to)-386(united)-387(prayer)-386(for)-387(spi)1(ritual)-387(benefits.)-659(To)-386(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-292(virtuous)-292(was)-292(no)-293(more)-292(the)-292(function)-292(of)-292(the)-292(priest)-292(than)-292(of)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physician.)-739(On)-413(the)-413(other)-413(hand,)-454(the)-413(philosophic)-413(expositions)-412(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duty)-286(were)-285(wholly)-286(unconnected)-285(with)-286(the)-285(religious)-286(ceremonies)-285(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-392(temple.)-674(To)-392(amalgamate)-392(these)-391(two)-392(spheres,)-427(to)-391(incorporate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-369(culture)-369(with)-369(religion,)-398(and)-369(thus)-369(to)-369(enlist)-369(in)-369(behalf)-369(of)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(former)-235(that)-236(desire)-235(to)-235(enter,)-238(by)-236(means)-235(of)-235(ceremonial)-235(observances,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-351(direct)-350(communication)-351(with)-350(Heaven,)-376(which)-351(experience)-350(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shown)-384(to)-384(be)-384(one)-383(of)-384(the)-384(most)-384(universal)-384(and)-384(powerful)-383(passions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-436(mankind,)-482(was)-436(among)-435(the)-436(most)-436(important)-436(achievements)-435(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity.)-462(Something)-320(had,)-339(no)-320(doubt,)-338(been)-321(already)-320(attempted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-369(this)-369(direction.)-606(Philosophy,)-398(in)-369(the)-369(hands)-369(of)-369(the)-368(rhetoricians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-269(become)-270(more)-269(popular.)-308(The)-269(Pythagoreans)-269(enjoined)-269(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ceremonies)-257(for)-257(the)-256(purpose)-257(of)-257(purifying)-257(the)-256(mind,)-259(and)-256(expiatory)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rites)-342(were)-342(common,)-364(especially)-342(in)-342(the)-342(Oriental)-341(religions.)-526(But)-341(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-202(the)-202(distinguishing)-201(characteristic)-202(of)-202(Christianity)-202(that)-202(its)-201(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-256(was)-256(not)-255(indirect,)-258(casual,)-257(remote,)-257(or)-256(spasmodic.)-267(Unlike)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-230(Pagan)-230(religions,)-234(it)-229(made)-230(moral)-230(teaching)-230(a)-230(main)-230(function)-230(of)-229(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clergy,)-291(moral)-283(discipline)-283(the)-282(leading)-283(object)-283(of)-283(its)-282(services,)-291(moral)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dispositions)-334(the)-334(necessary)-335(condition)-334(of)-334(the)-334(due)-334(performance)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-291(rites.)-371(By)-291(the)-290(pulpit,)-301(by)-290(its)-291(ceremonies,)-300(by)-291(all)-290(the)-291(agencies)-290(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-259(it)-258(possessed,)-261(it)-258(laboured)-259(systematically)-258(and)-258(perseveringly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-316(the)-316(regeneration)-315(of)-316(mankind.)-448(Under)-315(its)-316(influence,)-332(doctrines)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concerning)-306(the)-306(nature)-612(of)-306(God,)-320(the)-306(immortality)-306(of)-306(the)-306(soul,)-320(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([003])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(the)-253(duties)-253(of)-253(man,)-254(which)-253(the)-253(noblest)-253(intellects)-253(of)-253(antiquity)-253(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barely)-277(grasp,)-284(have)-277(become)-277(the)-277(truisms)-277(of)-277(the)-278(village)-277(school,)-283(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proverbs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(cottage)-250(and)-250(of)-250(the)-250(alley.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(But)-204(neither)-204(the)-204(beauty)-204(of)-204(its)-204(sacred)-204(writings,)-213(nor)-204(the)-204(perfection)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-401(its)-401(religious)-401(services,)-438(could)-401(have)-401(achieved)-401(this)-401(great)-400(result)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-356(the)-357(introduction)-356(of)-357(new)-356(motives)-356(to)-357(virtue.)-569(These)-356(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-467(either)-467(interested)-467(or)-467(disinterested,)-521(and)-467(in)-467(both)-467(spheres)-466(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-248(of)-248(Christianity)-248(was)-248(very)-248(great.)-250(In)-248(the)-248(first,)-248(it)-248(effected)-248(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(complete)-279(revolution)-278(by)-279(its)-278(teaching)-279(concerning)-278(the)-279(future)-278(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-349(concerning)-349(the)-349(nature)-349(of)-349(sin.)-547(The)-349(doctrine)-349(of)-349(a)-349(future)-348(life)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 33 0 R /Resources 31 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 35 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj << /D [32 0 R /XYZ 145.849 206.544 null] >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Length 4691 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(4History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-351(far)-351(too)-351(vague)-350(among)-351(the)-351(Pagans)-351(to)-351(exercise)-351(any)-350(powerful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(general)-335(influence,)-356(and)-334(among)-335(the)-335(philosophers)-334(who)-335(clung)-335(to)-334(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-230(ardently)-230(it)-231(was)-230(regarded)-230(solely)-230(in)-231(the)-230(light)-230(of)-230(a)-230(consolation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-319(made)-318(it)-319(a)-318(deterrent)-318(influence)-319(of)-318(the)-319(strongest)-318(kind.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(In)-438(addition)-437(to)-438(the)-437(doctrines)-438(of)-437(eternal)-438(suffering,)-484(and)-438(the)-437(lost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-400(of)-399(the)-400(human)-399(race,)-437(the)-400(notion)-400(of)-399(a)-400(minute)-399(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(retribution)-392(must)-393(be)-392(regarded)-392(as)-392(profoundly)-392(original.)-677(That)-392(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commission)-440(of)-439(great)-440(crimes,)-487(or)-440(the)-439(omission)-440(of)-440(great)-439(duties,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-384(be)-383(expiated)-384(hereafter,)-417(was)-384(indeed)-384(an)-383(idea)-384(familiar)-384(to)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Pagans,)-588(though)-520(it)-520(exercised)-519(little)-520(influence)-520(over)-520(their)-520(lives,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-404(seldom)-404(or)-403(never)-404(produced,)-443(even)-403(in)-404(the)-404(case)-404(of)-404(the)-403(worst)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(criminals,)-508(those)-457(scenes)-456(of)-457(deathbed)-456(repentance)-456(which)-457(are)-456(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conspicuous)-209(in)-208(Christian)-209(biographies.)-236(But)-209(the)-208(Christian)-209(notion)-208(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-220(enormity)-220(of)-220(little)-220(sins,)-225(the)-220(belief)-220(that)-220(all)-220(the)-220(details)-220(of)-220(life)-219(will)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-315(scrutinised)-316(hereafter,)-331(that)-315(weaknesses)-316(of)-315(character)-315(and)-315(petty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infractions)-395(of)-395(duty,)-431(of)-394(which)-395(the)-395(historian)-395(and)-395(the)-394(biographer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(take)-278(no)-278(note,)-284(which)-278(have)-278(no)-278(perceptible)-278(influence)-278(upon)-277(society,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-359(which)-359(scarcely)-358(elicit)-359(a)-359(comment)-359(among)-359(mankind,)-386(may)-358(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-407(the)-407(grounds)-408(of)-407(eternal)-407(condemnation)-407(beyond)-407(the)-407(grave,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-404(altogether)-404(unknown)-404(to)-404(the)-404(ancients,)-443(and,)-442(at)-404(a)-404(time)-404(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-403(possessed)-404(all)-403(the)-404(freshness)-403(of)-404(novelty,)-442(it)-403(was)-404(well)-403(fitted)-403(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transform)-317(the)-316(character.)-449(The)-317(eye)-316(of)-317(the)-316(Pagan)-317(philosopher)-316(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ever)-374(fixed)-748(upon)-375(virtue,)-405(the)-374(eye)-374(of)-374(the)-374(Christian)-374(teacher)-374(upon)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([004])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(sin.)-716(They)-406(first)-405(sought)-405(to)-406(amend)-405(men)-405(by)-406(extolling)-405(the)-405(beauty)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-286(holiness;)-303(the)-286(second)-286(by)-286(awakening)-285(the)-286(sentiment)-286(of)-285(remorse.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Each)-244(method)-244(had)-244(its)-244(excellences)-244(and)-244(its)-244(defects.)-248(Philosophy)-244(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(admirably)-274(fitted)-274(to)-274(dignify)-274(and)-274(ennoble,)-280(but)-274(altogether)-274(impotent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-204(regenerate,)-213(mankind.)-235(It)-204(did)-204(much)-204(to)-204(encourage)-204(virtue,)-213(but)-204(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-214(nothing)-214(to)-214(restrain)-213(vice.)-238(A)-214(relish)-214(or)-214(taste)-214(for)-214(virtue)-214(was)-213(formed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-302(cultivated,)-315(which)-302(attracted)-303(many)-302(to)-302(its)-302(practice;)-328(but)-302(in)-302(this,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-216(in)-217(the)-216(case)-217(of)-216(all)-216(our)-217(other)-216(higher)-217(tastes,)-223(a)-216(nature)-217(that)-216(was)-216(once)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thoroughly)-279(vitiated)-279(became)-279(altogether)-279(incapable)-279(of)-279(appreciating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it,)-209(and)-198(the)-199(transformation)-199(of)-198(such)-199(a)-198(nature,)-209(which)-199(was)-198(continually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effected)-342(by)-342(Christianity,)-364(was)-342(confessedly)-342(beyond)-342(the)-342(power)-341(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 38 0 R /Resources 36 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 35 0 R >> endobj 39 0 obj << /D [37 0 R /XYZ 142.899 220.093 null] >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 42 0 obj << /Length 4896 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5865(5)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(philosophy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 51.219 3.959 Td [(1)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.986 -3.959 Td [(Experience)-365(has)-366(abundantly)-365(shown)-366(that)-365(men)-365(who)]TJ -62.205 -13.549 Td [(are)-394(wholly)-394(insensible)-394(to)-395(the)-394(beauty)-394(and)-394(dignity)-394(of)-394(virtue,)-430(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-280(convulsed)-281(by)-280(the)-281(fear)-280(of)-281(judgment,)-288(can)-280(be)-281(even)-280(awakened)-280(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-292(a)-293(genuine)-292(remorse)-293(for)-292(sin)-293(as)-292(to)-293(reverse)-292(the)-293(current)-292(of)-292(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dispositions,)-390(detach)-361(them)-362(from)-361(the)-362(most)-361(inveterate)-362(habits,)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(renew)-250(the)-250(whole)-250(tenor)-250(of)-250(their)-250(lives.)]TJ 11.956 -13.925 Td [(But)-305(the)-305(habit)-305(of)-304(dilating)-305(chiefly)-305(on)-305(the)-305(darker)-305(side)-305(of)-304(human)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(nature,)-215(while)-207(it)-207(has)-207(contributed)-206(much)-207(to)-207(the)-207(regenerating)-206(efficacy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-399(Christian)-398(teaching,)-436(has)-399(not)-398(been)-399(without)-399(its)-398(disadvantages.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Habitually)-358(measuring)-358(character)-357(by)-358(its)-358(aberrations,)-384(theologians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-223(their)-223(estimates)-222(of)-223(those)-223(strong)-222(and)-223(passionate)-223(natures)-223(in)-222(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-323(virtues)-323(are)-323(balanced)-323(by)-323(great)-323(failings,)-341(have)-323(usually)-323(fallen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-239(a)-239(signal)-239(injustice,)-241(which)-239(is)-239(the)-239(more)-239(inexcusable,)-241(because)-239(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-278(own)-279(writings)-278(the)-278(Psalms)-279(of)-278(David)-278(are)-279(a)-278(conspicuous)-278(proof)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-183(what)-183(a)-183(noble,)-196(tender,)-196(and)-183(passionate)-183(nature)-183(could)-183(survive,)-196(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-275(an)-275(adulterer)-275(and)-276(a)-275(murderer.)-325(Partly,)-282(too,)-281(through)-275(this)-275(habit)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(operating)-349(through)-350(the)-349(sense)-349(of)-350(sin,)-374(and)-349(partly)-349(from)-350(a)-349(desire)-349(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(show)-297(that)-296(man)-296(is)-297(in)-296(an)-297(abnormal)-296(and)-297(dislocated)-296(condition,)-308(they)]TJ 5.118 -13.549 Td [(have)-469(continually)-469(propounded)-469(distorted)-469(and)-469(degrading)-469(views)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 285.906 0 Td [([005])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-443(human)-443(nature,)-492(have)-443(represented)-443(it)-443(as)-443(altogether)-443(under)-443(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(empire)-399(of)-398(evil,)-436(and)-399(have)-399(sometimes)-398(risen)-399(to)-398(such)-399(a)-399(height)-398(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(extravagance)-295(as)-296(to)-295(pronounce)-295(the)-296(very)-295(virtues)-295(of)-296(the)-295(heathen)-295(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-368(of)-367(the)-368(nature)-367(of)-368(sin.)-602(But)-368(nothing)-367(can)-368(be)-367(more)-368(certain)-367(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-273(that)-272(which)-273(is)-273(exceptional)-272(and)-273(distinctive)-273(in)-272(human)-273(nature)-272(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-331(its)-330(vice,)-351(but)-330(its)-331(excellence.)-492(It)-330(is)-331(not)-330(the)-331(sensuality,)-350(cruelty,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(selfishness,)-400(passion,)-401(or)-370(envy,)-400(which)-370(are)-371(all)-370(displayed)-370(in)-370(equal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-285(greater)-285(degrees)-285(in)-285(different)-285(departments)-285(of)-285(the)-285(animal)-284(world;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-479(is)-479(that)-479(moral)-479(nature)-479(which)-479(enables)-478(man)-479(apparently,)-536(alone)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-430(all)-431(created)-430(beings,)-475(to)-431(classify)-430(his)-430(emotions,)-476(to)-430(oppose)-430(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(current)-310(of)-309(his)-310(desires,)-325(and)-310(to)-309(aspire)-310(after)-310(moral)-309(perfection.)-429(Nor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-321(it)-321(less)-321(certain)-321(that)-321(in)-321(civilised,)-339(and)-321(therefore)-321(developed)-321(man,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-404(good)-403(greatly)-404(preponderates)-403(over)-404(the)-403(evil.)-711(Benevolence)-403(is)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 52.998 80.91 Td [(1)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(There)-240(is)-241(a)-240(remarkable)-240(passage)-241(of)-240(Celsus,)-242(on)-240(the)-241(impossibility)-240(of)-240(restoring)-241(a)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(nature)-250(once)-250(thoroughly)-250(depraved,)-250(quoted)-250(by)-250(Origen)-250(in)-250(his)-250(answer)-250(to)-250(him.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 42 0 R /Resources 40 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 35 0 R >> endobj 43 0 obj << /D [41 0 R /XYZ 46.771 273.914 null] >> endobj 40 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Length 5518 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(6History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(more)-324(common)-323(than)-324(cruelty;)-361(the)-324(sight)-323(of)-324(suffering)-324(more)-323(readily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(produces)-314(pity)-315(than)-314(joy;)-346(gratitude,)-330(not)-315(ingratitude,)-330(is)-314(the)-314(normal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(result)-337(of)-336(a)-337(conferred)-336(benefit.)-510(The)-337(sympathies)-336(of)-337(man)-336(naturally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(follow)-356(heroism)-356(and)-356(goodness,)-383(and)-356(vice)-356(itself)-356(is)-356(usually)-356(but)-356(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(exaggeration)-421(or)-420(distortion)-421(of)-420(tendencies)-420(that)-421(are)-420(in)-421(their)-420(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature)-250(perfectly)-250(innocent.)]TJ 11.956 -15.139 Td [(But)-513(these)-514(exaggerations)-514(of)-513(human)-514(depravity,)-579(which)-513(have)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(attained)-425(their)-424(extreme)-425(limits)-424(in)-425(some)-424(Protestant)-425(sects,)-468(do)-424(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appear)-239(in)-238(the)-238(Church)-239(of)-238(the)-239(first)-238(three)-239(centuries.)-246(The)-238(sense)-239(of)-238(sin)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-181(not)-181(yet)-181(accompanied)-181(by)-181(a)-181(denial)-181(of)-181(the)-181(goodness)-181(that)-181(exists)-181(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man.)-237(Christianity)-211(was)-211(regarded)-211(rather)-211(as)-211(a)-211(redemption)-211(from)-211(error)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-314(from)-315(sin,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 62.31 3.959 Td [(2)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.088 -3.959 Td [(and)-314(it)-315(is)-314(a)-314(significant)-315(fact)-314(that)-315(the)-314(epithet)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 186.603 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(well)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(deserving,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 45.142 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.74 0 Td [(which)-266(the)-265(Pagans)-266(usually)-265(put)-266(upon)-265(their)-266(tombs,)-269(was)]TJ -52.882 -13.549 Td [(also)-381(the)-381(favourite)-381(inscription)-381(in)-381(the)-381(Christian)-381(catacombs.)-643(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pelagian)-417(controversy,)-459(the)-417(teaching)-418(of)-417(St.)-751(Augustine,)-459(and)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(progress)-308(of)-308(asceticism,)-323(gradually)-308(introduced)-308(the)-308(doctrine)-308(of)-308(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(utter)-201(depravity)-201(of)-403(man,)-210(which)-202(has)-201(proved)-201(in)-201(later)-201(times)-201(the)-201(fertile)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([006])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(source)-250(of)-250(degrading)-250(superstition.)]TJ 11.956 -15.138 Td [(In)-276(sustaining)-277(and)-276(defining)-276(the)-276(notion)-277(of)-276(sin,)-283(the)-276(early)-276(Church)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(employed)-380(the)-381(machinery)-380(of)-380(an)-380(elaborate)-381(legislation.)-640(Constant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communion)-240(with)-239(the)-240(Church)-239(was)-240(regarded)-239(as)-240(of)-239(the)-240(very)-239(highest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(importance.)-544(Participation)-347(in)-348(the)-348(Sacrament)-348(was)-348(believed)-348(to)-347(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(essential)-344(to)-344(eternal)-343(life.)-531(At)-344(a)-344(very)-344(early)-343(period)-344(it)-344(was)-344(given)-343(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infants,)-199(and)-185(already)-186(in)-186(the)-186(time)-185(of)-186(St.)-229(Cyprian)-185(we)-186(find)-186(the)-185(practice)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(universal)-270(in)-271(the)-270(Church,)-275(and)-271(pronounced)-270(by)-270(at)-271(least)-270(some)-270(of)-270(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fathers)-235(to)-234(be)-235(ordinarily)-235(necessary)-235(to)-234(their)-235(salvation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 224.857 3.959 Td [(3)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.155 -3.959 Td [(Among)-235(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.595 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 99.77 157.783 Td [(2)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(This)-250(is)-250(well)-250(shown)-250(by)-250(Pressens\351)-250(in)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 139.974 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(des)-250(Trois)-250(premiers)-250(Si\350cles)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 113.819 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -259.522 -7.311 Td [(3)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(See)-385(a)-384(great)-385(deal)-384(of)-385(information)-385(on)-384(this)-385(subject)-384(in)-385(Bingham's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 229.814 0 Td [(Antiquities)]TJ -241.77 -10.959 Td [(of)-354(the)-354(Christian)-354(Church)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 91.413 0 Td [(\050Oxford,)-380(1853\051,)-380(vol.)-562(v.)-562(pp.)-562(370-378.)-562(It)-354(is)-354(curious)]TJ -91.413 -10.958 Td [(that)-447(those)-447(very)-447(noisy)-447(contemporary)-447(divines)-446(who)-447(profess)-447(to)-447(resuscitate)-447(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(manners)-277(of)-277(the)-277(primitive)-277(Church,)-283(and)-277(who)-277(lay)-277(so)-277(much)-276(stress)-277(on)-277(the)-277(minutest)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ceremonial)-343(observances,)-366(have)-344(left)-343(unpractised)-343(what)-343(was)-343(undoubtedly)-343(one)-343(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-317(most)-317(universal,)-333(and)-317(was)-317(believed)-316(to)-317(be)-317(one)-317(of)-316(the)-317(most)-317(important,)-333(of)-317(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(institutions)-231(of)-232(early)-231(Christianity.)-244(Bingham)-231(shows)-231(that)-231(the)-232(administration)-231(of)-231(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Eucharist)-250(to)-250(infants)-250(continued)-250(in)-250(France)-250(till)-250(the)-250(twelfth)-250(century.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 46 0 R /Resources 44 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 35 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /D [45 0 R /XYZ 170.413 299.798 null] >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 5007 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5865(7)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(adults)-280(it)-281(was)-280(customary)-281(to)-280(receive)-280(the)-281(Sacrament)-280(daily,)-288(in)-280(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(churches)-358(four)-357(times)-358(a)-358(week.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.78 3.959 Td [(4)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.733 -3.959 Td [(Even)-358(in)-357(the)-358(days)-357(of)-358(persecution)]TJ -137.513 -13.549 Td [(the)-378(only)-379(part)-378(of)-378(their)-378(service)-378(the)-379(Christians)-378(consented)-378(to)-378(omit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-288(the)-289(half-secular)-288(agape.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 119.393 3.958 Td [(5)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.469 -3.958 Td [(The)-288(clergy)-289(had)-288(power)-289(to)-288(accord)-289(or)]TJ -127.862 -13.55 Td [(withhold)-226(access)-225(to)-226(the)-226(ceremonies,)-231(and)-225(the)-226(reverence)-226(with)-225(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-349(were)-350(regarded)-349(was)-350(so)-349(great)-349(that)-350(they)-349(were)-350(able)-349(to)-349(dictate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-250(own)-250(conditions)-250(of)-250(communion.)]TJ 11.956 -16.41 Td [(From)-406(these)-405(circumstances)-406(there)-406(very)-405(naturally)-406(arose)-406(a)-405(vast)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(system)-392(of)-393(moral)-392(discipline.)-676(It)-393(was)-392(always)-392(acknowledged)-392(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-212(could)-212(only)-212(rightly)-211(approach)-212(the)-212(sacred)-212(table)-212(in)-212(certain)-211(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dispositions,)-274(and)-269(it)-270(was)-269(very)-269(soon)-269(added)-270(that)-269(the)-269(commission)-269(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crimes)-259(should)-259(be)-259(expiated)-259(by)-260(a)-259(period)-259(of)-259(penance,)-261(before)-259(access)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-226(the)-226(communion)-226(was)-226(granted.)-242(A)-452(multitude)-226(of)-226(offences,)-231(of)-225(very)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([007])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(various)-190(degrees)-191(of)-190(magnitude,)-203(such)-190(as)-191(prolonged)-190(abstinence)-190(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-372(services,)-401(prenuptial)-372(unchastity,)-402(prostitution,)-401(adultery,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(adoption)-272(of)-271(the)-272(profession)-272(of)-272(gladiator)-271(or)-272(actor,)-277(idolatry,)-277(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(betrayal)-205(of)-204(Christians)-205(to)-205(persecutors,)-213(and)-205(paiderastia)-205(or)-204(unnatural)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(love,)-237(were)-233(specified,)-237(to)-234(each)-233(of)-234(which)-233(a)-234(definit)1(e)-234(spiritual)-233(penalty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-403(annexed.)-711(The)-403(lowest)-404(penalty)-403(consisted)-404(of)-403(deprivation)-403(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-423(Eucharist)-422(for)-423(a)-423(few)-422(weeks.)-768(More)-423(serious)-423(offenders)-422(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deprived)-362(of)-361(it)-362(for)-362(a)-361(year,)-390(or)-362(for)-361(ten)-362(years,)-390(or)-361(until)-362(the)-362(hour)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(death,)-275(while)-269(in)-270(some)-270(cases)-270(the)-269(sentence)-270(amounted)-270(to)-270(the)-269(greater)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(excommunication,)-361(or)-338(the)-338(deprivation)-339(of)-338(the)-339(Eucharist)-338(for)-338(ever.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(During)-451(the)-452(period)-451(of)-452(penance)-451(the)-451(penitent)-452(was)-451(compelled)-451(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abstain)-254(from)-254(the)-254(marriage-bed,)-254(and)-254(from)-254(all)-254(other)-254(pleasures,)-254(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-332(spend)-331(his)-332(time)-331(chiefly)-332(in)-331(religious)-332(exercises.)-494(Before)-332(he)-331(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(readmitted)-329(to)-328(communion,)-348(he)-329(was)-329(accustomed)-328(publicly,)-348(before)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-241(assembled)-241(Christians,)-243(to)-241(appear)-241(clad)-241(in)-241(sackcloth,)-242(with)-241(ashes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strewn)-236(upon)-236(his)-236(head,)-239(with)-236(his)-236(hair)-236(shaven)-236(off,)-239(and)-236(thus)-236(to)-236(throw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(himself)-273(at)-272(the)-273(feet)-272(of)-273(the)-273(minister,)-278(to)-272(confess)-273(aloud)-273(his)-272(sins,)-278(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 109.885 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 52.998 103.072 Td [(4)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(See)-368(Cave's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.075 0 Td [(Primitive)-368(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 79.524 0 Td [(,)-398(part)-368(i.)-604(ch.)-604(xi.)-604(At)-368(first)-368(the)-368(Sacrament)]TJ -134.555 -10.959 Td [(was)-301(usually)-301(received)-301(every)-301(day;)-326(but)-301(this)-301(custom)-301(soon)-300(declined)-301(in)-301(the)-301(Eastern)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Church,)-250(and)-250(at)-250(last)-250(passed)-250(away)-250(in)-250(the)-250(West.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 6.227 -7.394 Td [(5)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.937 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(x.)-250(97.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 51 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 52 0 R /Resources 50 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 35 0 R >> endobj 53 0 obj << /D [51 0 R /XYZ 195.962 352.724 null] >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 56 0 obj << /Length 4938 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(8History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-314(implore)-315(the)-314(favour)-315(of)-314(absolution.)-444(The)-314(excommunicated)-314(man)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-371(not)-370(only)-371(cut)-370(off)-371(for)-370(ever)-371(from)-370(the)-371(Christian)-370(rites;)-431(he)-370(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(severed)-387(also)-387(from)-387(all)-387(intercourse)-387(with)-387(his)-387(former)-387(friends.)-661(No)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian,)-316(on)-303(pain)-302(of)-303(being)-303(himself)-303(excommunicated,)-316(might)-302(eat)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-237(him)-237(or)-236(speak)-237(with)-237(him.)-245(He)-237(must)-237(live)-237(hated)-236(and)-237(alone)-237(in)-236(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world,)-250(and)-250(be)-250(prepared)-250(for)-250(damnation)-250(in)-250(the)-250(next.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 216.316 3.959 Td [(6)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -204.36 -20.361 Td [(This)-379(system)-379(of)-379(legislation,)-411(resting)-379(upon)-379(religious)-378(terrorism,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(forms)-445(one)-445(of)-446(the)-445(most)-445(important)-445(parts)-445(of)-445(early)-445(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history,)-471(and)-426(a)-427(leading)-427(object)-426(of)-427(the)-427(Councils)-426(was)-427(to)-426(develop)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-331(modify)-332(it.)-494(Although)-331(confession)-332(was)-331(not)-331(yet)-332(an)-331(habitual)-331(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(universally)-225(obligatory)-225(rite,)-230(although)-225(it)-225(was)-225(only)-450(exacted)-225(in)-225(cases)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([008])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-435(notorious)-436(sins,)-481(it)-436(is)-435(manifest)-436(that)-435(we)-435(have)-436(in)-435(this)-435(system,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-441(potentially)-441(or)-440(in)-441(germ,)-489(but)-441(in)-440(full)-441(developed)-441(activity,)-488(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ecclesiastical)-201(despotism)-202(of)-201(the)-202(most)-201(crushing)-201(order.)-234(But)-201(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-495(recognition)-495(of)-495(the)-494(right)-495(of)-495(the)-495(clergy)-495(to)-495(withhold)-494(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-394(what)-394(was)-394(believed)-395(to)-394(be)-394(essential)-394(to)-394(their)-394(salvation,)-430(laid)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-404(foundation)-404(of)-403(the)-404(worst)-404(superstitions)-404(of)-403(Rome,)-443(it)-403(had,)-442(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-355(other)-355(hand,)-381(a)-355(very)-355(valuable)-355(moral)-355(effect.)-565(Every)-355(system)-355(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(law)-364(is)-363(a)-364(system)-363(of)-364(education,)-392(for)-363(it)-364(fixes)-363(in)-364(the)-363(minds)-364(of)-363(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certain)-263(conceptions)-263(of)-262(right)-263(and)-263(wrong,)-266(and)-263(of)-263(the)-262(proportionate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enormity)-395(of)-394(different)-395(crimes;)-467(and)-395(no)-394(legislation)-395(was)-394(enforced)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-299(more)-298(solemnity,)-311(or)-299(appealed)-298(more)-299(directly)-298(to)-299(the)-298(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feelings,)-212(than)-203(the)-203(penitential)-203(discipline)-203(of)-202(the)-203(Church.)-235(More)-202(than,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perhaps,)-243(any)-241(other)-241(single)-241(agency,)-243(it)-241(confirmed)-241(that)-241(conviction)-241(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-287(enormity)-286(of)-287(sin,)-295(and)-287(of)-287(the)-286(retribution)-287(that)-286(follows)-287(it,)-295(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-228(one)-228(of)-228(the)-227(two)-228(great)-228(levers)-228(by)-228(which)-228(Christianity)-228(acted)-227(upon)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(mankind.)]TJ 11.956 -16.401 Td [(But)-208(if)-207(Christianity)-208(was)-207(remarkable)-208(for)-207(its)-208(appeals)-207(to)-208(the)-207(selfish)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(or)-192(interested)-192(side)-192(of)-192(our)-192(nature,)-204(it)-192(was)-192(far)-192(more)-191(remarkable)-192(for)-192(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 120.599 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 99.77 113.787 Td [(6)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(The)-524(whole)-525(subject)-524(of)-525(the)-524(penitential)-525(discipline)-524(is)-525(treated)-524(minutely)-525(in)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Marshall's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.306 0 Td [(Penitential)-371(Discipline)-371(of)-372(the)-371(Primitive)-371(Church)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 174.39 0 Td [(\050first)-371(published)-371(in)]TJ -214.696 -10.959 Td [(1714,)-389(and)-360(reprinted)-361(in)-361(the)-361(library)-360(of)-361(Anglo-Catholic)-361(Theology\051,)-388(and)-361(also)-361(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Bingham,)-198(vol.)-228(vii.)-229(Tertullian)-185(gives)-185(a)-185(graphic)-185(description)-185(of)-185(the)-185(public)-185(penances,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(De)-250(Pudicit.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.084 0 Td [(v.)-250(13.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 56 0 R /Resources 54 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 35 0 R >> endobj 57 0 obj << /D [55 0 R /XYZ 301.986 379.83 null] >> endobj 54 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 4680 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5865(9)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(empire)-343(it)-343(attained)-343(over)-343(disinterested)-343(enthusiasm.)-529(The)-343(Platonist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exhorted)-376(men)-377(to)-376(imitate)-376(God;)-439(the)-377(Stoic,)-408(to)-376(follow)-376(reason;)-439(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian,)-534(to)-477(the)-477(love)-477(of)-477(Christ.)-931(The)-477(later)-477(Stoics)-477(had)-477(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(united)-253(their)-254(notions)-253(of)-253(excellence)-254(in)-253(an)-254(ideal)-253(sage,)-254(and)-253(Epictetus)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-395(even)-394(urged)-395(his)-394(disciples)-395(to)-394(set)-394(before)-395(them)-394(some)-395(man)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(surpassing)-190(excellence,)-202(and)-191(to)-190(imagine)-190(him)-190(continually)-190(near)-190(them;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-389(the)-390(utmost)-389(the)-389(Stoic)-390(ideal)-389(could)-389(become)-390(was)-389(a)-389(model)-389(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imitation,)-251(and)-250(the)-251(admiration)-250(it)-251(inspired)-250(could)-251(never)-250(deepen)-250(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affection.)-249(It)-248(was)-248(reserved)-248(for)-247(Christianity)-248(to)-248(present)-248(to)-248(the)-247(world)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-407(ideal)-407(character,)-447(which)-407(through)-407(all)-407(the)-407(changes)-407(of)-407(eighteen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries)-408(has)-408(inspired)-408(the)-408(hearts)-408(of)-408(men)-408(with)-408(an)-408(impassioned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(love;)-499(has)-416(shown)-416(itself)-416(capable)-415(of)-416(acting)-416(on)-416(all)-416(ages,)-457(nations,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temperaments,)-477(and)-431(conditions;)-522(has)-432(been)-431(not)-432(only)-431(the)-431(highest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pattern)-335(of)-335(virtue)-336(but)-335(the)-335(strongest)-335(incentive)-335(to)-336(its)-335(practice;)-377(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-266(exercised)-265(so)-266(deep)-265(an)-266(influence)-265(that)-265(it)-266(may)-265(be)-266(truly)-531(said)-265(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([009])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-204(simple)-205(record)-204(of)-205(three)-204(short)-205(years)-204(of)-205(active)-204(life)-205(has)-204(done)-204(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-402(regenerate)-401(and)-402(to)-402(soften)-402(mankind)-401(than)-402(all)-402(the)-401(disquisitions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-322(philosophers,)-340(and)-322(all)-322(the)-322(exhortations)-322(of)-322(moralists.)-466(This)-321(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indeed)-395(been)-395(the)-395(well-spring)-396(of)-395(whatever)-395(is)-395(best)-395(and)-395(purest)-395(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-366(Christian)-365(life.)-597(Amid)-365(all)-366(the)-365(sins)-366(and)-365(failings,)-394(amid)-366(all)-365(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priestcraft)-286(and)-286(persecution)-286(and)-286(fanaticism)-286(that)-286(have)-286(defaced)-285(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church,)-456(it)-415(has)-415(preserved,)-456(in)-414(the)-415(character)-415(and)-415(example)-415(of)-414(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Founder,)-480(an)-434(enduring)-434(principle)-434(of)-434(regeneration.)-802(Perfect)-434(love)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knows)-478(no)-479(rights.)-934(It)-478(creates)-479(a)-478(boundless,)-535(uncalculating)-478(self-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(abnegation)-413(that)-413(transforms)-413(the)-413(character,)-454(and)-413(is)-413(the)-413(parent)-413(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-212(virtue.)-237(Side)-212(by)-212(side)-211(with)-212(the)-212(terrorism)-212(and)-212(the)-211(superstitions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-269(dogmatism,)-273(there)-268(have)-269(ever)-268(existed)-269(in)-268(Christianity)-269(those)-268(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-266(echo)-266(the)-266(wish)-266(of)-265(St.)-298(Theresa,)-270(that)-266(she)-266(could)-266(blot)-266(out)-265(both)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heaven)-279(and)-279(hell,)-286(to)-280(serve)-279(God)-279(for)-279(Himself)-279(alone;)-293(and)-279(the)-279(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-269(the)-269(love)-269(of)-269(Christ)-269(has)-269(been)-269(displayed)-269(alike)-269(in)-269(the)-269(most)-268(heroic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pages)-443(of)-442(Christian)-443(martyrdom,)-491(in)-443(the)-442(most)-443(pathetic)-443(pages)-442(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-244(resignation,)-244(in)-244(the)-243(tenderest)-244(pages)-243(of)-244(Christian)-243(charity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-251(was)-250(shown)-251(by)-250(the)-251(martyrs)-250(who)-251(sank)-250(beneath)-251(the)-250(fangs)-251(of)-250(wild)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beasts,)-374(extending)-349(to)-349(the)-349(last)-350(moment)-349(their)-349(arms)-349(in)-349(the)-349(form)-349(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 60 0 R /Resources 58 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 62 0 R >> endobj 61 0 obj << /D [59 0 R /XYZ 287.671 328.486 null] >> endobj 58 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 65 0 obj << /Length 6459 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(10History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-428(cross)-429(they)-428(loved;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 95.829 3.959 Td [(7)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.13 -3.959 Td [(who)-428(ordered)-429(their)-428(chains)-429(to)-428(be)-429(buried)]TJ -105.959 -13.549 Td [(with)-256(them)-256(as)-255(the)-256(insignia)-256(of)-256(their)-255(warfare;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 183.136 3.959 Td [(8)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.305 -3.959 Td [(who)-256(looked)-256(with)-255(joy)]TJ -190.441 -13.549 Td [(upon)-317(their)-317(ghastly)-317(wounds,)-334(because)-317(they)-317(had)-317(been)-316(received)-317(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christ;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.706 3.958 Td [(9)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.462 -3.958 Td [(who)-327(welcomed)-326(death)-327(as)-326(the)-327(bridegroom)-326(welcomes)-327(the)]TJ -38.168 -13.55 Td [(bride,)-389(because)-362(it)-361(would)-361(bring)-362(them)-361(near)-362(to)-361(Him.)-584(St.)-584(Felicitas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-412(seized)-413(with)-412(the)-413(pangs)-412(of)-413(childbirth)-412(as)-413(she)-412(lay)-413(in)-412(prison)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([010])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(awaiting)-317(the)-317(hour)-317(of)-316(martyrdom,)-334(and)-317(as)-317(her)-317(sufferings)-316(extorted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-364(her)-364(a)-363(cry,)-392(one)-364(who)-364(stood)-364(by)-363(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 182.362 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If)-364(you)-364(now)-363(suffer)-364(so)]TJ -187.205 -13.549 Td [(much,)-461(what)-418(will)-418(it)-419(be)-418(when)-418(you)-419(are)-418(thrown)-419(to)-418(wild)-418(beasts?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 275.786 0 Td [(\035)]TJ -275.786 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(What)-248(I)-248(now)-248(suffer,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 82.328 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.549 0 Td [(she)-248(answered,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 63.875 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(concerns)-248(myself)-248(alone;)-248(but)]TJ -163.44 -13.549 Td [(then)-246(another)-246(will)-246(suffer)-246(for)-247(me,)-246(for)-247(I)-246(will)-246(then)-246(suffer)-246(for)-246(Him.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 267.318 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(10)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(When)-304(St.)-411(Melania)-304(had)-304(lost)-304(both)-303(her)-304(husband)-304(and)-304(her)-304(two)-303(sons,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kneeling)-304(by)-304(the)-303(bed)-304(where)-304(the)-304(remains)-303(of)-304(those)-304(she)-304(loved)-303(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laid,)-372(the)-348(childless)-347(widow)-348(exclaimed,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 167.354 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Lord,)-372(I)-348(shall)-347(serve)-348(Thee)]TJ -172.197 -13.55 Td [(more)-208(humbly)-207(and)-208(readily)-208(for)-207(being)-208(eased)-208(of)-207(the)-208(weight)-208(Thou)-207(hast)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taken)-250(from)-250(me.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 66.349 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(11)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -59.237 -22.834 Td [(Christian)-267(virtue)-267(was)-267(described)-267(by)-267(St.)-301(Augustine)-267(as)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 224.568 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-267(order)]TJ -241.368 -13.549 Td [(of)-325(love.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 34.145 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(12)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.013 -3.959 Td [(Those)-325(who)-325(know)-325(how)-325(imperfectly)-325(the)-324(simple)-325(sense)]TJ -51.001 -13.549 Td [(of)-410(duty)-409(can)-410(with)-409(most)-409(men)-410(resist)-409(the)-410(energy)-409(of)-410(the)-409(passions;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-223(have)-223(observed)-223(how)-223(barren)-223(Mohammedanism)-223(has)-223(been)-223(in)-223(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-359(higher)-359(and)-358(more)-359(tender)-359(virtues,)-386(because)-359(its)-359(noble)-358(morality)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-384(its)-384(pure)-383(theism)-384(have)-384(been)-383(united)-384(with)-384(no)-384(living)-383(example;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who,)-304(above)-293(all,)-303(have)-293(traced)-293(through)-293(the)-293(history)-293(of)-293(the)-292(Christian)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 198.115 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 99.77 191.303 Td [(7)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(Eusebius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.86 0 Td [(H.)-250(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(viii,)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -63.508 -7.311 Td [(8)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(St.)-248(Chrysostom)-243(tells)-243(this)-242(of)-243(St.)-248(Babylas.)-248(See)-243(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 199.592 0 Td [(M\351m.)-248(pour)-243(servir)-243(\340)]TJ -211.548 -10.959 Td [(l'Hist.)-250(eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.761 0 Td [(tome)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(403.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -36.534 -7.311 Td [(9)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(In)-248(the)-248(preface)-248(to)-247(a)-248(very)-248(ancient)-248(Milanese)-248(missal)-248(it)-248(is)-248(said)-248(of)-247(St.)-250(Agatha)-248(that)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(as)-277(she)-277(lay)-276(in)-277(the)-277(prison)-277(cell,)-283(torn)-277(by)-276(the)-277(instruments)-277(of)-277(torture,)-283(St.)-330(Peter)-277(came)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(to)-316(her)-316(in)-316(the)-316(form)-317(of)-316(a)-316(Christian)-316(physician,)-333(and)-316(offered)-316(to)-316(dress)-316(her)-316(wounds;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(but)-285(she)-285(refused,)-294(saying)-285(that)-285(she)-286(wished)-285(for)-285(no)-285(physician)-285(but)-285(Christ.)-356(St.)-355(Peter,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-279(the)-278(name)-279(of)-278(that)-279(Celestial)-278(Physician,)-286(commanded)-279(her)-278(wounds)-279(to)-278(close,)-286(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(her)-250(body)-250(became)-250(whole)-250(as)-250(before.)-250(\050Tillemont,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(412.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(10)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(her)-250(acts)-250(in)-250(Ruinart.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(11)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Jerome,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.339 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xxxix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -65.502 -7.311 Td [(12)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Definitio)-250(brevis)-250(et)-250(vera)-250(virtutis:)-250(ordo)-250(est)-250(amoris.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 172.835 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(De)-250(Civ.)-250(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.581 0 Td [(,)-250(xv.)-250(22.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 65 0 R /Resources 63 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 62 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /D [64 0 R /XYZ 374.173 450.429 null] >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Length 5001 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(11)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Church)-305(the)-305(influence)-305(of)-304(the)-305(love)-305(of)-305(Christ,)-318(will)-305(be)-305(at)-305(no)-305(loss)-304(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(estimate)-328(the)-329(value)-328(of)-328(this)-328(purest)-328(and)-329(most)-328(distinctive)-328(source)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-301(enthusiasm.)-404(In)-301(one)-301(respect)-302(we)-301(can)-301(scarcely)-301(realise)-301(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effects)-276(upon)-277(the)-276(early)-276(Church.)-329(The)-276(sense)-276(of)-277(the)-276(fixity)-276(of)-276(natural)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(laws)-348(is)-348(now)-347(so)-348(deeply)-348(implanted)-348(in)-347(the)-348(minds)-348(of)-348(men,)-372(that)-347(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(truly)-332(educated)-331(person,)-352(whatever)-331(may)-332(be)-331(his)-332(religious)-331(opinions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seriously)-299(believes)-300(that)-299(all)-299(the)-300(more)-299(startling)-299(phenomena)-299(around)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 16.975 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(storms,)-256(earthquakes,)-256(invasions,)-257(or)-255(famines)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 185.384 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(are)-255(results)-255(of)]TJ -224.177 -13.549 Td [(isolated)-371(acts)-371(of)-371(supernatural)-372(power,)-401(and)-371(are)-371(intended)-371(to)-371(affect)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(some)-247(human)-248(interest.)-249(But)-247(by)-248(the)-247(early)-247(Christians)-248(all)-247(these)-247(things)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-406(directly)-406(traced)-405(to)-406(the)-406(Master)-406(they)-406(so)-405(dearly)-406(loved.)-717(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(result)-232(of)-232(this)-232(conviction)-233(was)-232(a)-232(state)-232(of)-232(feeling)-232(we)-232(can)-232(now)-232(barely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(understand.)-356(A)-286(great)-285(poet,)-589(in)-285(lines)-286(which)-285(are)-286(among)-285(the)-285(noblest)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([011])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(in)-215(English)-215(literature,)-222(has)-215(spoken)-216(of)-215(one)-215(who)-215(had)-215(died)-215(as)-215(united)-215(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-223(all-pervading)-222(soul)-223(of)-222(nature,)-228(the)-223(grandeur)-222(and)-223(the)-222(tenderness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-218(beauty)-217(and)-218(the)-217(passion)-218(of)-218(his)-217(being)-218(blending)-217(with)-218(the)-217(kindred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elements)-287(of)-286(the)-287(universe,)-296(his)-286(voice)-287(heard)-287(in)-286(all)-287(its)-287(melodies,)-295(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spirit)-318(a)-317(presence)-318(to)-318(be)-317(felt)-318(and)-318(known,)-334(a)-318(part)-318(of)-317(the)-318(one)-317(plastic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(energy)-237(that)-238(permeates)-237(and)-237(animates)-238(the)-237(globe.)-246(Something)-237(of)-237(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(kind,)-245(but)-245(of)-244(a)-244(far)-244(more)-244(vivid)-244(and)-244(real)-245(character,)-245(was)-244(the)-244(belief)-244(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-174(early)-174(Christian)-173(world.)-225(The)-174(universe,)-189(to)-174(them,)-189(was)-173(transfigured)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-377(love.)-632(All)-377(its)-377(phenomena,)-409(all)-377(its)-377(catastrophes,)-409(were)-377(read)-377(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-378(new)-378(light,)-410(were)-377(endued)-378(with)-378(a)-378(new)-378(significance,)-410(acquired)-377(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-257(sanctity.)-270(Christianity)-257(offered)-257(a)-257(deeper)-257(consolation)-256(than)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(any)-226(prospect)-226(of)-226(endless)-226(life,)-230(or)-226(of)-226(millennial)-226(glories.)-242(It)-226(taught)-225(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(weary,)-328(the)-312(sorrowing,)-327(and)-312(the)-312(lonely,)-327(to)-312(look)-312(up)-312(to)-312(heaven)-312(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(say,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 31.211 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Thou,)-250(God,)-250(carest)-250(for)-250(me.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 112.396 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -136.495 -18.459 Td [(It)-187(is)-186(not)-187(surprising)-187(that)-187(a)-186(religious)-187(system)-187(which)-186(made)-187(it)-187(a)-187(mai)1(n)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(object)-329(to)-329(inculcate)-329(moral)-328(excellence,)-349(and)-329(which)-329(by)-329(its)-328(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-330(future)-330(retribution,)-350(by)-329(its)-330(organisation,)-350(and)-330(by)-330(its)-330(capacity)-329(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(producing)-353(a)-354(disinterested)-353(enthusiasm,)-379(acquired)-353(an)-353(unexampled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supremacy)-219(over)-219(the)-219(human)-219(mind,)-225(should)-219(have)-219(raised)-219(its)-219(disciples)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-292(a)-291(very)-292(high)-291(condition)-292(of)-292(sanctity.)-374(There)-292(can,)-302(indeed,)-302(be)-291(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doubt)-317(that,)-333(for)-317(nearly)-317(two)-316(hundred)-317(years)-317(after)-317(its)-316(establishment)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 68 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 69 0 R /Resources 67 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 62 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj << /D [68 0 R /XYZ 161.889 355.585 null] >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 73 0 obj << /Length 5343 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(12History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-429(Europe,)-473(the)-429(Christian)-429(community)-429(exhibited)-429(a)-429(moral)-428(purity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which,)-441(if)-403(it)-403(has)-403(been)-402(equalled,)-441(has)-403(never)-403(for)-403(any)-403(long)-402(period)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-374(surpassed.)-623(Completely)-374(separated)-374(from)-374(the)-374(Roman)-374(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-312(was)-312(around)-312(them,)-327(abstaining)-312(alike)-312(from)-312(political)-312(life,)-327(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(appeals)-285(to)-286(the)-285(tribunals,)-294(and)-286(from)-285(military)-285(occupations;)-303(looking)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forward)-435(continually)-435(to)-434(the)-435(immediate)-435(advent)-435(of)-435(their)-434(Master,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-470(the)-470(destruction)-470(of)-470(the)-470(Empire)-470(in)-470(which)-470(they)-470(dwelt,)-525(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animated)-345(by)-346(all)-345(the)-345(fervour)-346(of)-345(a)-346(young)-345(religion,)-369(the)-345(Christians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(found)-433(within)-433(themselves)-433(a)-432(whole)-433(order)-433(of)-433(ideas)-433(and)-432(feelings)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sufficiently)-348(powerful)-348(to)-348(guard)-348(them)-348(from)-348(the)-348(contamination)-347(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-341(age.)-522(In)-341(their)-341(general)-340(bearing)-341(towards)-341(society,)-363(and)-682(in)-340(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([012])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(nature)-395(and)-395(minuteness)-395(of)-395(their)-395(scruples,)-431(they)-395(probably)-395(bore)-394(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greater)-384(resemblance)-383(to)-384(the)-383(Quakers)-384(than)-384(to)-383(any)-384(other)-383(existing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sect.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 19.691 3.958 Td [(13)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.174 -3.958 Td [(Some)-244(serious)-244(signs)-244(of)-244(moral)-244(decadence)-244(might,)-245(indeed,)-245(be)]TJ -30.865 -13.55 Td [(detected)-254(even)-254(before)-254(the)-253(Decian)-254(persecution;)-256(and)-254(it)-254(was)-253(obvious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-194(the)-193(triumph)-194(of)-193(the)-194(Church,)-205(by)-193(introducing)-194(numerous)-193(nominal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christians)-173(into)-173(its)-173(pale,)-188(by)-173(exposing)-173(it)-173(to)-173(the)-173(temptations)-173(of)-173(wealth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-389(prosperity,)-423(and)-389(by)-389(forcing)-388(it)-389(into)-389(connection)-389(with)-388(secular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(politics,)-325(must)-309(have)-310(damped)-310(its)-310(zeal)-310(and)-309(impaired)-310(its)-310(purity;)-339(yet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(few)-394(persons,)-429(I)-394(think,)-430(who)-393(had)-394(contemplated)-394(Christianity)-394(as)-393(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existed)-173(in)-173(the)-172(first)-173(three)-173(centuries)-172(would)-173(have)-173(imagined)-173(it)-172(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-369(it)-368(should)-369(completely)-369(supersede)-368(the)-369(Pagan)-369(worship)-368(around)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it;)-338(that)-308(its)-309(teachers)-308(should)-309(bend)-308(the)-309(mightiest)-308(monarchs)-309(to)-308(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will,)-277(and)-272(stamp)-272(their)-271(influence)-272(on)-272(every)-272(page)-272(of)-271(legislation,)-277(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 186.353 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 179.54 Td [(13)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Besides)-434(the)-433(obvious)-434(points)-434(of)-433(resemblance)-434(in)-434(the)-433(common,)-480(though)-434(not)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(universal,)-302(belief)-292(that)-291(Christians)-292(should)-291(abstain)-292(from)-292(all)-291(weapons)-292(and)-291(from)-292(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(oaths,)-172(the)-153(whole)-152(teaching)-153(of)-153(the)-152(early)-153(Christians)-152(about)-153(the)-153(duty)-152(of)-153(simplicity,)-172(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-227(wickedness)-227(of)-227(ornaments)-227(in)-227(dress)-228(\050see)-227(especially)-227(the)-227(writings)-227(of)-227(Tertullian,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Clemens)-304(Alexandrinus,)-317(and)-303(Chrysostom,)-317(on)-304(this)-303(subject\051,)-317(is)-304(exceedingly)-303(like)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(that)-329(of)-329(the)-329(Quakers.)-486(The)-329(scruple)-329(of)-329(Tertullian)-329(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 174.652 0 Td [(De)-329(Coron\342)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.804 0 Td [(\051)-329(about)-329(Christians)]TJ -215.456 -10.959 Td [(wearing)-230(laurel)-229(wreaths)-230(in)-230(the)-229(festivals,)-234(because)-230(laurel)-229(was)-230(called)-229(after)-230(Daphne,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-263(lover)-262(of)-263(Apollo,)-266(was)-262(much)-263(of)-262(the)-263(same)-263(kind)-262(as)-263(that)-262(which)-263(led)-262(the)-263(Quakers)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-350(refuse)-349(to)-350(speak)-350(of)-349(Tuesday)-350(or)-350(Wednesday,)-374(lest)-350(they)-350(should)-349(recognise)-350(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(gods)-307(Tuesco)-306(or)-307(Woden.)-419(On)-306(the)-307(other)-306(hand,)-321(the)-307(ecclesiastical)-306(aspects)-307(and)-306(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sacramental)-222(doctrines)-222(of)-223(the)-222(Church)-222(were)-222(the)-222(extreme)-223(opposites)-222(of)-222(Quakerism.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 72 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 73 0 R /Resources 71 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 62 0 R >> endobj 74 0 obj << /D [72 0 R /XYZ 344.92 382.683 null] >> endobj 71 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 4475 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(13)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(direct)-282(the)-283(whole)-282(course)-283(of)-282(civilisation)-283(for)-282(a)-282(thousand)-283(years;)-298(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(yet)-319(that)-319(the)-318(period)-319(in)-319(which)-319(they)-318(were)-319(so)-319(supreme)-319(should)-318(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-250(one)-250(of)-250(the)-250(most)-250(contemptible)-250(in)-250(history.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(The)-263(leading)-264(features)-263(of)-263(that)-263(period)-264(may)-263(be)-263(shortly)-264(told.)-289(From)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-449(death)-449(of)-450(Marcus)-449(Aurelius,)-499(about)-449(which)-449(time)-449(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumed)-618(an)-617(important)-618(influence)-617(in)-618(the)-617(Roman)-618(world,)-709(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(decadence)-400(of)-401(the)-400(Empire)-400(was)-401(rapid)-400(and)-400(almost)-400(uninterrupted.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-276(first)-276(Christian)-275(emperor)-276(transferred)-276(his)-275(capital)-276(to)-276(a)-276(new)-275(city,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(uncontaminated)-369(by)-368(the)-369(traditions)-368(and)-369(the)-368(glories)-369(of)-368(Paganism;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-445(he)-445(there)-445(founded)-446(an)-445(Empire)-445(which)-445(derived)-445(all)-445(its)-445(ethics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-371(Christian)-371(sources,)-401(and)-370(which)-371(continued)-371(in)-742(existence)-370(for)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([013])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(about)-498(eleven)-498(hundred)-498(years.)-994(Of)-498(that)-498(Byzantine)-498(Empire)-497(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(universal)-371(verdict)-370(of)-371(history)-370(is)-371(that)-371(it)-370(constitutes,)-401(with)-370(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-456(exception,)-508(the)-456(most)-456(thoroughly)-456(base)-456(and)-456(despicable)-456(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-357(civilisation)-356(has)-357(yet)-356(assumed.)-570(Though)-357(very)-356(cruel)-357(and)-356(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sensual,)-575(there)-510(have)-511(been)-510(times)-510(when)-510(cruelty)-510(assumed)-510(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ruthless,)-274(and)-269(sensuality)-270(more)-269(extravagant,)-274(aspects;)-279(but)-269(there)-269(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-445(no)-445(other)-445(enduring)-445(civilisation)-445(so)-445(absolutely)-445(destitute)-444(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-320(the)-319(forms)-320(and)-320(elements)-320(of)-319(greatness,)-338(and)-319(none)-320(to)-320(which)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(epithet)-381(mean)-381(may)-381(be)-382(so)-381(emphatically)-381(applied.)-643(The)-381(Byzantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire)-337(was)-337(pre-eminently)-336(the)-337(age)-337(of)-337(treachery.)-510(Its)-337(vices)-336(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-251(vices)-250(of)-251(men)-251(who)-250(had)-251(ceased)-250(to)-251(be)-251(brave)-250(without)-251(learning)-250(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-258(virtuous.)-273(Without)-257(patriotism,)-260(without)-258(the)-257(fruition)-258(or)-258(desire)-257(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberty,)-357(after)-335(the)-336(first)-335(paroxysms)-336(of)-335(religious)-336(agitation,)-356(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(genius)-485(or)-485(intellectual)-485(activity;)-602(slaves,)-544(and)-485(willing)-485(slaves,)-543(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(both)-442(their)-443(actions)-442(and)-442(their)-443(thoughts,)-490(immersed)-442(in)-442(sensuality)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-401(in)-401(the)-400(most)-401(frivolous)-401(pleasures,)-438(the)-401(people)-401(only)-400(emerged)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-321(their)-321(listlessness)-321(when)-321(some)-321(theological)-322(subtilty,)-338(or)-321(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rivalry)-398(in)-397(the)-398(chariot)-398(races,)-435(stimulated)-397(them)-398(into)-398(frantic)-397(riots.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(They)-326(exhibited)-325(all)-326(the)-326(externals)-325(of)-326(advanced)-326(civilisation.)-476(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possessed)-178(knowledge;)-203(they)-178(had)-178(continually)-179(before)-178(them)-178(the)-178(noble)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(literature)-198(of)-198(ancient)-199(Greece,)-208(instinct)-198(with)-199(the)-198(loftiest)-198(heroism;)-215(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-248(literature,)-248(which)-247(afterwards)-248(did)-248(so)-247(much)-248(to)-248(revivify)-247(Europe,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-415(fire)-414(the)-415(degenerate)-414(Greeks)-415(with)-415(no)-414(spark)-415(or)-414(semblance)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 76 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 77 0 R /Resources 75 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 62 0 R >> endobj 78 0 obj << /D [76 0 R /XYZ 265.998 377.774 null] >> endobj 75 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Length 4334 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(14History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-387(nobility.)-660(The)-387(history)-387(of)-387(the)-386(Empire)-387(is)-387(a)-387(monotonous)-386(story)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-316(the)-316(intrigues)-316(of)-316(priests,)-332(eunuchs,)-333(and)-316(women,)-332(of)-316(poisonings,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-310(conspiracies,)-326(of)-310(uniform)-310(ingratitude,)-326(of)-310(perpetual)-310(fratricides.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(After)-312(the)-312(conversion)-312(of)-311(Constantine)-312(there)-312(was)-312(no)-312(prince)-312(in)-311(any)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(section)-173(of)-174(the)-173(Roman)-174(Empire)-173(altogether)-174(so)-173(depraved,)-189(or)-174(at)-173(least)-173(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shameless,)-350(as)-330(Nero)-330(or)-330(Heliogabalus;)-370(but)-330(the)-330(Byzantine)-330(Empire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can)-452(show)-453(none)-452(bearing)-452(the)-453(faintest)-452(resemblance)-452(to)-452(Antonine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-470(Marcus)-469(Aurelius,)-525(while)-469(the)-470(nearest)-469(approximation)-470(to)-469(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character)-389(at)-389(Rome)-389(was)-389(furnished)-389(by)-389(the)-389(Emperor)-389(Julian,)-423(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(contemptuously)-492(abandoned)-492(the)-492(Christian)-492(faith.)-976(At)-492(last)-492(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([014])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Mohammedan)-366(invasion)-366(terminated)-366(the)-366(long)-366(decrepitude)-366(of)-365(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Eastern)-344(Empire.)-531(Constantinople)-343(sank)-344(beneath)-344(the)-343(Crescent,)-367(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inhabitants)-342(wrangling)-342(about)-343(theological)-342(differences)-342(to)-342(the)-342(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moment)-250(of)-250(their)-250(fall.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(The)-413(Asiatic)-413(Churches)-413(had)-413(already)-413(perished.)-739(The)-412(Christian)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(faith,)-246(planted)-245(in)-244(the)-245(dissolute)-245(cities)-244(of)-245(Asia)-245(Minor,)-246(had)-244(produced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-672(fanatical)-671(ascetics)-671(and)-672(a)-671(few)-672(illustrious)-671(theologians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-603(it)-604(had)-603(no)-604(renovating)-603(effect)-604(upon)-603(the)-604(people)-603(at)-603(large.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-598(introduced)-598(among)-598(them)-598(a)-598(principle)-598(of)-598(interminable)-597(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(implacable)-155(dissension,)-174(but)-154(it)-155(scarcely)-155(tempered)-155(in)-155(any)-154(appreciable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(degree)-357(their)-357(luxury)-357(or)-356(their)-357(sensuality.)-571(The)-357(frenzy)-357(of)-356(pleasure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continued)-263(unabated,)-266(and)-263(in)-263(a)-263(great)-263(part)-263(of)-263(the)-263(Empire)-263(it)-263(seemed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indeed,)-491(only)-443(to)-443(have)-443(attained)-443(its)-443(climax)-443(after)-443(the)-443(triumph)-442(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(The)-208(condition)-207(of)-208(the)-208(Western)-207(Empire)-208(was)-208(somewhat)-207(different.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Not)-467(quite)-467(a)-467(century)-467(after)-467(the)-466(conversion)-467(of)-467(Constantine,)-521(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Imperial)-525(city)-524(was)-524(captured)-525(by)-524(Alaric,)-594(and)-524(a)-524(long)-525(series)-524(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(barbarian)-424(invasions)-425(at)-424(last)-425(dissolved)-424(the)-425(whole)-424(framework)-424(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-221(society,)-228(while)-221(the)-221(barbarians)-222(themselves,)-227(having)-221(adopted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-479(Christian)-480(faith)-479(and)-480(submitted)-479(absolutely)-480(to)-479(the)-479(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priests,)-547(the)-487(Church,)-547(which)-488(remained)-487(the)-488(guardian)-487(of)-488(all)-487(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(treasures)-354(of)-354(antiquity,)-381(was)-354(left)-354(with)-354(a)-355(virgin)-354(soil)-354(to)-354(realise)-354(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideal)-498(of)-499(human)-498(excellence.)-995(Nor)-498(did)-498(she)-499(fall)-498(short)-498(of)-498(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-404(have)-403(been)-404(expected.)-711(She)-404(exercised)-403(for)-404(many)-403(centuries)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 80 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 81 0 R /Resources 79 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 62 0 R >> endobj 82 0 obj << /D [80 0 R /XYZ 374.173 396.232 null] >> endobj 79 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 85 0 obj << /Length 4517 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(15)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(an)-494(almost)-495(absolute)-494(empire)-495(over)-494(the)-494(thoughts)-495(and)-494(actions)-494(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mankind,)-525(and)-469(created)-470(a)-470(civilisation)-469(which)-470(was)-470(permeated)-469(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-208(part)-209(with)-208(ecclesiastical)-209(influence.)-236(And)-208(the)-209(dark)-208(ages,)-217(as)-208(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-348(of)-349(Catholic)-348(ascendancy)-348(is)-348(justly)-348(called,)-373(do)-348(undoubtedly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(display)-256(many)-256(features)-256(of)-256(great)-256(and)-256(genuine)-256(excellence.)-268(In)-255(active)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(benevolence,)-214(in)-204(the)-205(spirit)-205(of)-205(reverence,)-213(in)-205(loyalty,)-214(in)-204(co-operative)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habits,)-412(they)-380(far)-380(transcend)-380(the)-379(noblest)-380(ages)-380(of)-380(Pagan)-379(antiquity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-494(in)-494(that)-495(humanity)-494(which)-494(shrinks)-494(from)-494(the)-494(infliction)-494(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering,)-496(they)-447(were)-446(superior)-447(to)-447(Roman,)-495(and)-447(in)-447(their)-446(respect)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-478(chastity,)-534(to)-477(Greek)-478(civilisation.)-933(On)-477(the)-478(other)-477(hand,)-534(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rank)-668(immeasurably)-334(below)-333(the)-334(best)-334(Pagan)-334(civilisations)-334(in)-333(civic)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([015])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-364(patriotic)-364(virtues,)-392(in)-364(the)-364(love)-364(of)-364(liberty,)-393(in)-364(the)-364(number)-363(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(splendour)-347(of)-347(the)-347(great)-347(characters)-347(they)-347(produced,)-371(in)-347(the)-346(dignity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-281(beauty)-280(of)-281(the)-281(type)-280(of)-281(character)-281(they)-280(formed.)-342(They)-281(had)-280(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(full)-245(share)-244(of)-245(tumult,)-246(anarchy,)-245(injustice,)-246(and)-245(war,)-245(and)-245(they)-244(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-406(be)-405(placed,)-445(in)-405(all)-406(intellectual)-406(virtues,)-444(lower)-406(than)-405(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-281(period)-281(in)-280(the)-281(history)-281(of)-281(mankind.)-342(A)-281(boundless)-280(intolerance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-189(all)-190(divergence)-189(of)-190(opinion)-189(was)-190(united)-189(with)-190(an)-189(equally)-189(boundless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(toleration)-260(of)-260(all)-261(falsehood)-260(and)-260(deliberate)-260(fraud)-260(that)-260(could)-260(favour)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(received)-391(opinions.)-674(Credulity)-391(being)-391(taught)-391(as)-392(a)-391(virtue,)-426(and)-391(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conclusions)-443(dictated)-442(by)-443(authority,)-490(a)-443(deadly)-442(torpor)-443(sank)-442(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-395(human)-396(mind,)-432(which)-395(for)-395(many)-396(centuries)-395(almost)-395(suspended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-344(action,)-367(and)-343(was)-344(only)-344(effectually)-343(broken)-344(by)-344(the)-343(scrutinising,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(innovating,)-414(and)-381(free-thinking)-381(habits)-381(that)-381(accompanied)-381(the)-381(rise)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-302(the)-301(industrial)-302(republics)-302(in)-302(Italy.)-405(Few)-302(men)-301(who)-302(are)-302(not)-301(either)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priests)-213(or)-214(monks)-213(would)-214(not)-213(have)-214(preferred)-213(to)-214(live)-213(in)-214(the)-213(best)-213(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-192(the)-191(Athenian)-192(or)-192(of)-191(the)-192(Roman)-192(republics,)-203(in)-192(the)-191(age)-192(of)-191(Augustus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-393(in)-394(the)-393(age)-394(of)-393(the)-393(Antonines,)-430(rather)-393(than)-393(in)-394(any)-393(period)-393(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elapsed)-334(between)-334(the)-334(triumph)-334(of)-334(Christianity)-334(and)-334(the)-334(fourteenth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(It)-300(is,)-312(indeed,)-312(difficult)-300(to)-300(conceive)-300(any)-300(clearer)-300(proof)-300(than)-299(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(furnished)-379(by)-378(the)-379(history)-378(of)-379(the)-378(twelve)-379(hundred)-378(years)-379(after)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conversion)-274(of)-273(Constantine,)-279(that)-274(while)-273(theology)-274(has)-273(undoubtedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(introduced)-177(into)-176(the)-177(world)-176(certain)-177(elements)-177(and)-176(principles)-177(of)-176(good,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 84 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 85 0 R /Resources 83 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 87 0 R >> endobj 86 0 obj << /D [84 0 R /XYZ 69.799 382.683 null] >> endobj 83 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 90 0 obj << /Length 4690 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(16History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(scarcely)-262(if)-262(at)-261(all)-262(known)-262(to)-262(antiquity,)-265(while)-261(its)-262(value)-262(as)-262(a)-261(tincture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-204(modifying)-205(influence)-204(in)-204(society)-205(can)-204(hardly)-204(be)-204(overrated,)-214(it)-204(is)-204(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-295(means)-295(for)-295(the)-295(advantage)-295(of)-295(mankind)-295(that,)-306(in)-295(the)-295(form)-295(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-389(Greek)-389(and)-389(Catholic)-388(Churches)-389(present,)-424(it)-389(should)-389(become)-388(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(controlling)-262(arbiter)-262(of)-262(civilisation.)-285(It)-262(is)-262(often)-262(said)-262(that)-262(the)-261(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-367(before)-367(Constantine)-367(was)-367(in)-367(a)-368(period)-367(of)-367(rapid)-367(decay;)-425(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(traditions)-334(and)-334(vitality)-334(of)-334(half-suppressed)-334(Paganism)-334(account)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-425(many)-426(of)-425(the)-425(aberrations)-425(of)-426(later)-425(times;)-513(that)-425(the)-425(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-412(the)-412(Church)-412(was)-411(often)-412(rather)-412(nominal)-412(and)-412(superficial)-412(than)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([016])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(supreme;)-460(and)-390(that,)-426(in)-390(judging)-390(the)-390(ignorance)-390(of)-390(the)-390(dark)-390(ages,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-396(must)-396(make)-396(large)-395(allowance)-396(for)-396(the)-396(dislocations)-396(of)-395(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-329(the)-329(barbarians.)-487(In)-329(all)-329(this)-328(there)-329(is)-329(much)-329(truth;)-369(but)-329(when)-328(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remember)-260(that)-260(in)-260(the)-260(Byzantine)-260(Empire)-260(the)-260(renovating)-260(power)-260(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theology)-331(was)-332(tried)-331(in)-331(a)-331(new)-331(capital)-332(free)-331(from)-331(Pagan)-331(traditions,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-269(for)-270(more)-269(than)-270(one)-269(thousand)-269(years)-270(unsubdued)-269(by)-269(barbarians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-453(that)-453(in)-453(the)-453(West)-453(the)-453(Church,)-504(for)-453(at)-453(least)-453(seven)-453(hundred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years)-259(after)-259(the)-259(shocks)-259(of)-259(the)-259(invasions)-258(had)-259(subsided,)-262(exercised)-258(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-205(more)-204(absolute)-205(than)-204(any)-204(other)-205(moral)-204(or)-205(intellectual)-204(agency)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-424(ever)-423(attained,)-468(it)-423(will)-424(appear,)-467(I)-424(think,)-467(that)-424(the)-423(experiment)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-396(very)-396(sufficiently)-396(tried.)-687(It)-396(is)-396(easy)-396(to)-396(make)-396(a)-396(catalogue)-395(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-454(glaring)-453(vices)-454(of)-454(antiquity,)-504(and)-454(to)-454(cont)1(rast)-454(them)-454(with)-453(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pure)-398(morality)-397(of)-398(Christian)-398(writings;)-471(but,)-435(if)-397(we)-398(desire)-398(to)-397(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-353(just)-353(estimate)-352(of)-353(the)-353(realised)-353(improvement,)-378(we)-353(must)-352(compare)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-281(classical)-281(and)-281(ecclesiastical)-281(civilisations)-281(as)-281(wholes,)-288(and)-281(must)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(observe)-448(in)-448(each)-448(case)-449(not)-448(only)-448(the)-448(vices)-448(that)-448(were)-448(repressed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-344(also)-343(the)-344(degree)-343(and)-343(variety)-344(of)-343(positive)-344(excellence)-343(attained.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-473(the)-473(first)-472(two)-473(centuries)-473(of)-472(the)-473(Christian)-473(Church)-473(the)-472(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elevation)-328(was)-328(extremely)-329(high,)-348(and)-328(was)-328(continually)-328(appealed)-328(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-395(a)-396(proof)-395(of)-396(the)-395(divinity)-396(of)-395(the)-396(creed.)-686(In)-396(the)-395(century)-395(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-254(conversion)-255(of)-254(Constantine,)-255(a)-255(marked)-254(depression)-254(was)-254(already)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(manifest.)-845(The)-448(two)-448(centuries)-449(after)-448(Constantine)-448(are)-448(uniformly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(represented)-251(by)-251(the)-251(Fathers)-251(as)-251(a)-251(period)-251(of)-251(general)-251(and)-250(scandalous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vice.)-711(The)-404(ecclesiastical)-403(civilisation)-404(that)-404(followed,)-442(though)-403(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-281(its)-281(distinctive)-280(merits,)-289(assuredly)-281(supplies)-281(no)-280(justification)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 89 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 90 0 R /Resources 88 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 87 0 R >> endobj 91 0 obj << /D [89 0 R /XYZ 374.173 409.782 null] >> endobj 88 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 94 0 obj << /Length 4522 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(17)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-373(the)-373(common)-373(boast)-372(about)-373(the)-373(regeneration)-373(of)-373(society)-373(by)-372(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church.)-300(That)-267(the)-267(civilisation)-266(of)-267(the)-267(last)-266(three)-267(centuries)-267(has)-266(risen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-395(most)-394(respects)-395(to)-394(a)-395(higher)-395(level)-394(than)-395(any)-394(that)-395(had)-394(preceded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it,)-364(I)-341(at)-342(least)-341(firmly)-341(believe;)-387(but)-342(theological)-341(ethics,)-364(though)-341(very)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(important,)-356(form)-334(but)-335(one)-334(of)-335(the)-334(many)-335(and)-334(complex)-335(elements)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-386(excellence.)-657(Mechanical)-386(inventions,)-419(the)-386(habits)-386(of)-385(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life,)-439(the)-401(discoveries)-401(of)-401(physical)-401(science,)-439(the)-401(improvements)-401(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government,)-316(the)-303(expansion)-303(of)-303(literature,)-316(the)-303(traditions)-303(of)-303(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(antiquity,)-1223(have)-540(all)-539(a)-539(distinguished)-540(place,)-611(while,)-612(the)-539(more)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([017])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(fully)-461(its)-460(history)-461(is)-461(investigated,)-513(the)-461(more)-460(clearly)-461(two)-460(capital)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(truths)-345(are)-346(disclosed.)-536(The)-345(first)-346(is)-345(that)-345(the)-346(influence)-345(of)-345(theology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(having)-355(for)-355(centuries)-355(numbed)-355(and)-355(paralysed)-355(the)-355(whole)-355(intellect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-545(Christian)-545(Europe,)-618(the)-545(revival,)-618(which)-545(forms)-545(the)-544(starting-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(point)-443(of)-443(our)-443(modern)-442(civilisation,)-491(was)-443(mainly)-443(due)-443(to)-443(the)-442(fact)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-352(two)-353(spheres)-352(of)-353(intellect)-352(still)-352(remained)-353(uncontrolled)-352(by)-352(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sceptre)-375(of)-375(Catholicism.)-626(The)-375(Pagan)-376(literature)-375(of)-375(antiquity,)-406(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(Mohammedan)-383(schools)-382(of)-383(science,)-415(were)-383(the)-382(chief)-382(agencies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-522(resuscitating)-522(the)-523(dormant)-522(energies)-522(of)-522(Christendom.)-1066(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(second)-263(fact,)-266(which)-263(I)-263(have)-263(elsewhere)-263(endeavoured)-263(to)-263(establish)-263(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(detail,)-295(is)-286(that)-286(during)-286(more)-286(than)-286(three)-286(centuries)-286(the)-286(decadence)-286(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theological)-316(influence)-315(has)-316(been)-315(one)-316(of)-315(the)-315(most)-316(invariable)-315(signs)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-394(measures)-395(of)-394(our)-395(progress.)-683(In)-395(medi)1(cine,)-431(physical)-394(science,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commercial)-279(interests,)-287(politics,)-287(and)-279(even)-280(ethics,)-287(the)-279(reformer)-279(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-319(confronted)-318(with)-319(theological)-318(affirmations)-318(which)-319(barred)-318(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(way,)-331(which)-314(were)-314(all)-315(defended)-314(as)-315(of)-314(vital)-315(importance,)-330(and)-314(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-228(in)-229(turn)-228(compelled)-229(to)-228(yield)-229(before)-228(the)-229(secularising)-228(influence)-228(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilisation.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(We)-174(have)-175(here,)-189(then,)-190(a)-174(problem)-175(of)-174(deep)-175(interest)-174(and)-174(importance,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(which)-229(I)-229(propose)-230(to)-229(investigate)-229(in)-229(the)-230(present)-229(chapter.)-243(We)-229(have)-229(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enquire)-183(why)-182(it)-183(was)-182(that)-183(a)-182(religion)-182(which)-183(was)-182(not)-183(more)-182(remarkable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-195(the)-195(beauty)-195(of)-195(its)-195(moral)-195(teaching)-195(than)-195(for)-195(the)-195(power)-195(with)-195(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-308(acted)-307(upon)-308(mankind,)-321(and)-308(which)-307(during)-308(the)-307(last)-308(few)-307(centuries)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-318(been)-319(the)-318(source)-318(of)-318(countless)-318(blessings)-319(to)-318(the)-318(world,)-335(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-181(proved)-181(itself)-182(for)-181(so)-181(long)-181(a)-181(period,)-195(and)-182(under)-181(such)-181(a)-181(variety)-181(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 93 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 94 0 R /Resources 92 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 87 0 R >> endobj 95 0 obj << /D [93 0 R /XYZ 94.964 409.782 null] >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 98 0 obj << /Length 4994 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(18History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(conditions,)-233(altogether)-228(unable)-229(to)-229(regenerate)-228(Europe.)-243(The)-228(question)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-465(not)-464(one)-465(of)-464(languid)-465(or)-465(imperfect)-464(action,)-518(but)-465(of)-464(conflicting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agencies.)-312(In)-271(the)-271(vast)-271(and)-270(complex)-271(organism)-271(of)-271(Catholicity)-270(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-266(some)-267(parts)-266(which)-266(acted)-266(with)-267(admirable)-266(force)-266(in)-266(improving)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-296(elevating)-296(mankind.)-389(There)-296(were)-297(others)-296(which)-296(had)-296(a)-296(directly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opposite)-250(effect.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-354(first)-354(aspect)-354(in)-354(which)-354(Christianity)-354(presented)-354(itself)-354(to)-354(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(world)-359(was)-360(as)-359(a)-360(declaration)-359(of)-359(the)-360(fraternity)-359(of)-359(men)-360(in)-718(Christ.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([018])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Considered)-449(as)-450(immortal)-449(beings,)-499(destined)-449(for)-450(the)-449(extremes)-449(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(happiness)-339(or)-340(of)-339(misery,)-362(and)-340(united)-339(to)-340(one)-339(another)-340(by)-339(a)-339(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(community)-280(of)-280(redemption,)-288(the)-280(first)-281(and)-280(most)-280(manifest)-280(duty)-280(of)-280(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-220(man)-220(was)-220(to)-220(look)-220(upon)-220(his)-220(fellow-men)-220(as)-220(sacred)-219(beings,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-395(from)-395(this)-395(notion)-394(grew)-395(up)-395(the)-395(eminently)-395(Christian)-395(idea)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-392(sanctity)-392(of)-392(all)-392(human)-391(life.)-676(I)-392(have)-392(already)-392(endeavoured)-391(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(show)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(and)-273(the)-273(fact)-272(is)-273(of)-273(such)-273(capital)-273(importance)-273(in)-273(meeting)-272(the)]TJ -33.939 -13.549 Td [(common)-344(objections)-345(to)-344(the)-345(reality)-344(of)-345(natural)-344(moral)-344(perceptions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-193(I)-193(venture,)-205(at)-193(the)-193(risk)-193(of)-193(tediousness,)-204(to)-193(recur)-193(to)-193(it)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 223.99 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-193(nature)]TJ -234.899 -13.549 Td [(does)-246(not)-245(tell)-246(man)-245(that)-246(it)-245(is)-246(wrong)-245(to)-246(slay)-245(without)-246(provocation)-245(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fellow-men.)-239(Not)-218(to)-218(dwell)-218(upon)-218(those)-218(early)-218(stages)-218(of)-218(barbarism)-217(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-220(the)-220(higher)-220(faculties)-220(of)-220(human)-220(nature)-220(are)-220(still)-219(undeveloped,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-389(almost)-388(in)-389(the)-388(condition)-389(of)-389(embryo,)-423(it)-389(is)-388(an)-389(historical)-388(fact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beyond)-336(all)-335(dispute,)-357(that)-335(refined,)-357(and)-336(even)-335(moral)-336(societies)-335(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existed,)-342(in)-324(which)-324(the)-324(slaughter)-323(of)-324(men)-324(of)-324(some)-324(particular)-323(class)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-267(nation)-268(has)-267(been)-267(regarded)-268(with)-267(no)-267(more)-268(compunction)-267(than)-267(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(slaughter)-405(of)-405(animals)-404(in)-405(the)-405(chase.)-715(The)-404(early)-405(Greeks,)-444(in)-404(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dealings)-273(with)-273(the)-274(barbarians;)-285(the)-273(Romans,)-279(in)-273(their)-273(dealings)-273(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gladiators,)-288(and)-281(in)-281(some)-280(periods)-281(of)-281(their)-280(history,)-289(with)-280(slaves;)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Spaniards,)-469(in)-425(their)-425(dealings)-425(with)-425(Indians;)-512(nearly)-425(all)-425(colonists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(removed)-362(from)-362(European)-361(supervision,)-390(in)-362(their)-362(dealings)-362(with)-361(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inferior)-268(race;)-277(an)-269(immense)-268(proportion)-268(of)-268(the)-268(nations)-268(of)-268(antiquity,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-395(their)-396(dealings)-395(with)-395(new-born)-395(infants,)-432(display)-395(this)-395(complete)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-281(absolute)-280(callousness,)-288(and)-281(we)-281(may)-280(discover)-281(traces)-280(of)-281(it)-280(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-409(our)-409(own)-409(islands)-409(and)-409(within)-409(the)-409(last)-409(three)-409(hundred)-409(years.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(14)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 69.951 Td [(14)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-322(the)-323(masterly)-322(description)-322(of)-322(the)-323(relations)-322(of)-322(the)-323(E)1(nglish)-323(to)-322(the)-322(Irish)-323(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 97 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 98 0 R /Resources 96 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 87 0 R >> endobj 99 0 obj << /D [97 0 R /XYZ 340.853 423.331 null] >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Length 5137 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(19)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(And)-427(difficult)-426(as)-426(it)-427(may)-426(be)-427(to)-426(realise)-427(it)-426(in)-427(our)-426(day,)-471(when)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atrocity)-284(of)-284(all)-284(wanton)-284(slaughter)-284(of)-284(men)-284(has)-284(become)-284(an)-284(essential)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-425(of)-425(our)-425(moral)-424(feelings,)-469(it)-425(is)-425(nevertheless)-425(an)-424(incontestable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fact)-679(that)-339(this)-339(callousness)-340(has)-339(been)-339(continually)-340(shown)-339(by)-339(good)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([019])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(men,)-448(by)-409(men)-409(who)-408(in)-409(all)-408(other)-409(respects)-409(would)-408(be)-409(regarded)-408(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-357(age)-358(as)-357(conspicuous)-357(for)-358(their)-357(humanity.)-572(In)-357(the)-358(days)-357(of)-357(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tudors,)-356(the)-334(best)-335(Englishmen)-334(delighted)-335(in)-334(what)-335(we)-334(should)-334(now)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deem)-280(the)-281(most)-280(barbarous)-280(sports,)-288(and)-280(it)-281(is)-280(absolutely)-280(certain)-280(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-304(antiquity)-304(men)-304(of)-305(genuine)-304(humanity)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 167.495 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(tender)-304(relations,)-318(loving)]TJ -178.404 -13.55 Td [(friends,)-357(charitable)-335(neighbours)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 132.065 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(men)-335(in)-336(whose)-335(eyes)-335(the)-335(murder)]TJ -142.974 -13.549 Td [(of)-345(a)-346(fellow-citizen)-345(would)-345(have)-346(appeared)-345(as)-345(atrocious)-346(as)-345(in)-345(our)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own,)-351(attended,)-350(instituted,)-351(and)-331(applauded)-330(gladiatorial)-331(games,)-350(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(counselled)-397(without)-397(a)-396(scruple)-397(the)-397(exposition)-397(of)-396(infants.)-691(But)-396(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is,)-386(as)-359(I)-359(conceive,)-386(a)-359(complete)-359(confusion)-359(of)-359(thought)-359(to)-359(imagine,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-320(is)-319(so)-320(commonly)-319(done,)-337(that)-320(any)-319(accumulation)-320(of)-319(facts)-320(of)-319(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature)-234(throws)-234(the)-234(smallest)-233(doubt)-234(upon)-234(the)-234(reality)-234(of)-234(innate)-233(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perceptions.)-233(All)-200(that)-200(the)-200(intuitive)-199(moralist)-200(asserts)-200(is)-200(that)-200(we)-199(know)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-178(nature)-179(that)-178(there)-178(is)-179(a)-178(distinction)-178(between)-179(humanity)-178(and)-178(cruelty;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-207(the)-207(first)-207(belongs)-208(to)-207(the)-207(higher)-207(or)-207(better)-207(part)-207(of)-208(our)-207(nature,)-215(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-221(it)-220(is)-221(our)-221(duty)-221(to)-220(cultivate)-221(it.)-240(The)-221(standard)-221(of)-220(the)-221(age,)-227(which)-220(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(itself)-261(determined)-260(by)-261(the)-261(general)-261(condition)-260(of)-261(society,)-263(constitutes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(natural)-295(line)-295(of)-294(duty;)-318(for)-294(he)-295(who)-295(falls)-295(below)-295(it)-295(contributes)-294(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depress)-369(it.)-605(Now,)-398(there)-369(is)-368(no)-369(fact)-368(more)-369(absolut)1(ely)-369(certain)-368(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-283(nations)-284(and)-283(ages)-284(which)-283(have)-283(differed)-284(most)-283(widely)-284(as)-283(to)-283(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(standard)-304(have)-303(been)-304(perfectly)-303(unanimous)-303(as)-304(to)-303(the)-304(excellence)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humanity.)-301(Plato,)-271(who)-268(recommended)-267(infanticide;)-275(Cato,)-271(who)-267(sold)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-341(aged)-341(slaves;)-387(Pliny,)-363(who)-341(applauded)-341(the)-341(games)-341(of)-341(the)-341(arena;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(old)-308(generals,)-322(who)-308(made)-307(their)-308(prisoners)-308(slaves)-308(or)-307(gladiators,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-240(well)-241(as)-240(the)-240(modern)-241(generals,)-242(who)-240(refuse)-241(to)-240(impose)-240(upon)-240(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-290(degrading)-291(labour;)-311(the)-290(old)-291(legislators,)-300(who)-291(filled)-290(their)-290(codes)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-205(sentences)-206(of)-205(torture,)-215(mutilation,)-214(and)-205(hideous)-206(forms)-205(of)-205(death,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 96.973 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 88.06 Td [(the)-317(reign)-318(of)-317(Queen)-317(Elizabeth,)-335(in)-317(Froude's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 153.91 0 Td [(History)-317(of)-318(England)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.953 0 Td [(,)-334(ch.)-452(xxiv.;)-351(and)]TJ -223.863 -10.959 Td [(also)-237(Lord)-237(Macaulay's)-238(description)-237(of)-237(the)-237(feelings)-237(of)-237(the)-238(Master)-237(of)-237(Stair)-237(towards)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(Highlanders.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 64.496 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(England)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.745 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(xviii.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 101 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 102 0 R /Resources 100 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 87 0 R >> endobj 103 0 obj << /D [101 0 R /XYZ 66.826 477.528 null] >> endobj 100 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 106 0 obj << /Length 5173 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(20History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-242(well)-242(as)-242(the)-242(modern)-242(legislators,)-244(who)-242(are)-242(continually)-242(seeking)-242(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abridge)-225(the)-224(punishment)-225(of)-225(the)-224(most)-225(guilty;)-233(the)-225(old)-224(disciplinarian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-346(governed)-346(by)-346(force,)-370(as)-346(well)-346(as)-346(the)-346(modern)-346(instructor,)-369(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governs)-353(by)-353(sympathy;)-405(the)-353(Spanish)-353(girl,)-378(whose)-353(dark)-353(eye)-353(glows)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-182(rapture)-365(as)-183(she)-182(watches)-182(the)-183(frantic)-182(bull,)-196(while)-183(the)-182(fire)-182(streams)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([020])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(from)-348(the)-348(explosive)-349(dart)-348(that)-348(quivers)-348(in)-348(its)-349(neck;)-397(as)-348(well)-348(as)-348(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reformers)-311(we)-311(sometimes)-311(meet,)-326(who)-311(are)-311(scandalised)-311(by)-311(all)-310(field)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sports,)-247(or)-246(by)-246(the)-246(sacrifice)-246(of)-246(animal)-247(life)-246(for)-246(food;)-247(or)-246(who)-246(will)-246(eat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-355(the)-354(larger)-354(animals,)-381(in)-355(order)-354(to)-355(reduce)-354(the)-354(sacrifice)-355(of)-354(life)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-353(a)-352(minimum;)-404(or)-353(who)-353(are)-352(continually)-353(inventing)-353(new)-352(methods)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-362(quickening)-362(animal)-361(death)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 122.732 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(all)-362(these)-362(persons,)-389(widely)-362(as)-362(they)]TJ -133.641 -13.549 Td [(differ)-190(in)-190(their)-191(acts)-190(and)-190(in)-190(their)-190(judgments)-191(of)-190(what)-190(things)-190(should)-190(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(called)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 29.293 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(brutal,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 28.178 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.085 0 Td [(and)-297(of)-297(what)-297(things)-298(should)-297(be)-297(called)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 160.856 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(fantastic,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 39.687 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(agree)-427(in)-426(believing)-427(humanity)-427(to)-427(be)-426(better)-427(than)-427(cruelty,)-471(and)-426(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(attaching)-451(a)-452(definite)-451(condemnation)-451(to)-451(acts)-452(that)-451(fall)-451(below)-451(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(standard)-286(of)-285(their)-286(country)-285(and)-286(their)-285(time.)-357(Now,)-294(it)-286(was)-285(one)-286(of)-285(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-281(important)-281(services)-281(of)-281(Christianity,)-289(that)-281(besides)-281(quickening)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greatly)-318(our)-319(benevolent)-318(affections)-318(it)-319(definitely)-318(and)-318(dogmatically)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(asserted)-208(the)-207(sinfulness)-208(of)-208(all)-207(destruction)-208(of)-208(human)-207(life)-208(as)-208(a)-207(matter)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-301(amusement,)-313(or)-300(of)-301(simple)-301(convenience,)-313(and)-300(thereby)-301(formed)-300(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-250(standard)-250(higher)-250(than)-250(any)-250(which)-250(then)-250(existed)-250(in)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(The)-373(influence)-372(of)-373(Christianity)-372(in)-373(this)-373(respect)-372(began)-373(with)-372(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(very)-498(earliest)-498(stage)-499(of)-498(human)-498(life.)-995(The)-498(practice)-498(of)-498(abortion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-395(one)-395(to)-395(which)-396(few)-395(persons)-395(in)-395(antiquity)-395(attached)-395(any)-395(deep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feeling)-423(of)-422(condemnation.)-768(I)-422(have)-422(noticed)-423(in)-422(a)-423(former)-422(chapter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-400(the)-401(physiological)-400(theory)-401(that)-400(the)-401(f)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 175.895 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(tus)-400(did)-401(not)-400(become)-401(a)]TJ -183.771 -13.549 Td [(living)-320(creature)-319(till)-320(the)-320(hour)-319(of)-320(birth,)-337(had)-320(some)-319(influence)-320(on)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(judgments)-248(passed)-247(upon)-248(this)-247(practice;)-248(and)-248(even)-247(where)-248(this)-247(theory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-325(not)-325(generally)-324(held,)-344(it)-325(is)-324(easy)-325(to)-325(account)-325(for)-325(the)-324(prevalence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-352(the)-352(act.)-555(The)-352(death)-351(of)-352(an)-352(unborn)-351(child)-352(does)-352(not)-352(appeal)-351(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powerfully)-313(to)-313(the)-313(feeling)-313(of)-312(compassion,)-329(and)-313(men)-313(who)-313(had)-312(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(yet)-290(attained)-290(any)-290(strong)-290(sense)-290(of)-290(the)-290(sanctity)-290(of)-290(human)-290(life,)-300(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(believed)-285(that)-284(they)-285(might)-284(regulate)-285(their)-285(conduct)-284(on)-285(these)-284(matters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-479(utilitarian)-479(views,)-536(according)-479(to)-479(the)-479(general)-479(interest)-479(of)-478(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 105 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 106 0 R /Resources 104 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 87 0 R >> endobj 107 0 obj << /D [105 0 R /XYZ 147.814 463.978 null] >> endobj 104 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 111 0 obj << /Length 6383 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(21)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(community,)-339(might)-322(very)-321(readily)-321(conclude)-321(that)-322(the)-321(prevention)-321(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(birth)-212(was)-212(in)-211(many)-212(cases)-212(an)-212(act)-212(of)-211(mercy.)-238(In)-211(Greece,)-220(Aristotle)-212(not)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([021])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(only)-208(countenanced)-208(the)-209(practice,)-216(but)-208(even)-209(desired)-208(that)-208(it)-208(should)-208(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enforced)-219(by)-219(law,)-226(when)-219(population)-219(had)-219(exceeded)-219(certain)-219(assigned)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(limits.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 27.589 3.959 Td [(15)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.48 -3.959 Td [(No)-259(law)-258(in)-259(Greece,)-261(or)-259(in)-258(the)-259(Roman)-259(Republic,)-260(or)-259(during)]TJ -39.069 -13.549 Td [(the)-192(greater)-191(part)-192(of)-192(the)-192(Empire,)-203(condemned)-192(it;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 191.996 3.959 Td [(16)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.771 -3.959 Td [(and)-192(if,)-203(as)-192(has)-191(been)]TJ -202.767 -13.549 Td [(thought,)-339(some)-322(measure)-322(was)-321(adopted)-322(condemnatory)-321(of)-322(it)-321(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-479(close)-479(of)-479(the)-479(Pagan)-479(Empire,)-536(that)-479(measure)-479(was)-479(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inoperative.)-414(A)-305(long)-305(chain)-305(of)-305(writers,)-318(both)-305(Pagan)-305(and)-304(Christian,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(represent)-415(the)-415(practice)-414(as)-415(avowed)-415(and)-414(almost)-415(universal.)-744(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(describe)-323(it)-322(as)-322(resulting,)-341(not)-323(simply)-322(from)-323(licentiousness)-322(or)-322(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poverty,)-254(but)-252(even)-253(from)-253(so)-253(slight)-253(a)-252(motive)-253(as)-253(vanity,)-254(which)-252(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mothers)-247(shrink)-247(from)-247(the)-247(disfigurement)-247(of)-247(childbirth.)-249(They)-246(speak)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-373(a)-373(mother)-373(who)-373(had)-373(never)-373(destroyed)-373(her)-373(unborn)-373(offspring)-373(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(deserving)-270(of)-270(signal)-269(praise,)-275(and)-270(they)-269(assure)-270(us)-270(that)-270(the)-269(frequency)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-346(the)-345(crime)-346(was)-345(such)-346(that)-345(it)-346(gave)-345(rise)-346(to)-345(a)-346(regular)-345(profession.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(At)-367(the)-366(same)-367(time,)-396(while)-367(Ovid,)-396(Seneca,)-395(Favorinus)-367(the)-367(Stoic)-366(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Arles,)-234(Plutarch,)-234(and)-230(Juvenal,)-235(all)-230(speak)-230(of)-230(abortion)-230(as)-230(general)-230(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(notorious,)-377(they)-352(all)-352(speak)-351(of)-352(it)-352(as)-351(unquestionably)-352(criminal.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 259.441 3.958 Td [(17)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.524 -3.958 Td [(It)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 263.47 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 256.574 Td [(15)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-443(on)-442(the)-443(views)-443(of)-443(Aristotle,)-491(Labourt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 154.163 0 Td [(Recherches)-443(historiques)-442(sur)-443(les)]TJ -166.119 -10.959 Td [(Enfanstrouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.548 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-250(1848\051,)-250(p.)-250(9.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -50.31 -7.311 Td [(16)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Gravina,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 48.553 0 Td [(De)-250(Ortu)-250(et)-250(Progressu)-250(Juris)-250(Civilis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 123.287 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(i.)-250(44.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -180.558 -7.31 Td [(17)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nunc)-250(uterum)-250(vitiat)-250(qu\346)-250(vult)-250(formosa)-250(videci,)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(Raraque)-250(in)-250(hoc)-250(\346vo)-250(est,)-250(qu\346)-250(velit)-250(esse)-250(parens.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 166.353 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -154.398 -10.959 Td [(Ovid,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.416 0 Td [(De)-250(Nuce)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.122 0 Td [(,)-250(22-23.)]TJ -53.538 -10.959 Td [(The)-304(same)-303(writer)-304(has)-303(devoted)-304(one)-303(of)-304(his)-304(elegies)-303(\050ii.)-411(14\051)-303(to)-304(reproaching)-304(his)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(mistress)-222(Corinna)-223(with)-222(having)-223(been)-223(guilty)-222(of)-223(this)-222(act.)-241(It)-222(was)-223(not)-222(without)-223(danger,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(Ovid)-250(says,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.955 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(S\346pe)-250(suos)-250(utero)-250(qu\346)-250(necit)-250(ipsa)-250(perit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 132.747 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -136.728 -10.959 Td [(A)-300(niece)-301(of)-300(Domitian)-301(is)-300(said)-301(to)-300(have)-301(died)-300(in)-301(consequence)-300(of)-301(having,)-313(at)-301(the)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(command)-277(of)-277(the)-277(emperor,)-284(practised)-277(it)-277(\050Sueton.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 171.328 0 Td [(Domit.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 27.142 0 Td [(xxii.\051.)-331(Plutarch)-277(notices)]TJ -198.47 -10.958 Td [(the)-272(custom)-272(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.725 0 Td [(De)-272(Sanitate)-272(tuenda)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.131 0 Td [(\051,)-278(and)-272(Seneca)-272(eulogises)-272(Helvia)-272(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 116.077 0 Td [(Ad)-272(Helv.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.01 0 Td [(xvi.\051)]TJ -263.943 -10.959 Td [(for)-202(being)-202(exempt)-202(from)-202(vanity)-202(and)-201(having)-202(never)-202(destroyed)-202(her)-202(unborn)-202(offspring.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Favorinus,)-329(in)-313(a)-313(remarkable)-314(passage)-313(\050Aulus)-313(Gellius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 189.776 0 Td [(Noct.)-440(Att.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.635 0 Td [(xii.)-440(1\051,)-329(speaks)]TJ -228.411 -10.959 Td [(of)-232(the)-232(act)-232(as)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 44.673 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(publica)-232(detestatione)-232(communique)-232(odio)-232(dignum,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 169.961 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.063 0 Td [(and)-232(proceeds)-232(to)]TJ -224.678 -10.959 Td [(argue)-253(that)-254(it)-253(is)-254(only)-253(a)-254(degree)-253(less)-254(criminal)-253(for)-254(mothers)-253(to)-254(put)-253(out)-254(their)-253(children)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-250(nurse.)-250(Juvenal)-250(has)-250(some)-250(well-known)-250(and)-250(emphatic)-250(lines)-250(on)-250(the)-250(subject:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 264.974 0 Td [(\024)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 110 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 111 0 R /Resources 109 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 113 0 R >> endobj 112 0 obj << /D [110 0 R /XYZ 327.401 504.626 null] >> endobj 109 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Length 5035 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(22History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-284(probably)-285(regarded)-284(by)-284(the)-284(average)-284(Romans)-285(of)-284(the)-284(later)-284(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-328(Paganism)-329(much)-328(as)-657(Englishmen)-328(in)-328(the)-329(last)-328(century)-328(regarded)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([022])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(convivial)-271(excesses,)-277(as)-271(certainly)-272(wrong,)-276(but)-272(so)-271(venial)-271(as)-271(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(deserve)-250(censure.)]TJ 11.956 -18.804 Td [(The)-317(language)-317(of)-317(the)-318(Christians)-317(from)-317(the)-317(very)-317(beginning)-317(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(widely)-442(different.)-826(With)-442(unwavering)-442(consistency)-442(and)-442(with)-442(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(strongest)-323(emphasis,)-340(they)-323(denounced)-322(the)-323(practice,)-340(not)-323(simply)-322(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inhuman,)-339(but)-320(as)-321(definitely)-321(murder.)-463(In)-321(the)-321(penitential)-320(discipline)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-459(the)-460(Church,)-512(abortion)-459(was)-459(placed)-460(in)-459(the)-460(same)-459(category)-459(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infanticide,)-221(and)-214(the)-214(stern)-214(sentence)-213(to)-214(which)-214(the)-214(guilty)-214(person)-213(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subject)-304(imprinted)-305(on)-304(the)-305(minds)-304(of)-305(Christians,)-318(more)-304(deeply)-304(than)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(any)-274(mere)-273(exhortations,)-280(a)-273(sense)-274(of)-273(the)-274(enormity)-274(of)-273(the)-274(crime.)-320(By)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-284(Council)-284(of)-284(Ancyra)-284(the)-284(guilty)-284(mother)-284(was)-284(excluded)-284(from)-283(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sacrament)-362(till)-361(the)-362(very)-361(hour)-362(of)-361(death;)-418(and)-361(though)-362(this)-361(penalty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-420(soon)-421(reduced,)-462(first)-421(to)-420(ten)-420(and)-421(afterwards)-420(to)-420(seven)-420(years')]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(penitence,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 44.531 3.959 Td [(18)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.191 -3.959 Td [(the)-323(offence)-323(still)-323(ranked)-323(amongst)-323(the)-323(gravest)-323(in)-323(the)]TJ -56.722 -13.549 Td [(legislation)-488(of)-488(the)-488(Church.)-964(In)-488(one)-488(very)-488(remarkable)-488(way)-488(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reforms)-272(of)-271(Christianity)-272(in)-271(this)-272(sphere)-271(were)-272(powerfully)-271(sustained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-324(a)-323(doctrine)-324(which)-324(is)-323(perhaps)-324(the)-324(most)-323(revolting)-324(in)-324(the)-323(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theology)-278(of)-277(the)-278(Fathers.)-333(To)-278(the)-277(Pagans,)-285(even)-278(when)-277(condemning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abortion)-389(and)-389(infanticide,)-424(these)-389(crimes)-389(appeared)-389(comparatively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(trivial,)-356(because)-335(the)-335(victims)-335(seemed)-335(very)-335(insignificant)-335(and)-334(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sufferings)-302(very)-301(slight.)-406(The)-301(death)-302(of)-302(an)-302(adult)-301(man)-302(who)-302(is)-301(struck)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-271(in)-270(the)-271(midst)-271(of)-270(his)-271(enterprise)-271(and)-271(his)-270(hopes,)-276(who)-271(is)-270(united)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 184.743 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F35 8.9664 Tf 105.499 175.892 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Sed)-250(jacet)-250(aurato)-250(vix)-250(ulla)-250(puerpera)-250(lecto;)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(Tantum)-250(artes)-250(hujus,)-250(tantum)-250(medicamina)-250(possunt,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Qu\346)-250(steriles)-250(facit,)-250(atque)-250(homines)-250(in)-250(ventre)-250(necandos)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Conducit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 35.122 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -23.166 -10.959 Td [(Sat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.942 0 Td [(vi.)-250(592-595.)]TJ -15.942 -10.959 Td [(There)-265(are)-266(also)-265(many)-266(allusions)-265(to)-266(it)-265(in)-266(the)-265(Christian)-266(writers.)-296(Thus)-266(Minucius)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Felix)-286(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.985 0 Td [(Octavius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.876 0 Td [(,)-295(xxx.\051:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 28.943 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Vos)-286(enim)-286(video)-286(procreatos)-286(filios)-286(nunc)-286(feris)-286(et)-286(avibus)]TJ -88.786 -10.959 Td [(exponere,)-497(nunc)-447(adstrangulatos)-447(misero)-447(mortis)-448(genere)-447(elidere.)-842(Sunt)-447(qu\346)-447(in)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(ipsis)-268(visceribus,)-273(medicaminibus)-268(epotis,)-273(originem)-268(futuri)-268(hominis)-268(extinguant,)-273(et)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(parricidium)-250(faciant)-250(antequam)-250(pariant.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 134.962 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -131.724 -7.311 Td [(18)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Labourt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 48.059 0 Td [(Recherches)-250(sur)-250(les)-250(Enfans)-250(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 123.019 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(25.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 115 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 116 0 R /Resources 114 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 113 0 R >> endobj 117 0 obj << /D [115 0 R /XYZ 192.711 504.626 null] >> endobj 114 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 120 0 obj << /Length 6179 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(23)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(by)-209(ties)-209(of)-210(love)-209(or)-209(friendship)-209(to)-209(multitudes)-210(around)-209(him,)-217(and)-209(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(departure)-456(causes)-457(a)-456(perturbation)-456(and)-457(a)-456(pang)-456(to)-457(the)-456(society)-456(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-346(he)-691(has)-346(moved,)-369(excites)-346(feelings)-346(very)-345(different)-346(from)-345(any)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([023])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(produced)-241(by)-242(the)-241(painless)-241(extinction)-242(of)-241(a)-241(new-born)-241(infant,)-243(which,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(having)-324(scarcely)-324(touched)-324(the)-324(earth,)-342(has)-324(known)-324(none)-324(of)-324(its)-324(cares)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-332(very)-331(little)-332(of)-331(its)-332(love.)-494(But)-332(to)-331(the)-332(theologian)-331(this)-332(infant)-331(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possessed)-327(a)-328(fearful)-327(significance.)-482(The)-328(moment,)-346(they)-328(taught,)-346(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(f)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.877 0 Td [(tus)-341(in)-340(the)-341(womb)-341(acquired)-340(animation,)-363(it)-341(became)-341(an)-340(immortal)]TJ -11.51 -13.549 Td [(being,)-440(destined,)-439(even)-402(if)-402(it)-402(died)-402(unborn,)-439(to)-402(be)-402(raised)-402(again)-401(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-305(last)-305(day,)-318(responsible)-305(for)-305(the)-305(sin)-305(of)-305(Adam,)-318(and)-305(doomed,)-319(if)-304(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perished)-317(without)-317(baptism,)-333(to)-317(be)-317(excluded)-317(for)-317(ever)-317(from)-316(heaven)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-304(to)-304(be)-303(cast,)-318(as)-303(the)-304(Greeks)-304(taught,)-317(into)-304(a)-304(painless)-304(and)-303(joyless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(limbo,)-495(or,)-495(as)-446(the)-446(Latins)-446(taught,)-495(into)-446(the)-446(abyss)-446(of)-446(hell.)-838(It)-446(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably,)-297(in)-288(a)-288(considerable)-287(degree,)-298(to)-287(this)-288(doctrine)-288(that)-288(we)-287(owe)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-241(the)-242(first)-241(instance)-241(the)-241(healthy)-242(sense)-241(of)-241(the)-242(value)-241(and)-241(sanctity)-241(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infant)-299(life)-299(which)-299(so)-299(broadly)-299(distinguishes)-299(Christian)-299(from)-299(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(societies,)-258(and)-257(which)-256(is)-257(now)-256(so)-257(thoroughly)-256(incorporated)-257(with)-256(our)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-206(feelings)-206(as)-206(to)-207(be)-206(independent)-206(of)-206(all)-206(doctrinal)-206(changes.)-235(That)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-223(appealed)-223(so)-223(powerfully)-223(to)-223(the)-223(compassion)-223(of)-223(the)-223(early)-222(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(medi\346val)-394(Christians,)-430(in)-394(the)-393(fate)-394(of)-394(the)-394(murdered)-394(infants,)-429(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-268(that)-269(they)-268(died,)-273(but)-268(that)-269(they)-268(commonly)-269(died)-268(unbaptised;)-277(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-202(criminality)-202(of)-203(abortion)-202(was)-202(immeasurably)-202(aggravated)-202(when)-202(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-196(believed)-197(to)-196(involve,)-207(not)-197(only)-196(the)-197(extinction)-196(of)-197(a)-196(transient)-196(life,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-204(also)-204(the)-204(damnation)-204(of)-204(an)-204(immortal)-204(soul.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.782 3.959 Td [(19)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.028 -3.959 Td [(In)-204(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 26.868 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Lives)-204(of)-204(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 197.311 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 190.499 Td [(19)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Among)-516(the)-516(barbarian)-516(laws)-516(there)-516(is)-516(a)-516(very)-516(curious)-516(one)-517(about)-516(a)-516(daily)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(compensation)-254(for)-254(children)-254(who)-254(had)-254(been)-255(killed)-254(in)-254(the)-254(womb)-254(on)-254(account)-254(of)-254(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(daily)-369(suffering)-368(of)-368(those)-369(children)-368(in)-369(hell.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 153.999 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Propterea)-368(diuturnam)-369(judicaverunt)]TJ -157.98 -10.959 Td [(antecessores)-313(nostri)-312(compositionem)-313(et)-312(judices)-313(postquam)-312(religio)-313(Christianitatis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(inolevit)-336(in)-335(mundo.)-507(Quia)-335(diuturnam)-336(postquam)-335(incarnationem)-336(suscepit)-335(anima,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(quamvis)-396(ad)-395(nativitatis)-396(lucem)-395(minima)-396(pervenisset,)-432(patitur)-396(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 219.17 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(nam,)-432(quia)-396(sine)]TJ -225.643 -10.958 Td [(sacramento)-579(regenerationis)-579(abortivo)-579(modo)-580(tradita)-579(est)-579(ad)-579(inferos.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 246.764 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Leges)]TJ -259.712 -10.959 Td [(Bajuvariorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.311 0 Td [(,)-477(tit.)-795(vii.)-795(cap.)-795(xx.)-796(in)-431(Canciani,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 131.603 0 Td [(Leges)-432(Barbar.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.805 0 Td [(vol.)-795(ii.)-795(p.)]TJ -238.719 -10.959 Td [(374.)-475(The)-326(first)-325(foundling)-325(hospital)-325(of)-325(which)-325(we)-325(have)-326(undoubted)-325(record)-325(is)-325(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(founded)-316(at)-316(Milan,)-333(by)-316(a)-316(man)-316(named)-316(Datheus,)-332(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 176.21 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.45 0 Td [(789.)-448(Muratori)-316(has)]TJ -214.26 -10.959 Td [(preserved)-402(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.439 0 Td [(Antich.)-705(Ital.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.27 0 Td [(Diss.)-705(xxxvii.\051)-705(the)-401(charter)-402(embodying)-401(the)-402(motives)]TJ -91.709 -10.959 Td [(of)-307(the)-307(founder,)-320(in)-307(which)-307(the)-307(following)-306(sentences)-307(occur:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 205.425 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quia)-307(frequenter)-306(per)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 119 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 120 0 R /Resources 118 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 113 0 R >> endobj 121 0 obj << /D [119 0 R /XYZ 91.273 491.077 null] >> endobj 118 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 125 0 obj << /Length 7046 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(24History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Saints)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 26.673 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.346 0 Td [(there)-229(is)-230(a)-229(curious)-229(legend)-230(of)-229(a)-229(man)-230(who,)-233(being)-230(desirous)-229(of)]TJ -34.019 -13.549 Td [(ascertaining)-388(the)-194(condition)-194(of)-195(a)-194(child)-194(before)-194(birth,)-205(slew)-194(a)-194(pregnant)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([024])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(woman,)-248(committing)-247(thereby)-248(a)-247(double)-247(murder,)-248(that)-248(of)-247(the)-247(mother)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-324(of)-324(the)-324(child)-323(in)-324(her)-324(womb.)-472(Stung)-323(by)-324(remorse,)-343(the)-323(murderer)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fled)-225(to)-224(the)-225(desert,)-230(and)-225(passed)-224(the)-225(remainder)-225(of)-224(his)-225(life)-225(in)-224(constant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(penance)-284(and)-283(prayer.)-351(At)-284(last,)-292(after)-284(many)-283(years,)-292(the)-284(voice)-284(of)-283(God)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(told)-372(him)-372(that)-371(he)-372(had)-372(been)-372(forgiven)-371(the)-372(murder)-372(of)-372(the)-371(woman.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-360(yet)-359(his)-360(end)-359(was)-360(a)-360(clouded)-359(one.)-579(He)-360(never)-359(could)-360(obtain)-359(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assurance)-250(that)-250(he)-250(had)-250(been)-250(forgiven)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of)-250(the)-250(child.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.571 3.958 Td [(20)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -241.615 -17.508 Td [(If)-213(we)-212(pass)-213(to)-213(the)-212(next)-213(stage)-213(of)-213(human)-212(life,)-220(that)-213(of)-213(the)-212(new-born)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(infant,)-185(we)-169(find)-168(ourselves)-169(in)-169(presence)-169(of)-168(that)-169(practice)-169(of)-168(infanticide)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-331(was)-331(one)-331(of)-332(the)-331(deepest)-331(stains)-331(of)-331(the)-331(ancient)-331(civilisation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-231(natural)-231(history)-230(of)-231(this)-231(crime)-231(is)-231(somewhat)-231(peculiar.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 236.777 3.959 Td [(21)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.126 -3.959 Td [(Among)]TJ -247.903 -13.549 Td [(savages,)-228(whose)-221(feelings)-222(of)-222(compassion)-222(are)-222(very)-222(faint,)-228(and)-221(whose)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(warlike)-205(and)-204(nomadic)-409(habits)-204(are)-205(eminently)-204(unfavourable)-205(to)-204(infant)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([025])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(life,)-313(it)-301(is,)-313(as)-300(might)-301(be)-301(expected,)-313(the)-300(usual)-301(custom)-300(for)-301(the)-300(parent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-304(decide)-304(whether)-304(he)-303(desires)-304(to)-304(preserve)-304(the)-304(child)-304(he)-304(has)-303(called)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 292.829 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 284.005 Td [(are)-362(also)-362(many)-362(details)-362(on)-362(the)-362(subject)-362(in)-362(Godefroy's)-362(Commentary)-362(to)-362(the)-362(laws)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(about)-187(children)-187(in)-186(the)-187(Theodosian)-187(Code,)-199(in)-187(Malthus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 182.477 0 Td [(On)-187(Population)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.486 0 Td [(,)-199(in)-187(Edward's)]TJ -234.963 -10.959 Td [(tract)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.207 0 Td [(On)-253(the)-254(State)-253(of)-254(Slavery)-254(in)-253(the)-254(Early)-253(and)-254(Middle)-253(Ages)-254(of)-253(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 244.953 0 Td [(,)-254(and)]TJ -263.16 -10.959 Td [(in)-250(most)-250(ecclesiastical)-250(histories.)]TJ 0 -9.322 Td [(luxuriam)-211(hominum)-210(genus)-211(decipitur,)-218(et)-211(exinde)-210(malum)-211(homicidii)-211(generatur,)-218(dum)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(concipientes)-415(ex)-415(adulterio,)-457(ne)-415(prodantur)-415(in)-416(publico,)-456(fetos)-415(teneros)-416(necant,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 274.156 0 Td [(et)]TJ -274.156 -10.959 Td [(absque)-214(baptismatis)-215(lavacro)-214(parvulos)-214(ad)-215(Tartara)-214(mittunt)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 199.34 0 Td [(,)-221(quia)-215(nullum)-214(reperiunt)]TJ -199.34 -10.959 Td [(locum,)-239(quo)-235(servare)-236(vivos)-236(valeant,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 120.041 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.095 0 Td [(&c.)-245(Henry)-236(II.)-236(of)-236(France,)-238(1556,)-239(made)-236(a)-235(long)]TJ -126.136 -10.959 Td [(law)-269(against)-269(women)-269(who,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 92.114 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(advenant)-269(le)-269(temps)-269(de)-268(leur)-269(part)-269(et)-269(d\351livrance)-269(de)-269(leur)]TJ -96.095 -10.959 Td [(enfant,)-277(occultement)-272(s'en)-272(d\351livrent,)-277(puis)-271(le)-272(suffoquent)-272(et)-271(autrement)-272(suppriment)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.958 Td [(sans)-484(leur)-484(avoir)-484(fait)-484(empartir)-484(le)-484(Saint)-484(Sacrement)-484(du)-484(Bapt\352me)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 234.812 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Labourt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -250.001 -10.959 Td [(Recherches)-356(sur)-357(les)-356(Enfans)-357(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 126.835 0 Td [(,)-383(p.)-569(47.)-570(There)-356(is)-356(a)-357(story)-356(told)-357(of)-356(a)-356(Queen)]TJ -126.835 -10.959 Td [(of)-417(Portugal)-418(\050sister)-417(to)-418(Henry)-417(V.)-417(of)-418(England,)-459(and)-417(mother)-418(of)-417(St.)-752(Ferdinand\051)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that,)-306(being)-295(in)-295(childbirth,)-307(her)-295(life)-295(was)-295(despaired)-295(of)-295(unless)-295(she)-295(took)-295(a)-295(medicine)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-347(would)-347(accelerate)-348(the)-347(birth)-347(but)-347(probably)-347(sacrifice)-347(the)-348(life)-347(of)-347(the)-347(child.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(She)-234(answered)-234(that)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.044 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(she)-234(would)-234(not)-233(purchase)-234(her)-234(temporal)-234(life)-233(by)-234(sacrificing)-234(the)]TJ -71.025 -10.959 Td [(eternal)-250(salvation)-250(of)-250(her)-250(son.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 99.357 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Bollandists,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.841 0 Td [(Act.)-250(Sanctor.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.571 0 Td [(,)-250(June)-250(5th.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -200.478 -7.31 Td [(20)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.519 0 Td [(M\351moires)-309(pour)-309(servir)-309(\340)-310(l'Histoire)-309(eccl\351siastique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 178.931 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-324(1701\051,)]TJ -231.405 -10.959 Td [(tome)-279(x.)-335(p.)-336(41.)-336(St.)-336(Clem.)-336(Alexand.)-336(says)-278(that)-279(infants)-279(in)-278(the)-279(womb)-278(and)-279(exposed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(infants)-250(have)-250(guardian)-250(angels)-250(to)-250(watch)-250(over)-250(them.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 181.031 0 Td [(Strom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(v.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -203.697 -7.311 Td [(21)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(There)-278(is)-277(an)-278(extremely)-278(large)-278(literature)-277(devoted)-278(to)-278(the)-277(subject)-278(of)-278(infanticide,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 124 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 125 0 R /Resources 123 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 113 0 R >> endobj 126 0 obj << /D [124 0 R /XYZ 148.374 504.626 null] >> endobj 127 0 obj << /D [124 0 R /XYZ 186.276 328.486 null] >> endobj 123 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 130 0 obj << /Length 5200 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(25)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(into)-471(existence,)-526(and)-470(if)-471(he)-470(does)-471(not,)-526(to)-471(expose)-470(or)-471(slay)-471(it.)-911(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations)-344(that)-345(have)-344(passed)-345(out)-344(of)-345(the)-344(stage)-345(of)-344(barbarism,)-368(but)-344(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-356(rude)-356(and)-357(simple)-356(in)-356(their)-356(habits,)-383(the)-356(practice)-356(of)-356(infanticide)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-405(usually)-406(rare;)-483(but,)-444(unlike)-406(other)-405(crimes)-406(of)-405(violence,)-445(it)-405(is)-405(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(naturally)-408(dimini)1(shed)-408(by)-407(the)-408(progress)-407(of)-408(civilisation,)-447(for,)-446(after)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-329(period)-330(of)-329(savage)-329(life)-330(is)-329(passed,)-349(its)-330(prevalence)-329(is)-329(influenced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(much)-246(more)-245(by)-246(the)-246(sensuality)-245(than)-246(by)-246(the)-245(barbarity)-246(of)-246(a)-245(people.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(22)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(We)-335(may)-335(trace)-335(too,)-357(in)-335(many)-335(countries)-335(and)-335(ages,)-356(the)-335(notion)-335(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(children,)-271(as)-267(the)-266(fruit,)-271(representatives,)-271(and)-267(dearest)-267(possessions)-266(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 296.686 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 283.934 Td [(exposition,)-350(foundlings,)-350(&c.)-490(The)-331(books)-330(I)-330(have)-330(chiefly)-330(followed)-330(are)-330(Terme)-330(et)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Monfalcon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.751 0 Td [(Histoire)-239(des)-239(Enfans)-240(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 101.229 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-241(1840\051;)-243(Remacle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 86.692 0 Td [(Des)-239(Hospices)]TJ -231.671 -10.959 Td [(d'Enfans)-511(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 66.865 0 Td [(\0501838\051;)-641(Labourt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.937 0 Td [(Recherches)-511(historiques)-510(sur)-511(les)-511(Enfans)]TJ -134.803 -10.959 Td [(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.228 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-471(1848\051;)-516(K)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 61.898 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(nigswarter,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.317 0 Td [(Essai)-427(sur)-427(la)-428(L\351gislation)-427(des)-427(Peuples)]TJ -142.916 -9.412 Td [(anciens)-206(et)-206(modernes)-206(relative)-206(aux)-206(Enfans)-205(n\351s)-206(hors)-206(Mariage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 209.365 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-215(1842\051.)-235(There)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -206.127 -7.31 Td [(22)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(It)-394(must)-394(not;)-466(however,)-430(be)-394(inferred)-394(from)-394(this)-394(that)-394(infanticide)-394(increases)-394(in)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(direct)-440(proportion)-440(to)-439(the)-440(unchastity)-440(of)-440(a)-439(nation.)-820(Probably)-440(the)-439(condition)-440(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(civilised)-424(society)-423(in)-424(which)-423(it)-424(is)-424(most)-423(common,)-467(is)-424(where)-423(a)-424(large)-423(amount)-424(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(actual)-277(unchastity)-278(coexists)-277(with)-278(very)-277(strong)-277(social)-278(condemnation)-277(of)-278(the)-277(sinner,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-316(where,)-333(in)-317(consequence,)-333(there)-316(is)-316(an)-316(intense)-317(anxiety)-316(to)-316(conceal)-317(the)-316(fall.)-449(A)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(recent)-280(writer)-280(on)-281(Spain)-280(has)-280(noticed)-280(the)-280(almost)-281(complete)-280(absence)-280(of)-280(infanticide)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-403(that)-403(country,)-441(and)-402(has)-403(ascribed)-403(it)-403(to)-402(the)-403(great)-403(leniency)-403(of)-402(public)-403(opinion)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(towards)-267(female)-266(frailty.)-300(Foundling)-266(hospitals,)-271(also,)-270(greatly)-267(influence)-267(the)-266(history)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-424(infanticide;)-511(but)-424(the)-424(mortality)-424(in)-424(them)-424(was)-423(long)-424(so)-424(great)-424(that)-424(it)-424(may)-424(be)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(questioned)-374(whether)-375(they)-374(have)-374(diminished)-375(the)-374(number)-374(of)-374(the)-375(deaths,)-405(though)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(they)-448(have,)-497(as)-447(I)-448(believe,)-497(greatly)-447(diminished)-448(the)-448(number)-447(of)-448(the)-447(murders)-448(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(children.)-353(Lord)-284(Kames,)-293(writing)-284(in)-285(the)-284(last)-284(half)-284(of)-285(the)-284(eighteenth)-284(century,)-293(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(In)-367(Wales,)-395(even)-367(at)-367(present,)-396(and)-366(in)-367(the)-367(Highlands)-366(of)-367(Scotland,)-396(it)-367(is)-366(scarce)-367(a)]TJ -3.982 -10.959 Td [(disgrace)-280(for)-279(a)-280(young)-279(woman)-280(to)-279(have)-280(a)-279(bastard.)-339(In)-279(the)-280(country)-280(last)-279(mentioned,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-451(first)-451(instance)-451(known)-451(of)-451(a)-452(bastard)-451(child)-451(being)-451(destroyed)-451(by)-451(its)-451(mother)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(through)-288(shame)-288(is)-288(a)-288(late)-288(one.)-364(The)-288(virtue)-288(of)-288(chastity)-288(appears)-288(to)-288(be)-288(thus)-288(gaining)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 129 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 130 0 R /Resources 128 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 113 0 R >> endobj 128 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 133 0 obj << /Length 5970 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(26History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-254(parents,)-255(are)-253(acceptable)-254(sacrifices)-254(to)-254(the)-254(gods.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 219.324 3.959 Td [(23)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.321 -3.959 Td [(Infanticide,)]TJ -230.645 -13.549 Td [(as)-340(is)-340(well)-339(known,)-363(was)-339(almost)-340(universally)-680(admitted)-340(among)-339(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([026])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Greeks,)-501(being)-451(sanctioned,)-501(and)-450(in)-451(some)-451(cases)-451(enjoined,)-500(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-313(we)-312(should)-313(now)-312(call)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 114.605 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-312(greatest)-313(happiness)-312(principle,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 142.019 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.253 0 Td [(by)]TJ -269.721 -13.55 Td [(the)-383(ideal)-383(legislations)-384(of)-383(Plato)-383(and)-383(Aristotle,)-417(and)-383(by)-383(the)-383(actual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislations)-343(of)-343(Lycurgus)-343(and)-343(Solon.)-529(Regarding)-343(the)-342(community)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-330(a)-330(whole,)-351(they)-330(clearly)-330(saw)-330(that)-330(it)-331(is)-330(in)-330(the)-330(highest)-330(degree)-330(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-317(interest)-318(of)-317(society)-317(that)-317(the)-317(increase)-318(of)-317(population)-317(should)-317(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-344(jealously)-345(restricted,)-368(and)-344(that)-345(the)-344(State)-345(should)-344(be)-345(as)-344(far)-344(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possible)-236(free)-237(from)-236(helpless)-236(and)-237(unproductive)-236(members;)-241(and)-236(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(therefore)-359(concluded)-358(that)-359(the)-358(painless)-359(destruction)-358(of)-359(infant)-358(life,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-201(especially)-201(of)-201(those)-200(infants)-201(who)-201(were)-201(so)-201(deformed)-201(or)-200(diseased)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-228(their)-227(lives,)-232(if)-228(prolonged,)-232(would)-227(probably)-228(have)-227(been)-228(a)-227(burden)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-396(themselves,)-432(was)-395(on)-396(the)-396(whole)-395(a)-396(benefit.)-687(The)-396(very)-395(sensual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tone)-464(of)-464(Greek)-464(life)-463(rendered)-464(the)-464(modern)-464(notion)-464(of)-463(prolonged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continence)-241(wholly)-241(alien)-241(to)-241(their)-241(thoughts;)-244(and)-241(the)-241(extremely)-240(low)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-183(and)-184(intellectual)-183(condition)-183(of)-183(Greek)-184(mothers,)-196(who)-183(exercised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-256(appreciable)-257(influence)-256(over)-256(the)-256(habits)-256(of)-257(thought)-256(of)-256(the)-256(nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-233(also,)-237(I)-234(think,)-236(be)-234(taken)-233(into)-234(account,)-237(for)-233(it)-234(has)-233(always)-233(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(observed)-265(that)-264(mothers)-265(are)-265(much)-264(more)-265(distinguished)-265(than)-264(fathers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-379(their)-378(affection)-379(for)-378(infants)-379(that)-378(have)-379(not)-378(yet)-379(manifested)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-354(dawning)-354(of)-354(reason.)-562(Even)-354(in)-354(Greece,)-380(however,)-380(infanticide)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-309(exposition)-309(were)-309(not)-309(universally)-309(permitted.)-427(In)-309(Thebes)-308(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offences)-250(are)-250(said)-250(to)-250(have)-250(been)-250(punished)-250(by)-250(death.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 216 3.959 Td [(24)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 195.835 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 187.011 Td [(ground,)-381(as)-355(the)-355(only)-355(temptation)-355(a)-355(woman)-355(can)-355(have)-355(to)-355(destroy)-355(her)-355(child)-355(is)-355(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(conceal)-257(her)-258(frailty.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.604 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Sketches)-257(of)-258(the)-257(History)-257(of)-258(Man)]TJ/F39 8.9664 Tf 110.652 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 7.971 0 Td [(On)-257(the)-258(Progress)-257(of)-258(the)]TJ -199.175 -10.958 Td [(Female)-330(Sex.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.486 0 Td [(The)-330(last)-329(clause)-330(is)-329(clearly)-330(inaccurate,)-349(but)-330(there)-329(seems)-330(reason)-329(for)]TJ -47.486 -10.959 Td [(believing)-326(that)-326(maternal)-325(affection)-326(is)-326(generally)-326(stronger)-326(than)-325(want,)-345(but)-326(weaker)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(than)-250(shame.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(23)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Warburton's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 61.375 0 Td [(Divine)-250(Legation)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.031 0 Td [(,)-250(vii.)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -128.123 -7.31 Td [(24)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(\306lian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.605 0 Td [(Varia)-402(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.817 0 Td [(ii.)-705(7.)-705(Passages)-402(from)-402(the)-401(Greek)-402(imaginative)-402(writers,)]TJ -84.377 -10.959 Td [(representing)-339(exposition)-339(as)-338(the)-339(avowed)-339(and)-339(habitual)-339(practice)-338(of)-339(poor)-339(parents,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(are)-359(collected)-359(by)-360(Terme)-359(et)-359(Monfalcon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 143.312 0 Td [(Hist.)-578(des)-359(Enfans)-359(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.065 0 Td [(,)-386(pp.)-578(39-45.)]TJ -235.377 -10.959 Td [(Tacitus)-325(notices)-325(with)-326(praise)-325(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.801 0 Td [(Germania)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.359 0 Td [(,)-344(xix.\051)-475(that)-326(the)-325(Germans)-325(did)-325(not)-325(allow)]TJ -140.16 -10.959 Td [(infanticide.)-466(He)-322(also)-322(notices)-322(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 106.715 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.075 0 Td [(v.)-466(5\051)-322(the)-322(prohibition)-322(of)-322(infanticide)-321(among)]TJ -126.79 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(Jews,)-250(and)-250(ascribes)-250(it)-250(to)-250(their)-250(desire)-250(to)-250(increase)-250(the)-250(population.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 132 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 133 0 R /Resources 131 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 113 0 R >> endobj 134 0 obj << /D [132 0 R /XYZ 281.845 504.626 null] >> endobj 131 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F39 135 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 138 0 obj << /Length 5164 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(27)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-347(power)-347(of)-347(life)-347(and)-347(death,)-371(which)-347(in)-347(Rome)-347(was)-347(originally)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(conceded)-220(to)-219(the)-220(father)-220(over)-219(his)-220(children,)-226(would)-219(appear)-220(to)-219(involve)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-508(unlimited)-507(permission)-508(of)-508(infanticide;)-637(but)-507(a)-508(very)-508(old)-507(law,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(popularly)-483(ascribed)-483(to)-483(Romulus,)-541(in)-483(this)-483(respect)-483(restricted)-482(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(parental)-418(rights,)-461(enjoining)-418(the)-418(father)-419(to)-418(bring)-418(up)-837(all)-418(his)-418(male)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([027])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(children,)-474(and)-429(at)-428(least)-429(his)-429(eldest)-429(female)-429(child,)-474(forbidding)-428(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-350(destroy)-351(any)-350(well-formed)-350(child)-351(till)-350(it)-350(had)-351(completed)-350(its)-350(third)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(year,)-294(when)-285(the)-286(affections)-285(of)-285(the)-285(parent)-286(might)-285(be)-285(supposed)-285(to)-285(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developed,)-231(but)-225(permitting)-226(the)-226(exposition)-225(of)-226(deformed)-226(or)-225(maimed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(children)-347(with)-347(the)-346(consent)-347(of)-347(their)-346(five)-347(nearest)-347(relations.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 249.305 3.959 Td [(25)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.362 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-275(policy)-275(was)-274(always)-275(to)-275(encourage,)-281(while)-275(the)-275(Greek)-274(policy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-284(rather)-283(to)-284(restrain,)-292(population,)-292(and)-284(infanticide)-284(never)-283(appears)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-489(have)-490(been)-489(common)-489(in)-490(Rome)-489(till)-489(the)-490(corrupt)-489(and)-489(sensual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(days)-303(of)-304(the)-303(Empire.)-410(The)-303(legislators)-304(then)-303(absolutely)-303(condemned)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it,)-461(and)-419(it)-419(was)-419(indirectly)-419(discouraged)-419(by)-419(laws)-419(which)-418(accorded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(special)-219(privileges)-220(to)-219(the)-219(fathers)-219(of)-220(many)-219(children,)-225(exempted)-219(poor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parents)-256(from)-255(most)-256(of)-255(the)-256(burden)-255(of)-256(taxation,)-257(and)-255(in)-256(some)-255(degree)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provided)-442(for)-442(the)-442(security)-443(of)-442(exposed)-442(infants.)-826(Public)-442(opinion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-318(differed)-317(little)-318(from)-318(that)-318(of)-317(our)-318(own)-318(day)-317(as)-318(to)-318(the)-317(fact,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(though)-194(it)-194(differed)-194(from)-194(it)-194(much)-194(as)-194(to)-194(the)-193(degree,)-206(of)-194(its)-193(criminality.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-191(was,)-202(as)-190(will)-191(be)-190(remembered,)-203(one)-190(of)-191(the)-190(charges)-191(most)-190(frequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(brought)-225(against)-225(the)-224(Christians,)-230(and)-225(it)-225(was)-224(one)-225(that)-225(never)-225(failed)-224(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arouse)-278(popular)-279(indignation.)-335(Pagan)-278(and)-279(Christian)-278(authorities)-278(are,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(however,)-234(united)-230(in)-230(speaking)-231(of)-230(infanticide)-230(as)-230(a)-230(crying)-230(vice)-230(of)-230(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Empire,)-334(and)-316(Tertullian)-317(observed)-317(that)-317(no)-317(laws)-317(were)-317(more)-316(easily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-428(more)-428(constantly)-428(evaded)-428(than)-428(those)-428(which)-428(condemned)-428(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(26)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(A)-429(broad)-430(distinction)-429(was)-430(popularly)-429(drawn)-430(between)-429(infanticide)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-409(exposition.)-725(The)-408(latter,)-448(though)-409(probably)-408(condemned,)-448(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certainly)-311(not)-311(punished)-311(by)-311(law;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 134.77 3.959 Td [(27)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.193 -3.959 Td [(it)-311(was)-311(practised)-311(on)-311(a)-622(gigantic)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 144.061 0 Td [([028])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 121.004 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 114.108 Td [(25)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Dion.)-250(Halic.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(26)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Ad)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.642 0 Td [(i.)-250(15.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -38.36 -7.31 Td [(27)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-202(well-known)-202(jurisconsult)-203(Paulus)-202(had)-202(laid)-202(down)-203(the)-202(proposition,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 239.309 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Necare)]TJ -255.246 -10.959 Td [(videtur)-295(non)-295(tantum)-296(is)-295(qui)-295(partum)-295(perfocat)-296(sed)-295(et)-295(is)-295(qui)-295(abjicit)-296(et)-295(qui)-295(alimonia)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(denegat)-227(et)-227(qui)-227(publicis)-227(locis)-227(misericordi\346)-227(causa)-226(exponit)-227(quam)-227(ipse)-227(non)-227(habet.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 137 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 138 0 R /Resources 136 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 141 0 R >> endobj 139 0 obj << /D [137 0 R /XYZ 268.864 463.978 null] >> endobj 140 0 obj << /D [137 0 R /XYZ 288.86 138.798 null] >> endobj 136 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 144 0 obj << /Length 5033 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(28History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(scale)-395(and)-394(with)-395(absolute)-394(impunity,)-431(noticed)-395(by)-394(writers)-395(with)-394(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-420(frigid)-420(indifference,)-462(and,)-463(at)-420(least)-420(in)-420(the)-420(case)-420(of)-419(destitute)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parents,)-254(considered)-253(a)-254(very)-253(venial)-253(offence.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 181.637 3.959 Td [(28)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.302 -3.959 Td [(Often,)-254(no)-253(doubt,)-254(the)]TJ -192.939 -13.549 Td [(exposed)-328(children)-329(perished,)-348(but)-328(more)-328(frequently)-329(the)-328(very)-328(extent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-251(the)-250(practice)-251(saved)-250(the)-251(lives)-250(of)-251(the)-251(victims.)-251(They)-251(were)-250(brought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(systematically)-329(to)-329(a)-329(column)-328(near)-329(the)-329(Velabrum,)-349(and)-329(there)-328(taken)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-271(speculators,)-277(who)-271(educated)-272(them)-271(as)-271(slaves,)-277(or)-271(very)-271(frequently)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 298.233 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.481 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Dig.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.349 0 Td [(lib.)-724(xxv.)-724(tit.)-723(iii.)-724(1.)-724(4.\051)-724(These)-408(words)-407(have)-408(given)-408(rise)-408(to)-408(a)-408(famous)]TJ -22.335 -10.959 Td [(controversy)-347(between)-348(two)-347(Dutch)-348(professors,)-372(named)-347(Noodt)-348(and)-347(Bynkershoek,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(conducted)-361(on)-361(both)-360(sides)-361(with)-361(great)-361(learning,)-388(and)-361(on)-361(the)-361(side)-360(of)-361(Noodt)-361(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(great)-347(passion.)-541(Noodt)-347(maintained)-347(that)-346(these)-347(words)-347(are)-347(simply)-347(the)-347(expression)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-295(a)-295(moral)-295(truth,)-306(not)-295(a)-295(judicial)-295(decision,)-306(and)-295(that)-295(exposition)-295(was)-295(never)-295(illegal)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-320(Rome)-320(till)-320(some)-320(time)-320(after)-320(the)-320(establishment)-319(of)-320(Christianity.)-460(His)-320(opponent)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(argued)-454(that)-454(exposition)-454(was)-454(legally)-454(identical)-453(with)-454(infanticide,)-505(and)-454(became,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(therefore,)-380(illegal)-355(when)-354(the)-354(power)-355(of)-354(life)-354(and)-355(death)-354(was)-354(withdrawn)-355(from)-354(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(father.)-229(\050See)-187(the)-186(works)-187(of)-187(Noodt)-187(\050Cologne,)-199(1763\051)-187(and)-187(of)-186(Bynkershoek)-187(\050Cologne,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(1761\051\051.)-396(It)-298(was)-299(at)-298(least)-299(certain)-299(that)-298(exposition)-299(was)-298(notorious)-299(and)-298(avowed,)-311(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-209(law)-210(against)-209(it,)-218(if)-209(it)-210(existed,)-217(inoperative.)-237(Gibbon)-209(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 184.395 0 Td [(Decline)-209(and)-210(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.038 0 Td [(,)-218(ch.)-236(xliv.\051)]TJ -244.433 -10.959 Td [(thinks)-381(the)-381(law)-382(censured)-381(but)-381(did)-381(not)-381(punish)-382(exposition.)-643(See,)-414(too,)-414(Troplong,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Influence)-250(du)-250(Christianisme)-250(sur)-250(le)-250(Droit)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 141.221 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(271.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -137.983 -7.311 Td [(28)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Quintilian)-237(speaks)-238(in)-237(a)-238(tone)-237(of)-238(apology,)-240(if)-237(not)-238(justification,)-240(of)-237(the)-238(exposition)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(of)-273(the)-272(children)-273(of)-273(destitute)-273(parents)-272(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 129.216 0 Td [(Decl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.615 0 Td [(cccvi.\051,)-278(and)-273(even)-273(Plutarch)-273(speaks)-272(of)]TJ -150.831 -10.958 Td [(it)-230(without)-229(censure.)-243(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 71.296 0 Td [(De)-230(Amor.)-243(Prolis.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 61.024 0 Td [(\051)-230(There)-229(are)-230(several)-229(curious)-230(illustrations)-230(in)]TJ -132.32 -10.959 Td [(Latin)-287(literature)-287(of)-287(the)-287(different)-287(feelings)-287(of)-286(fathers)-287(and)-287(mothers)-287(on)-287(this)-287(matter.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Terence)-232(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.933 0 Td [(Heauton.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.197 0 Td [(Act.)-244(iii.)-244(Scene)-231(5\051)-232(represents)-231(Chremes)-232(as)-231(having,)-235(as)-232(a)-231(matter)]TJ -69.13 -10.959 Td [(of)-262(course,)-264(charged)-262(his)-262(pregnant)-261(wife)-262(to)-261(have)-262(her)-262(child)-261(killed)-262(provided)-262(it)-261(was)-262(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(girl.)-250(The)-250(mother,)-249(overcome)-250(by)-250(pity,)-250(shrank)-250(from)-249(doing)-250(so,)-250(and)-250(secretly)-249(gave)-250(it)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-318(an)-318(old)-318(woman)-318(to)-318(expose)-318(it,)-335(in)-319(hopes)-318(that)-318(it)-318(might)-318(be)-318(preserved.)-454(Chremes,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 143 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 144 0 R /Resources 142 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 141 0 R >> endobj 142 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 147 0 obj << /Length 5525 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(29)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-250(prostitutes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60 3.959 Td [(29)]TJ 231.024 -3.959 Td [([029])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -53.909 Td [(On)-374(the)-374(whole,)-405(what)-374(was)-374(demanded)-374(on)-374(this)-374(subject)-374(was)-374(not)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(any)-403(clearer)-403(moral)-402(teaching,)-441(but)-403(rather)-403(a)-403(stronger)-402(enforcement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-436(the)-436(condemnation)-436(long)-436(since)-435(passed)-436(upon)-436(infanticide,)-482(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-342(increased)-343(protection)-342(for)-342(exposed)-343(infants.)-527(By)-342(the)-342(penitential)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sentences,)-181(by)-163(the)-163(dogmatic)-164(considerations)-163(I)-163(have)-164(enumerated,)-180(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-231(the)-231(earnest)-231(exhortations)-231(both)-231(of)-231(her)-231(preachers)-232(and)-231(writers,)-234(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church)-286(laboured)-286(to)-286(deepen)-286(the)-286(sense)-286(of)-286(the)-286(enormity)-286(of)-286(the)-286(act,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-457(especially)-458(to)-457(convince)-458(men)-457(that)-457(the)-458(guilt)-457(of)-457(abandoning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-563(children)-562(to)-563(the)-562(precarious)-562(and)-563(doubtful)-562(mercy)-563(of)-562(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 292.507 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 283.683 Td [(it)-258(was)-258(common)-259(for)-258(Roman)-258(wives)-258(to)-258(palm)-258(off)-258(foundlings)-259(on)-258(their)-258(husbands)-258(for)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(their)-236(sons.)-245(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.92 0 Td [(Sat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.816 0 Td [(vi.)-245(603.\051)-246(There)-235(is)-236(an)-236(extremely)-236(horrible)-236(declamation)-236(in)-236(Seneca)]TJ -57.736 -10.959 Td [(the)-259(Rhetorician)-259(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 60.426 0 Td [(Controvers.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.913 0 Td [(lib.)-277(v.)-277(33\051)-259(about)-260(exposed)-259(children)-259(who)-259(were)-259(said)]TJ -105.339 -10.958 Td [(to)-231(have)-231(been)-231(maimed)-231(and)-231(mutilated,)-234(either)-231(to)-231(prevent)-231(their)-231(recognition)-231(by)-231(their)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(parents,)-250(or)-250(that)-250(they)-250(might)-250(gain)-250(money)-250(as)-250(beggars)-250(for)-250(their)-250(masters.)]TJ 0 -9.322 Td [(on)-370(hearing)-370(what)-371(had)-370(been)-370(done,)-400(reproached)-370(his)-370(wife)-371(for)-370(her)-370(womanly)-370(pity,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-261(told)-262(her)-261(she)-262(had)-261(been)-262(not)-261(only)-262(disobedient)-261(but)-261(irrational,)-265(for)-261(she)-262(was)-261(only)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(consigning)-253(her)-253(daughter)-253(to)-253(the)-253(life)-253(of)-253(a)-254(prostitute.)-259(In)-253(Apuleius)-253(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 227.475 0 Td [(Metam.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.411 0 Td [(lib.)-259(x.\051)]TJ -256.886 -10.959 Td [(we)-270(have)-270(a)-270(similar)-270(picture)-270(of)-270(a)-270(father)-270(starting)-270(for)-270(a)-270(journey,)-275(leaving)-270(his)-270(wife)-270(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(childbirth,)-227(and)-222(giving)-221(her)-221(his)-222(parting)-221(command)-222(to)-221(kill)-222(her)-221(child)-221(if)-222(it)-221(should)-222(be)-221(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(girl,)-254(which)-253(she)-253(could)-254(not)-253(bring)-253(herself)-253(to)-253(do.)-260(The)-253(girl)-253(was)-254(brought)-253(up)-253(secretly.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(In)-188(the)-188(case)-188(of)-188(weak)-188(or)-189(deformed)-188(infants)-188(infanticide)-188(seems)-188(to)-188(have)-188(been)-188(habitual.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Portentosos)-272(f)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 47.271 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(tus)-272(extinguimus,)-277(liberos)-272(quoque,)-278(si)-272(debiles)-272(monstrosique)-272(editi)]TJ -57.726 -10.959 Td [(sunt,)-372(mergimus.)-544(Non)-348(ira,)-372(sed)-348(ratio)-348(est,)-372(a)-348(sanis)-348(inutilia)-348(secernere.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 240.048 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Seneca,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -252.996 -10.959 Td [(De)-305(Ira)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.145 0 Td [(,)-318(i.)-415(15.)-414(Terence)-305(has)-304(introduced)-305(a)-305(picture)-305(of)-304(the)-305(exposition)-305(of)-304(an)-305(infant)]TJ -24.145 -10.958 Td [(into)-367(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.996 0 Td [(Andria)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.908 0 Td [(,)-396(Act.)-601(iv.)-601(Scene)-367(5.)-600(See,)-397(too,)-396(Suet.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 137.352 0 Td [(August.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.44 0 Td [(lxv.)-601(According)]TJ -223.696 -10.959 Td [(to)-366(Suetonius)-365(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 51.89 0 Td [(Calig.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.452 0 Td [(v.\051,)-394(on)-366(the)-366(death)-365(of)-366(Germanicus,)-394(women)-366(exposed)-365(their)]TJ -77.342 -10.959 Td [(new-born)-307(children)-307(in)-308(sign)-307(of)-307(grief.)-422(Ovid)-307(had)-307(dwelt)-307(with)-307(much)-308(feeling)-307(on)-307(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(barbarity)-227(of)-227(these)-226(practices.)-243(It)-226(is)-227(a)-227(very)-227(curious)-227(fact,)-231(which)-227(has)-227(been)-226(noticed)-227(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Warburton,)-322(that)-308(Chremes,)-323(whose)-308(sentiments)-308(about)-307(infants)-308(we)-308(have)-308(just)-308(seen,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-231(the)-232(very)-231(personage)-231(into)-231(whose)-232(mouth)-231(Terence)-231(has)-231(put)-232(the)-231(famous)-231(sentiment,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 146 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 147 0 R /Resources 145 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 141 0 R >> endobj 148 0 obj << /D [146 0 R /XYZ 46.771 515.808 null] >> endobj 145 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 151 0 obj << /Length 6170 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(30History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(stranger)-518(was)-519(scarcely)-518(less)-519(than)-518(that)-518(of)-519(simple)-518(infanticide.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(30)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(In)-386(the)-386(civil)-386(law)-386(her)-386(influence)-386(was)-386(also)-386(displayed,)-420(though)-386(not,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(I)-464(think,)-517(very)-464(advantageously.)-891(By)-464(the)-464(counsel,)-517(it)-464(is)-464(said,)-517(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Lactantius,)-393(Constantine,)-393(in)-365(the)-364(very)-365(year)-364(of)-365(his)-364(conversion,)-393(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(order)-191(to)-190(diminish)-191(infanticide)-191(by)-191(destitute)-190(parents,)-203(issued)-191(a)-190(decree,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applicable)-285(in)-285(the)-285(first)-285(instance)-285(to)-285(Italy,)-294(but)-285(extended)-285(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 244.193 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-285(322)]TJ -258.429 -13.549 Td [(to)-407(Africa,)-446(in)-407(which)-406(he)-407(commanded)-407(that)-407(those)-407(children)-406(whom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-334(parents)-334(were)-334(unable)-334(to)-334(support)-334(should)-334(be)-334(clothed)-334(and)-334(fed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-345(the)-344(expense)-345(of)-345(the)-344(State,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 122.11 3.958 Td [(31)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.487 -3.958 Td [(a)-345(policy)-344(which)-345(had)-345(already)-344(been)]TJ -134.597 -13.55 Td [(pursued)-266(on)-266(a)-267(large)-266(scale)-266(under)-266(the)-266(Antonines.)-299(In)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 215.224 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-266(331,)-270(a)-267(law)]TJ -229.46 -13.549 Td [(intended)-201(to)-200(multiply)-201(the)-200(chances)-201(of)-200(the)-201(exposed)-200(child)-201(being)-200(taken)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charge)-275(of)-275(by)-275(some)-275(charitable)-275(or)-274(interested)-275(person,)-282(provided)-274(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-251(foundling)-250(should)-251(remain)-250(the)-250(absolute)-251(property)-250(of)-251(its)-250(saviour,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whether)-220(he)-221(adopted)-220(it)-221(as)-220(a)-221(son)-440(or)-221(employed)-220(it)-221(as)-220(a)-221(slave,)-226(and)-220(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([030])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.55 Td [(the)-324(parent)-324(should)-324(not)-323(have)-324(power)-324(at)-324(any)-324(future)-324(time)-324(to)-323(reclaim)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 8.793 3.959 Td [(32)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.279 -3.959 Td [(By)-314(another)-313(law,)-330(which)-314(had)-313(been)-314(issued)-314(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 190.247 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-314(329,)-329(it)-314(had)]TJ -226.555 -13.549 Td [(been)-219(provided)-219(that)-218(children)-219(who)-219(had)-219(been,)-225(not)-219(exposed,)-225(but)-218(sold,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-250(be)-250(reclaimed)-250(upon)-250(payment)-250(by)-250(the)-250(father.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 209.662 3.959 Td [(33)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -197.707 -22.655 Td [(The)-648(last)-649(two)-648(laws)-649(cannot)-648(be)-649(regarded)-648(with)-649(unmingled)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(satisfaction.)-1252(The)-584(law)-584(regulating)-584(the)-584(condition)-584(of)-583(exposed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(children,)-299(though)-289(undoubtedly)-289(enacted)-289(with)-289(the)-288(most)-289(benevolent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intentions,)-251(was)-251(in)-250(some)-251(degree)-251(a)-250(retrograde)-251(step,)-251(the)-251(Pagan)-250(laws)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(having)-254(provided)-253(that)-254(the)-254(father)-254(might)-253(always)-254(withdraw)-254(the)-253(child)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-417(had)-418(exposed,)-459(from)-418(servitude,)-459(by)-417(payment)-418(of)-417(the)-417(expenses)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 184.984 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F35 8.9664 Tf 93.543 172.232 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Homo)-250(sum,)-250(humani)-250(nihil)-250(a)-250(me)-250(alienum)-250(puto.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 160.651 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -161.394 -7.311 Td [(29)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(That)-386(these)-387(were)-386(the)-387(usual)-386(fates)-387(of)-386(exposed)-387(infants)-386(is)-387(noticed)-386(by)-387(several)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(writers.)-1071(Some,)-593(too,)-592(both)-524(Pagan)-523(and)-524(Christian)-524(\050Quintilian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 233.11 0 Td [(Decl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.867 0 Td [(cccvi.;)]TJ -256.977 -10.959 Td [(Lactantius,)-522(Div.)-901(Inst.)-902(vi.)-901(20,)-522(&c.\051,)-521(speak)-467(of)-467(the)-468(liability)-467(to)-467(incestuous)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(marriages)-403(resulting)-403(from)-402(frequent)-403(exposition.)-708(In)-403(the)-403(Greek)-403(poets)-402(there)-403(are)]TJ 0 -7.989 Td [(several)-309(allusions)-309(to)-309(rich)-310(childless)-309(men)-309(adopting)-309(foundlings,)-324(and)-309(Juvenal)-309(says)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -5.977 Td [(30)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-224(passages)-224(on)-224(this)-224(point)-223(cited)-224(by)-224(Godefroy)-224(in)-224(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 182.949 0 Td [(Commentary)-224(to)-224(the)-224(Law)]TJ/F39 8.9664 Tf -194.905 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 4.986 0 Td [(De)-250(Expositis,)]TJ/F39 8.9664 Tf 47.817 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 7.227 0 Td [(Codex)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.05 0 Td [(lib.)-250(v.)-250(tit.)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.842 -7.311 Td [(31)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Codex)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.05 0 Td [(lib.)-250(xi.)-250(tit.)-250(27.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -60.767 -7.31 Td [(32)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Codex)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.05 0 Td [(lib.)-250(v.)-250(tit.)-250(7,)-250(lex.)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -60.767 -7.311 Td [(33)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.928 0 Td [(lib.)-250(v.)-250(tit.)-250(8,)-250(lex)-250(1.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 150 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 151 0 R /Resources 149 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 141 0 R >> endobj 152 0 obj << /D [150 0 R /XYZ 225.5 342.036 null] >> endobj 149 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F39 135 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 155 0 obj << /Length 6104 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(31)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(incurred)-329(in)-329(supporting)-329(it,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.064 3.959 Td [(34)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.272 -3.959 Td [(while)-329(Trajan)-329(had)-329(even)-329(decided)-329(that)]TJ -123.336 -13.549 Td [(the)-353(exposed)-352(child)-353(could)-353(not)-353(become)-352(under)-353(any)-353(circumstance)-352(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slave.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.146 3.959 Td [(35)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.21 -3.959 Td [(The)-250(law)-251(of)-250(Constantine,)-251(on)-250(the)-251(other)-250(hand,)-251(doomed)-250(it)-251(to)]TJ -36.356 -13.549 Td [(an)-256(irrevocable)-256(servitude;)-259(and)-256(this)-256(law)-256(continued)-256(in)-256(force)-256(till)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 263.667 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -13.55 Td [(529,)-230(when)-224(Justinian,)-230(reverting)-224(to)-225(the)-224(principle)-224(of)-225(Trajan,)-229(decreed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-238(not)-237(only)-238(the)-238(father)-237(lost)-238(all)-238(legitimate)-237(authority)-238(over)-238(his)-237(child)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-194(exposing)-194(it,)-205(but)-194(also)-194(that)-193(the)-194(person)-194(who)-194(had)-194(saved)-194(it)-194(could)-193(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-308(that)-308(act)-307(deprive)-308(it)-308(of)-308(its)-308(natural)-308(liberty.)-423(But)-308(this)-308(law)-307(applied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-253(to)-252(the)-253(Eastern)-252(Empire;)-254(and)-253(in)-253(part)-252(at)-253(least)-252(of)-253(the)-253(West)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 256.075 3.958 Td [(36)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.224 -3.958 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.55 Td [(servitude)-219(of)-219(exposed)-219(infants)-219(continued)-219(for)-219(centuries,)-225(and)-219(appears)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-256(to)-256(have)-256(terminated)-257(with)-256(the)-256(general)-256(extinction)-256(of)-256(slavery)-256(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Europe.)-358(The)-286(law)-286(of)-286(Constantine)-286(concerning)-286(the)-286(sale)-286(of)-286(children)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-184(also)-185(a)-184(step,)-197(though)-185(perhaps)-184(a)-184(necessary)-185(step,)-197(of)-184(retrogression.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-271(series)-271(of)-271(emperors,)-277(among)-271(whom)-271(Caracalla)-271(was)-271(conspicuous,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-539(denounced)-538(and)-538(endeavoured)-539(to)-538(abolish,)-611(as)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 228.223 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(shameful,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 42.72 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.787 -13.549 Td [(the)-431(traffic)-431(in)-431(free)-432(children,)-476(and)-431(Diocletian)-431(had)-431(expressly)-431(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolutely)-448(condemned)-449(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 113.711 3.959 Td [(37)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.898 -3.959 Td [(The)-448(extreme)-448(misery,)-498(however,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 150.415 0 Td [([031])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(resulting)-389(from)-389(the)-389(civil)-388(wars)-389(under)-389(Constantine,)-424(had)-388(rendered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-488(necessary)-489(to)-488(authorise)-489(the)-488(old)-488(practice)-489(of)-488(selling)-488(children)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-393(the)-394(case)-393(of)-393(absolute)-393(destitution,)-430(which,)-429(though)-393(it)-393(had)-393(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condemned,)-344(had)-325(probably)-325(never)-325(altogether)-325(ceased.)-475(Theodosius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-285(Great)-286(attempted)-285(to)-285(take)-286(a)-285(step)-285(in)-286(advance,)-294(by)-285(decreeing)-285(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-402(children)-401(thus)-402(sold)-402(might)-402(regain)-401(their)-402(freedom)-402(without)-401(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(repayment)-315(of)-315(the)-315(purchase-money,)-332(a)-315(temporary)-315(service)-315(being)-315(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sufficient)-222(compensation)-222(for)-222(the)-222(purchase;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 179.35 3.958 Td [(38)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.993 -3.958 Td [(but)-222(this)-222(measure)-222(was)]TJ -190.343 -13.55 Td [(repealed)-261(by)-261(Valentinian)-261(III.)-261(The)-261(sale)-261(of)-261(children)-261(in)-261(case)-261(of)-261(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessity,)-422(though)-388(denounced)-388(by)-388(the)-388(Fathers,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.901 3.959 Td [(39)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.076 -3.959 Td [(continued)-388(long)]TJ -213.977 -13.549 Td [(after)-395(the)-395(time)-394(of)-395(Theodosius,)-431(nor)-395(does)-395(any)-395(Christian)-394(emperor)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 143.404 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 136.592 Td [(34)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Godefroy's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.891 0 Td [(Commentary)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Law)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 86.427 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -152.036 -7.395 Td [(35)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(In)-250(a)-250(letter)-250(to)-250(the)-250(younger)-250(Pliny.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 117.047 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(x.)-250(72.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -140.209 -7.31 Td [(36)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(on)-250(this)-250(point)-250(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 98.63 0 Td [(Antich.)-250(Ital.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.832 0 Td [(Diss.)-250(xxxvii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -152.18 -7.311 Td [(37)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(on)-250(these)-250(laws,)-250(Wallon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 98.863 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.399 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(52,)-250(53.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -178.98 -7.31 Td [(38)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 15.189 0 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(iii.)-250(tit.)-250(3,)-250(lex)-250(1,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(Commentary.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -70.236 -7.311 Td [(39)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(On)-198(the)-198(very)-198(persistent)-198(denunciation)-198(of)-198(this)-198(practice)-198(by)-198(the)-198(Fathers,)-209(see)-198(many)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(examples)-250(in)-250(Terme)-250(et)-250(Monfalcon.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 154 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 155 0 R /Resources 153 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 141 0 R >> endobj 156 0 obj << /D [154 0 R /XYZ 178.165 301.388 null] >> endobj 153 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 159 0 obj << /Length 5834 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(32History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(appear)-250(to)-250(have)-250(enforced)-250(the)-250(humane)-250(enactment)-250(of)-250(Diocletian.)]TJ 11.956 -17.252 Td [(Together)-364(with)-364(these)-364(measures)-364(for)-364(the)-364(protection)-364(of)-363(exposed)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(children,)-343(there)-324(were)-324(l)1(aws)-324(directly)-324(condemnatory)-324(of)-324(infanticide.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-531(branch)-532(of)-531(the)-532(subject)-531(is)-531(obscured)-532(by)-531(much)-531(ambiguity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-411(controversy;)-493(but)-411(it)-411(appears)-412(most)-411(probable)-412(that)-411(the)-411(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislation)-318(reckoned)-318(infanticide)-318(as)-318(a)-318(form)-318(of)-318(homicide,)-335(though,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(being)-413(deemed)-413(less)-412(atrocious)-413(than)-413(other)-413(forms)-412(of)-413(homicide,)-453(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-426(punished,)-470(not)-426(by)-426(death,)-470(but)-426(by)-426(banishment.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 221.664 3.959 Td [(40)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.957 -3.959 Td [(A)-426(law)-426(of)]TJ -238.621 -13.549 Td [(Constantine,)-369(intended)-346(principally,)-369(and)-346(perhaps)-345(exclusively,)-369(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Africa,)-522(where)-467(the)-467(sacrifices)-468(of)-467(children)-467(to)-468(Saturn)-467(were)-467(very)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(common,)-589(assimilated)-520(to)-521(parricide)-521(the)-521(murder)-521(of)-521(a)-521(child)-520(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-511(father;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 44.354 3.959 Td [(41)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.464 -3.959 Td [(and)-511(finally,)-576(Valentinian,)-576(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 132.791 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-511(374,)-576(made)-511(all)]TJ -206.845 -13.549 Td [(infanticide)-517(a)-517(capital)-518(offence,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 132.944 3.959 Td [(42)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.839 -3.959 Td [(and)-1034(especially)-517(enjoined)-518(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -220.539 0 Td [([032])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(punishment)-297(of)-297(exposition.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 114.67 3.959 Td [(43)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.741 -3.959 Td [(A)-297(law)-297(of)-298(the)-297(Spanish)-297(Visigoths,)-309(in)]TJ -127.411 -13.549 Td [(the)-197(seventh)-198(century,)-208(punished)-197(infanticide)-197(and)-198(abortion)-197(with)-197(death)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-359(blindness.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.947 3.959 Td [(44)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.767 -3.959 Td [(In)-359(the)-359(Capitularies)-359(of)-359(Charlemagne)-360(the)-359(former)]TJ -71.714 -13.549 Td [(crime)-250(was)-250(punished)-250(as)-250(homicide.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 144.524 3.959 Td [(45)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -132.569 -21.211 Td [(It)-366(is)-366(not)-366(possible)-366(to)-366(ascertain,)-395(with)-366(any)-366(degree)-367(of)-366(accuracy,)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(what)-449(diminution)-449(of)-450(infanticide)-449(resulted)-449(from)-449(these)-449(measures.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-446(may,)-496(however,)-496(be)-446(safely)-446(asserted)-447(that)-446(the)-447(publicity)-446(of)-446(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(trade)-223(in)-223(exposed)-224(children)-223(became)-223(impossible)-223(under)-223(the)-223(influence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-374(Christianity,)-405(and)-374(that)-374(the)-374(sense)-374(of)-374(the)-374(serious)-374(nature)-374(of)-373(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crime)-247(was)-247(very)-247(considerably)-247(increased.)-249(The)-247(extreme)-246(destitution,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 198.199 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 191.386 Td [(40)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This)-311(is)-312(a)-311(mere)-312(question)-311(of)-312(definition,)-327(upon)-311(which)-312(lawyers)-311(have)-312(expended)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(much)-159(learning)-160(and)-159(discussion.)-220(Cujas)-159(thought)-160(the)-159(Romans)-160(considered)-159(infanticide)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-275(crime,)-281(but)-275(a)-275(crime)-275(generically)-275(different)-275(from)-274(homicide.)-325(Godefroy)-275(maintains)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-197(it)-197(was)-196(classified)-197(as)-197(homicide,)-207(but)-197(that,)-207(being)-197(esteemed)-197(less)-197(heinous)-196(than)-197(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(other)-287(forms)-286(of)-287(homicide,)-296(it)-287(was)-286(only)-287(punished)-287(by)-287(exile.)-360(See)-286(the)-287(Commentary)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 9.218 0 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(14,)-250(l.)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -52.309 -7.311 Td [(41)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(15.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.047 -7.311 Td [(42)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.928 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(14,)-250(lex)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -27.646 -7.31 Td [(43)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Corp.)-250(Juris)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.85 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(viii.)-250(tit.)-250(52,)-250(lex)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -49.568 -7.311 Td [(44)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Leges)-326(Wisigothorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.575 0 Td [(\050lib.)-478(vi.)-477(tit.)-478(3,)-345(lex)-326(7\051)-326(and)-326(other)-326(laws)-326(\050lib.)-477(iv.)-478(tit.)-478(4\051)]TJ -89.531 -10.959 Td [(condemned)-250(exposition.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td [(45)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Si)-250(quis)-250(infantem)-250(necaverit)-250(ut)-250(homicida)-250(teneatur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 172.082 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Capit.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.415 0 Td [(vii.)-250(168.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 158 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 159 0 R /Resources 157 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 141 0 R >> endobj 160 0 obj << /D [158 0 R /XYZ 262.72 351.882 null] >> endobj 157 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 163 0 obj << /Length 5533 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(33)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(which)-325(was)-324(one)-325(of)-324(its)-325(most)-324(fertile)-325(causes,)-343(was)-324(met)-325(by)-324(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity.)-242(Many)-224(exposed)-225(children)-224(appear)-224(to)-225(have)-224(been)-225(educated)-224(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual)-330(Christians.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 94.825 3.959 Td [(46)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.824 -3.959 Td [(Brephotrophia)-330(and)-331(Orphanotrophia)-330(are)]TJ -108.649 -13.549 Td [(among)-216(the)-216(earliest)-216(recorded)-216(charitable)-216(institutions)-216(of)-216(the)-216(Church;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-417(it)-417(is)-417(not)-418(certain)-417(that)-417(exposed)-417(children)-417(were)-417(admitted)-417(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them,)-458(and)-416(we)-416(find)-416(no)-416(trace)-416(for)-416(several)-416(centuries)-416(of)-416(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foundling)-331(hospitals.)-494(This)-331(form)-331(of)-332(charity)-331(grew)-331(up)-331(gradually)-331(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-347(early)-346(part)-347(of)-347(the)-347(middle)-346(ages.)-540(It)-347(is)-347(said)-346(that)-347(one)-347(existed)-346(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tr\352ves)-359(in)-360(the)-359(sixth,)-386(and)-360(at)-359(Angers)-359(in)-359(the)-360(seventh)-359(century,)-386(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-397(is)-397(certain)-397(that)-397(one)-397(existed)-397(at)-397(Milan)-397(in)-397(the)-397(eighth)-397(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(47)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(The)-464(Council)-464(of)-464(Rouen,)-517(in)-464(the)-464(ninth)-463(century,)-518(invited)-463(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-400(had)-399(secretly)-400(borne)-400(children)-399(to)-400(place)-400(them)-399(at)-400(the)-400(door)-399(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(church,)-331(and)-315(undertook)-315(to)-314(provide)-315(for)-315(them)-315(if)-315(they)-315(were)-314(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reclaimed.)-431(It)-310(is)-311(probable)-310(that)-310(they)-311(were)-310(brought)-310(up)-311(among)-620(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([033])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(numerous)-216(slaves)-217(or)-216(serfs)-216(attached)-217(to)-216(the)-216(ecclesiastical)-216(properties;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-380(a)-379(decree)-380(of)-379(the)-380(Council)-379(of)-380(Arles,)-412(in)-379(the)-380(fifth)-380(century,)-411(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(afterwards)-443(a)-443(law)-443(of)-444(Charlemagne,)-491(had)-443(echoed)-443(the)-443(enactment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-402(Constantine,)-440(declaring)-403(that)-402(exposed)-402(children)-402(should)-402(be)-402(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaves)-375(of)-376(their)-375(protectors.)-626(As)-375(slavery)-376(declined,)-406(the)-375(memorials)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-443(many)-443(sins,)-491(like)-443(many)-443(other)-443(of)-443(the)-443(discordant)-443(elements)-442(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(medi\346val)-351(society,)-375(were)-351(doubtless)-351(absorbed)-350(and)-351(consecrated)-350(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-481(monastic)-481(societies.)-944(The)-481(strong)-481(sense)-481(always)-481(evinced)-481(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-487(Church)-487(of)-487(the)-487(enormity)-487(of)-487(unchastity)-487(probably)-486(rendered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-423(ecclesiastics)-423(more)-422(cautious)-423(in)-423(this)-422(than)-423(in)-423(other)-423(forms)-422(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-270(for)-266(institutions)-267(especially)-266(intended)-266(for)-266(deserted)-266(children)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(advanced)-256(but)-255(slowly.)-266(Even)-256(Rome,)-257(the)-255(mother)-256(of)-255(many)-255(charities,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-237(boast)-236(of)-237(none)-237(till)-237(the)-236(beginning)-237(of)-237(the)-236(thirteenth)-237(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(48)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 153.797 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 146.985 Td [(46)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(It)-371(appears,)-402(from)-371(a)-371(passage)-371(of)-371(St.)-614(Augustine,)-401(that)-371(Christian)-371(virgins)-372(were)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(accustomed)-416(to)-417(collect)-416(exposed)-417(children)-416(and)-416(to)-417(have)-416(them)-416(brought)-417(into)-416(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(church.)-250(See)-250(Terme)-250(et)-250(Monfalcon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 122.257 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(des)-250(Enfans)-250(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.171 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(74.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -206.19 -7.311 Td [(47)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Compare)-394(Labourt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 70.879 0 Td [(Rech.)-681(sur)-393(les)-394(Enfans)-394(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 109.583 0 Td [(,)-429(pp.)-681(32,)-430(33;)-465(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -192.418 -10.959 Td [(Antichit\340)-223(Italiane)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.775 0 Td [(,)-228(Dissert.)-241(xxxvii.)-241(Muratori)-224(has)-223(also)-223(briefly)-223(noticed)-223(the)-223(history)]TJ -62.775 -10.958 Td [(of)-250(these)-250(charities)-250(in)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 84.921 0 Td [(Carit\340)-250(Christiana)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.029 0 Td [(,)-250(cap.)-250(xxvii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -145.712 -7.311 Td [(48)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-344(first)-345(seems)-344(to)-345(have)-344(been)-345(the)-344(hospital)-345(of)-344(Sta.)-534(Maria)-344(in)-345(Sassia,)-368(which)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(had)-390(existed)-391(with)-390(various)-391(changes)-390(from)-391(the)-390(eighth)-390(century,)-426(but)-390(was)-391(made)-390(a)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 162 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 163 0 R /Resources 161 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 165 0 R >> endobj 164 0 obj << /D [162 0 R /XYZ 310.685 342.036 null] >> endobj 161 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 168 0 obj << /Length 6134 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(34History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(1624,)-260(and)-257(translated)-258(in)-258(part)-257(into)-258(English)-258(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.472 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F25 10.9091 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 5.454 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(1687\051,)-260(Eng.)]TJ -229.318 -13.549 Td [(trans,)-250(pp.)-250(2,)-250(3.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 -15.184 Td [(About)-439(the)-440(middle)-439(of)-440(the)-439(twelfth)-440(century)-439(we)-440(find)-439(societies)-439(at)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Milan)-236(charged,)-239(among)-237(other)-236(functions,)-239(with)-236(seeking)-236(for)-236(exposed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(children.)-742(Towards)-414(the)-413(close)-414(of)-414(the)-414(same)-414(century,)-455(a)-414(monk)-413(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Montpellier,)-227(whose)-221(very)-222(name)-221(is)-221(doubtful,)-227(but)-222(who)-221(is)-221(commonly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spoken)-431(of)-431(as)-431(Brother)-431(Guy,)-476(founded)-431(a)-431(confraternity)-431(called)-431(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-320(name)-319(of)-320(the)-320(Holy)-319(Ghost,)-337(and)-320(devoted)-320(to)-319(the)-320(protection)-319(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(education)-261(of)-261(children;)-267(and)-261(this)-261(society)-261(in)-261(the)-261(two)-261(following)-261(cen-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(turies)-238(ramified)-238(over)-237(a)-238(great)-238(part)-238(of)-237(Europe.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 185.678 3.959 Td [(49)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.151 -3.959 Td [(Though)-238(principally)]TJ -196.829 -13.549 Td [(and)-415(at)-415(first,)-456(perhaps,)-456(exclusively)-414(intended)-415(for)-415(the)-415(care)-415(of)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orphans)-263(of)-262(legitimate)-263(marriages,)-266(though)-263(in)-262(the)-263(fifteenth)-525(century)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([034])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(the)-369(Hospital)-369(of)-369(the)-370(Holy)-369(Ghost)-369(at)-369(Paris)-369(even)-369(refused)-369(to)-369(admit)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(deserted)-384(children,)-416(yet)-384(the)-383(care)-384(of)-383(foundlings)-384(soon)-383(passed)-384(in)-383(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-323(measure)-323(into)-323(its)-323(hands.)-469(At)-323(last,)-341(after)-323(many)-323(complaints)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-248(frequency)-248(of)-247(infanticide,)-249(St.)-249(Vincent)-248(de)-248(Paul)-247(arose,)-249(and)-247(gave)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-417(great)-417(an)-418(impulse)-417(to)-417(that)-417(branch)-417(of)-418(charity)-417(that)-417(he)-417(may)-417(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-235(as)-235(its)-236(second)-235(author,)-238(and)-235(his)-236(influence)-235(was)-235(felt)-235(not)-235(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-234(private)-233(charities,)-237(but)-234(in)-234(legislative)-233(enactments.)-245(Into)-234(the)-233(effects)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-390(these)-390(measures)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 80.606 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-390(encouragement)-390(of)-390(the)-390(vice)-390(of)-390(inconti-)]TJ -91.515 -13.549 Td [(nence)-359(by)-358(institutions)-359(that)-358(were)-359(designed)-359(to)-358(suppress)-359(the)-358(crime)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-281(infanticide,)-289(and)-281(the)-281(serious)-281(moral)-281(controversies)-281(suggested)-281(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-334(apparent)-334(conflict)-334(between)-334(the)-334(interests)-334(of)-334(humanity)-334(and)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chastity)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 33.938 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(it)-315(is)-314(not)-315(necessary)-315(for)-315(me)-314(to)-315(enter.)-444(We)-315(are)-315(at)-314(present)]TJ -44.847 -13.55 Td [(concerned)-233(with)-233(the)-233(principles)-233(that)-233(actuated)-233(Christian)-233(charity,)-236(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-359(the)-359(wisdom)-358(of)-359(its)-359(organisations.)-576(Whatever)-359(mistakes)-358(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-292(been)-291(made,)-302(the)-291(entire)-292(movement)-291(I)-292(have)-291(traced)-292(displays)-291(an)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 152.529 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 143.015 Td [(foundling)-235(hospital)-235(and)-235(confided)-234(to)-235(the)-235(care)-235(of)-235(Guy)-235(of)-235(Montpellier)-235(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.413 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -266.013 -10.959 Td [(1204.)-734(According)-411(to)-411(one)-412(tradition,)-451(Pope)-412(Innocent)-411(III.)-411(had)-411(been)-412(shocked)-411(at)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(hearing)-248(of)-247(infants)-248(drawn)-248(in)-247(the)-248(nets)-248(of)-247(fishermen)-248(from)-248(the)-247(Tiber.)-249(According)-248(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(another,)-340(he)-321(was)-322(inspired)-321(by)-322(an)-322(angel.)-464(Compare)-322(Remacle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 213.565 0 Td [(Hospices)-322(d'Enfans)]TJ -213.565 -10.959 Td [(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.397 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(36-37,)-250(and)-250(Amydemus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 104.351 0 Td [(Pietas)-250(Romana)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.784 0 Td [(\050a)-250(book)-250(written)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 57.026 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -261.92 -7.31 Td [(49)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(For)-474(the)-474(little)-474(that)-475(is)-474(known)-474(about)-474(this)-474(missionary)-474(of)-475(charity,)-530(compare)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Remacle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.717 0 Td [(Hospices)-416(d'Enfans)-416(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 98.037 0 Td [(,)-457(pp.)-748(34-44;)-499(and)-416(Labourt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.55 0 Td [(Recherches)]TJ -239.304 -10.959 Td [(historiques)-250(sur)-250(les)-250(Enfans)-250(trouv\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 121.548 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(38-41.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 167 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 168 0 R /Resources 166 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 165 0 R >> endobj 170 0 obj << /D [167 0 R /XYZ 338.591 367.499 null] >> endobj 166 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F25 169 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 173 0 obj << /Length 4976 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(35)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(anxiety)-327(not)-327(only)-327(for)-327(the)-327(life,)-346(but)-327(also)-327(for)-327(the)-327(moral)-327(well-being,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-378(the)-378(castaways)-378(of)-378(society,)-410(such)-378(as)-378(the)-378(most)-378(humane)-377(nations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-448(antiquity)-448(had)-448(never)-447(reached.)-844(This)-448(minute)-448(and)-447(scrupulous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(care)-300(for)-300(human)-300(life)-300(and)-300(human)-299(virtue)-300(in)-300(the)-300(humblest)-300(forms,)-312(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-397(slave,)-434(the)-397(gladiator,)-434(the)-397(savage,)-434(or)-397(the)-397(infant,)-434(was)-397(indeed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wholly)-341(foreign)-340(to)-341(the)-341(genius)-341(of)-340(Paganism.)-522(It)-341(was)-341(produced)-340(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-266(Christian)-266(doctrine)-266(of)-266(the)-266(inestimable)-266(value)-266(of)-266(each)-266(immortal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soul.)-543(It)-348(is)-348(the)-348(dist)1(inguishing)-348(and)-348(transcendent)-348(characteristic)-347(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-250(society)-250(into)-250(which)-250(the)-250(spirit)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(has)-250(passed.)]TJ 11.956 -14.899 Td [(The)-332(influence)-333(of)-332(Christianity)-333(in)-332(the)-333(protection)-332(of)-333(infant)-332(life,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(though)-184(very)-184(real,)-197(may)-185(be,)-197(and)-184(I)-184(think)-184(often)-184(has)-184(been,)-197(exaggerated.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-359(would)-359(be)-360(difficult)-359(to)-359(overrate)-359(its)-360(influence)-359(in)-359(the)-359(sphere)-359(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-276(next)-276(to)-277(examine.)-328(There)-276(is)-277(scarcely)-276(any)-276(other)-276(single)-276(reform)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-172(important)-172(in)-172(the)-172(moral)-172(history)-172(of)-172(mankind)-172(as)-172(the)-172(suppression)-172(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(gladiatorial)-298(shows,)-311(and)-298(this)-299(feat)-298(must)-299(be)-298(almost)-298(exclusively)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ascribed)-470(to)-470(the)-470(Christian)-471(Church.)-910(When)-470(we)-470(remember)-470(how)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extremely)-273(few)-274(of)-273(the)-274(best)-273(and)-273(greatest)-274(men)-273(of)-274(the)-273(Roman)-273(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-407(absolutely)-813(condemned)-407(the)-407(games)-407(of)-407(the)-406(amphitheatre,)-446(it)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([035])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(is)-492(impossible)-493(to)-492(regard,)-553(without)-492(the)-492(deepest)-493(admiration,)-552(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unwavering)-473(and)-473(uncompromising)-473(consistency)-473(of)-473(the)-473(patristic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(denunciations.)-526(And)-343(even)-342(comparing)-342(the)-342(Fathers)-342(with)-342(the)-342(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enlightened)-257(Pagan)-256(moralists)-257(in)-256(their)-257(treatment)-256(of)-257(this)-256(matter,)-258(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shall)-367(usually)-368(find)-367(one)-367(most)-367(significant)-367(difference.)-602(The)-367(Pagan,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-290(the)-289(spirit)-290(of)-289(philosophy,)-299(denounced)-290(these)-289(games)-290(as)-289(inhuman,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-352(demoralising,)-378(or)-352(degrading,)-377(or)-352(brutal.)-557(The)-352(Christian,)-377(in)-352(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spirit)-473(of)-473(the)-472(Church,)-529(represented)-473(them)-473(as)-472(a)-473(definite)-473(sin,)-528(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sin)-428(of)-429(murder,)-473(for)-428(which)-429(the)-428(spectators)-429(as)-428(well)-429(as)-428(the)-428(actors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-487(directly)-487(responsible)-487(before)-487(Heaven.)-961(In)-487(the)-487(very)-487(latest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(days)-295(of)-294(the)-295(Pagan)-294(Empire,)-306(magnificent)-294(amphitheatres)-295(were)-294(still)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arising,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 32.422 3.959 Td [(50)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.936 -3.959 Td [(and)-451(Constantine)-451(himself)-451(had)-451(condemned)-451(numerous)]TJ -46.358 -13.549 Td [(barbarian)-498(captives)-498(to)-498(combat)-498(with)-499(wild)-498(beasts.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 218.331 3.958 Td [(51)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.315 -3.958 Td [(It)-498(was)-498(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 99.009 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 92.113 Td [(50)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(E.g.)-250(the)-250(amphitheatre)-250(of)-250(Verona)-250(was)-250(only)-250(built)-250(under)-250(Diocletian.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.394 Td [(51)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quid)-271(hoc)-271(triumpho)-271(pulchrius?...)-312(Tantam)-271(captivorum)-271(multitudinem)-271(bestiis)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(objicit)-399(ut)-399(ingrati)-399(et)-399(perfidi)-399(non)-399(minus)-399(doloris)-399(ex)-399(ludibrio)-399(sui)-399(quam)-399(ex)-399(ipsa)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 172 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 173 0 R /Resources 171 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 165 0 R >> endobj 174 0 obj << /D [172 0 R /XYZ 116.247 286.489 null] >> endobj 171 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Length 6783 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(36History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G /F16 7.9701 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-377(325,)-408(immediately)-377(after)-377(the)-376(convocation)-377(of)-377(the)-377(Council)-376(of)]TJ -14.236 -13.549 Td [(Nice,)-457(that)-416(the)-416(first)-416(Christian)-415(emperor)-416(issued)-416(the)-416(first)-416(edict)-415(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-265(Roman)-264(Empire)-265(condemnatory)-264(of)-265(the)-265(gladiatorial)-264(games.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 262.291 3.959 Td [(52)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.674 -3.959 Td [(It)]TJ -273.965 -13.549 Td [(was)-280(issued)-280(in)-280(Berytus)-279(in)-280(Syria,)-287(and)-280(is)-280(believed)-280(by)-280(some)-280(to)-279(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(been)-288(only)-287(applicable)-288(to)-288(the)-288(province)-287(of)-288(Ph)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 187.398 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(nicia;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.24 3.959 Td [(53)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.813 -3.959 Td [(but)-288(even)-287(in)]TJ -231.327 -13.549 Td [(this)-399(province)-399(it)-398(was)-399(suffered)-399(to)-399(be)-399(inoperative,)-436(for,)-436(only)-398(four)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years)-213(later,)-220(Libanius)-213(speaks)-213(of)-213(the)-213(shows)-213(as)-213(habitually)-213(celebrated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-470(Antioch.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.884 3.959 Td [(54)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.406 -3.959 Td [(In)-470(the)-471(Western)-470(Empire)-470(their)-471(continuance)-470(was)]TJ -69.29 -13.549 Td [(fully)-435(recognised,)-481(though)-434(a)-435(few)-435(infinitesimal)-435(restrictions)-434(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(imposed)-406(upon)-407(them.)-719(Constantine,)-445(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 172.673 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-406(357,)-446(prohibited)-406(the)]TJ -186.909 -13.549 Td [(lanist\346,)-459(or)-834(purveyors)-418(of)-417(gladiators,)-459(from)-417(bribing)-417(servants)-417(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([036])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(the)-305(palace)-305(to)-305(enrol)-305(themselves)-305(as)-305(combatants.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 202.044 3.959 Td [(55)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.993 -3.959 Td [(Valentinian,)-319(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -215.037 -13.549 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-290(365,)-299(forbade)-289(any)-290(Christian)-289(criminal,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 165.875 3.959 Td [(56)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.733 -3.959 Td [(and)-290(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 30.556 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-289(367,)-300(any)]TJ -236.636 -13.549 Td [(one)-399(connected)-399(with)-399(the)-399(Palatine,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 147.992 3.958 Td [(57)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.228 -3.958 Td [(being)-399(condemned)-399(to)-399(fight.)]TJ -161.22 -13.55 Td [(Honorius)-260(prohibited)-260(any)-260(slave)-260(who)-260(had)-260(been)-260(a)-260(gladiator)-259(passing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-169(the)-170(service)-169(of)-170(a)-169(senator;)-196(but)-170(the)-169(real)-170(object)-169(of)-170(this)-169(last)-169(measure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was,)-410(I)-378(imagine,)-410(not)-378(so)-378(much)-378(to)-378(stigmatise)-378(the)-378(gladiator,)-409(as)-378(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(guard)-313(against)-313(the)-314(danger)-313(of)-313(an)-313(armed)-313(nobility.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 206 3.959 Td [(58)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.263 -3.959 Td [(A)-313(much)-313(more)]TJ -219.263 -13.549 Td [(important)-322(fact)-322(is)-321(that)-322(the)-322(spectacles)-322(were)-322(never)-322(introduced)-321(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-327(new)-327(capital)-327(of)-327(Constantine.)-481(At)-327(Rome,)-346(though)-327(they)-327(became)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(less)-280(numerous,)-288(they)-281(do)-280(not)-281(appear)-280(to)-280(have)-281(been)-280(suspended)-280(until)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-241(final)-240(suppression.)-247(The)-241(passion)-241(for)-240(gladiators)-241(was)-241(the)-240(worst,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-308(religious)-307(liberty)-308(was)-307(probably)-308(the)-307(best,)-322(feature)-307(of)-308(the)-307(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pagan)-446(society;)-544(and)-446(it)-447(is)-446(a)-446(melancholy)-446(fact)-446(that)-446(of)-446(these)-446(two)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.252 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 188.401 Td [(morte)-463(patiantur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 59.185 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Incerti,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.27 0 Td [(Panegyricus)-463(Constant)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 81.358 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 10.207 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Puberes)-463(qui)-462(in)-463(manus)]TJ -197.949 -10.959 Td [(venerunt,)-278(quorum)-272(nec)-272(perfidia)-272(erat)-272(apta)-272(militi\346)-273(nec)-272(ferocia)-272(servituti)-272(ad)-272(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 262.204 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(nas)]TJ -268.678 -10.959 Td [(spectaculo)-532(dati)-531(s\346vientes)-532(bestias)-531(multitudine)-532(sua)-531(fatigarunt.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 229.576 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Eumenius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -242.523 -10.959 Td [(Paneg.)-250(Constant.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.262 0 Td [(xi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -61.024 -7.394 Td [(52)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(xv.)-250(tit.)-250(12,)-250(lex)-250(1.)-250(Sozomen,)-250(i.)-250(8.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.047 -7.395 Td [(53)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This,)-380(at)-354(least,)-381(is)-354(the)-354(opinion)-354(of)-355(Godefroy,)-380(who)-354(has)-354(discussed)-354(the)-355(subject)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(very)-250(fully.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.582 0 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(xv.)-250(tit.)-250(12.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -85.673 -7.395 Td [(54)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Libanius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.865 0 Td [(De)-250(Vita)-250(Sua)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.334 0 Td [(,)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -87.917 -7.394 Td [(55)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.33 0 Td [(lib.)-250(xv.)-250(tit.)-250(12,)-250(l.)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.047 -7.394 Td [(56)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(40,)-250(l.)-250(8.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.717 -7.395 Td [(57)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(40,)-250(l.)-250(11.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.717 -7.394 Td [(58)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(lib.)-250(xv.)-250(tit.)-250(12,)-250(l.)-250(3.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 177 0 R /Resources 175 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 165 0 R >> endobj 178 0 obj << /D [176 0 R /XYZ 145.833 382.683 null] >> endobj 175 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 181 0 obj << /Length 5282 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(37)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(it)-455(was)-455(the)-455(nobler)-455(part)-455(that)-455(in)-455(the)-455(Christian)-455(Empire)-455(was)-454(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(destroyed.)-549(Theodosius)-350(the)-350(Great,)-374(who)-350(suppressed)-350(all)-349(diversity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-293(worship)-292(throughout)-293(the)-292(Empire,)-303(and)-293(who)-292(showed)-293(himself)-292(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-264(occasions)-265(the)-264(docile)-264(slave)-264(of)-265(the)-264(clergy,)-268(won)-264(the)-264(applause)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-278(the)-279(Pagan)-278(Symmachus)-279(by)-278(compelling)-279(his)-278(barbarian)-278(prisoners)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-327(fight)-327(as)-328(gladiators.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 94.642 3.959 Td [(59)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.721 -3.959 Td [(Besides)-327(this)-327(occasion,)-347(we)-327(have)-327(special)]TJ -108.363 -13.549 Td [(knowledge)-195(of)-196(gladiatorial)-195(games)-196(that)-195(were)-195(celebrated)-196(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 242.444 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-195(385,)]TJ -256.681 -13.549 Td [(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 12.829 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-398(391,)-435(and)-398(afterwards)-398(in)-398(the)-398(reign)-398(of)-398(Honorius,)-435(and)-398(t)1(he)]TJ -27.065 -13.549 Td [(practice)-250(of)-250(condemning)-250(criminals)-250(to)-250(the)-250(arena)-250(still)-250(continued.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 267.534 3.958 Td [(60)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -255.578 -21.045 Td [(But)-384(although)-385(the)-384(suppression)-384(of)-385(the)-384(gladiatorial)-384(shows)-384(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(not)-384(effected)-384(in)-384(the)-383(metropolis)-384(of)-384(the)-384(Empire)-384(till)-384(nearly)-383(ninety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years)-187(after)-188(Christianity)-187(had)-188(been)-187(the)-188(State)-187(religion,)-200(the)-187(distinction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-234(the)-234(teaching)-234(of)-234(the)-234(Christians)-234(and)-234(Pagans)-234(on)-234(the)-233(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remained)-384(unimpaired.)-651(To)-384(the)-383(last,)-835(the)-383(most)-384(estimable)-384(of)-383(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([037])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(Pagans)-196(appear)-195(to)-196(have)-195(regarded)-196(them)-196(with)-195(favour)-196(or)-195(indifference.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Julian,)-340(it)-321(is)-322(true,)-340(with)-322(a)-321(rare)-322(magnanimity,)-340(refused)-321(persistently,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-382(his)-383(conflict)-382(with)-383(Christianity,)-415(to)-383(avail)-382(himself,)-416(as)-382(he)-382(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-308(easily)-307(have)-308(done,)-321(of)-308(the)-307(popular)-308(passion)-307(for)-308(games)-307(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-466(Church)-466(condemned;)-575(but)-466(Libanius)-466(has)-466(noticed)-466(them)-466(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(some)-294(approbation,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 81.072 3.959 Td [(61)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.789 -3.959 Td [(and)-294(Symmachus,)-304(as)-294(we)-293(have)-294(already)-293(seen,)]TJ -92.861 -13.549 Td [(both)-309(instituted)-308(and)-309(applauded)-308(them.)-426(But)-308(the)-309(Christians)-308(steadily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(refused)-426(to)-427(admit)-426(any)-427(professional)-426(gladiator)-426(to)-427(baptism)-426(till)-426(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-275(pledged)-274(himself)-275(to)-274(abandon)-275(his)-275(calling,)-280(and)-275(every)-274(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-365(attended)-364(the)-365(games)-364(was)-365(excluded)-364(from)-365(communion.)-593(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(preachers)-371(and)-372(writers)-371(of)-371(the)-371(Church)-372(denounced)-371(them)-371(with)-371(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-396(unqualified)-395(vehemence,)-432(and)-395(the)-396(poet)-395(Prudentius)-396(made)-395(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(direct)-369(and)-368(earnest)-369(appeal)-369(to)-369(the)-368(emperor)-369(to)-369(suppress)-368(them.)-606(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-253(East,)-254(where)-254(they)-253(had)-253(never)-253(taken)-254(very)-253(firm)-253(root,)-254(they)-253(appear)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-454(have)-454(ceased)-454(about)-453(the)-454(time)-454(of)-454(Theodosius,)-505(and)-454(a)-453(passion)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 121.004 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 114.108 Td [(59)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Symmach.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.348 0 Td [(Ex.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 13.943 0 Td [(x.)-250(61.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -63.009 -7.311 Td [(60)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(M.)-429(Wallon)-430(has)-429(traced)-429(these)-430(last)-429(shows)-430(with)-429(much)-429(learning.)-788(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 235.955 0 Td [(Hist.)-788(de)]TJ -247.911 -10.958 Td [(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.264 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(421-429.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -38.026 -7.311 Td [(61)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(He)-405(wavered,)-444(however,)-444(on)-405(the)-405(subject,)-443(and)-406(on)-405(one)-405(occasion)-405(condemned)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(them.)-250(See)-250(Wallon,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(423.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 180 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 181 0 R /Resources 179 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 165 0 R >> endobj 182 0 obj << /D [180 0 R /XYZ 207.325 338.499 null] >> endobj 179 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 185 0 obj << /Length 5315 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(38History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(for)-351(chariot)-351(races,)-376(which)-351(rose)-351(to)-351(the)-351(most)-351(extravagant)-351(height)-351(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Constantinople)-406(and)-406(in)-406(many)-406(other)-406(cities,)-445(took)-406(their)-406(place.)-717(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-428(West,)-472(the)-428(last)-428(gladiatorial)-428(show)-428(was)-428(celebrated)-428(at)-427(Rome,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-214(Honorius,)-221(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 83.729 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-214(404,)-221(in)-213(honour)-214(of)-213(the)-214(triumph)-214(of)-213(Stilicho,)]TJ -97.965 -13.55 Td [(when)-440(an)-441(Asiatic)-440(monk,)-488(named)-440(Telemachus,)-488(animated)-440(by)-440(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(noblest)-354(heroism)-354(of)-354(philanthropy,)-380(rushed)-354(into)-354(the)-354(amphitheatre,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-397(attempted)-397(to)-397(part)-398(the)-397(combatants.)-691(He)-397(perished)-397(beneath)-397(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shower)-393(of)-394(stones)-393(flung)-394(by)-393(the)-393(angry)-394(spectators;)-465(but)-393(his)-393(death)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(led)-315(to)-314(the)-314(final)-315(abolition)-314(of)-315(the)-314(games.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 170.971 3.958 Td [(62)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.306 -3.958 Td [(Combats)-314(of)-315(men)-314(with)]TJ -184.277 -13.55 Td [(wild)-247(beasts)-248(continued,)-248(however,)-248(much)-247(later,)-248(and)-247(were)-247(especially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(popular)-369(in)-369(the)-369(East.)-608(The)-369(difficulty)-369(of)-369(procuring)-369(wild)-369(animals,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amid)-238(the)-237(general)-238(poverty,)-240(contributed,)-240(with)-237(other)-238(causes,)-240(to)-237(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(decline.)-294(They)-264(sank,)-268(at)-265(last,)-268(into)-264(games)-265(of)-264(cruelty)-265(to)-264(animals,)-268(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-301(little)-302(danger)-301(to)-301(men,)-315(and)-301(were)-301(finally)-302(condemned,)-314(at)-301(the)-301(end)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-283(the)-282(seventh)-282(century,)-291(by)-283(the)-282(Council)-283(of)-282(Trullo.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.807 3.959 Td [(63)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.259 -3.959 Td [(In)-283(Ital)1(y,)-582(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -298.821 0 Td [([038])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(custom)-371(of)-370(sham)-371(fights,)-401(which)-370(continued)-371(through)-370(the)-371(whole)-370(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-346(middle)-345(ages,)-370(and)-346(which)-345(Petrarch)-346(declares)-345(were)-346(in)-346(his)-345(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sometimes)-335(attended)-336(with)-335(considerable)-335(bloodshed,)-357(may)-335(perhaps)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-250(traced)-250(in)-250(some)-250(degree)-250(to)-250(the)-250(traditions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(amphitheatre.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 269.945 3.958 Td [(64)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -257.989 -21.076 Td [(The)-181(extinction)-182(of)-181(the)-181(gladiatorial)-181(spectacles)-182(is,)-195(of)-181(all)-181(the)-181(results)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-353(early)-353(Christian)-352(influence,)-379(that)-352(upon)-353(which)-353(the)-353(historian)-352(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(look)-259(with)-259(the)-258(deepest)-259(and)-259(most)-258(unmingled)-259(satisfaction.)-276(Horrible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-407(was)-407(the)-407(bloodshed)-407(they)-407(directly)-407(caused,)-446(these)-407(games)-407(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(perhaps)-371(still)-371(more)-371(pernicious)-371(on)-371(account)-371(of)-371(the)-371(callousness)-371(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feeling)-311(they)-311(diffused)-310(through)-311(all)-311(classes,)-326(the)-311(fatal)-311(obstacle)-310(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(presented)-306(to)-307(any)-306(general)-307(elevation)-306(of)-306(the)-307(standard)-306(of)-306(humanity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yet)-256(the)-256(attitude)-256(of)-257(the)-256(Pagans)-256(decisively)-256(proves)-256(that)-256(no)-256(progress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-356(philosophy)-356(or)-356(social)-356(civilisation)-356(was)-357(likely,)-382(for)-356(a)-356(very)-356(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period,)-409(to)-377(have)-377(extirpated)-378(them;)-440(and)-378(it)-377(can)-377(hardly)-377(be)-377(doubted)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 120.921 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 114.108 Td [(62)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Theodoret,)-250(v.)-250(26.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(63)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Muller,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.12 0 Td [(De)-270(Genio)-271(\306vi)-271(Theodosiani)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 100.855 0 Td [(\0501797\051,)-276(vol.)-311(ii.)-312(p.)-312(88;)-280(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 111.74 0 Td [(Hist.)-312(of)]TJ -253.671 -10.958 Td [(Early)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.016 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(343-347.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -61.778 -7.311 Td [(64)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-224(on)-224(these)-224(fights)-224(Ozanam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 105.782 0 Td [(Civilisation)-224(in)-224(the)-224(Fifth)-224(Century)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 116.157 0 Td [(\050Eng.)-241(trans.\051,)]TJ -233.895 -10.959 Td [(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(130.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 184 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 185 0 R /Resources 183 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 165 0 R >> endobj 186 0 obj << /D [184 0 R /XYZ 357.672 328.486 null] >> endobj 183 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 189 0 obj << /Length 4705 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(39)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that,)-559(had)-496(they)-497(been)-497(flourishing)-497(unchallenged)-497(as)-497(in)-497(the)-496(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-443(Trajan,)-492(when)-443(the)-443(rude)-443(warriors)-444(of)-443(the)-443(North)-443(obtained)-443(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(empire)-367(of)-368(Italy,)-396(they)-368(would)-367(have)-367(been)-368(eagerly)-367(adopted)-367(by)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conquerors,)-386(would)-359(have)-359(taken)-359(deep)-359(root)-359(in)-358(medi\346val)-359(life,)-386(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-251(indefinitely)-250(retarded)-251(the)-250(progress)-251(of)-251(humanity.)-251(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alone)-198(was)-197(powerful)-198(enough)-197(to)-198(tear)-197(this)-197(evil)-198(plant)-197(from)-198(the)-197(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soil.)-227(The)-181(Christian)-180(custom)-181(of)-181(legacies)-180(for)-181(the)-181(relief)-180(of)-181(the)-180(indigent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-369(suffering)-369(replaced)-369(the)-369(Pagan)-369(custom)-369(of)-369(bequeathing)-368(sums)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-375(money)-375(for)-375(games)-375(in)-375(honour)-375(of)-374(the)-375(dead;)-438(and)-375(the)-375(month)-374(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(December,)-242(which)-241(was)-240(looked)-241(forward)-240(to)-241(with)-240(eagerness)-240(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-389(the)-389(Roman)-388(world,)-424(as)-389(the)-388(special)-389(season)-389(of)-389(the)-388(gladiatorial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spectacles,)-441(was)-402(consecrated)-403(in)-402(the)-403(Church)-402(by)-403(another)-402(festival)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commemorative)-250(of)-250(the)-250(advent)-250(of)-250(Christ.)]TJ 11.956 -18.586 Td [(The)-526(notion)-525(of)-526(the)-526(sanctity)-525(of)-526(human)-526(life,)-594(which)-526(led)-525(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(early)-628(Christians)-629(to)-628(combat)-628(and)-628(at)-628(last)-629(to)-628(overthrow)-628(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([039])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(gladiatorial)-389(games,)-423(was)-389(carried)-389(by)-389(some)-389(of)-389(them)-389(to)-389(an)-388(extent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(altogether)-371(irreconcilable)-371(with)-372(national)-371(independence,)-401(and)-371(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-508(prevailing)-508(penal)-508(system.)-1024(Many)-508(of)-508(them)-508(taught)-508(that)-507(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-243(might)-242(lawfully)-243(take)-243(away)-242(life,)-245(either)-242(as)-243(a)-243(soldier,)-244(or)-242(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bringing)-355(a)-355(capital)-355(charge,)-381(or)-355(by)-355(acting)-355(as)-355(an)-355(executioner.)-565(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-246(of)-246(these)-246(questions)-246(it)-246(will)-246(be)-246(convenient)-246(to)-246(reserve)-246(for)-246(a)-245(later)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-318(of)-319(this)-318(chapter,)-336(when)-318(I)-319(propose)-318(to)-319(examine)-318(the)-318(relations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-320(Christiani)1(ty)-320(to)-319(the)-320(military)-319(spirit,)-337(and)-320(a)-319(very)-320(few)-319(words)-319(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-362(sufficient)-361(to)-362(dispose)-361(of)-362(the)-361(others.)-584(The)-362(notion)-361(that)-362(there)-361(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(something)-309(impure)-308(and)-309(defiling,)-323(even)-309(in)-308(a)-309(just)-309(execution,)-323(is)-308(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-348(may)-347(be)-348(traced)-348(through)-347(many)-348(ages;)-397(and)-347(executioners,)-372(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-449(ministers)-448(of)-448(the)-449(law,)-498(have)-449(been)-448(from)-449(very)-448(ancient)-448(times)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-224(as)-224(unholy.)-242(In)-224(both)-224(Greece)-224(and)-224(Rome)-224(the)-224(law)-224(compelled)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-354(to)-354(live)-355(outside)-354(the)-354(walls,)-380(and)-355(at)-354(Rhodes)-354(they)-354(were)-354(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permitted)-401(even)-401(to)-401(enter)-401(the)-401(city.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 147.001 3.959 Td [(65)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.138 -3.959 Td [(Notions)-401(of)-401(this)-401(kind)-401(were)]TJ -163.139 -13.549 Td [(very)-461(strongly)-461(held)-460(in)-461(the)-461(early)-461(Church;)-566(and)-461(a)-461(decree)-461(of)-460(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(penitential)-202(discipline)-202(which)-202(was)-203(enforced,)-211(even)-202(against)-202(emperors)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 69.951 Td [(65)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Nieupoort,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.841 0 Td [(De)-250(Ritibus)-250(Romanorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 84.679 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(169.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 188 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 189 0 R /Resources 187 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 191 0 R >> endobj 190 0 obj << /D [188 0 R /XYZ 327.401 323.45 null] >> endobj 187 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 194 0 obj << /Length 5850 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(40History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-353(generals,)-379(forbade)-353(any)-353(one)-353(whose)-353(hands)-353(had)-353(been)-353(imbrued)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-406(blood,)-445(even)-406(when)-406(that)-406(blood)-406(was)-406(shed)-406(in)-406(a)-406(righteous)-406(war,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(approaching)-345(the)-345(altar)-345(without)-345(a)-345(preparatory)-345(period)-345(of)-344(penance.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-340(opinions)-339(of)-340(the)-339(Christians)-340(of)-339(the)-340(first)-339(three)-340(centuries)-339(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(usually)-445(formed)-445(without)-445(any)-445(regard)-445(to)-445(the)-445(necessities)-445(of)-445(civil)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-344(political)-345(life;)-391(but)-344(when)-344(the)-345(Church)-344(obtained)-344(an)-344(ascendancy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-347(was)-347(found)-347(necessary)-347(speedily)-347(to)-347(modify)-347(them;)-395(and)-347(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Lactantius,)-233(in)-229(the)-229(fourth)-229(century,)-233(maintained)-229(the)-229(unlawfulness)-228(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-233(bloodshed,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 61.028 3.958 Td [(66)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.05 -3.958 Td [(as)-233(strongly)-233(as)-234(Origen)-233(in)-233(the)-233(third,)-237(and)-233(Tertullian)]TJ -72.078 -13.55 Td [(in)-367(the)-367(second,)-396(the)-367(common)-367(doctrine)-367(was)-367(simply)-367(that)-367(no)-366(priest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-438(bishop)-439(must)-438(take)-439(any)-438(part)-439(in)-438(a)-438(capital)-439(charge.)-815(From)-438(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exceptional)-452(position)-452(of)-453(the)-452(clergy)-452(they)-452(speedily)-452(acquired)-452(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-369(of)-368(official)-369(intercessors)-368(for)-738(criminals,)-398(ambassadors)-368(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([040])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(mercy,)-242(when,)-242(from)-240(some)-240(act)-240(of)-240(sedition)-240(or)-240(other)-240(cause,)-242(their)-240(city)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-403(neighbourhood)-404(was)-403(menaced)-403(with)-404(a)-403(bloody)-403(invasion.)-710(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(right)-311(of)-311(sanctuary,)-326(which)-311(was)-311(before)-311(possessed)-311(by)-311(the)-310(Imperial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(statues)-256(and)-256(by)-257(the)-256(Pagan)-256(temples,)-258(was)-256(accorded)-256(to)-256(the)-256(churches.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(During)-362(the)-361(holy)-362(seasons)-362(of)-361(Lent)-362(and)-362(Easter,)-389(no)-362(criminal)-361(trials)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-305(be)-305(held,)-319(and)-305(no)-305(criminal)-305(could)-305(be)-305(tortured)-305(or)-305(executed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.958 Td [(67)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(389)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 22.726 0 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 56.374 0 Td [(ix.)-250(tit.)-251(35,)-250(l.)-251(5\051.)-250(Theodosius)-250(the)-250(Younger)-251(made)]TJ -79.1 -13.549 Td [(a)-320(law)-321(\050ix.)-461(tit.)-461(35,)-338(l.)-461(7\051)-321(excepting)-320(the)-320(Isaurian)-321(robbers)-320(from)-320(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(privileges)-250(of)-250(these)-250(laws.)]TJ 0 -16.861 Td [(Miracles,)-525(it)-470(was)-469(said,)-525(were)-470(sometimes)-470(wrought)-470(to)-470(attest)-469(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(innocence)-163(of)-163(accused)-162(or)-163(condemned)-163(men,)-180(but)-163(were)-163(never)-162(wrought)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(consign)-250(criminals)-250(to)-250(execution)-250(by)-250(the)-250(civil)-250(power.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 229.374 3.959 Td [(68)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 175.715 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 168.903 Td [(66)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-190(a)-190(very)-190(unequivocal)-189(passage,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 115.435 0 Td [(Inst.)-230(Div.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.644 0 Td [(vi.)-230(20.)-230(Several)-190(earlier)-190(testimonies)]TJ -162.035 -10.959 Td [(on)-316(the)-316(subject)-315(are)-316(given)-316(by)-316(Barbeyrac,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 144.215 0 Td [(Morale)-316(des)-316(P\350res)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.428 0 Td [(,)-332(and)-316(in)-316(many)-316(other)]TJ -208.643 -10.959 Td [(books.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(67)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-307(two)-306(laws)-307(enacted)-307(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 90.94 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.366 0 Td [(380)-307(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 19.185 0 Td [(Cod.)-420(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.362 0 Td [(ix.)-420(tit.)-420(35,)-321(l.)-420(4\051)-307(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -208.409 -10.959 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -17.362 -7.31 Td [(68)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(There)-410(are,)-450(of)-410(course,)-450(innumerable)-410(miracles)-410(punishing)-410(guilty)-410(men,)-450(but)-410(I)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(know)-221(none)-220(assisting)-221(the)-220(civil)-221(power)-220(in)-221(doing)-220(so.)-240(As)-221(an)-220(example)-221(of)-221(the)-220(miracles)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-279(defence)-279(of)-278(the)-279(innocent,)-286(I)-279(may)-279(cite)-279(one)-279(by)-278(St.)-337(Macarius.)-336(An)-279(innocent)-279(man,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(accused)-319(of)-320(a)-319(murder,)-336(fled)-320(to)-319(him.)-458(He)-319(brought)-319(both)-319(the)-320(accused)-319(and)-319(accusers)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-258(the)-257(tomb)-258(of)-258(the)-257(murdered)-258(man,)-259(and)-258(asked)-258(him)-257(whether)-258(the)-258(prisoner)-257(was)-258(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 193 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 194 0 R /Resources 192 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 191 0 R >> endobj 195 0 obj << /D [193 0 R /XYZ 253.623 355.585 null] >> endobj 192 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 198 0 obj << /Length 5195 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(41)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(All)-268(this)-267(had)-268(an)-268(importance)-268(much)-267(beyond)-268(its)-268(immediate)-267(effect)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-244(tempering)-244(the)-244(administration)-244(of)-244(the)-244(law.)-248(It)-244(contributed)-243(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-476(associate)-476(in)-476(the)-475(popular)-476(imagination)-476(the)-476(ideas)-476(of)-475(sanctity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-345(of)-345(mercy,)-369(and)-345(to)-345(increase)-346(the)-345(reverence)-345(for)-345(human)-345(life.)-535(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-297(also)-297(another)-297(remarkable)-297(effect,)-309(to)-297(which)-297(I)-297(have)-297(adverted)-297(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(another)-300(work.)-400(The)-301(belief)-300(that)-300(it)-300(was)-300(wrong)-300(for)-300(a)-300(priest)-300(to)-300(bring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-314(charge)-314(that)-314(could)-314(give)-314(rise)-314(to)-314(a)-314(capital)-314(sentence)-314(caused)-313(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leading)-346(clergy)-345(to)-346(shrink)-345(from)-346(persecuting)-345(heresy)-346(to)-345(death,)-370(at)-345(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-198(when)-197(in)-198(all)-198(other)-197(respects)-198(the)-198(theory)-197(of)-198(persecution)-198(had)-197(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fully)-299(matured.)-398(When)-299(it)-299(was)-299(readily)-299(admitted)-299(that)-299(heresy)-299(was)-299(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-314(highest)-314(degree)-314(criminal,)-331(and)-314(ought)-314(to)-314(be)-314(made)-314(penal,)-330(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laws)-257(banishing,)-259(fining,)-259(or)-257(imprisoning)-256(heretics)-257(filled)-257(the)-257(statute-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(book,)-220(and)-213(when)-213(every)-213(vestige)-213(of)-213(religious)-213(liberty)-213(was)-212(suppressed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-659(the)-330(instigation)-330(of)-330(the)-329(clergy,)-350(these)-330(still)-329(shrank)-330(from)-330(the)-329(last)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([041])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(and)-413(inevitable)-413(step,)-453(not)-413(because)-412(it)-413(was)-413(an)-413(atrocious)-412(violation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-364(the)-365(rights)-364(of)-364(conscience,)-393(but)-364(because)-364(it)-365(was)-364(contrary)-364(to)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ecclesiastical)-200(discipline)-200(for)-199(a)-200(bishop,)-210(under)-200(any)-200(circumstances,)-209(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(countenance)-214(bloodshed.)-238(It)-215(was)-214(on)-214(this)-215(ground)-214(that)-214(St.)-238(Augustine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-274(eagerly)-275(advocating)-274(the)-275(persecution)-274(of)-275(the)-274(Donatists,)-280(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-412(once)-411(expressed)-412(a)-412(wish)-411(that)-412(they)-412(should)-411(not)-412(be)-411(punished)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-417(death,)-459(and)-417(that)-416(St.)-751(Ambrose,)-459(and)-417(St.)-751(Martin)-417(of)-416(Tours,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-227(were)-227(both)-227(energetic)-228(persecutors,)-231(expressed)-227(their)-227(abhorrence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-334(the)-335(Spanish)-334(bishops,)-356(who)-334(had)-334(caused)-335(some)-334(Priscillianists)-334(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-332(executed.)-494(I)-332(have)-332(elsewhere)-331(noticed)-332(the)-331(odious)-332(hypocrisy)-331(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-251(later)-251(inquisitors,)-251(who)-250(relegated)-251(the)-251(execution)-251(of)-251(the)-250(sentence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-448(the)-448(civil)-448(power,)-498(with)-448(a)-448(prayer)-448(that)-448(the)-448(heretics)-448(should)-448(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(punished)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.583 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(as)-476(mildly)-475(as)-476(possible)-476(and)-476(without)-475(the)-476(effusion)-476(of)]TJ -49.426 -13.549 Td [(blood,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 27.579 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(69)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.2 -3.959 Td [(which)-342(came)-342(at)-342(last)-342(to)-343(be)-342(interpreted,)-365(by)-342(the)-342(death)-342(of)]TJ -44.622 -13.549 Td [(fire;)-260(but)-257(I)-257(may)-257(here)-257(add,)-259(that)-257(this)-257(hideous)-257(mockery)-257(is)-257(not)-256(unique)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-181(the)-180(history)-181(of)-180(religion.)-227(Plutarch)-181(suggests)-180(that)-181(one)-180(of)-181(the)-180(reasons)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 108.003 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 99.179 Td [(murderer.)-510(The)-336(corpse)-337(answered)-336(in)-337(the)-337(negative;)-379(the)-337(bystanders)-336(implored)-337(St.)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Macarius)-272(to)-272(ask)-272(it)-272(to)-272(reveal)-272(the)-272(real)-273(culprit;)-283(but)-272(St.)-316(Macarius)-272(refused)-272(to)-272(do)-272(so.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Vit\346)-250(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.585 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(ii.)-250(cap.)-250(xxviii.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -45.333 -7.311 Td [(69)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ut)-250(quam)-250(clementissime)-250(et)-250(ultra)-250(sanguinis)-250(effusionem)-250(puniretur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 228.122 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 197 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 198 0 R /Resources 196 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 191 0 R >> endobj 199 0 obj << /D [197 0 R /XYZ 58.245 342.036 null] >> endobj 196 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 202 0 obj << /Length 5030 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(42History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(for)-312(burying)-312(unchaste)-312(vestals)-312(alive)-312(was)-312(that)-312(they)-312(were)-312(so)-311(sacred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-204(it)-204(was)-205(unlawful)-204(to)-204(lay)-204(violent)-204(hands)-204(upon)-205(them,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 222.16 3.959 Td [(70)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.795 -3.959 Td [(and)-204(among)]TJ -232.955 -13.549 Td [(the)-235(Donatists)-236(the)-235(Circumcelliones)-235(were)-235(for)-236(a)-235(time)-235(accustomed)-235(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abstain,)-291(in)-283(obedience)-283(to)-283(the)-283(evangelical)-283(command,)-291(from)-283(the)-282(use)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-315(the)-315(sword,)-331(while)-315(they)-314(beat)-315(to)-315(death)-315(those)-315(who)-315(differed)-314(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-200(theological)-200(opinions)-200(with)-200(massive)-200(clubs,)-210(to)-200(which)-200(they)-199(gave)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(very)-250(significant)-250(name)-250(of)-250(Israelites.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 167.236 3.959 Td [(71)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -155.28 -18.925 Td [(The)-246(time)-246(came)-246(when)-246(the)-246(Christian)-246(priests)-246(shed)-246(blood)-246(enough.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-189(extreme)-189(scrupulosity,)-201(however,)-200(which)-189(they)-189(at)-189(first)-188(displayed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-285(not)-284(only)-285(exceedingly)-284(curious)-285(when)-285(contrasted)-284(with)-285(their)-284(later)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(history;)-206(it)-184(was)-184(also,)-197(by)-184(the)-184(association)-184(of)-184(ideas)-184(which)-184(it)-184(promoted,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-353(favourable)-354(to)-353(humanity.)-1121(It)-353(is)-354(remarkable,)-379(however,)-379(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([042])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(while)-316(some)-315(of)-316(the)-316(early)-316(Fathers)-315(were)-316(the)-316(undoubted)-315(precursors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-406(Beccaria,)-444(their)-406(teaching,)-444(unlike)-406(that)-406(of)-405(the)-406(philosophers)-405(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-450(eighteenth)-449(century,)-500(had)-449(little)-450(or)-449(no)-450(appreciable)-449(influence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-359(mitigating)-360(the)-359(severity)-359(of)-360(the)-359(penal)-359(code.)-578(Indeed,)-387(the)-359(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(carefully)-414(the)-414(Christian)-413(legislation)-414(of)-414(the)-414(Empire)-414(is)-413(examined,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-450(the)-450(more)-450(fully)-450(it)-450(is)-450(compared)-450(with)-450(what)-450(had)-450(been)-450(done)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-431(the)-430(influence)-431(of)-431(Stoicism)-431(by)-430(the)-431(Pagan)-431(legislators,)-475(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-480(evident,)-537(I)-480(think,)-538(it)-480(will)-480(appear)-480(that)-480(the)-480(golden)-479(age)-480(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Roman)-510(law)-509(was)-510(not)-510(Christian,)-574(but)-510(Pagan.)-1029(Great)-510(works)-509(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(codification)-311(were)-312(accomplished)-311(under)-312(the)-311(younger)-311(Theodosius,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-313(under)-314(Justinian;)-344(but)-314(it)-313(was)-313(in)-313(the)-314(reign)-313(of)-313(Pagan)-313(emperors,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-245(especially)-244(of)-245(Hadrian)-245(and)-245(Alexander)-244(Severus,)-246(that)-245(nearly)-244(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-347(most)-346(important)-347(measures)-346(were)-347(taken,)-371(redressing)-346(injustices,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elevating)-497(oppressed)-496(classes,)-558(and)-497(making)-497(the)-496(doctrine)-497(of)-496(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(natural)-470(equality)-470(and)-470(fraternity)-469(of)-470(mankind)-470(the)-470(basis)-470(of)-469(legal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enactments.)-249(Receiving)-247(the)-247(heritage)-247(of)-247(these)-247(laws,)-247(the)-247(Christians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-520(doubt,)-588(added)-521(something;)-655(but)-520(a)-521(careful)-520(examination)-520(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(show)-591(that)-590(it)-591(was)-590(surprisingly)-591(little.)-1271(In)-591(no)-590(respect)-591(is)-590(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greatness)-410(of)-411(the)-410(Stoic)-410(philosophers)-411(more)-410(conspicuous)-410(than)-410(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 92.03 Td [(70)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Qu\346st)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 22.918 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.98 0 Td [(.)-250(Roman\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.866 0 Td [(,)-250(xcvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -73.482 -7.311 Td [(71)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.326 0 Td [(M\351m.)-376(d'Hist.)-376(eccl\351s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.404 0 Td [(.)-376(tome)-292(vi.)-376(pp.)-376(88-98.)-376(The)-292(Donatists)-292(after)-292(a)]TJ -124.686 -10.959 Td [(time,)-250(however,)-250(are)-250(said)-250(to)-250(have)-250(overcome)-250(their)-250(scruples,)-250(and)-250(used)-250(swords.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 201 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 202 0 R /Resources 200 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 191 0 R >> endobj 203 0 obj << /D [201 0 R /XYZ 229.685 367.717 null] >> endobj 200 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 207 0 obj << /Length 5618 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(43)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-312(contrast)-312(between)-312(the)-311(gigantic)-312(steps)-312(of)-312(legal)-312(reform)-312(made)-311(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-359(few)-359(years)-359(under)-359(their)-359(influence,)-386(and)-359(the)-359(almost)-358(insignificant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(steps)-431(taken)-432(when)-431(Christianity)-431(had)-432(obtained)-431(an)-431(ascendancy)-431(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-325(Empire,)-343(not)-325(to)-324(speak)-325(of)-324(the)-325(long)-325(period)-324(of)-325(decrepitude)-324(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(followed.)-380(In)-293(the)-294(way)-293(of)-293(mitigating)-294(the)-293(severity)-293(of)-293(punishments,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Constantine)-234(made,)-238(it)-234(is)-234(true,)-238(three)-234(important)-234(laws)-234(prohibiting)-234(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(custom)-335(of)-335(branding)-335(criminals)-335(upon)-335(the)-334(face,)-357(the)-334(condemnation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-515(criminals)-515(as)-515(gladiators,)-581(and)-515(the)-515(continuance)-515(of)-515(the)-515(once)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(degrading)-504(but)-503(now)-504(sacred)-504(punishment)-504(of)-503(crucifixion,)-567(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-382(been)-381(very)-382(commonly)-381(employed;)-448(but)-381(these)-382(measures)-381(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-320(than)-321(counterbalanced)-320(by)-321(the)-320(extreme)-321(severity)-320(with)-320(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-226(Christian)-226(emperors)-226(punished)-227(infanticide,)-231(adultery,)-230(seduction,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rape,)-200(and)-187(several)-188(other)-187(crimes,)-200(and)-188(the)-187(number)-188(of)-187(capital)-187(offences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(became)-232(considerably)-233(greater)-465(than)-232(before.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 181.398 3.958 Td [(72)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.132 -3.958 Td [(The)-232(most)-233(prominent)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 98.494 0 Td [([043])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(evidence,)-376(indeed,)-377(of)-351(ecclesiastical)-351(influence)-351(in)-351(the)-351(Theodosian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(code)-194(is)-194(that)-194(which)-194(must)-194(be)-194(most)-193(lamented.)-232(It)-194(is)-194(the)-194(immense)-193(mass)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-230(legislation,)-234(intended)-230(on)-230(the)-230(one)-230(hand)-230(to)-230(elevate)-230(the)-230(clergy)-229(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-206(separate)-206(and)-207(sacred)-206(caste,)-215(and)-206(on)-206(the)-207(other)-206(to)-206(persecute)-206(in)-206(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(form,)-297(and)-288(with)-288(every)-288(degree)-288(of)-288(violence,)-297(all)-288(who)-288(deviated)-287(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(fine)-250(line)-250(of)-250(Catholic)-250(orthodoxy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 153.927 3.959 Td [(73)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -141.971 -19.522 Td [(The)-496(last)-495(consequence)-496(of)-496(the)-495(Christian)-496(estimate)-496(of)-495(human)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(life)-417(was)-418(a)-417(very)-418(emphatic)-417(condemnation)-417(of)-418(suicide.)-752(We)-417(have)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 219.39 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 212.577 Td [(72)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Under)-287(the)-288(Christian)-288(kings,)-296(the)-288(barbarians)-288(multiplied)-287(the)-288(number)-287(of)-288(capital)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(offences,)-391(but)-364(this)-363(has)-363(usually)-363(been)-363(regarded)-363(as)-363(an)-364(improvement.)-589(The)-363(Abb\351)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Mably)-295(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 47.045 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Quoiqu'il)-295(nous)-295(reste)-296(peu)-295(d'ordonnances)-295(faites)-296(sous)-295(les)-295(premiers)]TJ -51.027 -10.959 Td [(M\351rovingiens,)-469(nous)-426(voyons)-426(qu'avant)-425(la)-426(fin)-425(du)-426(sixi\350me)-425(si\350cle,)-470(les)-425(Fran\347ois)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(avoient)-183(d\351j\340)-182(adopt\351)-183(la)-183(doctrine)-182(salutaire)-183(des)-183(Romains)-182(au)-183(sujet)-183(de)-182(la)-183(prescription;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(et)-458(que)-459(renon\347ant)-458(\340)-459(cette)-458(humanit\351)-459(cruelle)-458(qui)-458(les)-459(enhardissoit)-458(au)-459(mal,)-510(ils)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(inflig\350rent)-353(peine)-353(de)-353(mort)-353(contre)-353(l'inceste,)-379(le)-353(vol)-353(et)-353(le)-353(meurtre)-353(qui)-353(jusques-l\340)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(n'avoient)-260(\351t\351)-261(punis)-260(que)-260(par)-260(l'exil,)-263(ou)-260(dont)-261(on)-260(se)-260(rachetoit)-261(par)-260(une)-260(composition.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Les)-395(Fran\347ois,)-432(en)-395(r\351formant)-396(quelques-unes)-395(de)-395(leurs)-396(lois)-395(civiles,)-432(port\350rent)-395(la)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(s\351v\351rit\351)-508(aussi)-509(loin)-508(que)-509(leurs)-508(p\350res)-508(avoient)-509(pouss\351)-508(l'indulgence.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 242.03 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Mably,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -254.977 -10.959 Td [(Observ.)-310(sur)-270(l'Hist.)-310(des)-270(Fran\347ois)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 115.929 0 Td [(,)-275(liv.)-310(i.)-310(ch.)-310(iii.)-311(See,)-275(too,)-275(Gibbon's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 120.945 0 Td [(Decline)-270(and)]TJ -236.874 -10.958 Td [(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.947 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(xxxviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.709 -7.311 Td [(73)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-577(whole)-576(of)-577(the)-577(sixth)-576(volume)-577(of)-577(Godefroy's)-577(edition)-576(\050folio\051)-577(of)-577(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Theodosian)-250(code)-250(is)-250(taken)-250(up)-250(with)-250(laws)-250(of)-250(these)-250(kinds.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 206 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 207 0 R /Resources 205 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 191 0 R >> endobj 208 0 obj << /D [206 0 R /XYZ 173.724 342.036 null] >> endobj 205 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 211 0 obj << /Length 4746 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(44History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(already)-203(seen)-202(that)-203(the)-202(arguments)-203(of)-203(the)-202(Pagan)-203(moralists,)-212(who)-202(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opposed)-296(to)-296(this)-296(act,)-307(were)-296(of)-295(four)-296(kinds.)-388(The)-296(religious)-295(argument)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-391(Pythagoras)-392(and)-391(Plato)-391(was,)-427(that)-391(we)-391(are)-392(all)-391(soldiers)-391(of)-391(God,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(placed)-201(in)-201(an)-201(appointed)-201(post)-201(of)-201(duty,)-211(which)-201(it)-201(is)-201(a)-200(rebellion)-201(against)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(our)-383(Maker)-382(to)-383(desert.)-647(The)-383(civic)-382(argument)-383(of)-382(Aristotle)-383(and)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-275(legislators)-276(was)-275(that)-276(we)-275(owe)-275(our)-276(services)-275(to)-275(the)-276(State,)-281(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-278(therefore)-279(voluntarily)-278(to)-278(abandon)-279(life)-278(is)-278(to)-279(abandon)-278(our)-278(duty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-311(our)-311(country.)-434(The)-311(argument)-312(which)-311(Plutarch)-311(and)-311(other)-311(writers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(derived)-339(from)-340(human)-339(dignity)-340(was)-339(that)-340(true)-339(courage)-340(is)-339(shown)-339(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-353(manful)-353(endurance)-354(of)-353(suffering,)-379(while)-353(suicide,)-379(being)-353(an)-353(act)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-256(flight,)-257(is)-255(an)-256(act)-255(of)-256(cowardice,)-257(and)-256(therefore)-255(unworthy)-256(of)-255(man.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-266(mystical)-266(or)-266(Quietist)-266(argument)-266(of)-266(the)-266(Neoplatonists)-266(was)-265(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-295(perturbation)-295(is)-294(a)-295(pollution)-295(of)-295(the)-294(soul;)-317(that)-295(the)-295(act)-295(of)-294(suicide)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-417(accompanied)-418(by,)-459(and)-417(springs)-417(from,)-459(perturbation,)-918(and)-417(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([044])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(therefore)-424(the)-425(perpetrator)-424(ends)-425(his)-424(days)-424(by)-425(a)-424(crime.)-773(Of)-424(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(four)-425(arguments,)-470(the)-425(last)-426(cannot,)-469(I)-425(think,)-470(be)-425(said)-426(to)-425(have)-425(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-263(place)-262(among)-263(the)-262(Christian)-263(dissuasives)-263(from)-262(suicide,)-266(and)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-359(of)-359(the)-359(second)-359(was)-359(almost)-359(imperceptible.)-577(The)-358(notion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-459(patriotism)-459(being)-459(a)-459(moral)-459(duty)-459(was)-459(habitually)-458(discouraged)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-436(the)-437(early)-436(Church;)-530(and)-436(it)-437(was)-436(impossible)-436(to)-437(urge)-436(the)-436(civic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(argument)-313(against)-313(suicide)-313(without)-313(at)-313(the)-313(same)-313(time)-313(condemning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-354(hermit)-355(life,)-380(which)-354(in)-355(the)-354(third)-354(century)-355(became)-354(the)-354(ideal)-354(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(Church.)-252(The)-250(duty)-250(a)-251(man)-250(owes)-250(to)-251(his)-250(family,)-251(which)-250(a)-250(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moralist)-353(would)-352(deem)-353(the)-353(most)-352(obvious)-353(and,)-378(perhaps,)-379(the)-352(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conclusive)-232(proof)-232(of)-232(the)-232(general)-231(criminality)-232(of)-232(suicide,)-236(and)-231(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-335(be)-335(said)-335(to)-335(have)-335(replaced)-335(the)-334(civic)-335(argument,)-357(was)-334(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(noticed)-369(either)-368(by)-369(the)-368(Pagans)-369(or)-368(the)-369(early)-368(Christians.)-606(The)-368(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-313(accustomed)-313(to)-313(lay)-313(so)-312(much)-313(stress)-313(upon)-313(the)-313(authority,)-328(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-310(scarcely)-310(recognised)-311(the)-310(duties,)-325(of)-310(the)-311(father;)-340(and)-310(the)-310(latter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-445(too)-445(anxious)-445(to)-445(attach)-445(all)-445(their)-445(ethics)-445(to)-445(the)-445(interests)-444(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(another)-238(world,)-241(to)-238(do)-238(much)-238(to)-238(supply)-238(the)-238(omission.)-246(The)-238(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(estimate)-278(of)-277(the)-278(duty)-277(of)-278(humility,)-284(and)-278(of)-278(the)-277(degradation)-278(of)-277(man,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rendered)-244(appeals)-244(to)-243(human)-244(dignity)-244(somewhat)-244(uncongenial)-244(to)-243(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patristic)-408(writers;)-486(yet)-408(these)-407(writers)-408(frequently)-407(dilated)-408(upon)-407(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 210 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 211 0 R /Resources 209 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 191 0 R >> endobj 212 0 obj << /D [210 0 R /XYZ 332.497 342.036 null] >> endobj 209 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 215 0 obj << /Length 5653 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(45)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(true)-220(courage)-219(of)-220(patience,)-226(in)-219(language)-220(to)-220(which)-219(their)-220(own)-219(heroism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-182(persecution)-183(gave)-182(a)-182(noble)-183(emphasis.)-227(To)-182(the)-183(example)-182(of)-182(Cato)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-237(opposed)-236(those)-236(of)-237(Regulus)-236(and)-237(Job,)-239(the)-237(courage)-236(that)-236(endures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering)-492(to)-493(the)-492(courage)-492(that)-493(confronts)-492(death.)-977(The)-492(Platonic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doctrine,)-290(that)-282(we)-282(are)-283(servants)-282(of)-282(the)-282(Deity,)-290(placed)-282(upon)-282(earth)-282(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perform)-211(our)-211(allotted)-211(task)-211(in)-211(His)-212(sight,)-218(with)-211(His)-212(assistance,)-218(and)-211(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-211(will,)-219(they)-212(continually)-211(enforced)-211(and)-212(most)-211(deeply)-211(realised;)-224(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-261(doctrine)-261(was)-261(in)-261(itself,)-264(in)-261(most)-261(cases,)-264(a)-261(sufficient)-261(preventive;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for,)-245(as)-243(a)-244(great)-243(writer)-244(has)-243(said:)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 131.029 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Though)-243(there)-244(are)-243(many)-244(crimes)-243(of)]TJ -135.873 -13.55 Td [(a)-234(deeper)-235(dye)-234(than)-234(suicide,)-238(there)-234(is)-234(no)-234(other)-235(by)-234(which)-234(men)-234(appear)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-250(formally)-250(to)-250(renounce)-250(the)-250(protection)-250(of)-250(God.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 202.996 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(74)]TJ 83.184 -3.959 Td [([045])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.674 Td [(But,)-718(in)-625(addition)-625(to)-624(this)-625(general)-625(teaching,)-718(the)-625(Christi)1(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(theologians)-341(introduced)-341(into)-342(the)-341(sphere)-341(we)-341(are)-341(considering)-341(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elements)-286(both)-286(of)-286(terrorism)-286(and)-286(of)-286(persuasion,)-295(which)-286(have)-286(had)-285(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(decisive)-240(influence)-239(upon)-240(the)-239(judgments)-240(of)-239(mankind.)-247(They)-239(carried)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-329(doctrine)-329(of)-329(the)-330(sanctity)-329(of)-329(human)-329(life)-329(to)-329(such)-329(a)-329(point)-329(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-303(maintained)-303(dogmatically)-303(that)-303(a)-303(man)-303(who)-303(destroys)-303(his)-302(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-328(has)-328(committed)-328(a)-329(crime)-328(similar)-328(both)-328(in)-328(kind)-328(and)-328(magnitude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-419(that)-418(of)-419(an)-419(ordinary)-418(murderer,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 146.74 3.959 Td [(75)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.496 -3.959 Td [(and)-419(they)-418(at)-419(the)-419(same)-418(time)]TJ -160.236 -13.549 Td [(gave)-323(a)-323(new)-323(character)-324(to)-323(death)-323(by)-323(their)-323(doctrines)-323(concerning)-323(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(penal)-281(nature)-280(and)-281(concerning)-281(the)-281(future)-280(destinies)-281(of)-281(the)-280(soul.)-342(On)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(other)-335(hand,)-355(the)-334(high)-335(position)-334(assigned)-334(to)-335(resignation)-334(in)-334(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-326(scale,)-344(the)-326(hope)-325(of)-326(future)-326(happiness,)-344(which)-326(casts)-325(a)-326(ray)-325(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(light)-389(upon)-389(the)-389(darkest)-389(calamities)-388(of)-389(life,)-424(the)-389(deeper)-389(and)-388(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subtle)-245(consolations)-245(arising)-245(from)-245(the)-245(feeling)-245(of)-245(trust)-245(and)-245(from)-244(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outpouring)-365(of)-364(prayer,)-394(and,)-393(above)-364(all,)-394(the)-364(Christian)-365(doctrine)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-212(remedial)-212(and)-212(providential)-212(character)-213(of)-212(suffering,)-219(have)-212(proved)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 153.72 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 146.908 Td [(74)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Mme.)-250(de)-250(Sta\353l,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.533 0 Td [(R\351flexions)-250(sur)-250(le)-250(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 88.408 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -153.659 -7.395 Td [(75)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-572(following)-572(became)-572(the)-571(theological)-572(doctrine)-572(on)-572(the)-572(subject:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 253.234 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Est)]TJ -269.171 -10.958 Td [(vere)-435(homicida)-434(et)-435(reus)-435(homicidii)-434(qui)-435(se)-435(interficiendo)-434(innocentum)-435(hominem)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(interfecerit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 41.578 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Lisle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.296 0 Td [(Du)-233(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.445 0 Td [(,)-237(p.)-244(400.)-244(St.)-245(Augustine)-233(has)-233(much)-234(in)-233(this)-233(strain.)]TJ -116.266 -10.959 Td [(Lucretia,)-401(he)-371(says,)-401(either)-371(consented)-371(to)-371(the)-371(act)-371(of)-371(Sextius,)-401(or)-371(she)-370(did)-371(not.)-613(In)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-323(first)-323(case)-323(she)-322(was)-323(an)-323(adulteress,)-341(and)-323(should)-323(therefore)-323(not)-323(be)-323(admired.)-468(In)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-311(second)-311(case)-310(she)-311(was)-311(a)-311(murderess,)-326(because)-310(in)-311(killing)-311(herself)-311(she)-310(killed)-311(an)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(innocent)-250(and)-250(virtuous)-250(woman.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 113.811 0 Td [(De)-250(Civ.)-250(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.581 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(19.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 214 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 215 0 R /Resources 213 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 217 0 R >> endobj 216 0 obj << /D [214 0 R /XYZ 46.771 380.305 null] >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 220 0 obj << /Length 5483 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(46History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sufficient)-237(protection)-238(against)-237(despair.)-246(The)-237(Christian)-238(doctrine,)-239(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pain)-348(is)-348(a)-348(good,)-373(had)-348(in)-348(this)-348(respect)-348(an)-348(influence)-348(that)-348(was)-348(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attained)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Pagan)-250(doctrine,)-250(that)-250(pain)-250(is)-250(not)-250(an)-250(evil.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(There)-547(were,)-621(however,)-621(two)-547(forms)-547(of)-547(suicide)-547(which)-547(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(regarded)-306(in)-307(the)-306(early)-307(Church)-306(with)-306(some)-307(tolerance)-306(or)-306(hesitation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(During)-188(the)-188(frenzy)-188(excited)-188(by)-187(persecution,)-201(and)-188(under)-188(the)-187(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-329(the)-330(belief)-329(that)-329(martyrdom)-329(effaced)-330(in)-329(a)-329(moment)-330(the)-329(sins)-329(of)-329(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life,)-240(and)-238(introduced)-237(the)-238(sufferer)-237(at)-238(once)-238(into)-237(celestial)-238(joys,)-240(it)-237(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-388(uncommon)-388(for)-388(men,)-422(in)-388(a)-388(transport)-388(of)-388(enthusiasm,)-423(to)-387(rush)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(before)-375(the)-375(Pagan)-375(judges,)-407(imploring)-750(or)-375(provoking)-375(martyrdom;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([046])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-273(some)-273(of)-273(the)-273(ecclesiastical)-273(writers)-273(have)-273(spoken)-273(of)-273(these)-273(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-349(considerable)-348(admiration,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 132.133 3.959 Td [(76)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.539 -3.959 Td [(though)-349(the)-348(general)-349(tone)-348(of)-349(the)]TJ -144.672 -13.549 Td [(patristic)-452(writings)-452(and)-452(the)-452(councils)-452(of)-452(the)-452(Church)-452(condemned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them.)-610(A)-370(more)-370(serious)-370(difficulty)-370(arose)-370(about)-370(Christ)1(ian)-370(women)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-241(committed)-242(suicide)-241(to)-242(guard)-241(their)-241(chastity)-242(when)-241(menaced)-241(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(infamous)-308(sentences)-309(of)-308(their)-308(persecutors,)-323(or)-308(more)-308(frequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-285(the)-284(lust)-284(of)-285(emperors,)-293(or)-285(by)-284(barbarian)-284(invaders.)-354(St.)-353(Pelagia,)-293(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(girl)-277(of)-277(only)-278(fifteen,)-283(who)-278(has)-277(been)-277(canonised)-277(by)-277(the)-277(Church,)-284(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-243(was)-243(warmly)-243(eulogised)-244(by)-243(St.)-247(Ambrose)-244(and)-243(St.)-247(Chrysostom,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(having)-416(been)-415(captured)-416(by)-416(the)-415(soldiery,)-457(obtained)-416(permission)-415(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(retire)-290(to)-290(her)-290(room)-291(for)-290(the)-290(purpose)-290(of)-290(robing)-290(herself,)-300(mounted)-290(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-367(roof)-367(of)-367(the)-367(house,)-396(and,)-396(flinging)-367(herself)-366(down,)-397(perished)-366(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(fall.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 34.651 3.959 Td [(77)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.166 -3.959 Td [(A)-371(Christian)-372(lady)-371(of)-371(Antioch,)-402(named)-371(Domnina,)-402(had)]TJ -49.817 -13.549 Td [(two)-362(daughters)-362(renowned)-362(alike)-362(for)-362(their)-362(beauty)-362(and)-362(their)-361(piety.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Being)-389(captured)-389(during)-389(the)-389(Diocletian)-389(persecution,)-423(and)-389(fearing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-398(loss)-398(of)-398(their)-398(chastity,)-435(they)-398(agreed)-398(by)-398(one)-398(bold)-398(act)-397(to)-398(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-254(from)-253(the)-254(danger,)-254(and,)-255(casting)-254(themselves)-253(into)-254(a)-253(river)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-278(the)-278(way,)-284(mother)-278(and)-278(daughters)-278(sank)-278(unsullied)-278(in)-277(the)-278(wave.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(78)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 142.838 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 136.026 Td [(76)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Justin)-268(Martyr,)-273(Tertullian,)-273(and)-268(Cyprian)-268(are)-269(especially)-268(ardent)-268(in)-268(this)-269(respect;)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(but)-418(their)-418(language)-417(is,)-460(I)-417(think,)-460(in)-418(their)-418(circumstances,)-459(extremely)-418(excusable.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Compare)-264(Barbeyrac,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 76.729 0 Td [(Morale)-264(des)-265(P\350res)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.506 0 Td [(,)-268(ch.)-293(ii.)-293(\247)-265(8;)-271(ch.)-293(viii.)-293(\247\247)-265(34-39.)-293(Donne's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -140.235 -10.959 Td [(Biathanatos)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.703 0 Td [(\050ed.)-289(1644\051,)-267(pp.)-289(58-67.)-289(Cromaziano,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 129.847 0 Td [(Istoria)-263(critica)-263(e)-263(filosofica)-263(del)]TJ -175.55 -10.959 Td [(Suicidio)-250(ragionato)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.248 0 Td [(\050Venezia,)-250(1788\051,)-250(pp.)-250(135-140.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -66.01 -7.31 Td [(77)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Ambrose,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.353 0 Td [(De)-250(Virginibus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.562 0 Td [(,)-250(iii.)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -96.633 -7.311 Td [(78)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Eusebius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.86 0 Td [(Eccles.)-250(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.316 0 Td [(viii.)-250(12.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 219 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 220 0 R /Resources 218 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 217 0 R >> endobj 221 0 obj << /D [219 0 R /XYZ 256.449 396.232 null] >> endobj 218 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 224 0 obj << /Length 6053 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(47)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-217(tyrant)-218(Maxentius)-217(was)-217(fascinated)-218(by)-217(the)-217(beauty)-218(of)-217(a)-217(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lady,)-395(the)-365(wife)-366(of)-366(the)-366(Prefect)-365(of)-366(Rome.)-597(Having)-366(sought)-366(in)-365(vain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-313(elude)-313(his)-313(addresses,)-329(having)-313(been)-313(dragged)-313(from)-313(her)-313(house)-313(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-290(minions)-289(of)-290(the)-289(tyrant,)-299(the)-290(faithful)-289(wife)-290(obtained)-289(permission,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(before)-279(yielding)-280(to)-279(her)-279(master's)-280(embraces,)-286(to)-280(retire)-279(for)-279(a)-279(moment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-491(her)-490(chamber,)-551(and)-490(she)-491(there,)-551(with)-490(true)-491(Roman)-490(courage,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stabbed)-259(herself)-259(to)-259(the)-259(heart.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 120.667 3.959 Td [(79)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.49 -3.959 Td [(Some)-259(Protestant)-518(controversialists)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 158.867 0 Td [([047])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(have)-460(been)-460(scandalised,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 104.25 3.959 Td [(80)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.061 -3.959 Td [(and)-460(some)-460(Catholic)-460(controversialists)]TJ -118.311 -13.549 Td [(perplexed,)-365(by)-341(the)-342(undisguised)-341(admiration)-342(with)-341(which)-342(the)-341(early)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ecclesiastical)-287(writers)-287(narrate)-287(these)-287(histories.)-361(To)-287(those)-287(who)-286(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-198(suffered)-198(theological)-199(opinions)-198(to)-198(destroy)-198(all)-198(their)-198(natural)-198(sense)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(nobility)-250(it)-250(will)-250(need)-250(no)-250(defence.)]TJ 11.956 -15.155 Td [(This)-305(was)-305(the)-305(only)-305(form)-305(of)-305(avowed)-305(suicide)-305(which)-305(was)-305(in)-305(any)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(degree)-193(permitted)-193(in)-192(the)-193(early)-193(Church.)-231(St.)-231(Ambrose)-193(rather)-192(timidly,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-157(St.)-219(Jerome)-157(more)-157(strongly,)-175(commended)-157(it;)-188(but)-157(at)-157(the)-157(time)-156(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-263(capture)-263(of)-264(Rome)-263(by)-263(the)-263(soldiers)-264(of)-263(Alaric)-263(made)-263(the)-263(question)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-440(of)-441(pressing)-440(interest,)-488(St.)-821(Augustine)-440(devoted)-440(an)-440(elaborate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examination)-463(to)-462(the)-463(subject,)-515(and)-463(while)-462(expressing)-463(his)-462(pitying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(admiration)-396(for)-397(the)-396(virgin)-397(suicides,)-433(decidedly)-396(condemned)-396(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(act.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 15.448 3.958 Td [(81)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.591 -3.958 Td [(His)-262(opinion)-262(of)-262(the)-262(absolute)-262(sinfulness)-263(of)-262(suicide)-262(has)-262(since)]TJ -27.039 -13.55 Td [(been)-219(generally)-219(adopted)-218(by)-219(the)-219(Catholic)-219(theologians,)-225(who)-218(pretend)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-328(Pelagia)-329(and)-328(Domnina)-329(acted)-328(under)-329(the)-328(impulse)-329(of)-328(a)-328(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revelation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 46.353 3.959 Td [(82)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.283 -3.959 Td [(At)-253(the)-252(same)-253(time,)-253(by)-253(a)-253(glaring)-252(though)-253(very)-253(natural)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 233.388 0 Td [([048])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 206.794 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 197.97 Td [(mortelles,)-339(ou)-321(que)-321(souvent)-321(ne)-321(brisant)-321(que)-321(quelques)-320(membres,)-339(elles)-321(n'ostent)-321(la)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(vie)-222(que)-222(longtemps)-223(apr\350s,)-227(ni)-222(l'un)-223(ni)-222(l'autre)-222(n'arriva)-222(en)-222(cette)-222(rencontre;)-232(mais)-222(Dieu)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(retira)-257(aussitost)-258(l'\342me)-257(de)-257(la)-257(sainte,)-260(en)-257(sorte)-257(que)-257(sa)-258(mort)-257(parut)-257(autant)-258(l'effet)-257(de)-257(la)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(volont\351)-250(divine)-250(que)-250(de)-250(sa)-250(chute.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 111.067 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.819 0 Td [(tome)-250(v.)-250(pp.)-250(401-402.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -166.595 -7.311 Td [(79)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Eusebius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.63 0 Td [(Eccles.)-724(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.977 0 Td [(viii.)-724(14.)-723(Bayle,)-447(in)-408(his)-408(article)-408(upon)-408(Sophronia,)]TJ -103.563 -10.959 Td [(appears)-432(to)-432(be)-433(greatly)-432(scandalised)-432(at)-432(this)-432(act,)-478(and)-432(it)-432(seems)-433(that)-432(among)-432(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Catholics)-489(it)-489(is)-489(not)-488(considered)-489(right)-489(to)-489(admire)-489(this)-489(poor)-489(lady)-488(as)-489(much)-489(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(her)-362(sister)-362(suicides.)-585(Tillemont)-362(remarks:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 147.482 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Comme)-362(on)-362(ne)-361(voit)-362(pas)-362(que)-362(l'\351glise)]TJ -151.463 -10.959 Td [(romaine)-279(l'ait)-280(jamais)-279(honor\351e,)-286(nous)-279(n'avons)-280(pas)-279(le)-279(mesme)-279(droit)-280(de)-279(justifier)-279(son)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(action.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 24.156 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.818 0 Td [(tome)-250(v.)-250(pp.)-250(404,)-250(405.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -79.683 -7.31 Td [(80)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Especially)-196(Barbeyrac)-196(in)-196(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 98.671 0 Td [(Morale)-196(des)-196(P\350res)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.284 0 Td [(.)-232(He)-196(was)-196(answered)-197(by)-196(Ceillier,)]TJ -172.911 -10.959 Td [(Cromaziano,)-294(and)-286(others.)-356(Matthew)-286(of)-285(Westminster)-285(relates)-286(of)-285(Ebba,)-295(the)-285(abbess)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-277(a)-278(Yorkshire)-277(convent)-277(which)-277(was)-277(besieged)-278(by)-277(the)-277(Danes,)-284(that)-277(she)-278(and)-277(all)-277(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 223 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 224 0 R /Resources 222 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 217 0 R >> endobj 225 0 obj << /D [223 0 R /XYZ 253.067 436.88 null] >> endobj 226 0 obj << /D [223 0 R /XYZ 327.401 218.487 null] >> endobj 222 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 229 0 obj << /Length 6746 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(48History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(inconsistency,)-257(no)-256(characters)-255(were)-256(more)-256(enthusiastically)-255(extolled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-410(those)-411(anchorites)-410(who)-411(habitually)-410(deprived)-411(their)-410(bodies)-410(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-281(sustenance)-281(that)-280(was)-281(absolutely)-281(necessary)-281(to)-280(health,)-289(and)-280(thus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manifestly)-450(abridged)-449(their)-450(lives.)-849(St.)-849(Jerome)-449(has)-450(preserved)-449(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(curious)-247(illustration)-248(of)-247(the)-248(feeling)-247(with)-247(which)-248(these)-247(slow)-247(suicides)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-448(regarded)-449(by)-448(the)-448(outer)-448(world,)-498(in)-448(his)-449(account)-448(of)-448(the)-448(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-349(death)-348(of)-349(a)-349(young)-349(nun)-348(named)-349(Blesilla.)-546(This)-349(lady)-349(had)-348(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(guilty)-345(of)-346(what,)-369(according)-345(to)-345(the)-345(religious)-346(notions)-345(of)-345(the)-345(fourth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century,)-381(was,)-381(at)-354(least,)-381(the)-355(frivolity)-355(of)-354(marrying,)-381(but)-355(was)-355(left)-354(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(widow)-353(seven)-353(months)-352(afterwards,)-379(having)-352(thus)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 206.675 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(lost)-353(at)-353(once)-352(the)]TJ -211.518 -13.549 Td [(crown)-387(of)-387(virginity)-387(and)-387(the)-387(pleasure)-386(of)-387(marriage.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 219.495 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(83)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.69 -3.959 Td [(An)-387(attack)]TJ -237.028 -13.549 Td [(of)-294(illness)-295(inspired)-294(her)-295(with)-294(strong)-294(religious)-295(feelings.)-383(At)-294(the)-294(age)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-357(twenty)-358(she)-357(retired)-357(to)-358(a)-357(convent.)-572(She)-357(attained)-358(such)-357(a)-357(height)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(devotion)-335(that,)-356(according)-335(to)-335(the)-335(very)-335(characteristic)-335(eulogy)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-266(biographer,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 69.752 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(she)-266(was)-265(more)-266(sorry)-265(for)-266(the)-265(loss)-266(of)-265(her)-266(virginity)]TJ -74.595 -13.549 Td [(than)-362(for)-362(the)-362(decease)-362(of)-363(her)-362(husband;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 164.866 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(84)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.418 -3.959 Td [(and)-362(a)-362(long)-362(succession)]TJ -182.128 -13.549 Td [(of)-441(atrocious)-441(penances)-441(preceded,)-489(if)-441(they)-441(did)-441(not)-441(produce,)-488(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(death.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 26.357 3.959 Td [(85)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.254 -3.959 Td [(The)-282(conviction)-283(that)-282(she)-282(had)-283(been)-282(killed)-282(by)-283(fasting,)-290(and)]TJ -38.611 -13.549 Td [(the)-419(spectacle)-419(of)-419(the)-419(uncontrollable)-419(grief)-419(of)-419(her)-419(mother,)-461(filled)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-281(populace)-280(with)-281(indignation,)-288(and)-281(the)-281(funeral)-280(was)-281(disturbed)-280(by)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 250.821 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 238.069 Td [(other)-385(nuns,)-419(to)-385(save)-385(their)-385(chastity,)-418(deformed)-385(themselves)-385(by)-385(cutting)-385(off)-385(their)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(noses)-250(and)-250(upper)-250(lips.)-250(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 80.438 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(870.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -114.658 -7.311 Td [(81)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Civ.)-250(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.581 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(22-7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -51.299 -7.31 Td [(82)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This)-223(had)-223(been)-223(suggested)-223(by)-223(St.)-241(Augustine.)-241(In)-223(the)-223(case)-223(of)-223(Pelagia,)-229(Tillemont)]TJ -11.956 -7.989 Td [(finds)-461(a)-462(strong)-461(argument)-461(in)-461(support)-462(of)-461(this)-461(view)-461(in)-461(the)-462(astounding,)-514(if)-461(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(miraculous,)-241(fact)-239(that,)-240(having)-239(thrown)-239(herself)-238(from)-239(the)-239(top)-238(of)-239(the)-239(house,)-240(she)-239(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(actually)-281(killed)-281(by)-280(the)-281(fall!)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 96.813 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Estant)-281(mont\351e)-281(tout)-280(au)-281(haut)-281(de)-281(sa)-280(maison,)-289(fortifi\351e)]TJ -100.794 -10.959 Td [(par)-416(le)-415(mouvement)-415(que)-416(J.-C.)-415(formoit)-416(dans)-415(son)-416(c)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 179.72 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(ur)-416(et)-415(par)-415(le)-416(courage)-415(qu'il)]TJ -186.193 -10.959 Td [(luy)-319(inspiroit,)-336(elle)-319(se)-319(pr\351cipita)-318(de)-319(l\340)-319(du)-319(haut)-319(en)-319(bas,)-336(et)-319(\351chapa)-318(ainsi)-319(\340)-319(tous)-319(les)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pi\351ges)-236(de)-236(ses)-236(ennemis.)-245(Son)-236(corps)-236(en)-236(tombant)-236(\340)-236(terre)-236(frapa,)-239(dit)-236(S.)-236(Chrysostome,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(les)-338(yeux)-338(du)-338(d\351mon)-339(plus)-338(vivement)-338(qu'un)-338(\351clair....)-514(Ce)-339(qui)-338(marque)-338(encore)-338(que)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Dieu)-309(agissoit)-310(en)-309(tout)-309(ceci)-310(c'est)-309(qu'au)-310(lieu)-309(que)-309(ces)-310(chutes)-309(ne)-309(sont)-310(pas)-309(toujours)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -5.977 Td [(83)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Et)-250(virginitatis)-250(coronam)-250(et)-250(nuptiarum)-250(perdidit)-250(voluptatem.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 205.473 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xxii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -245.564 -7.311 Td [(84)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quis)-378(enim)-378(siccis)-378(oculis)-378(recordetur)-378(viginti)-378(annorum)-378(adolescentulam)-378(tam)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(ardenti)-197(fide)-196(crucis)-197(levasse)-197(vexillum)-197(ut)-196(magis)-197(amissam)-197(virginitatem)-196(quam)-197(mariti)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(doleret)-250(interitum?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 64.002 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xxxix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -88.157 -7.394 Td [(85)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(For)-250(a)-250(description)-250(of)-250(these)-250(penances,)-250(see)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 144.422 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xxxviii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 228 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 229 0 R /Resources 227 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 217 0 R >> endobj 227 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 232 0 obj << /Length 5519 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(49)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(tumultuous)-433(cries)-433(that)-433(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 118.28 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(accursed)-433(race)-433(of)-432(monks)-433(should)-433(be)]TJ -123.124 -13.549 Td [(banished)-391(from)-391(the)-392(city,)-426(stoned,)-427(or)-391(drowned.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 199.982 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(86)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.736 -3.959 Td [(In)-391(the)-391(Church)]TJ -217.561 -13.549 Td [(itself,)-264(however,)-265(we)-261(find)-262(very)-261(few)-262(traces)-261(of)-262(any)-261(condemnation)-261(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-274(custom)-274(of)-274(undermining)-275(the)-274(constitution)-274(by)-274(austerities,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.353 3.958 Td [(87)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.525 -3.958 Td [(and)]TJ -264.878 -13.55 Td [(if)-219(we)-219(may)-219(believe)-219(but)-219(a)-219(small)-219(part)-219(of)-438(what)-219(is)-219(related)-219(of)-219(the)-218(habits)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([049])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(of)-318(the)-318(early)-319(and)-318(medi\346val)-318(monks,)-335(great)-319(numbers)-318(of)-318(them)-318(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-259(thus)-259(shortened)-259(their)-259(days.)-277(There)-259(is)-259(a)-259(touching)-258(story)-259(told)-259(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-584(Bonaventura,)-389(of)-362(St.)-584(Francis)-361(Assisi,)-390(who)-361(was)-362(one)-361(of)-361(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(victims)-351(to)-352(asceticism.)-554(As)-351(the)-352(dying)-351(saint)-352(sank)-351(back)-351(exhausted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-239(spitting)-239(blood,)-241(he)-239(avowed,)-241(as)-239(he)-239(looked)-239(upon)-238(his)-239(emaciated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(body,)-257(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.494 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(he)-255(had)-256(sinned)-255(against)-255(his)-256(brother,)-256(the)-256(ass;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 181.611 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.629 0 Td [(and)-255(then,)]TJ -240.579 -13.549 Td [(the)-304(feeling)-303(of)-304(his)-304(mind)-303(taking,)-317(as)-304(was)-304(usual)-303(with)-304(him,)-317(the)-303(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-277(an)-277(hallucination,)-284(he)-277(imagined)-277(that,)-284(when)-277(at)-277(prayer)-277(during)-277(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(night,)-251(he)-250(heard)-251(a)-250(voice)-251(saying:)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 136.074 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Francis,)-251(there)-250(is)-251(no)-250(sinner)-250(in)-251(the)]TJ -140.918 -13.55 Td [(world)-196(whom,)-207(if)-197(he)-196(be)-196(converted,)-207(God)-196(will)-197(not)-196(pardon;)-214(but)-196(he)-196(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kills)-337(himself)-336(by)-337(hard)-337(penances)-336(will)-337(find)-337(no)-336(mercy)-337(in)-336(eternity.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 275.787 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.787 -13.549 Td [(He)-250(attributed)-250(the)-250(voice)-250(to)-250(the)-250(devil.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.222 3.959 Td [(88)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -142.266 -21.076 Td [(Direct)-383(and)-384(deliberate)-383(suicide,)-417(which)-383(occupies)-383(so)-383(prominent)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(a)-509(place)-508(in)-509(the)-509(moral)-508(history)-509(of)-509(antiquity,)-573(almost)-508(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disappeared)-708(within)-708(the)-708(Church;)-937(but)-708(beyond)-708(its)-708(pale)-708(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Circumcelliones,)-422(in)-387(the)-388(fourth)-387(century,)-422(constituted)-387(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-215(apostles)-215(of)-215(death,)-222(and)-216(not)-215(only)-215(carried)-215(to)-215(the)-215(highest)-215(point)-215(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(custom)-365(of)-366(provoking)-365(martyrdom,)-394(by)-366(challenging)-365(and)-365(insulting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-479(assemblies)-478(of)-479(the)-479(Pagans,)-536(but)-478(even)-479(killed)-479(themselves)-478(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-341(numbers,)-363(imagining,)-364(it)-341(would)-341(seem,)-363(that)-341(this)-341(was)-341(a)-340(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-487(martyrdom,)-545(and)-487(would)-486(secure)-487(for)-486(them)-487(eternal)-486(salvation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Assembling)-291(in)-291(hundreds,)-301(St.)-373(Augustine)-291(says)-291(even)-291(in)-290(thousands,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-412(leaped)-412(with)-411(paroxysms)-412(of)-412(frantic)-411(joy)-412(from)-412(the)-412(brows)-411(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overhanging)-251(cliffs,)-251(till)-251(the)-250(rocks)-251(below)-251(were)-251(reddened)-251(with)-250(their)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 120.921 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 114.108 Td [(86)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(xxxix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -23.162 -7.311 Td [(87)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(St.)-338(Jerome)-279(gave)-280(some)-279(sensible)-279(advice)-279(on)-280(this)-279(point)-279(to)-280(one)-279(of)-279(his)-280(admirers.)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxxv.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -14.193 -7.311 Td [(88)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Hase,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.574 0 Td [(St.)-295(Fran\347ois)-265(d'Assise)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.433 0 Td [(,)-269(pp.)-295(137-138.)-294(St.)-295(Pal\346mon)-265(is)-265(said)-265(to)-265(have)-265(died)]TJ -109.963 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(his)-250(austerities.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 66.244 0 Td [(Vit.)-250(S.)-250(Pachomii.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.523 0 Td [(\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 231 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 232 0 R /Resources 230 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 217 0 R >> endobj 233 0 obj << /D [231 0 R /XYZ 206.422 463.978 null] >> endobj 230 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 236 0 obj << /Length 5416 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(50History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(blood.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 27.578 3.959 Td [(89)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.551 -3.959 Td [(At)-291(a)-292(much)-291(later)-292(period,)-301(we)-292(find)-291(among)-292(the)-291(Albigenses)]TJ -40.129 -13.549 Td [(a)-270(practice,)-274(known)-269(by)-270(the)-269(name)-270(of)-269(Endura,)-275(of)-269(accelerating)-269(death,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-493(the)-493(case)-494(of)-493(dangerous)-493(illness,)-554(by)-493(fasting,)-554(and)-493(sometimes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-587(bleeding.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 57.608 3.958 Td [(90)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.215 -3.958 Td [(The)-587(wretched)-586(Jews,)-671(stung)-587(to)-587(madness)-586(by)]TJ -79.823 -13.55 Td [(the)-425(persecution)-424(of)-425(the)-425(Catholics,)-468(furnish)-849(the)-425(most)-424(numerous)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([050])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(examples)-559(of)-559(suicide)-558(during)-559(the)-559(middle)-559(ages.)-1176(A)-558(multitude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perished)-460(by)-460(their)-459(own)-460(hands,)-513(to)-459(avoid)-460(torture,)-512(in)-460(France,)-512(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(1095;)-518(five)-429(hundred,)-473(it)-428(is)-429(said,)-473(on)-429(a)-429(single)-428(occasion)-429(at)-428(York;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(five)-406(hundred)-406(in)-406(1320,)-446(when)-406(besieged)-406(by)-406(the)-406(Shepherds.)-718(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(old)-346(Pagan)-346(legislation)-347(on)-346(this)-346(subject)-346(remained)-346(unaltered)-346(in)-346(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Theodosian)-331(and)-330(Justinian)-331(codes;)-370(but)-331(a)-330(Council)-331(of)-330(Arles,)-351(in)-330(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fifth)-485(century,)-544(having)-485(pronounced)-485(suicide)-485(to)-485(be)-485(the)-485(effect)-485(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diabolical)-414(inspiration,)-455(a)-413(Council)-414(of)-414(Bragues,)-455(in)-414(the)-413(following)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century,)-483(ordained)-436(that)-436(no)-435(religious)-436(rites)-436(should)-436(be)-436(celebrated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-398(the)-397(tomb)-398(of)-398(the)-398(culprit,)-434(and)-398(that)-398(no)-397(masses)-398(should)-398(be)-397(said)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-507(his)-507(soul;)-636(and)-507(these)-507(provisions,)-571(which)-507(were)-507(repeated)-507(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(later)-383(Councils,)-416(were)-383(gradually)-382(introduced)-383(into)-383(the)-383(laws)-383(of)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarians)-251(and)-250(of)-251(Charlemagne.)-251(St.)-252(Lewis)-250(originated)-251(the)-250(custom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-241(confiscating)-240(the)-241(property)-240(of)-241(the)-240(dead)-241(man,)-242(and)-240(the)-241(corpse)-240(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(soon)-276(subjected)-276(to)-275(gross)-276(and)-276(various)-276(outrages.)-327(In)-276(some)-275(countries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-323(could)-323(only)-323(be)-322(removed)-323(from)-323(the)-323(house)-323(through)-323(a)-322(perforation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(specially)-253(made)-253(for)-253(the)-253(occasion)-253(in)-253(the)-253(wall;)-254(it)-253(was)-253(dragged)-253(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-283(hurdle)-283(through)-283(the)-283(streets,)-292(hung)-283(up)-283(with)-283(the)-283(head)-283(downwards,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-339(at)-340(last)-339(thrown)-339(into)-340(the)-339(public)-339(sewer,)-362(or)-339(burnt,)-362(or)-339(buried)-339(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-275(sand)-276(below)-275(high-water)-276(mark,)-281(or)-276(transfixed)-275(by)-275(a)-276(stake)-275(on)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-250(highway.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 70.298 3.959 Td [(91)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.756 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 157.944 Td [(89)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(St.)-244(Augustine)-231(and)-231(St.)-244(Optatus)-231(have)-232(given)-231(accounts)-231(of)-232(these)-231(suicides)-231(in)-232(their)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(works)-250(against)-250(the)-250(Donatists.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(90)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Todd's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.46 0 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Patrick)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.267 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(462.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -113.445 -7.31 Td [(91)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-437(whole)-437(history)-437(of)-438(suicide)-437(in)-437(the)-437(dark)-437(ages)-437(has)-437(been)-437(most)-438(minutely)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(and)-467(carefully)-467(examined)-467(by)-467(M.)-467(Bourquelot,)-522(in)-467(a)-467(very)-467(interesting)-467(series)-467(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(memoirs)-368(in)-369(the)-368(third)-368(and)-369(fourth)-368(volumes)-368(of)-369(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 179.651 0 Td [(Biblioth\350que)-368(de)-369(l'\311cole)-368(des)]TJ -179.651 -10.959 Td [(Chartes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.397 0 Td [(.)-478(I)-326(am)-326(much)-326(indebted)-326(to)-326(these)-327(memoirs)-326(in)-326(the)-326(following)-326(pages.)-478(See,)]TJ -28.397 -10.959 Td [(too,)-316(Lisle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.542 0 Td [(Du)-303(Suicide,)-316(Statistique,)-316(M\351decine,)-316(Histoire,)-316(et)-303(L\351gislation)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 212.024 0 Td [(.)-408(\050Paris,)]TJ -251.566 -10.959 Td [(1856.\051)-487(The)-329(ferocious)-329(laws)-330(here)-329(recounted)-329(contrast)-329(remarkably)-329(with)-329(a)-329(law)-329(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 235 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 236 0 R /Resources 234 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 217 0 R >> endobj 237 0 obj << /D [235 0 R /XYZ 282.701 463.978 null] >> endobj 234 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 240 0 obj << /Length 5119 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(51)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(These)-503(singularly)-502(hideous)-503(and)-502(at)-503(the)-502(same)-503(time)-502(grotesque)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(customs,)-348(and)-329(also)-329(the)-329(extreme)-328(injustice)-329(of)-329(reducing)-329(to)-328(beggary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-280(unhappy)-281(relations)-280(of)-281(the)-280(dead,)-288(had)-281(the)-280(very)-281(natural)-280(effect)-280(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exciting,)-373(in)-348(the)-349(eighteenth)-348(century,)-373(a)-349(strong)-348(spirit)-349(of)-696(reaction.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([051])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(Suicide)-248(is)-248(indeed)-248(one)-248(of)-248(those)-248(acts)-248(which)-248(may)-248(be)-248(condemned)-248(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moralists)-350(as)-349(a)-350(sin,)-374(but)-350(which,)-375(in)-349(modern)-350(times)-349(at)-350(least,)-374(cannot)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-277(regarded)-278(as)-277(within)-277(the)-277(legitimate)-278(sphere)-277(of)-277(law;)-291(for)-277(a)-277(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-504(accords)-505(to)-504(its)-504(members)-505(perfect)-504(liberty)-504(of)-504(emigration,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-334(reasonably)-334(pronounce)-335(the)-334(simple)-334(renunciation)-334(of)-334(life)-334(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-343(an)-342(offence)-343(against)-343(itself.)-528(When,)-365(however,)-366(Beccaria)-343(and)-342(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followers)-335(went)-335(further,)-356(and)-335(maintained)-335(that)-335(the)-335(medi\346val)-334(laws)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-421(the)-422(subject)-421(were)-421(as)-422(impotent)-421(as)-422(they)-421(were)-421(revolting,)-464(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fell,)-342(I)-324(think,)-342(into)-324(serious)-324(error.)-471(The)-324(outrages)-324(lavished)-324(upon)-323(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(corpse)-308(of)-307(the)-308(suicide,)-321(though)-308(in)-307(the)-308(first)-307(instance)-308(an)-307(expression)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-282(the)-283(popular)-282(horror)-282(of)-283(his)-282(act,)-290(contributed,)-291(by)-282(the)-282(associations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-330(formed,)-349(to)-330(strengthen)-329(the)-330(feeling)-330(that)-329(produced)-330(them,)-349(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-386(were)-386(also)-386(peculiarly)-386(fitted)-386(to)-386(scare)-386(the)-386(diseased,)-420(excited,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-244(oversensitive)-244(imaginations)-244(that)-244(are)-244(most)-244(prone)-244(to)-243(suicide.)-248(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-324(rare)-324(occasions)-324(when)-324(the)-324(act)-324(was)-324(deliberately)-324(contemplated,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-366(knowledge)-365(that)-366(religious,)-394(legislative,)-394(and)-366(social)-365(influences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-467(combine)-467(to)-467(aggravate)-468(to)-467(the)-467(utmost)-467(the)-467(agony)-467(of)-467(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(surviving)-397(relatives,)-433(must)-397(have)-397(had)-397(great)-397(weight.)-691(The)-396(activity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-457(the)-457(Legislature)-457(shows)-457(the)-457(continuance)-457(of)-457(the)-457(act;)-560(but)-457(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-273(every)-273(reason)-273(to)-272(believe)-273(that)-273(within)-273(the)-273(pale)-273(of)-272(Catholicism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-443(was)-443(for)-443(many)-443(centuries)-442(extremely)-443(rare.)-829(It)-443(is)-443(said)-443(to)-442(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-334(somewhat)-334(prevalent)-334(in)-333(Spain)-334(in)-334(the)-334(last)-334(and)-334(most)-333(corrupt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-369(of)-369(the)-368(Gothic)-369(kingdom,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.599 3.959 Td [(92)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.816 -3.959 Td [(and)-369(many)-369(instances)-368(occurred)]TJ -150.415 -13.549 Td [(during)-284(a)-284(great)-284(pestilence)-284(which)-284(raged)-284(in)-284(England)-284(in)-284(the)-284(seventh)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 129.962 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 121.138 Td [(the)-274(Capitularies)-274(\050lib.)-321(vi.)-322(lex)-273(70\051,)-280(which)-274(provides)-274(that)-274(though)-274(mass)-273(may)-274(not)-274(be)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(celebrated)-210(for)-210(a)-210(suicide,)-218(any)-211(private)-210(person)-210(may,)-218(through)-210(charity,)-218(cause)-210(prayers)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-361(be)-361(offered)-361(up)-361(for)-360(his)-361(soul.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 113.039 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quia)-361(incomprehensibilia)-361(sunt)-361(judicia)-360(Dei,)-389(et)]TJ -117.02 -10.959 Td [(profunditatem)-250(consilii)-250(ejus)-250(nemo)-250(potest)-250(investigare.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 185.793 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -182.555 -7.351 Td [(92)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-342(the)-342(very)-342(interesting)-342(work)-342(of)-342(the)-342(Abb\351)-342(Bourret,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 191.403 0 Td [(l'\311cole)-342(chr\351tienne)-342(de)]TJ -203.359 -10.959 Td [(S\351ville)-250(sous)-250(la)-250(monarchie)-250(des)-250(Visigoths)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 143.956 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-250(1855\051,)-250(p.)-250(196.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 239 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 240 0 R /Resources 238 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 242 0 R >> endobj 241 0 obj << /D [239 0 R /XYZ 285.735 477.528 null] >> endobj 238 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 245 0 obj << /Length 6462 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(52History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(century,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 35.444 3.959 Td [(93)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.665 -3.959 Td [(and)-431(also)-431(during)-431(the)-431(Black)-431(Death)-432(of)-431(the)-431(fourteenth)]TJ -49.109 -13.549 Td [(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 35.444 3.959 Td [(94)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.01 -3.959 Td [(When)-428(the)-427(wives)-428(of)-428(priests)-427(were)-428(separated)-428(in)-427(vast)]TJ -52.454 -13.549 Td [(numbers)-251(from)-250(their)-251(husbands)-250(by)-251(Hildebrand,)-251(and)-250(driven)-251(into)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-405(blasted,)-443(heart-broken,)-443(and)-405(hopeless,)-443(not)-405(a)-404(few)-405(of)-404(them)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(shortened)-728(their)-364(agony)-364(by)-364(suicide.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 153.465 3.959 Td [(95)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.925 -3.959 Td [(Among)-364(women)-364(it)-364(was)-364(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -241.145 0 Td [([052])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(general)-394(especially)-395(rare;)-466(and)-394(a)-394(learned)-395(historian)-394(of)-394(suicide)-394(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-394(asserted)-394(that)-394(a)-394(Spanish)-394(lady,)-430(who,)-430(being)-394(separated)-394(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-346(husband,)-369(and)-346(finding)-345(herself)-346(unable)-345(to)-346(resist)-345(the)-346(energy)-345(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-256(passions,)-257(killed)-256(herself)-255(rather)-256(than)-256(yield)-256(to)-256(temptation,)-257(is)-255(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(only)-238(instance)-238(of)-237(female)-238(suicide)-238(during)-238(several)-237(centuries.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 244.467 3.959 Td [(96)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.151 -3.959 Td [(In)-238(the)]TJ -255.618 -13.549 Td [(romances)-265(of)-266(chivalry,)-269(however,)-269(this)-266(mode)-265(of)-266(death)-265(is)-265(frequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pourtrayed)-240(without)-240(horror,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 115.825 3.959 Td [(97)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.11 -3.959 Td [(and)-240(its)-240(criminality)-240(was)-241(discussed)-240(at)]TJ -126.935 -13.549 Td [(considerable)-289(length)-288(by)-288(Abelard)-289(and)-288(St.)-366(Thomas)-288(Aquinas,)-298(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Dante)-339(has)-340(devoted)-339(some)-339(fine)-340(lines)-339(to)-339(painting)-340(the)-339(condition)-339(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suicides)-225(in)-226(hell,)-230(where)-225(they)-226(are)-225(also)-225(frequently)-226(represented)-225(in)-225(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bas-reliefs)-328(of)-328(cathedrals.)-484(A)-328(melancholy)-328(leading)-328(to)-328(desperation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-315(known)-314(to)-315(theologians)-315(under)-314(the)-315(name)-315(of)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 202.583 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(acedia,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 30.589 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.276 0 Td [(was)-315(not)]TJ -246.292 -13.549 Td [(uncommon)-219(in)-219(monasteries,)-226(and)-219(most)-219(of)-219(the)-219(recorded)-219(instances)-219(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(medi\346val)-275(suicides)-276(in)-275(Catholicism)-276(were)-275(by)-276(monks.)-326(The)-275(frequent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suicides)-362(of)-361(monks,)-390(sometimes)-361(to)-362(escape)-361(the)-362(world,)-389(sometimes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-295(despair)-295(at)-295(their)-294(inability)-295(to)-295(quell)-295(the)-295(propensities)-295(of)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(body,)-448(sometimes)-409(through)-409(insanity)-409(produced)-408(by)-409(their)-409(mode)-408(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life,)-445(and)-405(by)-406(their)-406(dread)-406(of)-405(surrounding)-406(demons,)-445(were)-405(noticed)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.997 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 202.184 Td [(93)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Roger)-250(of)-250(Wendover,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 75.694 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(665.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -121.87 -7.31 Td [(94)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Esquirol,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.87 0 Td [(Maladies)-250(mentales)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.49 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(591.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -111.078 -7.395 Td [(95)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Lea's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 20.784 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(Sacerdotal)-250(Celibacy)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 113.568 0 Td [(\050Philadelphia,)-250(1867\051,)-250(p.)-250(248.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -143.07 -7.31 Td [(96)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Per)-184(lo)-183(corso)-184(di)-183(molti)-184(secoli)-184(abbiamo)-183(questo)-184(solo)-184(suicidio)-183(donnesco,)-197(e)-184(buona)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(cosa)-348(\350)-347(non)-348(averne)-348(pi\371)-348(d'uno;)-396(perch\350)-348(io)-348(non)-347(credo)-348(che)-348(la)-347(impudicizia)-348(istessa)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sia)-332(peggiore)-332(di)-332(questa)-332(disperata)-332(castit\340.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 143.627 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Cromaziano,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 49.23 0 Td [(Ist.)-496(del.)-496(Suicidio)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.697 0 Td [(,)-353(p.)]TJ -268.502 -10.959 Td [(126.)-504(Mariana,)-356(who,)-355(under)-335(the)-335(frock)-334(of)-335(a)-334(Jesuit,)-356(bore)-335(the)-334(heart)-335(of)-334(an)-335(ancient)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Roman,)-248(treats)-248(the)-247(case)-247(in)-248(a)-247(very)-248(different)-247(manner.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 180.839 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ejus)-248(uxor)-247(Maria)-247(Coronelia)]TJ -184.82 -10.959 Td [(cum)-255(mariti)-255(absentiam)-255(non)-255(ferret,)-256(ne)-255(pravis)-255(cupiditatibus)-255(cederet,)-256(vitam)-255(posuit,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ardentem)-250(forte)-249(libidinem)-250(igne)-249(extinguens)-250(adacto)-249(per)-250(muliebria)-249(titione;)-250(dignam)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(meliori)-273(seculo)-273(f)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 56.691 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(minam,)-278(insigne)-273(studium)-273(castitatis.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 122.965 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(De)-273(Rebus)-273(Hispan.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.851 0 Td [(xvi.)]TJ -266.929 -10.959 Td [(17.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(97)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(A)-250(number)-250(of)-250(passages)-250(are)-250(cited)-250(by)-250(Bourquelot.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 244 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 245 0 R /Resources 243 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 242 0 R >> endobj 246 0 obj << /D [244 0 R /XYZ 139.928 463.978 null] >> endobj 243 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 249 0 obj << /Length 5969 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(53)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-311(the)-312(early)-311(Church,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 88.658 3.959 Td [(98)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.595 -3.959 Td [(and)-311(a)-312(few)-311(examples)-311(have)-312(been)-311(gleaned,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.771 0 Td [([053])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(from)-436(the)-436(medi\346val)-436(chronicles,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 138.799 3.959 Td [(99)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.733 -3.959 Td [(of)-436(suicides)-436(produced)-436(by)-436(the)]TJ -152.532 -13.549 Td [(bitterness)-323(of)-322(hopeless)-323(love,)-341(or)-323(by)-322(the)-323(derangement)-323(that)-322(follows)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-196(austerity.)-232(These)-196(are,)-207(however,)-207(but)-196(few;)-214(and)-196(it)-196(is)-196(probable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-287(the)-286(monasteries,)-296(by)-287(providing)-287(a)-286(refuge)-287(for)-287(the)-286(disappointed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-275(the)-274(broken-hearted,)-281(have)-275(prevented)-274(more)-275(suicides)-275(than)-274(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-499(caused,)-562(and)-499(that,)-561(during)-500(the)-499(whole)-499(period)-499(of)-499(Catholic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ascendancy,)-461(the)-419(act)-419(was)-418(more)-419(rare)-419(than)-419(before)-418(or)-419(after.)-756(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-431(of)-432(Catholicism)-431(was)-432(seconded)-431(by)-431(Mohammedanism,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which,)-383(on)-356(this)-356(as)-357(on)-356(many)-356(other)-356(points,)-383(borrowed)-356(its)-356(teaching)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-333(the)-333(Christian)-333(Church,)-354(and)-333(even)-334(intensified)-333(it;)-374(for)-333(suicide,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-313(is)-313(never)-313(expressly)-313(condemned)-312(in)-313(the)-313(Bible,)-329(is)-313(more)-312(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-180(forbidden)-180(in)-179(the)-180(Koran,)-194(and)-180(the)-179(Christian)-180(duty)-180(of)-179(resignation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-244(exaggerated)-244(by)-245(the)-244(Moslem)-244(into)-244(a)-244(complete)-244(fatalism.)-248(Under)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-204(empire)-205(of)-204(Catholicism)-204(and)-205(Mohammedanism,)-213(suicide,)-213(during)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-439(centuries,)-487(almost)-439(absolutely)-439(ceased)-439(in)-439(all)-439(the)-439(civilised,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(active,)-243(and)-241(progressive)-240(part)-241(of)-241(mankind.)-247(When)-241(we)-241(recollect)-240(how)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(warmly)-325(it)-324(was)-325(applauded,)-343(or)-325(how)-324(faintly)-325(it)-325(was)-324(condemned,)-343(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-339(civilisation)-339(of)-339(Greece)-339(and)-339(Rome;)-384(when)-339(we)-339(remember,)-361(too,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-194(there)-194(was)-195(scarcely)-194(a)-194(barbarous)-194(tribe,)-206(from)-194(Denmark)-194(to)-194(Spain,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-199(did)-200(not)-199(habitually)-199(practise)-199(it,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 143.895 3.959 Td [(100)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.738 -3.959 Td [(we)-199(may)-200(realise)-199(the)-199(complete)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 230.51 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 223.697 Td [(98)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This)-322(is)-322(noticed)-322(by)-322(St.)-465(Gregory)-322(Nazianzen)-322(in)-322(a)-322(little)-322(poem)-322(which)-322(is)-322(given)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(in)-282(Migne's)-281(edition)-282(of)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 77.971 0 Td [(The)-282(Greek)-281(Fathers)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.301 0 Td [(,)-290(tome)-281(xxxvii.)-345(p.)-346(1459.)-345(St.)-345(Nilus)-282(and)]TJ -146.272 -10.959 Td [(the)-295(biographer)-295(of)-296(St.)-385(Pachomius)-295(speak)-295(of)-296(these)-295(suicides,)-306(and)-296(St.)-385(Chrysostom)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(wrote)-287(a)-286(letter)-287(of)-286(consolation)-287(to)-287(a)-286(young)-287(monk,)-296(named)-286(Stagirius,)-296(which)-286(is)-287(still)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(extant,)-313(encouraging)-301(him)-300(to)-300(resist)-301(the)-300(temptation.)-402(See)-300(Neander,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 230.822 0 Td [(Ecclesiastical)]TJ -230.822 -10.958 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.431 0 Td [(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(319,)-250(320.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -16.193 -7.311 Td [(99)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Bourquelot.)-708(Pinel)-403(notices)-403(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 102.989 0 Td [(Trait\351)-403(m\351dico-philosophique)-403(sur)-403(l'Ali\351nation)]TJ -114.945 -10.959 Td [(mentale)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.698 0 Td [(\0502nd)-258(ed.\051,)-259(pp.)-273(44-46\051)-257(the)-258(numerous)-257(cases)-258(of)-258(insanity)-257(still)-258(produced)-257(by)]TJ -30.698 -10.959 Td [(strong)-340(religious)-339(feeling;)-385(and)-339(the)-340(history)-340(of)-339(the)-340(movements)-339(called)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 242.039 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(revivals,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 30.629 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(in)-285(the)-285(present)-285(century,)-294(supplies)-285(much)-284(evidence)-285(to)-285(the)-285(same)-285(effect.)-355(Pinel)-285(says,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(religious)-250(insanity)-250(tends)-250(peculiarly)-250(to)-250(suicide)-250(\050p.)-250(265\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(100)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Orosius)-241(notices)-240(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 60.599 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.347 0 Td [(v.)-247(14\051)-241(that)-240(of)-241(all)-241(the)-241(Gauls)-240(conquered)-241(by)-241(Q.)-240(Marcius,)]TJ -91.902 -10.959 Td [(there)-409(were)-409(none)-408(who)-409(did)-409(not)-409(prefer)-409(death)-408(to)-409(slavery.)-726(The)-409(Spaniards)-409(were)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(famous)-226(for)-226(their)-225(suicides,)-231(to)-226(avoid)-226(old)-226(age)-225(as)-226(well)-226(as)-226(slavery.)-242(Odin,)-230(who,)-231(under)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(different)-345(names,)-369(was)-346(the)-345(supreme)-345(divinity)-346(of)-345(most)-345(of)-345(the)-346(Northern)-345(tribes,)-369(is)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 248 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 249 0 R /Resources 247 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 242 0 R >> endobj 250 0 obj << /D [248 0 R /XYZ 147.461 518.175 null] >> endobj 247 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 253 0 obj << /Length 5805 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(54History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 2.763 -30.759 Td [(revolution)-253(which)-253(was)-254(effected)-253(in)-253(this)-253(sphere)-254(by)-253(the)-253(influence)-253(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -75.518 0 Td [([054])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Christianity.)]TJ 11.956 -16.334 Td [(A)-542(few)-543(words)-542(may)-542(be)-543(added)-542(on)-543(the)-542(later)-543(phases)-542(of)-542(this)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(mournful)-326(history.)-479(The)-326(Reformation)-326(does)-327(not)-326(seem)-326(to)-326(have)-326(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(any)-281(immediate)-281(effect)-281(in)-280(multiplying)-281(suicide,)-289(for)-281(Protestants)-280(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholics)-174(held)-174(with)-174(equal)-174(intensity)-174(the)-174(religious)-174(sentiments)-173(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-418(most)-419(fitted)-418(to)-419(prevent)-418(it,)-460(and)-419(in)-418(none)-419(of)-418(the)-418(persecutions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-432(impatience)-433(of)-432(life)-432(largely)-433(displayed.)-797(The)-432(history)-432(at)-432(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-407(passes)-407(chiefly)-407(into)-407(the)-407(new)-406(world,)-447(where)-407(the)-406(unhappy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Indians,)-406(reduced)-376(to)-375(slavery,)-406(and)-375(treated)-375(with)-375(atrocious)-375(cruelty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-463(their)-463(conquerors,)-517(killed)-463(themselves)-463(in)-463(great)-464(numbers;)-569(till)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-458(Spaniards,)-510(it)-458(is)-458(said,)-510(discovered)-458(an)-458(ingenious)-458(method)-458(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deterring)-287(them,)-295(by)-287(declaring)-287(that)-286(the)-287(master)-286(also)-287(would)-286(commit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suicide,)-221(and)-213(would)-213(pursue)-213(his)-213(victims)-213(into)-213(the)-214(world)-213(of)-213(spirits.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(101)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-378(Europe)-378(the)-378(act)-378(was)-378(very)-378(common)-378(among)-378(the)-378(witches,)-410(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(underwent)-408(all)-408(the)-408(sufferings)-408(with)-408(none)-408(of)-408(the)-408(consolations)-408(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(martyrdom.)-712(Without)-404(enthusiasm,)-442(without)-404(hope,)-443(without)-403(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-264(consciousness)-264(of)-264(innocence,)-267(decrepit)-264(in)-264(body,)-268(and)-263(distracted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-493(mind,)-554(compelled)-493(in)-494(this)-493(world)-493(to)-493(endure)-493(tortures,)-554(before)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-297(the)-298(most)-297(impassioned)-298(heroism)-297(might)-298(quail,)-309(and)-297(doomed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-399(they)-398(often)-399(believed,)-436(to)-399(eternal)-398(damnation)-399(in)-399(the)-399(next,)-435(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-263(unfrequently)-263(killed)-263(themselves)-263(in)-263(the)-263(agony)-263(of)-263(their)-262(despair.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 217.592 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 208.768 Td [(said)-342(to)-341(have)-342(ended)-341(his)-342(earthly)-341(life)-342(by)-341(suicide.)-525(Boadicea,)-364(the)-342(grandest)-341(figure)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-361(early)-360(British)-361(history,)-389(and)-360(Cordeilla,)-389(or)-360(Cordelia,)-389(the)-361(most)-360(pathetic)-361(figure)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-314(early)-314(British)-314(romance,)-329(were)-314(both)-314(suicides.)-442(\050See)-314(on)-314(the)-313(first,)-330(Tacitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 263.944 0 Td [(Ann.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -263.944 -10.959 Td [(xiv.)-335(35-37,)-286(and)-278(on)-279(the)-278(second)-279(Geoffrey)-278(of)-278(Monmouth,)-286(ii.)-335(15)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 218.862 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(a)-278(version)-279(from)]TJ -227.828 -10.959 Td [(which)-271(Shakspeare)-271(has)-270(considerably)-271(diverged,)-276(but)-271(which)-271(is)-270(faithfully)-271(followed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-250(Spenser.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 47.065 0 Td [(Fa\353ry)-250(Queen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.055 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(ii.)-250(canto)-250(10.\051\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -93.871 -7.311 Td [(101)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-322(our)-323(age,)-340(when)-323(the)-322(Spaniards)-323(extended)-322(that)-323(law)-322(which)-323(was)-322(made)-323(only)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(against)-356(the)-356(cannibals,)-382(that)-356(they)-355(who)-356(would)-356(not)-356(accept)-355(the)-356(Christian)-356(religion)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(should)-311(incur)-312(bondage,)-326(the)-311(Indians)-312(in)-311(infinite)-311(numbers)-311(escaped)-312(this)-311(by)-311(killing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(themselves,)-226(and)-220(never)-221(ceased)-220(till)-220(the)-220(Spaniards,)-226(by)-221(some)-220(counterfeitings,)-226(made)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(them)-399(think)-399(that)-399(they)-399(also)-399(would)-399(kill)-399(themselves,)-437(and)-399(follow)-399(them)-399(with)-399(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(same)-273(severity)-273(into)-273(the)-274(next)-273(life.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 113.601 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Donne's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.455 0 Td [(Biathanatos)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.343 0 Td [(,)-279(p.)-319(56)-273(\050ed.)-320(1644\051.)-319(On)]TJ -201.347 -10.959 Td [(the)-306(evidence)-305(of)-305(the)-306(early)-305(travellers)-306(on)-305(this)-306(point,)-319(see)-306(the)-305(essay)-306(on)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 241.662 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(England's)]TJ -245.643 -10.959 Td [(Forgotten)-250(Worthies,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 72.224 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(in)-250(Mr.)-250(Froude's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 57.403 0 Td [(Short)-250(Studies)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.575 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 252 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 253 0 R /Resources 251 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 242 0 R >> endobj 254 0 obj << /D [252 0 R /XYZ 93.543 518.175 null] >> endobj 251 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 257 0 obj << /Length 5319 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(55)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(A)-480(French)-480(judge)-481(named)-480(Remy)-480(tells)-480(us)-480(that)-481(he)-480(knew)-480(no)-480(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-421(fifteen)-421(witches)-421(commit)-420(suicide)-421(in)-421(a)-421(single)-421(year.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 242.452 3.959 Td [(102)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.091 -3.959 Td [(In)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 19.481 0 Td [([055])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(these)-371(cases,)-401(fear)-371(and)-370(madness)-371(combined)-371(in)-371(urging)-371(the)-370(victims)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-359(the)-360(deed.)-577(Epidemics)-360(of)-359(purely)-359(insane)-360(suicide)-359(have)-359(also)-359(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unfrequently)-359(occurred.)-577(Both)-359(the)-359(women)-359(of)-359(Marseilles)-359(and)-359(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(women)-445(of)-445(Lyons)-446(were)-445(afflicted)-445(with)-445(an)-445(epidemic)-445(not)-445(unlike)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-404(which,)-442(in)-404(antiquity,)-442(had)-404(been)-404(noticed)-404(among)-404(the)-404(girls)-403(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Miletus.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 36.066 3.959 Td [(103)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.099 -3.959 Td [(In)-278(that)-278(strange)-278(mania)-278(which)-278(raged)-279(i)1(n)-279(the)-278(Neapolitan)]TJ -52.165 -13.549 Td [(districts)-190(from)-191(the)-190(end)-191(of)-190(the)-190(fifteenth)-191(to)-190(the)-190(end)-191(of)-190(the)-190(seventeenth)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(century,)-244(and)-243(which)-243(was)-243(attributed)-242(to)-243(the)-243(bite)-243(of)-242(the)-243(tarantula,)-244(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patients)-233(thronged)-233(in)-234(multitudes)-233(towards)-233(the)-233(sea,)-237(and)-233(often,)-236(as)-233(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(blue)-320(waters)-319(opened)-320(to)-320(their)-320(view,)-337(they)-320(chanted)-319(a)-320(wild)-320(hymn)-319(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(welcome,)-185(and)-168(rushed)-168(with)-169(passion)-168(into)-168(the)-169(waves.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 212.397 3.959 Td [(104)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.884 -3.959 Td [(But)-168(together)]TJ -227.281 -13.549 Td [(with)-275(these)-275(cases,)-281(which)-275(belong)-275(rather)-275(to)-275(the)-275(history)-275(of)-275(medicine)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-295(to)-295(that)-295(of)-294(morals,)-306(we)-295(find)-295(many)-295(facts)-295(exhibiting)-295(a)-294(startling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(increase)-200(of)-201(deliberate)-200(suicide,)-210(and)-200(a)-201(no)-200(less)-200(startling)-200(modification)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-387(the)-387(sentiments)-387(with)-388(which)-387(it)-387(was)-387(regarded.)-661(The)-387(revival)-387(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classical)-349(learning,)-373(and)-348(the)-349(growing)-349(custom)-348(of)-349(regarding)-348(Greek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-463(Roman)-463(heroes)-463(as)-463(ideals,)-516(necessarily)-463(brought)-463(the)-462(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-401(prominence.)-704(The)-401(Catholic)-401(casuists,)-439(and)-401(at)-401(a)-401(later)-401(period)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(philosophers)-456(of)-456(the)-456(school)-456(of)-457(Grotius)-456(and)-456(Puffendorf,)-507(began)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-401(distinguish)-400(certain)-401(cases)-401(of)-400(legitimate)-401(suicide,)-438(such)-401(as)-400(that)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 219.551 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 212.738 Td [(102)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lisle,)-396(pp.)-600(427-434.)-600(Sprenger)-367(has)-367(noticed)-367(the)-366(same)-367(tendency)-367(among)-367(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(witches)-369(he)-370(tried.)-608(See)-369(Calmeil,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 117.082 0 Td [(De)-369(la)-370(Folie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.292 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-399(1845\051,)-399(tome)-370(i.)-607(pp.)-608(161,)]TJ -163.374 -10.959 Td [(303-305.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(103)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(On)-240(modern)-240(suicides)-240(the)-240(reader)-240(may)-240(consult)-240(Winslow's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 196.63 0 Td [(Anatomy)-240(of)-240(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.552 0 Td [(;)]TJ -278.138 -10.959 Td [(as)-295(well)-295(as)-295(the)-295(work)-295(of)-295(M.)-295(Lisle,)-306(and)-295(also)-295(Esquirol,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 186.932 0 Td [(Maladies)-295(mentales)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.538 0 Td [(\050Paris,)]TJ -257.47 -10.959 Td [(1838\051,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(526-676.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(104)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hecker's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.445 0 Td [(Epidemics)-274(of)-274(the)-274(Middle)-274(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 110.408 0 Td [(\050London,)-280(1844\051,)-280(p.)-323(121.)-322(Hecker)-274(in)]TJ -155.809 -10.959 Td [(his)-250(very)-250(curious)-250(essay)-250(on)-250(this)-250(mania,)-250(has)-250(preserved)-250(a)-250(verse)-250(of)-250(their)-250(song:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 260.474 0 Td [(\024)]TJ -248.518 -10.958 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Allu)-250(mari)-250(mi)-250(portati)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(Se)-250(voleti)-250(che)-250(mi)-250(sanati,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Allu)-250(mari,)-250(alla)-250(via,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Cos\354)-250(m'ama)-250(la)-250(donna)-250(mia,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Allu)-250(mari,)-250(allu)-250(mari,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Mentre)-250(campo,)-250(t'aggio)-250(amari.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 105.454 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 256 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 257 0 R /Resources 255 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 242 0 R >> endobj 258 0 obj << /D [256 0 R /XYZ 309.995 504.626 null] >> endobj 255 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 261 0 obj << /Length 5551 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(56History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(committed)-427(to)-426(avoid)-427(dishonour)-426(or)-427(probable)-426(sin,)-471(or)-426(that)-427(of)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soldier)-297(who)-296(fires)-296(a)-297(mine,)-308(knowing)-297(he)-296(must)-296(inevitably)-297(perish)-296(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-259(explosion,)-261(or)-258(that)-259(of)-259(a)-259(condemned)-258(person)-259(who)-259(saves)-258(himself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-310(torture)-310(by)-310(anticipating)-309(an)-310(inevitable)-310(fate,)-325(or)-310(that)-310(of)-310(a)-309(man)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-325(offers)-325(himself)-326(to)-325(death)-325(for)-325(his)-326(friend.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 188.133 3.959 Td [(105)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.643 -3.959 Td [(The)-325(effect)-325(of)-326(the)]TJ -201.889 -13.549 Td [(Pagan)-356(examples)-356(may)-357(frequently)-356(be)-356(detected)-356(in)-357(the)-356(last)-356(words)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -76.642 0 Td [([056])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(or)-309(writings)-310(of)-309(the)-310(suicides.)-428(Philip)-309(Strozzi,)-324(when)-310(accused)-309(of)-309(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assassination)-257(of)-258(Alexander)-257(I.)-258(of)-257(Tuscany,)-260(killed)-257(himself)-257(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fear)-346(that)-346(torture)-347(might)-346(extort)-346(from)-346(him)-346(revelations)-346(injurious)-346(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-217(friends,)-224(and)-217(he)-217(left)-217(behind)-217(him)-217(a)-217(paper)-217(in)-217(which,)-223(among)-217(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(things,)-351(he)-331(commended)-330(his)-331(soul)-331(to)-331(God,)-350(with)-331(the)-331(prayer)-331(that,)-350(if)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-285(higher)-285(boon)-285(could)-285(be)-285(granted,)-294(he)-285(might)-285(at)-285(least)-285(be)-285(permitted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-264(have)-265(his)-264(place)-265(with)-264(Cato)-265(of)-264(Utica)-265(and)-264(the)-265(other)-264(great)-264(suicides)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-349(antiquity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 54.416 3.958 Td [(106)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.424 -3.958 Td [(In)-349(England,)-374(the)-349(act)-349(appears)-349(in)-349(the)-349(seventeenth)]TJ -72.84 -13.55 Td [(century)-486(and)-485(in)-486(the)-485(first)-485(half)-486(of)-485(the)-486(eighteenth)-485(to)-486(have)-485(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-378(common)-378(than)-379(upon)-378(the)-378(Continent,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 180.929 3.959 Td [(107)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.929 -3.959 Td [(and)-378(several)-378(partial)]TJ -197.858 -13.549 Td [(or)-362(even)-361(unqualified)-362(apologies)-362(for)-361(it)-362(were)-362(written.)-585(Sir)-361(Thomas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(More,)-248(in)-248(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 55.685 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Utopia,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 32.422 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.545 0 Td [(represented)-248(the)-247(priests)-248(and)-248(magistrates)-247(of)]TJ -100.496 -13.549 Td [(his)-322(ideal)-321(republic)-322(permitting)-321(or)-322(even)-322(enjoining)-321(those)-322(who)-321(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(afflicted)-261(with)-260(incurable)-261(disease)-261(to)-261(kill)-260(themselves,)-264(but)-260(depriving)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-361(burial)-362(those)-361(who)-361(had)-361(done)-362(so)-361(without)-361(authorisation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 247.572 3.959 Td [(108)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.822 -3.959 Td [(Dr.)]TJ -266.394 -13.549 Td [(Donne,)-460(the)-418(learned)-418(and)-418(pious)-419(Dean)-418(of)-418(St.)-754(Paul's,)-460(had)-418(in)-418(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(youth)-348(written)-347(an)-347(extremely)-348(curious,)-372(subtle,)-372(and)-347(learned,)-372(but)-347(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-316(same)-316(time)-315(feeble)-316(and)-316(involved,)-332(work)-316(in)-316(defence)-316(of)-315(suicide,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-262(on)-261(his)-262(deathbed)-261(he)-262(commanded)-261(his)-262(son)-261(neither)-262(to)-261(publish)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 175.959 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 169.063 Td [(105)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cromaziano,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 48.31 0 Td [(Ist.)-250(del)-250(Suicidio)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.282 0 Td [(caps.)-250(viii,)-250(ix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -118.299 -7.31 Td [(106)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cromaziano,)-250(pp.)-250(92-93.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(107)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Montesquieu,)-374(and)-349(many)-349(Continental)-349(writers,)-374(have)-349(noticed)-350(this,)-373(and)-350(most)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(English)-397(writers)-398(of)-397(the)-397(eighteenth)-398(century)-397(seem)-397(to)-398(admit)-397(the)-397(charge.)-692(There)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(do)-311(not)-311(appear,)-327(however,)-326(to)-311(have)-311(been)-311(any)-311(accurate)-311(statistics,)-327(and)-311(the)-311(general)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(statements)-358(are)-359(very)-358(untrustworthy.)-575(Suicides)-359(were)-358(supposed)-358(to)-359(be)-358(especially)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(numerous)-244(under)-243(the)-244(depressing)-244(influence)-243(of)-244(English)-244(winter)-243(fogs.)-248(The)-244(statistics)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(made)-192(in)-192(the)-192(present)-192(century)-192(prove)-192(beyond)-191(question)-192(that)-192(they)-192(are)-192(most)-192(numerous)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-250(summer.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(108)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Utopia)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.908 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(ii.)-250(ch.)-250(vi.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 260 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 261 0 R /Resources 259 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 242 0 R >> endobj 262 0 obj << /D [260 0 R /XYZ 93.543 450.429 null] >> endobj 259 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 265 0 obj << /Length 6748 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(57)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(nor)-282(destroy,)-290(and)-281(which)-282(his)-282(son)-282(published)-282(in)-281(1644.)-346(Two)-282(or)-281(three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(English)-180(suicides)-180(left)-180(behind)-179(them)-180(elaborate)-180(defences,)-194(as)-180(did)-180(also)-179(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Swede)-202(named)-203(Robeck,)-211(who)-203(drowned)-202(himself)-202(in)-202(1735,)-212(and)-202(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(treatise,)-348(published)-329(in)-329(the)-329(following)-328(year,)-349(acquired)-328(considerable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(celebrity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 40.899 3.959 Td [(109)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.999 -3.959 Td [(But)-400(the)-201(most)-200(influential)-200(writings)-200(about)-200(suicide)-200(were)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 235.126 0 Td [([057])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(those)-272(of)-272(the)-272(French)-272(philosophers)-272(and)-272(revolutionists.)-316(Montaigne,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-321(discussing)-321(its)-321(abstract)-320(lawfulness,)-339(recounts,)-339(with)-320(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(admiration,)-284(many)-277(of)-277(the)-277(instances)-277(in)-278(antiquity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.868 3.959 Td [(110)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.068 -3.959 Td [(Montesquieu,)]TJ -220.936 -13.549 Td [(in)-543(a)-543(youthful)-544(work,)-616(defended)-543(it)-544(with)-543(ardent)-543(enthusiasm.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(111)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Rousseau)-412(devoted)-411(to)-412(the)-412(subject)-411(two)-412(letters)-412(of)-411(a)-412(burning)-411(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passionate)-296(eloquence,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 95.624 3.959 Td [(112)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.801 -3.959 Td [(in)-295(the)-296(first)-295(of)-296(which)-295(he)-296(presented)-295(with)]TJ -111.425 -13.549 Td [(matchless)-231(power)-231(the)-230(arguments)-231(in)-231(its)-231(favour,)-234(while)-231(in)-231(the)-230(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-355(denounced)-355(those)-355(arguments)-355(as)-355(sophistical,)-381(dilated)-355(upon)-355(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impiety)-264(of)-264(abandoning)-264(the)-264(post)-264(of)-265(duty,)-267(and)-264(upon)-264(the)-264(cowardice)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-497(despair,)-560(and)-497(with)-497(a)-498(deep)-497(knowledge)-497(of)-498(the)-497(human)-497(heart)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revealed)-448(the)-448(selfishness)-447(that)-448(lies)-448(at)-447(the)-448(root)-448(of)-448(most)-447(suicide,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exhorting)-297(all)-296(who)-297(felt)-297(impelled)-296(to)-297(it)-296(to)-297(set)-297(about)-296(some)-297(work)-296(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-375(good)-375(of)-376(others,)-406(in)-375(which)-376(they)-375(would)-375(assuredly)-375(find)-375(relief.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Voltaire,)-357(in)-336(the)-335(best-known)-336(couplet)-336(he)-335(ever)-336(wrote,)-357(defends)-335(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 252.588 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 245.776 Td [(109)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(A)-254(sketch)-254(of)-253(his)-254(life,)-255(which)-254(was)-254(rather)-254(curious,)-254(is)-254(given)-254(by)-254(Cromaziano,)-255(pp.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(148-151.)-628(There)-376(is)-375(a)-376(long)-376(note)-376(on)-376(the)-376(early)-376(literature)-375(in)-376(defence)-376(of)-376(suicide,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-301(Dumas,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.129 0 Td [(Trait\351)-301(du)-301(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.379 0 Td [(\050Amsterdam,)-314(1723\051,)-313(pp.)-403(148-149.)-402(Dumas)-301(was)-301(a)]TJ -105.508 -10.959 Td [(Protestant)-297(minister)-298(who)-297(wrote)-298(against)-297(suicide.)-392(Among)-297(the)-298(English)-297(apologists)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(for)-395(suicide)-396(\050which)-395(he)-395(himself)-396(committed\051)-395(was)-395(Blount,)-432(the)-395(translator)-396(of)-395(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Life)-326(of)-326(Apollonius)-325(of)-326(Tyana)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 100.864 0 Td [(,)-345(and)-326(Creech,)-344(an)-326(editor)-326(of)-326(Lucretius.)-477(Concerning)]TJ -100.864 -10.959 Td [(the)-414(former)-414(there)-413(is)-414(a)-414(note)-413(in)-414(Bayle's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 141.354 0 Td [(Dict.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.392 0 Td [(art.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 18.347 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Apollonius.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 42.097 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.691 0 Td [(The)-414(latter)-413(is)]TJ -234.862 -10.959 Td [(noticed)-312(by)-311(Voltaire)-312(in)-312(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 96.157 0 Td [(Lettres)-312(Philos.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.656 0 Td [(He)-312(wrote)-311(as)-312(a)-311(memorandum)-312(on)-312(the)]TJ -151.813 -10.959 Td [(margin)-217(of)-218(his)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 49.181 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Lucretius,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 36.108 0 Td [(\035)-217(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.911 0 Td [(N.B.)-217(When)-218(I)-217(have)-217(finished)-218(my)-217(Commentary)-217(I)-218(must)]TJ -99.181 -10.958 Td [(kill)-280(myself;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 41.372 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.493 0 Td [(which)-280(he)-280(accordingly)-280(did)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 91.702 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Voltaire)-280(says)-280(to)-280(imitate)-280(his)-281(favourite)]TJ -148.533 -10.959 Td [(author.)-250(\050Voltaire,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 64.245 0 Td [(Dict.)-250(phil.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.358 0 Td [(art.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Caton.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 23.663 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -147.92 -7.311 Td [(110)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Essais)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.918 0 Td [(,)-250(liv.)-250(ii.)-250(ch.)-250(xiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -34.624 -7.311 Td [(111)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lettres)-250(persanes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.025 0 Td [(,)-250(lxxvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -70.731 -7.31 Td [(112)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Nouvelle)-262(H\351lo\357se)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 61.613 0 Td [(,)-265(partie)-261(iii.)-285(let.)-285(21-22.)-285(Esquirol)-261(gives)-262(a)-261(curious)-262(illustration)]TJ -73.568 -10.959 Td [(of)-329(the)-329(way)-330(the)-329(influence)-329(of)-329(Rousseau)-329(penetrated)-330(through)-329(all)-329(classes.)-488(A)-329(little)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(child)-204(of)-203(thirteen)-204(committed)-204(suicide,)-213(leaving)-203(a)-204(writing)-204(beginning:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 230.163 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Je)-204(l\350gue)-203(mon)]TJ -234.145 -10.959 Td [(\342me)-250(a)-250(Rousseau,)-250(mon)-250(corps)-250(\340)-250(la)-250(terre.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 135.707 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Maladies)-250(mentales)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.49 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(588.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 264 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 265 0 R /Resources 263 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 267 0 R >> endobj 266 0 obj << /D [264 0 R /XYZ 120.616 463.978 null] >> endobj 263 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 270 0 obj << /Length 5780 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(58History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(act)-278(on)-278(occasions)-279(of)-278(extreme)-278(necessity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 168.163 3.959 Td [(113)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.103 -3.959 Td [(Among)-278(the)-278(atheistical)]TJ -184.266 -13.549 Td [(party)-232(it)-232(was)-232(warmly)-232(eulogised,)-236(and)-232(Holbach)-231(and)-232(Deslandes)-232(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prominent)-232(as)-232(its)-231(defenders.)-244(The)-232(rapid)-232(decomposition)-232(of)-231(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions)-280(weakened)-281(the)-280(popular)-281(sense)-280(of)-280(its)-281(enormity,)-288(and)-280(at)-280(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(same)-212(time)-211(the)-212(humanity)-211(of)-212(the)-212(age,)-219(and)-211(also)-212(a)-212(clearer)-211(sense)-212(of)-211(the)]TJ 2.208 -13.549 Td [(true)-202(limits)-203(of)-202(legislation,)-212(produced)-202(a)-203(reaction)-202(against)-203(the)-202(horrible)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -74.964 0 Td [([058])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(laws)-334(on)-334(the)-333(subject.)-502(Grotius)-334(had)-333(defended)-334(them.)-501(Montesquieu)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-497(first)-497(denounced)-496(them)-497(with)-497(unqualified)-497(energy,)-558(but)-497(in)-496(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(later)-456(years)-457(in)-456(some)-456(degree)-456(modified)-456(his)-457(opinions.)-868(Beccaria,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-335(was,)-357(more)-336(than)-335(any)-336(other)-335(writer,)-357(the)-336(representative)-335(of)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions)-244(of)-245(the)-244(French)-244(school)-244(on)-245(such)-244(matters,)-245(condemned)-244(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(partly)-407(as)-406(unjust)-407(to)-407(the)-407(innocent)-406(survivors,)-446(partly)-407(as)-406(incapable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-345(deterring)-344(any)-345(man)-344(who)-345(was)-344(resolved)-345(upon)-345(the)-344(act.)-534(Even)-344(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(1749,)-429(in)-393(the)-394(full)-393(blaze)-393(of)-394(the)-393(philosophic)-393(movement,)-429(we)-393(find)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-458(suicide)-457(named)-458(Portier)-457(dragged)-457(through)-458(the)-457(streets)-458(of)-457(Paris)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-382(his)-382(face)-382(to)-382(the)-382(ground,)-415(hung)-382(from)-382(a)-382(gallows)-382(by)-382(his)-381(feet,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-496(then)-497(thrown)-496(into)-496(the)-497(sewers;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 155.54 3.959 Td [(114)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.212 -3.959 Td [(and)-496(the)-497(laws)-496(were)-496(not)]TJ -174.752 -13.549 Td [(abrogated)-362(till)-361(the)-362(Revolution,)-389(which,)-390(having)-361(founded)-362(so)-361(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-269(forms)-269(of)-268(freedom,)-274(accorded)-269(the)-269(liberty)-268(of)-269(death.)-307(Amid)-268(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dramatic)-369(vicissitudes,)-398(and)-368(the)-369(fierce)-369(enthusiasm)-368(of)-369(that)-368(period)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-341(convulsions,)-365(suicides)-341(immediately)-341(multiplied.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 222.077 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-341(world,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 48.865 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(it)-519(was)-518(said,)-586(had)-518(been)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 108.698 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(empty)-519(since)-518(the)-519(Romans.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 118.48 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(115)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.111 -3.959 Td [(For)-519(a)]TJ -254.977 -13.549 Td [(brief)-335(period,)-356(and)-336(in)-335(this)-335(one)-335(country,)-356(the)-335(action)-335(of)-335(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appeared)-342(suspended.)-528(Men)-342(seemed)-343(to)-342(be)-343(transported)-342(again)-342(into)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-350(age)-350(of)-350(Paganism,)-375(and)-350(the)-350(suicides,)-375(though)-350(more)-350(theatrical,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-362(perpetrated)-362(with)-362(no)-362(less)-362(deliberation,)-390(and)-362(eulogised)-361(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-463(less)-464(enthusiasm,)-516(than)-464(among)-463(the)-463(Stoics.)-890(But)-464(the)-463(tide)-463(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-409(passed)-409(away,)-448(and)-409(with)-409(some)-409(qualifications)-409(the)-408(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions)-243(resumed)-244(their)-243(authority.)-247(The)-244(laws)-243(against)-243(suicide)-243(were,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 121.004 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 114.192 Td [(113)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(In)-279(general,)-286(however,)-286(Voltaire)-279(was)-279(extremely)-279(opposed)-279(to)-279(the)-279(philosophy)-279(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(despair,)-335(but)-318(he)-318(certainly)-319(approved)-318(of)-318(some)-318(forms)-318(of)-318(suicide.)-455(See)-318(the)-318(articles)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Caton)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 15.189 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Suicide,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.141 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(in)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 21.923 0 Td [(Dict.)-250(philos.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -107.832 -7.311 Td [(114)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Lisle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.415 0 Td [(Du)-250(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.596 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(411,)-250(412.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -73.718 -7.394 Td [(115)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Le)-250(monde)-250(est)-250(vide)-250(depuis)-250(les)-250(Romains.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 140.216 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(St.-Just,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.14 0 Td [(Proc\351s)-250(de)-250(Danton)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.747 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 269 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 270 0 R /Resources 268 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 267 0 R >> endobj 271 0 obj << /D [269 0 R /XYZ 93.543 450.429 null] >> endobj 268 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 274 0 obj << /Length 4749 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(59)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(indeed,)-296(for)-287(the)-287(most)-287(part)-287(abolished.)-361(In)-287(France)-287(and)-287(several)-286(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lands)-230(there)-229(exists)-230(no)-230(legislation)-229(on)-230(the)-230(subject.)-243(In)-230(other)-229(countries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-342(law)-342(simply)-342(enjoins)-342(burial)-342(without)-342(religious)-342(ceremonies.)-526(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(England,)-349(the)-330(burial)-329(in)-330(a)-329(highway)-329(and)-330(the)-329(mutilation)-330(by)-329(a)-329(stake)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-251(abolished)-250(under)-251(George)-251(IV.;)-251(but)-250(the)-251(monstrous)-251(injustice)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(confiscating)-359(to)-359(the)-359(Crown)-358(the)-359(entire)-359(property)-359(of)-359(the)-358(deliberate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suicide)-185(still)-371(disgraces)-185(the)-186(statute-book,)-198(though)-185(the)-186(force)-185(of)-185(public)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([059])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(opinion)-250(and)-250(the)-250(charitable)-250(perjury)-250(of)-250(juries)-250(render)-250(it)-250(inoperative.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(The)-215(common)-215(sentiment)-216(of)-215(Christendom)-215(has,)-222(however,)-222(ratified)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(judgment)-271(which)-272(the)-271(Christian)-272(teachers)-271(pronounced)-272(upon)-271(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(act,)-464(though)-421(it)-421(has)-421(somewhat)-422(modified)-421(the)-421(severity)-421(of)-421(the)-421(old)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(censure,)-330(and)-314(has)-314(abandoned)-315(some)-314(of)-314(the)-314(old)-314(arguments.)-442(It)-314(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reserved)-238(for)-237(Madame)-238(de)-237(Sta\353l,)-240(who,)-241(in)-237(a)-238(youthful)-237(work)-238(upon)-237(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Passions,)-214(had)-204(commended)-205(suicide,)-213(to)-205(reconstruct)-204(this)-204(department)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-203(ethics,)-213(which)-203(had)-203(been)-204(somewhat)-203(disturbed)-203(by)-203(the)-203(Revolution,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-202(she)-202(did)-202(so)-202(in)-202(a)-202(little)-202(treatise)-203(which)-202(is)-202(a)-202(model)-202(of)-202(calm,)-211(candid,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-349(philosophic)-349(piety.)-548(Frankly)-349(abandoning)-349(the)-349(old)-349(theological)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(notions)-385(that)-384(the)-385(deed)-384(is)-385(of)-384(the)-385(nature)-384(of)-385(murder,)-418(that)-384(it)-385(is)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worst)-411(of)-412(crimes,)-451(and)-412(that)-411(it)-411(is)-412(always,)-451(or)-412(even)-411(generally,)-451(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offspring)-380(of)-381(cowardice;)-445(abandoning,)-413(too,)-413(all)-381(attempts)-380(to)-380(scare)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-277(by)-277(religious)-277(terrorism,)-284(she)-277(proceeded,)-283(not)-277(so)-277(much)-277(to)-277(meet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-265(detail)-266(the)-265(isolated)-265(arguments)-266(of)-265(its)-265(defenders,)-269(as)-266(to)-265(sketch)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-280(of)-280(a)-280(truly)-280(virtuous)-280(man,)-288(and)-280(to)-280(show)-280(how)-280(such)-280(a)-280(character)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-294(secure)-295(men)-294(against)-295(all)-294(temptation)-295(to)-294(suicide.)-384(In)-294(pages)-294(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-319(most)-318(tender)-319(beauty,)-335(she)-319(traced)-318(the)-319(influence)-318(of)-319(suffering)-318(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(softening,)-386(purifying,)-385(and)-359(deepening)-359(the)-358(character,)-386(and)-358(showed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-223(a)-223(frame)-222(of)-223(habitual)-223(and)-222(submissive)-223(resignation)-223(was)-223(not)-222(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-185(highest)-185(duty,)-198(but)-185(also)-185(the)-185(source)-185(of)-185(the)-185(purest)-185(consolation,)-197(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-281(the)-282(same)-281(time)-282(the)-281(appointed)-281(condition)-282(of)-281(moral)-281(amelioration.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Having)-368(examined)-368(in)-368(detail)-367(the)-368(Biblical)-368(aspect)-368(of)-368(the)-367(question,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-349(proceeded)-349(to)-349(show)-350(how)-349(the)-349(true)-349(measure)-349(of)-349(the)-349(dignity)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man)-417(is)-417(his)-417(unselfishness.)-751(She)-417(contrasted)-417(the)-417(martyr)-417(with)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suicide)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 30.906 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-424(death)-424(which)-424(springs)-424(from)-424(devotion)-424(to)-424(duty)-424(with)]TJ -41.815 -13.549 Td [(the)-265(death)-264(that)-265(springs)-264(from)-265(rebellion)-264(against)-265(circumstances.)-293(The)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 273 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 274 0 R /Resources 272 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 267 0 R >> endobj 275 0 obj << /D [273 0 R /XYZ 98.095 436.88 null] >> endobj 272 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 278 0 obj << /Length 5592 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(60History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(suicide)-242(of)-243(Cato,)-243(which)-243(had)-242(been)-242(absurdly)-243(denounced)-242(by)-242(a)-242(crowd)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-200(ecclesiastics)-199(as)-199(an)-200(act)-199(of)-200(cowardice,)-210(and)-199(as)-199(absurdly)-200(alleged)-199(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-287(suicides)-286(as)-287(a)-287(justification)-286(for)-287(flying)-287(from)-286(pain)-287(or)-286(poverty,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-375(represented)-374(as)-375(an)-374(act)-374(of)-375(martyrdom)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 179.007 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-375(deat)1(h)-375(like)-374(that)-375(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -262.671 0 Td [([060])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(Curtius,)-285(accepted)-278(nobly)-277(for)-278(the)-278(benefit)-278(of)-278(Rome.)-333(The)-278(eye)-278(of)-277(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(good)-342(man)-341(should)-342(be)-341(for)-342(ever)-341(fixed)-341(upon)-342(the)-341(interest)-342(of)-341(others.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(For)-404(them)-405(he)-404(should)-405(be)-404(prepared)-404(to)-405(relinquish)-404(life)-405(with)-404(all)-404(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(blessings.)-401(For)-301(them)-300(he)-300(should)-301(be)-300(prepared)-301(to)-300(tolerate)-300(life,)-313(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-250(it)-250(seemed)-250(to)-250(him)-250(a)-250(curse.)]TJ 11.956 -13.6 Td [(Sentiments)-626(of)-626(this)-626(kind)-626(have,)-720(through)-626(the)-626(influence)-626(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Christianity,)-215(thoroughly)-206(pervaded)-207(European)-206(society,)-215(and)-206(suicide,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-617(modern)-617(times,)-708(is)-617(almost)-616(always)-617(found)-617(to)-617(have)-616(sprung)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(either)-545(from)-544(absolute)-545(insanity;)-691(from)-545(diseases)-544(which,)-618(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-431(amounting)-430(to)-431(insanity,)-476(are)-430(yet)-431(sufficient)-430(to)-431(discolour)-430(our)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judgments;)-294(or)-279(from)-279(that)-279(last)-279(excess)-279(of)-279(sorrow,)-286(when)-279(resignation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-210(hope)-211(are)-210(both)-211(extinct.)-237(Considering)-210(it)-210(in)-211(this)-210(light,)-219(I)-210(know)-210(few)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(things)-268(more)-268(fitted)-268(to)-268(qualify)-268(the)-268(optimism)-268(we)-268(so)-268(often)-268(hear)-268(than)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-275(fact)-276(that)-275(statistics)-275(show)-276(it)-275(to)-275(be)-276(rapidly)-275(increasing,)-282(and)-275(to)-275(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peculiarly)-327(characteristic)-327(of)-328(those)-327(nations)-327(which)-327(rank)-327(most)-327(high)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-256(intellectual)-256(development)-255(and)-256(in)-256(general)-256(civilisation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 237.63 3.959 Td [(116)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.37 -3.959 Td [(In)-256(one)]TJ -253 -13.549 Td [(or)-375(two)-376(countries,)-407(strong)-375(religious)-375(feeling)-376(has)-375(counteracted)-375(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tendency;)-337(but)-307(the)-308(comparison)-308(of)-307(town)-308(and)-308(country,)-322(of)-307(different)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(countries,)-474(of)-429(different)-429(provinces)-430(of)-429(the)-429(same)-429(country,)-474(and)-429(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(different)-212(periods)-212(in)-211(history,)-220(proves)-212(conclusively)-211(its)-212(reality.)-237(Many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reasons)-392(may)-392(be)-392(alleged)-392(to)-392(explain)-392(it.)-676(Mental)-392(occupations)-392(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peculiarly)-181(fitted)-181(to)-181(produce)-181(insanity,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 155.45 3.959 Td [(117)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.578 -3.959 Td [(and)-181(the)-181(blaze)-181(of)-181(publicity,)]TJ -170.028 -13.549 Td [(which)-290(in)-290(modern)-291(time)-290(encircles)-290(an)-290(act)-291(of)-290(suicide,)-300(to)-290(draw)-290(weak)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(minds)-428(to)-429(its)-428(imitation.)-785(If)-429(we)-428(put)-428(the)-429(condition)-428(of)-428(absolutely)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 142.678 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 135.865 Td [(116)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-225(fact)-225(has)-225(been)-225(often)-225(noticed.)-242(The)-225(reader)-225(may)-225(find)-225(many)-225(statistics)-226(on)-225(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(subject)-250(in)-250(Lisle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 59.277 0 Td [(Du)-250(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.596 0 Td [(,)-250(and)-250(Winslow's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 59.393 0 Td [(Anatomy)-250(of)-250(Suicide)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.731 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -227.748 -7.31 Td [(117)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(There)-430(seems)-430(good)-430(reason)-430(to)-430(believe,)-475(that)-430(with)-430(the)-431(progress)-430(of)-430(mental)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(development)-402(through)-402(the)-402(ages,)-440(there)-402(is,)-441(as)-402(in)-402(the)-402(case)-402(with)-402(other)-402(forms)-402(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(organic)-230(development,)-234(a)-229(correlative)-230(degeneration)-230(going)-230(on,)-234(and)-229(that)-230(an)-230(increase)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-220(insanity)-220(is)-219(a)-220(penalty)-220(which)-220(an)-219(increase)-220(of)-220(our)-220(present)-219(civilisation)-220(necessarily)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pays.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Maudsley's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.707 0 Td [(Physiology)-250(of)-250(Mind)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.233 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(201.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 277 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 278 0 R /Resources 276 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 267 0 R >> endobj 279 0 obj << /D [277 0 R /XYZ 374.173 477.528 null] >> endobj 276 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 282 0 obj << /Length 4523 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(61)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(savage)-369(life,)-398(out)-369(of)-369(our)-369(calculation,)-398(it)-369(is)-369(probable)-369(that)-369(a)-368(highly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developed)-271(civilisation,)-276(while)-271(it)-271(raises)-271(the)-271(average)-271(of)-271(well-being,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-359(accompanied)-359(by)-359(more)-359(extreme)-359(misery)-359(and)-359(acute)-359(sufferings)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([061])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(than)-379(the)-380(simpler)-379(stages)-379(that)-380(had)-379(preceded)-379(it.)-638(Nomadic)-379(habits,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-300(vast)-300(agglomeration)-300(of)-300(men)-300(in)-301(cities,)-312(the)-300(pressure)-300(of)-300(a)-300(fierce)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(competition,)-270(and)-266(the)-266(sudden)-266(fluctuations)-266(to)-266(which)-266(manufactures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-330(peculiarly)-329(liable,)-350(are)-330(the)-330(conditions)-329(of)-330(great)-330(prosperity,)-349(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-266(the)-265(causes)-266(of)-265(the)-266(most)-265(profound)-265(misery.)-297(Civilisation)-265(makes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-239(of)-240(what)-239(once)-239(were)-240(superfluities,)-241(necessaries)-239(of)-240(life,)-241(so)-239(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-334(loss)-334(inflicts)-334(a)-334(pang)-334(long)-334(after)-334(their)-334(possession)-334(had)-333(ceased)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-354(be)-353(a)-354(pleasure.)-560(It)-354(also,)-379(by)-354(softening)-353(the)-354(character,)-379(renders)-353(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peculiarly)-312(sensitive)-311(to)-312(pain,)-326(and)-312(it)-311(brings)-312(with)-311(it)-312(a)-311(long)-312(train)-311(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(antipathies,)-431(passions,)-431(and)-395(diseased)-395(imaginations,)-431(which)-394(rarely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-354(never)-354(cross)-354(the)-355(thoughts)-354(or)-354(torture)-354(the)-354(nerves)-354(of)-354(the)-354(simple)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(peasant.)-301(The)-267(advance)-267(of)-267(religious)-267(scepticism,)-271(and)-267(the)-267(relaxation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-251(religious)-251(discipline,)-251(have)-251(weakened)-251(and)-251(sometimes)-250(destroyed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(horror)-316(of)-315(suicide;)-348(and)-315(the)-316(habits)-315(of)-315(self-assertion,)-332(the)-315(eager)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-157(restless)-156(ambitions)-157(which)-156(political)-157(liberty,)-175(intellectual)-156(activity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-219(manufacturing)-219(enterprise,)-225(all)-219(in)-219(their)-219(different)-219(ways)-219(conspire)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-240(foster,)-243(while)-240(they)-240(are)-241(the)-240(very)-240(principles)-241(and)-240(conditions)-240(of)-240(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(progress)-298(of)-298(our)-299(age,)-310(render)-298(the)-298(virtue)-298(of)-299(content)-298(in)-298(all)-298(its)-298(forms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extremely)-281(rare,)-289(and)-281(are)-282(peculiarly)-281(unpropitious)-281(to)-281(the)-281(formation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-284(that)-285(spirit)-284(of)-285(humble)-284(and)-284(submissive)-285(resignation)-284(which)-284(alone)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can)-250(mitigate)-250(the)-250(agony)-250(of)-250(hopeless)-250(suffering.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 116.929 190.739 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 140.315 0 l S Q BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 58.727 174.536 Td [(From)-181(examining)-181(the)-181(effect)-182(of)-181(Christianity)-181(in)-181(promoting)-181(a)-181(sense)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(of)-298(the)-298(sanctity)-298(of)-298(human)-298(life,)-310(we)-298(may)-298(now)-298(pass)-298(to)-298(an)-298(adjoining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(field,)-476(and)-431(examine)-431(its)-431(influence)-431(in)-431(promoting)-431(a)-431(fraternal)-430(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philanthropic)-217(sentiment)-217(among)-218(mankind.)-239(And)-217(first)-217(of)-217(all)-217(we)-217(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(notice)-250(its)-250(effects)-250(upon)-250(slavery.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-259(reader)-260(will)-259(remember)-260(the)-259(general)-260(position)-259(this)-260(inst)1(itution)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(occupied)-530(in)-529(the)-530(eyes)-530(of)-529(the)-530(Stoic)-530(moralists,)-599(and)-530(under)-529(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislation)-443(which)-442(they)-443(had)-442(in)-442(a)-443(great)-442(measure)-443(inspired.)-827(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legitimacy)-235(of)-235(slavery)-234(was)-235(fully)-235(recognised;)-240(but)-235(Seneca)-235(and)-234(other)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 281 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 282 0 R /Resources 280 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 267 0 R >> endobj 283 0 obj << /D [281 0 R /XYZ 327.401 491.077 null] >> endobj 280 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 286 0 obj << /Length 5125 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(62History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(moralists)-359(had)-359(asserted,)-386(in)-358(the)-359(very)-359(strongest)-359(terms,)-386(the)-358(natural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equality)-257(of)-257(mankind,)-259(the)-257(superficial)-257(character)-257(of)-514(the)-257(differences)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([062])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(between)-463(the)-463(slave)-463(and)-462(his)-463(master,)-516(and)-463(the)-463(duty)-463(of)-463(the)-462(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scrupulous)-372(humanity)-372(to)-372(the)-371(former.)-616(Instances)-372(of)-372(a)-372(very)-371(warm)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sympathy)-196(between)-196(master)-195(and)-196(slave)-196(were)-196(of)-196(frequent)-195(occurrence;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-273(they)-273(may)-273(unfortunately)-273(be)-273(paralleled)-273(by)-273(not)-273(a)-273(few)-272(examples)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-405(the)-404(most)-405(atrocious)-404(cruelty.)-714(To)-405(guard)-404(against)-405(such)-404(cruelty,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-383(long)-383(series)-382(of)-383(enactments,)-416(based)-383(avowedly)-383(upon)-383(the)-382(Stoical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principle)-371(of)-371(the)-370(essential)-371(equality)-371(of)-371(mankind,)-401(had)-371(been)-370(made)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(under)-473(Hadrian,)-529(the)-473(Antonines,)-528(and)-473(Alexander)-473(Severus.)-919(Not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-373(recapitulate)-373(at)-373(length)-373(what)-373(has)-373(been)-373(mentioned)-373(in)-373(a)-372(former)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chapter,)-473(it)-428(is)-429(sufficient)-428(to)-428(remind)-429(the)-428(reader)-428(that)-429(the)-428(right)-428(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-362(and)-362(death)-362(had)-362(been)-362(definitely)-362(withdrawn)-362(from)-362(the)-361(master,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-417(that)-418(the)-417(murder)-417(of)-417(a)-417(slave)-418(was)-417(stigmatised)-417(and)-417(punished)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-467(the)-466(law.)-900(It)-467(had,)-521(however,)-521(been)-467(laid)-466(down,)-521(by)-467(the)-466(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lawyer)-298(Paul,)-310(that)-298(homicide)-297(implies)-298(an)-298(intention)-298(to)-298(kill,)-310(and)-297(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(therefore)-420(the)-420(master)-419(was)-420(not)-420(guilty)-420(of)-419(that)-420(crime)-420(if)-420(his)-419(slave)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(died)-362(under)-361(chastisement)-362(which)-362(was)-361(not)-362(administered)-362(with)-361(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intention.)-759(But)-420(the)-420(licence)-419(of)-420(punishment)-420(which)-420(this)-419(decision)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(might)-211(give)-211(was)-211(checked)-210(by)-211(laws)-211(which)-211(forbade)-211(excessive)-210(cruelty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-240(slaves,)-242(provided)-239(that,)-242(when)-240(it)-240(was)-239(proved,)-242(they)-240(should)-240(be)-239(sold)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-311(another)-310(master,)-326(suppressed)-311(the)-311(private)-310(prisons)-311(in)-311(which)-310(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-201(been)-200(immured,)-210(and)-201(appointed)-200(special)-201(officers)-200(to)-201(receive)-200(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(complaints.)]TJ 11.956 -14.966 Td [(In)-336(the)-336(field)-337(of)-336(legislation,)-357(for)-337(about)-336(two)-336(hundred)-336(years)-336(after)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-201(conversion)-201(of)-201(Constantine,)-210(the)-201(progress)-201(was)-201(extremely)-200(slight.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-569(Christian)-570(emperors,)-649(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 134.488 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-569(319)-570(and)-569(326,)-649(adverted)-569(in)]TJ -148.724 -13.549 Td [(two)-428(elaborate)-428(laws)-429(to)-428(the)-428(subject)-428(of)-428(the)-429(murder)-428(of)-428(slaves,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(118)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(but,)-558(beyond)-497(reiterating)-496(in)-497(very)-496(emphatic)-497(t)1(erms)-497(the)-496(previous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enactments,)-299(it)-289(is)-289(not)-289(easy)-289(to)-289(see)-289(in)-289(what)-289(way)-289(they)-288(improved)-289(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-343(of)-343(the)-342(class.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 98.787 3.958 Td [(119)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.219 -3.958 Td [(They)-343(provided)-685(that)-343(any)-343(master)-343(who)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -189.761 0 Td [([063])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.03 Td [(118)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(12.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -58.036 -7.311 Td [(119)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Some)-332(commentators)-331(imagine)-332(\050see)-331(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 163.721 0 Td [(Antich.)-495(Ital.)-495(Diss.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.38 0 Td [(xiv.\051)-495(that)]TJ -246.057 -10.959 Td [(among)-343(the)-342(Pagans)-343(the)-343(murder)-343(of)-342(a)-343(man's)-343(own)-342(slave)-343(was)-343(only)-342(assimilated)-343(to)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 285 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 286 0 R /Resources 284 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 267 0 R >> endobj 287 0 obj << /D [285 0 R /XYZ 306.775 504.626 null] >> endobj 288 0 obj << /D [285 0 R /XYZ 279.228 110.282 null] >> endobj 284 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 291 0 obj << /Length 5004 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(63)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(applied)-159(to)-160(his)-159(slave)-160(certain)-159(atrocious)-159(tortures,)-178(that)-159(are)-159(enumerated,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-386(the)-386(object)-386(of)-385(killing)-386(him,)-420(should)-386(be)-386(deemed)-386(a)-385(homicide,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-527(if)-527(the)-527(slave)-527(died)-527(under)-527(moderate)-526(punishment,)-597(or)-526(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-345(punishment)-345(not)-345(intended)-345(to)-345(kill)-345(him,)-369(the)-345(master)-345(should)-345(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(blameless;)-270(no)-263(charge)-263(whatever,)-266(it)-263(was)-263(emphatically)-263(said,)-266(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-377(brought)-378(against)-377(him.)-632(It)-377(has)-378(been)-377(supposed,)-409(though)-377(I)-377(think)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-431(evidence,)-475(by)-431(commentators)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 162.139 3.959 Td [(120)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.15 -3.959 Td [(that)-431(this)-430(law)-431(accorded)]TJ -179.289 -13.549 Td [(immunity)-306(to)-306(the)-306(master)-306(only)-306(when)-306(the)-306(slave)-306(perished)-306(under)-306(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(application)-358(of)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.377 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(appropriate)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 49.68 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.749 0 Td [(or)-358(servile)-358(punishments)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 101.136 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-358(is)-358(to)]TJ -240.694 -13.55 Td [(say,)-243(scourging,)-243(irons,)-243(or)-241(imprisonment;)-244(but)-242(the)-241(use)-241(of)-241(torture)-241(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intended)-245(to)-246(kill)-245(was)-246(in)-245(no)-245(degree)-246(restricted,)-246(nor)-246(is)-245(there)-245(anything)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-389(the)-390(law)-389(to)-390(make)-389(it)-390(appear)-389(either)-390(that)-389(the)-390(master)-389(was)-389(liable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-316(punishment,)-333(if)-317(contrary)-316(to)-317(his)-316(intention)-317(his)-316(slave)-316(succumbed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beneath)-416(torture,)-457(or)-416(that)-415(Constantine)-416(proposed)-416(any)-416(penalty)-415(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(excessive)-228(cruelty)-228(which)-229(did)-228(not)-228(result)-228(in)-228(death.)-243(It)-228(is,)-233(perhaps,)-232(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(out)-235(of)-235(place)-236(to)-235(observe,)-238(that)-235(this)-236(law)-235(was)-235(in)-235(remarkable)-235(harmony)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-281(the)-281(well-known)-280(article)-281(of)-281(the)-281(Jewish)-280(code,)-289(which)-280(provided)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-290(if)-289(a)-290(slave,)-299(wounded)-290(to)-289(death)-290(by)-290(his)-289(master,)-300(linger)-289(for)-290(a)-289(day)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-277(two,)-284(the)-277(master)-277(should)-277(not)-277(be)-277(punished,)-284(for)-277(the)-277(slave)-277(was)-277(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(money.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 32.422 3.959 Td [(121)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -20.466 -25.97 Td [(The)-233(two)-232(features)-233(that)-233(were)-232(most)-233(revolting)-233(in)-232(the)-233(slave)-232(system,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(as)-295(it)-295(passed)-295(from)-295(the)-295(Pagan)-295(to)-295(the)-295(Christian)-295(emperors,)-306(were)-295(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolute)-413(want)-413(of)-413(legal)-413(recognition)-413(of)-413(slave)-413(marriage,)-453(and)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(licence)-331(of)-332(torturing)-331(still)-331(conceded)-332(to)-331(the)-331(master.)-494(The)-331(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emperors)-248(before)-247(Justinian)-248(took)-247(no)-248(serious)-248(steps)-247(to)-248(remedy)-247(either)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-259(these)-259(evils,)-261(and)-259(the)-259(measures)-259(that)-259(were)-259(taken)-259(against)-258(adultery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-197(continued)-198(inappl)1(icable)-198(to)-197(slave)-197(unions,)-208(because)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 225.155 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-197(vileness)]TJ -229.999 -13.549 Td [(of)-371(their)-371(condition)-371(makes)-371(them)-371(unworthy)-371(of)-371(the)-371(observation)-370(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 123.051 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 110.299 Td [(the)-336(crime)-336(of)-335(murdering)-336(the)-336(slave)-335(of)-336(another)-336(man,)-357(while)-336(in)-336(the)-335(Christian)-336(law)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it)-296(was)-295(defined)-296(as)-295(homicide,)-307(equivalent)-296(to)-295(the)-296(murder)-295(of)-296(a)-295(freeman.)-387(I)-295(confess,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(however,)-250(this)-250(point)-250(does)-250(not)-250(appear)-250(to)-250(me)-250(at)-250(all)-250(clear.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(120)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Godefroy's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.891 0 Td [(Commentary)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.562 0 Td [(on)-250(these)-250(laws.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -117.159 -7.311 Td [(121)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Exodus)-250(xxi.)-250(21)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 290 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 291 0 R /Resources 289 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 292 0 R >> endobj 289 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 295 0 obj << /Length 6105 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(64History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-275(law.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 34.811 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(122)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.453 -3.959 Td [(The)-275(abolition)-275(of)-275(the)-275(punishment)-275(of)-275(crucifixion)-275(had,)]TJ -55.108 -13.549 Td [(however,)-284(a)-278(special)-554(value)-278(to)-277(the)-278(slave)-277(class,)-284(and)-278(a)-277(very)-277(merciful)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([064])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(law)-295(of)-295(Constantine)-295(forbade)-296(the)-295(separation)-295(of)-295(the)-295(families)-295(of)-295(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaves.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.389 3.958 Td [(123)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.928 -3.958 Td [(Another)-180(law,)-195(which)-180(in)-181(its)-180(effects)-181(was)-180(perhaps)-181(still)-180(more)]TJ -44.317 -13.55 Td [(important,)-180(imparted)-163(a)-162(sacred)-163(character)-163(to)-162(manumission,)-180(ordaining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-392(the)-391(ceremony)-392(should)-391(be)-392(celebrated)-392(in)-391(the)-392(Church,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 247.766 3.959 Td [(124)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.111 -3.959 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td [(permitting)-489(it)-490(on)-489(Sundays.)-968(Some)-489(measures)-490(were)-489(also)-489(taken,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(providing)-488(for)-489(the)-488(freedom)-488(of)-488(the)-489(Christian)-488(slaves)-488(of)-488(Jewish)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(masters,)-500(and,)-500(in)-450(two)-449(or)-450(three)-450(cases,)-500(freedom)-450(was)-450(offered)-449(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-397(bribe)-397(to)-396(slaves,)-434(to)-397(induce)-396(them)-397(to)-397(inform)-397(against)-396(criminals.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Intermarriage)-229(between)-230(the)-229(free)-230(and)-229(slave)-229(classes)-230(was)-229(still)-229(strictly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forbidden,)-208(and)-197(if)-197(a)-197(free)-197(woman)-197(had)-197(improper)-197(intercourse)-197(with)-197(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slave,)-365(Constantine)-341(ordered)-342(that)-342(the)-341(woman)-342(should)-342(be)-341(executed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-301(the)-300(slave)-301(burnt)-300(alive.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.581 3.958 Td [(125)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.835 -3.958 Td [(By)-301(the)-300(Pagan)-301(law,)-313(the)-300(woman)-301(had)]TJ -128.416 -13.55 Td [(been)-251(simply)-250(reduced)-251(to)-250(slavery.)-252(The)-251(laws)-250(against)-251(fugitive)-250(slaves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-250(also)-250(rendered)-250(more)-250(severe.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 140.847 3.959 Td [(126)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -128.891 -19.28 Td [(This)-535(legislation)-535(may)-536(on)-535(the)-535(whole)-535(be)-536(looked)-535(upon)-535(as)-535(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(progress,)-273(but)-269(it)-269(certainly)-268(does)-269(not)-269(deserve)-268(the)-269(enthusiasm)-268(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ecclesiastical)-448(writers)-448(have)-448(sometimes)-449(bestowed)-448(upon)-448(it.)-844(For)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(about)-395(two)-395(hundred)-395(years,)-431(there)-395(was)-395(an)-395(almost)-395(absolute)-394(pause)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-308(the)-309(legislation)-308(on)-308(this)-309(subject.)-425(Some)-308(slight)-308(restrictions)-308(were,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(however,)-331(imposed)-315(upon)-315(the)-315(use)-315(of)-315(torture)-315(in)-315(trials;)-347(some)-315(slight)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 219.956 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 213.143 Td [(122)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quas)-173(vilitates)-174(vit\346)-173(dignas)-174(legum)-173(observatione)-174(non)-173(credidit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 207.887 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Cod.)-225(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -236.771 -10.959 Td [(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(7.)-250(See)-250(on)-250(this)-250(law,)-250(Wallon,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(417,)-250(418.)]TJ 11.956 -10.959 Td [(Dean)-316(Milman)-317(observes,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 89.589 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-316(the)-317(old)-316(Roman)-316(society)-317(in)-316(the)-317(Eastern)-316(Empire)]TJ -105.526 -10.958 Td [(this)-201(distinction)-202(between)-201(the)-201(marriage)-202(of)-201(the)-201(freeman)-202(and)-201(the)-201(concubinage)-202(of)-201(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(slave)-191(was)-190(long)-191(recognised)-190(by)-190(Christianity)-191(itself.)-230(These)-191(unions)-190(were)-191(not)-190(blessed,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(as)-265(the)-265(marriages)-266(of)-265(their)-265(superiors)-265(had)-265(soon)-266(begun)-265(to)-265(be,)-269(by)-265(the)-265(Church.)-296(Basil)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-239(Macedonian)-240(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 62.555 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.763 0 Td [(867-886\051)-239(first)-239(enacted)-240(that)-239(the)-239(priestly)-240(benediction)]TJ -99.917 -10.959 Td [(should)-430(hallow)-430(the)-429(marriage)-430(of)-430(the)-430(slave;)-519(but)-430(the)-430(authority)-430(of)-429(the)-430(emperor)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-280(counteracted)-280(by)-281(the)-280(deep-rooted)-280(prejudices)-280(of)-280(centuries.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 219.016 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Hist.)-341(of)-280(Latin)]TJ -231.963 -10.959 Td [(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.851 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(15.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -42.602 -7.31 Td [(123)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ii.)-250(tit.)-250(25.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -58.036 -7.311 Td [(124)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(lib.)-250(iv.)-250(tit.)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(125)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(9.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(126)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Corpus)-250(Juris)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.58 0 Td [(,)-250(vi.)-250(1.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 294 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 295 0 R /Resources 293 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 292 0 R >> endobj 296 0 obj << /D [294 0 R /XYZ 178.122 504.626 null] >> endobj 293 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 299 0 obj << /Length 4711 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(65)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(additional)-294(facilities)-295(of)-294(manumission)-295(were)-294(given,)-306(and)-294(some)-294(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atrocious)-549(enactments)-548(made)-549(to)-549(prevent)-548(slaves)-549(accusing)-548(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(masters.)-242(According)-227(to)-226(that)-227(of)-226(Gratian,)-231(any)-227(slave)-226(who)-227(accused)-226(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(master)-259(of)-260(any)-259(offence,)-523(except)-259(high)-260(treason,)-261(should)-259(immediately)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([065])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(be)-405(burnt)-405(alive,)-443(without)-405(any)-405(investigation)-405(of)-405(the)-405(justice)-405(of)-404(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charge.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 31.8 3.959 Td [(127)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -19.844 -18.5 Td [(Under)-301(Justinian,)-314(however,)-314(new)-301(and)-301(very)-301(important)-301(measures)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(were)-366(taken.)-598(In)-367(no)-366(other)-366(sphere)-366(were)-366(the)-366(laws)-366(of)-366(this)-366(emperor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-525(indisputably)-525(an)-525(advance)-525(upon)-525(those)-525(of)-525(his)-525(predecessors.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-493(measures)-493(may)-493(be)-494(comprised)-493(under)-493(three)-493(heads.)-979(In)-493(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(first)-322(place,)-339(all)-322(the)-321(restrictions)-322(upon)-321(enfranchisement)-322(which)-321(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accumulated)-455(under)-454(the)-455(Pagan)-454(legislation)-455(were)-455(abolished;)-556(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislator)-169(proclaimed)-169(in)-168(emphatic)-169(language,)-185(and)-169(by)-169(the)-168(provisions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-388(many)-388(laws,)-423(his)-388(desire)-388(to)-388(encourage)-389(manumission,)-422(and)-388(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scope)-284(was)-284(thus)-285(given)-284(to)-284(the)-284(action)-284(of)-284(the)-285(Church.)-352(In)-284(the)-284(second)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(place,)-222(the)-215(freedmen,)-222(considered)-214(as)-215(an)-215(intermediate)-215(class)-214(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-309(slave)-309(and)-309(the)-309(citizen,)-323(were)-309(virtually)-309(abolished,)-324(all)-309(or)-308(nearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-406(the)-407(privileges)-406(accorded)-406(to)-406(the)-406(citizen)-407(being)-406(granted)-406(to)-406(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emancipated)-275(slave.)-327(This)-275(was)-276(the)-275(most)-276(important)-275(contribution)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-223(Christian)-223(emperors)-223(to)-222(that)-223(great)-223(amalgamation)-223(of)-223(nations)-222(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(classes)-340(which)-341(had)-340(been)-340(advancing)-340(since)-341(the)-340(days)-340(of)-340(Augustus;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-369(one)-369(of)-369(its)-369(effects)-369(was,)-399(that)-369(any)-369(person,)-399(even)-369(of)-369(senatorial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rank,)-400(might)-370(marry)-370(a)-370(slave)-370(when)-370(he)-370(had)-370(first)-370(emancipated)-370(her.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-285(the)-284(third)-285(place,)-294(a)-284(slave)-285(was)-285(permitted)-285(to)-284(marry)-285(a)-285(free)-284(woman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-236(the)-237(authorisation)-236(of)-237(his)-236(master,)-239(and)-236(children)-237(born)-236(in)-236(slavery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(became)-246(the)-245(legal)-246(heirs)-246(of)-245(their)-246(emancipated)-246(father.)-248(The)-246(rape)-246(of)-245(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(slave)-298(woman)-298(was)-298(also)-299(in)-298(this)-298(reign)-298(punished,)-310(like)-298(that)-298(of)-298(a)-298(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(woman,)-250(by)-250(death.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 77.564 3.959 Td [(128)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.608 -18.5 Td [(But,)-376(important)-351(as)-350(were)-351(these)-351(measures,)-376(it)-351(is)-350(not)-351(in)-351(the)-350(field)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-462(legislation)-461(that)-462(we)-462(must)-461(chiefly)-462(look)-462(for)-461(the)-462(influence)-461(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-262(upon)-262(slavery.)-285(This)-261(influence)-262(was)-262(indeed)-262(very)-261(great,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 92.03 Td [(127)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(vi.)-250(tit.)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -58.035 -7.311 Td [(128)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-612(on)-613(all)-612(this)-612(legislation,)-703(Wallon,)-703(tome)-612(iii.;)-794(Champagny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 241.273 0 Td [(Charit\351)]TJ -253.229 -10.959 Td [(chr\351tienne)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.848 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(214-224.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 298 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 299 0 R /Resources 297 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 292 0 R >> endobj 300 0 obj << /D [298 0 R /XYZ 147.467 477.528 null] >> endobj 297 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 303 0 obj << /Length 4901 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(66History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(but)-276(it)-276(is)-276(necessary)-276(carefully)-276(to)-276(define)-276(its)-276(nature.)-328(The)-275(prohibition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-325(all)-324(slavery,)-344(which)-325(was)-324(one)-325(of)-325(the)-324(peculiarities)-325(of)-325(the)-324(Jewish)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Essenes,)-328(and)-312(the)-312(illegitimacy)-312(of)-312(hereditary)-625(slavery,)-327(which)-312(was)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([066])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(one)-361(of)-362(the)-361(speculations)-362(of)-361(the)-362(Stoic)-361(Dion)-362(Chrysostom,)-389(had)-361(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(place)-342(in)-343(the)-342(ecclesiastical)-342(teaching.)-527(Slavery)-343(was)-342(distinctly)-342(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(formally)-499(recognised)-500(by)-499(Christianity,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 166.332 3.959 Td [(129)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.581 -3.959 Td [(and)-499(no)-500(religion)-499(ever)]TJ -184.913 -13.549 Td [(laboured)-507(more)-507(to)-507(encourage)-507(a)-507(habit)-507(of)-507(docility)-507(and)-506(passive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obedience.)-903(Much)-468(was)-468(indeed)-468(said)-467(by)-468(the)-468(Fathers)-468(about)-467(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-311(equality)-310(of)-311(mankind,)-326(about)-311(the)-310(duty)-311(of)-311(regarding)-310(slaves)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-263(brothers)-262(or)-263(companions,)-266(and)-263(about)-262(the)-263(heinousness)-263(of)-262(cruelty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-426(them;)-514(but)-426(all)-426(this)-426(had)-426(been)-426(said)-426(with)-426(at)-426(least)-426(equal)-425(force,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(though)-303(it)-304(had)-303(not)-304(been)-303(disseminated)-304(over)-303(an)-304(equally)-303(wide)-303(area,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-174(Seneca)-174(and)-175(Epictetus,)-189(and)-174(the)-175(principle)-174(of)-174(the)-174(original)-174(freedom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-364(all)-364(men)-365(was)-364(repeatedly)-364(averred)-364(by)-364(the)-365(Pagan)-364(lawyers.)-592(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(services)-401(of)-401(Christianity)-401(in)-401(this)-401(sphere)-401(were)-401(of)-401(three)-401(kinds.)-702(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supplied)-405(a)-405(new)-405(order)-405(of)-405(relations,)-444(in)-405(which)-405(the)-404(distinction)-405(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classes)-290(was)-290(unknown.)-369(It)-290(imparted)-290(a)-289(moral)-290(dignity)-290(to)-290(the)-289(servile)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classes,)-281(and)-275(it)-275(gave)-275(an)-275(unexampled)-275(impetus)-275(to)-275(the)-275(movement)-274(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enfranchisement.)]TJ 11.956 -16.145 Td [(The)-601(first)-602(of)-601(these)-602(services)-601(was)-601(effected)-602(by)-601(the)-601(Church)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(ceremonies)-256(and)-256(the)-256(penitential)-256(discipline.)-269(In)-256(these)-256(spheres,)-257(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-266(the)-266(Christian)-267(mind)-266(derived)-266(its)-266(earliest,)-271(its)-266(deepest,)-270(and)-266(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-381(enduring)-381(impressions,)-415(the)-381(difference)-381(between)-381(the)-381(master)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-296(his)-296(slave)-297(was)-296(unknown.)-389(They)-296(received)-296(the)-296(sacred)-296(elements)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(together,)-312(they)-299(sat)-299(side)-300(by)-299(side)-299(at)-300(the)-299(agape,)-312(they)-299(mingled)-299(in)-299(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(public)-232(prayers.)-244(In)-233(the)-232(penal)-232(system)-233(of)-232(the)-232(Church,)-236(the)-232(distinction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-514(wrongs)-513(done)-514(to)-514(a)-513(freeman,)-580(and)-514(wrongs)-513(done)-514(to)-513(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slave,)-359(which)-337(lay)-336(at)-337(the)-337(very)-337(root)-337(of)-337(the)-337(whole)-337(civil)-336(legislation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-417(repudiated.)-752(At)-417(a)-417(time)-417(when,)-459(by)-417(the)-417(civil)-417(law,)-459(a)-417(master,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whose)-518(slave)-519(died)-518(as)-519(a)-518(consequence)-519(of)-518(excessive)-518(scourging,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 109.64 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.828 Td [(129)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(It)-291(is)-291(worthy)-291(of)-291(notice,)-301(too,)-301(that)-291(the)-291(justice)-291(of)-291(slavery)-291(was)-291(frequently)-291(based)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(by)-258(the)-258(Fathers,)-260(as)-258(by)-258(modern)-258(defenders)-258(of)-258(slavery,)-260(on)-257(the)-258(curse)-258(of)-258(Ham.)-274(See)-258(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(number)-225(of)-225(passages)-225(noticed)-225(by)-225(Moehler,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 146.368 0 Td [(Le)-225(Christianisme)-225(et)-225(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 115.092 0 Td [(\050trad.)]TJ -261.46 -10.959 Td [(fran\347.\051,)-250(pp.)-250(151-152.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 302 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 303 0 R /Resources 301 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 292 0 R >> endobj 304 0 obj << /D [302 0 R /XYZ 285.93 491.077 null] >> endobj 301 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 307 0 obj << /Length 5596 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(67)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-458(absolutely)-457(unpunished,)-509(the)-458(Council)-457(of)-458(Illiberis)-457(excluded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-361(master)-362(for)-723(ever)-361(from)-361(the)-362(communion.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 193.929 3.959 Td [(130)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.827 -3.959 Td [(The)-361(chastity)-362(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.268 0 Td [([067])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(female)-394(slaves,)-431(for)-394(the)-394(protection)-395(of)-394(which)-394(the)-395(civil)-394(law)-394(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-256(little)-257(provision,)-258(was)-256(sedulously)-256(guarded)-257(by)-256(the)-256(legislation)-256(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-338(Church.)-513(Slave)-338(birth,)-360(moreover,)-360(was)-338(no)-338(disqualification)-337(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entering)-240(into)-240(the)-240(priesthood;)-243(and)-240(an)-240(emancipated)-240(slave,)-241(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-240(the)-241(dispenser)-240(of)-241(spiritual)-240(life)-240(and)-241(death,)-242(often)-241(saw)-240(the)-240(greatest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-295(the)-295(most)-294(wealthy)-295(kneeling)-295(humbly)-294(at)-295(his)-295(feet)-295(imploring)-294(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolution)-250(or)-250(his)-250(benediction.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 129.087 3.958 Td [(131)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -117.131 -22.003 Td [(In)-420(the)-420(next)-421(place,)-462(Christianity)-421(imparted)-420(a)-420(moral)-420(dignity)-420(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(servile)-293(class.)-379(It)-293(did)-293(this)-293(not)-293(only)-293(by)-293(associating)-293(poverty)-293(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(labour)-263(with)-263(that)-263(monastic)-263(life)-263(which)-263(was)-263(so)-263(profoundly)-263(revered,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-278(also)-278(by)-278(introducing)-279(new)-278(modifications)-278(into)-278(the)-278(ideal)-278(type)-278(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(morals.)-481(There)-327(is)-326(no)-327(fact)-327(more)-327(prominent)-327(in)-327(the)-327(Roman)-326(writers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-407(the)-407(profound)-407(contempt)-407(with)-407(which)-407(they)-407(regarded)-407(slaves,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-339(so)-339(much)-339(on)-338(account)-339(of)-339(their)-339(position,)-361(as)-339(on)-339(account)-339(of)-338(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(character)-376(which)-376(that)-376(position)-376(had)-376(formed.)-628(A)-376(servile)-375(character)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-447(a)-448(synonym)-447(for)-448(a)-447(vicious)-447(one.)-842(Cicero)-448(had)-447(declared)-447(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nothing)-362(great)-361(or)-362(noble)-361(could)-362(exist)-361(in)-362(a)-361(slave,)-390(and)-361(the)-362(plays)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Plautus)-278(exhibit)-278(the)-277(same)-278(estimate)-278(in)-278(every)-278(scene.)-333(There)-278(were,)-284(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-333(true,)-353(some)-332(exceptions.)-498(Epictetus)-333(had)-332(not)-333(only)-333(been,)-353(but)-332(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(been)-309(recognised)-308(as)-309(one)-309(of)-308(the)-309(noblest)-308(characters)-309(of)-309(Rome.)-425(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fidelity)-331(of)-331(slaves)-331(to)-331(their)-331(masters)-331(had)-331(been)-331(frequently)-330(extolled,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-340(Seneca)-340(in)-340(this,)-363(as)-340(in)-340(other)-340(respects,)-363(had)-340(been)-340(the)-340(defender)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 186.513 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 179.701 Td [(130)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-212(penalty,)-220(however,)-220(appears)-212(to)-212(have)-212(been)-212(reduced)-212(to)-212(two)-213(years')-212(exclusion)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(from)-597(communion.)-1290(Muratori)-597(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 143.058 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-597(pi\371)-597(consili)-596(si)-597(truova)-597(decretato,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -147.039 -10.959 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(excommunicatione)-519(vel)-519(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 92.982 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(nitenti\346)-519(biennii)-519(esse)-519(subjiciendum)-519(qui)-519(servum)]TJ -102.441 -10.959 Td [(proprium)-250(sine)-250(conscientia)-250(judicis)-250(occiderit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 154.652 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(Antich.)-250(Ital.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.832 0 Td [(Diss.)-250(xiv.)]TJ -204.956 -10.959 Td [(Besides)-358(the)-358(works)-358(which)-358(treat)-358(generally)-358(of)-358(the)-358(penitential)-359(discipline,)-385(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(reader)-279(may)-278(consult)-279(with)-278(fruit)-279(Wright's)-278(letter)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 161.534 0 Td [(On)-279(the)-278(Political)-279(Condition)-278(of)-279(the)]TJ -161.534 -10.959 Td [(English)-250(Peasantry)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 66.002 0 Td [(,)-250(and)-250(Moehler,)-250(p.)-250(186.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -65.752 -7.31 Td [(131)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(On)-435(the)-435(great)-435(multitude)-435(of)-435(emancipated)-435(slaves)-435(who)-435(entered,)-482(and)-435(at)-435(one)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(time)-466(almost)-465(monopolised,)-520(the)-465(ecclesiastical)-466(offices,)-519(compare)-466(Moehler,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 271.664 0 Td [(Le)]TJ -271.664 -10.959 Td [(Christianisme)-402(et)-403(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 105.272 0 Td [(,)-440(pp.)-707(177-178.)-708(Leo)-402(the)-402(Great)-403(tried)-402(to)-402(prevent)]TJ -105.272 -10.959 Td [(slaves)-250(being)-250(raised)-250(to)-250(the)-250(priestly)-250(office,)-250(because)-250(it)-250(would)-250(degrade)-250(the)-250(latter.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 306 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 307 0 R /Resources 305 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 292 0 R >> endobj 308 0 obj << /D [306 0 R /XYZ 116.766 504.626 null] >> endobj 305 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 311 0 obj << /Length 4670 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(68History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-280(the)-280(oppressed.)-678(Still)-280(there)-280(can)-280(be)-279(no)-280(doubt)-280(that)-280(this)-279(contempt)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([068])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(was)-330(general,)-350(and)-331(also)-330(that)-330(in)-330(the)-330(Pagan)-331(world)-330(it)-330(was)-330(to)-330(a)-330(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extent)-424(just.)-774(Every)-424(age)-424(has)-425(its)-424(own)-424(moral)-425(ideal,)-468(to)-424(which)-424(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtuous)-369(men)-368(aspire.)-607(Every)-368(sphere)-369(of)-369(life)-368(has)-369(also)-369(a)-368(tendency)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-272(produce)-273(a)-272(distinctive)-272(type)-272(being)-273(specially)-272(favourable)-272(to)-272(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(particular)-298(class)-298(of)-298(virtues,)-310(and)-298(specially)-298(unfavourable)-298(to)-298(others.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-464(popular)-464(estimate,)-518(and)-464(even)-464(the)-464(real)-465(moral)-464(condition,)-517(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-384(class)-384(depends)-384(chiefly)-385(upon)-384(the)-384(degree)-384(in)-384(which)-384(the)-384(type)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-362(character)-362(its)-361(position)-362(naturally)-362(develops,)-390(coincides)-362(with)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideal)-316(type)-317(of)-316(the)-316(age.)-449(Now,)-333(if)-316(we)-317(remember)-316(that)-316(magnanimity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(self-reliance,)-411(dignity,)-411(independence,)-411(and,)-412(in)-378(a)-379(word,)-411(elevation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-359(character,)-386(constituted)-359(the)-359(Roman)-359(ideal)-359(of)-358(perfection,)-387(it)-358(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appear)-337(evident)-338(that)-337(this)-337(was)-337(preeminently)-338(the)-337(type)-337(of)-337(freemen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-289(that)-288(the)-289(condition)-288(of)-288(slavery)-289(was)-288(in)-289(the)-288(very)-289(highest)-288(degree)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unfavourable)-331(to)-331(its)-331(development.)-493(Christianity)-331(for)-331(the)-331(first)-330(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gave)-403(the)-404(servile)-403(virtues)-404(the)-403(foremost)-404(place)-403(in)-404(the)-403(moral)-403(type.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Humility,)-448(obedience,)-447(gentleness,)-447(patience,)-448(resignation,)-447(are)-408(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cardinal)-336(or)-336(rudimentary)-335(virtues)-336(in)-336(the)-336(Christian)-336(character;)-378(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-431(all)-430(neglected)-431(or)-431(underrated)-431(by)-430(the)-431(Pagans;)-521(they)-431(can)-430(all)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(expand)-250(and)-250(flourish)-250(in)-250(a)-250(servile)-250(position.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(The)-357(influence)-356(of)-357(Christianity)-357(upon)-357(slavery,)-383(by)-357(inclining)-356(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(moral)-356(type)-356(to)-356(the)-356(servile)-356(classes,)-383(though)-356(less)-356(obvious)-356(and)-356(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discussed)-418(than)-419(some)-418(others,)-461(is,)-460(I)-419(believe,)-460(in)-419(the)-418(very)-418(highest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(degree)-317(important.)-451(There)-317(is,)-333(probably,)-334(scarcely)-317(any)-317(other)-316(single)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(circumstance)-355(that)-355(exercises)-356(so)-355(profound)-355(an)-355(influence)-355(upon)-355(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-481(and)-481(political)-481(relations)-481(of)-480(a)-481(religion,)-539(as)-481(the)-481(class)-480(type)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-385(which)-385(it)-384(can)-385(most)-385(readily)-384(assimilate;)-453(or,)-418(in)-385(other)-384(words,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-394(group)-395(or)-394(variety)-395(of)-394(virtues)-394(to)-395(which)-394(it)-395(gives)-394(the)-394(foremost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place.)-661(The)-387(virtues)-387(that)-387(are)-387(most)-387(suited)-387(to)-387(the)-387(servile)-386(position)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-233(in)-233(general)-233(so)-232(little)-233(honoured)-233(by)-233(antiquity)-233(that)-233(they)-233(were)-232(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-365(cultivated)-364(in)-365(their)-365(appropriate)-364(sphere.)-594(The)-365(aspirations)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(good)-295(men)-296(were)-295(in)-296(a)-295(different)-296(direction.)-386(The)-295(virtue)-296(of)-295(the)-295(Stoic,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-210(rose)-210(triumphantly)-211(under)-210(adversity,)-218(nearly)-210(always)-210(withered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-367(degradation.)-1205(For)-368(the)-367(first)-367(time,)-397(under)-368(the)-367(influence)-367(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([069])]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 310 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 311 0 R /Resources 309 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 292 0 R >> endobj 312 0 obj << /D [310 0 R /XYZ 172.12 518.175 null] >> endobj 313 0 obj << /D [310 0 R /XYZ 183.191 66.142 null] >> endobj 309 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 316 0 obj << /Length 5437 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(69)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Christianity,)-263(a)-261(great)-261(moral)-261(movement)-260(passed)-261(through)-261(the)-260(servile)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class.)-370(The)-290(multitude)-290(of)-290(slaves)-290(who)-290(embraced)-290(the)-290(new)-290(faith)-289(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-256(of)-255(the)-256(reproaches)-255(of)-256(the)-255(Pagans;)-258(and)-256(the)-255(names)-256(of)-255(Blandina,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Potami\346na,)-351(Eutyches,)-350(Victorinus,)-351(and)-330(Nereus,)-351(show)-330(how)-330(fully)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-456(shared)-456(in)-456(the)-457(sufferings)-456(and)-456(in)-456(the)-456(glory)-456(of)-456(martyrdom)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 0 -9.59 Td [(132)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.454 -3.959 Td [(.)-517(The)-339(first)-338(and)-339(grandest)-339(edifice)-339(of)-339(Byzantine)-339(architecture)-339(in)]TJ -12.454 -13.549 Td [(Italy)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 19.997 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-243(noble)-243(church)-244(of)-243(St.)-247(Vital,)-245(at)-243(Ravenna)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 177.395 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-243(dedicated)]TJ -219.21 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(Justinian)-250(to)-250(the)-250(memory)-250(of)-250(a)-250(martyred)-250(slave.)]TJ 11.956 -18.228 Td [(While)-266(Christianity)-266(thus)-267(broke)-266(down)-266(the)-266(contempt)-266(with)-266(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-264(master)-265(had)-264(regarded)-264(his)-264(slaves,)-268(and)-265(planted)-264(among)-264(the)-264(latter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-384(principle)-383(of)-384(moral)-383(regeneration)-384(which)-384(expanded)-383(in)-384(no)-383(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sphere)-509(with)-509(an)-509(equal)-509(perfection,)-574(its)-509(action)-509(in)-508(procuring)-509(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(freedom)-374(of)-375(the)-374(slave)-375(was)-374(unceasing.)-623(The)-375(law)-374(of)-374(Constantine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-432(placed)-431(the)-432(ceremony)-432(under)-431(the)-432(superintendence)-432(of)-431(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clergy,)-731(and)-636(the)-635(many)-635(laws)-635(that)-635(gave)-635(special)-635(facilities)-635(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manumission)-514(to)-515(those)-514(who)-515(desired)-514(to)-515(enter)-514(the)-514(monasteries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-269(the)-269(priesthood,)-273(symbolised)-269(the)-268(religious)-269(character)-269(the)-269(act)-268(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumed.)-691(It)-397(was)-397(celebrated)-397(on)-398(Church)-397(festivals,)-433(especially)-397(at)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Easter;)-336(and,)-321(although)-308(it)-307(was)-307(not)-307(proclaimed)-308(a)-307(matter)-307(of)-307(duty)-307(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessity,)-302(it)-291(was)-292(always)-291(regarded)-292(as)-291(one)-292(of)-291(the)-292(most)-291(acceptable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modes)-425(of)-425(expiating)-425(past)-425(sins.)-774(St.)-775(Melania)-425(was)-425(said)-425(to)-424(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emancipated)-357(8,000)-357(slaves;)-410(St.)-571(Ovidius,)-383(a)-357(rich)-357(martyr)-357(of)-356(Gaul,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(5,000;)-475(Chromatius,)-437(a)-400(Roman)-400(prefect)-400(under)-400(Diocletian,)-437(1,400;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Hermes,)-467(a)-424(prefect)-423(in)-424(the)-424(reign)-423(of)-424(Trajan,)-467(1,250.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 221.5 3.959 Td [(133)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.865 -3.959 Td [(Pope)-424(St.)]TJ -242.365 -13.549 Td [(Gregory,)-519(many)-466(of)-465(the)-466(clergy)-465(at)-465(Hippo)-466(under)-465(the)-466(rule)-465(of)-465(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Augustine,)-243(as)-241(well)-241(as)-241(great)-241(numbers)-241(of)-241(private)-242(individuals,)-242(freed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-212(slaves)-212(as)-212(an)-212(act)-212(of)-212(piety.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.276 3.959 Td [(134)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.042 -3.959 Td [(It)-212(became)-212(customary)-212(to)-212(do)-212(so)-212(on)]TJ -141.318 -13.549 Td [(occasions)-375(of)-188(national)-188(or)-187(personal)-188(thanksgiving,)-200(on)-188(recovery)-187(from)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([070])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 131.879 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 125.067 Td [(132)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-291(a)-292(most)-291(admirable)-292(dissertation)-291(on)-291(this)-292(subject)-291(in)-292(Le)-291(Blant,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 225.833 0 Td [(Inscriptions)]TJ -237.789 -10.959 Td [(chr\351tiennes)-269(de)-268(la)-269(Gaule)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 85.913 0 Td [(,)-273(tome)-269(ii.)-305(pp.)-306(284-299;)-278(Gibbon's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 118.223 0 Td [(Decline)-269(and)-268(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 61.097 0 Td [(,)-273(ch.)]TJ -265.233 -10.959 Td [(xxxviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(133)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Champagny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 49.263 0 Td [(Charit\351)-379(chr\351tienne)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.647 0 Td [(,)-411(p.)-637(210.)-637(These)-379(numbers)-379(are,)-411(no)-379(doubt,)]TJ -129.866 -10.959 Td [(exaggerated;)-250(see)-250(Wallon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 92.623 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.399 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(38.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -163.772 -7.311 Td [(134)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Schmidt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 49.566 0 Td [(La)-250(Soci\351t\351)-250(civile)-250(dans)-250(le)-250(Monde)-250(romain)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 142.449 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(246-248.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 315 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 316 0 R /Resources 314 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 318 0 R >> endobj 317 0 obj << /D [315 0 R /XYZ 91.233 147.668 null] >> endobj 314 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 321 0 obj << /Length 6149 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(70History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sickness,)-263(on)-260(the)-261(birth)-260(of)-261(a)-260(child,)-263(at)-260(the)-261(hour)-260(of)-260(death,)-263(and,)-263(above)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all,)-236(in)-233(testamentary)-232(bequests.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.816 3.959 Td [(135)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.117 -3.959 Td [(Numerous)-233(charters)-232(and)-233(epitaphs)]TJ -140.933 -13.549 Td [(still)-400(record)-401(the)-400(gift)-400(of)-401(liberty)-400(to)-400(slaves)-401(throughout)-400(the)-400(middle)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ages,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 25.021 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(for)-263(the)-264(benefit)-263(of)-263(the)-263(soul)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 111.309 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.716 0 Td [(of)-263(the)-264(donor)-263(or)-263(testator.)-290(In)-263(the)]TJ -148.89 -13.55 Td [(thirteenth)-329(century,)-349(when)-329(there)-329(were)-329(no)-329(slaves)-329(to)-328(emancipate)-329(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(France,)-309(it)-296(was)-297(usual)-297(in)-297(many)-297(churches)-297(to)-297(release)-297(caged)-296(pigeons)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-284(the)-284(ecclesiastical)-283(festivals,)-293(in)-283(memory)-284(of)-284(the)-284(ancient)-283(charity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(that)-250(prisoners)-250(might)-250(still)-250(be)-250(freed)-250(in)-250(the)-250(name)-250(of)-250(Christ.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 260.585 3.959 Td [(136)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -248.629 -20.528 Td [(Slavery,)-323(however,)-322(lasted)-308(in)-308(Europe)-308(for)-308(about)-308(800)-308(years)-308(after)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(Constantine,)-230(and)-225(during)-225(the)-226(period)-225(with)-225(which)-225(alone)-225(this)-225(volume)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-278(concerned,)-285(although)-278(its)-278(character)-278(was)-278(changed)-278(and)-277(mitigated,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-289(number)-288(of)-289(men)-288(who)-289(were)-289(subject)-288(to)-289(it)-288(was)-289(probably)-288(greater)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-318(in)-317(the)-318(Pagan)-318(Empire.)-453(In)-318(the)-317(West)-318(the)-318(barbarian)-317(conquests)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modified)-177(the)-177(conditions)-178(of)-177(labour)-177(in)-177(two)-178(directions.)-225(The)-177(cessation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-257(the)-257(stream)-257(of)-256(barbarian)-257(captives,)-259(the)-257(impoverishment)-257(of)-256(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(families,)-405(who)-374(had)-373(been)-374(surrounded)-374(by)-374(vast)-374(retinues)-374(of)-373(slaves,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(general)-307(diminution)-308(of)-307(town)-308(life,)-321(and)-308(the)-307(barbarian)-308(habits)-307(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personal)-157(independence,)-176(checked)-158(the)-157(old)-157(form)-158(of)-157(slavery,)-176(while)-157(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(misery)-248(and)-248(the)-248(precarious)-247(condition)-248(of)-248(the)-248(free)-248(peasants)-247(induced)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-525(in)-526(great)-525(numbers)-526(to)-525(barter)-525(their)-526(liberty)-525(for)-525(protection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-425(the)-425(neighbouring)-424(lord.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 116.622 3.959 Td [(137)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.9 -3.959 Td [(In)-425(the)-425(East,)-468(the)-425(destruction)-849(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -210.277 0 Td [([071])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 230.593 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 223.697 Td [(135)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Muratori)-300(has)-300(devoted)-300(two)-300(valuable)-300(dissertations)-300(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 180.002 0 Td [(Antich.)-400(Ital.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.626 0 Td [(xiv.)-400(xv.\051)-400(to)]TJ -238.584 -10.959 Td [(medi\346val)-250(slavery.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(136)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ozanam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.988 0 Td [(Hist.)-507(of)-336(Civilisation)-336(in)-335(the)-336(Fifth)-336(Century)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 152.89 0 Td [(\050Eng.)-507(trans.\051,)-357(vol.)-507(ii.)]TJ -202.834 -10.959 Td [(p.)-600(43.)-600(St.)-601(Adelbert,)-396(Archbishop)-366(of)-367(Prague)-367(at)-366(the)-367(end)-367(of)-367(the)-366(tenth)-367(century,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-353(especially)-353(famous)-353(for)-353(his)-353(opposition)-354(to)-353(the)-353(slave)-353(trade.)-559(In)-353(Sweden,)-379(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(abolition)-347(of)-347(slavery)-347(in)-347(the)-347(thirteenth)-346(century)-347(was)-347(avowedly)-347(accomplished)-347(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(obedience)-294(to)-293(Christian)-294(principles.)-381(\050Moehler,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 163.465 0 Td [(Le)-294(Christianisme)-293(et)-294(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 114.924 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(pp.)-261(194-196;)-256(Ryan's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 74.526 0 Td [(History)-254(of)-254(the)-253(Effects)-254(of)-254(Religion)-254(upon)-253(Mankind)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 172.337 0 Td [(,)-255(pp.)-261(142,)]TJ -246.863 -10.959 Td [(143.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(137)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Salvian,)-363(in)-341(a)-341(famous)-340(passage)-341(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 112.841 0 Td [(De)-341(Gubernatione)-340(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 79.32 0 Td [(,)-363(lib.)-522(v.\051,)-364(notices)-340(the)]TJ -204.117 -10.959 Td [(multitudes)-255(of)-255(poor)-254(who)-255(voluntarily)-255(became)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 157.655 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(coloni)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 22.416 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.266 0 Td [(for)-255(the)-255(sake)-254(of)-255(protection)]TJ -190.318 -10.959 Td [(and)-345(a)-345(livelihood.)-534(The)-345(coloni,)-369(who)-344(were)-345(attached)-345(to)-345(the)-345(soil,)-368(were)-345(much)-345(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(same)-247(as)-248(the)-247(medi\346val)-247(serfs.)-250(We)-247(have)-247(already)-248(noticed)-247(them)-247(coming)-248(into)-247(being,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(apparently)-312(when)-311(the)-312(Roman)-311(emperors)-312(settled)-311(barbarian)-312(prisoners)-311(to)-312(cultivate)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-209(desert)-210(lands)-209(of)-210(Italy;)-223(and)-209(before)-210(the)-209(barbarian)-210(invasions)-209(their)-210(numbers)-209(seem)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 320 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 321 0 R /Resources 319 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 318 0 R >> endobj 322 0 obj << /D [320 0 R /XYZ 360.452 244.171 null] >> endobj 319 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 325 0 obj << /Length 5507 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(71)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(great)-223(fortunes)-223(through)-223(excessive)-223(taxation)-223(diminished)-223(the)-223(number)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-411(superfluous)-412(slaves;)-492(and)-411(the)-412(fiscal)-411(system)-412(of)-411(the)-411(Byzantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire,)-432(by)-396(which)-396(agricultural)-395(slaves)-396(were)-396(taxed)-396(according)-395(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-524(employments,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 87.225 3.958 Td [(138)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.912 -3.958 Td [(as)-524(well)-523(as)-524(the)-523(desire)-524(of)-524(emperors)-523(to)]TJ -106.137 -13.55 Td [(encourage)-450(agriculture,)-499(led)-450(the)-449(legislators)-450(to)-449(attach)-450(the)-449(slaves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permanently)-294(to)-295(the)-294(soil.)-383(In)-295(the)-294(course)-295(of)-294(time,)-306(almost)-294(the)-294(entire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(free)-404(peasantry,)-443(and)-405(the)-404(greater)-404(number)-405(of)-404(the)-404(old)-405(slaves,)-442(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sunk)-383(or)-383(risen)-382(into)-383(the)-383(qualified)-383(slavery)-383(called)-382(serfdom,)-416(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(formed)-299(the)-300(basis)-299(of)-299(the)-299(great)-300(edifice)-299(of)-299(feudalism.)-398(Towards)-299(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(end)-290(of)-290(the)-290(eighth)-291(century,)-300(the)-290(sale)-290(of)-290(slaves)-290(beyond)-290(their)-290(native)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provinces)-328(was)-328(in)-328(most)-328(countries)-328(prohibited.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 194.547 3.959 Td [(139)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.736 -3.959 Td [(The)-328(creation)-328(of)]TJ -212.283 -13.549 Td [(the)-340(free)-340(cities)-340(of)-340(Italy,)-363(the)-340(custom)-340(of)-340(emancipating)-340(slaves)-340(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-257(enrolled)-257(in)-257(the)-257(army,)-259(and)-257(economical)-257(changes)-256(which)-257(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(free)-423(labour)-422(more)-423(profitable)-423(than)-422(slave)-423(labour,)-466(conspired)-422(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(religious)-407(motives)-407(in)-407(effecting)-407(the)-407(ultimate)-407(freedom)-407(of)-406(labour.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-365(practice)-364(of)-365(manumitting,)-393(as)-365(an)-365(act)-364(of)-365(devotion,)-393(continued)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-393(the)-393(end;)-465(but)-393(the)-393(ecclesiastics,)-428(probably)-393(through)-393(the)-393(feeling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-362(they)-362(had)-361(no)-362(right)-362(to)-362(alienate)-361(corporate)-362(property,)-390(in)-361(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-325(had)-326(only)-325(a)-325(life)-326(interest,)-344(were)-325(among)-325(the)-326(last)-325(to)-325(follow)-325(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(counsels)-419(they)-420(so)-419(liberally)-419(bestowed)-420(upon)-419(the)-419(laity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 232.914 3.959 Td [(140)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.723 -3.959 Td [(In)-419(the)]TJ -253.637 -13.549 Td [(twelfth)-223(century,)-229(however,)-228(slaves)-223(in)-224(Europe)-223(were)-223(very)-223(rare.)-241(In)-223(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 221.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 209.09 Td [(to)-313(have)-314(much)-313(increased.)-440(M.)-313(Guizot)-313(has)-314(devoted)-313(two)-313(chapters)-313(to)-314(this)-313(subject.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(la)-250(Civilisation)-250(en)-250(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 120.051 0 Td [(,)-250(vii.)-250(viii.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -122.787 -7.311 Td [(138)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Finlay's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.45 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Greece)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 54.534 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(241.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -111.69 -7.31 Td [(139)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Moehler,)-250(p.)-250(181.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(140)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Non)-553(v'era)-553(anticamente)-553(signor)-554(secolare,)-629(vescovo,)-629(abbate,)-628(capitolo)-554(di)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(canonici)-491(e)-491(monistero)-491(che)-491(non)-491(avesse)-492(al)-491(suo)-491(servigio)-491(molti)-491(servi.)-973(Molto)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(frequentemente)-456(solevano)-456(i)-457(secolari)-456(manometterli.)-868(Non)-457(cosi)-456(le)-456(chiese,)-508(e)-456(i)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(monisteri,)-227(non)-220(per)-221(altra)-221(cagione,)-226(a)-221(mio)-221(credere,)-226(se)-221(non)-221(perch\350)-220(la)-221(manumissione)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(\350)-348(una)-347(spezie)-348(di)-347(alienazione,)-372(ed)-347(era)-348(dai)-348(canoni)-347(proibito)-348(l'alienare)-347(i)-348(beni)-347(delle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(chiese.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 24.649 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.463 0 Td [(Dissert.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.07 0 Td [(xv.)-813(Some)-438(Councils,)-484(however,)-485(recognised)-438(the)]TJ -108.129 -10.959 Td [(right)-338(of)-338(bishops)-338(to)-338(emancipate)-338(Church)-338(slaves.)-514(Moehler,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 208.81 0 Td [(Le)-338(Christianisme)-338(et)]TJ -208.81 -10.959 Td [(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.264 0 Td [(,)-294(p.)-357(187.)-356(Many)-285(peasants)-286(placed)-285(themselves)-286(under)-285(the)-286(dominion)-285(of)]TJ -41.264 -10.959 Td [(the)-351(monks,)-377(as)-351(being)-351(the)-352(best)-351(masters,)-376(and)-352(also)-351(to)-351(obtain)-351(the)-352(benefit)-351(of)-351(their)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prayers.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 324 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 325 0 R /Resources 323 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 318 0 R >> endobj 323 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 328 0 obj << /Length 4956 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(72History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(fourteenth)-250(century,)-250(slavery)-250(was)-250(almost)-250(unknown.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 214.811 3.959 Td [(141)]TJ -287.566 -3.959 Td [([072])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -18.621 Td [(Closely)-628(connected)-627(with)-628(the)-627(influence)-628(of)-627(the)-628(Church)-627(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(destroying)-435(hereditary)-435(slavery,)-481(was)-435(its)-435(influence)-435(in)-434(redeeming)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(captives)-554(from)-553(servitude.)-1161(In)-554(no)-554(other)-553(form)-554(of)-554(charity)-553(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-422(beneficial)-421(character)-422(more)-422(continually)-421(and)-422(more)-421(splendidly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(displayed.)-722(During)-407(the)-407(long)-407(and)-408(dreary)-407(trials)-407(of)-407(the)-407(barbarian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invasions,)-377(when)-352(the)-352(whole)-351(structure)-352(of)-352(society)-352(was)-351(dislocated,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-192(vast)-193(districts)-192(and)-192(mighty)-193(cities)-192(were)-192(in)-193(a)-192(few)-192(months)-192(almost)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(depopulated,)-172(and)-153(when)-153(the)-153(flower)-153(of)-153(the)-153(youth)-153(of)-153(Italy)-153(were)-153(mown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-325(by)-324(the)-325(sword,)-343(or)-325(carried)-324(away)-325(into)-325(captivity,)-343(the)-324(bishops)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(never)-245(desisted)-246(from)-245(their)-245(efforts)-245(to)-245(alleviate)-246(the)-245(sufferings)-245(of)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prisoners.)-360(St.)-361(Ambrose,)-296(disregarding)-286(the)-287(outcries)-287(of)-287(the)-286(Arians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-186(denounced)-185(his)-186(act)-186(as)-185(atrocious)-186(sacrilege,)-198(sold)-186(the)-186(rich)-185(church)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ornaments)-262(of)-262(Milan)-261(to)-262(rescue)-262(some)-261(captives)-262(who)-262(had)-262(fallen)-261(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-245(hands)-244(of)-245(the)-244(Goths,)-246(and)-245(this)-244(practice)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 174.723 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-245(was)-244(afterwards)]TJ -185.632 -13.549 Td [(formally)-251(sanctioned)-251(by)-251(St.)-252(Gregory)-251(the)-251(Great)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 197.308 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(became)-251(speedily)]TJ -208.218 -13.549 Td [(general.)-1017(When)-505(the)-506(Roman)-505(army)-506(had)-505(captured,)-570(but)-505(refused)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-365(support,)-394(seven)-366(thousand)-365(Persian)-365(prisoners,)-394(Acacius,)-394(Bishop)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-383(Amida,)-417(undeterred)-383(by)-383(the)-383(bitter)-384(hostility)-383(of)-383(the)-383(Persians)-383(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity,)-383(and)-356(declaring)-356(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 142.797 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(God)-356(had)-357(no)-356(need)-356(of)-356(plates)-357(or)]TJ -147.641 -13.549 Td [(dishes,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 30 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.899 0 Td [(sold)-188(all)-189(the)-188(rich)-189(church)-188(ornaments)-188(of)-189(his)-188(diocese,)-201(rescued)]TJ -36.899 -13.549 Td [(the)-257(unbelieving)-256(prisoners,)-259(and)-256(sent)-257(them)-257(back)-256(unharmed)-257(to)-256(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(king.)-715(During)-405(the)-405(horrors)-405(of)-405(the)-406(Vandal)-405(invasion,)-443(Deogratias,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Bishop)-372(of)-373(Carthage,)-402(took)-373(a)-372(similar)-372(step)-373(to)-372(ransom)-372(the)-372(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prisoners.)-523(St.)-524(Augustine,)-364(St.)-523(Gregory)-341(the)-341(Great,)-364(St.)-523(C\346sarius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-347(Arles,)-370(St.)-540(Exuperius)-346(of)-347(Toulouse,)-371(St.)-539(Hilary,)-371(St.)-540(Remi,)-370(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(melted)-394(down)-394(or)-394(sold)-394(their)-394(church)-394(vases)-394(to)-394(free)-394(prisoners.)-682(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Cyprian)-394(sent)-395(a)-394(large)-395(sum)-394(for)-394(the)-395(same)-394(purpose)-395(to)-394(the)-394(Bishop)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-371(Nicomedia.)-613(St.)-613(Epiphanius)-371(and)-371(St.)-613(Avitus,)-401(in)-371(conjunction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-235(a)-236(rich)-235(Gaulish)-235(lady)-236(named)-235(Syagria,)-238(are)-235(said)-236(to)-235(have)-235(rescued)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thousands.)-232(St.)-231(Eligius)-195(devoted)-195(to)-194(this)-195(object)-195(his)-194(entire)-195(fortune.)-231(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Paulinus)-257(of)-256(Nola)-257(displayed)-256(a)-257(similar)-256(generosity,)-258(and)-257(the)-256(legends)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(141)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Muratori;)-250(Hallam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 70.35 0 Td [(Middle)-250(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.074 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(ii.)-250(part)-250(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 327 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 328 0 R /Resources 326 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 318 0 R >> endobj 329 0 obj << /D [327 0 R /XYZ 93.543 515.797 null] >> endobj 326 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 332 0 obj << /Length 5023 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(73)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(even)-343(assert,)-365(though)-343(untruly,)-366(that)-343(he,)-365(like)-343(St.)-528(Peter)-342(Teleonarius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-324(St.)-471(Serapion,)-342(having)-324(exhausted)-324(all)-324(other)-324(forms)-323(of)-324(charity,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([073])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(as)-267(a)-267(last)-267(gift)-267(sold)-267(himself)-267(to)-266(slavery.)-301(When,)-271(long)-267(afterwards,)-271(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mohammedan)-239(conquests)-239(in)-240(a)-239(measure)-239(reproduced)-239(the)-239(calamities)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-504(the)-503(barbarian)-504(invasions,)-566(the)-504(same)-503(unwearied)-504(charity)-503(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(displayed.)-642(The)-380(Trinitarian)-381(monks,)-413(founded)-381(by)-380(John)-381(of)-380(Matha)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-324(the)-324(twelfth)-324(century,)-342(were)-324(devoted)-324(to)-324(the)-324(release)-324(of)-323(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(captives,)-296(and)-287(another)-287(society)-286(was)-287(founded)-287(with)-287(the)-287(same)-286(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(Peter)-250(Nolasco,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(following)-250(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 187.855 3.958 Td [(142)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -175.899 -18.993 Td [(The)-330(different)-330(branches)-330(of)-331(the)-330(subject)-330(I)-330(am)-330(examining)-330(are)-330(so)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(closely)-200(intertwined)-201(that)-200(it)-200(is)-200(difficult)-200(to)-201(investigate)-200(one)-200(without)-200(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-217(measure)-217(anticipating)-216(the)-217(others.)-239(While)-217(discussing)-217(the)-216(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-373(the)-372(Church)-372(in)-373(protecting)-372(infancy,)-404(in)-372(raising)-373(the)-372(estimate)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-371(life,)-401(and)-370(in)-371(alleviating)-371(slavery,)-401(I)-370(have)-371(trenched)-370(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-278(the)-279(last)-278(application)-278(of)-279(the)-278(doctrine)-278(of)-279(Christian)-278(fraternity)-278(I)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-232(examine)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 60.712 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(I)-232(mean)-232(the)-233(foundation)-232(of)-232(charity.)-244(The)-232(difference)]TJ -71.621 -13.55 Td [(between)-464(Pagan)-463(and)-464(Christian)-463(societies)-463(in)-464(this)-463(matter)-464(is)-463(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profound;)-304(but)-286(a)-286(great)-287(part)-286(of)-286(it)-286(must)-286(be)-286(ascribed)-286(to)-286(causes)-286(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-431(religious)-431(opinions.)-793(Charity)-431(finds)-431(an)-431(extended)-431(scope)-431(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action)-448(only,)-498(where)-448(there)-449(exists)-448(a)-448(large)-448(class)-449(of)-448(men)-448(at)-448(once)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(independent)-296(and)-296(impoverished.)-387(In)-296(the)-295(ancient)-296(societies,)-307(slavery)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-441(a)-441(great)-441(measure)-441(replaced)-441(pauperism,)-489(and,)-488(by)-441(securing)-441(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subsistence)-237(of)-236(a)-237(very)-237(large)-236(proportion)-237(of)-237(the)-236(poor,)-240(contracted)-236(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sphere)-357(of)-358(charity.)-572(And)-358(what)-357(slavery)-357(did)-358(at)-357(Rome)-358(for)-357(the)-357(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poor,)-251(the)-250(system)-251(of)-250(clientage)-251(did)-251(for)-250(those)-251(of)-250(a)-251(somewhat)-250(higher)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rank.)-241(The)-224(existence)-224(of)-223(these)-224(two)-224(institutions)-223(is)-224(sufficient)-224(to)-223(show)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-295(injustice)-295(of)-295(judging)-295(the)-295(two)-295(societies)-295(by)-295(a)-295(mere)-294(comparison)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-299(their)-298(charitable)-299(institutions,)-311(and)-298(we)-299(must)-298(also)-299(remember)-298(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(among)-237(the)-236(ancients)-237(the)-237(relief)-236(of)-237(the)-236(indigent)-237(was)-237(one)-236(of)-237(the)-236(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(important)-364(functions)-363(of)-364(the)-364(State.)-591(Not)-364(to)-363(dwell)-364(upon)-364(the)-363(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(measures)-219(taken)-220(with)-219(this)-219(object)-219(in)-220(ancient)-219(Greece,)-225(in)-219(considering)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(142)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-319(on)-318(this)-319(subject,)-336(Ryan,)-336(pp.)-456(151-152;)-353(Cibrario,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 184.261 0 Td [(Economica)-319(politica)-318(del)]TJ -196.217 -10.959 Td [(Medio)-295(Evo)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.499 0 Td [(,)-306(lib.)-386(iii.)-385(cap.)-386(ii.,)-306(and)-295(especially)-295(Le)-295(Blant,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 154.309 0 Td [(Inscriptions)-295(chr\351tiennes)]TJ -193.807 -10.959 Td [(de)-250(la)-250(Gaule)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.837 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(284-299.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 331 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 332 0 R /Resources 330 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 318 0 R >> endobj 333 0 obj << /D [331 0 R /XYZ 327.401 504.626 null] >> endobj 330 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 336 0 obj << /Length 5585 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(74History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-402(condition)-402(of)-403(the)-402(Roman)-402(poor)-402(we)-402(are)-403(at)-402(once)-402(met)-804(by)-402(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([074])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(simple)-377(fact)-378(that)-377(for)-377(several)-377(centuries)-378(the)-377(immense)-377(majority)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-421(were)-421(habitually)-422(supported)-421(by)-421(gratuitous)-421(distributions)-421(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(corn.)-245(In)-235(a)-234(very)-235(early)-235(period)-234(of)-235(Roman)-235(hi)1(story)-235(we)-235(find)-234(occasional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(instances)-271(of)-270(distribution;)-281(but)-270(it)-271(was)-271(not)-270(till)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.191 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(U)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(C)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.316 0 Td [(.)-271(630)-270(that)-271(Caius)]TJ -211.471 -13.549 Td [(Gracchus)-264(caused)-265(a)-264(law)-265(to)-264(be)-264(made,)-268(supplying)-265(the)-264(poorer)-264(classes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-475(corn)-475(at)-475(a)-475(price)-475(that)-476(was)-475(little)-475(more)-475(than)-475(nominal;)-587(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(although,)-291(two)-283(years)-283(after,)-291(the)-283(nobles)-283(succeeded)-283(in)-283(revoking)-282(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(law,)-309(it)-298(was)-297(after)-297(several)-298(fluctuations)-297(finally)-297(re-enacted)-298(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 255.623 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(U)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(C)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.316 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -13.55 Td [(679.)-361(The)-286(Cassia-Terentia)-287(law,)-296(as)-287(it)-287(was)-287(called)-287(from)-287(the)-286(consuls)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-215(whom)-214(it)-214(was)-215(at)-214(last)-215(established,)-222(was)-214(largely)-214(extended)-215(in)-214(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(operation,)-275(or,)-275(as)-269(some)-270(think,)-275(revived)-270(from)-270(neglect)-270(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 233.589 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(U)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(C)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.316 0 Td [(.)-270(691,)]TJ -255.868 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(Cato)-251(of)-250(Utica,)-251(who)-250(desired)-250(by)-251(this)-250(means)-251(to)-250(divert)-250(popularity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-383(the)-384(cause)-383(of)-383(C\346sar,)-417(under)-383(whom)-384(multitudes)-383(of)-383(the)-383(poor)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-389(enrolling)-389(themselves.)-666(Four)-389(years)-388(later,)-424(Clodius)-388(Pulcher,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abolishing)-301(the)-301(small)-302(payment)-301(which)-301(had)-301(been)-301(demanded,)-314(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-314(distribution)-313(entirely)-314(gratuitous.)-440(It)-313(took)-314(place)-313(once)-314(a)-313(month,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-216(consisted)-216(of)-216(five)-215(modii)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 117.288 3.959 Td [(143)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.808 -3.959 Td [(a)-216(head.)-238(In)-216(the)-216(time)-216(of)-216(Julius)-216(C\346sar)]TJ -132.096 -13.549 Td [(no)-362(less)-361(than)-362(320,000)-362(persons)-362(were)-361(inscribed)-362(as)-362(recipients;)-417(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(C\346sar)-313(reduced)-313(the)-313(number)-313(by)-313(one)-313(half.)-439(Under)-313(Augustus)-313(it)-313(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(risen)-234(to)-234(200,000.)-244(This)-234(emperor)-234(desired)-234(to)-234(restrict)-234(the)-233(distribution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-261(corn)-261(to)-260(three)-261(or)-261(four)-261(times)-260(a)-261(year,)-264(but,)-263(yielding)-261(to)-261(the)-260(popular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wish,)-420(he)-387(at)-386(last)-386(consented)-387(that)-386(it)-386(should)-386(continue)-387(monthly.)-658(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soon)-281(became)-281(the)-281(leading)-281(fact)-281(of)-281(Roman)-281(life.)-343(Numerous)-281(officers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-420(appointed)-420(to)-420(provide)-420(it.)-760(A)-420(severe)-420(legislation)-420(controlled)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-330(acts,)-350(and)-329(to)-330(secure)-330(a)-330(regular)-329(and)-330(abundant)-330(supply)-330(of)-329(corn)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-476(the)-476(capital)-477(became)-476(the)-476(principal)-476(object)-476(of)-476(the)-476(provincial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governors.)-239(Under)-218(the)-217(Antonines)-218(the)-217(number)-218(of)-217(the)-218(recipients)-217(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(considerably)-351(increased,)-377(having)-351(sometimes,)-377(it)-351(is)-351(said,)-376(exceeded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(500,000.)-689(Septimus)-396(Severus)-396(added)-396(to)-396(the)-397(corn)-396(a)-396(ration)-396(of)-396(oil.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Aurelian)-403(replaced)-404(the)-807(monthly)-403(distribution)-404(of)-403(unground)-403(corn)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([075])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(by)-284(a)-284(daily)-285(distribution)-284(of)-284(bread,)-293(and)-284(added,)-293(moreover,)-292(a)-284(portion)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 80.91 Td [(143)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(About)-209(5/6ths)-209(of)-209(a)-209(bushel.)-237(See)-209(Hume's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 134.774 0 Td [(Essay)-209(on)-209(the)-209(Populousness)-209(of)-210(Ancient)]TJ -146.73 -10.959 Td [(Nations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 27.904 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 335 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 336 0 R /Resources 334 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 318 0 R >> endobj 337 0 obj << /D [335 0 R /XYZ 341.158 518.175 null] >> endobj 338 0 obj << /D [335 0 R /XYZ 195.197 111.699 null] >> endobj 334 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 341 0 obj << /Length 5101 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(75)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-393(pork.)-678(Gratuitous)-393(distributions)-392(were)-393(afterwards)-393(extended)-392(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Constantinople,)-230(Alexandria,)-230(and)-225(Antioch,)-230(and)-225(were)-225(probably)-224(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(altogether)-250(unknown)-250(in)-250(smaller)-250(towns.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 164.531 3.959 Td [(144)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -152.575 -20.88 Td [(We)-530(have)-531(already)-530(seen)-530(that)-531(this)-530(gratuitous)-530(distribution)-530(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(corn)-329(ranked,)-348(with)-329(the)-328(institution)-329(of)-329(slavery)-328(and)-329(the)-328(gladiatorial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exhibitions,)-393(as)-365(one)-365(of)-365(the)-364(chief)-365(demoralising)-365(influences)-365(of)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire.)-711(The)-404(most)-403(injudicious)-404(charity,)-442(however)-404(pernicious)-403(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-329(classes)-329(it)-330(is)-329(intended)-329(to)-329(relieve,)-349(has)-329(commonly)-329(a)-329(beneficial)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-323(softening)-322(influence)-323(upon)-322(the)-323(donor,)-341(and)-322(through)-323(him)-322(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-465(at)-465(large.)-896(But)-465(the)-465(Roman)-465(distribution)-465(of)-466(corn,)-518(being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(merely)-257(a)-256(political)-257(device,)-258(had)-257(no)-257(humanising)-256(influence)-257(upon)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people,)-415(while,)-414(being)-382(regulated)-381(only)-382(by)-382(the)-381(indigence,)-415(and)-381(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-371(all)-370(by)-371(the)-370(infirmities)-371(or)-371(character,)-400(of)-371(the)-371(recipient,)-400(it)-371(was)-370(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(direct)-436(and)-436(overwhelming)-436(encouragement)-436(to)-436(idleness.)-808(With)-435(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provision)-248(of)-248(the)-247(necessaries)-248(of)-248(life,)-248(and)-248(with)-248(an)-248(abundant)-247(supply)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-396(amusements,)-431(the)-396(poor)-395(Romans)-396(readily)-395(gave)-396(up)-395(honourable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(labour,)-251(all)-250(trades)-251(in)-250(the)-251(city)-250(languished,)-251(every)-250(interruption)-251(in)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-238(of)-238(corn)-239(was)-238(followed)-238(by)-238(fearful)-239(sufferings,)-240(free)-238(gifts)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-367(land)-368(were)-367(often)-367(insufficient)-368(to)-367(attract)-367(the)-368(citizens)-367(to)-367(honest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(labour,)-414(and)-382(the)-381(multiplication)-382(of)-381(children,)-415(which)-381(rendered)-381(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-232(relief)-232(inadequate,)-236(was)-232(checked)-233(by)-232(abortion,)-236(exposition,)-235(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infanticide.)]TJ 11.956 -16.921 Td [(When)-405(we)-406(remember)-405(that)-406(the)-405(population)-406(of)-405(Rome)-405(probably)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(never)-211(exceeded)-210(a)-211(million)-211(and)-211(a)-210(half,)-219(that)-211(a)-210(large)-211(proportion)-211(of)-210(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indigent)-228(were)-228(provided)-228(for)-228(as)-228(slaves,)-232(and)-228(that)-228(more)-228(than)-228(200,000)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(freemen)-220(were)-221(habitually)-220(supplied)-440(with)-220(the)-221(first)-220(necessary)-220(of)-220(life,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([076])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(we)-322(cannot,)-340(I)-322(think,)-340(charge)-322(the)-322(Pagan)-322(society)-322(of)-322(the)-322(metropolis,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-322(least,)-340(with)-322(an)-322(excessive)-322(parsimony)-322(in)-322(relieving)-322(poverty.)-466(But)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 131.558 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 124.746 Td [(144)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-313(history)-312(of)-313(these)-313(distributions)-312(is)-313(traced)-313(with)-313(admirable)-312(learning)-313(by)-313(M.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Naudet)-411(in)-410(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 54.378 0 Td [(M\351moire)-411(sur)-410(les)-411(Secours)-410(publics)-411(dans)-410(l'Antiquit\351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 188.077 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(M\351m.)-732(de)]TJ -245.441 -10.959 Td [(l'Acad\351mie)-329(des)-329(Inscrip.)-487(et)-328(Belles-lettres)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 146.362 0 Td [(,)-349(tome)-329(xiii.\051,)-348(an)-329(essay)-329(to)-329(which)-329(I)-329(am)]TJ -146.362 -10.959 Td [(much)-290(indebted.)-371(See,)-300(too,)-300(Monnier,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 129.058 0 Td [(Hist.)-371(de)-290(l'Assistance)-290(publique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 107.83 0 Td [(;)-310(B.)-290(Dumas,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -236.888 -10.959 Td [(Des)-254(Secours)-254(publics)-254(chez)-254(les)-254(Anciens)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 133.904 0 Td [(;)-256(and)-254(Schmidt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 54.435 0 Td [(Essai)-254(sur)-254(la)-254(Soci\351t\351)-254(civile)]TJ -188.339 -10.959 Td [(dans)-250(le)-250(Monde)-250(romain)-250(et)-250(sur)-250(sa)-250(Transformation)-250(par)-250(le)-250(Christianisme)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 248.082 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 340 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 341 0 R /Resources 339 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 343 0 R >> endobj 342 0 obj << /D [340 0 R /XYZ 193.924 172.703 null] >> endobj 339 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 346 0 obj << /Length 5859 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(76History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(besides)-436(the)-436(distribution)-436(of)-436(corn,)-483(several)-436(other)-436(measures)-436(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taken.)-241(Salt,)-228(which)-223(was)-222(very)-223(largely)-223(used)-222(by)-223(the)-223(Roman)-222(poor,)-228(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(during)-220(the)-219(Republic)-220(been)-220(made)-219(a)-220(monopoly)-220(of)-219(the)-220(State,)-226(and)-219(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sold)-353(by)-354(it)-353(at)-353(a)-353(price)-354(that)-353(was)-353(little)-354(more)-353(than)-353(nominal.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.106 3.958 Td [(145)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.56 -3.958 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.55 Td [(distribution)-283(of)-283(land,)-292(which)-283(was)-283(the)-283(subject)-283(of)-283(the)-283(agrarian)-283(laws,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was,)-304(under)-293(a)-292(new)-293(form,)-304(practised)-293(by)-293(Julius)-293(C\346sar,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 223.033 3.959 Td [(146)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.766 -3.959 Td [(Nerva,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.378 3.959 Td [(147)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(and)-355(Septimus)-355(Severus,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 101.38 3.959 Td [(148)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.613 -3.959 Td [(who)-355(bought)-355(land)-355(to)-355(divide)-355(it)-355(among)]TJ -117.993 -13.549 Td [(the)-229(poor)-230(citi)1(zens.)-244(Large)-229(legacies)-229(were)-229(left)-230(to)-229(the)-229(people)-229(by)-229(Julius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(C\346sar,)-229(Augustus,)-230(and)-224(others,)-229(and)-224(considerable,)-229(though)-224(irregular,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(donations)-454(made)-455(on)-454(occasions)-455(of)-454(great)-454(rejoicings.)-863(Numerous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-423(baths)-423(were)-424(established,)-466(to)-423(which,)-467(when)-423(they)-423(were)-423(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolutely)-351(gratuitous,)-377(the)-352(smallest)-351(coin)-351(in)-352(use)-351(gave)-351(admission,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-195(which)-196(were)-195(in)-195(consequence)-195(habitually)-196(employed)-195(by)-195(the)-195(poor.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Vespasian)-362(instituted,)-389(and)-362(the)-362(Antonines)-361(extended,)-390(a)-362(system)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(popular)-406(education,)-445(and)-405(the)-406(movement)-406(I)-406(have)-406(already)-405(noticed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-394(the)-395(support)-394(of)-395(the)-394(children)-395(of)-394(poor)-394(parents,)-431(acquired)-394(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(considerable)-336(proportions.)-509(The)-336(first)-336(trace)-336(of)-337(it)-336(at)-336(Rome)-336(may)-336(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(found)-214(under)-214(Augustus,)-221(who)-214(gave)-213(money)-214(and)-214(corn)-214(for)-214(the)-213(support)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-286(young)-286(children,)-294(who)-286(had)-286(previously)-285(not)-286(been)-286(included)-286(in)-285(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(public)-271(distributions.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 87.517 3.959 Td [(149)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.882 -3.959 Td [(This)-271(appears,)-277(however,)-277(to)-271(have)-272(been)-271(but)]TJ -103.399 -13.549 Td [(an)-179(act)-178(of)-179(isolated)-178(benevolence,)-193(and)-179(the)-178(honour)-179(of)-178(first)-179(instituting)-178(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(systematic)-194(effort)-194(in)-193(this)-194(direction)-194(belongs)-194(to)-194(Nerva,)-205(who)-193(enjoined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-375(support)-374(of)-375(poor)-375(children,)-406(not)-374(only)-375(in)-375(Rome,)-405(but)-375(in)-375(all)-374(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cities)-199(of)-198(Italy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 59.175 3.959 Td [(150)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.994 -3.959 Td [(Trajan)-199(greatly)-198(extended)-199(the)-199(system.)-233(In)-397(his)-199(reign)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -146.924 0 Td [([077])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(5,000)-232(poor)-232(children)-233(were)-232(supported)-232(by)-232(the)-232(Government)-232(in)-232(Rome)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 165.406 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 158.51 Td [(145)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Livy,)-250(ii.)-250(9;)-250(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 63.526 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.87 0 Td [(xxxi.)-250(41.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -112.103 -7.311 Td [(146)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Dion)-250(Cassius,)-250(xxxviii.)-250(1-7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(147)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Xiphilin,)-250(lxviii.)-250(2;)-250(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 90.434 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(vii.)-250(31.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -116.586 -7.31 Td [(148)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Spartian.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Sept.)-250(Severus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.808 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -93.883 -7.311 Td [(149)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Suet.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 20.426 0 Td [(August.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.392 0 Td [(41;)-250(Dion)-250(Cassius,)-250(li,)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -61.524 -7.394 Td [(150)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Afflictos)-309(civitatis)-308(relevavit;)-339(puellas)-308(puerosque)-309(natos)-309(parentibus)-309(egestosis)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(sumptu)-264(publico)-264(per)-265(Itali\346)-264(oppida)-264(ali)-264(jussit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 153.947 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Sext.)-293(Aurelius)-264(Victor,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 81.609 0 Td [(Epitome)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.884 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -278.388 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nerva.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 24.147 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(This)-250(measure)-250(of)-250(Nerva,)-250(though)-250(not)-249(mentioned)-250(by)-250(any)-250(other)-250(writer,)-250(is)]TJ -34.35 -10.959 Td [(confirmed)-250(by)-250(the)-250(evidence)-250(of)-250(medals.)-250(\050Naudet,)-250(p.)-250(75.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 345 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 346 0 R /Resources 344 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 343 0 R >> endobj 347 0 obj << /D [345 0 R /XYZ 334.689 206.544 null] >> endobj 344 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 350 0 obj << /Length 6493 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(77)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(alone,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 26.357 3.959 Td [(151)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.098 -3.959 Td [(and)-391(similar)-390(measures,)-426(though)-391(we)-390(know)-391(not)-390(on)-391(what)]TJ -43.455 -13.549 Td [(scale,)-275(were)-269(taken)-270(in)-269(the)-270(other)-269(Italian)-270(and)-270(even)-269(African)-270(cities.)-308(At)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-283(little)-282(town)-283(of)-282(Velleia,)-291(we)-283(find)-282(a)-283(charity)-282(instituted)-283(by)-282(Trajan,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-345(the)-345(partial)-345(support)-345(of)-344(270)-345(children.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 173.153 3.958 Td [(152)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.286 -3.958 Td [(Private)-345(benevolence)]TJ -191.439 -13.55 Td [(followed)-362(in)-362(the)-361(same)-362(direction,)-390(and)-362(several)-362(inscriptions)-361(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-371(remain,)-402(though)-371(they)-371(do)-371(not)-372(enable)-371(us)-371(to)-371(write)-371(its)-371(history,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sufficiently)-204(attest)-204(its)-203(activity.)-235(The)-204(younger)-204(Pliny,)-213(besides)-203(warmly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(encouraging)-416(schools,)-457(devoted)-415(a)-416(small)-416(property)-415(to)-416(the)-415(support)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-398(poor)-397(children)-398(in)-397(his)-398(native)-398(city)-397(of)-398(Como.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 202.264 3.958 Td [(153)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.011 -3.958 Td [(The)-398(name)-397(of)]TJ -222.275 -13.55 Td [(C\346lia)-434(Macrina)-434(is)-434(preserved)-435(as)-434(the)-434(foundress)-434(of)-434(a)-434(charity)-434(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(100)-317(children)-318(at)-317(Terracina.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 114.893 3.959 Td [(154)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.383 -3.959 Td [(Hadrian)-317(increased)-318(the)-317(supplies)-317(of)]TJ -132.276 -13.549 Td [(corn)-395(allotted)-394(to)-395(these)-395(charities,)-431(and)-394(he)-395(was)-395(also)-394(distinguished)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-372(his)-373(bounty)-372(to)-373(poor)-372(women.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 139.396 3.959 Td [(155)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.186 -3.959 Td [(Antoninus)-372(was)-373(accustomed)]TJ -158.582 -13.549 Td [(to)-382(lend)-382(money)-382(to)-382(the)-382(poor)-382(at)-382(four)-382(per)-382(cent.,)-415(which)-382(was)-382(much)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(below)-391(the)-392(normal)-391(rate)-391(of)-392(interest,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 152.529 3.959 Td [(156)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.108 -3.959 Td [(and)-391(both)-392(he)-391(and)-391(Marcus)]TJ -169.637 -13.549 Td [(Aurelius)-459(dedicated)-459(to)-458(the)-459(memory)-459(of)-459(their)-459(wives)-458(institutions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-384(the)-384(support)-385(of)-384(girls.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 106.753 3.959 Td [(157)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.572 -3.959 Td [(Alexander)-384(Severus)-384(in)-384(like)-385(manner)]TJ -126.325 -13.549 Td [(dedicated)-206(an)-206(institution)-206(for)-206(the)-206(support)-206(of)-206(children)-206(to)-206(the)-206(memory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-389(his)-389(mother.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 63.938 3.958 Td [(158)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.73 -3.958 Td [(Public)-389(hospitals)-389(were)-389(probably)-389(unknown)-389(in)]TJ -83.668 -13.55 Td [(Europe)-196(before)-197(Christianity;)-214(but)-196(there)-196(are)-197(traces)-196(of)-196(the)-196(distribution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-208(medicine)-207(to)-207(the)-208(sick)-207(poor;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 122.819 3.959 Td [(159)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.871 -3.959 Td [(there)-207(were)-208(private)-207(infirmaries)-208(for)]TJ -137.69 -13.549 Td [(slaves,)-324(and)-310(also,)-324(it)-309(is)-310(believed,)-324(military)-310(hospitals.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 218.657 3.959 Td [(160)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.126 -3.959 Td [(Provincial)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 221.429 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 214.533 Td [(151)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.937 0 Td [(Panegyr.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.861 0 Td [(xxvi.)-250(xxviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -65.504 -7.395 Td [(152)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(We)-291(know)-290(of)-291(this)-291(charity)-290(from)-291(an)-291(extant)-290(bronze)-291(tablet.)-372(See)-291(Schmidt,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 249.244 0 Td [(Essai)]TJ -261.199 -10.959 Td [(historique)-250(sur)-250(la)-250(Soci\351t\351)-250(romaine)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 119.548 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(428.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -119.299 -7.394 Td [(153)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.937 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(i.)-250(8;)-250(iv.)-250(13.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -45.088 -7.394 Td [(154)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Schmidt,)-250(p.)-250(428.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(155)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Spartianus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.339 0 Td [(Hadrian)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.387 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -84.432 -7.395 Td [(156)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Capitolinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.836 0 Td [(Antoninus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.367 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -93.909 -7.394 Td [(157)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Capitolinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.836 0 Td [(Anton.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.662 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(Marc.)-250(Aurel.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -85.687 -7.394 Td [(158)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lampridius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.827 0 Td [(A.)-250(Severus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.847 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -95.38 -7.395 Td [(159)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Friedl\346nder,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 63.007 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(des)-250(M)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 41.092 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(urs)-250(romaines)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.073 0 Td [(,)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(157.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -168.859 -7.31 Td [(160)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Seneca)-297(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.037 0 Td [(De)-297(Ira)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.071 0 Td [(,)-308(lib.)-390(i.)-389(cap.)-390(16\051)-296(speaks)-297(of)-297(institutions)-296(called)-297(valetudinaria,)]TJ -67.063 -10.959 Td [(which)-332(most)-332(writers)-332(think)-332(were)-332(private)-332(infirmaries)-333(in)-332(rich)-332(men's)-332(houses.)-496(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(opinion)-173(that)-172(the)-173(Romans)-173(had)-172(public)-173(hospitals)-173(is)-173(maintained)-172(in)-173(a)-173(very)-172(learned)-173(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(valuable,)-337(but)-320(little-known)-319(work,)-338(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 144.639 0 Td [(Collections)-320(relative)-319(to)-320(the)-320(Systematic)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 349 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 350 0 R /Resources 348 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 343 0 R >> endobj 348 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 353 0 obj << /Length 5060 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(78History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(towns)-248(were)-247(occasionally)-248(assisted)-247(by)-496(the)-247(Government)-248(in)-247(seasons)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([078])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-209(great)-208(distress,)-217(and)-208(there)-209(are)-208(some)-209(recorded)-208(instances)-209(of)-208(private)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legacies)-250(for)-250(their)-250(benefit.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 109.058 3.959 Td [(161)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -97.102 -27.467 Td [(These)-283(various)-283(measures)-283(are)-284(by)-283(no)-283(means)-283(inconsiderable,)-291(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(it)-350(is)-351(not)-350(unreasonable)-351(to)-350(suppose)-351(that)-350(many)-351(similar)-350(steps)-350(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taken,)-332(of)-316(which)-315(all)-316(record)-315(has)-316(been)-315(lost.)-447(The)-315(history)-316(of)-315(charity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(presents)-492(so)-492(few)-491(salient)-492(features,)-552(so)-492(little)-492(that)-492(can)-492(strike)-491(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imagination)-509(or)-508(arrest)-509(the)-508(attention,)-573(that)-509(it)-508(is)-509(usually)-508(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wholly)-319(neglected)-320(by)-319(historians;)-354(and)-319(it)-319(is)-320(easy)-319(to)-319(conceive)-319(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inadequate)-431(notions)-432(of)-431(our)-431(existing)-432(charities)-431(could)-431(be)-431(gleaned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-248(the)-247(casual)-248(allusions)-247(in)-247(plays)-248(or)-247(poems,)-248(in)-248(political)-247(histories)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-454(court)-453(memoirs.)-861(There)-453(can,)-505(however,)-504(be)-453(no)-454(question)-453(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(neither)-334(in)-335(practice)-334(nor)-335(in)-334(theory,)-356(neither)-334(in)-335(the)-334(institutions)-334(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-436(founded)-435(nor)-436(in)-436(the)-436(place)-435(that)-436(was)-436(assigned)-435(to)-436(it)-436(in)-435(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scale)-324(of)-325(duties,)-343(did)-324(charity)-325(in)-324(antiquity)-325(occupy)-324(a)-325(position)-324(at)-324(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(comparable)-256(to)-255(that)-256(which)-255(it)-255(has)-256(obtained)-255(by)-256(Christianity.)-266(Nearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-405(relief)-405(was)-406(a)-405(State)-405(measure,)-444(dictated)-405(much)-405(more)-405(by)-405(policy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-385(by)-385(benevolence;)-453(and)-385(the)-385(habit)-385(of)-385(selling)-385(young)-385(children,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(innumerable)-334(expositions,)-356(the)-335(readiness)-335(of)-334(the)-335(poor)-335(to)-334(enrol)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-368(as)-369(gladiators,)-398(and)-368(the)-369(frequent)-368(famines,)-398(show)-368(how)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(large)-281(was)-281(the)-281(measure)-281(of)-280(unrelieved)-281(distress.)-343(A)-281(very)-281(few)-280(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examples)-313(of)-314(charity)-313(have,)-330(indeed,)-329(descended)-313(to)-314(us.)-440(Among)-313(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Greeks)-218(we)-219(find)-218(Epaminondas)-218(ransoming)-219(captives,)-224(and)-218(collecting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dowers)-208(for)-207(poor)-208(girls;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.445 3.959 Td [(162)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.872 -3.959 Td [(Cimon,)-216(feeding)-208(the)-207(hungry)-208(and)-207(clothing)]TJ -108.317 -13.549 Td [(the)-434(naked;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.152 3.959 Td [(163)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.196 -3.959 Td [(Bias,)-480(purchasing,)-481(emancipating,)-480(and)-434(furnishing)]TJ -65.348 -13.549 Td [(with)-495(dowers)-494(some)-495(captive)-495(girls)-494(of)-495(Messina.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 205.387 3.959 Td [(164)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.188 -3.959 Td [(Tacitus)-495(has)]TJ -228.575 -13.549 Td [(described)-305(with)-305(enthusiasm)-305(how,)-318(after)-305(a)-305(catastrophe)-305(near)-304(Rome,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-395(rich)-396(threw)-395(open)-395(their)-395(houses)-395(and)-396(taxed)-395(all)-395(their)-395(resources)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 119.57 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F34 8.9664 Tf 93.543 110.62 Td [(Relief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Poor)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.509 0 Td [(.)-250(\050London,)-250(1815.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -63.26 -7.31 Td [(161)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.098 0 Td [(Annal.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(xii.)-250(58;)-250(Pliny,)-250(v.)-250(7;)-250(x.)-250(79.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -75.709 -7.311 Td [(162)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cornelius)-250(Nepos,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 64.504 0 Td [(Epaminondas)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.315 0 Td [(,)-250(cap.)-250(iii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -125.526 -7.31 Td [(163)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Cimon)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.913 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -69.988 -7.311 Td [(164)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Diog.)-250(La\353rt.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.818 0 Td [(Bias)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.942 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 352 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 353 0 R /Resources 351 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 343 0 R >> endobj 354 0 obj << /D [352 0 R /XYZ 253.689 518.175 null] >> endobj 351 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 357 0 obj << /Length 5125 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(79)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-328(relieve)-327(the)-328(sufferers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 103.115 3.959 Td [(165)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.724 -3.959 Td [(There)-328(existed,)-347(too,)-347(among)-328(the)-328(poor,)]TJ -120.839 -13.549 Td [(both)-421(of)-421(Greece)-420(and)-421(Rome,)-464(mutual)-420(insurance)-421(societies,)-463(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undertook)-264(to)-264(provide)-529(for)-264(their)-264(sick)-264(and)-264(infirm)-264(members.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.023 3.959 Td [(166)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.644 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 27.357 0 Td [([079])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(very)-211(frequent)-211(reference)-211(to)-211(mendicancy)-211(in)-211(the)-211(Latin)-211(writers)-210(shows)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-421(beggars,)-464(and)-421(therefore)-421(those)-421(who)-421(relieved)-422(beggars,)-463(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numerous.)-551(The)-350(duty)-351(of)-350(hospitality)-350(was)-351(also)-350(strongly)-350(enjoined,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-187(was)-187(placed)-187(under)-187(the)-187(special)-187(protection)-187(of)-187(the)-187(supreme)-186(Deity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-292(the)-291(active,)-302(habitual,)-302(and)-292(detailed)-292(charity)-291(of)-292(private)-291(persons,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-286(is)-286(so)-285(conspicuous)-286(a)-286(feature)-286(in)-285(all)-286(Christian)-286(societies,)-294(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scarcely)-280(known)-281(in)-280(antiquity,)-288(and)-280(there)-280(are)-280(not)-281(more)-280(than)-280(two)-280(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-221(moralists)-220(who)-221(have)-221(even)-220(noticed)-221(it.)-240(Of)-221(these,)-226(the)-221(chief)-220(rank)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(belongs)-194(to)-193(Cicero,)-205(who)-194(devoted)-194(two)-193(very)-194(judicious)-194(but)-193(somewhat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cold)-324(chapters)-323(to)-324(the)-324(subject.)-471(Nothing,)-342(he)-324(said,)-342(is)-324(more)-323(suitable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-271(the)-270(nature)-271(of)-270(man)-271(than)-270(beneficence)-271(or)-271(liberality,)-275(but)-271(there)-270(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(many)-345(cautions)-344(to)-345(be)-344(urged)-345(in)-344(practising)-344(it.)-534(We)-344(must)-345(take)-344(care)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-322(our)-321(bounty)-322(is)-321(a)-322(real)-321(blessing)-322(to)-321(the)-322(person)-322(we)-321(relieve;)-357(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-271(does)-271(not)-271(exceed)-271(our)-272(own)-271(means;)-281(that)-272(it)-271(is)-271(not,)-276(as)-271(was)-271(the)-271(case)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-253(Sylla)-253(and)-253(C\346sar,)-253(derived)-253(from)-253(the)-253(spoliation)-253(of)-253(others;)-254(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-222(springs)-221(from)-222(the)-222(heart)-222(and)-221(not)-222(from)-222(ostentation;)-231(that)-222(the)-221(claims)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-344(gratitude)-343(are)-344(preferred)-343(to)-343(the)-344(mere)-343(impulses)-344(of)-343(compassion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-244(that)-244(due)-245(regard)-244(is)-244(paid)-244(both)-244(to)-245(the)-244(character)-244(and)-244(to)-244(the)-244(wants)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(recipient.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 68.771 3.959 Td [(167)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -56.815 -18.82 Td [(Christianity)-482(for)-481(the)-482(first)-482(time)-481(made)-482(charity)-482(a)-481(rudimentary)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(virtue,)-428(giving)-393(it)-392(a)-393(leading)-393(place)-392(in)-393(the)-392(moral)-393(type,)-428(and)-393(in)-392(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(exhortations)-448(of)-448(its)-448(teachers.)-843(Besides)-448(its)-448(general)-448(influence)-447(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stimulating)-375(the)-376(affections,)-406(it)-375(effected)-376(a)-375(complete)-375(revolution)-375(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-299(sphere,)-311(by)-299(regarding)-299(the)-299(poor)-299(as)-299(the)-299(special)-298(representatives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-380(the)-381(Christian)-380(Founder,)-413(and)-381(thus)-380(making)-380(the)-381(love)-380(of)-380(Christ,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rather)-378(than)-379(the)-378(love)-379(of)-378(man,)-411(the)-378(principle)-378(of)-379(charity.)-635(Even)-378(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-421(days)-422(of)-421(persecution,)-465(collections)-421(for)-422(the)-421(relief)-422(of)-421(the)-421(poor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-272(made)-272(at)-272(the)-272(Sunday)-272(meetings.)-316(The)-272(agap\346)-272(or)-272(feasts)-272(of)-271(love)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 99.086 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 92.19 Td [(165)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tac.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 17.923 0 Td [(Annal.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(iv.)-250(63.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.533 -7.31 Td [(166)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.609 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(x.)-250(94,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(remarks)-250(of)-250(Naudet,)-250(pp.)-250(38,)-250(39.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -64.76 -7.311 Td [(167)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Offic.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.112 0 Td [(i.)-250(14,)-250(15.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 356 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 357 0 R /Resources 355 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 343 0 R >> endobj 358 0 obj << /D [356 0 R /XYZ 141.467 491.077 null] >> endobj 355 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 361 0 obj << /Length 5424 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(80History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(were)-315(intended)-315(mainly)-315(for)-314(the)-315(poor,)-331(and)-315(food)-315(that)-315(was)-315(saved)-314(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-392(fasts)-391(was)-392(devoted)-392(to)-392(their)-391(benefit.)-675(A)-392(vast)-392(organisation)-391(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-330(presided)-314(over)-629(by)-314(the)-314(bishops,)-330(and)-314(actively)-314(directed)-314(by)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([080])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-370(deacons,)-401(soon)-370(ramified)-371(over)-370(Christendom,)-400(till)-371(the)-370(bond)-370(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(charity)-199(became)-199(the)-199(bond)-199(of)-199(unity,)-209(and)-199(the)-199(most)-199(distant)-199(sections)-199(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-254(Christian)-255(Church)-254(corresponded)-255(by)-254(the)-255(interchange)-254(of)-254(mercy.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Long)-427(before)-427(the)-427(era)-426(of)-427(Constantine,)-471(it)-427(was)-427(observed)-427(that)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charities)-338(of)-339(the)-338(Christians)-338(were)-338(so)-339(extensive)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 197.867 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(it)-338(may,)-361(perhaps,)]TJ -208.776 -13.549 Td [(be)-228(said)-229(so)-228(excessive)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 86.848 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-228(they)-229(drew)-228(very)-228(many)-229(impostors)-228(to)-228(the)]TJ -97.757 -13.55 Td [(Church;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 35.149 3.959 Td [(168)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.684 -3.959 Td [(and)-342(when)-342(the)-342(victory)-341(of)-342(Christianity)-342(was)-342(achieved,)]TJ -51.833 -13.549 Td [(the)-464(enthusiasm)-463(for)-464(charity)-463(displayed)-464(itself)-464(in)-463(the)-464(erection)-463(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numerous)-216(institutions)-216(that)-215(were)-216(altogether)-216(unknown)-216(to)-216(the)-215(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)-693(A)-398(Roman)-398(lady,)-435(named)-397(Fabiola,)-435(in)-398(the)-398(fourth)-397(century,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(founded)-275(at)-274(Rome,)-281(as)-275(an)-275(act)-275(of)-274(penance,)-281(the)-275(first)-275(public)-274(hospital,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-419(the)-419(charity)-419(planted)-419(by)-419(that)-419(woman's)-419(hand)-419(overspread)-419(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world,)-274(and)-270(will)-269(alleviate,)-274(to)-269(the)-270(end)-269(of)-270(time,)-274(the)-269(darkest)-269(anguish)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-389(humanity.)-668(Another)-390(hospital)-389(was)-389(soon)-390(after)-389(founded)-389(by)-389(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pammachus;)-286(another)-274(of)-274(great)-275(celebrity)-274(by)-274(St.)-322(Basil,)-280(at)-274(C\346sarea.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-647(Basil)-383(also)-382(erected)-383(at)-382(C\346sarea)-383(what)-382(was)-383(probably)-382(the)-382(first)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(asylum)-223(for)-224(l)1(epers.)-242(Xenodochia,)-228(or)-223(refuges)-224(for)-223(strangers,)-228(speedily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rose,)-292(especially)-284(along)-284(the)-284(paths)-284(of)-284(the)-283(pilgrims.)-352(St.)-351(Pammachus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(founded)-488(one)-487(at)-488(Ostia;)-606(Paula)-487(and)-488(Melania)-487(founded)-488(others)-487(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Jerusalem.)-843(The)-447(Council)-448(of)-448(Nice)-447(ordered)-448(that)-447(one)-448(should)-447(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(erected)-225(in)-224(every)-225(city.)-241(In)-225(the)-224(time)-225(of)-224(St.)-242(Chrysostom)-224(the)-225(church)-224(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Antioch)-308(supported)-308(3,000)-308(widows)-309(and)-308(virgins,)-322(besides)-308(strangers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-391(sick.)-671(Legacies)-391(for)-391(the)-390(poor)-391(became)-390(common;)-461(and)-391(it)-390(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-379(unfrequent)-380(for)-379(men)-380(and)-379(women)-379(who)-380(desired)-379(to)-380(live)-379(a)-379(life)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.663 Td [(168)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Lucian)-242(describes)-241(this)-242(in)-242(his)-241(famous)-242(picture)-242(of)-241(Peregrinus;)-245(and)-241(Julian,)-244(much)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(later,)-237(accused)-233(the)-233(Christians)-234(of)-233(drawing)-233(men)-234(into)-233(the)-233(Church)-233(by)-234(their)-233(charities.)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Socrates)-391(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.873 0 Td [(Hist.)-674(Eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.917 0 Td [(vii.)-674(17\051)-392(tells)-391(a)-391(story)-392(of)-391(a)-391(Jew)-392(who,)-426(pretending)-392(to)-391(be)]TJ -81.79 -10.959 Td [(a)-337(convert)-336(to)-336(Christianity,)-359(had)-336(been)-337(often)-336(baptised)-337(in)-336(different)-336(sects,)-359(and)-336(had)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(amassed)-359(a)-358(considerable)-359(fortune)-358(by)-359(the)-358(gifts)-359(he)-358(received)-359(on)-359(those)-358(occasions.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(He)-305(was)-306(at)-305(last)-306(miraculously)-305(detected)-306(by)-305(the)-305(Novatian)-306(bishop)-305(Paul.)-417(There)-305(are)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(several)-292(instances)-293(in)-292(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 86.68 0 Td [(Lives)-292(of)-293(the)-292(Saints)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.268 0 Td [(of)-292(judgments)-293(falling)-292(on)-292(those)-293(who)]TJ -155.948 -10.959 Td [(duped)-250(benevolent)-250(Christians.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 360 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 361 0 R /Resources 359 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 343 0 R >> endobj 362 0 obj << /D [360 0 R /XYZ 193.366 491.077 null] >> endobj 359 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 365 0 obj << /Length 5894 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(81)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-329(peculiar)-329(sanctity,)-348(and)-329(especially)-329(for)-329(priests)-329(who)-329(attained)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(episcopacy)-764(to)-382(bestow)-382(their)-382(entire)-382(properties)-382(in)-382(charity.)-645(Even)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([081])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(early)-275(Oriental)-275(monks,)-282(who)-275(for)-275(the)-275(most)-275(part)-275(were)-275(extremely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(removed)-232(from)-232(the)-231(active)-232(and)-232(social)-232(virtues,)-235(supplied)-232(many)-231(noble)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(examples)-197(of)-197(charity.)-233(St.)-232(Ephrem,)-208(in)-197(a)-197(time)-197(of)-197(pestilence,)-207(emerged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-287(his)-286(solitude)-287(to)-286(found)-287(and)-286(superintend)-287(a)-286(hospital)-287(at)-286(Edessa.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-315(monk)-316(named)-315(Thalasius)-316(collected)-315(blind)-315(beggars)-316(in)-315(an)-315(asylum)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-347(the)-346(banks)-347(of)-346(the)-347(Euphrates.)-539(A)-346(merchant)-347(named)-346(Apollonius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(founded)-269(on)-269(Mount)-269(Nitria)-269(a)-269(gratuitous)-269(dispensary)-269(for)-269(the)-269(monks.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-359(monks)-358(often)-359(assisted)-359(by)-359(their)-358(labours)-359(provinces)-359(that)-358(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering)-306(from)-307(pestilence)-306(or)-307(famine.)-419(We)-306(may)-307(trace)-306(the)-306(remains)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-253(the)-253(pure)-253(socialism)-253(that)-253(marked)-253(the)-253(first)-253(phase)-253(of)-253(the)-253(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(community,)-386(in)-358(the)-359(emphatic)-359(language)-358(with)-359(which)-358(some)-359(of)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fathers)-369(proclaimed)-370(charity)-369(to)-369(be)-370(a)-369(matter)-369(not)-370(of)-369(mercy)-369(but)-369(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(justice,)-254(maintaining)-253(that)-254(all)-253(property)-253(is)-254(based)-253(on)-253(usurpation,)-254(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-172(earth)-172(by)-172(right)-171(is)-172(common)-172(to)-172(all)-172(men,)-187(and)-172(that)-172(no)-172(man)-172(can)-171(claim)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-322(superabundant)-321(supply)-322(of)-321(its)-322(goods)-322(except)-321(as)-322(an)-321(administrator)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-253(others.)-257(A)-253(Christian,)-253(it)-253(was)-252(maintained,)-254(should)-252(devote)-253(at)-252(least)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one-tenth)-250(of)-250(his)-250(profits)-250(to)-250(the)-250(poor.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 152.411 3.958 Td [(169)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -140.455 -21.981 Td [(The)-427(enthusiasm)-428(of)-428(charity,)-471(thus)-428(manifested)-427(in)-428(the)-427(Church,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(speedily)-498(attracted)-498(the)-498(attention)-497(of)-498(the)-498(Pagans.)-994(The)-497(ridicule)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-483(Lucian,)-541(and)-482(the)-483(vain)-483(efforts)-483(of)-482(Julian)-483(to)-483(produce)-483(a)-482(rival)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-250(of)-250(charity)-250(within)-250(the)-250(limits)-250(of)-250(Paganism,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 209.094 3.959 Td [(170)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.18 -3.959 Td [(emphatically)]TJ -224.274 -13.549 Td [(attested)-372(both)-371(its)-372(pre-eminence)-372(and)-371(its)-372(catholicity.)-615(During)-743(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([082])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 186.554 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 179.701 Td [(169)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-507(on)-506(this)-507(subject)-507(Chastel,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 112.702 0 Td [(\311tudes)-507(historiques)-506(sur)-507(la)-507(Charit\351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 132.812 0 Td [(\050Paris,)]TJ -257.47 -10.959 Td [(1853\051;)-316(Martin)-294(Doisy,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 79.685 0 Td [(Hist.)-382(de)-294(la)-294(Charit\351)-294(pendant)-294(les)-294(quatre)-294(premiers)-294(Si\350cles)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -79.685 -10.959 Td [(\050Paris,)-549(1848\051;)-608(Champagny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 107.436 0 Td [(Charit\351)-489(chr\351tienne)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.631 0 Td [(;)-608(Tollemer,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 47.976 0 Td [(Origines)-489(de)-489(la)]TJ -225.043 -10.959 Td [(Charit\351)-233(catholique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.437 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-236(1863\051;)-239(Ryan,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 74.121 0 Td [(History)-233(of)-233(the)-233(Effects)-233(of)-233(Religion)-233(upon)]TJ -143.558 -10.959 Td [(Mankind)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.78 0 Td [(\050Dublin,)-342(1820\051;)-361(and)-324(the)-324(works)-324(of)-323(Bingham)-324(and)-324(of)-324(Cave.)-471(I)-324(am)-324(also)]TJ -34.78 -10.959 Td [(indebted,)-427(in)-391(this)-392(part)-392(of)-391(my)-392(subject,)-427(to)-391(Dean)-392(Milman's)-391(histories,)-427(Neander's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Ecclesiastical)-227(History)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.744 0 Td [(,)-232(and)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 19.302 0 Td [(Private)-227(Life)-227(of)-227(the)-227(Early)-227(Christians)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 125.757 0 Td [(,)-232(and)-227(to)-227(Migne's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -223.803 -10.959 Td [(Encyclop\351die)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.302 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -48.052 -7.31 Td [(170)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-352(the)-353(famous)-353(epistle)-352(of)-353(Julian)-352(to)-353(Arsacius,)-378(where)-352(he)-353(declares)-353(that)-352(it)-353(is)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(shameful)-300(that)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 51.691 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-299(Galileans)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 47.508 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.666 0 Td [(should)-300(support)-299(not)-299(only)-300(their)-299(own,)-312(but)-300(also)-299(the)]TJ -109.846 -10.959 Td [(heathen)-250(poor;)-250(and)-250(also)-250(the)-250(comments)-250(of)-250(Sozomen,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 183.04 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.349 0 Td [(v.)-250(16.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 364 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 365 0 R /Resources 363 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 368 0 R >> endobj 366 0 obj << /D [364 0 R /XYZ 99.407 504.626 null] >> endobj 367 0 obj << /D [364 0 R /XYZ 310.016 202.07 null] >> endobj 363 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 371 0 obj << /Length 5805 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(82History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(pestilences)-308(that)-308(desolated)-308(Carthage)-308(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 170.112 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-308(326,)-323(and)-308(Alexandria)]TJ -184.348 -13.549 Td [(in)-367(the)-367(reigns)-367(of)-367(Gallienus)-367(and)-367(of)-367(Maximian,)-396(while)-367(the)-367(Pagans)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fled)-366(panic-stricken)-366(from)-365(the)-366(contagion,)-395(the)-366(Christians)-365(extorted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(admiration)-334(of)-335(their)-334(fellow-countrymen)-334(by)-334(the)-334(courage)-334(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-299(they)-298(rallied)-299(around)-298(their)-299(bishops,)-311(consoled)-298(the)-299(last)-298(hours)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-289(the)-289(sufferers,)-299(and)-289(buried)-289(the)-289(abandoned)-289(dead.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.026 3.959 Td [(171)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.46 -3.959 Td [(In)-289(the)-289(rapid)]TJ -229.486 -13.549 Td [(increase)-175(of)-174(pauperism)-175(arising)-174(from)-175(the)-174(emancipation)-175(of)-174(numerous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaves,)-228(their)-222(charity)-222(found)-222(free)-222(scope)-222(for)-222(action,)-227(and)-222(its)-222(resources)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-369(soon)-370(taxed)-369(to)-369(the)-370(utmost)-369(by)-369(the)-370(horrors)-369(of)-369(the)-369(barbarian)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(invasions.)-644(The)-381(conquest)-382(of)-381(Africa)-381(by)-382(Genseric)-381(deprived)-381(Italy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-387(the)-386(supply)-387(of)-386(corn)-387(upon)-386(which)-387(it)-386(almost)-387(wholly)-386(depended,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arrested)-417(the)-417(gratuitous)-418(distribution)-417(by)-417(which)-417(the)-417(Roman)-417(poor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-515(mainly)-515(supported,)-581(and)-515(produced)-515(all)-515(over)-515(the)-515(land)-515(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-361(appalling)-362(calamities.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 116.67 3.958 Td [(172)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.826 -3.958 Td [(The)-361(history)-362(of)-361(Italy)-362(became)-361(one)]TJ -135.496 -13.55 Td [(monotonous)-162(tale)-161(of)-162(famine)-161(and)-162(pestilence,)-179(of)-162(starving)-161(populations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-256(ruined)-255(cities.)-266(But)-256(everywhere)-255(amid)-256(this)-255(chaos)-256(of)-255(dissolution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-201(may)-200(detect)-201(the)-200(majestic)-201(form)-200(of)-201(the)-200(Christian)-201(priest)-200(mediating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-341(the)-341(hostile)-341(forces,)-363(straining)-341(every)-341(nerve)-341(to)-341(lighten)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(calamities)-238(around)-237(him.)-246(When)-238(the)-237(Imperial)-238(city)-237(was)-238(captured)-237(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(plundered)-286(by)-286(the)-286(hosts)-286(of)-286(Alaric,)-295(a)-286(Christian)-286(church)-286(remained)-285(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(secure)-329(sanctuary,)-349(which)-329(neither)-329(the)-329(passions)-329(nor)-329(the)-329(avarice)-329(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-301(Goths)-302(transgressed.)-404(When)-301(a)-302(fiercer)-301(than)-302(Alaric)-301(had)-301(marked)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(out)-212(Rome)-213(for)-212(his)-213(prey,)-220(the)-212(Pope)-213(St.)-237(Leo,)-220(arrayed)-213(in)-212(his)-212(sacerdotal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(robes,)-310(confronted)-299(the)-298(victorious)-298(Hun,)-310(as)-299(the)-298(ambassador)-596(of)-298(his)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([083])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.55 Td [(fellow-countrymen,)-396(and)-366(Attila,)-396(overpowered)-366(by)-367(religious)-366(awe,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(turned)-404(aside)-404(in)-404(his)-404(course.)-711(When,)-442(two)-404(years)-404(later,)-443(Rome)-403(lay)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 166.657 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 159.844 Td [(171)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-292(conduct)-292(of)-292(the)-292(Christians,)-302(on)-292(the)-292(first)-292(of)-292(these)-292(occasions,)-303(is)-292(described)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(by)-304(Pontius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.689 0 Td [(Vit.)-412(Cypriani)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.284 0 Td [(,)-317(ix.)-413(19.)-412(St.)-412(Cyprian)-304(organised)-304(their)-304(efforts.)-412(On)-304(the)]TJ -91.973 -10.959 Td [(Alexandrian)-250(famines)-250(and)-250(pestilences,)-250(see)-250(Eusebius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 186.761 0 Td [(H.)-250(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(vii.)-250(22;)-250(ix.)-250(8.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -207.431 -7.31 Td [(172)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-222(effects)-223(of)-222(this)-222(conquest)-222(have)-223(been)-222(well)-222(described)-223(by)-222(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 240.862 0 Td [(Hist.)-241(de)]TJ -252.818 -10.959 Td [(la)-225(Chute)-226(de)-225(l'Empire)-225(Romain)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 103.646 0 Td [(,)-230(tome)-226(i.)-241(pp.)-242(258-260.)-242(Theodoric)-225(afterwards)-226(made)]TJ -103.646 -10.959 Td [(some)-356(efforts)-356(to)-356(re-establish)-356(the)-355(distribution,)-383(but)-356(it)-355(never)-356(regained)-356(its)-356(former)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(proportions.)-589(The)-363(pictures)-363(of)-363(the)-363(starvation)-362(and)-363(depopulation)-363(of)-363(Italy)-363(at)-363(this)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(time)-276(are)-275(appalling.)-328(Some)-275(fearful)-276(facts)-276(on)-275(the)-276(subject)-276(are)-276(collected)-275(by)-276(Gibbon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -13.02 Td [(Decline)-250(and)-250(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.765 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(xxxvi.;)-250(Chateaubriand,)-250(vi)]TJ 108.583 4.035 Td [(me)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 13.199 -4.035 Td [(Disc.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.918 0 Td [(2)]TJ 4.484 4.035 Td [(de)]TJ 10.705 -4.035 Td [(partie.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 370 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 371 0 R /Resources 369 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 368 0 R >> endobj 372 0 obj << /D [370 0 R /XYZ 345.848 206.544 null] >> endobj 369 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 375 0 obj << /Length 5086 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(83)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(at)-416(the)-416(mercy)-416(of)-416(Genseric,)-457(the)-416(same)-416(Pope)-416(interposed)-416(with)-416(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Vandal)-293(conqueror,)-303(and)-293(obtained)-293(from)-293(him)-293(a)-293(partial)-293(cessation)-292(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-288(massacre.)-364(The)-288(Archdeacon)-288(Pelagius)-288(interceded)-288(with)-287(similar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humanity)-389(and)-389(similar)-389(success,)-423(when)-389(Rome)-389(had)-389(been)-388(captured)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-437(Totila.)-811(In)-437(Gaul,)-484(Troyes)-437(is)-437(said)-437(to)-437(have)-437(been)-437(saved)-437(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(destruction)-364(by)-364(the)-364(influence)-363(of)-364(St.)-592(Lupus,)-392(and)-364(Orleans)-364(by)-363(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-311(of)-312(St.)-434(Agnan.)-434(In)-312(Britain)-311(an)-312(invasion)-311(of)-312(the)-311(Picts)-311(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(averted)-185(by)-185(St.)-228(Germain)-185(of)-184(Auxerre.)-229(The)-184(relations)-185(of)-185(rulers)-185(to)-184(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subjects,)-236(and)-232(of)-232(tribunals)-232(to)-233(the)-232(poor,)-236(were)-232(modified)-232(by)-232(the)-232(same)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(intervention.)-846(When)-449(Antioch)-448(was)-449(threatened)-449(with)-448(destruction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-402(account)-402(of)-403(its)-402(rebellion)-402(against)-402(Theodosius,)-440(the)-402(anchorites)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poured)-254(forth)-254(from)-254(the)-253(neighbouring)-254(deserts)-254(to)-254(intercede)-254(with)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ministers)-416(of)-415(the)-416(emperor,)-457(while)-416(the)-415(Archbishop)-416(Flavian)-415(went)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(himself)-296(as)-297(a)-296(suppliant)-297(to)-296(Constantinople.)-390(St.)-389(Ambrose)-296(imposed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(public)-377(penance)-377(on)-377(Theodosius,)-409(on)-377(account)-377(of)-377(the)-376(massacre)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Thessalonica.)-575(Synesius)-358(excommunicated)-359(for)-358(his)-358(oppressions)-358(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governor)-362(named)-361(Andronicus;)-418(and)-362(two)-361(French)-362(Councils,)-390(in)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sixth)-345(century,)-370(imposed)-345(the)-345(same)-346(penalty)-345(on)-345(all)-346(great)-345(men)-345(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arbitrarily)-315(ejected)-315(the)-315(poor.)-444(Special)-315(laws)-315(were)-315(found)-314(necessary)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-269(restrain)-270(the)-269(turbulent)-270(charity)-269(of)-270(some)-269(priests)-270(and)-269(monks,)-274(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impeded)-251(the)-251(course)-250(of)-251(justice,)-251(and)-251(even)-251(snatched)-251(criminals)-250(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(hands)-250(of)-250(the)-250(law.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 90.589 3.959 Td [(173)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.181 -3.959 Td [(398.)]TJ -105.77 -13.925 Td [(St.)-821(Abraham,)-488(St.)-821(Epiphanius,)-488(and)-441(St.)-821(Basil)-440(are)-441(all)-440(said)-440(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-275(obtained)-275(the)-275(remission)-275(or)-275(reduction)-275(of)-275(oppressive)-274(imposts.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(To)-417(provide)-418(for)-417(the)-417(interests)-418(of)-417(widows)-417(and)-418(orphans)-417(was)-417(part)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-527(the)-527(official)-527(ecclesiastical)-527(duty,)-596(and)-527(a)-527(Council)-527(of)-527(Macon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anathematised)-309(any)-309(ruler)-310(who)-309(brought)-309(them)-309(to)-309(trial)-309(without)-309(first)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(apprising)-500(the)-501(bishop)-500(of)-501(the)-500(diocese.)-1001(A)-501(Council)-500(of)-500(Toledo,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-362(the)-362(fifth)-361(century,)-390(threatened)-362(with)-362(excommunication)-362(all)-361(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(robbed)-444(priests,)-493(monks,)-493(or)-444(poor)-889(men,)-492(or)-445(refused)-444(to)-444(listen)-444(to)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([084])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(their)-357(expostulations.)-570(One)-356(of)-357(the)-357(chief)-356(causes)-357(of)-357(the)-356(inordinate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-341(acquired)-341(by)-341(the)-341(clergy)-341(was)-341(their)-342(mediatorial)-341(office,)-363(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 80.91 Td [(173)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-248(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.259 0 Td [(ix.)-248(xl.)-248(15-16.)-248(The)-244(first)-244(of)-245(these)-244(laws)-244(was)-244(made)-244(by)-244(Theodosius,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -58.215 -10.959 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(392;)-250(the)-250(second)-250(by)-250(Honorius,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 107.588 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 374 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 375 0 R /Resources 373 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 368 0 R >> endobj 376 0 obj << /D [374 0 R /XYZ 194.473 124.873 null] >> endobj 373 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 379 0 obj << /Length 5856 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(84History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-354(gigantic)-355(wealth)-354(was)-354(in)-355(a)-354(great)-354(degree)-355(due)-354(to)-354(the)-354(legacies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-280(those)-281(who)-280(regarded)-280(them)-280(as)-280(the)-281(trustees)-280(of)-280(the)-280(poor.)-341(As)-280(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rolled)-401(on,)-439(charity)-401(assumed)-401(many)-401(forms,)-439(and)-401(every)-401(monastery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(became)-224(a)-224(centre)-223(from)-224(which)-224(it)-224(radiated.)-241(By)-224(the)-224(monks)-224(the)-223(nobles)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-381(overawed,)-414(the)-382(poor)-381(protected,)-414(the)-381(sick)-381(tended,)-414(travellers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sheltered,)-284(prisoners)-277(ransomed,)-284(the)-276(remotest)-277(spheres)-277(of)-277(suffering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(explored.)-437(During)-312(the)-312(darkest)-313(period)-312(of)-312(the)-312(middle)-313(ages,)-327(monks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(founded)-406(a)-407(refuge)-406(for)-406(pilgrims)-406(amid)-406(the)-407(horrors)-406(of)-406(the)-406(Alpine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(snows.)-614(A)-371(solitary)-371(hermit)-371(often)-371(planted)-372(himself,)-401(with)-371(his)-371(little)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(boat,)-495(by)-447(a)-446(bridgeless)-446(stream,)-495(and)-446(the)-447(charity)-446(of)-446(his)-446(life)-446(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-485(ferry)-486(over)-485(the)-485(traveller.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 122.656 3.959 Td [(174)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.883 -3.959 Td [(When)-485(the)-486(hideous)-485(disease)-485(of)]TJ -145.539 -13.549 Td [(leprosy)-395(extended)-395(its)-395(ravages)-395(over)-395(Europe,)-431(when)-395(the)-395(minds)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-225(were)-224(filled)-225(with)-225(terror,)-229(not)-225(only)-225(by)-224(its)-225(loathsomeness)-225(and)-224(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contagion,)-316(but)-302(also)-303(by)-302(the)-303(notion)-302(that)-303(it)-302(was)-303(in)-302(a)-303(peculiar)-302(sense)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(supernatural,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.651 3.959 Td [(175)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.83 -3.959 Td [(new)-371(hospitals)-371(and)-371(refuges)-371(overspread)-371(Europe,)]TJ -73.481 -13.549 Td [(and)-203(monks)-204(flocked)-203(in)-203(multitudes)-204(to)-203(serve)-203(in)-203(them.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 214.401 3.959 Td [(176)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.011 -3.959 Td [(Sometimes,)]TJ -229.412 -13.549 Td [(the)-298(legends)-298(say,)-310(the)-299(leper's)-298(form)-298(was)-298(in)-298(a)-298(moment)-298(transfigured,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-182(he)-183(who)-182(came)-183(to)-182(tend)-182(the)-183(most)-182(loathsome)-183(of)-182(mankind)-182(received)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-250(reward,)-250(for)-250(he)-250(found)-250(himself)-250(in)-250(the)-250(presence)-250(of)-250(his)-250(Lord.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(There)-229(is)-230(no)-229(fact)-229(of)-230(which)-229(an)-229(historian)-230(becomes)-229(more)-458(speedily)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -84.711 0 Td [([085])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(or)-369(more)-369(painfully)-370(conscious)-369(than)-369(the)-369(great)-369(difference)-369(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-226(importance)-226(and)-225(the)-226(dramatic)-226(interest)-225(of)-226(the)-226(subjects)-226(he)-225(treats.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wars)-299(or)-299(massacres,)-311(the)-299(horrors)-299(of)-299(martyrdom)-299(or)-299(the)-298(splendours)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-215(individual)-215(prowess,)-222(are)-215(susceptible)-215(of)-215(such)-215(brilliant)-215(colouring,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.717 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 190.904 Td [(174)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cibrario,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.61 0 Td [(Economica)-361(politica)-361(del)-360(Medio)-361(Evo)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 128.49 0 Td [(,)-388(lib.)-583(ii.)-582(cap.)-583(iii.)-582(The)-361(most)]TJ -176.056 -10.959 Td [(remarkable)-366(of)-366(these)-366(saints)-367(was)-366(St.)-598(Julien)-366(l'Hospitalier,)-396(who)-366(having)-366(under)-366(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mistake)-206(killed)-206(his)-206(father)-206(and)-205(mother,)-215(as)-206(a)-206(penance)-206(became)-206(a)-205(ferryman)-206(of)-206(a)-206(great)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(river,)-258(and)-256(having)-256(embarked)-256(on)-257(a)-256(very)-256(stormy)-256(and)-256(dangerous)-256(night)-257(at)-256(the)-256(voice)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-289(a)-289(traveller)-289(in)-289(distress,)-299(received)-289(Christ)-289(into)-289(his)-289(boat.)-367(His)-289(story)-289(is)-289(painted)-289(on)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(a)-314(window)-313(of)-313(the)-314(thirteenth)-313(century,)-330(in)-313(Rouen)-314(Cathedral.)-440(See)-314(Langlois,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 261.2 0 Td [(Essai)]TJ -261.2 -10.959 Td [(historique)-250(sur)-250(la)-250(Peinture)-250(sur)-250(verre)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 127.269 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(32-37.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -127.02 -7.395 Td [(175)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-205(fact)-206(of)-205(leprosy)-206(being)-205(taken)-206(as)-205(the)-206(image)-205(of)-205(sin)-206(gave)-205(rise)-206(to)-205(some)-206(curious)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(notions)-410(of)-411(its)-410(supernatural)-410(character,)-450(and)-411(to)-410(many)-410(legends)-411(of)-410(saints)-410(curing)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(leprosy)-250(by)-250(baptism.)-250(See)-250(Maury,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 116.303 0 Td [(L\351gendes)-250(pieuses)-250(du)-250(Moyen-Age)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 117.28 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(64-65.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -233.334 -7.311 Td [(176)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-263(on)-263(these)-264(hospitals)-263(Cibrario,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 116.181 0 Td [(Econ.)-290(Politica)-263(del)-263(Medio)-263(Evo)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 106.55 0 Td [(,)-267(lib.)-289(iii.)-290(cap.)]TJ -234.687 -10.959 Td [(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 378 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 379 0 R /Resources 377 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 368 0 R >> endobj 380 0 obj << /D [378 0 R /XYZ 335.312 260.74 null] >> endobj 377 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 383 0 obj << /Length 4588 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(85)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-176(with)-177(but)-176(little)-176(literary)-176(skill)-177(they)-176(can)-176(be)-177(so)-176(pourtrayed)-176(that)-176(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(importance)-381(is)-382(adequately)-381(realised,)-414(and)-382(they)-381(appeal)-381(powerfully)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-336(the)-336(emotions)-336(of)-336(the)-336(reader.)-508(But)-336(this)-336(vast)-336(and)-335(unostentatious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-461(of)-461(charity,)-513(operating)-461(in)-460(the)-461(village)-461(hamlet)-461(and)-460(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-282(lonely)-281(hospital,)-290(staunching)-281(the)-282(widow's)-281(tears,)-290(and)-281(following)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-317(the)-317(windings)-318(of)-317(the)-317(poor)-317(man's)-317(griefs,)-334(presents)-317(few)-317(features)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(imagination)-298(can)-299(grasp,)-311(and)-299(leaves)-298(no)-299(deep)-299(impression)-298(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(mind.)-648(The)-382(greatest)-383(things)-382(are)-383(often)-382(those)-383(which)-382(are)-382(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperfectly)-207(realised;)-222(and)-207(surely)-208(no)-207(achievements)-208(of)-207(the)-207(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Church)-314(are)-314(more)-314(truly)-313(great)-314(than)-314(those)-314(which)-314(it)-314(has)-314(effected)-313(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-221(sphere)-221(of)-221(charity.)-240(For)-221(the)-221(first)-221(time)-221(in)-221(the)-221(history)-221(of)-221(mankind,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-519(has)-518(inspired)-519(many)-519(thousands)-519(of)-518(men)-519(and)-519(women,)-586(at)-518(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sacrifice)-295(of)-295(all)-294(worldly)-295(interests,)-306(and)-295(often)-295(under)-294(circumstances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-329(extreme)-330(discomfort)-329(or)-329(danger,)-349(to)-329(devote)-330(their)-329(entire)-329(lives)-329(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-281(single)-280(object)-281(of)-280(assuaging)-281(the)-280(sufferings)-281(of)-280(humanity.)-342(It)-280(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(covered)-183(the)-183(globe)-183(with)-183(countless)-182(institutions)-183(of)-183(mercy,)-196(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unknown)-313(to)-314(the)-313(whole)-314(Pagan)-313(world.)-440(It)-314(has)-313(indissolubly)-313(united,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-294(the)-293(minds)-293(of)-294(men,)-304(the)-294(idea)-293(of)-294(supreme)-293(goodness)-294(with)-293(that)-293(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(active)-347(and)-347(constant)-346(benevolence.)-541(It)-346(has)-347(placed)-347(in)-347(every)-346(parish)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-303(religious)-303(minister,)-317(who,)-316(whatever)-304(may)-303(be)-303(his)-303(other)-303(functions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-310(at)-309(least)-310(been)-309(officially)-310(charged)-310(with)-309(the)-310(superintendence)-309(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-229(organisation)-230(of)-229(charity,)-234(and)-229(who)-229(finds)-230(in)-229(this)-229(office)-230(one)-229(of)-229(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-293(important)-294(as)-293(well)-293(as)-294(one)-293(of)-293(the)-294(most)-293(legitimate)-293(sources)-293(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-250(power.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(There)-590(are,)-675(however,)-675(two)-590(important)-590(qualifications)-590(to)-589(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(admiration)-619(with)-618(which)-619(we)-619(regard)-618(the)-619(history)-619(of)-618(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 30.295 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(one)-341(relating)-341(to)-341(a)-341(particular)-341(form)-341(of)-341(suffering,)-363(and)-341(the)]TJ -41.204 -13.55 Td [(other)-278(of)-278(a)-277(more)-278(general)-278(kind.)-333(A)-278(strong,)-284(ill-defined)-278(notion)-278(of)-277(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supernatural)-310(character)-309(of)-310(insanity)-309(had)-310(existed)-619(from)-310(the)-309(earliest)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([086])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(times;)-635(but)-507(there)-507(were)-506(special)-507(circumstances)-507(which)-506(rendered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-353(action)-352(of)-353(the)-352(Church)-353(peculiarly)-353(unfavourable)-352(to)-353(those)-352(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-347(either)-346(predisposed)-347(to)-346(or)-347(afflicted)-347(with)-346(this)-347(calamity.)-539(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reality)-438(both)-439(of)-438(witchcraft)-438(and)-439(diabolical)-438(possession)-438(had)-438(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinctly)-553(recognised)-553(in)-553(the)-553(Jewish)-553(writings.)-1159(The)-553(received)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 382 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 383 0 R /Resources 381 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 368 0 R >> endobj 384 0 obj << /D [382 0 R /XYZ 251.225 133.888 null] >> endobj 381 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 387 0 obj << /Length 5576 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(86History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(opinions)-418(about)-417(eternal)-418(torture,)-459(and)-418(ever-present)-417(d\346mons,)-459(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-316(continued)-317(strain)-316(upon)-317(the)-316(imagination,)-333(in)-317(dwelling)-316(upon)-316(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unseen)-308(world,)-323(were)-308(pre-eminently)-308(fitted)-308(to)-308(produce)-308(madness)-308(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-446(who)-447(were)-446(at)-446(all)-447(predisposed)-446(to)-446(it,)-496(and,)-495(where)-446(insanity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-389(actually)-389(appeared,)-424(to)-389(determine)-389(the)-389(form)-388(and)-389(complexion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-345(the)-344(hallucinations)-345(of)-344(the)-345(maniac.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 159.076 3.959 Td [(177)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.276 -3.959 Td [(Theology)-345(supplying)-344(all)]TJ -177.352 -13.549 Td [(the)-435(images)-434(that)-435(acted)-434(most)-435(powerfully)-434(upon)-435(the)-434(imagination,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-289(madness,)-299(for)-289(many)-289(centuries,)-299(took)-290(a)-289(theological)-289(cast.)-367(One)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(important)-417(department)-418(of)-417(it)-417(appears)-417(chiefly)-417(in)-418(the)-417(lives)-417(of)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(saints.)-1039(Men)-512(of)-513(lively)-513(imaginations)-513(and)-513(absolute)-512(ignorance,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(living)-300(apart)-300(from)-300(all)-300(their)-300(fellows,)-312(amid)-300(the)-300(horrors)-300(of)-300(a)-300(savage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wilderness,)-260(practising)-259(austerities)-258(by)-258(which)-259(their)-258(physical)-258(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-194(thoroughly)-194(deranged,)-205(and)-194(firmly)-194(persuaded)-194(that)-193(innumerable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devils)-223(were)-223(continually)-223(hovering)-223(about)-223(their)-223(cells)-223(and)-223(interfering)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-247(their)-247(devotions,)-248(speedily)-248(and)-247(very)-247(naturally)-247(became)-247(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-335(constant)-335(hallucinations,)-356(which)-334(probably)-335(form)-335(the)-335(nucleus)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(truth)-391(in)-391(the)-392(legends)-391(of)-391(their)-391(lives.)-674(But)-391(it)-391(was)-391(impossible)-391(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(insanity)-315(should)-316(confine)-315(itself)-315(to)-315(the)-316(orthodox)-315(forms)-315(of)-315(celestial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(visions,)-438(or)-400(of)-400(the)-400(apparitions)-400(and)-401(the)-400(defeats)-400(of)-400(devils.)-700(Very)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(frequently)-365(it)-364(led)-365(the)-365(unhappy)-364(maniac)-365(to)-365(some)-364(delusion,)-393(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(called)-237(down)-475(upon)-237(him)-237(the)-237(speedy)-237(sentence)-237(of)-238(the)-237(Church.)-245(Thus,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([087])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(in)-422(the)-422(year)-422(1300,)-466(the)-422(corpse)-422(of)-422(a)-422(Bohemian)-422(or,)-465(according)-422(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(another)-302(version,)-315(an)-302(English)-302(girl)-302(who)-302(imagined)-302(herself)-302(to)-302(be)-302(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Holy)-264(Ghost)-264(incarnate)-265(for)-264(the)-264(redemption)-264(of)-264(women,)-268(was)-264(dug)-264(up)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-320(burnt,)-337(and)-320(two)-319(women)-320(who)-320(believed)-320(in)-319(her)-320(perished)-320(at)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stake.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.146 3.959 Td [(178)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.572 -3.959 Td [(In)-384(the)-384(year)-385(1359,)-417(a)-385(Spaniard)-384(declared)-384(himself)-384(to)-384(be)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.595 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.783 Td [(177)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Calmeil)-207(observes:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 66.172 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(On)-207(a)-208(souvent)-207(constat\351)-208(depuis)-207(un)-207(demi-si\350cle)-208(que)-207(la)-208(folie)]TJ -82.109 -10.959 Td [(est)-165(sujette)-165(\340)-165(prendre)-165(la)-165(teinte)-165(des)-165(croyances)-165(religieuses,)-182(des)-165(id\351es)-165(philosophiques)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ou)-337(superstitieuses,)-358(des)-337(pr\351jug\351s)-337(sociaux)-337(qui)-337(ont)-337(cours,)-358(qui)-337(sont)-337(actuellement)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(en)-236(vogue)-235(parmi)-236(les)-235(peuples)-236(ou)-236(les)-235(nations;)-241(que)-235(cette)-236(teinte)-235(varie)-236(dans)-235(un)-236(m\352me)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pays)-445(suivant)-444(le)-445(caract\350re)-444(des)-445(\351v\351nements)-444(relatifs)-445(\340)-444(la)-445(politique)-444(ext\351rieure,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(le)-380(caract\350re)-379(des)-380(\351v\351nements)-380(civils,)-412(la)-379(nature)-380(des)-379(productions)-380(litt\351raires,)-412(des)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(repr\351sentations)-241(th\351\342trales,)-243(suivant)-241(la)-241(tournure,)-243(la)-242(direction,)-243(le)-241(genre)-241(d'\351lan)-241(qu'y)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prennent)-202(l'industrie,)-212(les)-203(arts)-202(et)-202(les)-203(sciences.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 151.539 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(De)-202(la)-203(Folie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.988 0 Td [(,)-212(tome)-202(i.)-234(pp.)-235(122-123.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -204.225 -7.311 Td [(178)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.74 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 102.387 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(vii.)-250(pp.)-250(353,)-250(354.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 386 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 387 0 R /Resources 385 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 368 0 R >> endobj 388 0 obj << /D [386 0 R /XYZ 149.009 247.191 null] >> endobj 385 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 391 0 obj << /Length 6260 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(87)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-295(brother)-295(of)-296(the)-295(archangel)-295(Michael,)-306(and)-296(to)-295(be)-295(destined)-295(for)-295(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place)-282(in)-281(heaven)-282(which)-282(Satan)-282(had)-281(lost;)-298(and)-282(he)-281(added)-282(that)-282(he)-281(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accustomed)-353(every)-352(day)-353(both)-352(to)-353(mount)-353(into)-352(heaven)-353(and)-352(descend)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-308(hell,)-322(that)-308(the)-308(end)-308(of)-307(the)-308(world)-308(was)-308(at)-308(hand,)-322(and)-308(that)-308(it)-307(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reserved)-236(for)-235(him)-236(to)-236(enter)-235(into)-236(single)-236(combat)-236(with)-235(Antichrist.)-245(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poor)-409(lunatic)-409(fell)-409(into)-408(the)-409(hands)-409(of)-409(the)-409(Archbishop)-409(of)-408(Toledo,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-273(was)-274(burnt)-273(alive.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 88.628 3.959 Td [(179)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.947 -3.959 Td [(In)-273(some)-274(cases)-273(the)-274(hallucination)-273(took)-273(the)]TJ -104.575 -13.549 Td [(form)-375(of)-376(an)-375(irregular)-375(inspiration.)-626(On)-376(this)-375(charge,)-407(Joan)-375(of)-375(Arc,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-374(another)-374(girl)-375(who)-374(had)-374(been)-374(fired)-375(by)-374(her)-374(example,)-405(and)-374(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(endeavoured,)-207(apparently)-197(under)-196(a)-196(genuine)-197(hallucination,)-207(to)-196(follow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-251(career,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 46.032 3.959 Td [(180)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.187 -3.959 Td [(were)-251(burnt)-250(alive.)-252(A)-250(famous)-251(Spanish)-250(physician)-251(and)]TJ -61.219 -13.549 Td [(scholar,)-492(named)-444(Torralba,)-492(who)-443(lived)-444(in)-443(the)-444(sixteenth)-443(century,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-408(who)-408(imagined)-408(that)-408(he)-408(had)-408(an)-408(attendant)-408(angel)-408(continually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(about)-314(him,)-330(escaped)-314(with)-313(public)-314(penance)-314(and)-314(confession;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 250.463 3.958 Td [(181)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.225 -3.958 Td [(but)]TJ -266.688 -13.55 Td [(a)-600(professor)-300(of)-300(theology)-300(in)-300(Lima,)-312(who)-300(laboured)-300(under)-300(the)-300(same)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([088])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(delusion,)-362(and)-340(added)-339(to)-340(it)-339(some)-340(wild)-340(notions)-339(about)-340(his)-339(spiritual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dignities,)-290(was)-282(less)-282(fortunate.)-347(He)-282(was)-282(burnt)-282(by)-282(the)-282(Inquisition)-282(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Peru.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 22.724 3.959 Td [(182)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.96 -3.959 Td [(Most)-189(commonly,)-202(however,)-201(the)-189(theological)-190(notions)-189(about)]TJ -37.684 -13.549 Td [(witchcraft)-258(either)-257(produced)-258(madness)-258(or)-257(determined)-258(its)-258(form,)-259(and,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 261.937 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F35 8.9664 Tf 58.727 253.086 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Venit)-293(de)-292(Anglia)-293(virgo)-293(decora)-292(valde,)-303(pariterque)-293(facunda,)-303(dicens,)-304(Spiritum)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(Sanctum)-629(incarnatum)-628(in)-629(redemptionem)-629(mulierum,)-723(et)-628(baptizavit)-629(mulieres)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-553(nomine)-554(Patris,)-629(Filii)-553(et)-553(sui.)-1160(Qu\346)-554(mortua)-553(ducta)-553(fuit)-554(in)-553(Mediolanum,)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(ibi)-460(et)-459(cremata.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 54.807 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Annales)-460(Dominicanorum)-459(Colmariensium)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 155.326 0 Td [(\050in)-460(the)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.163 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Rerum)]TJ -256.224 -10.959 Td [(Germanic.)-250(Scriptores)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 76.197 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -79.928 -7.311 Td [(179)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Martin)-174(Gon\347alez,)-189(du)-175(dioc\350se)-174(de)-174(Cuenca,)-189(disoit)-174(qu'il)-174(etoit)-174(fr\350re)-175(de)-174(l'archange)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(S.)-284(Michel,)-292(la)-284(premi\350re)-284(v\351rit\351)-284(et)-283(l'\351chelle)-284(du)-284(ciel;)-301(que)-284(c'\351toit)-283(pour)-284(lui)-284(que)-284(Dieu)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(r\351servoit)-451(la)-451(place)-451(que)-451(Lucifer)-451(avoit)-451(perdue;)-551(que)-451(tous)-451(les)-451(jours)-451(il)-451(s'\351levoit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(au)-376(plus)-376(haut)-376(de)-376(l'Empir\351e)-376(et)-376(descendoit)-376(ensuite)-376(au)-376(plus)-376(profond)-376(des)-376(enfers;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(qu'a)-414(la)-415(fin)-414(du)-415(monde,)-455(qui)-415(\351toit)-414(proche,)-456(il)-415(iroit)-414(au)-414(devant)-415(de)-414(l'Antichrist)-415(et)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(qu'il)-368(le)-369(terrasseroit,)-398(ayant)-368(\341)-368(sa)-369(main)-368(la)-368(croix)-369(de)-368(J\351sus-Christ)-368(et)-369(sa)-368(couronne)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(d'\351pines.)-528(L'archev\352que)-343(de)-343(Tol\350de,)-366(n'ayant)-343(pu)-343(convertir)-342(ce)-343(fanatique)-343(obstin\351,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ni)-394(l'emp\352cher)-394(de)-394(dogmatiser,)-430(l'avoit)-395(enfin)-394(livr\351)-394(au)-394(bras)-394(s\351culier.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 239.043 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Touron,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -251.991 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)-702(des)-401(Hommes)-400(illustres)-401(de)-401(l'ordre)-401(de)-400(St.)-702(Dominique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 213.888 0 Td [(,)-438(Paris,)-439(1745)-401(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 54.789 0 Td [(Vie)]TJ -268.678 -10.959 Td [(d'Eym\351ricus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.25 0 Td [(\051,)-250(tome)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(635.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -44 -7.311 Td [(180)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Calmeil,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(De)-250(la)-250(Folie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.842 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(134.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -85.427 -7.31 Td [(181)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(242-247.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(182)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Calmeil,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(247.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 390 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 391 0 R /Resources 389 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 393 0 R >> endobj 392 0 obj << /D [390 0 R /XYZ 54.888 328.486 null] >> endobj 389 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 396 0 obj << /Length 5416 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(88History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(through)-356(the)-357(influence)-356(of)-356(the)-357(clergy)-356(of)-356(the)-357(different)-356(sections)-356(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-247(Christian)-247(Church,)-247(many)-247(thousands)-247(of)-247(unhappy)-247(women,)-247(who,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-353(their)-353(age,)-379(their)-353(loneliness,)-379(and)-353(their)-353(infirmity,)-379(were)-353(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deserving)-327(of)-328(pity,)-346(were)-328(devoted)-327(to)-328(the)-327(hatred)-327(of)-328(mankind,)-346(and,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(having)-335(been)-335(tortured)-335(with)-335(horrible)-335(and)-335(ingenious)-335(cruelty,)-356(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-250(last)-250(burnt)-250(alive.)]TJ 11.956 -15.902 Td [(The)-377(existence,)-408(however,)-409(of)-377(some)-377(forms)-377(of)-377(natural)-376(madness)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(was)-383(generally)-383(admitted;)-450(but)-382(the)-383(measures)-383(for)-383(the)-383(relief)-383(of)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unhappy)-391(victims)-392(were)-391(very)-391(few,)-427(and)-391(very)-391(ill)-392(judged.)-673(Among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-394(ancients,)-430(they)-394(were)-394(brought)-394(to)-394(the)-394(temples,)-430(and)-393(subjected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-305(imposing)-304(ceremonies,)-318(which)-305(were)-304(believed)-305(supernaturally)-304(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relieve)-423(them,)-466(and)-423(which)-422(probably)-423(had)-423(a)-423(favourable)-422(influence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(through)-459(their)-459(action)-459(upon)-459(the)-459(imagination.)-877(The)-459(great)-458(Greek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physicians)-417(had)-418(devoted)-417(considerable)-417(attention)-418(to)-417(this)-417(malady,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-329(some)-329(of)-330(their)-329(precepts)-329(anticipated)-329(modern)-330(discoveries;)-368(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-409(lunatic)-410(asylum)-409(appears)-409(to)-409(have)-410(existed)-409(in)-409(antiquity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 251.15 3.959 Td [(183)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.393 -3.959 Td [(In)]TJ -271.543 -13.549 Td [(the)-253(first)-254(period)-253(of)-254(the)-253(hermit)-254(life,)-254(when)-254(many)-253(anchorites)-253(became)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(insane)-443(through)-443(their)-444(penances,)-491(a)-443(refuge)-444(is)-443(said)-443(to)-443(have)-443(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(opened)-441(for)-441(them)-441(at)-441(Jerusalem.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 139.514 3.959 Td [(184)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.429 -3.959 Td [(This)-441(appears,)-489(however,)-488(to)]TJ -160.943 -13.549 Td [(be)-400(a)-399(solitary)-400(instance,)-437(arising)-400(from)-400(the)-399(exigencies)-400(of)-400(a)-399(single)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class,)-308(and)-296(no)-297(lunatic)-296(asylum)-297(existed)-296(in)-296(Christian)-297(Europe)-296(till)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fifteenth)-356(century.)-569(The)-356(Mohammedans,)-383(in)-357(this)-356(form)-356(of)-356(charity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seem)-462(to)-462(have)-461(preceded)-462(the)-462(Christians.)-885(Benjamin)-462(of)-461(Tudela,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-383(visited)-383(Bagdad)-383(in)-383(the)-383(twelfth)-382(century,)-417(describes)-383(a)-382(palace)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-451(that)-450(city,)-501(called)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 90.201 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-451(House)-450(of)-451(Mercy,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 96.237 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.759 0 Td [(in)-451(which)-450(all)-451(mad)]TJ -201.041 -13.549 Td [(persons)-412(found)-412(in)-411(the)-412(country)-412(were)-411(confined)-412(and)-412(bound)-412(with)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([089])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(iron)-415(chains.)-744(They)-415(were)-414(carefully)-415(examined)-415(every)-415(month)-414(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(released)-348(as)-347(soon)-348(as)-348(they)-347(recovered.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 158 3.958 Td [(185)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.376 -3.958 Td [(The)-348(asylum)-347(of)-348(Cairo)-348(is)]TJ -176.376 -13.55 Td [(said)-221(to)-221(have)-220(been)-221(founded)-221(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.939 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-221(1304.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.68 3.959 Td [(186)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.074 -3.959 Td [(Leo)-221(Africanus)-221(notices)]TJ -184.93 -13.549 Td [(the)-421(existence)-421(of)-421(a)-421(similar)-421(institution)-421(at)-421(Fez,)-464(in)-421(the)-421(beginning)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 110.206 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 103.394 Td [(183)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Esquirol,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.059 0 Td [(Maladies)-250(mentales)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.49 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -129.256 -7.311 Td [(184)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Gibbon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.382 0 Td [(Decline)-250(and)-250(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.765 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(xxxvii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -103.854 -7.394 Td [(185)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Purchas's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.731 0 Td [(Pilgrims)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.889 0 Td [(,)-250(ii.)-250(1452.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -78.327 -7.311 Td [(186)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Desmaisons')]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 47.19 0 Td [(Asiles)-250(d'Ali\351n\351s)-250(en)-250(Espagne)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 100.288 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(53.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 395 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 396 0 R /Resources 394 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 393 0 R >> endobj 397 0 obj << /D [395 0 R /XYZ 374.173 177.092 null] >> endobj 394 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 400 0 obj << /Length 6083 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(89)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-431(the)-431(sixteenth)-430(century,)-476(and)-431(mentions)-431(that)-431(the)-431(patients)-430(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restrained)-381(by)-382(chains,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 92.843 3.959 Td [(187)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.97 -3.959 Td [(and)-381(it)-382(is)-381(probable)-381(that)-381(the)-382(care)-381(of)-381(the)]TJ -109.813 -13.549 Td [(insane)-245(was)-244(a)-245(general)-245(form)-245(of)-244(charity)-245(in)-245(Mohammedan)-244(countries.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Among)-278(the)-279(Christians)-278(it)-278(first)-278(appeared)-279(in)-278(quarters)-278(contiguous)-278(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-281(Mohammedans;)-295(but)-281(there)-280(is,)-289(I)-280(think,)-288(no)-281(real)-280(evidence)-281(that)-280(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-240(derived)-239(from)-240(Mohammedan)-239(example.)-247(The)-239(Knights)-240(of)-239(Malta)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-351(famous)-350(as)-351(the)-351(one)-350(order)-351(who)-351(admitted)-350(lunatics)-351(into)-350(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hospitals;)-515(but)-427(no)-427(Christian)-427(asylum)-427(expressly)-427(for)-427(their)-426(benefit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existed)-313(till)-312(1409.)-439(The)-312(honour)-313(of)-313(instituting)-312(this)-313(form)-313(of)-312(charity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-230(Christendom)-231(belongs)-230(to)-231(Spain.)-243(A)-230(monk)-231(named)-230(Juan)-230(Gilaberto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Joffre,)-383(filled)-356(with)-356(compassion)-356(at)-357(the)-356(sight)-356(of)-356(the)-356(maniacs)-356(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-263(hooted)-263(by)-263(crowds)-263(through)-263(the)-263(streets)-262(of)-263(Valencia,)-266(founded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-240(asylum)-240(in)-240(that)-241(city,)-242(and)-240(his)-240(example)-240(was)-240(speedily)-240(followed)-240(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-265(provinces.)-294(The)-264(new)-265(charity)-265(was)-264(introduced)-265(into)-264(Saragossa)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 10.618 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-195(1425,)-206(into)-196(Seville)-195(and)-195(Valladolid)-195(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 159.879 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-195(1436,)-206(into)-196(Toledo)]TJ -198.969 -13.549 Td [(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 11.122 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-241(1483.)-248(All)-241(these)-242(institutions)-241(existed)-242(before)-241(a)-242(single)-241(lunatic)]TJ -25.358 -13.549 Td [(asylum)-334(had)-333(been)-334(founded)-334(in)-333(any)-334(other)-334(part)-333(of)-334(Christendom.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(188)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Two)-219(other)-219(very)-218(honourable)-219(facts)-219(may)-219(be)-218(mentioned,)-225(establishing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-248(preeminence)-248(of)-247(Spanish)-248(charity)-248(in)-248(this)-247(field.)-250(The)-247(first)-248(is,)-248(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-334(oldest)-333(lunatic)-334(asylum)-333(in)-334(the)-334(metropolis)-333(of)-334(Catholicism)-333(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-317(erected)-317(by)-317(Spaniards,)-333(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 130.476 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-317(1548.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 30.729 3.959 Td [(189)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.371 -3.959 Td [(The)-317(second)-317(is,)-667(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 98.212 0 Td [([090])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(when,)-185(at)-170(the)-169(close)-169(of)-169(the)-169(last)-169(century,)-186(Pinel)-169(began)-169(his)-169(great)-169(labours)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-315(this)-314(sphere,)-331(he)-315(pronounced)-315(Spain)-314(to)-315(be)-314(the)-315(country)-315(in)-314(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lunatics)-250(were)-250(treated)-250(with)-250(most)-250(wisdom)-250(and)-250(most)-250(humanity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 262.713 3.959 Td [(190)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -250.757 -19.641 Td [(In)-249(most)-249(countries)-249(their)-249(condition)-249(was)-249(indeed)-249(truly)-249(deplorable.)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(While)-341(many)-341(thousands)-341(were)-340(burnt)-341(as)-341(witches,)-364(those)-341(who)-340(were)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 164.917 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 158.104 Td [(187)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Leo)-250(Africanus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.022 0 Td [(Description)-250(of)-250(Africa)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 76.214 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(iii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -143.942 -7.31 Td [(188)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(I)-363(have)-364(taken)-363(these)-363(facts)-364(from)-363(a)-364(very)-363(interesting)-363(little)-364(work,)-392(Desmaisons,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Des)-289(Asiles)-288(d'Ali\351n\351s)-289(en)-288(Espagne;)-308(Recherches)-289(historiques)-289(et)-288(m\351dicales)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 257.469 0 Td [(\050Paris,)]TJ -257.469 -10.959 Td [(1859\051.)-255(Dr.)-255(Desmaisons)-252(conjectures)-252(that)-251(the)-252(Spaniards)-252(took)-252(their)-251(asylums)-252(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-385(Mohammedans;)-451(but,)-419(as)-384(it)-385(seems)-384(to)-385(me,)-418(he)-385(altogether)-384(fails)-385(to)-384(prove)-385(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(point.)-247(His)-241(work,)-243(however,)-243(contains)-241(some)-241(curious)-241(information)-242(on)-241(the)-241(history)-241(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(lunatic)-250(asylums.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(189)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Amydemus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.827 0 Td [(Pietas)-250(Romana)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.784 0 Td [(\050Oxford,)-250(1687\051,)-250(p.)-250(21;)-250(Desmaisons,)-250(p.)-250(108.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -114.317 -7.311 Td [(190)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Pinel,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.918 0 Td [(Trait\351)-250(m\351dico-philosophique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 103.857 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(241,)-250(242.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 399 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 400 0 R /Resources 398 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 393 0 R >> endobj 401 0 obj << /D [399 0 R /XYZ 307.398 247.191 null] >> endobj 398 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 404 0 obj << /Length 4512 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(90History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(recognised)-365(as)-365(insane)-366(were)-365(compelled)-365(to)-365(endure)-365(all)-365(the)-365(horrors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-496(the)-496(harshest)-496(imprisonment.)-988(Blows,)-558(bleeding,)-557(and)-496(chains)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-299(their)-299(usual)-299(treatment,)-311(and)-299(horrible)-299(accounts)-299(were)-299(given)-299(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(madmen)-369(who)-369(had)-369(spent)-369(decades)-369(bound)-369(in)-369(dark)-369(cells.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 239.737 3.958 Td [(191)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.075 -3.958 Td [(Such)]TJ -258.812 -13.55 Td [(treatment)-435(naturally)-435(aggravated)-435(their)-435(malady,)-481(and)-435(that)-434(malady)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-299(many)-300(cases)-299(rendered)-299(impossible)-300(the)-299(resignation)-299(and)-299(ultimate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(torpor)-309(which)-309(alleviate)-309(the)-309(sufferings)-309(of)-309(ordinary)-309(prisoners.)-427(Not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(until)-359(the)-358(eighteenth)-359(century)-358(was)-358(the)-359(condition)-358(of)-359(this)-358(unhappy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-269(seriously)-269(improved.)-308(The)-269(combined)-269(progress)-269(of)-269(theological)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scepticism)-327(and)-326(scientific)-326(knowledge)-327(relegated)-326(witchcraft)-327(to)-326(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-356(of)-357(phantoms,)-383(and)-356(the)-356(exertions)-357(of)-356(Morgagni)-356(in)-357(Italy,)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Cullen)-282(in)-282(Scotland,)-291(and)-282(of)-282(Pinel)-282(in)-283(France,)-290(renovated)-282(the)-282(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(treatment)-250(of)-250(acknowledged)-250(lunatics.)]TJ 11.956 -18.626 Td [(The)-440(second)-440(qualification)-440(to)-440(the)-440(admiration)-440(with)-440(which)-440(we)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(regard)-248(the)-247(history)-248(of)-247(Christian)-248(charity)-248(arises)-247(from)-248(the)-247(undoubted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fact)-211(that)-210(a)-211(large)-210(proportion)-211(of)-211(charitable)-210(institutions)-211(have)-210(directly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(increased)-204(the)-205(poverty)-204(they)-204(were)-205(intended)-204(to)-204(relieve.)-235(The)-204(question)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-507(the)-508(utility)-507(and)-507(nature)-507(of)-508(charity)-507(is)-507(one)-508(which,)-571(since)-507(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-511(discoveries)-512(of)-511(political)-511(economy,)-577(has)-511(elicited)-511(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discussion,)-568(and)-505(in)-504(many)-505(cases,)-568(I)-505(think,)-568(much)-504(exaggeration.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(What)-482(political)-483(economy)-482(has)-482(effected)-482(on)-483(the)-482(subject)-482(may)-482(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(comprised)-467(under)-468(two)-467(heads.)-903(It)-467(has)-468(elucidated)-467(more)-467(clearly,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-394(in)-394(greater)-394(detail)-395(than)-394(had)-394(before)-394(been)-394(done,)-430(the)-394(effect)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provident)-352(self-interest)-351(in)-352(determining)-351(the)-703(welfare)-352(of)-351(societies,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([091])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-217(it)-216(has)-217(established)-217(a)-217(broad)-216(distinction)-217(between)-217(productive)-216(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unproductive)-332(expenditure.)-496(It)-332(has)-331(shown)-332(that,)-353(where)-332(idleness)-331(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supported,)-212(idleness)-202(will)-202(become)-202(common;)-218(that,)-211(where)-202(systematic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-269(provision)-270(is)-269(made)-270(for)-269(old)-270(age,)-274(the)-270(parsimony)-269(of)-269(foresight)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-467(be)-467(neglected;)-576(and)-467(that)-468(therefore)-467(these)-467(forms)-467(of)-467(charity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-297(encouraging)-296(habits)-297(of)-297(idleness)-296(and)-297(improvidence,)-308(ultimately)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(increase)-420(the)-421(wretchedness)-420(they)-420(were)-421(intended)-420(to)-420(alleviate.)-761(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-401(also)-401(shown)-401(that,)-439(while)-401(unproductive)-401(expenditure,)-438(such)-401(as)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(191)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)-250(dreadful)-250(description)-250(in)-250(Pinel,)-250(pp.)-250(200-202.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 403 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 404 0 R /Resources 402 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 393 0 R >> endobj 405 0 obj << /D [403 0 R /XYZ 280.577 201.467 null] >> endobj 402 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 408 0 obj << /Length 5116 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(91)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-316(which)-317(is)-316(devoted)-317(to)-316(amusements)-317(or)-316(luxury,)-333(is)-316(undoubtedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beneficial)-503(to)-502(those)-503(who)-502(provide)-503(it,)-565(the)-503(fruit)-502(perishes)-503(in)-502(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(usage;)-248(while)-248(productive)-247(expenditure,)-248(such)-247(as)-248(the)-247(manufacture)-247(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(machines,)-409(or)-378(the)-377(improvement)-378(of)-377(the)-378(soil,)-409(or)-378(the)-377(extension)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(commercial)-517(enterprise,)-583(gives)-517(a)-517(new)-517(impulse)-517(to)-517(the)-516(creation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-632(wealth.)-1398(It)-632(has)-632(proved)-633(that)-632(the)-632(first)-633(condition)-632(of)-632(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rapid)-408(accumulation)-408(of)-408(capital)-408(is)-408(the)-408(diversion)-408(of)-408(money)-408(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unproductive)-449(to)-450(productive)-449(channels,)-499(and)-449(that)-450(the)-449(amount)-449(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accumulated)-371(capital)-371(is)-372(one)-371(of)-371(the)-371(two)-371(regulating)-371(influences)-371(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-352(wages)-351(of)-352(the)-351(labourer.)-554(From)-352(these)-351(positions)-352(some)-351(persons)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-412(inferred)-412(that)-412(charity)-412(should)-412(be)-412(condemned)-412(as)-412(a)-412(form)-411(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unproductive)-386(expenditure.)-656(But,)-419(in)-386(the)-385(first)-386(place,)-419(all)-385(charities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-340(foster)-341(habits)-340(of)-340(forethought)-340(and)-341(develop)-340(new)-340(capacities)-340(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-216(poorer)-216(classes,)-223(such)-216(as)-216(popular)-216(education,)-223(or)-216(the)-216(formation)-216(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(savings)-259(banks,)-261(or)-259(insurance)-259(companies,)-261(or,)-261(in)-259(many)-259(cases,)-261(small)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-204(discriminating)-205(loans,)-213(or)-205(measures)-204(directed)-205(to)-204(the)-204(suppression)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-253(dissipation,)-254(are)-253(in)-253(the)-253(strictest)-253(sense)-254(productive;)-254(and)-253(the)-253(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-236(be)-237(said)-236(of)-237(many)-236(forms)-236(of)-237(employment,)-239(given)-236(in)-236(exceptional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crises)-194(through)-193(charitable)-194(motives;)-212(and,)-205(in)-194(the)-194(next)-193(place,)-205(it)-194(is)-193(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(necessary)-281(to)-281(remember)-280(that)-281(the)-281(happiness)-281(of)-280(mankind,)-289(to)-280(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-265(accumulation)-264(of)-265(wealth)-265(should)-264(only)-265(be)-265(regarded)-264(as)-265(a)-264(means,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-312(the)-312(real)-311(object)-312(of)-312(charity,)-327(and)-312(it)-311(will)-312(appear)-312(that)-312(many)-311(forms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-341(are)-342(not)-341(strictly)-342(productive,)-364(in)-341(the)-342(commercial)-341(sense,)-364(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-270(the)-271(highest)-270(degree)-270(conducive)-271(to)-270(this)-270(end,)-276(and)-270(have)-270(no)-270(serious)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(counteracting)-276(evil.)-328(In)-276(the)-276(alleviation)-276(of)-552(those)-276(sufferings)-276(that)-275(do)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([092])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(not)-323(spring)-323(either)-322(from)-323(improvidence)-323(or)-323(from)-323(vice,)-341(the)-322(warmest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-517(well)-517(as)-517(the)-518(most)-517(enlightened)-517(charity)-517(will)-517(find)-517(an)-517(ample)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sphere)-455(for)-454(its)-455(exertions.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 109.098 3.959 Td [(192)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.874 -3.959 Td [(Blindness,)-506(and)-454(other)-455(exceptional)]TJ -130.972 -13.549 Td [(calamities,)-379(against)-353(the)-353(effects)-353(of)-353(which)-353(prudence)-353(does)-352(not)-353(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(192)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Malthus,)-314(who)-301(is)-301(sometimes,)-314(though)-301(most)-301(unjustly,)-314(described)-301(as)-301(an)-301(enemy)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(to)-294(all)-294(charity,)-305(has)-293(devoted)-294(an)-294(admirable)-294(chapter)-294(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 178.296 0 Td [(On)-294(Population)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.447 0 Td [(,)-305(book)-294(iv.)-381(ch.)]TJ -231.743 -10.959 Td [(ix.\051)-249(to)-248(the)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 36.807 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(direction)-247(of)-248(our)-247(charity;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 85.344 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.199 0 Td [(but)-247(the)-248(fullest)-247(examination)-248(of)-247(this)-247(subject)]TJ -132.331 -10.959 Td [(with)-336(which)-336(I)-335(am)-336(acquainted)-336(is)-335(the)-336(very)-336(interesting)-336(work)-335(of)-336(Duch\342tel,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 258.19 0 Td [(Sur)-336(la)]TJ -258.19 -10.959 Td [(Charit\351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 27.402 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 407 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 408 0 R /Resources 406 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 393 0 R >> endobj 409 0 obj << /D [407 0 R /XYZ 221.433 192.994 null] >> endobj 406 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 412 0 obj << /Length 4774 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(92History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(cannot)-484(provide,)-543(the)-484(miseries)-484(resulting)-484(from)-484(epidemics,)-542(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war,)-448(from)-409(famine,)-448(from)-409(the)-408(first)-409(sudden)-408(collapse)-409(of)-408(industry,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(produced)-532(by)-531(new)-532(inventions)-531(or)-532(changes)-532(in)-531(the)-532(channels)-531(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commerce;)-413(hospitals,)-386(which,)-386(besides)-358(other)-359(advantages,)-386(are)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(greatest)-497(schools)-496(of)-497(medical)-497(science,)-558(and)-497(withdraw)-497(from)-496(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crowded)-299(alley)-300(multitudes)-299(who)-300(would)-299(otherwise)-300(form)-299(centres)-299(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contagion)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 43.026 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(these,)-283(and)-277(such)-277(as)-277(these,)-283(will)-277(long)-277(tax)-277(to)-277(the)-276(utmost)]TJ -53.935 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(generosity)-341(of)-341(the)-341(wealthy;)-387(while,)-363(even)-341(in)-341(the)-341(spheres)-341(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-285(the)-285(political)-286(economist)-285(looks)-285(with)-285(the)-285(most)-285(unfavourable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(eye,)-397(exceptional)-368(cases)-368(will)-368(justify)-368(exceptional)-368(assistance.)-603(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity)-284(which)-283(is)-284(pernicious)-284(is)-283(commonly)-284(not)-284(the)-283(highest)-284(but)-283(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lowest)-300(kind.)-399(The)-299(rich)-300(man,)-312(prodigal)-300(of)-299(money,)-312(which)-300(is)-300(to)-299(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-263(little)-262(value,)-266(but)-263(altogether)-263(incapable)-262(of)-263(devoting)-263(any)-262(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attention)-349(to)-349(the)-349(object)-349(of)-349(his)-349(alms,)-374(often)-349(injures)-349(society)-349(by)-349(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(donations;)-305(but)-287(this)-287(is)-286(rarely)-287(the)-287(case)-287(with)-286(that)-287(far)-287(nobler)-286(charity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-257(makes)-257(men)-256(familiar)-257(with)-257(the)-257(haunts)-256(of)-257(wretchedness,)-258(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(follows)-187(the)-188(object)-187(of)-188(its)-187(care)-188(through)-187(all)-188(the)-187(phases)-187(of)-188(his)-187(life.)-229(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(question)-263(of)-263(the)-263(utility)-263(of)-263(charity)-263(is)-263(merely)-263(a)-263(question)-263(of)-262(ultimate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consequences.)-259(Political)-253(economy)-253(has,)-254(no)-253(doubt,)-254(laid)-253(down)-253(some)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(general)-403(rules)-403(of)-402(great)-403(value)-403(on)-403(the)-403(subject;)-479(but)-403(yet)-403(the)-402(pages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-262(Cicero)-261(devoted)-262(to)-262(it)-261(nearly)-262(two)-262(thousand)-261(years)-262(ago)-261(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-355(been)-355(written)-354(by)-355(the)-355(most)-355(enlightened)-355(modern)-354(economist;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-236(it)-236(will)-237(be)-236(continually)-236(found)-236(that)-236(the)-236(Protestant)-237(lady,)-238(working)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-355(her)-356(parish,)-381(by)-356(the)-355(simple)-355(force)-356(of)-710(common)-356(sense)-355(and)-355(by)-355(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([093])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(scrupulous)-348(and)-348(minute)-348(attention)-348(to)-348(the)-348(condition)-348(and)-347(character)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-382(those)-381(whom)-382(she)-382(relieves,)-414(is)-382(unconsciously)-382(illustrating)-381(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perfect)-250(accuracy)-250(the)-250(enlightened)-250(charity)-250(of)-250(Malthus.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(But)-193(in)-192(order)-193(that)-193(charity)-193(should)-193(be)-192(useful,)-204(it)-193(is)-193(essential)-193(that)-192(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(benefit)-253(of)-252(the)-253(sufferer)-253(should)-253(be)-252(a)-253(real)-253(object)-252(to)-253(the)-253(donor;)-254(and)-252(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-267(large)-268(proportion)-267(of)-267(the)-268(evils)-267(that)-267(have)-268(arisen)-267(from)-267(Catholic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity)-443(may)-442(be)-443(traced)-443(to)-443(the)-442(absence)-443(of)-443(this)-442(condition.)-828(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-322(substitution)-323(of)-322(devotion)-323(for)-322(philanthropy,)-340(as)-323(the)-322(motive)-322(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(benevolence,)-291(gave)-283(so)-283(powerful)-283(a)-283(stimulus)-283(to)-282(the)-283(affections,)-291(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-251(may)-250(on)-251(the)-250(whole)-251(be)-250(regarded)-251(as)-250(a)-251(benefit,)-250(though,)-251(by)-250(making)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 411 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 412 0 R /Resources 410 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 393 0 R >> endobj 413 0 obj << /D [411 0 R /XYZ 261.476 206.544 null] >> endobj 410 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 416 0 obj << /Length 4974 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(93)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(compassion)-190(operate)-190(solely)-190(through)-190(a)-190(theological)-190(medium,)-202(it)-190(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(produced)-303(among)-302(theologians)-303(a)-303(more)-302(than)-303(common)-302(indifference)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-490(the)-489(sufferings)-490(of)-489(all)-490(who)-489(were)-490(external)-489(to)-490(their)-489(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(community.)-770(But)-424(the)-423(new)-423(principle)-424(speedily)-423(degenerated)-423(into)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-407(belief)-408(in)-407(the)-407(expiatory)-407(nature)-408(of)-407(the)-407(gifts.)-722(A)-407(form)-407(of)-407(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-497(be)-497(termed)-497(selfish)-497(charity)-497(arose,)-559(which)-497(acquired)-497(at)-497(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gigantic)-305(proportions,)-318(and)-304(exercised)-305(a)-304(most)-305(pernicious)-304(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-371(Christendom.)-614(Men)-371(gave)-372(money)-371(to)-371(the)-372(poor,)-401(simply)-371(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exclusively)-242(for)-243(their)-242(own)-242(spiritual)-242(benefit,)-244(and)-243(the)-242(welfare)-242(of)-242(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sufferer)-250(was)-250(altogether)-250(foreign)-250(to)-250(their)-250(thoughts.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 211.167 3.959 Td [(193)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -199.211 -21.214 Td [(The)-197(evil)-196(which)-197(thus)-196(arose)-197(from)-196(some)-197(forms)-196(of)-197(Catholic)-197(charit)1(y)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(may)-303(be)-303(traced)-302(from)-303(a)-303(very)-303(early)-302(period,)-316(but)-303(it)-303(only)-303(acquired)-302(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(full)-476(magnitude)-475(after)-476(some)-475(centuries.)-927(The)-475(Roman)-476(system)-475(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gratuitous)-203(distribution)-203(was,)-212(in)-203(the)-203(eyes)-203(of)-203(the)-203(political)-203(economist,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(about)-325(the)-324(worst)-325(that)-325(could)-325(be)-324(conceived,)-344(and)-324(the)-325(charity)-325(of)-324(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church)-300(being,)-312(in)-299(at)-300(least)-300(a)-299(measure,)-312(discriminating,)-312(was)-300(at)-299(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-288(very)-289(great,)-297(though)-289(even)-288(then)-288(not)-289(an)-288(unmingled,)-298(good.)-364(Labour)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-387(also)-387(not)-387(unfrequently)-386(enjoined)-774(as)-387(a)-387(duty)-387(by)-387(the)-386(Fathers,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([094])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-459(at)-459(a)-459(later)-459(period)-459(the)-459(services)-459(of)-459(the)-459(Benedictine)-459(monks,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-427(destroying)-426(by)-427(their)-426(example)-426(the)-427(stigma)-426(which)-427(slavery)-426(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(attached)-206(to)-206(it,)-215(were)-206(very)-206(great.)-235(Still,)-215(one)-206(of)-206(the)-206(first)-206(consequences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-228(the)-229(exuberant)-228(charity)-228(of)-228(the)-228(Church)-229(was)-228(to)-228(multiply)-228(impostors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-344(mendicants,)-368(and)-345(the)-344(idleness)-344(of)-345(the)-344(monks)-344(was)-345(one)-344(of)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(earliest)-247(complaints.)-249(Valentinian)-246(made)-247(a)-246(severe)-247(law,)-247(condemning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(robust)-426(beggars)-425(to)-426(perpetual)-425(slavery.)-777(As)-425(the)-426(monastic)-425(system)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-436(increased,)-483(and)-437(especially)-436(after)-436(the)-437(mendicant)-436(orders)-436(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consecrated)-287(mendicancy,)-295(the)-287(evil)-286(assumed)-287(gigantic)-286(dimensions.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Many)-165(thousands)-165(of)-165(strong)-165(men,)-182(absolutely)-165(without)-165(private)-165(means,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-369(in)-369(every)-369(country)-368(withdrawn)-369(from)-369(productive)-369(labour,)-398(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(193)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-278(is)-277(very)-278(tersely)-277(expressed)-278(by)-278(a)-277(great)-278(Protestant)-278(writer:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 212.896 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(I)-278(give)-277(no)-278(alms)]TJ -228.833 -10.959 Td [(to)-312(satisfy)-312(the)-312(hunger)-312(of)-312(my)-312(brother,)-328(but)-312(to)-312(fulfil)-312(and)-312(accomplish)-312(the)-312(will)-312(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(command)-291(of)-291(my)-291(God.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 79.801 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Sir)-291(T.)-291(Brown,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 52.751 0 Td [(Religio)-291(Medici)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.412 0 Td [(,)-301(part)-291(ii.)-373(\247)-291(2.)-373(A)-291(saying)]TJ -198.911 -10.959 Td [(almost)-395(exactly)-396(similar)-395(is,)-432(if)-395(I)-395(remember)-395(right,)-432(ascribed)-395(to)-396(St.)-686(Elizabeth)-395(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Hungary.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 415 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 416 0 R /Resources 414 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 418 0 R >> endobj 417 0 obj << /D [415 0 R /XYZ 209.669 284.133 null] >> endobj 414 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 421 0 obj << /Length 4584 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(94History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(supported)-377(by)-377(charity.)-630(The)-377(notion)-376(of)-377(the)-377(meritorious)-377(nature)-376(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simple)-157(almsgiving)-156(immeasurably)-157(multiplied)-157(beggars.)-219(The)-156(stigma,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-210(it)-210(is)-210(the)-210(highest)-210(interest)-210(of)-210(society)-210(to)-210(attach)-210(to)-210(mendicancy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-528(became)-528(a)-529(main)-528(object)-528(of)-528(theologians)-529(to)-528(remove.)-1084(Saints)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wandered)-422(through)-423(the)-422(world)-422(begging)-423(money,)-465(that)-422(they)-422(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(give)-295(t)1(o)-295(beggars,)-306(or)-294(depriving)-294(themselves)-295(of)-294(their)-295(garments,)-305(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-260(might)-261(clothe)-260(the)-261(naked,)-263(and)-260(the)-261(result)-260(of)-261(their)-260(teaching)-260(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(speedily)-288(apparent.)-364(In)-288(all)-288(Catholic)-288(countries)-288(where)-287(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influences)-557(have)-558(been)-557(permitted)-558(to)-557(develop)-557(unmolested,)-634(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monastic)-312(organisations)-313(have)-312(proved)-313(a)-312(deadly)-312(canker,)-328(corroding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-522(prosperity)-522(of)-522(the)-522(nation.)-1066(Withdrawing)-522(multitudes)-522(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-339(production,)-361(encouraging)-338(a)-339(blind)-339(and)-339(pernicious)-338(almsgiving,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diffusing)-489(habits)-489(of)-489(improvidence)-489(through)-489(the)-489(poorer)-488(classes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fostering)-497(an)-496(ignorant)-496(admiration)-497(for)-496(saintly)-497(poverty,)-558(and)-496(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(equally)-245(ignorant)-245(antipathy)-245(to)-244(the)-245(habits)-245(and)-245(aims)-245(of)-245(an)-244(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilisation,)-611(they)-538(have)-538(paralysed)-539(all)-538(energy,)-611(and)-538(proved)-538(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(insuperable)-304(barrier)-303(to)-304(material)-304(progress.)-411(The)-303(poverty)-304(they)-303(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relieved)-320(has)-321(been)-320(insignificant)-320(compared)-321(with)-320(the)-320(poverty)-320(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-212(caused.)-238(In)-212(no)-212(case)-213(was)-212(the)-212(abolition)-213(of)-212(monasteries)-212(effected)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-288(a)-287(more)-288(indefensible)-288(manner)-287(than)-288(in)-288(England;)-306(but)-288(the)-287(transfer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-497(property,)-560(that)-497(was)-497(once)-498(employed)-497(in)-497(a)-498(great)-497(measure)-497(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-254(to)-253(the)-253(courtiers)-253(of)-253(King)-253(Henry,)-253(was)-253(ultimately)-506(a)-253(benefit)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([095])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(to)-377(the)-378(English)-377(poor;)-441(for)-377(no)-377(misapplication)-378(of)-377(this)-377(property)-377(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(private)-353(persons)-352(could)-353(produce)-353(as)-353(much)-352(evil)-353(as)-353(an)-352(unrestrained)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monasticism.)-410(The)-303(value)-303(of)-303(Catholic)-304(services)-303(in)-303(alleviating)-303(pain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-324(sickness,)-342(and)-324(the)-324(more)-324(exceptional)-324(forms)-324(of)-324(suffering,)-342(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(never)-227(be)-226(overrated.)-243(The)-226(noble)-227(heroism)-227(of)-227(her)-226(servants,)-232(who)-226(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devoted)-228(themselves)-229(to)-228(charity,)-233(has)-228(never)-228(been)-229(surpassed,)-232(and)-228(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perfection)-228(of)-229(their)-228(organisation)-228(has,)-233(I)-228(think,)-233(never)-228(been)-228(equalled;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-260(in)-259(the)-260(sphere)-260(of)-260(simple)-259(poverty)-260(it)-260(can)-259(hardly)-260(be)-260(doubted)-259(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(Catholic)-250(Church)-250(has)-250(created)-250(more)-250(misery)-250(than)-250(it)-250(has)-250(cured.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(Still,)-589(even)-522(in)-522(this)-521(field,)-590(we)-521(must)-522(not)-521(forget)-522(the)-521(benefits)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(resulting,)-312(if)-300(not)-300(to)-300(the)-300(sufferer,)-312(at)-300(least)-299(to)-300(the)-300(donor.)-399(Charitable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habits,)-581(even)-515(when)-515(formed)-515(in)-515(the)-515(first)-515(instance)-515(from)-514(selfish)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 420 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 421 0 R /Resources 419 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 418 0 R >> endobj 422 0 obj << /D [420 0 R /XYZ 333.515 233.642 null] >> endobj 419 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 425 0 obj << /Length 4978 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(95)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(motives,)-303(even)-292(when)-293(so)-292(misdirected)-293(as)-292(to)-293(be)-292(positively)-292(injurious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-291(the)-292(recipient,)-302(rarely)-291(fail)-291(to)-292(exercise)-291(a)-292(softening)-291(and)-291(purifying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-407(on)-408(the)-407(character.)-722(All)-407(through)-408(the)-407(darkest)-407(period)-407(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-300(middle)-301(ages,)-313(amid)-300(ferocity)-300(and)-301(fanaticism)-300(and)-301(brutality,)-312(we)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(may)-335(trace)-335(the)-335(subduing)-335(influence)-335(of)-334(Catholic)-335(charity,)-356(blending)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strangely)-384(with)-383(every)-384(excess)-383(of)-384(violence)-384(and)-383(every)-384(outburst)-383(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persecution.)-570(It)-357(would)-356(be)-357(difficult)-357(to)-356(conceive)-357(a)-357(more)-356(frightful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(picture)-390(of)-389(society)-390(than)-389(is)-390(presented)-389(by)-390(the)-389(history)-390(of)-389(Gregory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-295(Tours;)-316(but)-295(that)-294(long)-295(series)-294(of)-295(atrocious)-294(crimes,)-306(narrated)-294(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-273(almost)-274(appalling)-273(tranquillity,)-279(is)-274(continually)-273(interspersed)-273(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accounts)-313(of)-313(kings,)-329(queens,)-328(or)-313(prelates,)-329(who,)-329(in)-313(the)-313(midst)-313(of)-312(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disorganised)-253(society,)-255(made)-253(the)-253(relief)-254(of)-253(the)-253(poor)-254(the)-253(main)-253(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-424(their)-424(lives.)-772(No)-424(period)-424(of)-424(history)-424(exhibits)-424(a)-424(larger)-424(amount)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-484(cruelty,)-543(licentiousness,)-542(and)-484(fanaticism)-484(than)-484(the)-484(Crusades;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-481(side)-480(by)-481(side)-480(with)-481(the)-481(military)-480(enthusiasm,)-538(and)-481(with)-480(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-254(universal)-254(corruption,)-256(there)-254(expanded)-254(a)-254(vast)-254(movement)-254(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-264(which)-260(covered)-261(Christendom)-261(with)-261(hospitals)-261(for)-261(the)-260(relief)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-240(leprosy,)-241(and)-240(which)-239(grappled)-240(nobly,)-241(though)-240(ineffectually,)-241(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-445(many)-445(forms)-445(of)-445(suffering)-445(that)-445(were)-445(generated.)-835(St.)-835(Peter)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Nolasco,)-314(whose)-301(great)-301(labours)-302(in)-301(ransoming)-301(captive)-301(Christians)-301(I)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-254(already)-253(noticed,)-255(was)-253(an)-254(active)-253(participator)-507(in)-254(the)-253(atrocious)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([096])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(massacre)-378(of)-377(the)-378(Albigenses.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.969 3.959 Td [(194)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.361 -3.959 Td [(Of)-378(Shane)-377(O'Neale,)-410(one)-378(of)-378(the)]TJ -145.33 -13.549 Td [(ablest,)-357(but)-335(also)-335(one)-335(of)-335(the)-335(most)-336(ferocious,)-356(Irish)-335(chieftains)-335(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ever)-403(defied)-403(the)-403(Engl)1(ish)-403(power,)-441(it)-403(is)-403(related,)-441(amid)-403(a)-403(crowd)-402(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(crimes,)-333(that,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 58.173 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(sitting)-317(at)-316(meat,)-333(before)-317(he)-317(put)-316(one)-317(morsel)-316(into)-317(his)]TJ -63.016 -13.549 Td [(mouth)-284(he)-285(used)-284(to)-285(slice)-284(a)-284(portion)-285(above)-284(the)-285(daily)-284(alms,)-293(and)-284(send)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-288(to)-288(some)-288(beggar)-288(at)-288(his)-288(gate,)-298(saying)-288(it)-288(was)-288(meet)-288(to)-288(serve)-288(Christ)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 20.302 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(195)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -13.19 -17.779 Td [(The)-184(great)-183(evils)-184(produced)-183(by)-184(the)-183(encouragement)-184(of)-183(mendicancy)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(which)-231(has)-231(always)-232(accompanied)-231(the)-231(uncontrolled)-231(development)-231(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholicity,)-448(have)-409(naturally)-409(given)-409(rise)-408(to)-409(much)-409(discussion)-408(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(legislation.)-734(The)-411(fierce)-411(denunciations)-412(of)-411(the)-411(mendicant)-411(orders)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 87.967 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.154 Td [(194)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Butler's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.948 0 Td [(Lives)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Saints)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.508 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -122.162 -7.394 Td [(195)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Campion's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.223 0 Td [(Historie)-250(of)-250(Ireland)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.248 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(ii.)-250(chap.)-250(x.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 424 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 425 0 R /Resources 423 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 418 0 R >> endobj 426 0 obj << /D [424 0 R /XYZ 257.292 247.191 null] >> endobj 423 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 429 0 obj << /Length 5948 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(96History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(by)-319(William)-318(of)-319(St.)-456(Amour)-319(in)-319(the)-319(thirteenth)-318(century)-319(were)-319(not)-318(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(account)-354(of)-355(their)-354(encouragement)-354(of)-354(mischievous)-355(charity;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 249.802 3.959 Td [(196)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.886 -3.959 Td [(but)]TJ -266.688 -13.549 Td [(one)-350(of)-350(the)-350(disciples)-350(of)-350(Wycliffe,)-375(named)-350(Nicholas)-350(of)-350(Hereford,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-452(conspicuous)-451(for)-452(his)-452(opposition)-451(to)-452(indiscriminate)-452(gifts)-451(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(beggars;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 36.96 3.959 Td [(197)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.189 -3.959 Td [(and)-312(a)-311(few)-312(measures)-311(of)-312(an)-312(extended)-311(order)-312(appear)-311(to)]TJ -53.149 -13.549 Td [(have)-401(been)-400(taken)-401(even)-400(before)-401(the)-401(Reformation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 210.704 3.959 Td [(198)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.109 -3.959 Td [(In)-401(England)]TJ -230.813 -13.549 Td [(laws)-349(of)-350(the)-349(most)-350(savage)-349(cruelty)-350(were)-349(then)-349(passed,)-375(in)-349(hopes)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eradicating)-395(mendicancy.)-686(A)-395(parliament)-395(of)-396(Henry)-395(VIII.,)-431(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-437(suppression)-437(of)-436(the)-437(monasteries,)-483(issued)-437(a)-437(law)-437(providing)-436(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(system)-253(of)-254(organised)-253(charity,)-254(and)-253(imposing)-253(on)-254(any)-253(one)-253(who)-253(gave)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anything)-387(to)-387(a)-388(beggar)-387(a)-387(fine)-387(of)-387(ten)-388(times)-387(the)-387(value)-387(of)-387(his)-387(gift.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-303(sturdy)-304(beggar)-303(was)-304(to)-303(be)-304(punished)-303(with)-304(whipping)-303(for)-304(the)-303(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offence,)-319(with)-305(whipping)-305(and)-305(the)-305(loss)-305(of)-305(the)-305(tip)-305(of)-305(his)-305(ear)-304(for)-305(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(second)-656(and)-328(with)-328(death)-328(for)-328(the)-328(third.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 163.502 3.958 Td [(199)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.732 -3.958 Td [(Under)-328(Edward)-328(VI.,)-347(an)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -253.989 0 Td [([097])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(atrocious)-294(law,)-304(which,)-305(however,)-304(was)-294(repealed)-294(in)-293(the)-294(same)-293(reign,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enacted)-262(that)-262(every)-262(sturdy)-262(beggar)-262(who)-262(refused)-262(to)-262(work)-262(should)-261(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(branded,)-430(and)-394(adjudged)-394(for)-394(two)-394(years)-394(as)-394(a)-394(slave)-394(to)-394(the)-393(person)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-314(gave)-314(information)-314(against)-313(him;)-346(and)-314(if)-314(he)-314(took)-314(flight)-313(during)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-313(period)-313(of)-314(servitude,)-328(he)-314(was)-313(condemned)-313(for)-313(the)-313(first)-313(offence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-378(perpetual)-377(slavery,)-410(and)-377(for)-378(the)-378(second)-377(to)-378(death.)-633(The)-377(master)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-285(authorised)-284(to)-285(put)-285(a)-284(ring)-285(of)-285(iron)-284(round)-285(the)-285(neck)-284(of)-285(his)-284(slave,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-454(chain)-453(him,)-505(and)-454(to)-453(scourge)-454(him.)-861(Any)-453(one)-454(might)-454(take)-453(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(children)-378(of)-378(a)-378(sturdy)-379(beggar)-378(for)-378(apprentices,)-410(till)-378(the)-378(boys)-378(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(twenty-four)-351(and)-350(the)-351(girls)-351(twenty.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 147.706 3.959 Td [(200)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.475 -3.959 Td [(Another)-351(law,)-376(made)-350(under)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.954 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 191.142 Td [(196)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(He)-343(wrote)-343(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.557 0 Td [(Perils)-343(of)-343(the)-342(Last)-343(Times)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 91.593 0 Td [(in)-343(the)-343(interest)-342(of)-343(the)-343(University)-343(of)]TJ -154.106 -10.959 Td [(Paris,)-291(of)-282(which)-283(he)-282(was)-283(a)-282(Professor,)-291(and)-282(which)-283(was)-282(at)-283(war)-282(with)-283(the)-282(mendicant)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(orders.)-475(See)-325(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 81.177 0 Td [(Latin)-325(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.701 0 Td [(,)-344(vol.)-474(vi.)-475(pp.)-475(348-356;)-362(Fleury,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 116.577 0 Td [(Eccl.)]TJ -262.455 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.431 0 Td [(lxxxiv.)-250(57.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -19.182 -7.31 Td [(197)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Henry)-250(de)-250(Knyghton,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 75.703 0 Td [(De)-250(Eventibus)-250(Angli\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.712 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -163.122 -7.311 Td [(198)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(There)-224(was)-225(some)-224(severe)-225(legislation)-224(in)-224(England)-225(on)-224(the)-224(subject)-225(after)-224(the)-225(Black)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Death.)-366(Eden's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.047 0 Td [(History)-289(of)-288(the)-289(Working)-288(Classes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 113.462 0 Td [(,)-298(vol.)-366(i.)-365(p.)-366(34.)-366(In)-288(France,)-298(too,)-299(a)]TJ -166.509 -10.959 Td [(royal)-225(ordinance)-224(of)-225(1350)-224(ordered)-225(men)-225(who)-224(had)-225(been)-224(convicted)-225(of)-224(begging)-225(three)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(times)-324(to)-324(be)-325(branded)-324(with)-324(a)-324(hot)-324(iron.)-473(Monteil,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 170.117 0 Td [(Hist.)-473(des)-324(Fran\347ais)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.662 0 Td [(,)-343(tome)-324(i.)-473(p.)]TJ -238.779 -10.959 Td [(434.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(199)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Eden,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(83-87.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(200)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(pp.)-250(101-103.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 428 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 429 0 R /Resources 427 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 418 0 R >> endobj 430 0 obj << /D [428 0 R /XYZ 127.416 342.036 null] >> endobj 427 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 433 0 obj << /Length 5834 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(97)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Elizabeth,)-281(punished)-275(with)-275(death)-275(any)-275(strong)-275(man)-275(under)-275(the)-275(age)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eighteen)-346(who)-346(was)-345(convicted)-346(for)-346(the)-346(third)-345(time)-346(of)-346(begging;)-393(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-367(penalty)-368(in)-367(this)-368(reign)-367(was)-368(afterwards)-367(reduced)-368(to)-367(a)-367(life-long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(service)-287(in)-287(the)-286(galleys,)-296(or)-287(to)-287(banishment,)-296(with)-286(a)-287(penalty)-287(of)-286(death)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-324(the)-323(returned)-324(convict.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 103.606 3.959 Td [(201)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.593 -3.959 Td [(Under)-324(the)-323(same)-324(queen)-324(the)-324(poor-law)]TJ -121.199 -13.549 Td [(system)-450(was)-450(elaborated,)-501(and)-450(Malthus)-450(long)-450(afterwards)-450(showed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-390(its)-390(effects)-389(in)-390(discouraging)-390(parsimony)-390(rendered)-390(it)-389(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(less)-522(pernicious)-521(than)-522(the)-521(monastic)-522(system)-521(that)-522(had)-521(preceded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)-696(In)-398(many)-399(Catholic)-399(countries,)-435(severe,)-436(though)-399(less)-398(atrocious,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(measures)-411(were)-412(taken)-411(to)-412(grapple)-411(with)-411(the)-412(evil)-411(of)-411(mendicancy.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(That)-322(shrewd)-321(and)-322(sagacious)-322(pontiff,)-339(Sixtus)-322(V.,)-339(who,)-340(though)-321(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-438(greatest)-438(man,)-484(was)-438(by)-438(far)-437(the)-438(greatest)-438(statesman)-438(who)-437(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ever)-259(sat)-259(on)-259(the)-259(papal)-259(throne,)-261(made)-259(praiseworthy)-259(efforts)-259(to)-259(check)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-377(at)-377(Rome,)-409(where)-377(ecclesiastical)-377(influence)-377(had)-377(always)-376(made)-377(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(peculiarly)-422(prevalent.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 91.553 3.959 Td [(202)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.822 -3.959 Td [(Charles)-422(V.,)-466(in)-422(1531,)-466(issued)-422(a)-422(severe)]TJ -112.375 -13.549 Td [(enactment)-226(against)-226(beggars)-226(in)-226(the)-226(Netherlands,)-231(but)-226(excepted)-226(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-457(operation)-457(mendicant)-457(friars)-457(and)-458(pilgrims.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 199.762 3.959 Td [(203)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.958 -3.959 Td [(Under)-457(Lewis)]TJ -221.72 -13.549 Td [(XIV.,)-240(equally)-237(severe)-238(measures)-237(were)-238(taken)-237(in)-237(France.)-246(But)-237(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-373(practical)-372(evil)-372(was)-373(fully)-372(felt,)-404(there)-372(was)-373(li)1(ttle)-745(philosophical)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([098])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(investigation)-298(of)-298(its)-298(causes)-298(before)-298(the)-298(eighteenth)-298(century.)-393(Locke)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-446(England,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 52.443 3.959 Td [(204)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.857 -3.959 Td [(and)-446(Berkeley)-447(in)-446(Ireland,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.849 3.959 Td [(205)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.857 -3.959 Td [(briefly)-446(glanced)-447(at)]TJ -200.006 -13.549 Td [(the)-447(subject;)-545(and)-446(in)-447(1704)-447(Defoe)-446(published)-447(a)-447(very)-446(remarkable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tract,)-267(called,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 56.721 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Giving)-264(Alms)-263(no)-264(Charity,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 108.94 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.721 0 Td [(in)-264(which)-264(he)-263(noticed)-264(the)]TJ -178.226 -13.549 Td [(extent)-342(to)-341(which)-342(mendicancy)-341(existed)-342(in)-341(England,)-365(though)-341(wages)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-399(higher)-399(than)-400(in)-399(any)-399(Continental)-399(country.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 205.19 3.959 Td [(206)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.063 -3.959 Td [(A)-399(still)-399(more)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 176.281 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 169.468 Td [(201)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(pp.)-250(127-130.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(202)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Morighini,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.85 0 Td [(Institutions)-250(pieuses)-250(de)-250(Rome)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 102.361 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -154.917 -7.311 Td [(203)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Eden,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Labouring)-250(Classes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 119.064 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(83.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -153.679 -7.31 Td [(204)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Locke)-359(discussed)-358(the)-359(great)-359(increase)-359(of)-358(poverty,)-386(and)-359(a)-359(bill)-358(was)-359(brought)-359(in)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(suggesting)-250(some)-250(remedies,)-250(but)-250(did)-250(not)-250(pass.)-250(\050Eden,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(243-248.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(205)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(In)-250(a)-250(very)-250(forcible)-250(letter)-250(addressed)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Irish)-250(Catholic)-250(clergy.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(206)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-200(tract,)-210(which)-199(is)-200(extremely)-200(valuable)-199(for)-200(the)-200(light)-200(it)-199(throws)-200(upon)-200(the)-200(social)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(condition)-272(of)-273(England)-272(at)-273(the)-272(time,)-279(was)-272(written)-272(in)-273(opposition)-272(to)-273(a)-272(bill)-273(providing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-262(the)-262(poor)-261(in)-262(the)-262(poor-houses)-262(should)-261(do)-262(wool,)-265(hemp,)-265(iron,)-264(and)-262(other)-262(works.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Defoe)-208(says)-208(that)-209(wages)-208(in)-208(England)-208(were)-209(higher)-208(than)-208(anywhere)-208(on)-209(the)-208(Continent,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 432 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 433 0 R /Resources 431 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 418 0 R >> endobj 434 0 obj << /D [432 0 R /XYZ 264.549 274.29 null] >> endobj 431 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 437 0 obj << /Length 5955 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(98History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(remarkable)-369(book,)-398(written)-369(by)-368(an)-369(author)-369(named)-368(Ricci,)-398(appeared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-446(Modena)-446(in)-445(1787,)-495(and)-446(excited)-445(considerable)-446(attention.)-837(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(author)-403(pointed)-404(out)-403(with)-404(much)-403(force)-404(the)-403(gigantic)-403(development)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-320(mendicancy)-320(in)-319(Italy,)-338(traced)-320(it)-319(to)-320(the)-320(excessive)-320(charity)-320(of)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(people,)-243(and)-240(appears)-241(to)-240(have)-241(regarded)-240(as)-241(an)-241(evil)-240(all)-241(charity)-240(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sprang)-217(from)-216(religious)-217(motives)-217(and)-217(was)-216(greater)-217(than)-217(would)-216(spring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-198(the)-197(unaided)-197(instincts)-198(of)-197(men.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 146.819 3.959 Td [(207)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.99 -3.959 Td [(The)-197(freethinker)-198(Mandeville)]TJ -161.809 -13.549 Td [(had)-317(long)-317(before)-316(assailed)-317(charity)-317(schools,)-333(and)-317(the)-317(whole)-316(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-331(endeavouring)-332(to)-331(elevate)-331(the)-332(poor,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 161.974 3.958 Td [(208)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.289 -3.958 Td [(and)-331(Magdalen)-332(asylums)]TJ -178.263 -13.55 Td [(and)-305(foundling)-305(hospitals)-304(have)-305(had)-305(fierce,)-318(though)-305(I)-305(believe)-304(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mistaken,)-488(adversaries.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 99.243 3.959 Td [(209)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.419 -3.959 Td [(The)-441(reforms)-440(of)-441(the)-440(poor-laws,)-489(and)]TJ -120.662 -13.549 Td [(the)-339(writings)-679(of)-339(Malthus,)-361(gave)-339(a)-340(new)-339(impulse)-339(to)-339(discussion)-339(on)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([099])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(subject;)-447(but,)-415(with)-382(the)-382(qualifications)-382(I)-381(have)-382(stated,)-415(no)-381(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discoveries)-412(have,)-451(I)-412(conceive,)-452(thrown)-411(any)-412(just)-411(cloud)-412(upon)-411(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(essential)-250(principle)-250(of)-250(Christian)-250(charity.)]TJ 11.955 -14.818 Td [(The)-274(last)-273(method)-274(by)-274(which)-274(Christianity)-273(has)-274(laboured)-274(to)-274(soften)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(the)-291(characters)-291(of)-291(men)-291(has)-291(been)-291(by)-291(accustoming)-291(the)-290(imagination)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-201(expatiate)-202(continually)-201(upon)-201(images)-201(of)-202(tenderness)-201(and)-201(of)-201(pathos.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Our)-323(imaginations,)-342(though)-323(less)-324(influential)-323(than)-323(our)-323(occupations,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 261.776 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 252.926 Td [(though)-303(the)-304(amount)-303(of)-303(mendicancy)-303(was)-303(enormous.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 185.094 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-303(reason)-303(why)-304(so)-303(many)]TJ -189.075 -10.959 Td [(pretend)-229(to)-229(want)-230(work)-229(is,)-233(that)-229(they)-230(can)-229(live)-229(so)-229(well)-229(with)-229(the)-230(pretence)-229(of)-229(wanting)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(work....)-857(I)-452(affirm)-452(of)-452(my)-452(own)-452(knowledge,)-503(when)-452(I)-452(have)-452(wanted)-453(a)-452(man)-452(for)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(labouring)-272(work,)-278(and)-273(offered)-272(nine)-272(shillings)-273(per)-272(week)-273(to)-272(strolling)-272(fellows)-273(at)-272(my)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(door,)-240(they)-236(have)-237(frequently)-237(told)-237(me)-237(to)-237(my)-237(face)-237(they)-236(could)-237(get)-237(more)-237(a-begging.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -276.4 -7.311 Td [(207)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Reforma)-491(degl')-491(Instituti)-491(pii)-490(di)-491(Modena)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 148.377 0 Td [(\050published)-491(first)-491(anonymously)-491(at)]TJ -160.332 -10.959 Td [(Modena\051.)-250(It)-250(has)-250(been)-250(reprinted)-250(in)-250(the)-250(library)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Italian)-250(economists.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(208)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Essay)-250(on)-250(Charity)-250(Schools.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(209)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Magdalen)-457(asylums)-456(have)-457(been)-456(very)-457(vehemently)-456(assailed)-457(by)-456(M.)-457(Charles)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Comte,)-396(in)-367(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.72 0 Td [(Trait\351)-367(de)-366(L\351gislation)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.32 0 Td [(.)-600(On)-367(the)-366(subject)-367(of)-367(Foundling)-366(Hospitals)]TJ -131.04 -10.959 Td [(there)-342(is)-342(a)-342(whole)-342(literature.)-526(They)-342(were)-341(violently)-342(attacked)-342(by,)-365(I)-342(believe,)-365(Lord)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Brougham,)-278(in)-273(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 65.419 0 Td [(Edinburgh)-273(Review)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 66.698 0 Td [(,)-278(in)-273(the)-273(early)-273(part)-273(of)-272(this)-273(century.)-318(Writers)]TJ -132.117 -10.958 Td [(of)-390(this)-390(stamp,)-424(and)-390(indeed)-390(most)-390(political)-390(economists,)-424(greatly)-390(exaggerate)-390(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(forethought)-312(of)-311(men)-312(and)-311(women,)-327(especially)-312(in)-312(matters)-311(where)-312(the)-311(passions)-312(are)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(concerned.)-224(It)-173(may)-172(be)-173(questioned)-173(whether)-172(one)-173(woman)-172(in)-173(a)-172(hundred,)-188(who)-173(plunges)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(into)-340(a)-340(career)-340(of)-340(vice,)-363(is)-340(in)-340(the)-340(smallest)-341(degree)-340(influenced)-340(by)-340(a)-340(consideration)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-322(whether)-321(or)-322(not)-321(charitable)-322(institutions)-322(are)-321(provided)-322(for)-321(the)-322(support)-321(of)-322(aged)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(penitents.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 436 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 437 0 R /Resources 435 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 418 0 R >> endobj 438 0 obj << /D [436 0 R /XYZ 150.035 369.134 null] >> endobj 435 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 441 0 obj << /Length 4634 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-5365(99)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(probably)-550(affect)-550(our)-549(moral)-550(characters)-550(more)-550(deeply)-550(than)-549(our)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judgments,)-306(and,)-306(in)-294(the)-295(case)-294(of)-295(the)-295(poorer)-294(classes)-295(especially,)-305(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cultivation)-209(of)-209(this)-209(part)-208(of)-209(our)-209(nature)-209(is)-209(of)-209(inestimable)-208(importance.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Rooted,)-381(for)-354(the)-354(most)-355(part,)-380(during)-354(their)-355(entire)-354(lives,)-381(to)-354(a)-354(single)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(spot,)-331(excluded)-315(by)-315(their)-315(ignorance)-315(and)-315(their)-315(circumstances)-314(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-539(of)-540(the)-539(varieties)-539(of)-540(interest)-539(that)-539(animate)-540(the)-539(minds)-539(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-453(men,)-504(condemned)-454(to)-453(constant)-453(and)-453(plodding)-453(labour,)-504(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(engrossed)-238(for)-238(ever)-238(with)-239(the)-238(minute)-238(cares)-238(of)-238(an)-238(immediate)-238(and)-238(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anxious)-226(present,)-231(their)-226(whole)-226(natures)-226(would)-226(have)-226(been)-225(hopelessly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(contracted,)-483(were)-436(there)-436(no)-436(sphere)-436(in)-436(which)-436(their)-436(imaginations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-282(expand.)-346(Religion)-282(is)-281(the)-282(one)-282(romance)-282(of)-282(the)-282(poor.)-346(It)-281(alone)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extends)-206(the)-207(narrow)-206(horizon)-207(of)-206(their)-207(thoughts,)-215(supplies)-206(the)-206(images)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-327(their)-326(dreams,)-346(allures)-326(them)-327(to)-326(the)-327(supersensual)-326(and)-327(the)-326(ideal.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-303(graceful)-304(beings)-303(with)-304(which)-303(the)-303(creative)-304(fancy)-303(of)-303(Paganism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(peopled)-385(the)-386(universe)-385(shed)-385(a)-386(poetic)-385(glow)-385(on)-386(the)-385(peasant's)-385(toil.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Every)-313(stage)-313(of)-313(agriculture)-313(was)-313(presided)-313(over)-313(by)-314(a)-313(divinity,)-328(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-359(world)-359(grew)-359(bright)-360(by)-359(the)-359(companionship)-359(of)-359(the)-359(gods.)-577(But)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-301(is)-301(the)-301(peculiarity)-301(of)-301(the)-302(Christian)-301(types,)-313(that,)-314(while)-301(they)-301(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fascinated)-220(the)-220(imagination,)-227(they)-220(have)-220(also)-220(purified)-220(the)-220(heart.)-240(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tender,)-400(winning,)-401(and)-370(almost)-371(feminine)-370(beauty)-370(of)-371(the)-370(Christian)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([100])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Founder,)-415(the)-383(Virgin)-382(mother,)-415(the)-382(agonies)-383(of)-382(Gethsemane)-382(or)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Calvary,)-348(the)-329(many)-329(scenes)-329(of)-328(compassion)-329(and)-329(suffering)-329(that)-328(fill)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-254(sacred)-254(writings,)-255(are)-253(the)-254(pictures)-254(which,)-255(for)-254(eighteen)-253(hundred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years,)-416(have)-383(governed)-383(the)-382(imaginations)-383(of)-383(the)-383(rudest)-383(and)-382(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ignorant)-186(of)-187(mankind.)-229(Associated)-186(with)-186(the)-187(fondest)-186(recollections)-186(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(childhood,)-257(with)-256(the)-256(music)-255(of)-256(the)-256(church)-256(bells,)-257(with)-256(the)-255(clustered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lights)-265(and)-266(the)-265(tinsel)-265(splendour,)-269(that)-265(seem)-266(to)-265(the)-265(peasant)-265(the)-265(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-378(of)-378(majesty;)-442(painted)-377(over)-378(the)-378(altar)-378(where)-378(he)-378(received)-377(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(companion)-197(of)-197(his)-197(life,)-207(around)-197(the)-197(cemetery)-197(where)-197(so)-197(many)-196(whom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-317(had)-317(loved)-317(were)-317(laid,)-334(on)-317(the)-317(stations)-317(of)-317(the)-318(mountain,)-333(on)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(portal)-437(of)-437(the)-437(vineyard,)-484(on)-437(the)-437(chapel)-437(where)-437(the)-436(storm-tossed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mariner)-295(fulfils)-294(his)-295(grateful)-294(vow;)-317(keeping)-295(guard)-294(over)-295(his)-294(cottage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(door,)-356(and)-335(looking)-336(down)-335(upon)-335(his)-335(humble)-335(bed,)-356(forms)-335(of)-335(tender)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty)-363(and)-364(gentle)-363(pathos)-363(for)-364(ever)-363(haunt)-363(the)-364(poor)-363(man's)-363(fancy,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 440 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 441 0 R /Resources 439 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 443 0 R >> endobj 442 0 obj << /D [440 0 R /XYZ 327.401 260.74 null] >> endobj 439 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 446 0 obj << /Length 4333 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(100History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-209(silently)-209(win)-208(their)-209(way)-209(into)-208(the)-209(very)-209(depths)-209(of)-208(his)-209(being.)-236(More)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-352(any)-352(spoken)-352(eloquence,)-377(more)-352(than)-352(any)-352(dogmatic)-351(teaching,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-291(transform)-292(and)-291(subdue)-292(his)-291(character,)-302(till)-291(he)-292(learns)-291(to)-291(realise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-317(sanctity)-317(of)-317(weakness)-316(and)-317(suffering,)-334(the)-317(supreme)-317(majesty)-316(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(compassion)-250(and)-250(gentleness.)]TJ 11.956 -16.953 Td [(Imperfect)-524(and)-525(inadequate)-524(as)-524(is)-525(the)-524(sketch)-524(I)-524(have)-524(drawn,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(it)-489(will)-490(be)-489(sufficient)-489(to)-490(show)-489(how)-489(great)-490(and)-489(multiform)-489(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-461(the)-460(influences)-461(of)-460(Christian)-460(philanthropy.)-882(The)-460(shadows)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-359(rest)-360(upon)-359(the)-360(picture,)-386(I)-360(have)-359(not)-359(concealed;)-414(but,)-387(when)-359(all)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(due)-455(allowance)-455(has)-455(been)-455(made)-455(for)-455(them,)-506(enough)-455(will)-455(remain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-509(claim)-509(our)-509(deepest)-508(admiration.)-1027(The)-509(high)-509(conception)-508(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-400(been)-399(formed)-400(of)-400(the)-400(sanctity)-399(of)-400(human)-400(life,)-437(the)-399(protection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-437(infancy,)-484(the)-437(elevation)-437(and)-437(final)-437(emancipation)-437(of)-436(the)-437(slave)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classes,)-408(the)-377(suppression)-376(of)-377(barbarous)-377(games,)-408(the)-376(creation)-377(of)-376(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vast)-301(and)-301(multifarious)-302(organisation)-301(of)-301(charity,)-314(and)-301(the)-301(education)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-377(the)-376(imagination)-377(by)-376(the)-377(Christian)-376(type,)-408(constitute)-377(together)-376(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-362(of)-362(philanthropy)-362(which)-362(has)-362(never)-362(been)-362(paralleled)-362(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(approached)-352(in)-351(the)-352(Pagan)-352(world.)-555(The)-351(effects)-352(of)-352(this)-351(movement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-498(promoting)-498(happiness)-498(have)-499(been)-498(very)-498(great.)-994(Its)-498(effect)-498(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(determining)-372(character)-372(has)-372(probably)-744(been)-372(still)-372(greater.)-616(In)-371(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([101])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(proportion)-271(or)-271(disposition)-272(of)-271(qualities)-271(which)-271(constitutes)-271(the)-271(ideal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character,)-211(the)-201(gentler)-202(and)-201(more)-201(benevolent)-202(virtues)-201(have)-201(obtained,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-312(Christianity,)-328(the)-312(foremost)-312(place.)-437(In)-312(the)-312(first)-312(and)-312(purest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-320(they)-319(were)-319(especially)-320(supreme;)-354(but)-320(in)-319(the)-320(third)-319(century)-319(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-369(ascetic)-369(movement)-369(arose,)-398(which)-369(gradually)-369(brought)-369(a)-368(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(type)-232(of)-232(character)-232(into)-232(the)-232(ascendant,)-236(and)-231(diverted)-232(the)-232(enthusiasm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Church)-250(into)-250(new)-250(channels.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 163.701 141.615 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 140.315 0 l S Q BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 105.499 120.339 Td [(Tertullian,)-274(writing)-269(in)-269(the)-270(second)-269(century,)-274(contrasts,)-274(in)-269(a)-269(well-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(known)-212(passage,)-220(the)-213(Christians)-212(of)-213(his)-212(day)-213(with)-212(the)-212(gymnosophists)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-347(hermits)-348(of)-347(India,)-372(declaring)-347(that,)-372(unlike)-347(these,)-372(the)-347(Christians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-268(not)-269(fly)-268(from)-269(the)-268(world,)-273(but)-268(mixed)-269(with)-268(Pagans)-269(in)-268(the)-268(forum,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-222(the)-221(market-places,)-228(in)-221(the)-222(public)-221(baths,)-228(in)-221(the)-222(ordinary)-221(business)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 445 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 446 0 R /Resources 444 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 443 0 R >> endobj 447 0 obj << /D [445 0 R /XYZ 255.792 257.336 null] >> endobj 444 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 450 0 obj << /Length 4743 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(101)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-330(life.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.951 3.959 Td [(210)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.782 -3.959 Td [(But)-330(although)-329(the)-329(life)-330(of)-329(the)-330(hermit)-329(or)-330(the)-329(monk)-330(was)]TJ -47.733 -13.549 Td [(unknown)-340(in)-339(the)-340(Church)-340(for)-339(more)-340(than)-340(two)-339(hundred)-340(years)-339(after)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-341(foundation,)-364(we)-341(may)-340(detect,)-364(almost)-341(from)-341(the)-341(earliest)-341(time,)-363(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tone)-242(of)-242(feeling)-242(which)-242(produces)-242(it.)-247(The)-242(central)-242(conceptions)-242(of)-241(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monastic)-263(system)-263(are)-262(the)-263(meritoriousness)-263(of)-263(complete)-262(abstinence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-281(all)-281(sexual)-281(intercourse,)-288(and)-281(of)-281(complete)-281(renunciation)-281(of)-280(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)-592(The)-364(first)-364(of)-364(these)-364(notions)-364(appeared)-364(in)-364(the)-364(very)-364(earliest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period,)-547(in)-488(the)-488(respect)-488(attached)-487(to)-488(the)-488(condition)-488(of)-487(virginity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-329(was)-328(always)-329(regarded)-329(as)-329(sacred,)-348(and)-329(especially)-328(esteemed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-448(the)-447(clergy,)-497(though)-448(for)-447(a)-448(long)-448(time)-447(it)-448(was)-447(not)-448(imposed)-447(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-357(obligation.)-569(The)-357(second)-357(was)-356(shown)-357(in)-356(the)-357(numerous)-356(efforts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-384(were)-384(made)-384(to)-384(separate)-384(the)-384(Christian)-384(community)-384(as)-384(far)-384(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possible)-304(from)-303(the)-304(society)-303(in)-304(which)-303(it)-304(existed.)-410(Nothing)-304(could)-303(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-405(natural)-405(than)-406(that,)-443(when)-406(the)-405(increase)-405(and)-405(triumph)-405(of)-405(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Church)-217(had)-217(thrown)-217(the)-217(bulk)-217(of)-217(the)-217(Christians)-217(into)-217(active)-217(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-377(military)-377(labour,)-409(some)-378(should,)-409(as)-377(an)-377(exercise)-377(of)-377(piety,)-409(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(endeavoured)-248(to)-247(imitate)-248(the)-248(separation)-248(from)-247(the)-248(world)-248(which)-247(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-530(the)-265(common)-265(condition)-265(of)-265(all.)-295(Besides)-265(this,)-269(a)-264(movement)-265(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([102])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(asceticism)-272(had)-273(long)-272(been)-272(raging)-272(like)-273(a)-272(mental)-272(epidemic)-272(through)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-255(world.)-265(Among)-255(the)-255(Jews)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.012 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(whose)-255(law,)-256(from)-255(the)-255(great)-255(stress)-255(it)]TJ -130.921 -13.549 Td [(laid)-269(upon)-269(marriage,)-273(the)-269(excellence)-268(of)-269(the)-269(rapid)-269(multiplication)-268(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(population,)-352(and)-332(the)-332(hope)-332(of)-332(being)-332(the)-332(ancestor)-332(of)-332(the)-331(Messiah,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-270(peculiarly)-269(repugnant)-270(to)-269(monastic)-270(conceptions)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 218.911 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-270(Essenes)]TJ -229.82 -13.549 Td [(had)-427(constituted)-427(a)-427(complete)-427(monastic)-426(society,)-472(abstaining)-426(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(marriage)-521(and)-521(separating)-520(themselves)-521(wholly)-521(from)-521(the)-520(world.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-405(Rome,)-443(whose)-404(practical)-405(genius)-404(was,)-443(if)-405(possible,)-443(even)-404(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opposed)-351(than)-350(that)-351(of)-351(the)-351(Jews)-350(to)-351(an)-351(inactive)-351(monasticism,)-375(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-285(among)-286(those)-285(philosophers)-286(who)-285(most)-286(represented)-285(its)-285(active)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-307(practical)-308(spirit,)-321(the)-308(same)-307(tendency)-308(was)-307(shown.)-422(The)-307(Cynics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-418(the)-417(later)-418(Empire)-418(recommended)-417(a)-418(complete)-418(renunciation)-417(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(domestic)-378(ties,)-409(and)-378(a)-378(life)-378(spent)-377(mainly)-378(in)-378(the)-378(contemplation)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wisdom.)-495(The)-332(Egyptian)-332(philosophy,)-352(that)-332(soon)-332(after)-332(acquired)-331(an)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(210)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Apol.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.42 0 Td [(ch.)-250(xlii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 449 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 450 0 R /Resources 448 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 443 0 R >> endobj 451 0 obj << /D [449 0 R /XYZ 70.258 287.839 null] >> endobj 448 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 454 0 obj << /Length 5734 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(102History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(ascendancy)-197(in)-198(Europe,)-208(anticipated)-197(still)-197(more)-198(closely)-197(the)-197(monastic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideal.)-247(On)-243(the)-242(outskirts)-242(of)-242(the)-243(Church,)-243(the)-243(many)-242(sects)-242(of)-242(Gnostics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-279(Manicheans)-278(all)-279(held)-278(under)-279(different)-279(forms)-278(the)-279(essential)-278(evil)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-347(matter.)-541(The)-347(Docet\346,)-372(following)-347(the)-347(same)-347(notion,)-371(denied)-347(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reality)-280(of)-281(the)-280(body)-281(of)-280(Christ.)-342(The)-280(Montanists)-281(and)-280(the)-280(Novatians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(surpassed)-188(and)-188(stimulated)-188(the)-188(private)-188(penances)-188(of)-188(the)-188(orthodox.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(211)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-390(soil)-389(was)-390(thus)-389(thoroughly)-390(prepared)-389(for)-390(a)-389(great)-390(outburst)-389(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(asceticism,)-402(whenever)-372(the)-371(first)-372(seed)-372(was)-371(sown.)-615(This)-372(was)-371(done)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(during)-275(the)-275(Decian)-275(persecution.)-325(Paul,)-281(the)-275(hermit,)-281(who)-275(fled)-275(to)-274(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(desert)-203(during)-203(that)-405(persecution,)-212(is)-203(said)-203(to)-203(have)-202(been)-203(the)-203(first)-203(of)-202(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([103])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(tribe.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 22.724 3.959 Td [(212)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.732 -3.959 Td [(Antony,)-386(who)-358(speedily)-359(followed,)-385(greatly)-359(extended)-358(the)]TJ -41.456 -13.549 Td [(movement,)-269(and)-266(in)-265(a)-266(few)-265(years)-265(the)-266(hermits)-265(had)-266(become)-265(a)-265(mighty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation.)-967(Persecution,)-549(which)-489(in)-489(the)-489(first)-489(instance)-489(drove)-489(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numbers)-365(as)-365(fugitives)-364(to)-365(the)-365(deserts,)-393(soon)-365(aroused)-365(a)-364(passionate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(religious)-377(enthusiasm)-377(that)-378(showed)-377(itself)-377(in)-377(an)-377(ardent)-377(desire)-377(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-273(sufferings)-272(which)-273(were)-272(believed)-272(to)-273(lead)-272(directly)-273(to)-272(heaven;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-394(this)-394(enthusiasm,)-429(after)-394(the)-394(peace)-394(of)-394(Constantine,)-430(found)-393(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-251(vent)-250(and)-251(sphere)-251(in)-250(the)-251(macerations)-251(of)-250(the)-251(desert)-251(life.)-251(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imaginations)-209(of)-210(men)-209(were)-209(fascinated)-210(by)-209(the)-209(poetic)-209(circumstances)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-489(that)-490(life)-489(which)-489(St.)-968(Jerome)-489(most)-489(eloquently)-489(embellished.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Women)-362(were)-362(pre-eminent)-361(in)-362(recruiting)-362(for)-362(it.)-585(The)-362(same)-361(spirit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-309(had)-309(formerly)-308(led)-309(the)-309(wife)-309(of)-308(the)-309(Pagan)-309(official)-309(to)-308(entertain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(secret)-362(relations)-361(with)-362(the)-362(Christian)-361(priests,)-390(now)-361(led)-362(the)-362(wife)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-229(Christian)-229(to)-229(become)-229(the)-229(active)-229(agent)-229(of)-229(the)-229(monks.)-243(While)-229(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 186.513 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 179.701 Td [(211)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(On)-273(these)-274(penances,)-279(see)-273(Bingham,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 123.416 0 Td [(Antiq.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.122 0 Td [(book)-273(vii.)-320(Bingham,)-280(I)-273(think,)-279(justly)]TJ -159.494 -10.959 Td [(divides)-367(the)-367(history)-367(of)-367(asceticism)-367(into)-367(three)-367(periods.)-602(During)-367(the)-367(first,)-396(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(extends)-301(from)-301(the)-301(foundation)-301(of)-301(the)-301(Church)-301(to)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 168.025 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.316 0 Td [(250,)-314(there)-301(were)-301(men)]TJ -205.941 -10.959 Td [(and)-262(women)-262(who,)-265(with)-262(a)-262(view)-262(to)-261(spiritual)-262(perfection,)-265(abstained)-262(from)-262(marriage,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(relinquished)-250(amusements,)-250(accustomed)-249(themselves)-250(to)-250(severe)-250(fasts,)-250(and)-249(gave)-250(up)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(their)-359(property)-359(to)-359(works)-358(of)-359(charity;)-413(but)-359(did)-359(this)-359(in)-359(the)-359(middle)-358(of)-359(society)-359(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(without)-223(leading)-222(the)-223(life)-223(of)-223(either)-222(a)-223(hermit)-223(or)-222(a)-223(monk.)-241(During)-223(the)-222(second)-223(period,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-314(extended)-315(from)-314(the)-314(Decian)-315(persecution,)-330(anchorites)-314(were)-315(numerous,)-330(but)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(the)-285(custom)-285(of)-285(a)-285(common)-285(or)-285(c)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 106.473 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(nobitic)-285(life)-285(was)-285(unknown.)-355(It)-285(was)-285(originated)-284(in)]TJ -112.946 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(time)-250(of)-250(Constantine)-250(by)-250(Pachomius.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(212)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-250(is)-250(expressly)-250(stated)-250(by)-250(St.)-250(Jerome)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 139.965 0 Td [(Vit.)-250(Pauli)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.377 0 Td [(\051.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 453 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 454 0 R /Resources 452 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 443 0 R >> endobj 455 0 obj << /D [453 0 R /XYZ 171.077 396.232 null] >> endobj 452 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 458 0 obj << /Length 4843 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(103)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(father)-295(designed)-295(his)-295(son)-295(for)-295(the)-295(army,)-306(or)-295(for)-295(some)-294(civil)-295(post,)-306(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mother)-183(was)-182(often)-183(straining)-182(every)-183(nerve)-182(to)-182(induce)-183(him)-182(to)-183(become)-182(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hermit.)-240(The)-220(monks)-219(secretly)-220(corresponded)-219(with)-220(her,)-226(they)-219(skilfully)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumed)-431(the)-430(functions)-431(of)-431(education,)-476(in)-430(order)-431(that)-431(they)-430(might)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(influence)-375(the)-374(young;)-437(and)-374(sometimes,)-406(to)-374(evade)-375(the)-374(precautions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-336(the)-335(anger)-336(of)-335(the)-336(father,)-357(they)-335(concealed)-336(their)-336(profession,)-356(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumed)-324(the)-325(garb)-324(of)-325(lay)-324(pedagogues.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 164.629 3.959 Td [(213)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.615 -3.959 Td [(The)-324(pulpit,)-343(which)-325(had)]TJ -182.244 -13.549 Td [(almost)-287(superseded,)-296(and)-286(immeasurably)-287(transcended)-287(in)-286(influence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-270(chairs)-271(of)-270(the)-271(rhetoricians,)-275(and)-270(which)-271(was)-270(filled)-271(by)-270(such)-270(men)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-327(Ambrose,)-346(Augustine,)-346(Chrysostom,)-346(Basil,)-347(and)-327(the)-326(Gregories,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-473(continually)-473(exerted)-473(in)-473(the)-473(same)-473(cause,)-529(and)-473(the)-473(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(luxury)-316(of)-315(the)-316(great)-315(cities)-316(produced)-316(a)-315(violent,)-332(but)-316(not)-315(unnatural,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reaction)-423(of)-422(asceticism.)-768(The)-423(dignity)-423(of)-422(the)-423(monastic)-422(position,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-340(sometimes)-340(brought)-340(men)-340(who)-340(had)-340(been)-340(simple)-680(peasants)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([104])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(into)-365(connection)-364(with)-365(the)-365(emperors,)-393(the)-364(security)-365(it)-365(furnished)-364(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fugitive)-305(slaves)-304(and)-305(criminals,)-319(the)-304(desire)-305(of)-305(escaping)-305(from)-304(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fiscal)-162(burdens)-161(which,)-180(in)-161(the)-162(corrupt)-162(and)-162(oppressive)-161(administration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-215(the)-216(Empire,)-222(had)-215(acquired)-216(an)-215(intolerable)-216(weight,)-222(and)-215(especially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(barbarian)-315(invasions,)-331(which)-315(produced)-315(every)-315(variety)-315(of)-315(panic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-450(wretchedness,)-500(conspired)-451(with)-450(the)-450(new)-450(religious)-450(teaching)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-362(peopling)-361(the)-362(desert.)-585(A)-361(theology)-362(of)-361(asceticism)-362(was)-361(speedily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(formed.)-246(The)-240(examples)-240(of)-239(Elijah)-240(and)-239(Elisha,)-242(to)-240(the)-239(first)-240(of)-239(whom,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-323(a)-322(bold)-323(flight)-322(of)-323(imagination,)-341(some)-322(later)-323(Carmelites)-322(ascribed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-414(origin)-413(of)-414(their)-414(order,)-454(and)-414(the)-414(more)-413(recent)-414(instance)-414(of)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Baptist,)-358(were)-337(at)-337(once)-337(adduced.)-510(To)-337(an)-337(ordinary)-337(layman)-337(the)-336(life)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-356(an)-356(anchorite)-357(might)-356(appear)-356(in)-356(the)-357(highest)-356(degree)-356(opposed)-356(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-314(of)-314(the)-314(Teacher)-313(who)-314(began)-314(His)-314(mission)-314(at)-314(a)-314(marriage)-313(feast;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-192(was)-192(continually)-193(reproached)-192(by)-192(His)-193(enemies)-192(for)-192(the)-192(readiness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-245(which)-246(He)-245(mixed)-246(with)-245(the)-245(world,)-247(and)-245(who)-246(selected)-245(from)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(female)-298(sex)-298(some)-298(of)-298(His)-299(purest)-298(and)-298(most)-298(devoted)-298(followers;)-322(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-174(monkish)-175(theologians,)-189(avoiding,)-190(for)-174(the)-174(most)-175(part,)-189(these)-174(topics,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(213)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-231(on)-230(this)-231(subject)-231(some)-230(curious)-231(evidence)-231(in)-231(Neander's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 198.527 0 Td [(Life)-231(of)-230(Chrysostom)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.906 0 Td [(.)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(St.)-535(Chrysostom)-345(wrote)-345(a)-345(long)-345(work)-344(to)-345(console)-345(fathers)-345(whose)-345(sons)-345(were)-345(thus)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(seduced)-250(to)-250(the)-250(desert.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 457 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 458 0 R /Resources 456 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 443 0 R >> endobj 459 0 obj << /D [457 0 R /XYZ 286.732 342.036 null] >> endobj 456 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 462 0 obj << /Length 5665 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(104History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(dilated)-306(chiefly)-306(on)-306(His)-306(immaculate)-306(birth,)-320(His)-306(virgin)-306(mother,)-319(His)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-265(of)-265(celibacy,)-269(His)-266(exhortation)-265(to)-265(the)-265(rich)-265(young)-266(man.)-295(The)-265(fact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-276(St.)-326(Peter,)-282(to)-276(whom)-276(a)-275(general)-276(primacy)-275(was)-276(already)-275(ascribed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-445(unquestionably)-445(married)-446(was)-445(a)-445(difficulty)-445(which)-445(was)-445(in)-445(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(measure)-339(met)-340(by)-339(a)-340(tradition)-339(that)-340(both)-339(he,)-362(and)-340(the)-339(other)-339(married)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apostles,)-323(abstained)-308(from)-308(intercourse)-308(with)-308(their)-308(wives)-308(after)-308(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conversion.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.597 3.959 Td [(214)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.943 -3.959 Td [(St.)-870(Paul,)-508(however,)-509(was)-456(probably)-457(unmarried,)]TJ -72.54 -13.549 Td [(and)-279(his)-279(writings)-279(showed)-278(a)-279(decided)-279(preference)-279(for)-279(the)-278(unmarried)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state,)-220(which)-213(the)-212(ingenuity)-213(of)-213(theologians)-212(also)-213(discovered)-213(in)-212(some)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(quarters)-410(where)-410(it)-409(might)-410(be)-410(least)-410(expected.)-729(Thus,)-450(St.)-729(Jerome)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assures)-226(us)-225(that)-226(when)-225(the)-225(clean)-226(animals)-225(entered)-226(the)-225(ark)-226(by)-225(sevens,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-476(the)-475(unclean)-476(ones)-475(by)-476(pairs,)-531(the)-476(odd)-475(number)-476(typified)-475(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(celibate,)-226(and)-221(the)-220(even)-221(the)-220(married)-221(condition.)-240(Even)-220(of)-221(the)-220(unclean)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animals)-234(but)-234(one)-234(pair)-234(of)-234(each)-468(kind)-234(was)-233(admitted,)-238(lest)-234(they)-233(should)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([105])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(perpetrate)-424(the)-425(enormity)-424(of)-424(second)-425(marriage.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.365 3.959 Td [(215)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.887 -3.959 Td [(Ecclesiastical)]TJ -221.252 -13.549 Td [(tradition)-233(sustained)-234(the)-233(tendency,)-236(and)-234(Saint)-233(James,)-237(as)-233(he)-233(has)-233(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(portrayed)-239(by)-239(Hegesippus,)-242(became)-239(a)-239(kind)-239(of)-240(ideal)-239(saint,)-241(a)-239(faithful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(picture)-256(of)-256(what,)-257(according)-256(to)-256(the)-256(notions)-255(of)-256(theologians,)-258(was)-255(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(true)-290(type)-290(of)-290(human)-290(nobility.)-370(He)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 143.778 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(was)-290(consecrated,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 74.345 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.007 0 Td [(it)-290(was)-290(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -230.973 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(from)-270(his)-269(mother's)-270(womb.)-309(He)-270(drank)-269(neither)-270(wine)-270(nor)-269(fermented)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(liquors,)-402(and)-372(abstained)-372(from)-371(animal)-372(food.)-615(A)-372(razor)-372(never)-371(came)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-374(his)-374(head.)-623(He)-374(never)-374(anointed)-374(himself)-374(with)-374(oil,)-405(or)-374(used)-374(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bath.)-232(He)-197(alone)-196(was)-197(allowed)-196(to)-196(enter)-197(the)-196(sanctuary.)-233(He)-196(never)-196(wore)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(woollen,)-251(but)-250(linen,)-250(garments.)-252(He)-250(was)-250(in)-251(the)-250(habit)-251(of)-250(entering)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(temple)-314(alone,)-330(and)-314(was)-315(often)-314(found)-314(upon)-314(his)-314(bended)-314(knees,)-330(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interceding)-340(for)-340(the)-340(forgiveness)-340(of)-340(the)-341(people,)-362(so)-340(that)-340(his)-340(knees)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(became)-250(as)-250(hard)-250(as)-250(a)-250(camel's.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 124.342 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(216)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -117.23 -20.231 Td [(The)-396(progress)-397(of)-396(the)-397(monastic)-396(movement,)-433(as)-397(has)-396(been)-396(truly)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 24.698 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(was)-372(not)-373(less)-372(rapid)-373(or)-372(universal)-372(than)-373(that)-372(of)-372(Christianity)]TJ -29.542 -13.549 Td [(itself.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 24.546 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(217)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.394 -3.959 Td [(Of)-269(the)-270(actual)-269(number)-270(of)-269(the)-270(anchorites,)-274(those)-270(who)-269(are)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 110.206 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 103.394 Td [(214)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(On)-250(this)-250(tradition)-250(see)-250(Champagny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 122.534 0 Td [(Les)-250(Antonins)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.58 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(193.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -180.821 -7.395 Td [(215)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(cxxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -26.151 -7.31 Td [(216)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Euseb.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 26.397 0 Td [(Eccl.)-250(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.846 0 Td [(ii.)-250(23.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -77.95 -7.311 Td [(217)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Gibbon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.314 0 Td [(Decline)-333(and)-333(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.254 0 Td [(,)-354(ch.)-499(xxxvii.;)-375(a)-333(brief)-333(but)-333(masterly)-333(sketch)-333(of)-333(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 461 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 462 0 R /Resources 460 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 443 0 R >> endobj 463 0 obj << /D [461 0 R /XYZ 218.524 342.036 null] >> endobj 460 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 466 0 obj << /Length 5935 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(105)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(acquainted)-285(with)-284(the)-285(extreme)-285(unveracity)-285(of)-284(the)-285(first)-285(historians)-284(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-318(movement)-317(will)-318(hesitate)-317(to)-318(speak)-317(with)-318(confidence.)-452(It)-318(is)-317(said)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-362(St.)-584(Pachomius,)-390(who,)-389(early)-361(in)-362(the)-362(fourth)-361(century,)-389(founded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-283(c)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 21.267 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.877 0 Td [(nobitic)-283(mode)-284(of)-283(life,)-292(enlisted)-284(under)-283(his)-283(jurisdiction)-284(7,000)]TJ -29.144 -13.55 Td [(monks;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 32.128 3.959 Td [(218)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.599 -3.959 Td [(that)-337(in)-336(the)-337(days)-337(of)-337(St.)-510(Jerome)-336(nearly)-337(50,000)-337(monks)]TJ -48.727 -13.549 Td [(were)-291(sometimes)-292(assembled)-291(at)-291(the)-291(Easter)-292(festivals;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 220.238 3.959 Td [(219)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.856 -3.959 Td [(that)-291(in)-291(the)]TJ -236.094 -13.549 Td [(desert)-380(of)-381(Nitria)-380(alone)-381(there)-380(were,)-413(in)-381(the)-380(fourth)-380(century,)-413(5,000)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monks)-443(under)-443(a)-443(single)-444(abbot;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.45 3.959 Td [(220)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.341 -3.959 Td [(that)-443(an)-443(Egyptian)-443(city)-444(named)]TJ -149.791 -13.549 Td [(Oxyrynchus)-533(devoted)-532(itself)-533(almost)-532(exclusively)-532(to)-533(the)-532(ascetic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(life,)-328(and)-313(included)-313(20,000)-312(virgins)-313(and)-313(10,000)-312(monks;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 232.825 3.959 Td [(221)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.205 -3.959 Td [(that)-313(St.)]TJ -249.03 -13.549 Td [(Serapion)-317(presided)-317(over)-317(10,000)-317(monks;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 171.086 3.959 Td [(222)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.276 -3.959 Td [(and)-317(that,)-334(towards)-317(the)]TJ -187.362 -13.549 Td [(close)-184(of)-184(the)-183(fourth)-184(century,)-197(the)-184(monastic)-183(population)-184(in)-184(a)-184(great)-183(part)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-167(Egypt)-334(was)-167(nearly)-166(equal)-167(to)-167(the)-167(population)-167(of)-167(the)-167(cities.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 239.69 3.959 Td [(223)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.878 -3.959 Td [(Egypt)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 36.456 0 Td [([106])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(was)-359(the)-359(parent)-360(of)-359(monachism,)-386(and)-359(it)-360(was)-359(there)-359(that)-359(it)-359(attained)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(both)-300(its)-300(extreme)-300(development)-301(and)-300(its)-300(most)-300(austere)-300(severity;)-325(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-340(was)-339(very)-340(soon)-340(scarcely)-339(any)-340(Christian)-340(country)-339(in)-340(which)-339(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(similar)-309(movement)-308(was)-309(not)-308(ardently)-308(propagated.)-426(St.)-425(Athanasius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-313(St.)-440(Zeno)-313(are)-313(said)-313(to)-313(have)-313(introduced)-314(it)-313(into)-313(Italy,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 237.937 3.959 Td [(224)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.042 -3.959 Td [(where)]TJ -253.979 -13.549 Td [(it)-379(soon)-380(afterwards)-379(received)-380(a)-379(great)-379(stimulus)-380(from)-379(St.)-638(Jerome.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(St.)-387(Hilarion)-295(instituted)-296(the)-295(first)-296(monks)-295(in)-296(Palestine,)-306(and)-296(he)-295(lived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-270(see)-270(many)-271(thousands)-270(subject)-270(to)-270(his)-271(rule,)-275(and)-270(towards)-270(the)-270(close)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(his)-291(life)-291(to)-291(plant)-291(monachism)-291(in)-291(Cyprus.)-372(Eustathius,)-302(Bishop)-290(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sebastia,)-372(spread)-347(it)-347(through)-348(Armenia,)-371(Paphlagonia,)-372(and)-347(Pontus.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-804(Basil)-435(laboured)-435(along)-434(the)-435(wild)-435(shores)-435(of)-434(the)-435(Euxine.)-804(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Martin)-289(of)-288(Tours)-288(founded)-289(the)-288(first)-289(monastery)-288(in)-289(Gaul,)-298(and)-288(2,000)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monks)-407(attended)-407(his)-407(funeral.)-721(Unrecorded)-407(missionaries)-407(planted)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 163.762 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 154.938 Td [(progress)-250(of)-250(the)-250(movement.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(218)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.352 0 Td [(xxxviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.421 -7.311 Td [(219)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Jerome,)-250(Preface)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Rule)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Pachomius,)-250(\247)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(220)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Cassian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.377 0 Td [(De)-250(C)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(nob.)-250(Inst.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.865 0 Td [(iv.)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -104.606 -7.31 Td [(221)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.296 0 Td [(ch.)-250(v.)-250(Rufinus)-250(visited)-250(it)-250(himself.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -97.881 -7.311 Td [(222)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.352 0 Td [(lxxvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.421 -7.31 Td [(223)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Mon.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.349 0 Td [(vii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -84.934 -7.311 Td [(224)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(There)-361(is)-361(a)-361(good)-361(deal)-361(of)-360(doubt)-361(and)-361(controversy)-361(about)-361(this.)-583(See)-361(a)-361(note)-361(in)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Mosheim's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.218 0 Td [(Eccl.)-250(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.847 0 Td [(\050Soame's)-250(edition\051,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(354.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 465 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 466 0 R /Resources 464 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 468 0 R >> endobj 467 0 obj << /D [465 0 R /XYZ 85.561 355.585 null] >> endobj 464 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 471 0 obj << /Length 6843 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(106History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-491(new)-492(institution)-491(in)-492(the)-491(heart)-491(of)-492(\306thiopia,)-552(amid)-491(the)-491(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(islands)-365(that)-365(stud)-364(the)-365(Mediterranean,)-393(in)-365(the)-365(secluded)-365(valleys)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wales)-309(and)-308(Ireland.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 83.368 3.959 Td [(225)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.097 -3.959 Td [(But)-308(even)-309(more)-309(wonderful)-308(than)-309(the)-308(many)]TJ -100.465 -13.549 Td [(thousands)-322(who)-321(thus)-322(abandoned)-322(the)-322(world)-321(is)-322(the)-322(reverence)-321(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-275(they)-275(were)-275(regarded)-275(by)-276(those)-275(who,)-281(by)-275(their)-275(attainments)-275(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-260(character,)-262(would)-259(seem)-260(most)-260(opposed)-259(to)-260(the)-260(monastic)-259(ideal.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(No)-304(one)-303(had)-304(more)-304(reason)-303(than)-304(Augustine)-304(to)-303(know)-304(the)-304(danger)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enforced)-312(celibacy,)-328(but)-313(St.)-437(Augustine)-312(exerted)-312(all)-313(his)-312(energies)-312(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spread)-271(monasticism)-271(through)-270(his)-271(diocese.)-312(St.)-313(Ambrose,)-276(who)-270(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-220(nature)-221(an)-220(acute)-220(statesman;)-230(St.)-240(Jerome)-221(and)-220(St.)-240(Basil,)-226(who)-220(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ambitious)-389(scholars;)-915(St.)-665(Chrysostom,)-424(who)-388(was)-388(pre-eminently)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([107])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(formed)-272(to)-273(sway)-272(the)-273(refined)-272(throngs)-272(of)-273(a)-272(metropolis)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 223.735 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(all)-272(exerted)]TJ -234.644 -13.549 Td [(their)-325(powers)-326(in)-325(favour)-326(of)-325(the)-325(life)-326(of)-325(solitude,)-344(and)-326(the)-325(last)-325(three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practised)-292(it)-293(themselves.)-377(St.)-376(Arsenius,)-303(who)-293(was)-292(surpassed)-292(by)-292(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one)-305(in)-305(the)-305(extravagance)-306(of)-305(his)-305(penances,)-319(had)-305(held)-305(a)-305(high)-305(office)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-256(the)-255(court)-256(of)-256(the)-255(Emperor)-256(Arcadius.)-267(Pilgrims)-256(wandered)-255(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-207(deserts,)-215(collecting)-207(accounts)-206(of)-207(the)-207(miracles)-206(and)-207(the)-206(austerities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-262(the)-262(saints,)-264(which)-262(filled)-262(Christendom)-261(with)-262(admiration;)-268(and)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strange)-233(biographies)-233(which)-233(were)-234(thus)-233(formed,)-236(wild)-233(and)-233(grotesque)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-261(they)-260(are,)-264(enable)-261(us)-260(to)-261(realise)-261(very)-260(vividly)-261(the)-261(general)-260(features)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-233(the)-233(anchorite)-233(life)-233(which)-233(became)-233(the)-233(new)-233(ideal)-233(of)-233(the)-233(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 28.178 3.959 Td [(226)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.03 -3.959 Td [(448;)-222(and)-209(the)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 55.454 0 Td [(Historia)-208(Lausiaca)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 80.923 0 Td [(\050so)-209(called)-208(from)-208(Lausus,)]TJ -179.585 -13.549 Td [(Governor)-213(of)-213(Cappadocia\051)-213(of)-213(Palladius,)-220(who)-213(was)-213(himself)-213(a)-212(hermit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-313(Mount)-313(Nitria,)-329(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 90.503 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F25 10.9091 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 5.455 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.032 0 Td [(388.)-439(The)-313(first)-313(and)-313(last,)-329(as)-313(well)-313(as)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.298 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 190.402 Td [(225)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Most)-548(of)-547(the)-548(passages)-547(remaining)-548(on)-548(the)-547(subject)-548(of)-547(the)-548(foundation)-548(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(monachism)-365(are)-366(given)-365(by)-366(Thomassin,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 139.418 0 Td [(Discipline)-365(de)-366(l'\311glise)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.705 0 Td [(,)-394(part)-366(i.)-596(livre)-365(iii.)]TJ -218.123 -10.959 Td [(ch.)-368(xii.)-368(This)-290(work)-289(contains)-289(also)-290(much)-289(general)-289(information)-290(about)-289(monachism.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(A)-414(curious)-414(collection)-414(of)-414(statistics)-414(of)-414(the)-414(numbers)-414(of)-414(the)-414(monks)-414(in)-414(different)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(localities,)-347(additional)-327(to)-327(those)-328(I)-327(have)-327(given)-327(and)-328(gleaned)-327(from)-327(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 237.9 0 Td [(Lives)-327(of)-328(the)]TJ -237.9 -10.958 Td [(Saints)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.923 0 Td [(,)-384(may)-357(be)-357(found)-356(in)-357(Pitra)-357(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 93.405 0 Td [(Vie)-357(de)-357(St.)-571(L\351ger)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.071 0 Td [(,)-384(Introd.)-570(p.)-571(lix.\051;)-410(2,100,)-384(or,)]TJ -177.399 -10.959 Td [(according)-218(to)-219(another)-218(account,)-225(3,000)-218(monks,)-225(lived)-218(in)-218(the)-218(monastery)-219(of)-218(Banchor.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(226)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-304(three)-304(principal)-303(are)-304(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 99.267 0 Td [(Historia)-304(Monachorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 83.653 0 Td [(of)-304(Rufinus,)-317(who)-304(visited)]TJ -194.876 -10.959 Td [(Egypt)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.875 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.07 0 Td [(373,)-419(about)-385(seventeen)-385(years)-386(after)-385(the)-385(death)-385(of)-385(St.)-656(Antony;)]TJ -63.545 -10.959 Td [(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 14.878 0 Td [(Institutiones)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.259 0 Td [(of)-437(Cassian,)-484(who,)-484(having)-438(visited)-437(the)-437(Eastern)-437(monks)-438(about)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -63.137 -10.959 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.648 0 Td [(394,)-231(founded)-227(vast)-226(monasteries)-227(containing,)-231(it)-226(is)-227(said,)-231(5,000)-227(monks,)-231(at)]TJ -37.248 -10.959 Td [(Marseilles,)-250(and)-250(died)-250(at)-250(a)-250(great)-250(age)-250(about)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 146.663 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 470 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 471 0 R /Resources 469 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 468 0 R >> endobj 472 0 obj << /D [470 0 R /XYZ 184.593 382.683 null] >> endobj 469 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F25 169 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 475 0 obj << /Length 5348 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(107)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(many)-279(minor)-279(works)-279(of)-280(t)1(he)-280(same)-279(period,)-286(are)-279(given)-279(in)-279(Rosweyde's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invaluable)-270(collection)-270(of)-271(the)-270(lives)-270(of)-270(the)-271(Fathers,)-275(one)-270(of)-270(the)-270(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fascinating)-250(volumes)-250(in)-250(the)-250(whole)-250(range)-250(of)-250(literature.)]TJ 11.956 -14.541 Td [(The)-307(hospitality)-308(of)-307(the)-307(monks)-308(was)-307(not)-307(without)-308(drawbacks.)-421(In)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(a)-405(church)-404(on)-405(Mount)-405(Nitria)-404(three)-405(whips)-405(were)-404(hung)-405(on)-405(a)-404(palm-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tree)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 16.353 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(one)-347(for)-346(chastising)-347(monks,)-371(another)-346(for)-347(chastising)-346(thieves,)]TJ -27.262 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(a)-250(third)-250(for)-250(chastising)-250(guests.)-250(\050Palladius,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 193.015 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.312 0 Td [(vii.\051)]TJ -231.371 -14.541 Td [(There)-326(is,)-345(perhaps,)-345(no)-326(phase)-326(in)-326(the)-326(moral)-326(history)-326(of)-326(mankind)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-331(a)-332(deeper)-331(or)-331(more)-332(painful)-331(interest)-331(than)-332(this)-331(ascetic)-331(epidemic.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-355(hideous,)-381(sordid,)-380(and)-355(emaciated)-355(maniac,)-381(without)-354(knowledge,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-303(patriotism,)-315(without)-303(natural)-303(affection,)-316(passing)-302(his)-303(life)-302(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-275(long)-274(routine)-275(of)-275(useless)-275(and)-274(atrocious)-275(self-torture,)-281(and)-274(quailing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(before)-311(the)-310(ghastly)-311(phantoms)-311(of)-311(his)-310(delirious)-311(brain,)-326(had)-310(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-329(ideal)-328(of)-329(the)-329(nations)-328(which)-329(had)-329(known)-328(the)-329(writings)-329(of)-328(Plato)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-357(Cicero)-358(and)-357(the)-357(lives)-357(of)-358(Socrates)-357(and)-357(Cato.)-572(For)-357(about)-357(two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries,)-371(the)-347(hideous)-347(maceration)-347(of)-347(the)-347(body)-347(was)-347(regarded)-347(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-414(highest)-414(proof)-414(of)-414(excellence.)-743(St.)-742(Jerome)-414(declares,)-455(with)-414(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thrill)-364(of)-363(admiration,)-785(how)-363(he)-364(had)-364(seen)-363(a)-364(monk,)-392(who)-364(for)-363(thirty)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([108])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(years)-356(had)-357(lived)-356(exclusively)-356(on)-356(a)-356(small)-357(portion)-356(of)-356(barley)-356(bread)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-283(of)-284(muddy)-283(water;)-300(another,)-291(who)-284(lived)-283(in)-283(a)-284(hole)-283(and)-283(never)-283(ate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-333(than)-333(five)-333(figs)-333(for)-333(his)-333(daily)-333(repast;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 176.311 3.959 Td [(227)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.538 -3.959 Td [(a)-333(third,)-354(who)-333(cut)-333(his)]TJ -192.849 -13.549 Td [(hair)-272(only)-272(on)-271(Easter)-272(Sunday,)-277(who)-272(never)-272(washed)-272(his)-271(clothes,)-277(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(never)-260(changed)-261(his)-260(tunic)-260(till)-261(it)-260(fell)-260(to)-261(pieces,)-263(who)-260(starved)-260(himself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(till)-332(his)-332(eyes)-332(grew)-332(dim,)-353(and)-331(his)-332(skin)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 161.623 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(like)-332(a)-332(pumice)-332(stone,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 89.945 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.465 0 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td [(whose)-270(merits,)-275(shown)-271(by)-270(these)-270(austerities,)-275(Homer)-270(himself)-270(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-199(unable)-198(to)-199(recount.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 89.815 3.959 Td [(228)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.993 -3.959 Td [(For)-199(six)-198(months,)-209(it)-199(is)-199(said,)-209(St.)-232(Macarius)-199(of)]TJ -104.808 -13.549 Td [(Alexandria)-290(slept)-290(in)-290(a)-290(marsh,)-300(and)-290(exposed)-290(his)-290(body)-290(naked)-290(to)-290(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(stings)-218(of)-218(venomous)-218(flies.)-239(He)-218(was)-218(accustomed)-218(to)-218(carry)-218(about)-217(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-210(eighty)-210(pounds)-210(of)-211(iron.)-236(His)-210(disciple,)-219(St.)-236(Eusebius,)-218(carried)-210(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hundred)-312(and)-312(fifty)-312(pounds)-311(of)-312(iron,)-327(and)-312(lived)-312(for)-312(three)-312(years)-312(in)-311(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dried-up)-274(well.)-323(St.)-322(Sabinus)-274(would)-275(only)-274(eat)-274(corn)-274(that)-274(had)-274(become)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 92.03 Td [(227)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Vita)-313(Pauli.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.228 0 Td [(St.)-438(Jerome)-313(adds,)-329(that)-313(some)-312(will)-313(not)-313(believe)-313(this,)-328(because)-313(they)]TJ -54.184 -10.959 Td [(have)-250(no)-250(faith,)-250(but)-250(that)-250(all)-250(things)-250(are)-250(possible)-250(for)-250(those)-250(that)-250(believe.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(228)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Vita)-250(St.)-250(Hilarion.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 474 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 475 0 R /Resources 473 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 468 0 R >> endobj 476 0 obj << /D [474 0 R /XYZ 139.285 285.855 null] >> endobj 473 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 479 0 obj << /Length 6338 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(108History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(rotten)-369(by)-370(remaining)-369(for)-370(a)-369(month)-369(in)-370(water.)-608(St.)-608(Besarion)-369(spent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forty)-225(days)-225(and)-224(nights)-225(in)-225(the)-225(middle)-224(of)-225(thorn-bushes,)-230(and)-225(for)-224(forty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years)-289(never)-288(lay)-289(down)-288(when)-289(he)-288(slept,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 160.965 3.959 Td [(229)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.706 -3.959 Td [(which)-289(last)-288(penance)-289(was)]TJ -176.671 -13.549 Td [(also)-336(during)-336(fifteen)-335(years)-336(practised)-336(by)-336(St.)-507(Pachomius.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 237.79 3.958 Td [(230)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.989 -3.958 Td [(Some)]TJ -255.779 -13.55 Td [(saints,)-256(like)-255(St.)-265(Marcian,)-256(restricted)-255(themselves)-255(to)-255(one)-255(meal)-255(a)-254(day,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-346(small)-346(that)-346(they)-346(continually)-346(suffered)-346(the)-346(pangs)-346(of)-346(hunger.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(231)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Of)-342(one)-343(of)-342(them)-342(it)-342(is)-343(related)-342(that)-342(his)-342(daily)-343(food)-342(was)-342(six)-342(ounces)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-278(bread)-277(and)-278(a)-277(few)-278(herbs;)-291(that)-278(he)-277(was)-278(never)-277(seen)-278(to)-277(recline)-278(on)-277(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mat)-311(or)-311(bed,)-326(or)-311(even)-311(to)-311(place)-311(his)-311(limbs)-311(easily)-311(for)-311(sleep;)-341(but)-311(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sometimes,)-227(from)-222(excess)-222(of)-222(weariness,)-227(his)-222(eyes)-221(would)-222(close)-222(at)-221(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(meals,)-245(and)-244(the)-244(food)-245(would)-244(drop)-244(from)-244(his)-244(mouth.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 210.39 3.959 Td [(232)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.159 -3.959 Td [(Other)-244(saints,)]TJ -225.549 -13.549 Td [(however,)-254(ate)-253(only)-253(every)-253(second)-253(day;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 159.52 3.959 Td [(233)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.23 -3.959 Td [(while)-253(many,)-254(if)-253(we)-253(could)]TJ -174.75 -13.549 Td [(believe)-287(the)-573(monkish)-287(historian,)-296(abstained)-286(for)-287(whole)-287(weeks)-286(from)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([109])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(all)-364(nourishment.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 72.148 3.958 Td [(234)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.898 -3.958 Td [(St.)-591(Macarius)-363(of)-364(Alexandria)-363(is)-364(said)-364(during)]TJ -91.046 -13.55 Td [(an)-345(entire)-344(week)-345(to)-344(have)-345(never)-344(lain)-345(down,)-368(or)-344(eaten)-345(anything)-344(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-336(few)-337(uncooked)-336(herbs)-336(on)-336(Sunday.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 151.945 3.959 Td [(235)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.004 -3.959 Td [(Of)-336(another)-337(famous)-336(saint,)]TJ -169.949 -13.549 Td [(named)-280(John,)-288(it)-280(is)-280(assert)1(ed)-280(that)-280(for)-280(three)-280(whole)-280(years)-280(he)-280(stood)-280(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prayer,)-237(leaning)-234(upon)-233(a)-234(rock;)-239(that)-234(during)-233(all)-234(that)-234(time)-233(he)-234(never)-233(sat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-305(lay)-304(down,)-319(and)-304(that)-305(his)-305(only)-304(nourishment)-305(was)-305(the)-304(Sacrament,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-191(was)-190(brought)-191(him)-190(on)-191(Sundays.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 155.538 3.959 Td [(236)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.964 -3.959 Td [(Some)-191(of)-190(the)-191(hermits)-190(lived)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 242.356 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 235.543 Td [(229)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-310(a)-311(long)-310(list)-310(of)-310(these)-311(penances)-310(in)-310(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 172.359 0 Td [(M\351m.)-431(pour)-310(servir)-311(\340)-310(l'Hist.)]TJ -184.315 -10.959 Td [(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.388 0 Td [(tome)-250(viii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -26.139 -7.31 Td [(230)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Vit\346)-290(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.55 0 Td [(\050Pachomius\051.)-371(He)-290(used)-291(to)-290(lean)-291(against)-290(a)-290(wall)-291(when)-290(overcome)]TJ -60.506 -10.959 Td [(by)-250(drowsiness.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(231)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Vit\346)-250(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.585 0 Td [(,)-250(ix.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -57.292 -7.31 Td [(232)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Sozomen,)-250(vi.)-250(29.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(233)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(E.g.)-250(St.)-250(Antony,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(his)-250(biographer)-250(St.)-250(Athanasius.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(234)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Il)-279(y)-279(eut)-279(dans)-279(le)-278(d\351sert)-279(de)-279(Sc\351t\351)-279(des)-279(solitaires)-279(d'une)-279(\351minente)-279(perfection....)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(On)-523(pr\351tend)-524(que)-523(pour)-524(l'ordinaire)-523(ils)-523(passoient)-524(des)-523(semaines)-524(enti\350res)-523(sans)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(manger,)-717(mais)-624(apparemment)-624(cela)-624(ne)-624(se)-624(faisoit)-623(que)-624(dans)-624(des)-624(occasions)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(particuli\350res.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 46.563 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.797 0 Td [(M\351m.)-770(pour)-423(servir)-423(\340)-424(l'Hist.)-769(eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 129.766 0 Td [(tome)-423(viii.)-770(p.)]TJ -231.073 -10.959 Td [(580.)-250(Even)-250(this,)-250(however,)-250(was)-250(admirable!)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(235)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.353 0 Td [(cap.)-250(xx.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.422 -7.31 Td [(236)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Primum)-305(cum)-305(accessisset)-305(ad)-305(eremum)-305(tribus)-305(continuis)-305(annis)-305(sub)-305(cujusdam)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(saxi)-221(rupe)-221(stans,)-227(semper)-221(oravit,)-226(ita)-221(ut)-221(nunquam)-221(omnino)-221(resederit)-221(neque)-221(Jacuerit.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Somni)-156(autem)-155(tantum)-156(caperet,)-175(quantum)-155(stans)-156(capere)-156(potuit;)-187(cibum)-155(vero)-156(nunquam)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 478 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 479 0 R /Resources 477 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 468 0 R >> endobj 480 0 obj << /D [478 0 R /XYZ 144.635 355.585 null] >> endobj 477 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 483 0 obj << /Length 6831 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(109)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-325(deserted)-324(dens)-325(of)-324(wild)-325(beasts,)-343(others)-325(in)-325(dried-up)-324(wells,)-343(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(others)-167(found)-167(a)-167(congenial)-167(resting-place)-167(among)-167(the)-168(tombs.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 240.9 3.959 Td [(237)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.879 -3.959 Td [(Some)]TJ -255.779 -13.549 Td [(disdained)-362(all)-362(clothes,)-389(and)-362(crawled)-362(abroad)-362(like)-362(the)-362(wild)-361(beasts,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(covered)-296(only)-296(by)-296(their)-296(matted)-296(hair.)-387(In)-296(Mesopotamia,)-308(and)-296(part)-295(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Syria,)-240(there)-238(existed)-238(a)-238(sect)-238(known)-238(by)-238(the)-238(name)-238(of)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 212.917 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Grazers,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 36.644 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.44 0 Td [(who)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(never)-374(lived)-374(under)-374(a)-374(roof,)-405(who)-374(ate)-374(neither)-374(flesh)-374(nor)-374(bread,)-404(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-239(spent)-239(their)-238(time)-239(for)-239(ever)-239(on)-238(the)-239(mountain)-239(side,)-241(and)-239(ate)-238(grass)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(like)-403(cattle.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.119 3.959 Td [(238)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.196 -3.959 Td [(The)-403(cleanliness)-403(of)-404(the)-403(body)-403(was)-403(regarded)-404(as)-403(a)]TJ -67.315 -13.549 Td [(pollution)-260(of)-261(the)-260(soul,)-263(and)-260(the)-260(saints)-260(who)-261(were)-260(most)-260(admired)-260(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(become)-265(one)-266(hideous)-265(mass)-265(of)-266(clotted)-265(filth.)-296(St.)-296(Athanasius)-265(relates)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-310(enthusiasm)-619(how)-309(St.)-429(Antony,)-325(the)-309(patriarch)-310(of)-309(monachism,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([110])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(had)-222(never,)-227(to)-221(extreme)-222(old)-222(age,)-227(been)-222(guilty)-221(of)-222(washing)-221(his)-222(feet.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(239)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-417(less)-417(constant)-417(St.)-750(P)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 109.411 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(men)-417(fell)-417(into)-417(this)-417(habit)-416(for)-417(the)-417(first)]TJ -117.287 -13.549 Td [(time)-306(when)-306(a)-306(very)-306(old)-306(man,)-320(and,)-320(with)-306(a)-306(glimmering)-306(of)-305(common)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sense,)-263(defended)-261(himself)-261(against)-261(the)-260(astonished)-261(monks)-261(by)-260(saying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-295(he)-296(had)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 52.079 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(learnt)-295(to)-296(kill)-295(not)-295(his)-295(body,)-307(but)-295(his)-296(passions.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 191.363 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(240)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.675 -3.959 Td [(St.)]TJ -268.805 -13.549 Td [(Abraham)-251(the)-251(hermit,)-251(however,)-251(who)-250(lived)-251(for)-251(fifty)-251(years)-251(after)-250(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conversion,)-244(rigidly)-242(refused)-242(from)-243(that)-242(date)-242(to)-243(wash)-242(either)-242(his)-242(face)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-367(his)-367(feet.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.908 3.959 Td [(241)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.013 -3.959 Td [(He)-367(was,)-396(it)-368(is)-367(said,)-396(a)-367(person)-367(of)-367(singular)-367(beauty,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 262.071 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 253.247 Td [(sumpserat)-226(nisi)-225(die)-226(Dominica.)-242(Presbyter)-225(enim)-226(tunc)-226(veniebat)-225(ad)-226(eum)-225(et)-226(offerebat)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pro)-216(eo)-215(sacrificium)-216(idque)-216(ei)-215(solum)-216(sacramentum)-215(erat)-216(et)-216(victus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 217.861 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.633 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ -263.442 -10.959 Td [(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.866 0 Td [(cap.)-250(xv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -33.616 -7.31 Td [(237)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Thus)-277(St.)-331(Antony)-278(used)-277(to)-277(live)-277(in)-277(a)-277(tomb,)-284(where)-277(he)-277(was)-277(beaten)-277(by)-278(the)-277(devil.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\050St.)-250(Athanasius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 59.277 0 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(Antony.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.054 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -112.082 -7.311 Td [(238)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\262\277\303\272\277)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 22.254 0 Td [(w)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(.)-769(See)-423(on)-423(these)-423(monks)-423(Sozomen,)-467(vi.)-769(33;)-509(Evagrius,)-466(i.)-770(21.)-769(It)-423(is)]TJ -36.846 -10.959 Td [(mentioned)-302(of)-302(a)-301(certain)-302(St.)-406(Marc)-301(of)-302(Athens,)-315(that,)-315(having)-302(lived)-301(for)-302(thirty)-302(years)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(naked)-312(in)-312(the)-311(desert,)-328(his)-311(body)-312(was)-312(covered)-312(with)-311(hair)-312(like)-312(that)-312(of)-312(a)-311(wild)-312(beast.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Bollandists,)-450(March)-409(29.\051)-729(St.)-730(Mary)-409(of)-410(Egypt,)-450(during)-409(part)-410(of)-410(her)-409(period)-410(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(penance,)-250(lived)-250(upon)-250(grass.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 100.101 0 Td [(Vit\346)-250(Patrum.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.827 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -147.679 -7.31 Td [(239)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(Antony.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(240)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(II)-298(ne)-299(faisoit)-298(pas)-299(aussi)-298(difficult\351)-299(dans)-298(sa)-299(vieillesse)-298(de)-299(se)-298(laver)-299(quelquefois)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(les)-242(piez.)-247(Et)-242(comme)-242(on)-242(t\351moignoit)-242(s'en)-242(\351tonner)-242(et)-242(trouver)-242(que)-242(cela)-242(ne)-242(r\351pondoit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pas)-363(\340)-363(la)-362(vie)-363(aust\350re)-363(des)-363(anciens,)-391(il)-363(se)-362(justifioit)-363(par)-363(ces)-363(paroles:)-475(Nous)-363(avons)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(appris)-256(\340)-256(tuer,)-257(non)-256(pas)-256(notre)-256(corps)-255(mais)-256(nos)-256(passions.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 188.009 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.921 0 Td [(M\351m.)-268(Hist.)]TJ -240.877 -10.958 Td [(eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.991 0 Td [(tome)-369(xv.)-609(p.)-608(148.)-609(This)-369(saint)-370(was)-369(so)-370(very)-369(virtuous,)-400(that)-369(he)-369(sometimes)]TJ -19.991 -10.959 Td [(remained)-250(without)-250(eating)-250(for)-250(whole)-250(weeks.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(241)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Non)-296(appropinquavit)-296(oleum)-296(corpusculo)-296(ejus.)-388(Facies)-296(vel)-296(etiam)-297(pedes)-296(a)-296(die)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 482 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 483 0 R /Resources 481 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 468 0 R >> endobj 484 0 obj << /D [482 0 R /XYZ 122.013 382.683 null] >> endobj 481 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 489 0 obj << /Length 6508 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(110History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-383(his)-383(biographer)-383(somewhat)-383(strangely)-383(remarks)-383(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 240.715 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(his)-383(face)]TJ -245.558 -13.549 Td [(reflected)-317(the)-318(purity)-317(of)-318(his)-317(soul.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 137.597 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(242)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.916 -3.959 Td [(St.)-452(Ammon)-318(had)-317(never)-317(seen)]TJ -158.356 -13.549 Td [(himself)-216(naked.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 63.863 3.959 Td [(243)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.057 -3.959 Td [(A)-216(famous)-216(virgin)-216(named)-216(Silvia,)-223(though)-216(she)-216(was)]TJ -78.92 -13.549 Td [(sixty)-353(years)-352(old)-353(and)-352(though)-352(bodily)-353(sickness)-352(was)-353(a)-352(consequence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-256(her)-257(habits,)-258(resolutely)-256(refused,)-258(on)-256(religious)-256(principles,)-258(to)-256(wash)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-276(part)-276(of)-276(her)-277(body)-276(except)-276(her)-276(fingers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 174.065 3.959 Td [(244)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.036 -3.959 Td [(St.)-328(Euphraxia)-277(joined)]TJ -190.101 -13.549 Td [(a)-384(convent)-383(of)-384(one)-383(hundred)-384(and)-383(thirty)-384(nuns,)-416(who)-384(never)-383(washed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-347(feet,)-371(and)-346(who)-347(shuddered)-347(at)-347(the)-346(mention)-347(of)-347(a)-347(bath.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.952 3.959 Td [(245)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.347 -3.959 Td [(An)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(anchorite)-203(once)-202(imagined)-203(that)-202(he)-203(was)-203(mocked)-202(by)-203(an)-202(illusion)-203(of)-202(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(devil,)-350(as)-329(he)-330(saw)-329(gliding)-330(before)-329(him)-330(through)-330(the)-329(desert)-330(a)-329(naked)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(creature)-319(black)-318(with)-319(filth)-318(and)-319(years)-318(of)-319(exposure,)-335(and)-319(with)-318(white)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hair)-184(floating)-184(to)-185(the)-184(wind.)-228(It)-184(was)-184(a)-185(once)-184(beautiful)-184(woman,)-197(St.)-228(Mary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-201(Egypt,)-210(who)-200(had)-201(thus,)-210(during)-201(forty-seven)-401(years,)-210(been)-200(expiating)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([111])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(her)-308(sins.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 36.998 3.958 Td [(246)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.093 -3.958 Td [(The)-308(occasional)-309(decadence)-308(of)-309(the)-308(monks)-309(into)-308(habits)]TJ -54.091 -13.55 Td [(of)-288(decency)-288(was)-288(a)-288(subject)-288(of)-288(much)-288(reproach.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 197.711 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Our)-288(fathers,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 52.516 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.985 0 Td [(said)]TJ -263.056 -13.549 Td [(the)-209(abbot)-209(Alexander,)-217(looking)-208(mournfully)-209(back)-209(to)-209(the)-208(past,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 251.557 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(never)]TJ -256.401 -13.549 Td [(washed)-297(their)-296(faces,)-309(but)-296(we)-297(frequent)-296(the)-297(public)-297(baths.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 233.232 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(247)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.689 -3.959 Td [(It)-297(was)]TJ -253.765 -13.549 Td [(related)-324(of)-324(one)-324(monastery)-324(in)-324(the)-323(desert,)-343(that)-324(the)-324(monks)-323(suffered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greatly)-213(from)-214(want)-213(of)-213(water)-214(to)-213(drink;)-226(but)-213(at)-213(the)-213(prayer)-214(of)-213(the)-213(abbot)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Theodosius)-442(a)-442(copious)-442(stream)-443(was)-442(produced.)-826(But)-442(soon)-442(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monks,)-248(tempted)-247(by)-247(the)-248(abundant)-247(supply,)-248(diverged)-247(from)-247(their)-247(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(austerity,)-268(and)-264(persuaded)-264(the)-264(abbot)-265(to)-264(avail)-264(himself)-264(of)-264(the)-264(stream)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-338(the)-338(construction)-338(of)-338(a)-338(bath.)-514(The)-338(bath)-338(was)-338(made.)-513(Once,)-360(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-261(only,)-264(did)-261(the)-261(monks)-261(enjoy)-261(their)-261(ablutions,)-263(when)-261(the)-261(stream)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 185.63 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 176.779 Td [(conversionis)-250(su\346)-250(nunquam)-250(diluti)-250(sunt.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 137.742 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Vit\346)-250(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.585 0 Td [(,)-250(c.)-250(xvii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -196.025 -7.311 Td [(242)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-250(facie)-250(ejus)-250(puritas)-250(animi)-250(noscebatur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 136.459 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ibid.)-250(c.)-250(xviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -165.094 -7.31 Td [(243)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Socrates,)-250(iv.)-250(23.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(244)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Heraclidis)-250(Paradisus)-250(\050Rosweyde\051,)-250(c.)-250(xlii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(245)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nulla)-437(earum)-437(pedes)-437(suos)-437(abluebat;)-530(aliquant\346)-437(vero)-437(audientes)-437(de)-437(balneo)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(loqui,)-215(irridentes,)-214(confusionem)-206(et)-205(magnam)-206(abominationem)-206(se)-205(audire)-206(judicabant,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(qu\346)-339(neque)-338(audi)-339(tum)-338(suum)-339(hoc)-339(audire)-338(patiebantur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 184.369 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Vit.)-516(S.)-338(Euphrax.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.249 0 Td [(c.)-516(vi.)]TJ -260.565 -10.959 Td [(\050Rosweyde.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(246)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(her)-250(acts,)-250(Bollandists,)-250(April)-250(2,)-250(and)-250(in)-250(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 159.889 0 Td [(Vit\346)-250(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.585 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -217.18 -7.311 Td [(247)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Patres)-409(nostri)-409(nunquam)-409(facies)-409(suas)-409(lavabant,)-449(nos)-409(autem)-409(lavacra)-409(publica)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(balneaque)-250(frequentamus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 89.637 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Moschus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.86 0 Td [(Pratum)-250(Spirituale)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.513 0 Td [(,)-250(clxviii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 488 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 489 0 R /Resources 487 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 468 0 R >> endobj 490 0 obj << /D [488 0 R /XYZ 280.559 355.585 null] >> endobj 487 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 493 0 obj << /Length 5923 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(111)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(ceased)-412(to)-411(flow.)-734(Prayers,)-452(tears,)-452(and)-412(fastings)-411(were)-412(in)-411(vain.)-734(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-314(year)-314(passed.)-442(At)-314(last)-314(the)-314(abbot)-314(destroyed)-314(the)-314(bath,)-330(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-291(the)-292(object)-291(of)-292(the)-291(Divine)-291(displeasure,)-302(and)-292(the)-291(waters)-291(flowed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(afresh.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.379 3.958 Td [(248)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.707 -3.958 Td [(But)-297(of)-296(all)-297(the)-297(evidences)-296(of)-297(the)-297(loathsome)-296(excesses)-297(to)]TJ -46.086 -13.55 Td [(which)-345(this)-344(spirit)-345(was)-344(carried,)-368(the)-345(life)-344(of)-345(St.)-533(Simeon)-345(Stylites)-344(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-218(the)-218(most)-218(remarkable.)-239(It)-218(would)-218(be)-218(difficult)-218(to)-218(conceive)-218(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-245(horrible)-245(or)-245(disgusting)-245(picture)-245(than)-245(is)-245(given)-245(of)-245(the)-245(penances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-236(which)-236(that)-236(saint)-236(commenced)-236(his)-236(ascetic)-236(career.)-245(He)-236(had)-236(bound)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-424(rope)-424(around)-424(him)-424(so)-424(that)-424(it)-424(became)-424(imbedded)-848(in)-424(his)-424(flesh,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([112])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(which)-288(putrefied)-287(around)-288(it.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 118.504 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(A)-288(horrible)-287(stench,)-297(intolerable)-288(to)-288(the)]TJ -123.348 -13.549 Td [(bystanders,)-230(exhaled)-226(from)-225(his)-226(body)-225(and)-225(worms)-226(dropped)-225(from)-225(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whenever)-261(he)-262(moved,)-264(and)-262(they)-261(filled)-262(his)-261(bed.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 193.899 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.696 0 Td [(Sometimes)-261(he)-262(left)]TJ -201.595 -13.549 Td [(the)-361(monastery)-362(and)-361(slept)-362(in)-361(a)-361(dry)-362(well,)-389(inhabited,)-389(it)-362(is)-361(said,)-389(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(d\346mons.)-347(He)-283(built)-282(successively)-282(three)-283(pillars,)-290(the)-283(last)-282(being)-282(sixty)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(feet)-319(high)-318(and)-319(scarcely)-318(two)-319(cubits)-318(in)-319(circumference,)-335(and)-319(on)-318(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pillar,)-277(during)-271(thirty)-271(years,)-277(he)-271(remained)-272(exposed)-271(to)-271(every)-271(change)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-359(climate,)-386(ceaselessly)-359(and)-358(rapidly)-359(bending)-359(his)-359(body)-359(in)-358(prayer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-289(to)-289(the)-289(level)-289(of)-288(his)-289(feet.)-367(A)-289(spectator)-289(attempted)-289(to)-288(number)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-353(rapid)-353(motions,)-378(but)-353(desisted)-352(from)-353(weariness)-353(when)-353(he)-352(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(counted)-286(1,244.)-359(For)-286(a)-286(whole)-286(year,)-295(we)-286(are)-287(told,)-295(St.)-358(Simeon)-286(stood)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-239(one)-239(leg,)-242(the)-239(other)-239(being)-239(covered)-239(with)-239(hideous)-239(ulcers,)-241(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-345(biographer)-345(was)-346(commissioned)-345(to)-345(stand)-345(by)-345(his)-345(side,)-369(to)-345(pick)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(up)-267(the)-267(worms)-268(that)-267(fell)-267(from)-267(his)-267(body,)-272(and)-267(to)-267(replace)-267(them)-267(in)-267(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sores,)-399(the)-368(saint)-369(saying)-369(to)-369(the)-369(worm,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 166.376 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Eat)-369(what)-369(God)-368(has)-369(given)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 186.353 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 179.54 Td [(248)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Pratum)-250(Spirituale)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.513 0 Td [(,)-250(lxxx.)]TJ -64.513 -10.959 Td [(An)-282(Irish)-283(saint,)-291(named)-282(Coemgenus,)-291(is)-282(said)-283(to)-282(have)-283(shown)-282(his)-283(devotion)-282(in)-283(a)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(way)-160(which)-160(was)-160(directly)-160(opposite)-160(to)-160(that)-160(of)-160(the)-160(other)-160(saints)-160(I)-160(have)-160(mentioned)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 262.697 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(by)]TJ -271.664 -10.959 Td [(his)-250(special)-250(use)-250(of)-250(cold)-250(water)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 101.344 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(but)-250(the)-250(principle)-250(in)-250(each)-250(case)-250(was)-250(the)-249(same)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 154.378 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(to)]TJ -273.654 -10.959 Td [(mortify)-221(nature.)-241(St.)-240(Coemgenus)-221(was)-221(accustomed)-221(to)-221(pray)-222(for)-221(an)-221(hour)-221(every)-221(night)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(in)-350(a)-350(pool)-350(of)-350(cold)-350(water,)-375(while)-350(the)-350(devil)-349(sent)-350(a)-350(horrible)-350(beast)-350(to)-350(swim)-350(round)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(him.)-250(An)-250(angel,)-250(however,)-250(was)-249(sent)-250(to)-250(him)-250(for)-250(three)-249(purposes.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 218.38 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Tribus)-250(de)-250(causis)]TJ -222.361 -10.959 Td [(\340)-316(Domino)-316(missus)-316(est)-317(angelus)-316(ibi)-316(ad)-316(S.)-316(Coemgenum.)-449(Prima)-316(ut)-316(a)-316(diversis)-316(suis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(gravibus)-186(laboribus)-185(levius)-186(viveret)-185(paulisper;)-207(secunda)-186(ut)-185(horridam)-186(bestiam)-185(sancto)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(infestam)-189(repelleret;)-210(tertia)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 90.924 0 Td [(ut)-189(frigiditatem)-189(aqu\346)-189(calefaceret)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 113.678 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Bollandists,)-201(June)]TJ -219.791 -10.959 Td [(3.)-250(The)-250(editors)-250(say)-250(these)-250(acts)-250(are)-250(of)-250(doubtful)-250(authenticity.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 492 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 493 0 R /Resources 491 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 495 0 R >> endobj 494 0 obj << /D [492 0 R /XYZ 268.371 409.782 null] >> endobj 491 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 498 0 obj << /Length 5202 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(112History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(you.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 19.091 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.389 0 Td [(From)-325(every)-325(quarter)-325(pilgrims)-325(of)-325(every)-325(degree)-325(thronged)-324(to)]TJ -27.48 -13.549 Td [(do)-270(him)-269(homage.)-310(A)-269(crowd)-270(of)-270(prelates)-270(followed)-269(him)-270(to)-270(the)-269(grave.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-233(brilliant)-232(star)-233(is)-233(said)-232(to)-233(have)-233(shone)-232(miraculously)-233(over)-233(his)-232(pillar;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(general)-295(voice)-295(of)-295(mankind)-295(pronounced)-295(him)-295(to)-295(be)-295(the)-295(highest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(model)-265(of)-265(a)-266(Christian)-265(saint;)-273(and)-265(several)-265(other)-265(anchorites)-265(imitated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-250(emulated)-250(his)-250(penances.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 112.702 3.959 Td [(249)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -100.746 -17.884 Td [(There)-453(is,)-504(if)-453(I)-453(mistake)-453(not,)-504(no)-453(department)-453(of)-453(literature)-453(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(importance)-242(of)-241(which)-242(is)-241(more)-241(inadequately)-242(realised)-241(than)-242(the)-241(lives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-343(the)-343(saints.)-530(Even)-343(where)-343(they)-344(have)-343(no)-343(direct)-343(historical)-343(value,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-253(have)-252(a)-253(moral)-252(value)-253(of)-252(the)-253(very)-252(highest)-253(order.)-257(They)-253(may)-252(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tell)-243(us)-243(with)-242(accuracy)-243(what)-243(men)-243(did)-243(at)-243(particular)-242(epochs;)-246(but)-242(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(display)-174(with)-173(the)-174(utmost)-174(vividness)-174(what)-173(they)-174(thought)-174(and)-173(felt,)-189(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(measure)-258(of)-259(probability,)-260(and)-258(their)-259(ideal)-258(of)-258(excellence.)-275(Decrees)-258(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(councils,)-247(elaborate)-247(treatises)-247(of)-246(theologians,)-248(creeds,)-247(liturgies,)-247(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(canons,)-353(are)-332(all)-332(but)-665(the)-332(husks)-332(of)-332(religious)-333(history.)-496(They)-332(reveal)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([113])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(what)-378(was)-378(professed)-378(and)-379(argued)-378(before)-378(the)-378(world,)-410(but)-378(not)-378(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-287(was)-287(realised)-286(in)-287(the)-287(imagination)-286(or)-287(enshrined)-287(in)-287(the)-286(heart.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-285(history)-286(of)-285(art,)-294(which)-285(in)-285(its)-286(ruder)-285(day)-285(reflected)-285(with)-285(delicate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fidelity)-253(the)-253(fleeting)-254(images)-253(of)-253(an)-253(anthropomorphic)-253(age,)-254(is)-253(in)-253(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(respect)-253(invaluable;)-255(but)-253(still)-253(more)-254(important)-253(is)-253(that)-253(vast)-253(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mythology,)-356(which)-335(grew)-335(up)-335(spontaneously)-335(from)-335(the)-334(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(condition)-443(of)-444(the)-443(time,)-492(included)-443(all)-444(its)-443(dearest)-444(hopes,)-491(wishes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideals,)-327(and)-311(imaginings,)-327(and)-312(constituted,)-327(during)-311(many)-311(centuries,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-332(popular)-331(literature)-332(of)-331(Christendom.)-495(In)-331(the)-332(case)-331(of)-332(the)-331(saints)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-297(the)-297(deserts,)-308(there)-297(can)-297(be)-296(no)-297(question)-297(that)-297(the)-296(picture)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 243.059 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(is)-319(drawn)-318(chiefly)-319(by)-319(eye-witnesses)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 150.235 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(however)-319(grotesque)-318(may)-319(be)]TJ -161.144 -13.549 Td [(some)-311(of)-311(its)-311(details,)-327(is)-311(in)-311(its)-311(leading)-311(features)-311(historically)-311(true.)-433(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-356(true)-357(that)-356(self-torture)-357(was)-356(for)-357(some)-356(centuries)-357(regarded)-356(as)-356(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chief)-395(measure)-395(of)-395(human)-395(excellence,)-431(that)-395(tens)-395(of)-395(thousands)-395(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-384(most)-384(devoted)-384(men)-384(fled)-384(to)-384(the)-384(desert)-384(to)-384(reduce)-383(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-295(maceration)-295(nearly)-295(to)-295(the)-295(condition)-295(of)-295(the)-294(brute,)-307(and)-295(that)-294(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(odious)-279(superstition)-278(had)-279(acquired)-279(an)-278(almost)-279(absolute)-278(ascendancy)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 80.91 Td [(249)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-229(his)-230(Life)-229(by)-230(his)-229(disciple)-230(Antony,)-233(in)-230(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 151.301 0 Td [(Vit\346)-229(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.401 0 Td [(,)-234(Evagrius,)-233(i.)-243(13,)-234(14.)]TJ -208.658 -10.959 Td [(Theodoret,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.335 0 Td [(Philotheos)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.358 0 Td [(,)-250(cap.)-250(xxvi.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 497 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 498 0 R /Resources 496 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 495 0 R >> endobj 499 0 obj << /D [497 0 R /XYZ 179.457 328.111 null] >> endobj 496 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 502 0 obj << /Length 4630 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(113)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-434(the)-435(ethics)-434(of)-434(the)-435(age.)-803(The)-434(examples)-435(of)-434(asceticism)-434(I)-434(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cited)-248(are)-248(but)-249(a)-248(few)-248(out)-248(of)-248(many)-248(hundreds,)-249(and)-248(volumes)-248(might)-248(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(written,)-238(and)-235(have)-235(been)-236(written,)-238(detailing)-235(them.)-245(Till)-235(the)-235(reform)-235(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-230(Benedict,)-200(the)-189(ideal)-188(was)-189(on)-188(the)-189(whole)-188(unchanged.)-230(The)-188(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monks,)-192(from)-177(the)-178(conditions)-177(of)-178(their)-177(climate,)-192(were)-177(constitutionally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(incapable)-272(of)-271(rivalling)-272(the)-272(abstinence)-271(of)-272(the)-272(Egyptian)-271(anchorites;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-276(their)-275(conception)-276(of)-275(supreme)-276(excellence)-276(was)-275(much)-276(the)-275(same,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-229(they)-230(laboured)-229(to)-229(compensate)-229(for)-230(their)-229(inferiority)-229(in)-229(penances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-442(claiming)-442(some)-443(superiority)-442(in)-442(miracles.)-827(From)-442(the)-442(time)-442(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(St.)-421(Pachomius,)-321(the)-307(c)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 92.055 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(nobitic)-307(life)-307(was)-307(adopted)-307(by)-307(most)-307(monks;)]TJ -99.931 -13.549 Td [(but)-347(the)-346(Eastern)-347(monasteries,)-371(with)-347(the)-346(important)-347(exception)-347(of)-346(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vow)-229(of)-229(obedience,)-233(differed)-228(little)-229(from)-229(a)-229(collection)-229(of)-228(hermitages.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(They)-245(were)-245(in)-245(the)-245(deserts;)-246(the)-245(monks)-245(commonly)-245(lived)-245(in)-244(separate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cells;)-259(they)-255(kept)-256(silence)-256(at)-255(their)-256(repasts;)-258(they)-256(rivalled)-256(one)-255(another)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-463(the)-463(extravagance)-463(of)-464(their)-463(penances.)-889(A)-463(few)-463(feeble)-463(efforts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-508(indeed)-507(made)-508(by)-1015(St.)-1022(Jerome)-508(and)-507(others)-508(to)-507(moderate)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([114])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(austerities,)-602(which)-532(frequently)-531(led)-532(to)-531(insanity)-532(and)-531(suicide,)-602(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(check)-443(the)-443(turbulence)-443(of)-443(certain)-443(wandering)-443(monks,)-491(who)-443(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accustomed)-155(to)-155(defy)-154(the)-155(ecclesiastical)-155(authorities,)-174(and)-155(especially)-154(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suppress)-199(monastic)-198(mendicancy,)-209(which)-198(had)-199(appeared)-198(prominently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(among)-405(some)-405(heretical)-405(sects.)-714(The)-405(orthodox)-405(monks)-404(commonly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(employed)-180(themselves)-180(in)-180(weaving)-180(mats)-179(of)-180(palm-leaves;)-204(but,)-193(living)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-335(the)-335(deserts,)-356(with)-335(no)-334(wants,)-356(they)-335(speedily)-335(sank)-335(into)-335(a)-334(listless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apathy;)-567(and)-461(the)-462(most)-461(admired)-461(were)-462(those)-461(who,)-514(like)-461(Simeon)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Stylites,)-366(and)-344(the)-343(hermit)-343(John,)-366(of)-343(whom)-343(I)-343(have)-343(already)-343(spoken,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-306(most)-306(exclusively)-306(devoted)-306(to)-306(their)-306(superstition.)-418(Diversities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-280(individual)-280(character)-280(were,)-288(however,)-287(vividly)-280(displayed.)-340(Many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anchorites,)-242(without)-240(knowledge,)-242(passions,)-242(or)-240(imagination,)-242(having)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fled)-344(from)-345(servile)-344(toil)-344(to)-345(the)-344(calm)-344(of)-345(the)-344(wilderness,)-368(passed)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(long)-211(hours)-210(in)-211(sleep)-211(or)-210(in)-211(a)-210(mechanical)-211(routine)-211(of)-210(prayer,)-219(and)-210(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(inert)-407(and)-407(languid)-406(existences,)-446(prolonged)-407(to)-407(the)-407(extreme)-407(of)-406(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age,)-269(closed)-265(at)-265(last)-265(by)-265(a)-266(tranquil)-265(and)-265(almost)-265(animal)-265(death.)-295(Others)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-266(their)-267(cells)-266(by)-266(the)-266(clear)-267(fountains)-266(and)-266(clustering)-266(palm-trees)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-225(some)-225(oasis)-225(in)-225(the)-225(desert,)-230(and)-225(a)-225(blooming)-225(garden)-225(arose)-224(beneath)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 501 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 502 0 R /Resources 500 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 495 0 R >> endobj 503 0 obj << /D [501 0 R /XYZ 153.737 314.937 null] >> endobj 500 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 506 0 obj << /Length 7323 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(114History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-435(toil.)-807(The)-435(numerous)-436(monks)-435(who)-436(followed)-435(St.)-806(Serapion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devoted)-288(themselves)-288(largely)-287(to)-288(agriculture,)-297(and)-288(sent)-288(shiploads)-287(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(corn)-244(for)-243(the)-244(benefit)-243(of)-244(the)-244(poor.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 136.817 3.959 Td [(250)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.157 -3.959 Td [(Of)-244(one)-243(old)-244(hermit)-243(it)-244(is)-243(related)]TJ -151.974 -13.549 Td [(that,)-377(such)-351(was)-351(the)-351(cheerfulness)-351(of)-351(his)-352(mind,)-376(that)-351(every)-351(sorrow)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-208(dispelled)-209(by)-208(his)-209(presence,)-216(and)-209(the)-208(weary)-209(and)-208(the)-208(heartbroken)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-218(consoled)-217(by)-218(a)-218(few)-217(words)-218(from)-217(his)-218(lips.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 190.168 3.959 Td [(251)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.063 -3.959 Td [(More)-218(commonly,)]TJ -205.231 -13.549 Td [(however,)-283(the)-276(hermit's)-277(cell)-276(was)-277(the)-276(scene)-277(of)-276(perpetual)-276(mourning.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tears)-264(and)-264(sobs,)-268(and)-264(frantic)-263(strugglings)-264(with)-264(imaginary)-264(d\346mons,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-294(paroxysms)-294(of)-294(religious)-294(despair,)-305(were)-294(the)-294(texture)-294(of)-294(his)-294(life,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-330(the)-329(dread)-330(of)-329(spiritual)-330(enemies,)-349(and)-330(of)-330(that)-329(death)-330(which)-329(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superstition)-194(had)-194(rendered)-194(so)-194(terrible,)-205(embittered)-194(every)-194(hour)-194(of)-194(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existence.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 43.32 3.959 Td [(252)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.2 -3.959 Td [(The)-312(solace)-311(of)-312(intellectual)-312(occupations)-311(was)-312(rarely)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -133.275 0 Td [([115])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(resorted)-339(to.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 55.7 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-339(duty,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 42.788 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.544 0 Td [(said)-339(St.)-518(Jerome,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 76.923 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(of)-339(a)-339(monk)-340(is)-339(not)-339(to)]TJ -193.641 -13.549 Td [(teach,)-386(but)-358(to)-358(weep.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 85.946 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(253)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.364 -3.958 Td [(A)-358(cultivated)-359(and)-358(disciplined)-359(mind)-358(was)]TJ -107.154 -13.55 Td [(the)-396(least)-395(subject)-396(to)-396(those)-395(hallucinations,)-432(which)-396(were)-395(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-295(the)-296(highest)-295(evidence)-295(of)-296(Divine)-295(favour;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 182.323 3.959 Td [(254)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.922 -3.959 Td [(and)-295(although)-296(in)-295(an)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 297.003 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 290.107 Td [(250)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.362 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.353 0 Td [(lxxvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.422 -7.395 Td [(251)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)-250(Hist.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 52.309 0 Td [(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.866 0 Td [(xxxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -97.882 -7.394 Td [(252)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(We)-342(have)-342(a)-341(striking)-342(illustration)-342(of)-341(this)-342(in)-342(St.)-525(Arsenius.)-525(His)-342(eyelashes)-342(are)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(said)-337(to)-336(have)-337(fallen)-336(off)-337(through)-336(continual)-337(weeping,)-358(and)-337(he)-336(had)-337(always,)-358(when)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(at)-316(work,)-333(to)-316(put)-317(a)-316(cloth)-316(on)-316(his)-316(breast)-317(to)-316(receive)-316(his)-316(tears.)-449(As)-316(he)-317(felt)-316(his)-316(death)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(approaching,)-259(his)-257(terror)-257(rose)-257(to)-258(the)-257(point)-257(of)-257(agony.)-271(The)-258(monks)-257(who)-257(were)-257(about)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(him)-272(said,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 35.573 0 Td [(\034)-167(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.462 0 Td [(Quid)-272(fles,)-278(pater?)-318(numquid)-272(et)-272(tu)-273(times?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 138.878 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.428 0 Td [(Ille)-272(respondit,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 52.502 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(In)-272(veritate)]TJ -243.829 -10.958 Td [(timeo)-278(et)-279(iste)-278(timor)-278(qui)-279(nunc)-278(mecum)-278(est,)-286(semper)-278(in)-278(me)-279(fuit,)-285(ex)-278(quo)-279(factus)-278(sum)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(monachus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 38.601 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(Verba)-290(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.882 0 Td [(,)-300(Prol.)-370(\247)-290(163.)-370(It)-290(was)-290(said)-290(of)-290(St.)-370(Abraham)-290(that)]TJ -114.911 -10.959 Td [(no)-300(day)-300(passed)-299(after)-300(his)-300(conversion)-299(without)-300(his)-300(shedding)-300(tears.)-399(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 232.219 0 Td [(Vit.)-399(Patrum.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.425 0 Td [(\051)]TJ -277.644 -10.959 Td [(St.)-583(John)-361(the)-360(dwarf)-361(once)-361(saw)-361(a)-361(monk)-361(laughing)-361(immoderately)-361(at)-360(dinner,)-389(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-379(so)-379(horrified)-380(that)-379(he)-379(at)-379(once)-379(began)-379(to)-379(cry.)-638(\050Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 221.285 0 Td [(M\351m.)-637(de)-380(l'Hist.)]TJ -221.285 -10.959 Td [(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.644 0 Td [(tome)-278(x.)-336(p.)-335(430.\051)-336(St.)-335(Basil)-279(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 98.226 0 Td [(Regul\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.899 0 Td [(,)-286(interrog.)-335(xvii.\051)-336(gives)-278(a)-279(remarkable)]TJ -151.769 -10.959 Td [(disquisition)-300(on)-299(the)-299(wickedness)-300(of)-299(laughing,)-312(and)-300(he)-299(observes)-300(that)-299(this)-300(was)-299(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(one)-297(bodily)-296(affection)-297(which)-297(Christ)-296(does)-297(not)-296(seem)-297(to)-297(have)-296(known.)-390(Mr.)-390(Buckle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has)-224(collected)-225(a)-224(series)-225(of)-224(passages)-224(to)-225(precisely)-224(the)-225(same)-224(effect)-224(from)-225(the)-224(writings)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Scotch)-250(divines.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 82.93 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Civilisation)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.503 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(385-386.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -153.184 -7.394 Td [(253)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Monachus)-408(autem)-408(non)-408(doctoris)-408(habet)-408(sed)-409(plangentis)-408(officium.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 228.576 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Contr.)]TJ -257.461 -10.959 Td [(Vigilant.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.382 0 Td [(xv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -33.133 -7.394 Td [(254)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(As)-227(Tillemont)-226(puts)-227(it:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 75.991 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Il)-227(se)-226(trouva)-227(tr\350s-peu)-226(de)-227(saints)-227(en)-226(qui)-227(Dieu)-226(ait)-227(joint)-227(les)]TJ -91.927 -10.959 Td [(talens)-313(ext\351rieurs)-314(de)-313(l'\351loquence)-313(et)-314(de)-313(la)-313(science)-313(avec)-314(la)-313(gr\342ce)-313(de)-314(la)-313(proph\351tie)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 505 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 506 0 R /Resources 504 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 495 0 R >> endobj 507 0 obj << /D [505 0 R /XYZ 374.173 369.134 null] >> endobj 504 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 510 0 obj << /Length 6220 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(115)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(age)-263(when)-263(the)-263(passion)-263(for)-263(asceticism)-263(was)-262(general,)-267(many)-262(scholars)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(became)-254(ascetics,)-254(the)-254(great)-253(majority)-254(of)-253(the)-254(early)-253(monks)-254(appear)-253(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-152(been)-152(men)-152(who)-152(were)-152(not)-152(only)-152(absolutely)-152(ignorant)-151(themselves,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-324(who)-323(also)-324(looked)-323(upon)-324(learning)-323(with)-323(positive)-324(disfavour.)-470(St.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Antony,)-317(the)-304(true)-303(founder)-304(of)-303(monachism,)-317(refused)-304(when)-303(a)-304(boy)-303(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(learn)-185(letters,)-199(because)-185(it)-186(would)-185(bring)-186(him)-185(into)-186(too)-185(great)-185(intercourse)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-395(other)-395(boys.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 73.769 3.959 Td [(255)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.928 -3.959 Td [(At)-395(a)-395(time)-395(when)-395(St.)-685(Jerome)-395(had)-396(suffered)]TJ -93.697 -13.549 Td [(himself)-369(to)-369(feel)-369(a)-370(deep)-369(admiration)-369(for)-369(the)-369(genius)-369(of)-370(Cicero,)-398(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was,)-262(as)-259(he)-259(himself)-260(tells)-259(us,)-262(borne)-259(in)-259(the)-260(night)-259(before)-259(the)-259(tribunal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-272(Christ,)-278(accused)-273(of)-272(being)-273(rather)-272(a)-272(Ciceronian)-273(than)-272(a)-272(Christian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-343(severely)-342(flagellated)-343(by)-342(the)-343(angels.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 171.675 3.959 Td [(256)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.21 -3.959 Td [(This)-343(saint,)-365(however,)]TJ -189.885 -13.549 Td [(afterwards)-301(modified)-301(his)-301(opinions)-301(about)-301(the)-302(Pagan)-301(writings,)-313(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-299(was)-597(compelled)-298(to)-299(defend)-298(himself)-298(at)-299(length)-298(against)-299(his)-298(more)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([116])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(jealous)-299(brethren,)-310(who)-299(accused)-299(him)-298(of)-299(defiling)-298(his)-299(writings)-298(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(quotations)-409(from)-408(Pagan)-409(authors,)-448(of)-409(employing)-408(some)-409(monks)-408(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(copying)-419(Cicero,)-461(and)-418(of)-419(explaining)-419(Virgil)-418(to)-419(some)-419(children)-418(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Bethlehem.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 49.997 3.959 Td [(257)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.258 -3.959 Td [(Of)-344(one)-344(monk)-344(it)-344(is)-344(related)-344(that,)-368(being)-344(especially)]TJ -68.255 -13.549 Td [(famous)-275(as)-276(a)-275(linguist,)-281(he)-276(made)-275(it)-275(his)-276(penance)-275(to)-275(remain)-275(perfectly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(silent)-209(for)-210(thirty)-209(years;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 92.905 3.958 Td [(258)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.886 -3.958 Td [(of)-209(another,)-218(that)-209(having)-210(discovered)-209(a)-210(few)]TJ -107.791 -13.55 Td [(books)-305(in)-305(the)-305(cell)-305(of)-305(a)-305(brother)-305(hermit,)-319(he)-305(reproached)-305(t)1(he)-305(student)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 240.327 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 231.503 Td [(et)-464(des)-464(miracles.)-892(Ce)-464(sont)-465(des)-464(dons)-464(que)-464(sa)-464(Providence)-464(a)-464(presque)-464(toujours)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(s\351par\351s.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 28.63 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(M\351m.)-250(Hist.)-250(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.225 0 Td [(tome)-250(iv.)-250(p.)-250(315.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -109.553 -7.394 Td [(255)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Athanasius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.291 0 Td [(Vit.)-250(Anton.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -67.997 -7.394 Td [(256)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xxii.)-250(He)-250(says)-250(his)-250(shoulders)-250(were)-250(bruised)-250(when)-250(he)-250(awoke.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -26.151 -7.395 Td [(257)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.888 0 Td [(lxx.;)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 19.099 0 Td [(Adv.)-398(Rufinum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.143 0 Td [(,)-312(lib.)-398(i.)-398(ch.)-399(xxx.)-398(He)-299(there)-300(speaks)-299(of)-300(his)-299(vision)-299(as)-300(a)]TJ -96.085 -10.959 Td [(mere)-334(dream,)-354(not)-334(binding.)-501(He)-334(elsewhere)-334(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 152.606 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.196 0 Td [(cxxv.\051)-501(speaks)-334(very)-334(sensibly)-333(of)]TJ -167.802 -10.958 Td [(the)-272(advantage)-272(of)-272(hermits)-272(occupying)-273(themselves,)-277(and)-272(says)-273(he)-272(learnt)-272(Hebrew)-272(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(keep)-250(away)-250(unholy)-250(thoughts.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(258)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sozomen,)-376(vi.)-554(28;)-401(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 102.243 0 Td [(Hist.)-553(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.923 0 Td [(ch.)-553(vi.)-554(Socrates)-351(tells)-351(rather)-351(a)]TJ -171.121 -10.959 Td [(touching)-317(story)-316(of)-317(one)-317(of)-317(these)-316(illiterate)-317(saints,)-333(named)-317(Pambos.)-450(Being)-317(unable)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(to)-324(read,)-342(he)-324(came)-324(to)-324(some)-324(one)-324(to)-324(be)-324(taught)-324(a)-323(psalm.)-472(Having)-324(learnt)-324(the)-324(single)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(verse,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 23.778 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(I)-283(said)-284(I)-283(will)-284(take)-283(heed)-284(to)-284(my)-283(ways,)-292(that)-283(I)-284(offend)-283(not)-284(with)-284(my)-283(tongue,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 248.889 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.648 -10.959 Td [(he)-322(went)-322(away,)-340(saying)-323(that)-322(was)-322(enough)-322(if)-322(it)-322(were)-322(practically)-323(acquired.)-466(When)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(asked,)-289(six)-281(months,)-290(and)-281(again)-281(many)-282(years,)-289(after,)-289(why)-281(he)-282(did)-281(not)-281(come)-282(to)-281(learn)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(another)-229(verse,)-233(he)-229(answered)-229(that)-229(he)-229(had)-229(never)-228(been)-229(able)-229(truly)-229(to)-229(master)-229(this.)-243(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 271.914 0 Td [(H.)]TJ -271.914 -10.959 Td [(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.961 0 Td [(iv.)-250(23.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 509 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 510 0 R /Resources 508 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 495 0 R >> endobj 511 0 obj << /D [509 0 R /XYZ 80.546 355.585 null] >> endobj 508 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 514 0 obj << /Length 4851 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(116History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(with)-290(having)-289(thus)-290(defrauded)-289(of)-290(their)-289(property)-290(the)-289(widow)-290(and)-289(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orphan;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 33.328 3.959 Td [(259)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.384 -3.959 Td [(of)-385(others,)-418(that)-385(their)-384(only)-385(books)-385(were)-384(copies)-385(of)-385(the)]TJ -50.712 -13.549 Td [(New)-250(Testament,)-250(which)-250(they)-250(sold)-250(to)-250(relieve)-250(the)-250(poor.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 228.447 3.959 Td [(260)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -216.491 -17.779 Td [(With)-300(such)-299(men,)-312(living)-300(such)-299(a)-300(life,)-312(visions)-299(and)-300(miracles)-299(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(necessarily)-183(habitual.)-227(All)-183(the)-183(elements)-183(of)-183(hallucination)-183(were)-182(there.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Ignorant)-456(and)-456(superstitious,)-508(bel)1(ieving)-456(as)-456(a)-456(matter)-456(of)-456(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conviction)-580(that)-580(countless)-580(d\346mons)-579(filled)-580(the)-580(air,)-662(attributing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-481(fluctuation)-481(of)-481(his)-481(temperament,)-539(and)-481(every)-480(exceptional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(phenomenon)-178(in)-177(surrounding)-178(nature,)-192(to)-178(spiritual)-178(agency;)-201(delirious,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too,)-217(from)-208(solitude)-209(and)-208(long)-208(continued)-209(austerities,)-217(the)-208(hermit)-208(soon)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(mistook)-458(for)-457(palpable)-458(realities)-457(the)-457(phantoms)-458(of)-457(his)-458(brain.)-872(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-440(ghastly)-440(gloom)-441(of)-440(the)-440(sepulchre,)-488(where,)-487(amid)-440(mouldering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(corpses,)-316(he)-303(took)-303(up)-303(his)-302(abode;)-330(in)-302(the)-303(long)-303(hours)-303(of)-303(the)-303(night)-302(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(penance,)-412(when)-380(the)-380(desert)-380(wind)-380(sobbed)-380(around)-380(his)-380(lonely)-379(cell,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-380(the)-380(cries)-380(of)-379(wild)-760(beasts)-380(were)-380(borne)-380(upon)-379(his)-380(ear,)-412(visible)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([117])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(forms)-220(of)-220(lust)-220(or)-219(terror)-220(appeared)-220(to)-220(haunt)-220(him,)-226(and)-220(strange)-219(dramas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-378(enacted)-378(by)-378(those)-378(who)-378(were)-378(contending)-378(for)-378(his)-378(soul.)-633(An)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imagination)-407(strained)-406(to)-406(the)-407(utmost)-406(limit,)-446(acting)-406(upon)-407(a)-406(frame)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attenuated)-362(and)-363(diseased)-362(by)-363(macerations,)-390(produced)-362(bewildering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(psychological)-426(phenomena,)-469(paroxysms)-425(of)-426(conflicting)-425(passions,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sudden)-395(alternations)-395(of)-395(joy)-395(and)-395(anguish,)-431(which)-395(he)-395(regarded)-394(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manifestly)-343(supernatural.)-528(Sometimes,)-365(in)-343(the)-343(very)-342(ecstasy)-343(of)-342(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devotion,)-228(the)-222(memory)-222(of)-222(old)-222(scenes)-222(would)-222(crowd)-222(upon)-222(his)-222(mind.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-470(shady)-469(groves)-470(and)-470(soft)-470(voluptuous)-469(gardens)-470(of)-470(his)-469(native)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(city)-289(would)-290(arise,)-299(and,)-299(kneeling)-289(alone)-289(upon)-290(the)-289(burning)-289(sand,)-299(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(seemed)-362(to)-362(see)-361(around)-362(him)-362(the)-362(fair)-361(groups)-362(of)-362(dancing-girls,)-389(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whose)-328(warm,)-347(undulating)-328(limbs)-327(and)-328(wanton)-328(smiles)-328(his)-327(youthful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eyes)-409(had)-408(too)-409(fondly)-409(dwelt.)-726(Sometimes)-408(his)-409(temptation)-408(sprang)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-310(remembered)-311(sounds.)-430(The)-310(sweet,)-326(licentious)-310(songs)-310(of)-310(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(days)-248(came)-248(floating)-249(on)-248(his)-248(ear,)-248(and)-249(his)-248(heart)-248(was)-248(thrilled)-248(with)-248(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passions)-312(of)-311(the)-312(past.)-434(And)-311(then)-312(the)-311(scene)-312(would)-311(change.)-435(As)-311(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lips)-309(were)-310(murmuring)-309(the)-310(psalter,)-324(his)-310(imagination,)-324(fired)-309(perhaps)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 87.967 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(259)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)-250(x.)-250(p.)-250(61.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(260)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(viii.)-250(490;)-250(Socrates,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 88.417 0 Td [(H.)-250(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(iv.)-250(23.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 513 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 514 0 R /Resources 512 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 495 0 R >> endobj 515 0 obj << /D [513 0 R /XYZ 192.425 328.216 null] >> endobj 512 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 518 0 obj << /Length 5607 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(117)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(by)-509(the)-509(music)-509(of)-508(some)-509(martial)-509(psalm,)-574(depicted)-509(the)-508(crowded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amphitheatre.)-910(The)-470(throng)-470(and)-470(passion)-470(and)-470(mingled)-470(cries)-470(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eager)-310(thousands)-310(were)-310(present)-310(to)-310(his)-310(mind,)-325(and)-310(the)-310(fierce)-310(joy)-309(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-364(gladiators)-364(passed)-363(through)-364(the)-364(tumult)-364(of)-364(his)-363(dream.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 244.761 3.958 Td [(261)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.906 -3.958 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.55 Td [(simplest)-224(incident)-224(came)-224(at)-224(last)-223(to)-224(suggest)-224(diabolical)-224(influence.)-241(An)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-347(hermit,)-371(weary)-347(and)-347(fainting)-347(upon)-347(his)-347(journey,)-371(once)-347(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-374(refreshing)-375(would)-374(be)-375(a)-374(draught)-374(of)-375(the)-374(honey)-375(of)-374(wild)-374(bees)]TJ 4.833 -13.549 Td [(of)-443(the)-443(desert.)-829(At)-443(that)-443(moment)-443(his)-443(eye)-443(fell)-443(upon)-443(a)-442(rock)-443(on)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 286.191 0 Td [([118])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(which)-473(they)-472(had)-473(built)-473(a)-472(hive.)-918(He)-473(passed)-473(on)-472(with)-473(a)-472(shudder)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-402(an)-403(exorcism,)-440(for)-403(he)-402(believed)-403(it)-402(to)-403(be)-402(a)-403(temptation)-402(of)-402(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devil.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.546 3.959 Td [(262)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.579 -3.959 Td [(But)-384(most)-385(terrible)-384(of)-385(all)-384(were)-384(the)-385(struggles)-384(of)-385(young)]TJ -44.125 -13.549 Td [(and)-340(ardent)-340(men,)-362(through)-340(whose)-340(veins)-340(the)-340(hot)-340(blood)-340(of)-339(passion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continually)-399(flowed,)-436(physically)-399(incapable)-399(of)-399(a)-399(life)-399(of)-399(celibacy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-228(with)-229(all)-228(that)-228(proneness)-228(to)-228(hallucination)-229(which)-228(a)-228(southern)-228(sun)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(engenders,)-410(who)-378(were)-378(borne)-379(on)-378(the)-378(wave)-378(of)-378(enthusiasm)-378(to)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(desert)-320(life.)-459(In)-320(the)-320(arms)-319(of)-320(Syrian)-320(or)-320(African)-319(brides,)-338(whose)-319(soft)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eyes)-282(answered)-282(love)-282(with)-281(love,)-290(they)-282(might)-282(have)-282(sunk)-282(to)-282(rest,)-289(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-387(the)-386(lonely)-387(wilderness)-387(no)-386(peace)-387(could)-387(ever)-386(visit)-387(their)-386(souls.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-400(Lives)-401(of)-400(the)-400(Saints)-401(paint)-400(with)-400(an)-401(appalling)-400(vividness)-400(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(agonies)-392(of)-392(their)-392(struggle.)-677(Multiplying)-392(with)-392(frantic)-392(energy)-392(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(macerations)-295(of)-294(the)-294(body,)-306(beating)-294(their)-295(breasts)-294(with)-295(anguish,)-305(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tears)-335(for)-335(ever)-335(streaming)-335(from)-335(their)-335(eyes,)-356(imagining)-335(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continually)-370(haunted)-370(by)-370(ever-changing)-370(forms)-370(of)-370(deadly)-370(beauty,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-347(acquired)-346(a)-347(greater)-346(vividness)-346(from)-347(the)-346(very)-347(passion)-346(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-254(they)-254(resisted)-254(them,)-255(their)-254(struggles)-254(not)-254(unfrequently)-254(ended)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 175.554 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 168.742 Td [(261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(I)-403(have)-404(combined)-403(in)-404(this)-403(passage)-403(incidents)-404(from)-403(three)-404(distinct)-403(lives.)-711(St.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Jerome,)-217(in)-209(a)-208(very)-209(famous)-208(and)-209(very)-208(beautiful)-209(passage)-209(of)-208(his)-209(letter)-208(to)-209(Eustochium)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.636 0 Td [(xxii.\051)-314(describes)-271(the)-272(manner)-271(in)-271(which)-271(the)-272(forms)-271(of)-271(dancing-girls)-272(appeared)]TJ -17.622 -10.959 Td [(to)-328(surround)-329(him)-328(as)-329(he)-328(knelt)-328(upon)-329(the)-328(desert)-329(sands.)-485(St.)-485(Mary)-328(of)-329(Egypt)-328(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 264.186 0 Td [(Vit\346)]TJ -264.186 -10.959 Td [(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.9 0 Td [(,)-434(ch.)-692(xix.\051)-692(was)-398(especially)-397(tortured)-397(by)-398(the)-397(recollection)-397(of)-398(the)-397(songs)]TJ -26.9 -10.959 Td [(she)-306(had)-306(sung)-306(when)-307(young,)-320(which)-306(continually)-306(haunted)-306(her)-306(mind.)-419(St.)-418(Hilarion)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050see)-298(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.251 0 Td [(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.627 0 Td [(by)-298(St.)-395(Jerome\051)-299(thought)-298(he)-299(saw)-298(a)-298(gladiatorial)-299(show)-298(while)-298(he)-299(was)]TJ -46.878 -10.958 Td [(repeating)-235(the)-235(psalms.)-245(The)-235(manner)-235(in)-236(which)-235(the)-235(different)-235(visions)-235(faded)-235(into)-235(one)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(another)-250(like)-250(dissolving)-250(views)-250(is)-250(repeatedly)-250(described)-250(in)-250(the)-250(biographies.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(262)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.055 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(xi.)-250(This)-250(saint)-250(was)-250(St.)-250(Helenus.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 517 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 518 0 R /Resources 516 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 520 0 R >> endobj 519 0 obj << /D [517 0 R /XYZ 46.771 423.331 null] >> endobj 516 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 523 0 obj << /Length 5038 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(118History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-289(insanity)-289(and)-289(in)-289(suicide.)-368(It)-289(is)-289(related)-289(that)-289(when)-289(St.)-367(Pachomius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-226(St.)-242(Pal\346mon)-227(were)-226(conversing)-226(together)-227(in)-226(the)-226(desert,)-231(a)-226(young)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monk,)-496(with)-447(his)-447(countenance)-447(distracted)-447(with)-447(madness,)-496(rushed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-499(their)-499(presence,)-562(and,)-561(in)-500(a)-499(voice)-499(broken)-499(with)-499(convulsive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sobs,)-420(poured)-385(out)-386(his)-386(tale)-386(of)-385(sorrows.)-658(A)-385(woman,)-420(he)-386(said,)-419(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entered)-468(his)-467(cell,)-522(had)-468(seduced)-468(him)-467(by)-468(her)-468(artifices,)-522(and)-467(then)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vanished)-248(miraculously)-247(in)-248(the)-248(air,)-248(leaving)-248(him)-247(half)-248(dead)-248(upon)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ground;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 33.938 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(and)-217(then)-217(with)-218(a)-217(wild)-217(shriek)-217(the)-218(monk)-217(broke)-217(away)-217(from)]TJ -44.848 -13.549 Td [(the)-213(saintly)-213(listeners.)-238(Impelled,)-220(as)-214(they)-213(imagined,)-220(by)-213(an)-213(evil)-213(spirit,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-382(rushed)-381(across)-382(the)-381(desert,)-414(till)-382(he)-381(arrived)-382(at)-381(the)-382(next)-381(village,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-316(there,)-332(leaping)-316(into)-316(the)-316(open)-316(furnace)-316(of)-315(the)-316(public)-316(baths,)-332(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perished)-306(in)-306(the)-305(flames.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 100.598 3.959 Td [(263)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.008 -3.959 Td [(Strange)-306(stories)-306(were)-305(told)-612(among)-306(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -190.361 0 Td [([119])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(monks)-322(of)-322(revulsions)-323(of)-322(passion)-322(even)-322(in)-322(the)-323(most)-322(advanced.)-466(Of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-335(monk)-335(especially,)-356(who)-335(had)-334(long)-335(been)-335(regarded)-335(as)-335(a)-334(pattern)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-255(asceticism,)-257(but)-256(who)-255(had)-256(suffered)-255(himself)-256(to)-255(fall)-256(into)-255(that)-255(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(complacency)-288(which)-288(was)-288(very)-288(common)-287(among)-288(the)-288(anchorites,)-297(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-238(told)-238(that)-238(one)-238(evening)-238(a)-238(fainting)-238(woman)-238(appeared)-238(at)-238(the)-238(door)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-282(his)-281(cell,)-289(and)-282(implored)-281(him)-282(to)-281(give)-282(her)-281(shelter,)-290(and)-281(not)-281(permit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-254(to)-254(be)-255(devoured)-254(by)-254(the)-254(wild)-254(beasts.)-263(In)-254(an)-254(evil)-254(hour)-254(he)-254(yielded)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-411(her)-410(prayer.)-732(With)-410(all)-411(the)-410(aspect)-411(of)-410(profound)-411(reverence)-410(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(won)-296(his)-296(regards,)-307(and)-296(at)-296(last)-295(ventured)-296(to)-296(lay)-296(her)-296(hand)-296(upon)-295(him.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-353(that)-353(touch)-353(convulsed)-353(his)-353(frame.)-559(Passions)-353(long)-353(slumbering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-306(forgotten)-306(rushed)-306(with)-306(impetuous)-306(fury)-306(through)-306(his)-306(veins.)-417(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-307(paroxysm)-307(of)-308(fierce)-307(love,)-321(he)-307(sought)-308(to)-307(clasp)-307(the)-307(woman)-307(to)-307(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(heart,)-281(but)-274(she)-275(vanished)-274(from)-275(his)-275(sight,)-280(and)-275(a)-274(chorus)-275(of)-274(d\346mons,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-336(peals)-337(of)-336(laughter,)-358(exulted)-337(over)-336(his)-337(fall.)-509(The)-337(sequel)-336(of)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(story,)-371(as)-346(it)-347(is)-346(told)-347(by)-346(the)-347(monkish)-346(writer,)-371(is,)-370(I)-347(think,)-370(of)-347(a)-346(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(high)-349(order)-349(of)-349(artistic)-349(merit.)-547(The)-349(fallen)-349(hermit)-349(did)-349(not)-349(seek,)-373(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-275(have)-276(been)-275(expected,)-282(by)-275(penance)-275(and)-276(prayers)-275(to)-275(renew)-275(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purity.)-550(That)-350(moment)-350(of)-350(passion)-350(and)-350(of)-350(shame)-350(had)-350(revealed)-350(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(him)-319(a)-318(new)-319(nature,)-335(and)-319(severed)-318(him)-319(irrevocably)-318(from)-319(the)-318(hopes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-387(feelings)-388(of)-387(the)-388(ascetic)-387(life.)-662(The)-388(fair)-387(form)-388(that)-387(had)-387(arisen)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(263)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Pachomius)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 83.432 0 Td [(Vit.)-250(Patrum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.846 0 Td [(\051,)-250(cap.)-250(ix.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 522 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 523 0 R /Resources 521 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 520 0 R >> endobj 524 0 obj << /D [522 0 R /XYZ 324.475 369.134 null] >> endobj 521 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 527 0 obj << /Length 5439 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(119)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(upon)-280(his)-280(dream,)-287(though)-280(he)-280(knew)-279(it)-280(to)-280(be)-280(a)-280(deception)-280(luring)-279(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-298(destruction,)-310(still)-298(governed)-299(his)-298(heart.)-394(He)-298(fled)-298(from)-298(the)-298(desert,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(plunged)-377(anew)-377(into)-376(the)-377(world,)-408(avoided)-377(all)-377(intercourse)-377(with)-376(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monks,)-294(and)-285(followed)-285(the)-285(light)-285(of)-285(that)-285(ideal)-285(beauty)-285(even)-284(into)-285(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(jaws)-250(of)-250(hell.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 53.629 3.959 Td [(264)]TJ 237.395 -3.959 Td [([120])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.417 Td [(Anecdotes)-739(of)-740(this)-739(kind,)-862(circulated)-739(among)-739(the)-739(monks,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(contributed)-396(to)-395(heighten)-396(the)-396(feelings)-396(of)-395(terror)-396(with)-396(which)-395(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-402(all)-402(communication)-402(with)-402(the)-402(other)-402(sex.)-706(But)-402(to)-401(avoid)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-325(communication)-324(was)-325(sometimes)-324(very)-324(difficult.)-474(Few)-324(things)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-235(more)-235(striking,)-239(in)-235(the)-235(early)-235(historians)-236(of)-235(the)-235(movement)-235(we)-235(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(considering,)-304(than)-292(the)-293(manner)-293(in)-293(which)-293(narratives)-293(of)-293(the)-292(deepest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tragical)-303(interest)-302(alternate)-303(with)-303(extremely)-302(whimsical)-303(accounts)-302(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-168(profound)-167(admiration)-168(with)-168(which)-167(the)-168(female)-168(devotees)-167(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-191(most)-190(austere)-191(anchorites,)-203(and)-190(the)-191(unwearied)-191(perseverance)-190(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-331(they)-331(endeavoured)-330(to)-331(force)-331(themselves)-331(upon)-331(their)-330(notice.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Some)-538(women)-537(seem)-538(in)-538(this)-538(respect)-537(to)-538(have)-538(been)-537(peculiarly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fortunate.)-855(St.)-856(Melania,)-502(who)-452(devoted)-451(a)-452(great)-452(portion)-452(of)-451(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fortune)-432(to)-433(the)-432(monks,)-478(accompanied)-432(by)-433(the)-432(historian)-432(Rufinus,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made,)-502(near)-452(the)-452(end)-452(of)-451(the)-452(fourth)-452(century,)-502(a)-452(long)-451(pilgrimage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-300(the)-300(Syrian)-300(and)-300(Egyptian)-300(hermitages.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 197.863 3.959 Td [(265)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.82 -3.959 Td [(But)-300(with)-300(many)]TJ -214.683 -13.549 Td [(of)-466(the)-467(hermits)-466(it)-466(was)-467(a)-466(rule)-466(never)-467(to)-466(look)-466(upon)-467(the)-466(face)-466(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(any)-459(woman,)-512(and)-460(the)-459(number)-459(of)-460(years)-459(they)-460(had)-459(escaped)-459(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contamination)-327(was)-327(commonly)-327(stated)-327(as)-327(a)-327(conspicuous)-327(proof)-327(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 208.515 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 201.702 Td [(264)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.734 0 Td [(Hist.)-746(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.23 0 Td [(cap.)-746(i.)-747(This)-415(story)-416(was)-415(told)-416(to)-415(Rufinus)-416(by)-415(St.)]TJ -105.92 -10.959 Td [(John)-327(the)-326(hermit.)-480(The)-327(same)-326(saint)-327(described)-327(his)-326(own)-327(visions)-326(very)-327(graphically.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Denique)-325(etiam)-325(me)-325(frequenter)-325(d\346mones)-325(noctibus)-325(seduxerunt,)-344(et)-325(neque)-325(orare)]TJ -3.981 -10.958 Td [(neque)-214(requiescere)-214(permiserunt,)-222(phantasias)-214(quasdam)-214(per)-214(noctem)-215(totam)-214(sensibus)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(meis)-454(et)-454(cogitationes)-454(suggerentes.)-863(Mane)-454(vero)-454(velut)-455(cum)-454(quadam)-454(illusione)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prosternebant)-415(se)-415(ante)-415(me)-415(dicentes,)-457(Indulge)-415(nobis,)-456(abbas,)-457(quia)-415(laborem)-415(tibi)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(incussimus)-298(tota)-299(nocte.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 80.317 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ibid.)-395(St.)-395(Benedict)-298(in)-299(the)-298(desert)-298(is)-298(said)-299(to)-298(have)-298(been)]TJ -93.264 -10.959 Td [(tortured)-415(by)-416(the)-415(recollection)-416(of)-415(a)-416(beautiful)-416(girl)-415(he)-416(had)-415(once)-416(seen,)-456(and)-416(only)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(regained)-250(his)-250(composure)-250(by)-250(rolling)-250(in)-250(thorns.)-250(\050St.)-250(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 198.237 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(ii.)-250(2.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -218.413 -7.394 Td [(265)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(She)-399(lived)-398(also)-399(for)-398(some)-399(time)-398(in)-399(a)-399(convent)-398(at)-399(Jerusalem,)-435(which)-399(she)-399(had)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(founded.)-242(Melania)-224(\050who)-225(was)-225(one)-225(of)-225(St.)-241(Jerome's)-225(friends\051)-225(was)-225(a)-225(lady)-224(of)-225(rank)-225(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fortune,)-230(who)-225(devoted)-225(her)-224(property)-225(to)-225(the)-225(monks.)-242(See)-224(her)-225(journey)-225(in)-225(Rosweyde,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(lib.)-250(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 526 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 527 0 R /Resources 525 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 520 0 R >> endobj 528 0 obj << /D [526 0 R /XYZ 46.771 461.6 null] >> endobj 525 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 531 0 obj << /Length 5794 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(120History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-306(excellence.)-418(St.)-418(Basil)-306(would)-306(only)-306(speak)-306(to)-306(a)-305(woman)-306(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-438(necessity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 82.639 3.959 Td [(266)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.341 -3.959 Td [(St.)-815(John)-438(of)-438(Lycopolis)-438(had)-439(not)-438(seen)-438(a)]TJ -103.98 -13.549 Td [(woman)-306(for)-306(forty-eight)-306(years.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 127.252 3.959 Td [(267)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.01 -3.959 Td [(A)-306(tribune)-306(was)-306(sent)-306(by)-306(his)-305(wife)]TJ -144.262 -13.549 Td [(on)-201(a)-200(pilgrimage)-201(to)-201(St.)-233(John)-201(the)-201(hermit)-200(to)-201(implore)-200(him)-201(to)-201(allow)-200(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-243(visit)-242(him,)-244(her)-243(desire)-243(being)-242(so)-243(intense)-243(that)-242(she)-243(would)-242(probably,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-293(the)-294(opinion)-293(of)-293(her)-293(husband,)-304(die)-294(if)-293(it)-293(were)-293(ungratified.)-380(At)-293(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-374(hermit)-374(told)-373(his)-374(suppliant)-374(that)-374(he)-373(would)-374(that)-374(night)-374(visit)-373(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wife)-256(when)-257(she)-256(was)-257(in)-256(bed)-256(in)-257(her)-256(house.)-269(The)-257(tribune)-256(brought)-256(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strange)-334(message)-335(to)-334(his)-334(wife,)-356(who)-668(that)-334(night)-335(saw)-334(the)-334(hermit)-334(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([121])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(a)-306(dream.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 38.169 3.959 Td [(268)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.008 -3.959 Td [(A)-306(young)-306(Roman)-305(girl)-306(made)-306(a)-306(pilgrimage)-306(from)-306(Italy)]TJ -55.177 -13.549 Td [(to)-349(Alexandria,)-375(to)-349(look)-350(upon)-349(the)-349(face)-350(and)-349(obtain)-350(the)-349(prayers)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-463(Arsenius,)-338(into)-321(whose)-321(presence)-321(she)-321(forced)-321(herself.)-462(Quailing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beneath)-304(his)-303(rebuffs,)-317(she)-303(flung)-304(herself)-303(at)-304(his)-303(feet,)-317(imploring)-303(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-367(tears)-367(to)-368(grant)-367(her)-367(only)-367(request)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 159.767 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-367(remember)-367(her,)-397(and)-367(to)]TJ -170.676 -13.55 Td [(pray)-400(for)-401(her.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.149 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Remember)-400(you!)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.233 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.212 0 Td [(cried)-400(the)-401(indignant)-400(saint;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 118.284 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(it)]TJ -274.565 -13.549 Td [(shall)-319(be)-319(the)-319(prayer)-319(of)-319(my)-319(life)-319(that)-319(I)-319(may)-319(forget)-319(you.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 231.867 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.324 0 Td [(The)-319(poor)]TJ -240.191 -13.549 Td [(girl)-247(sought)-247(consolation)-247(from)-247(the)-248(Archbishop)-247(of)-247(Alexandria,)-247(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(comforted)-318(her)-319(by)-318(assuring)-318(her)-319(that,)-335(though)-318(she)-319(belonged)-318(to)-318(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sex)-340(by)-341(which)-340(d\346mons)-340(commonly)-341(tempt)-340(saints,)-363(he)-340(doubted)-340(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-229(hermit)-230(would)-229(pray)-229(for)-229(her)-230(soul,)-233(though)-229(he)-230(would)-229(try)-229(to)-229(forget)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-445(face.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 39.674 3.959 Td [(269)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.555 -3.959 Td [(Sometimes)-445(this)-445(female)-444(enthusiasm)-445(took)-445(another)]TJ -61.229 -13.549 Td [(and)-280(a)-281(more)-280(subtle)-280(form,)-288(and)-280(on)-280(more)-281(than)-280(one)-280(occasion)-280(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-300(known)-300(to)-300(attire)-300(themselves)-300(as)-299(men,)-313(and)-300(to)-300(pass)-300(their)-299(lives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undisturbed)-456(as)-455(anchorites.)-867(Among)-456(others,)-507(St.)-867(Pelagia,)-507(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-362(been)-361(the)-362(most)-362(beautiful,)-389(and)-362(one)-361(of)-362(the)-362(most)-361(dangerously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seductive)-251(actresses)-251(of)-251(Antioch,)-251(having)-251(been)-251(somewhat)-251(strangely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(converted,)-268(was)-264(appointed)-264(by)-264(the)-264(bishops)-264(to)-264(live)-264(in)-264(penance)-264(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-331(elderly)-332(virgin)-331(of)-331(irreproachable)-332(piety;)-372(but,)-351(impelled,)-352(we)-331(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(told,)-456(by)-416(her)-415(desire)-415(for)-415(a)-415(more)-415(austere)-416(life,)-456(she)-415(fled)-415(from)-415(her)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 121.081 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 114.269 Td [(266)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.894 0 Td [(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.193 0 Td [(in)-250(Tillemont.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.794 -7.311 Td [(267)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-339(x.)-340(p.)-339(14.)-340(A)-280(certain)-279(Didymus)-280(lived)-280(entirely)-280(alone)-280(till)-280(his)-279(death,)-288(which)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(took)-250(place)-250(when)-250(he)-250(was)-250(ninety.)-250(\050Socrates,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 152.644 0 Td [(H.)-250(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(iv.)-250(23.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -173.314 -7.31 Td [(268)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Monachorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.741 0 Td [(,)-250(cap.)-250(i.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -112.327 -7.311 Td [(269)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Verba)-250(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.523 0 Td [(,)-250(\247)-250(65.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 530 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 531 0 R /Resources 529 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 520 0 R >> endobj 532 0 obj << /D [530 0 R /XYZ 246.235 409.782 null] >> endobj 529 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 535 0 obj << /Length 5882 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(121)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(companion,)-222(assumed)-215(a)-216(male)-215(attire,)-222(took)-215(refuge)-215(among)-215(the)-215(monks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-299(the)-299(Mount)-300(of)-299(Olives,)-311(and,)-312(with)-299(something)-299(of)-299(the)-299(skill)-299(of)-299(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-351(profession,)-375(supported)-351(her)-351(feigned)-350(character)-351(so)-350(consistently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-294(she)-293(acquired)-294(great)-294(renown,)-305(and)-293(it)-294(was)-294(only)-293(\050it)-294(is)-294(said\051)-293(after)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-284(death)-284(that)-284(the)-284(saints)-284(discovered)-284(who)-284(had)-284(been)-284(living)-283(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.546 3.959 Td [(270)]TJ 266.478 -3.959 Td [([122])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -15.633 Td [(The)-311(foregoing)-312(anecdotes)-311(and)-312(observations)-311(will,)-327(I)-312(hope,)-326(have)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(given)-157(a)-158(sufficiently)-157(clear)-158(idea)-157(of)-157(the)-158(general)-157(nature)-158(of)-157(the)-157(monastic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-391(in)-391(its)-392(earliest)-391(phase,)-426(and)-391(also)-392(of)-391(the)-391(writings)-391(it)-391(produced.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(We)-309(may)-308(now)-309(proceed)-309(to)-308(examine)-309(the)-309(ways)-308(in)-309(which)-309(this)-308(mode)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-299(life)-298(affected)-299(both)-299(the)-298(ideal)-299(type)-299(and)-298(the)-299(realised)-299(condition)-298(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-345(morals.)-533(And)-345(in)-345(the)-344(first)-345(place,)-368(it)-345(is)-344(manifest)-345(that)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(proportion)-276(of)-276(virtues)-276(was)-277(altered.)-328(If)-276(an)-276(impartial)-276(person)-276(were)-276(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(glance)-373(over)-373(the)-373(ethics)-373(of)-372(the)-373(New)-373(Testament,)-404(and)-373(were)-372(asked)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-334(was)-334(the)-334(central)-334(and)-334(distinctive)-334(virtue)-334(to)-334(which)-334(the)-334(sacred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(writers)-190(most)-191(continually)-190(referred,)-202(he)-191(would)-190(doubtless)-190(answer)-190(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-311(was)-312(that)-311(which)-312(is)-311(described)-311(as)-312(love,)-326(charity,)-327(or)-311(philanthropy.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(If)-227(he)-227(were)-227(to)-227(apply)-227(a)-227(similar)-227(scrutiny)-227(to)-227(the)-227(writings)-227(of)-227(the)-226(fourth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-329(fifth)-330(centuries,)-349(he)-329(would)-330(answer)-329(that)-329(the)-330(cardinal)-329(virtue)-329(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-316(religious)-316(type)-316(was)-316(not)-316(love,)-333(but)-315(chastity.)-448(And)-316(this)-316(chastity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-326(was)-325(regarded)-325(as)-326(the)-325(ideal)-326(state,)-344(was)-326(not)-325(the)-326(purity)-325(of)-325(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undefiled)-244(marriage.)-248(It)-244(was)-245(the)-244(absolute)-244(suppression)-244(of)-244(the)-244(whole)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 219.229 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 212.417 Td [(270)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Pelagia)-259(was)-258(very)-259(pretty,)-261(and,)-261(according)-259(to)-259(her)-258(own)-259(account,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 217.229 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(her)-259(sins)-258(were)]TJ -233.167 -10.959 Td [(heavier)-361(than)-361(the)-362(sand.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 81.178 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.219 0 Td [(The)-361(people)-361(of)-362(Antioch,)-388(who)-362(were)-361(very)-361(fond)-361(of)-361(her,)]TJ -88.397 -10.959 Td [(called)-418(her)-417(Margarita,)-460(or)-418(the)-418(pearl.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 134.906 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Il)-418(arriva)-417(un)-418(jour)-418(que)-418(divers)-417(\351vesques,)]TJ -138.887 -10.959 Td [(appelez)-246(par)-247(celui)-246(d'Antioche)-246(pour)-247(quelques)-246(affaires,)-247(estant)-246(ensemble)-246(\340)-247(la)-246(porte)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(de)-286(l'eglise)-286(de)-286(S.-Julien,)-295(P\351lagie)-286(passa)-287(devant)-286(eux)-286(dans)-286(tout)-286(l'\351clat)-286(des)-286(pompes)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(du)-360(diable,)-387(n'ayant)-360(pas)-360(seulement)-360(une)-360(coeffe)-360(sur)-360(sa)-360(teste)-360(ni)-360(un)-360(mouchoir)-360(sur)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ses)-270(\351paules,)-276(ce)-270(qu'on)-271(remarqua)-270(comme)-271(le)-270(comble)-271(de)-270(son)-270(impudence.)-312(Tous)-270(les)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\351vesques)-243(baiss\350rent)-243(les)-243(yeux)-243(en)-243(g\351missant)-243(pour)-243(ne)-243(pas)-243(voir)-243(ce)-243(dangereux)-243(objet)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(de)-322(p\351ch\351,)-341(hors)-322(Nonne,)-340(tr\350s-saint)-322(\351vesque)-323(d'H\351liople,)-340(qui)-322(la)-323(regarda)-322(avec)-322(une)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(attention)-350(qui)-350(fit)-350(peine)-350(aux)-350(autres.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 122.522 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.118 0 Td [(However,)-375(this)-350(bishop)-350(immediately)-350(began)]TJ -129.64 -10.959 Td [(crying)-197(a)-198(great)-197(deal,)-208(and)-197(reassured)-197(his)-198(brethren,)-208(and)-197(a)-197(sermon)-197(which)-198(he)-197(preached)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(led)-355(to)-355(the)-355(conversion)-355(of)-355(the)-355(actress.)-565(\050Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 181.481 0 Td [(M\351m.)-565(d'Hist.)-565(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 81.216 0 Td [(tome)]TJ -262.697 -10.959 Td [(xii.)-550(pp.)-551(378-380.)-550(See,)-375(too,)-375(on)-350(women,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 149.573 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(under)-350(pretence)-350(of)-350(religion,)-376(attiring)]TJ -153.554 -10.959 Td [(themselves)-250(as)-250(men,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 69.481 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(Sozomen,)-250(iii.)-250(14.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 534 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 535 0 R /Resources 533 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 520 0 R >> endobj 536 0 obj << /D [534 0 R /XYZ 46.771 450.331 null] >> endobj 533 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 539 0 obj << /Length 4621 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(122History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sensual)-299(side)-299(of)-299(our)-298(nature.)-397(The)-299(chief)-299(form)-299(of)-299(virtue,)-311(the)-298(central)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conception)-225(of)-225(the)-225(saintly)-226(life,)-230(was)-225(a)-225(perpetual)-225(struggle)-225(against)-225(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(carnal)-240(impulses,)-242(by)-241(men)-240(who)-240(altogether)-240(refused)-240(the)-240(compromise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-355(marriage.)-564(From)-355(this)-355(fact,)-381(if)-355(I)-355(mistake)-355(not,)-381(some)-354(interesting)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(important)-250(consequences)-250(may)-250(be)-250(deduced.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(In)-342(the)-343(first)-342(place,)-366(religion)-343(gradually)-342(assumed)-343(a)-342(very)-342(sombre)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(hue.)-244(The)-232(business)-232(of)-232(the)-232(saint)-232(was)-232(to)-232(eradicate)-232(a)-232(natural)-231(appetite,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-426(attain)-425(a)-426(condition)-425(which)-426(was)-425(emphatically)-426(abnormal.)-776(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depravity)-509(of)-509(human)-509(nature,)-574(especially)-1018(the)-509(essential)-508(evil)-509(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([123])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-384(body,)-417(was)-384(felt)-384(with)-384(a)-384(degree)-384(of)-384(intensity)-384(that)-384(could)-383(never)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-508(been)-508(attained)-507(by)-508(moralists)-508(who)-508(were)-508(occupied)-507(mainly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-490(transient)-490(or)-490(exceptional)-490(vices,)-550(such)-490(as)-490(envy,)-550(anger,)-550(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cruelty.)-243(And)-230(in)-230(addition)-230(to)-230(the)-230(extreme)-230(inveteracy)-230(of)-230(the)-229(appetite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-491(it)-491(was)-491(desired)-491(to)-491(eradicate,)-551(it)-491(should)-491(be)-491(remembered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-395(a)-394(somewhat)-395(luxurious)-395(and)-395(indulgent)-394(life,)-431(even)-395(when)-394(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(indulgence)-173(is)-174(not)-173(itself)-173(distinctly)-173(evil,)-189(even)-173(when)-174(it)-173(has)-173(a)-173(tendency)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-245(mollify)-244(the)-245(character,)-245(has)-245(naturally)-245(the)-244(effect)-245(of)-244(strengthening)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-443(animal)-443(passions,)-491(and)-442(is)-443(therefore)-443(directly)-443(opposed)-443(to)-442(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ascetic)-396(ideal.)-688(The)-396(consequence)-396(of)-396(this)-396(was)-396(first)-396(of)-396(all)-395(a)-396(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deep)-240(sense)-239(of)-240(the)-240(habitual)-239(and)-240(innate)-240(depravity)-239(of)-240(human)-239(nature;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and,)-501(in)-451(the)-452(next)-451(place,)-501(a)-451(very)-451(strong)-451(association)-451(of)-451(the)-451(idea)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-345(pleasure)-346(with)-345(that)-346(of)-345(vice.)-537(All)-345(this)-346(necessarily)-345(flowed)-345(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-463(supreme)-462(value)-463(placed)-463(upon)-462(virginity.)-888(The)-463(tone)-463(of)-462(calm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-312(joyousness)-312(that)-312(characterises)-313(Greek)-312(philosophy,)-327(the)-312(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(complete)-339(absence)-339(of)-339(all)-339(sense)-339(of)-339(struggle)-339(and)-339(innate)-339(sin)-339(that)-338(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(displays,)-276(is)-271(probably)-271(in)-271(a)-271(very)-271(large)-271(degree)-271(to)-271(be)-271(ascribed)-271(to)-271(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fact)-267(that,)-271(in)-266(the)-267(department)-267(of)-266(morals)-267(we)-267(are)-267(considering,)-270(Greek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moralists)-419(made)-419(no)-418(serious)-419(efforts)-419(to)-419(improve)-419(our)-418(nature,)-461(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-296(public)-297(opinion)-296(acquiesced,)-308(without)-297(scandal,)-308(in)-296(an)-296(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(boundless)-250(indulgence)-250(of)-250(illicit)-250(pleasures.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(But)-485(while)-485(the)-486(great)-485(prominence)-485(at)-485(this)-486(time)-485(given)-485(to)-485(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(conflicts)-284(of)-283(the)-284(ascetic)-283(life)-284(threw)-284(a)-283(dark)-284(shade)-283(upon)-284(the)-283(popular)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(estimate)-382(of)-381(human)-382(nature,)-415(it)-381(contributed,)-415(I)-381(think,)-415(very)-381(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-476(sustain)-476(and)-476(deepen)-476(that)-476(strong)-476(conviction)-476(of)-476(the)-475(freedom)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 538 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 539 0 R /Resources 537 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 520 0 R >> endobj 540 0 obj << /D [538 0 R /XYZ 275.611 407.327 null] >> endobj 537 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 543 0 obj << /Length 4771 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(123)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-439(the)-440(human)-439(will)-439(which)-440(the)-439(Catholic)-439(Church)-440(has)-439(always)-439(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strenuously)-464(upheld;)-572(for)-465(there)-464(is,)-518(probably,)-518(no)-465(other)-464(form)-464(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-428(conflict)-429(in)-428(which)-428(men)-429(are)-428(so)-428(habitually)-429(and)-428(so)-428(keenly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sensible)-436(of)-435(that)-436(distinction)-436(between)-436(our)-435(will)-436(and)-436(our)-435(desires,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(upon)-269(the)-269(reality)-270(of)-269(which)-269(all)-269(moral)-269(freedom)-269(ultimately)-269(depends.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-430(had)-430(also,)-475(I)-430(imagine,)-475(another)-430(result,)-475(which)-430(it)-430(is)-430(difficult)-430(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(describe)-313(with)-313(the)-313(same)-314(precision.)-439(What)-313(may)-313(be)-313(called)-313(a)-313(strong)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animal)-364(nature)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 60.928 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-364(nature,)-393(that)-728(is,)-392(in)-364(which)-364(the)-364(passions)-364(are)-364(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 219.187 0 Td [([124])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(vigorous,)-277(and)-272(at)-271(the)-272(same)-271(time)-272(healthy,)-277(action)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 202.045 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(is)-272(that)-271(in)-272(which)]TJ -212.954 -13.55 Td [(we)-288(should)-287(most)-288(naturally)-287(expect)-288(to)-288(find)-287(several)-288(moral)-287(qualities.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Good)-362(humour,)-390(frankness,)-391(generosity,)-390(active)-362(courage,)-390(sanguine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(energy,)-611(buoyancy)-538(of)-539(temper,)-611(are)-539(the)-538(usual)-539(and)-538(appropriate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accompaniments)-404(of)-404(a)-404(vigorous)-405(animal)-404(temperament,)-442(and)-404(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-268(much)-267(more)-268(rarely)-267(found)-268(either)-267(in)-268(natures)-267(that)-268(are)-267(essentially)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(feeble)-269(and)-269(effeminate,)-274(or)-269(in)-269(natures)-269(which)-269(have)-269(been)-269(artificially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emasculated)-231(by)-230(penances,)-235(distorted)-231(from)-230(their)-231(original)-230(tendency,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-463(habitually)-463(held)-462(under)-463(severe)-463(control.)-888(The)-463(ideal)-463(type)-462(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholicism)-232(being,)-235(on)-232(account)-232(of)-231(the)-232(supreme)-232(value)-232(placed)-231(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virginity,)-304(of)-292(the)-293(latter)-293(kind,)-303(the)-293(qualities)-293(I)-293(have)-293(mentioned)-292(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(always)-165(ranked)-164(very)-165(low)-164(in)-164(the)-165(Catholic)-164(conceptions)-165(of)-164(excellence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-299(the)-299(steady)-300(tendency)-299(of)-299(Protestant)-299(and)-299(industrial)-299(civilisation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-250(been)-250(to)-250(elevate)-250(them.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(I)-743(do)-743(not)-743(know)-744(whether)-743(the)-743(reader)-744(will)-743(regard)-743(these)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(speculations)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.935 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-418(I)-418(advance)-418(with)-418(some)-418(diffidence)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 175.487 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-418(far-)]TJ -251.24 -13.549 Td [(fetched)-248(and)-247(fanciful.)-249(Our)-248(knowledge)-247(of)-248(the)-247(physical)-247(antecedents)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-445(different)-445(moral)-444(qualities)-445(is)-445(so)-445(scanty)-444(that)-445(it)-445(is)-445(difficult)-444(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(speak)-236(on)-236(these)-236(matters)-236(with)-237(much)-236(confidence;)-240(but)-236(few)-237(persons,)-238(I)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(think,)-258(can)-257(have)-257(failed)-257(to)-256(observe)-257(that)-257(the)-257(physical)-256(temperaments)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(I)-516(have)-516(described)-515(differ)-516(not)-516(simply)-516(in)-516(the)-516(one)-516(great)-516(fact)-515(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-448(intensity)-448(of)-448(the)-448(animal)-448(passions,)-498(but)-448(also)-448(in)-448(the)-448(aptitude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-425(each)-424(to)-424(produce)-425(a)-424(distinct)-425(moral)-424(type,)-468(or,)-469(in)-424(other)-424(words,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-400(the)-399(harmony)-400(of)-399(each)-400(with)-400(several)-399(qualities,)-437(both)-400(good)-399(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(evil.)-730(A)-410(doctrine,)-451(therefore,)-450(which)-410(connects)-410(one)-410(of)-410(these)-410(two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temperaments)-534(indissolubly)-534(with)-535(the)-534(moral)-534(ideal,)-605(affects)-534(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 542 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 543 0 R /Resources 541 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 545 0 R >> endobj 544 0 obj << /D [542 0 R /XYZ 182.029 423.331 null] >> endobj 541 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 548 0 obj << /Length 5319 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(124History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(appreciation)-276(of)-276(a)-276(large)-276(number)-276(of)-276(moral)-276(qualities.)-328(But)-275(whatever)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-273(be)-272(thought)-273(of)-273(the)-272(moral)-273(results)-273(springing)-272(from)-273(the)-272(physical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temperament)-527(which)-527(asceticism)-527(produced,)-596(there)-527(can)-527(be)-526(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(controversy)-262(as)-262(to)-261(the)-262(effects)-262(springing)-261(from)-262(the)-262(condition)-262(of)-261(life)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-244(it)-245(enjoined.)-248(Severance)-244(from)-244(the)-245(interests)-244(and)-244(affections)-244(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-239(around)-239(him)-239(was)-238(the)-239(chief)-239(object)-239(of)-239(the)-239(anchorite,)-241(and)-239(the)-238(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consequence)-706(of)-353(the)-352(prominence)-353(of)-353(asceticism)-353(was)-353(a)-352(profound)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([125])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(discredit)-250(thrown)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(domestic)-250(virtues.)]TJ 11.956 -14.779 Td [(The)-426(extent)-427(to)-426(which)-427(this)-426(discredit)-427(was)-426(carried,)-471(the)-426(intense)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(hardness)-174(of)-173(heart)-174(and)-173(ingratitude)-174(manifested)-174(by)-173(the)-174(saints)-173(towards)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-316(who)-316(were)-317(bound)-316(to)-316(them)-316(by)-316(the)-316(closest)-316(of)-317(earthly)-316(ties,)-332(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(known)-401(to)-400(few)-401(who)-400(have)-401(not)-400(studied)-401(the)-400(original)-401(literature)-400(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-336(subject.)-509(These)-337(things)-336(are)-336(commonly)-337(thrown)-336(into)-336(the)-336(shade)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-403(those)-403(modern)-403(sentimentalists)-403(who)-403(delight)-403(in)-403(idealising)-403(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devotees)-264(of)-265(the)-264(past.)-293(To)-265(break)-264(by)-265(his)-264(ingratitude)-264(the)-265(heart)-264(of)-264(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mother)-210(who)-209(had)-209(borne)-210(him,)-218(to)-209(persuade)-210(the)-209(wife)-209(who)-210(adored)-209(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-233(it)-233(was)-234(her)-233(duty)-233(to)-233(separate)-233(from)-233(him)-233(for)-234(ever,)-236(to)-233(abandon)-233(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(children,)-347(uncared)-328(for)-327(and)-328(beggars,)-347(to)-327(the)-328(mercies)-327(of)-328(the)-327(world,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-284(regarded)-285(by)-284(the)-284(true)-284(hermit)-284(as)-285(the)-284(most)-284(acceptable)-284(offering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-371(could)-372(make)-371(to)-371(his)-372(God.)-614(His)-371(business)-371(was)-372(to)-371(save)-371(his)-371(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soul.)-716(The)-406(serenity)-405(of)-406(his)-405(devotion)-406(would)-405(be)-406(impaired)-405(by)-405(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discharge)-282(of)-282(the)-282(simplest)-282(duties)-283(to)-282(his)-282(family.)-346(Evagrius,)-290(when)-282(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hermit)-305(in)-305(the)-305(desert,)-319(received,)-319(after)-305(a)-305(long)-305(interval,)-318(letters)-305(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-302(father)-302(and)-302(mother.)-405(He)-302(could)-302(not)-302(bear)-302(that)-302(the)-302(equable)-301(tenor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-306(his)-306(thoughts)-306(should)-306(be)-306(disturbed)-306(by)-306(the)-306(recollection)-306(of)-305(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-418(loved)-418(him,)-461(so)-418(he)-418(cast)-418(the)-418(letters)-418(unread)-419(into)-418(the)-418(fire.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(271)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(A)-372(man)-372(named)-372(Mutius,)-403(accompanied)-372(by)-372(his)-372(only)-372(child,)-402(a)-372(little)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.663 Td [(271)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)-455(tome)-414(x.)-742(pp.)-741(376,)-455(377.)-742(Apart)-414(from)-414(family)-414(affections,)-455(there)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(are)-461(some)-460(curious)-461(instances)-460(recorded)-461(of)-460(the)-461(anxiety)-460(of)-461(the)-460(saints)-461(to)-460(avoid)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(distractions.)-416(One)-306(monk)-305(used)-305(to)-306(cover)-305(his)-306(face)-305(when)-305(he)-306(went)-305(into)-306(his)-305(garden,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(lest)-428(the)-429(sight)-428(of)-429(the)-428(trees)-428(should)-429(disturb)-428(his)-428(mind.)-786(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 200.762 0 Td [(Verb.)-785(Seniorum.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.322 0 Td [(\051)-428(St.)]TJ -264.084 -10.959 Td [(Arsenius)-371(could)-371(not)-372(bear)-371(the)-371(rustling)-371(of)-371(the)-372(reeds)-371(\050ibid.\051;)-431(and)-372(a)-371(saint)-371(named)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Boniface)-210(struck)-210(dead)-209(a)-210(man)-210(who)-210(went)-210(about)-209(with)-210(an)-210(ape)-210(and)-209(a)-210(cymbal,)-218(because)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-391(had)-391(\050apparently)-391(quite)-390(unintentionally\051)-391(disturbed)-391(him)-391(at)-391(his)-391(prayers.)-672(\050St.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.407 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.426 0 Td [(i.)-250(9.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 547 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 548 0 R /Resources 546 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 545 0 R >> endobj 549 0 obj << /D [547 0 R /XYZ 153.127 436.88 null] >> endobj 546 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 552 0 obj << /Length 6220 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(125)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(boy)-225(of)-226(eight)-225(years)-226(old,)-230(abandoned)-225(his)-226(possessions)-225(and)-225(demanded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(admission)-302(into)-302(a)-303(monastery.)-406(The)-303(monks)-302(received)-302(him,)-315(but)-302(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proceeded)-261(to)-261(discipline)-261(his)-260(heart.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 147.469 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(He)-261(had)-261(already)-261(forgotten)-260(that)]TJ -152.313 -13.549 Td [(he)-434(was)-433(rich;)-526(he)-433(must)-434(next)-433(be)-434(taught)-434(to)-433(forget)-434(that)-433(he)-434(was)-433(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(father.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 28.168 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(272)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.103 -3.959 Td [(His)-351(little)-350(child)-351(was)-350(separated)-351(from)-350(him,)-376(clothed)-351(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 237.91 0 Td [([126])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(dirty)-217(rags,)-223(subjected)-217(to)-216(every)-217(form)-217(of)-216(gross)-217(and)-217(wanton)-216(hardship,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beaten,)-415(spurned,)-415(and)-382(ill)-381(treated.)-646(Day)-382(after)-382(day)-382(the)-382(father)-381(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(compelled)-313(to)-312(look)-313(upon)-313(his)-312(boy)-313(wasting)-313(away)-312(with)-313(sorrow,)-328(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-251(happy)-251(countenance)-251(for)-251(ever)-251(stained)-251(with)-250(tears,)-252(distorted)-250(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sobs)-270(of)-269(anguish.)-309(But)-270(yet,)-275(says)-269(the)-270(admiring)-270(biographer,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 245.481 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(though)]TJ -250.325 -13.549 Td [(he)-372(saw)-372(this)-371(day)-372(by)-372(day,)-402(such)-372(was)-372(his)-372(love)-372(for)-371(Christ,)-403(and)-371(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-447(virtue)-448(of)-447(obedience,)-497(that)-447(the)-447(father's)-448(heart)-447(was)-447(rigid)-447(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unmoved.)-657(He)-385(thought)-386(little)-385(of)-386(the)-385(tears)-385(of)-386(his)-385(child.)-657(He)-385(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anxious)-195(only)-194(for)-195(his)-194(own)-195(humility)-195(and)-194(perfection)-195(in)-194(virtue.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 250.301 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(273)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.576 -3.958 Td [(At)]TJ -269.721 -13.55 Td [(last)-209(the)-208(abbot)-209(told)-208(him)-209(to)-208(take)-209(his)-208(child)-209(and)-208(throw)-209(it)-208(into)-209(the)-208(river.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-259(proceeded,)-260(without)-259(a)-258(murmur)-259(or)-258(apparent)-259(pang,)-260(to)-259(obey,)-260(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-248(was)-248(only)-248(at)-248(the)-248(last)-248(moment)-247(that)-248(the)-248(monks)-248(interposed,)-249(and)-247(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-197(very)-197(brink)-197(of)-197(the)-197(river)-197(saved)-197(the)-197(child.)-232(Mutius)-197(afterwards)-197(rose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-240(a)-240(high)-241(position)-240(among)-240(the)-240(ascetics,)-243(and)-240(was)-240(justly)-240(regarded)-240(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(having)-255(displayed)-255(in)-255(great)-255(perfection)-255(the)-255(temper)-255(of)-255(a)-255(saint.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 251.955 3.959 Td [(274)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.344 -3.959 Td [(An)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(inhabitant)-225(of)-225(Thebes)-225(once)-224(came)-225(to)-225(the)-225(abbot)-225(Sisoes,)-230(and)-225(asked)-224(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-300(made)-300(a)-300(monk.)-401(The)-300(abbot)-300(asked)-300(if)-300(he)-300(had)-300(any)-300(one)-300(belonging)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-232(him.)-243(He)-232(answered,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 95.109 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(A)-232(son.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 28.282 0 Td [(\035)-232(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.214 0 Td [(Take)-232(your)-231(son,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 64.737 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.37 0 Td [(rejoined)-232(the)-231(old)]TJ -212.556 -13.549 Td [(man,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 25.203 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(and)-321(throw)-320(him)-321(into)-320(the)-321(river,)-338(and)-321(then)-320(you)-321(may)-320(become)]TJ -30.046 -13.55 Td [(a)-402(monk.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 36.812 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.234 0 Td [(The)-402(father)-403(hastened)-402(to)-403(fulfil)-402(the)-403(command,)-440(and)-403(the)]TJ -46.046 -13.549 Td [(deed)-229(was)-229(almost)-229(consummated)-229(when)-229(a)-229(messenger)-229(sent)-229(by)-229(Sisoes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revoked)-250(the)-250(order.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 79.669 3.959 Td [(275)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 154.042 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 147.229 Td [(272)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quemadmodum)-272(se)-272(jam)-272(divitem)-272(non)-272(esse)-272(sciebat,)-277(ita)-272(etiam)-272(patrem)-272(se)-272(esse)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(nesciret.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 30.127 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Cassian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.377 0 Td [(De)-250(C)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(nobiorum)-250(Institutis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.503 0 Td [(,)-250(iv.)-250(27.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -168.363 -7.31 Td [(273)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Cumque)-216(taliter)-216(infans)-217(sub)-216(oculis)-216(ejus)-217(per)-216(dies)-216(singulos)-216(ageretur,)-223(pro)-217(amore)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(nihilominus)-233(Christi)-234(et)-233(obedienti\346)-233(virtute,)-237(rigida)-233(semper)-233(atque)-234(immobilia)-233(patris)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(viscera)-452(permanserunt)-451(...)-856(parum)-451(cogitans)-452(de)-452(lacrymis)-451(ejus,)-503(sed)-451(de)-452(propria)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(humilitate)-250(ac)-250(perfectione)-250(sollicitus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 126.014 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ibid.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -138.711 -7.311 Td [(274)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(275)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Bollandists,)-250(July)-250(6;)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 71.246 0 Td [(Verba)-250(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.524 0 Td [(,)-250(xiv.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 551 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 552 0 R /Resources 550 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 545 0 R >> endobj 553 0 obj << /D [551 0 R /XYZ 96.06 463.978 null] >> endobj 550 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 556 0 obj << /Length 5790 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(126History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sometimes)-363(the)-363(same)-363(lesson)-364(was)-363(taught)-363(under)-363(the)-363(form)-363(of)-363(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(miracle.)-384(A)-295(man)-295(had)-294(once)-295(deserted)-295(his)-294(three)-295(children)-295(to)-294(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-400(monk.)-701(Three)-400(years)-400(after,)-438(he)-401(determined)-400(to)-400(bring)-400(them)-400(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-429(monastery,)-473(but,)-473(on)-429(returning)-429(to)-428(his)-429(home,)-473(found)-429(that)-428(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(two)-334(eldest)-334(had)-333(died)-334(during)-334(his)-334(absence.)-501(He)-334(came)-334(to)-334(his)-333(abbot,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bearing)-261(in)-262(his)-261(arms)-261(his)-262(youngest)-261(child,)-528(who)-262(was)-261(still)-261(little)-261(more)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([127])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(than)-445(an)-446(infant.)-836(The)-445(abbot)-446(t)1(urned)-446(to)-445(him)-446(and)-445(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 241.234 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Do)-445(you)]TJ -246.077 -13.549 Td [(love)-350(this)-350(child?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 68.848 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.663 0 Td [(The)-350(father)-350(answered,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 98.052 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Yes.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 19.691 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.662 0 Td [(Again)-350(the)-350(abbot)]TJ -208.76 -13.549 Td [(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 24.669 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Do)-370(you)-370(love)-371(it)-370(dearly?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 102.806 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.883 0 Td [(The)-370(father)-370(answered)-371(as)-370(before.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -141.202 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Then)-282(take)-283(the)-282(child,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 87.707 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.923 0 Td [(said)-282(the)-283(abbot,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 67.199 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(and)-282(throw)-283(it)-282(into)-282(the)-282(fire)]TJ -172.517 -13.549 Td [(upon)-267(yonder)-267(hearth.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 87.93 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.758 0 Td [(The)-267(father)-267(did)-267(as)-267(he)-268(was)-267(commanded,)-271(and)]TJ -95.688 -13.549 Td [(the)-404(child)-405(remained)-404(unharmed)-404(amid)-404(the)-405(flames.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 212.788 3.959 Td [(276)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.229 -3.959 Td [(But)-404(it)-405(was)]TJ -233.017 -13.549 Td [(especially)-340(in)-340(their)-340(dealings)-340(with)-340(their)-340(female)-340(relations)-340(that)-340(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aspect)-331(of)-332(the)-331(monastic)-332(character)-331(was)-331(vividly)-332(displayed.)-494(In)-331(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(case)-284(the)-285(motive)-284(was)-285(not)-284(simply)-284(to)-285(mortify)-284(family)-284(affections)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 263.656 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(it)]TJ -274.565 -13.549 Td [(was)-278(also)-279(to)-278(guard)-278(against)-279(the)-278(possible)-278(danger)-279(resulting)-278(from)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(presence)-208(of)-207(a)-208(woman.)-236(The)-208(fine)-207(flower)-208(of)-207(that)-208(saintly)-208(purity)-207(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-292(been)-293(disturbed)-292(by)-293(the)-292(sight)-292(of)-293(a)-292(mother's)-292(or)-293(a)-292(sister's)-292(face.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-367(ideal)-368(of)-367(one)-368(age)-367(appears)-368(sometimes)-367(too)-368(grotesque)-367(for)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(caricature)-301(of)-302(another;)-327(and)-301(it)-302(is)-301(curious)-302(to)-301(observe)-302(how)-301(pale)-301(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(weak)-295(is)-296(the)-295(picture)-296(which)-295(Moli\350re)-296(drew)-295(of)-296(the)-295(affected)-295(prudery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(Tartuffe,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.28 3.959 Td [(277)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 24.409 -3.959 Td [(Comment!)]TJ -62.733 -15.626 Td [(T)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.665 0 Td [(ARTUFFE)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 35.427 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F25 10.9091 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 5.455 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -50.274 -15.626 Td [(Couvrez)-250(ce)-250(sein)-250(que)-250(je)-250(ne)-250(saurois)-250(voir;)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Par)-250(de)-250(pareils)-250(objets)-250(des)-250(\342mes)-250(sont)-250(bless\351es,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Et)-250(cela)-250(fait)-250(venir)-250(de)-250(coupables)-250(pens\351es.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 171.164 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf -159.208 -15.626 Td [(Tartuffe)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 35.159 0 Td [(,)-250(Acte)-250(iii.)-250(sc\350ne)-250(2.)]TJ -47.115 -15.626 Td [(when)-272(compared)-272(with)-272(the)-272(narratives)-272(that)-272(are)-272(gravely)-271(propounded)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 131.719 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 124.906 Td [(276)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Verba)-250(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.523 0 Td [(,)-250(xiv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -70.23 -7.31 Td [(277)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(T)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 5.478 0 Td [(ARTUFFE)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 35.427 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.985 0 Td [(tirant)-250(un)-250(mouchoir)]TJ -77.313 -10.959 Td [(de)-250(sa)-250(poche)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.331 0 Td [(\051.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -30.375 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ah,)-250(mon)-250(Dieu,)-250(je)-250(vous)-250(prie,)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(Avant)-250(que)-250(de)-250(parler,)-250(prenez-moi)-250(ce)-250(mouchoir.)]TJ 11.956 -10.959 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(ORINE)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.349 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 555 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 556 0 R /Resources 554 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 545 0 R >> endobj 557 0 obj << /D [555 0 R /XYZ 265.34 450.429 null] >> endobj 554 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F25 169 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 560 0 obj << /Length 5651 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(127)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-332(the)-331(Lives)-332(of)-331(the)-332(Saints.)-495(When)-331(the)-332(abbot)-331(Sisoes)-332(had)-331(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-289(very)-290(old,)-299(feeble,)-299(and)-290(decrepit)-289(man,)-299(his)-290(disciples)-289(exhorted)-289(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-355(leave)-354(the)-355(desert)-355(for)-355(an)-354(inhabited)-355(country.)-564(Sisoes)-355(seemed)-354(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(yield;)-516(but)-427(he)-427(stipulated,)-471(as)-428(a)-427(necessary)-427(condition,)-471(that)-427(in)-427(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(new)-295(abode)-296(he)-295(should)-295(never)-295(be)-295(compelled)-296(to)-295(encounter)-295(the)-295(peril)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-479(perturbation)-478(of)-479(looking)-479(on)-478(a)-479(woman's)-478(face.)-936(To)-479(such)-478(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature,)-269(of)-264(course,)-269(the)-265(desert)-265(alone)-265(was)-264(suitable,)-269(and)-265(the)-265(old)-264(man)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-389(suffered)-390(to)-389(die)-389(in)-390(peace.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.8 3.959 Td [(278)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.741 -3.959 Td [(A)-389(monk)-390(was)-389(once)-389(travelling)]TJ -151.541 -13.549 Td [(with)-337(his)-338(mother)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 70.392 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(in)-337(itself)-338(a)-674(most)-337(unusual)-338(circumstance)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 169.939 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 28.874 0 Td [([128])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(having)-371(arrived)-371(at)-371(a)-372(bridgeless)-371(stream,)-401(it)-371(became)-371(necessary)-371(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-423(to)-423(carry)-423(her)-423(across.)-770(To)-423(her)-423(surprise,)-466(he)-423(began)-423(carefully)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wrapping)-235(up)-235(his)-235(hands)-234(in)-235(cloths;)-240(and)-235(upon)-235(her)-235(asking)-235(the)-234(reason,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-312(explained)-312(that)-312(he)-311(was)-312(alarmed)-312(lest)-312(he)-312(should)-312(be)-311(unfortunate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enough)-313(to)-313(touch)-312(her,)-329(and)-313(thereby)-312(disturb)-313(the)-313(equilibrium)-313(of)-312(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nature.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 29.989 3.959 Td [(279)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.086 -3.959 Td [(The)-224(sister)-224(of)-224(St.)-241(John)-224(of)-224(Calama)-224(loved)-224(him)-223(dearly,)-230(and)]TJ -45.075 -13.549 Td [(earnestly)-328(implored)-329(him)-328(that)-328(she)-328(might)-328(look)-329(upon)-328(his)-328(face)-328(once)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-239(before)-239(she)-238(died.)-247(On)-238(his)-239(persistent)-239(refusal,)-241(she)-239(declared)-238(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-285(would)-284(make)-285(a)-285(pilgrimage)-284(to)-285(him)-285(in)-284(the)-285(desert.)-354(The)-284(alarmed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-354(perplexed)-354(saint)-354(at)-355(last)-354(wrote)-354(to)-354(her,)-380(promising)-354(to)-354(visit)-354(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(if)-292(she)-292(would)-292(engage)-292(to)-293(relinquish)-292(her)-292(design.)-376(He)-292(went)-292(to)-292(her)-292(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disguise,)-224(received)-217(a)-216(cup)-217(of)-217(water)-217(from)-217(her)-217(hands,)-224(and)-217(came)-216(away)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-364(being)-365(discovered.)-592(She)-365(wrote)-364(to)-364(him,)-393(reproaching)-364(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-327(not)-327(having)-327(fulfilled)-327(his)-326(promise.)-481(He)-327(answered)-327(her)-327(that)-326(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-248(indeed)-248(visited)-249(her,)-248(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.494 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(by)-248(the)-248(mercy)-249(of)-248(Jesus)-248(Christ)-248(he)-248(had)]TJ -125.337 -13.55 Td [(not)-270(been)-270(recognised,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 90.412 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.788 0 Td [(and)-270(that)-270(she)-270(must)-270(never)-269(see)-270(him)-270(again.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 169.977 3.959 Td [(280)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-304(mother)-304(of)-303(St.)-412(Theodorus)-304(came)-303(armed)-304(with)-304(letters)-304(from)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bishops)-225(to)-225(see)-225(her)-225(son,)-230(but)-225(he)-226(implored)-225(his)-225(abbot,)-230(St.)-241(Pachomius,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-213(permit)-214(him)-213(to)-213(decline)-214(the)-213(interview;)-226(and,)-220(finding)-214(all)-213(her)-213(efforts)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 131.879 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 125.067 Td [(278)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Bollandists,)-250(July)-250(6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(279)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Verba)-293(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.909 0 Td [(,)-304(iv.)-379(The)-293(poor)-293(woman,)-304(being)-293(startled)-293(and)-293(perplexed)-293(at)-293(the)]TJ -70.864 -10.959 Td [(proceedings)-314(of)-314(her)-313(son,)-330(said,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 107.981 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quid)-314(sic)-314(operuisti)-313(manus)-314(tuas,)-330(fili?)-441(Ille)-314(autem)]TJ -111.962 -10.958 Td [(dixit:)-237(Quia)-225(corpus)-225(mulieris)-224(ignis)-225(est,)-230(et)-225(ex)-224(eo)-225(ipso)-225(quo)-225(te)-224(contingebam)-225(veniebat)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mihi)-250(commemoratio)-250(aliarum)-250(feminarum)-250(in)-250(animo.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 180.313 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -180.064 -7.311 Td [(280)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.855 0 Td [(M\351m.)-250(de)-250(l'Hist.)-250(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 83.343 0 Td [(tome)-250(x.)-250(pp.)-250(444,)-250(445.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 559 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 560 0 R /Resources 558 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 545 0 R >> endobj 561 0 obj << /D [559 0 R /XYZ 174.261 409.782 null] >> endobj 558 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 564 0 obj << /Length 6014 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(128History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-383(vain,)-416(the)-383(poor)-382(woman)-383(retired)-383(into)-383(a)-383(convent,)-416(together)-382(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-371(daughter,)-401(who)-370(had)-371(made)-371(a)-370(similar)-371(expedition)-371(with)-370(similar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(results.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 31.211 3.959 Td [(281)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.082 -3.959 Td [(The)-400(mother)-400(of)-399(St.)-700(Marcus)-399(persuaded)-400(his)-400(abbot)-400(to)]TJ -51.293 -13.549 Td [(command)-214(the)-213(saint)-214(to)-214(go)-213(out)-214(to)-214(her.)-238(Placed)-213(in)-214(a)-214(dilemma)-213(between)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-332(sin)-332(of)-332(disobedience)-332(and)-332(the)-331(perils)-332(of)-332(seeing)-332(his)-332(mother,)-352(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-337(extricated)-336(himself)-337(by)-336(an)-336(ingenious)-337(device.)-509(He)-337(went)-336(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-219(mother)-218(with)-219(his)-218(face)-219(disguised)-218(and)-219(his)-218(eyes)-437(shut.)-240(The)-218(mother)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([129])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(did)-222(not)-221(recognise)-222(her)-221(son.)-241(The)-221(son)-222(did)-222(not)-221(see)-222(his)-221(mother.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.589 3.959 Td [(282)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.077 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(sister)-316(of)-316(St.)-447(Pior)-315(in)-316(like)-316(manner)-316(induced)-315(the)-316(abbot)-316(of)-316(that)-315(saint)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-368(command)-369(him)-368(to)-369(admit)-368(her)-369(to)-368(his)-369(presence.)-605(The)-368(command)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-261(obeyed,)-263(but)-261(St.)-282(Pior)-261(resolutely)-261(kept)-260(his)-261(eyes)-261(shut)-261(during)-260(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interview.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 43.931 3.959 Td [(283)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.682 -3.959 Td [(St.)-571(P)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 24.12 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(men)-357(and)-357(his)-357(six)-357(brothers)-357(had)-357(all)-357(deserted)]TJ -94.609 -13.549 Td [(their)-345(mother)-346(to)-345(cultivate)-346(the)-345(perfections)-346(of)-345(an)-346(ascetic)-345(life.)-536(But)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ingratitude)-290(can)-290(seldom)-290(quench)-290(the)-290(love)-290(of)-290(a)-290(mother's)-290(heart,)-300(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-420(old)-419(woman,)-462(now)-420(bent)-420(by)-419(infirmities,)-462(went)-420(alone)-420(into)-419(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Egyptian)-451(desert)-451(to)-450(see)-451(once)-451(more)-450(the)-451(children)-451(she)-451(so)-450(dearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loved.)-246(She)-238(caught)-239(sight)-238(of)-238(them)-239(as)-238(they)-238(were)-239(about)-238(to)-238(leave)-238(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cell)-298(for)-297(the)-298(church,)-309(but)-297(they)-298(immediately)-297(ran)-298(back)-297(into)-298(the)-297(cell,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and,)-417(before)-383(her)-384(tottering)-383(steps)-384(could)-383(reach)-384(it,)-417(one)-383(of)-384(her)-383(sons)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rushed)-346(forward)-345(and)-346(closed)-346(the)-346(door)-345(in)-346(her)-346(face.)-537(She)-345(remained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outside)-319(weeping)-320(bitterly.)-458(St.)-458(P)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 137.576 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(men)-319(then,)-337(coming)-320(to)-319(the)-319(door,)]TJ -145.452 -13.549 Td [(but)-434(without)-434(opening)-434(it,)-480(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 136.197 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Why)-434(do)-434(you,)-480(who)-434(are)-434(already)]TJ -141.04 -13.549 Td [(stricken)-305(with)-305(age,)-318(pour)-305(forth)-304(such)-305(cries)-305(and)-305(lamentations?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 256.698 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.168 0 Td [(But)]TJ -264.866 -13.549 Td [(she,)-286(recognising)-280(the)-279(voice)-279(of)-279(her)-279(son,)-287(answered,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 214.549 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(It)-279(is)-279(because)-279(I)]TJ -219.393 -13.549 Td [(long)-199(to)-200(see)-199(you,)-210(my)-200(sons.)-233(What)-199(harm)-200(could)-199(it)-200(do)-199(you)-200(that)-199(I)-199(should)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(see)-292(you?)-376(Am)-292(I)-292(not)-292(your)-292(mother?)-376(did)-292(I)-292(not)-292(give)-292(you)-292(suck?)-376(I)-291(am)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(now)-243(an)-244(old)-243(and)-244(wrinkled)-243(woman,)-245(and)-243(my)-244(heart)-243(is)-244(troubled)-243(at)-243(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sound)-236(of)-236(your)-236(voices.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 93.47 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(284)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.028 -3.959 Td [(The)-236(saintly)-236(brothers,)-239(however,)-239(refused)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 132.04 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 125.228 Td [(281)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Vit.)-250(S.)-250(Pachomius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.759 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(xxxi.;)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.349 0 Td [(Verba)-250(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.524 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -174.339 -7.311 Td [(282)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Verba)-250(Senorium)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.523 0 Td [(,)-250(xiv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -70.23 -7.311 Td [(283)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.362 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.353 0 Td [(cap.)-250(lxxxvii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.422 -7.31 Td [(284)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Bollandists,)-504(June)-453(6.)-858(I)-453(avail)-453(myself)-453(again)-453(of)-453(the)-453(version)-453(of)-453(Tillemont.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Lorsque)-294(S.)-295(Pemen)-294(demeuroit)-295(en)-294(Egypte)-294(avec)-295(ses)-294(fr\350res,)-306(leur)-294(m\350re,)-306(qui)-294(avoit)]TJ -3.981 -10.959 Td [(un)-215(extr\352me)-215(d\351sir)-215(de)-215(les)-215(voir,)-222(venoit)-215(souvent)-214(au)-215(lieu)-215(o\371)-215(ils)-215(estoient,)-222(sans)-215(pouvoir)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 563 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 564 0 R /Resources 562 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 545 0 R >> endobj 565 0 obj << /D [563 0 R /XYZ 298.01 436.88 null] >> endobj 562 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 568 0 obj << /Length 6616 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(129)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-671(open)-336(their)-336(door.)-507(They)-335(told)-336(their)-336(mother)-335(that)-336(she)-336(would)-335(see)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([130])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(them)-292(after)-292(death;)-312(and)-292(the)-292(biographer)-292(says)-291(she)-292(at)-292(last)-292(went)-291(away)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contented)-353(with)-354(the)-353(prospect.)-560(St.)-561(Simeon)-353(Stylites,)-379(in)-354(this)-353(as)-353(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-282(respects,)-291(stands)-282(in)-282(the)-283(first)-282(line.)-347(He)-282(had)-282(been)-282(passionately)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(loved)-388(by)-388(his)-388(parents,)-423(and,)-423(if)-388(we)-388(may)-388(believe)-388(his)-388(eulogist)-388(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(biographer,)-309(he)-297(began)-297(his)-297(saintly)-297(career)-297(by)-297(breaking)-297(the)-297(heart)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-294(father,)-304(who)-294(died)-294(of)-293(grief)-294(at)-294(his)-293(flight.)-381(His)-294(mother,)-304(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lingered)-381(on.)-643(Twenty-seven)-381(years)-381(after)-381(his)-382(disappearance,)-413(at)-381(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-270(when)-269(his)-270(austerities)-270(had)-269(made)-270(him)-270(famous,)-274(she)-270(heard)-269(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-225(first)-225(time)-226(where)-225(he)-225(was,)-230(and)-226(hastened)-225(to)-225(visit)-225(him.)-242(But)-225(all)-225(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(labour)-224(was)-224(in)-223(vain.)-242(No)-223(woman)-224(was)-224(admitted)-224(within)-224(the)-223(precincts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-294(his)-293(dwelling,)-305(and)-293(he)-294(refused)-293(to)-294(permit)-293(her)-294(even)-293(to)-294(look)-293(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-350(face.)-551(Her)-350(entreaties)-351(and)-350(tears)-350(were)-351(mingled)-350(with)-350(words)-350(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bitter)-271(and)-270(eloquent)-271(reproach.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.1 3.958 Td [(285)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 15.859 -3.958 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(My)-271(son,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 35.986 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.797 0 Td [(she)-271(is)-270(represented)-271(as)]TJ -190.585 -13.55 Td [(having)-274(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 56.034 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(why)-274(have)-273(you)-274(done)-274(this?)-321(I)-274(bore)-274(you)-273(in)-274(my)-274(womb,)]TJ -60.878 -13.549 Td [(and)-320(you)-320(have)-320(wrung)-319(my)-320(soul)-320(with)-320(grief.)-459(I)-320(gave)-320(you)-320(milk)-319(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(my)-321(breast,)-338(you)-320(have)-321(filled)-320(my)-321(eyes)-321(with)-320(tears.)-462(For)-320(the)-321(kisses)-320(I)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gave)-283(you,)-292(you)-283(have)-284(given)-283(me)-283(the)-283(anguish)-284(of)-283(a)-283(broken)-284(heart;)-299(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-255(that)-255(I)-255(have)-254(done)-255(and)-255(suffered)-255(for)-255(you,)-256(you)-255(have)-255(repaid)-255(me)-254(by)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 261.512 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 252.688 Td [(jamais)-237(avoir)-238(cette)-237(satisfaction.)-246(Une)-237(fois)-238(enfin)-237(elle)-237(prit)-238(si)-237(bien)-237(son)-238(temps)-237(qu'elle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(les)-223(rencontra)-223(qui)-222(alloient)-223(\340)-223(l'\351glise,)-228(mais)-223(d\350s)-222(qu'ils)-223(la)-223(virent)-223(ils)-222(s'en)-223(retourn\350rent)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(en)-405(haste)-406(dans)-405(leur)-406(cellule)-405(et)-406(ferm\350rent)-405(la)-406(porte)-405(sur)-406(eux.)-716(Elle)-405(les)-406(suivit,)-444(et)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(trouvant)-309(la)-308(porte,)-323(elle)-308(les)-309(appeloit)-308(avec)-309(des)-308(larmes)-309(et)-308(des)-309(cris)-308(capables)-309(de)-308(les)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(toucher)-253(de)-252(compassion....)-259(Pemen)-252(s'y)-253(leva)-253(et)-252(s'y)-253(en)-253(alla,)-253(et)-253(l'entendant)-252(pleurer)-253(il)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(luy)-212(dit,)-219(tenant)-212(toujours)-212(la)-212(porte)-212(ferm\351e,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 139.942 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Pourquoi)-212(vous)-212(lassez-vous)-212(inutilement)]TJ -142.928 -10.959 Td [(\340)-339(pleurer)-338(et)-339(crier?)-515(N'\352tes-vous)-339(pas)-338(d\351j\340)-339(assez)-338(abattue)-339(par)-338(la)-339(vieillesse?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 260.164 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.021 0 Td [(Elle)]TJ -266.185 -10.959 Td [(reconnut)-319(la)-319(voix)-319(de)-318(Pemen,)-337(et)-318(s'effor\347ant)-319(encore)-319(davantage,)-336(elle)-319(s'\351cria,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 264.948 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(H\351,)]TJ -267.934 -10.958 Td [(mes)-353(enfans,)-379(c'est)-354(que)-353(je)-353(voudrais)-353(bien)-354(vous)-353(voir:)-456(et)-354(quel)-353(mal)-353(y)-354(a-t-il)-353(que)-353(je)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(vous)-243(voie?)-247(Ne)-243(suis-je)-242(pas)-243(votre)-242(m\350re,)-244(et)-243(ne)-242(vous)-243(ai-je)-242(pas)-243(nourri)-242(du)-243(lait)-243(de)-242(mes)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mammelles?)-391(Je)-298(suis)-297(d\351j\340)-297(toute)-297(pleine)-297(de)-297(rides,)-309(et)-297(lorsque)-298(je)-297(vous)-297(ay)-297(entendu,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(l'extr\352me)-311(envie)-311(que)-311(j'ay)-310(de)-311(vous)-311(voir)-311(m'a)-311(tellement)-311(\351mue)-311(que)-310(je)-311(suis)-311(presque)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(tomb\351e)-250(en)-250(d\351faillance.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 80.922 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(M\351moires)-250(de)-250(l'Hist.)-250(eccl\350s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 99.034 0 Td [(tome)-250(xv.)-250(pp.)-250(157,)-250(158.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -197.134 -7.394 Td [(285)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-321(original)-321(is)-321(much)-321(more)-321(eloquent)-320(than)-321(my)-321(translation.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 211.213 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Fili,)-339(quare)-321(hoc)]TJ -227.15 -10.959 Td [(fecisti?)-876(Pro)-458(utero)-459(quo)-458(te)-459(portavi,)-511(satiasti)-458(me)-459(luctu,)-510(pro)-459(lactatione)-459(qua)-458(te)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(lactavi)-394(dedisti)-395(mihi)-394(lacrymas,)-431(pro)-394(osculo)-394(quo)-395(te)-394(osculata)-394(sum,)-431(dedisti)-394(mihi)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(amaras)-236(cordis)-237(angustias;)-240(pro)-237(dolore)-236(et)-236(labore)-236(quem)-237(passa)-236(sum,)-239(imposuisti)-236(mihi)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(s\346vissimas)-250(plagas.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.75 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Vita)-250(Simeonis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(\050in)-250(Rosweyde\051.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 567 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 568 0 R /Resources 566 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 570 0 R >> endobj 569 0 obj << /D [567 0 R /XYZ 58.921 518.175 null] >> endobj 566 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 573 0 obj << /Length 4894 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(130History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-203(most)-204(cruel)-203(wrongs.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 97.858 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.062 0 Td [(At)-203(last)-204(the)-203(saint)-204(sent)-203(a)-204(message)-203(to)-203(tell)-204(her)]TJ -104.92 -13.549 Td [(that)-214(she)-214(would)-213(soon)-214(see)-214(him.)-238(Three)-214(days)-213(and)-214(three)-214(nights)-214(she)-213(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wept)-335(and)-336(entreated)-335(in)-336(vain,)-356(and)-336(now,)-356(exhausted)-336(with)-335(grief)-335(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age)-215(and)-215(privation,)-221(she)-215(sank)-215(feebly)-215(to)-214(the)-215(ground)-215(and)-215(breathed)-214(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(last)-234(sigh)-235(before)-234(that)-234(inhospitable)-235(door.)-245(Then)-234(for)-234(the)-235(first)-234(time)-234(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(saint,)-371(accompanied)-348(by)-347(his)-347(followers,)-371(came)-348(out.)-541(He)-347(shed)-347(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pious)-511(tears)-256(over)-256(the)-256(corpse)-255(of)-256(his)-256(murdered)-256(mother,)-257(and)-255(offered)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([131])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(up)-345(a)-344(prayer)-345(consigning)-344(her)-345(soul)-344(to)-344(heaven.)-534(Perhaps)-344(it)-345(was)-344(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fancy,)-271(perhaps)-266(life)-267(was)-266(not)-267(yet)-266(wholly)-267(extinct,)-270(perhaps)-267(the)-266(story)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-227(but)-228(the)-227(invention)-228(of)-227(the)-227(biographer;)-235(but)-228(a)-227(faint)-227(motion)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 243.059 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(appears)-378(to)-377(have)-378(been)-377(regarded)-377(as)-378(miraculous)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 203.432 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(is)-378(said)-377(to)-378(have)]TJ -214.341 -13.549 Td [(passed)-292(over)-293(her)-292(prostrate)-293(form.)-377(Simeon)-293(once)-292(more)-292(commended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-277(soul)-277(to)-277(heaven,)-284(and)-277(then,)-283(amid)-277(the)-277(admiring)-277(murmurs)-277(of)-277(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disciples,)-250(the)-250(saintly)-250(matricide)-250(returned)-250(to)-250(his)-250(devotions.)]TJ 11.956 -32.008 Td [(The)-489(glaring)-489(mendacity)-489(that)-489(characterises)-489(the)-489(Lives)-489(of)-488(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(Catholic)-485(Saints,)-543(probably)-485(to)-485(a)-485(greater)-485(extent)-485(than)-485(any)-484(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(important)-197(branch)-198(of)-197(existing)-197(literature,)-208(makes)-198(it)-197(not)-197(unreasonable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-390(hope)-389(that)-390(many)-390(of)-390(the)-389(foregoing)-390(anecdotes)-390(represent)-389(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(less)-266(events)-267(that)-266(actually)-266(took)-266(place)-267(than)-266(ideal)-266(pictures)-266(generated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-384(the)-384(enthusiasm)-384(of)-384(the)-384(chroniclers.)-652(They)-384(are)-384(not,)-417(however,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(on)-445(that)-445(account)-445(the)-445(less)-445(significant)-445(of)-445(the)-445(moral)-445(conceptions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-424(the)-425(ascetic)-424(period)-424(had)-424(created.)-773(The)-425(ablest)-424(men)-424(in)-424(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-438(community)-438(vied)-438(with)-438(one)-438(another)-438(in)-438(inculcating)-437(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(highest)-294(form)-293(of)-294(duty)-293(the)-293(abandonment)-294(of)-293(social)-294(ties)-293(and)-293(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mortification)-430(of)-429(domestic)-430(affections.)-789(A)-430(few)-430(faint)-429(restrictions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-578(indeed)-578(occasionally)-578(made.)-1234(Much)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 188.998 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(on)-578(which)-578(I)-578(shall)]TJ -199.907 -13.55 Td [(hereafter)-466(touch)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 68.086 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-466(written)-466(on)-467(the)-466(liberty)-466(of)-466(husbands)-466(and)]TJ -78.995 -13.549 Td [(wives)-306(deserting)-306(one)-306(another;)-335(and)-306(something)-306(was)-306(written)-306(on)-306(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cases)-476(of)-476(children)-475(forsaking)-476(or)-476(abandoning)-475(their)-476(parents.)-927(At)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first,)-245(those)-245(who,)-245(when)-244(children,)-246(were)-244(devoted)-244(to)-244(the)-244(monasteries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-463(their)-463(parents,)-517(without)-463(their)-463(own)-463(consent,)-516(were)-463(permitted,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(when)-444(of)-445(mature)-444(age,)-493(to)-444(return)-445(to)-444(the)-444(world;)-542(and)-444(this)-444(liberty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-405(taken)-404(from)-405(them)-404(for)-404(the)-405(first)-404(time)-405(by)-404(the)-405(fourth)-404(Council)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 572 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 573 0 R /Resources 571 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 570 0 R >> endobj 574 0 obj << /D [572 0 R /XYZ 119.973 436.88 null] >> endobj 571 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 577 0 obj << /Length 5879 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(131)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-359(Toledo,)-386(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 63.253 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-359(633.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.734 3.959 Td [(286)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.747 -3.959 Td [(The)-359(Council)-359(of)-359(Gangra)-359(condemned)]TJ -121.97 -13.549 Td [(the)-321(heretic)-322(Eustathius)-321(for)-321(teaching)-322(that)-321(children)-321(might,)-339(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-198(motives,)-208(forsake)-197(their)-198(parents,)-208(and)-198(St.)-232(Basil)-198(wrote)-198(in)-197(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-213(strain;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 52.014 3.958 Td [(287)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.912 -3.958 Td [(but)-213(cases)-213(of)-213(this)-213(kind)-213(of)-213(rebellion)-213(against)-213(parental)]TJ -66.926 -13.55 Td [(authority)-174(were)-175(continually)-174(recounted)-174(with)-175(admiration)-174(in)-174(the)-174(Lives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-369(the)-738(Saints,)-398(applauded)-369(by)-369(some)-368(of)-369(the)-369(leading)-369(Fathers,)-398(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([132])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(virtually)-187(sanctioned)-188(by)-188(a)-187(law)-188(of)-187(Justinian,)-200(which)-188(deprived)-187(parents)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-384(the)-383(power)-384(of)-383(either)-384(restraining)-384(their)-383(children)-384(from)-383(entering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monasteries,)-371(or)-346(disinheriting)-347(them)-346(if)-346(they)-347(had)-346(done)-347(so)-346(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-204(consent.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 58.28 3.959 Td [(288)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.015 -3.959 Td [(St.)-235(Chrysostom)-204(relates)-205(with)-204(enthusiasm)-204(the)-205(case)]TJ -73.295 -13.549 Td [(of)-186(a)-187(young)-186(man)-187(who)-186(had)-187(been)-186(designed)-187(by)-186(his)-187(father)-186(for)-187(the)-186(army,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-343(who)-343(was)-343(lured)-343(away)-343(to)-343(a)-343(monastery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 184.641 3.959 Td [(289)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.227 -3.959 Td [(The)-343(eloquence)-343(of)]TJ -202.868 -13.549 Td [(St.)-244(Ambrose)-231(is)-232(said)-231(to)-231(have)-232(been)-231(so)-231(seductive,)-236(that)-231(mothers)-231(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accustomed)-278(to)-278(shut)-279(up)-278(their)-278(daughters)-278(to)-279(guard)-278(them)-278(against)-278(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fascinations.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 54.839 3.959 Td [(290)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.193 -3.959 Td [(The)-312(position)-311(of)-311(affectionate)-312(parents)-311(was)-312(at)-311(this)]TJ -72.032 -13.549 Td [(time)-236(extremely)-235(painful.)-245(The)-236(touching)-236(language)-235(is)-236(still)-235(preserved,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-355(which)-354(the)-355(mother)-354(of)-355(Chrysostom)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 160.546 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(who)-355(had)-354(a)-355(distinguished)]TJ -171.455 -13.549 Td [(part)-324(in)-323(the)-324(conversion)-323(of)-324(her)-324(son)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 146.002 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(implored)-324(him,)-342(if)-323(he)-324(thought)]TJ -156.912 -13.549 Td [(it)-357(his)-358(duty)-357(to)-358(fly)-357(to)-358(the)-357(desert)-358(life,)-384(at)-358(least)-357(to)-357(postpone)-358(the)-357(act)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(till)-324(she)-323(had)-324(died.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 74.527 3.959 Td [(291)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.588 -3.959 Td [(St.)-471(Ambrose)-323(devoted)-324(a)-323(chapter)-324(to)-323(proving)]TJ -92.115 -13.549 Td [(that,)-469(while)-424(those)-425(are)-425(worthy)-425(of)-425(commendation)-425(who)-425(enter)-424(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monasteries)-395(with)-396(the)-395(approbation,)-432(those)-395(are)-396(still)-395(more)-395(worthy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-407(praise)-406(who)-407(do)-406(so)-407(against)-406(the)-407(wishes,)-445(of)-407(their)-407(parents;)-484(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-390(proceeded)-389(to)-390(show)-390(how)-389(small)-390(were)-389(the)-390(penalties)-390(the)-389(latter)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-244(inflict)-243(when)-244(compared)-244(with)-243(the)-244(blessings)-244(asceticism)-243(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bestow.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 33.632 3.959 Td [(292)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.083 -3.959 Td [(Even)-223(before)-223(the)-223(law)-223(of)-223(Justinian,)-229(the)-223(invectives)-223(of)-223(the)]TJ -48.715 -13.549 Td [(clergy)-314(were)-313(directed)-314(against)-314(those)-313(who)-314(endeavoured)-314(to)-313(prevent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-398(children)-399(flying)-398(to)-399(the)-398(desert.)-696(St.)-695(Chrysostom)-398(explained)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 143.481 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 136.669 Td [(286)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Bingham,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Antiquities)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.86 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(vii.)-250(ch.)-250(iii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -87.929 -7.311 Td [(287)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(288)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Bingham,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Antiquities)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.86 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(vii.)-250(chap.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -87.929 -7.31 Td [(289)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.74 0 Td [(Early)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.256 0 Td [(\050ed.)-250(1867\051,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(122.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -114.702 -7.311 Td [(290)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(153.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(291)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(120.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(292)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Virginibus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.561 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(11.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 576 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 577 0 R /Resources 575 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 570 0 R >> endobj 578 0 obj << /D [576 0 R /XYZ 77.237 450.429 null] >> endobj 575 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 581 0 obj << /Length 6215 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(132History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-344(them)-344(that)-344(they)-345(would)-344(certainly)-344(be)-344(damned.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.742 3.959 Td [(293)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.262 -3.959 Td [(St.)-532(Ambrose)]TJ -223.004 -13.549 Td [(showed)-306(that,)-320(even)-306(in)-305(this)-306(world,)-320(they)-306(might)-306(not)-306(be)-305(unpunished.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-418(girl,)-460(he)-419(tells)-418(us,)-460(had)-418(resolved)-418(to)-419(enter)-418(into)-418(a)-418(convent,)-460(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-411(her)-411(relations)-412(were)-411(expostulating)-411(with)-411(her)-411(on)-411(her)-411(intention,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one)-389(of)-390(those)-389(present)-390(tried)-389(to)-390(move)-389(her)-390(by)-389(the)-390(memory)-389(of)-389(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dead)-402(father,)-440(asking)-402(whether,)-440(if)-402(he)-402(were)-402(still)-804(alive,)-440(he)-401(would)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([133])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(have)-351(suffered)-351(her)-351(to)-351(remain)-351(unmarried.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 181.784 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Perhaps,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 37.265 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.672 0 Td [(she)-351(calmly)]TJ -232.565 -13.549 Td [(answered,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 47.611 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(it)-321(was)-320(for)-321(this)-321(very)-320(purpose)-321(he)-320(died,)-339(that)-320(he)-321(should)]TJ -52.455 -13.549 Td [(not)-301(throw)-301(any)-302(obstacle)-301(in)-301(my)-301(way.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 153.942 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.13 0 Td [(Her)-301(words)-301(were)-302(more)-301(than)]TJ -162.072 -13.55 Td [(an)-230(answer;)-237(they)-231(were)-230(an)-230(oracle.)-244(The)-230(indiscreet)-230(questioner)-230(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immediately)-421(died,)-463(and)-420(the)-421(relations,)-463(shocked)-420(by)-421(the)-420(manifest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(providence,)-394(desisted)-366(from)-365(their)-366(opposition,)-394(and)-366(even)-365(implored)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-374(young)-374(saint)-374(to)-374(accomplish)-374(her)-374(design.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.01 3.959 Td [(294)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.239 -3.959 Td [(St.)-622(Jerome)-374(tells)]TJ -208.249 -13.549 Td [(with)-379(rapturous)-379(enthusiasm)-379(of)-379(a)-380(little)-379(girl,)-411(named)-379(Asella,)-411(who,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(when)-275(only)-275(twelve)-275(years)-275(old,)-281(devoted)-275(herself)-275(to)-275(the)-275(religious)-275(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-341(refused)-342(to)-341(look)-342(on)-341(the)-341(face)-342(of)-341(any)-341(man,)-365(and)-341(whose)-341(knees,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-347(constant)-347(prayer,)-371(became)-347(at)-346(last)-347(like)-347(those)-347(of)-347(a)-346(camel.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 254.404 3.959 Td [(295)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.35 -3.959 Td [(A)]TJ -272.754 -13.549 Td [(famous)-391(widow,)-426(named)-391(Paula,)-426(upon)-391(the)-391(death)-391(of)-391(her)-391(husband,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deserted)-416(her)-416(family,)-458(listened)-415(with)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 157.969 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(dry)-416(eyes)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 38.466 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.381 0 Td [(to)-416(her)-416(children,)]TJ -210.659 -13.55 Td [(who)-257(were)-257(imploring)-258(her)-257(to)-257(stay,)-259(fled)-257(to)-258(the)-257(society)-257(of)-257(the)-257(monks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-372(Jerusalem,)-402(made)-371(it)-372(her)-372(desire)-371(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 168.981 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(she)-372(might)-371(die)-372(a)-372(beggar,)]TJ -173.824 -13.549 Td [(and)-470(leave)-471(not)-470(one)-471(piece)-470(of)-470(money)-471(to)-470(her)-471(son,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 216.748 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.975 0 Td [(and,)-525(having)]TJ -226.723 -13.549 Td [(dissipated)-203(the)-202(whole)-203(of)-202(her)-203(fortune)-203(in)-202(charities,)-212(bequeathed)-203(to)-202(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(children)-227(only)-228(the)-227(embarrassment)-227(of)-228(her)-227(debts.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 198.173 3.959 Td [(296)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.098 -3.959 Td [(It)-227(was)-228(carefully)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 186.918 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 180.106 Td [(293)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.929 0 Td [(Early)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.015 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(121.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -127.651 -7.311 Td [(294)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Virginibus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.561 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(11.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -62.268 -7.394 Td [(295)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Epist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.918 0 Td [(xxiv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -34.625 -7.311 Td [(296)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-465(Jerome)-322(describes)-322(the)-321(scene)-322(at)-322(her)-321(departure)-322(with)-322(admiring)-322(eloquence.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Descendit)-464(ad)-464(portum)-464(fratre,)-518(cognatis,)-517(affinibus)-464(et)-464(quod)-464(majus)-464(est)-464(liberis)]TJ -3.981 -10.958 Td [(prosequentibus,)-370(et)-345(elementissimam)-346(matrem)-346(pietate)-345(vincere)-346(cupientibus.)-537(Jam)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(carbasa)-334(tendebantur,)-355(et)-333(remorum)-334(ductu)-334(navis)-334(in)-334(altum)-334(protrahebatur.)-501(Parvus)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Toxotius)-477(supplices)-477(manus)-477(tendebat)-477(in)-477(littore,)-533(Ruffina)-477(jam)-477(nubilis)-477(ut)-477(suas)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(expectaret)-394(nuptias)-394(tacens)-393(fletibus)-394(obsecrabat.)-682(Et)-394(tamen)-393(illa)-394(siccos)-394(tendebat)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ad)-355(c\346lum)-354(oculos,)-381(pietatem)-354(in)-355(filios)-354(pietate)-355(in)-354(Deum)-355(superans.)-564(Nesciebat)-354(se)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(matrem)-398(ut)-398(Christi)-398(probaret)-398(ancillam.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 136.053 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.771 0 Td [(cviii.)-694(In)-398(another)-398(place)-397(he)-398(says)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 580 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 581 0 R /Resources 579 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 570 0 R >> endobj 582 0 obj << /D [580 0 R /XYZ 299.099 450.429 null] >> endobj 579 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 585 0 obj << /Length 6012 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(133)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(inculcated)-280(that)-280(all)-281(money)-280(given)-280(or)-280(bequeathed)-280(to)-280(the)-281(poor,)-287(or)-280(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-296(monks,)-307(produced)-295(spiritual)-296(benefit)-295(to)-296(the)-295(donors)-296(or)-295(testators,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-309(that)-309(no)-310(spiritual)-309(benefit)-309(sprang)-309(from)-309(money)-309(bestowed)-309(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relations;)-474(and)-400(the)-399(more)-400(pious)-399(minds)-400(recoiled)-799(from)-399(disposing)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([134])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(of)-445(their)-445(property)-445(in)-445(a)-445(manner)-445(that)-445(would)-445(not)-445(redound)-445(to)-444(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advantage)-402(of)-402(their)-402(souls.)-706(Sometimes)-402(parents)-402(made)-402(it)-402(a)-401(dying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(request)-323(to)-323(their)-323(children)-323(that)-323(they)-323(would)-323(preserve)-323(none)-323(of)-322(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(property,)-287(but)-279(would)-280(bestow)-279(it)-280(all)-279(among)-280(the)-279(poor.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 219.004 3.959 Td [(297)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.146 -3.959 Td [(It)-280(was)-279(one)]TJ -235.15 -13.549 Td [(of)-371(the)-370(most)-371(honourable)-371(incidents)-371(of)-370(the)-371(life)-371(of)-370(St.)-612(Augustine,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-399(he,)-436(like)-399(Aurelius,)-436(Bishop)-399(of)-399(Carthage,)-436(refused)-399(to)-398(receive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legacies)-383(or)-382(donations)-383(which)-382(unjustly)-383(spoliated)-382(the)-383(relatives)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(benefactor.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 66.137 3.959 Td [(298)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.125 -3.959 Td [(Usually,)-401(however,)-400(to)-371(outrage)-370(the)-371(affections)]TJ -85.262 -13.549 Td [(of)-418(the)-417(nearest)-418(and)-417(dearest)-418(relations)-417(was)-418(not)-417(only)-418(regarded)-417(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(innocent,)-386(but)-360(proposed)-359(as)-359(the)-359(highest)-359(virtue.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 206.447 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(A)-359(young)-359(man,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 64.496 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.787 -13.55 Td [(it)-306(was)-306(acutely)-307(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 88.352 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(who)-306(has)-306(learnt)-307(to)-306(despise)-306(a)-306(mother's)-306(grief,)]TJ -93.196 -13.549 Td [(will)-311(easily)-312(bear)-311(any)-311(other)-311(labour)-312(that)-311(is)-311(imposed)-312(upon)-311(him.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(299)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(St.)-362(Jerome,)-297(when)-288(exhorting)-287(Heliodorus)-288(to)-287(desert)-288(his)-287(family)-287(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(become)-377(a)-377(hermit,)-408(expatiated)-377(with)-377(a)-377(fond)-377(minuteness)-377(on)-376(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(form)-402(of)-402(natural)-402(affection)-403(he)-402(desired)-402(him)-402(to)-402(violate.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 241.848 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Though)]TJ -246.692 -13.55 Td [(your)-222(little)-222(nephew)-221(twine)-222(his)-222(arms)-222(around)-222(your)-221(neck;)-232(though)-221(your)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mother,)-233(with)-228(dishevelled)-228(hair)-228(and)-228(tearing)-229(her)-228(robe)-228(asunder,)-232(point)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-393(the)-394(breast)-393(with)-394(which)-393(she)-393(suckled)-394(you;)-465(though)-393(your)-393(father)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fall)-244(down)-245(on)-244(the)-244(threshold)-245(before)-244(you,)-245(pass)-245(on)-244(over)-244(your)-244(father's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(body.)-480(Fly)-327(with)-327(tearless)-326(eyes)-327(to)-327(the)-326(banner)-327(of)-327(the)-327(cross.)-480(In)-326(this)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 185.064 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 176.213 Td [(of)-371(her:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.156 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Testis)-371(est)-371(Jesus,)-402(ne)-371(unum)-371(quidem)-372(nummum)-371(ab)-371(ea)-371(fili\346)-371(derelictum)]TJ -33.137 -10.959 Td [(sed,)-419(ut)-385(ante)-385(jam)-385(dixi,)-419(derelictum)-385(magnum)-385(\346s)-386(alienum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 204.313 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ibid.)-655(And)-386(again:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -217.26 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Vis,)-277(lector,)-277(ejus)-272(breviter)-272(scire)-271(virtutes?)-316(Omnes)-271(suos)-272(pauperes,)-277(pauperior)-272(ipsa)]TJ -3.982 -10.959 Td [(dimisit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 27.16 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ibid.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -39.857 -7.31 Td [(297)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-303(Chastel,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 47.649 0 Td [(Etudes)-303(historiques)-304(sur)-303(la)-304(Charit\351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 120.981 0 Td [(,)-317(p.)-410(231.)-410(The)-304(parents)-303(of)-304(St.)]TJ -180.586 -10.959 Td [(Gregory)-250(Nazianzen)-250(had)-250(made)-250(this)-250(request,)-250(which)-250(was)-250(faithfully)-250(observed.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(298)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Chastel,)-250(p.)-250(232.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(299)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-227(a)-228(characteristic)-227(passage)-227(from)-228(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 133.231 0 Td [(Life)-227(of)-228(St.)-242(Fulgentius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 74.754 0 Td [(,)-232(quoted)-227(by)-228(Dean)]TJ -219.941 -10.959 Td [(Milman.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 34.812 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Facile)-322(potest)-322(juvenis)-321(tolerare)-322(quemcunque)-322(imposuerit)-322(laborem)-322(qui)]TJ -38.793 -10.959 Td [(poterit)-238(maternum)-238(jam)-237(despicere)-238(dolorem.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 147.733 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Hist.)-246(of)-238(Latin)-238(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.422 0 Td [(,)-240(vol.)-246(ii.)]TJ -253.101 -10.959 Td [(p.)-250(82.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 584 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 585 0 R /Resources 583 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 570 0 R >> endobj 586 0 obj << /D [584 0 R /XYZ 255.652 477.528 null] >> endobj 583 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 589 0 obj << /Length 5365 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(134History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(matter)-425(cruelty)-424(is)-425(the)-425(only)-424(piety....)-774(Your)-425(widowed)-425(sister)-424(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(throw)-339(her)-339(gentle)-339(arms)-339(around)-339(you....)-517(Your)-339(father)-339(may)-339(implore)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(you)-283(to)-284(wait)-283(but)-283(a)-284(short)-283(time)-284(to)-283(bury)-283(those)-284(near)-283(to)-283(you,)-292(who)-283(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soon)-256(be)-256(no)-256(more;)-258(your)-256(weeping)-256(mother)-256(may)-256(recall)-256(your)-255(childish)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(days,)-306(and)-295(may)-295(point)-295(to)-295(her)-295(shrunken)-295(breast)-295(and)-295(to)-295(her)-295(wrinkled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(brow.)-243(Those)-229(around)-229(you)-229(may)-229(tell)-229(you)-229(that)-229(all)-229(the)-229(household)-228(rests)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-264(you.)-293(Such)-264(chains)-264(as)-264(these,)-268(the)-264(love)-264(of)-264(God)-264(and)-264(the)-528(fear)-264(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([135])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(hell)-276(can)-276(easily)-277(break.)-328(You)-276(say)-277(that)-276(Scripture)-276(orders)-276(you)-276(to)-276(obey)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(your)-300(parents,)-312(but)-300(he)-299(who)-300(loves)-300(them)-300(more)-299(than)-300(Christ)-300(loses)-299(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(soul.)-303(The)-268(enemy)-267(brandishes)-268(a)-268(sword)-267(to)-268(slay)-268(me.)-303(Shall)-267(I)-268(think)-267(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-250(mother's)-250(tears?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.851 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(300)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.739 -22.117 Td [(The)-523(sentiment)-524(manifested)-523(in)-524(these)-523(cases)-524(continued)-523(to)-523(be)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(displayed)-406(in)-405(later)-406(ages.)-717(Thus,)-445(St.)-716(Gregory)-406(the)-406(Great)-405(assures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(us)-443(that)-443(a)-443(certain)-443(young)-443(boy,)-491(though)-443(he)-443(had)-443(enrolled)-442(himself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-353(a)-353(monk,)-378(was)-353(unable)-352(to)-353(repress)-353(his)-353(love)-353(for)-352(his)-353(parents,)-378(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-438(night)-437(stole)-438(out)-438(secretly)-437(to)-438(visit)-437(them.)-813(But)-438(the)-437(judgment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-369(God)-368(soon)-369(marked)-369(the)-368(enormity)-369(of)-368(the)-369(offence.)-606(On)-368(coming)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(back)-466(to)-465(the)-466(monastery,)-519(he)-466(died)-466(that)-465(very)-466(day,)-519(and)-466(when)-465(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-348(buried,)-373(the)-349(earth)-348(refused)-349(to)-348(receive)-348(so)-349(heinous)-348(a)-348(criminal.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-325(body)-324(was)-325(repeatedly)-325(thrown)-325(up)-324(from)-325(the)-325(grave,)-343(and)-325(it)-324(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-379(suffered)-378(to)-379(rest)-379(in)-379(peace)-378(when)-379(St.)-636(Benedict)-379(had)-379(laid)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sacrament)-295(upon)-295(its)-294(breast.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 116.601 3.958 Td [(301)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.646 -3.958 Td [(One)-295(nun)-295(revealed,)-306(it)-294(is)-295(said,)-306(after)]TJ -133.247 -13.55 Td [(death,)-362(that)-340(she)-339(had)-340(been)-340(condemned)-339(for)-340(three)-340(days)-339(to)-340(the)-339(fires)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-253(purgatory,)-253(because)-253(she)-252(had)-253(loved)-253(her)-252(mother)-253(too)-253(much.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.853 3.959 Td [(302)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.268 -3.959 Td [(Of)]TJ -269.121 -13.549 Td [(another)-356(saint)-357(it)-356(is)-356(recorded)-356(that)-356(his)-357(benevolence)-356(was)-356(such)-356(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-348(was)-348(never)-348(known)-348(to)-347(be)-348(hard)-348(or)-348(inhuman)-348(to)-348(any)-348(one)-347(except)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-316(relations.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.474 3.958 Td [(303)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.334 -3.958 Td [(St.)-447(Romuald,)-333(the)-315(founder)-316(of)-316(the)-316(Camaldolites,)]TJ -73.808 -13.55 Td [(counted)-491(his)-491(father)-490(among)-491(his)-491(spiritual)-491(children,)-551(and)-491(on)-490(one)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 132.04 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 125.228 Td [(300)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(xiv.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.928 0 Td [(Ad)-250(Heliodorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.538 0 Td [(\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -100.617 -7.311 Td [(301)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(ii.)-250(24.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -66.5 -7.311 Td [(302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Bollandists,)-250(May)-250(3)-250(\050vol.)-250(vii.)-250(p.)-250(561\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(303)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Hospitibus)-200(omni)-200(loco)-199(ac)-200(tempore)-200(liberalissimus)-200(fuit....)-233(Solis)-200(consanguineis)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(durus)-191(erat)-190(et)-191(inhumanus,)-203(tamquam)-190(ignotos)-191(illos)-191(respiciens.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 206.832 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Bollandists,)-202(May)]TJ -219.78 -10.959 Td [(29.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 588 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 589 0 R /Resources 587 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 570 0 R >> endobj 590 0 obj << /D [588 0 R /XYZ 342.371 436.88 null] >> endobj 587 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 593 0 obj << /Length 5363 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(135)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(occasion)-345(punished)-344(him)-345(by)-344(flagellation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 172.902 3.959 Td [(304)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.276 -3.959 Td [(The)-345(first)-344(nun)-345(whom)]TJ -191.178 -13.549 Td [(St.)-855(Francis)-452(of)-452(Assisi)-451(enrolled)-452(was)-452(a)-451(beautiful)-452(girl)-452(of)-451(Assisi)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(named)-295(Clara)-295(Scifi,)-306(with)-295(whom)-295(he)-295(had)-295(for)-295(some)-295(time)-295(carried)-295(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-246(clandestine)-246(correspondence,)-247(and)-246(whose)-246(flight)-246(from)-246(her)-245(father's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(home)-227(he)-227(both)-227(counselled)-227(and)-227(planned.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 165.99 3.959 Td [(305)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.097 -3.959 Td [(As)-227(the)-227(first)-227(enthusiasm)]TJ -181.087 -13.549 Td [(of)-240(asceticism)-241(died)-240(away,)-243(what)-240(was)-240(lost)-241(in)-240(influence)-241(by)-240(the)-240(father)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-258(gained)-257(by)-258(the)-257(priest.)-273(The)-257(confessional)-258(made)-515(this)-257(personage)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([136])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(confidant)-323(in)-322(the)-322(most)-322(delicate)-323(secrets)-322(of)-322(domestic)-323(life.)-466(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supremacy)-401(of)-401(authority,)-439(of)-401(sympathy,)-438(and)-401(sometimes)-401(even)-401(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(affection,)-565(passed)-501(away)-502(beyond)-502(the)-501(domestic)-502(circle,)-565(and,)-564(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(establishing)-292(an)-292(absolute)-293(authority)-292(over)-292(the)-292(most)-292(secret)-292(thoughts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-359(feelings)-359(of)-358(nervous)-359(and)-359(credulous)-359(women,)-386(the)-359(priests)-358(laid)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(foundation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(empire)-250(of)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -16.341 Td [(The)-436(picture)-437(I)-436(have)-436(drawn)-437(of)-436(the)-437(inroads)-436(made)-437(in)-436(the)-436(first)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(period)-286(of)-285(asceticism)-286(upon)-286(the)-285(domestic)-286(affections,)-294(tells,)-295(I)-285(think,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-227(own)-226(story,)-232(and)-226(I)-227(shall)-226(only)-227(add)-226(a)-227(very)-227(few)-226(words)-227(of)-226(comment.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(That)-445(it)-445(is)-445(necessary)-445(for)-445(many)-445(men)-445(who)-445(are)-445(pursuing)-445(a)-445(truly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heroic)-451(course)-452(to)-451(break)-452(loose)-451(from)-451(the)-452(trammels)-451(which)-451(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(about)-516(them)-516(would)-516(cast)-516(over)-516(their)-516(actions)-516(or)-516(their)-515(opinions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-495(that)-495(this)-495(severance)-496(often)-495(constitutes)-495(at)-495(once)-495(one)-495(of)-495(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(noblest)-420(and)-420(one)-420(of)-420(the)-420(most)-420(painful)-420(incidents)-420(in)-420(their)-420(career,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-336(unquestionable)-335(truths;)-379(but)-336(the)-335(examples)-336(of)-336(such)-335(occasional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-230(exceptional)-230(sacrifices,)-233(endured)-230(for)-230(some)-230(great)-230(unselfish)-229(end,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-262(be)-262(compared)-262(with)-262(the)-262(conduct)-262(of)-262(those)-262(who)-262(regarded)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mortification)-315(of)-314(domestic)-315(love)-315(as)-314(in)-315(itself)-315(a)-314(form)-315(of)-315(virtue,)-330(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whose)-331(ends)-332(were)-331(mainly)-331(or)-331(exclusively)-331(selfish.)-494(The)-331(sufferings)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(endured)-348(by)-348(the)-348(ascetic)-348(who)-348(fled)-348(from)-348(his)-348(relations)-348(were)-348(often,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(no)-245(doubt,)-245(very)-245(great.)-248(Many)-245(anecdotes)-245(remain)-244(to)-245(show)-245(that)-244(warm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-229(affectionate)-230(hearts)-229(sometimes)-230(beat)-229(under)-229(the)-230(cold)-229(exterior)-229(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-215(monk;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 43.558 3.959 Td [(306)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.924 -3.959 Td [(and)-215(St.)-238(Jerome,)-222(in)-215(one)-214(of)-215(his)-215(letters,)-222(remarked,)-222(with)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 110.045 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.233 Td [(304)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Helyot,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.078 0 Td [(Dict.)-250(des)-250(Ordres)-250(religieux)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.636 0 Td [(,)-250(art.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 18.426 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Camaldules.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 44.581 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -216.408 -7.394 Td [(305)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)-250(charming)-250(sketch)-250(in)-250(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 112.061 0 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Francis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.765 0 Td [(,)-250(by)-250(Hase.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -188.532 -7.311 Td [(306)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-352(legend)-353(of)-352(St.)-558(Scholastica,)-378(the)-352(sister)-353(of)-352(St.)-558(Benedict,)-378(has)-352(been)-353(often)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(quoted.)-432(He)-310(had)-310(visited)-311(her,)-326(and)-310(was)-311(about)-310(to)-311(leave)-310(in)-310(the)-311(evening,)-326(when)-310(she)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 592 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 593 0 R /Resources 591 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 595 0 R >> endobj 594 0 obj << /D [592 0 R /XYZ 261.793 436.88 null] >> endobj 591 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 598 0 obj << /Length 5321 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(136History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(much)-427(complacency)-427(and)-428(congratulation,)-471(that)-427(the)-427(very)-427(bitterest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pang)-396(of)-395(captivity)-396(is)-395(simply)-396(this)-396(irrevocable)-791(separation)-395(which)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([137])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(superstition)-341(he)-340(preached)-341(induced)-341(multitudes)-341(to)-341(inflict)-340(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves.)-540(But)-347(if,)-371(putting)-347(aside)-346(the)-347(intrinsic)-347(excellence)-347(of)-346(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(act,)-398(we)-369(attempt)-369(to)-369(estimate)-368(the)-369(nobility)-369(of)-369(the)-368(agent,)-399(we)-368(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consider)-357(not)-357(only)-357(the)-357(cost)-356(of)-357(what)-357(he)-357(did,)-384(but)-357(also)-357(the)-356(motive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-349(induced)-348(him)-349(to)-348(do)-349(it.)-545(It)-348(is)-349(this)-348(last)-349(consideration)-348(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(renders)-339(it)-339(impossible)-339(for)-339(us)-339(to)-339(place)-339(the)-339(heroism)-339(of)-339(the)-338(ascetic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-390(the)-389(same)-390(level)-389(with)-390(that)-389(of)-390(the)-389(great)-390(patriots)-389(of)-390(Greece)-389(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Rome.)-531(A)-343(man)-344(may)-344(be)-343(as)-344(truly)-343(selfish)-344(about)-344(the)-343(next)-344(world)-343(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(about)-283(this.)-348(Where)-283(an)-283(overpowering)-283(dread)-283(of)-283(future)-282(torments,)-291(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-305(intense)-304(realisation)-305(of)-305(future)-304(happiness,)-319(is)-304(the)-305(leading)-304(motive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-292(action,)-302(the)-291(theological)-292(virtue)-291(of)-292(faith)-292(may)-291(be)-292(present,)-302(but)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ennobling)-417(quality)-417(of)-418(disinterest)1(edness)-418(is)-417(assuredly)-417(absent.)-751(In)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(our)-299(day,)-311(when)-299(pictures)-298(of)-299(rewards)-299(and)-299(punishments)-299(beyond)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grave)-291(act)-291(but)-291(feebly)-291(upon)-292(the)-291(imagination,)-301(a)-291(religious)-291(motive)-291(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commonly)-354(an)-353(unselfish)-353(motive;)-406(but)-353(it)-354(has)-353(not)-354(always)-353(been)-353(so,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-326(it)-326(was)-326(undoubtedly)-327(not)-326(so)-326(in)-326(the)-326(first)-326(period)-326(of)-326(asceticism.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-266(terrors)-266(of)-265(a)-266(future)-266(judgment)-266(drove)-265(the)-266(monk)-266(into)-266(the)-265(desert,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-275(the)-275(whole)-276(tenor)-275(of)-275(the)-275(ascetic)-275(life,)-282(while)-275(isolating)-275(him)-275(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-247(sympathies,)-248(fostered)-248(an)-247(intense,)-248(though)-247(it)-248(may)-247(be)-247(termed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-250(religious,)-250(selfishness.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-212(effect)-213(of)-212(the)-213(mortification)-212(of)-212(the)-213(domestic)-212(affections)-212(upon)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(general)-292(character)-293(was)-293(probably)-292(very)-293(pernicious.)-378(The)-292(family)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(circle)-346(is)-345(the)-346(appointed)-346(sphere,)-369(not)-346(only)-345(for)-346(the)-346(performance)-345(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manifest)-419(duties,)-461(but)-418(also)-419(for)-419(the)-418(cultivation)-419(of)-419(the)-418(affections;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-236(the)-235(extreme)-236(ferocity)-236(which)-236(so)-235(often)-236(characterised)-236(the)-235(ascetic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-309(the)-310(natural)-309(consequence)-310(of)-309(the)-309(discipline)-310(he)-309(imposed)-309(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(himself.)-687(Severed)-395(from)-396(all)-395(other)-396(ties,)-431(the)-396(monks)-395(clung)-396(with)-395(a)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 129.76 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 120.937 Td [(implored)-337(him)-338(to)-337(stay.)-512(He)-337(refused,)-360(and)-337(she)-337(then)-338(prayed)-337(to)-337(God,)-359(who)-338(sent)-337(so)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(violent)-297(a)-296(tempest)-297(that)-296(the)-297(saint)-296(was)-297(unable)-296(to)-297(depart.)-389(\050St.)-390(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 234.875 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.842 0 Td [(ii.)-390(33.\051)]TJ -255.717 -10.959 Td [(Cassian)-259(speaks)-258(of)-259(a)-259(monk)-259(who)-258(thought)-259(it)-259(his)-259(duty)-258(never)-259(to)-259(see)-258(his)-259(mother,)-261(but)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(who)-339(laboured)-338(for)-339(a)-338(whole)-339(year)-338(to)-339(pay)-339(off)-338(a)-339(debt)-338(she)-339(had)-338(incurred.)-516(\050C)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 258.465 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(nob.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -264.939 -10.959 Td [(Inst.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.149 0 Td [(v.)-322(38.\051)-323(St.)-322(Jerome)-274(mentions)-274(the)-274(strong)-274(natural)-275(affection)-274(of)-274(Paula,)-280(though)]TJ -18.149 -10.959 Td [(she)-250(considered)-250(it)-250(a)-250(virtue)-250(to)-250(mortify)-250(it.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 142.7 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cviii.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 597 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 598 0 R /Resources 596 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 595 0 R >> endobj 599 0 obj << /D [597 0 R /XYZ 294.044 504.626 null] >> endobj 596 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 602 0 obj << /Length 4791 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(137)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(desperate)-443(tenacity)-443(to)-442(their)-443(opinions)-443(and)-443(to)-443(their)-442(Church,)-491(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hated)-378(those)-378(who)-378(dissented)-379(from)-378(them)-378(with)-378(all)-378(the)-378(intensity)-378(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-350(whose)-349(whole)-350(lives)-349(were)-350(concentrated)-350(on)-349(a)-350(single)-349(subject,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whose)-374(ignorance)-374(and)-374(bigotry)-374(prevented)-374(them)-374(from)-374(conceiving)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-208(possibility)-207(of)-208(any)-207(good)-208(thing)-208(in)-207(opposition)-208(to)-207(themselves,)-216(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-251(had)-250(made)-251(it)-250(a)-251(main)-250(object)-251(of)-250(their)-251(discipline)-250(to)-251(eradicate)-250(all)]TJ 2.766 -13.549 Td [(natural)-254(sympathies)-253(and)-254(affections.)-260(We)-254(may)-253(reasonably)-254(attribute)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 288.258 0 Td [([138])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(to)-188(the)-187(fierce)-188(biographer)-188(the)-187(words)-188(of)-188(burning)-187(hatred)-188(of)-188(all)-187(heretics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-345(St.)-536(Athanasius)-345(puts)-345(in)-345(the)-346(mouth)-345(of)-345(the)-345(dying)-345(patriarch)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-365(the)-364(hermits;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 66.134 3.959 Td [(307)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.056 -3.959 Td [(but)-365(ecclesiastical)-364(history,)-393(and)-365(especially)-365(the)]TJ -83.19 -13.549 Td [(writings)-244(of)-245(the)-244(later)-244(Pagans,)-245(abundantly)-245(prove)-244(that)-244(the)-244(sentiment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-256(a)-257(general)-256(one.)-269(To)-256(the)-256(Christian)-256(bishops)-256(it)-257(is)-256(mainly)-256(due)-256(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-215(wide)-216(and)-215(general,)-222(though)-215(not)-216(perfect,)-222(recognition)-215(of)-215(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberty)-208(in)-207(the)-208(Roman)-207(legislation)-208(was)-207(replaced)-207(by)-208(laws)-207(of)-208(the)-207(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(minute)-367(and)-366(stringent)-366(intolerance.)-600(To)-366(the)-367(monks,)-395(acting)-367(as)-366(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(executive)-340(of)-340(an)-340(omnipresent,)-362(intolerant,)-363(and)-340(aggressive)-339(clergy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-362(due)-362(an)-362(administrative)-362(change,)-390(perhaps)-362(even)-362(more)-361(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-422(the)-423(legislative)-422(change)-422(that)-423(had)-422(preceded)-422(it.)-767(The)-422(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-329(conniving)-330(at,)-349(neglecting,)-349(or)-330(despising)-329(forms)-330(of)-329(worship)-329(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-362(formally)-362(prohibited,)-390(which)-362(had)-362(been)-362(so)-362(largely)-362(practised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-465(the)-464(sceptical)-465(Pagans,)-518(and)-465(under)-465(the)-464(lax)-465(police)-465(system)-464(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-366(Empire,)-395(and)-366(which)-366(is)-366(so)-366(important)-366(a)-366(fact)-366(in)-366(the)-366(history)-366(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-386(rise)-385(of)-386(Christianity,)-420(was)-386(absolutely)-385(destroyed.)-657(Wandering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-401(bands)-401(through)-400(the)-401(country,)-438(the)-401(monks)-401(were)-401(accustomed)-400(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(burn)-321(the)-322(temples,)-339(to)-321(break)-322(the)-321(idols,)-339(to)-322(overthrow)-321(the)-321(altars,)-339(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(engage)-257(in)-257(fierce)-257(conflicts)-257(with)-257(the)-257(peasants,)-259(who)-256(often)-257(defended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-383(desperate)-382(courage)-383(the)-382(shrines)-383(of)-382(their)-383(gods.)-647(It)-383(would)-382(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impossible)-478(to)-478(conceive)-477(men)-478(more)-478(fitted)-478(for)-477(the)-478(task.)-933(Their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fierce)-335(fanaticism,)-357(their)-335(persuasion)-335(that)-335(every)-335(idol)-335(was)-335(tenanted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-359(a)-359(literal)-359(d\346mon,)-387(and)-359(their)-359(belief)-359(that)-359(death)-359(incurred)-359(in)-359(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(iconoclastic)-524(crusade)-523(was)-524(a)-524(form)-523(of)-524(martyrdom,)-592(made)-523(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(careless)-302(of)-301(all)-302(consequences)-302(to)-301(themselves,)-315(while)-302(the)-301(reverence)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(307)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(Antony.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.295 0 Td [(See,)-250(too,)-250(the)-250(sentiments)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Pachomius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 152.68 0 Td [(Vit.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.947 0 Td [(cap.)-250(xxvii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 601 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 602 0 R /Resources 600 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 595 0 R >> endobj 603 0 obj << /D [601 0 R /XYZ 46.771 436.88 null] >> endobj 600 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 606 0 obj << /Length 4722 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(138History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-260(attached)-260(to)-261(their)-260(profession)-260(rendered)-260(it)-260(scarcely)-260(possible)-260(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(civil)-276(power)-277(to)-276(arrest)-276(them.)-328(Men)-277(who)-276(had)-276(learnt)-276(to)-276(look)-276(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indifference)-263(on)-263(the)-263(tears)-264(of)-263(a)-263(broken-hearted)-263(mother,)-266(and)-263(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-390(was)-389(indissolubly)-390(connected)-389(with)-389(the)-390(degradation)-389(of)-390(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([139])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(body,)-454(were)-414(but)-413(little)-413(likely)-413(to)-414(be)-413(moved)-413(either)-414(by)-413(the)-413(pathos)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-320(old)-321(associations,)-338(and)-320(of)-321(reverent,)-338(though)-320(mistaken,)-338(worship,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-448(by)-448(the)-449(grandeur)-448(of)-448(the)-448(Serapeum,)-498(or)-448(of)-448(the)-448(noble)-448(statues)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-381(Phidias)-381(and)-381(Praxiteles.)-643(Sometimes)-381(the)-381(civil)-381(power)-381(ordered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-390(reconstruction)-390(of)-390(Jewish)-390(synagogues)-390(or)-390(heretical)-390(churches)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-347(had)-347(been)-348(illegally)-347(destroyed;)-396(but)-347(the)-347(doctrine)-347(was)-347(early)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(maintained)-337(that)-336(such)-337(a)-336(reconstruction)-336(was)-337(a)-336(deadly)-337(sin.)-509(Under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Julian)-181(some)-182(Christians)-181(suffered)-181(martyrdom)-182(sooner)-181(than)-181(be)-181(parties)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-373(it;)-435(and)-374(St.)-620(Ambrose)-373(from)-374(the)-373(pulpit)-373(of)-374(Milan,)-404(and)-373(Simeon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Stylites)-257(from)-257(his)-257(desert)-257(pillar,)-259(united)-257(in)-257(denouncing)-257(Theodosius,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-250(had)-250(been)-250(guilty)-250(of)-250(issuing)-250(this)-250(command.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(Another)-535(very)-534(important)-535(moral)-535(result)-534(to)-535(which)-534(asceticism)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(largely)-216(contributed)-216(was)-216(the)-216(depression)-216(and)-216(sometimes)-216(almost)-215(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extinction)-296(of)-296(the)-296(civic)-295(virtues.)-388(A)-296(candid)-296(examination)-296(will)-295(show)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-245(the)-245(Christian)-245(civilisations)-245(have)-245(been)-245(as)-245(inferior)-245(to)-245(the)-244(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ones)-198(in)-197(civic)-198(and)-197(intellectual)-198(virtues)-198(as)-197(they)-198(have)-197(been)-198(superior)-197(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-229(in)-229(the)-229(virtues)-230(of)-229(humanity)-229(and)-229(of)-229(chastity.)-243(We)-229(have)-229(already)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(seen)-168(that)-167(one)-168(remarkable)-167(feature)-168(of)-168(the)-167(intellectual)-168(movement)-167(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preceded)-179(Christianity)-179(was)-179(the)-180(gradual)-179(decadence)-179(of)-179(patriotism.)-226(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(early)-276(days)-275(both)-276(of)-275(Greece)-276(and)-275(Rome,)-282(the)-276(first)-275(duty)-275(enforced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-421(that)-422(of)-421(a)-421(man)-422(to)-421(his)-421(country.)-764(This)-422(was)-421(the)-421(rudimentary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-431(cardinal)-431(virtue)-431(of)-431(the)-431(moral)-431(type.)-793(It)-431(gave)-431(the)-431(tone)-431(to)-431(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-207(system)-206(of)-207(ethics,)-215(and)-207(different)-207(moral)-206(qualities)-207(were)-206(valued)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(chiefly)-189(in)-188(proportion)-189(to)-189(their)-189(tendency)-188(to)-189(form)-189(illustrious)-188(citizens.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-315(destruction)-314(of)-315(this)-314(spirit)-315(in)-314(the)-315(Roman)-315(Empire)-314(was)-315(due,)-330(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-351(have)-351(seen,)-376(to)-351(two)-351(causes)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 128.169 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(one)-351(of)-351(them)-351(being)-351(political)-351(and)]TJ -139.078 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(other)-275(intellectual.)-327(The)-276(political)-276(cause)-275(was)-276(the)-275(amalgamation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-491(the)-491(different)-491(nations)-491(in)-491(one)-490(great)-491(despotism,)-552(which)-490(gave)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(indeed)-281(an)-281(ample)-281(field)-280(for)-281(personal)-281(and)-281(intellectual)-281(freedom,)-288(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extinguished)-188(the)-188(sentiment)-188(of)-188(nationality)-188(and)-188(closed)-188(almost)-188(every)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 605 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 606 0 R /Resources 604 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 595 0 R >> endobj 607 0 obj << /D [605 0 R /XYZ 374.173 477.528 null] >> endobj 604 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 610 0 obj << /Length 4834 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(139)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sphere)-253(of)-253(political)-253(activity.)-259(The)-253(intellectual)-254(cause,)-253(which)-253(was)-253(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-335(means)-334(unconnected)-335(with)-335(the)-335(political)-334(one,)-356(was)-335(the)-334(growing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ascendancy)-409(of)-205(Oriental)-205(philosophies,)-213(which)-205(dethroned)-205(the)-204(active)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([140])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Stoicism)-297(of)-297(the)-296(early)-297(Empire,)-309(and)-296(placed)-297(its)-297(ideal)-297(of)-296(excellence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-325(contemplative)-326(virtues)-325(and)-326(in)-325(elaborate)-326(purifications.)-476(By)-325(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(decline)-340(of)-339(the)-340(patriotic)-339(sentiment)-340(the)-339(progress)-340(of)-339(the)-340(new)-339(faith)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-438(greatly)-438(aided.)-814(In)-438(all)-438(matters)-438(of)-438(religion)-438(the)-438(opinions)-437(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-290(are)-289(governed)-290(much)-289(more)-290(by)-289(their)-290(sympathies)-289(than)-290(by)-289(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judgments;)-338(and)-309(it)-309(rarely)-309(or)-308(never)-309(happens)-309(that)-309(a)-309(religion)-308(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-275(opposed)-274(to)-275(a)-275(strong)-274(national)-275(sentiment,)-281(as)-274(Christianity)-275(was)-274(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Judea,)-244(as)-243(Catholicism)-242(and)-243(Episcopalian)-242(Protestantism)-243(have)-242(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-253(Scotland,)-254(and)-252(as)-253(Anglicanism)-253(is)-253(even)-253(now)-253(in)-253(Ireland,)-254(can)-252(win)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(acceptance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -18.622 Td [(The)-412(relations)-412(of)-412(Christianity)-412(to)-412(the)-412(sentiment)-412(of)-412(pat)1(riotism)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(were)-268(from)-269(the)-268(first)-269(very)-268(unfortunate.)-305(While)-269(the)-268(Christians)-268(were,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-496(obvious)-496(reasons,)-558(completely)-496(separated)-496(from)-496(the)-496(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spirit)-329(of)-329(Judea,)-348(they)-329(found)-328(themselves)-329(equally)-329(at)-329(variance)-328(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-271(lingering)-270(remnants)-271(of)-270(Roman)-271(patriotism.)-311(Rome)-270(was)-271(to)-270(them)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-257(power)-257(of)-257(Antichrist,)-258(and)-257(its)-257(overthrow)-257(the)-257(necessary)-256(prelude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-428(the)-429(millennial)-428(reign.)-784(They)-429(formed)-428(an)-428(illegal)-428(organisation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(directly)-419(opposed)-418(to)-419(the)-418(genius)-419(of)-419(the)-418(Empire,)-461(anticipating)-418(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(speedy)-503(destruction,)-567(looking)-504(back)-503(with)-504(something)-503(more)-503(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(despondency)-459(to)-459(the)-459(fate)-459(of)-459(the)-459(heroes)-459(who)-459(adorned)-459(its)-459(past,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-237(refusing)-237(resolutely)-237(to)-237(participate)-237(in)-237(those)-237(national)-236(spectacles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-251(were)-250(the)-251(symbols)-251(and)-251(the)-250(expressions)-251(of)-251(patriotic)-250(feeling.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Though)-162(scrupulously)-162(averse)-162(to)-162(all)-162(rebellion,)-180(they)-161(rarely)-162(concealed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-225(sentiments,)-230(and)-225(the)-226(whole)-225(tendency)-225(of)-225(their)-225(teaching)-225(was)-225(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(withdraw)-258(men)-258(as)-258(far)-259(as)-258(possible)-258(both)-258(from)-258(the)-258(functions)-258(and)-258(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enthusiasm)-192(of)-191(public)-192(life.)-230(It)-192(was)-191(at)-191(once)-192(their)-191(confession)-192(and)-191(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(boast,)-274(that)-270(no)-270(interests)-269(were)-270(more)-269(indifferent)-270(to)-269(them)-270(than)-269(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-253(their)-253(country.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 70.658 3.959 Td [(308)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.279 -3.959 Td [(They)-253(regarded)-253(the)-253(lawfulness)-253(of)-253(taking)-253(arms)]TJ -85.937 -13.549 Td [(as)-285(very)-285(questionable,)-587(and)-285(all)-285(those)-285(proud)-285(and)-285(aspiring)-284(qualities)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([141])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(308)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nec)-250(ulla)-250(res)-250(aliena)-250(magis)-250(quam)-250(publica.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 143.184 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Tertullian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.847 0 Td [(Apol.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.42 0 Td [(ch.)-250(xxxviii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 609 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 610 0 R /Resources 608 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 595 0 R >> endobj 611 0 obj << /D [609 0 R /XYZ 99.284 491.077 null] >> endobj 612 0 obj << /D [609 0 R /XYZ 142.536 93.078 null] >> endobj 608 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 615 0 obj << /Length 6531 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(140History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-271(constitute)-271(the)-271(distinctive)-270(beauty)-271(of)-271(the)-271(soldier's)-271(character)-270(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emphatically)-380(unchristian.)-642(Their)-380(home)-380(and)-381(their)-380(interests)-380(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-359(another)-359(world,)-386(and,)-386(provided)-358(only)-359(they)-359(were)-359(unmolested)-358(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-215(worship,)-223(they)-215(avowed)-215(with)-215(frankness,)-223(long)-215(after)-215(the)-215(Empire)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-416(become)-416(Christian,)-458(that)-415(it)-416(was)-416(a)-416(matter)-416(of)-416(indifference)-416(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-285(under)-285(what)-285(rule)-284(they)-285(lived.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 143.697 3.959 Td [(309)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.32 -3.959 Td [(Asceticism,)-294(drawing)-284(all)-285(the)]TJ -160.017 -13.549 Td [(enthusiasm)-236(of)-237(Christendom)-236(to)-237(the)-236(desert)-236(life,)-239(and)-237(elevating)-236(as)-236(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-362(the)-361(extreme)-361(and)-362(absolute)-361(abnegation)-362(of)-361(all)-362(patriotism,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(310)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(formed)-288(the)-287(culmination)-288(of)-288(the)-287(movement,)-297(and)-288(was)-287(undoubtedly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(the)-250(downfall)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(Empire.)]TJ 11.956 -18.229 Td [(There)-202(are,)-211(probably,)-212(few)-201(subjects)-202(on)-202(which)-202(popular)-201(judgments)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(are)-279(commonly)-278(more)-279(erroneous)-278(than)-279(upon)-279(the)-278(relations)-557(between)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([142])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(positive)-446(religions)-445(and)-446(moral)-445(enthusiasm.)-837(Religions)-445(have,)-494(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doubt,)-515(a)-462(most)-462(real)-462(power)-462(of)-462(evoking)-462(a)-462(latent)-462(energy)-462(which,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-188(their)-187(existence,)-200(would)-188(never)-188(have)-187(been)-188(called)-188(into)-187(action;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-251(their)-250(influence)-251(is)-251(on)-250(the)-251(whole)-251(probably)-250(more)-251(attractive)-250(than)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 294.465 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.642 Td [(votre)-279(corps)-279(qu'une)-278(vie)-279(enti\350re)-279(de)-279(p\351nitence)-279(...)-336(un)-279(seul)-279(jour)-278(de)-279(ces)-279(souffrances,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(consacr\351)-250(au)-250(Seigneur,)-250(vous)-250(aurait)-250(peut-\352tre)-250(valu)-250(un)-250(bonheur)-250(\351ternel.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 243.769 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -243.52 -7.311 Td [(309)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quid)-244(interest)-244(sub)-244(cujus)-245(imperio)-244(vivat)-244(homo)-244(moriturus,)-245(si)-244(illi)-244(qui)-245(imperant,)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(ad)-250(impia)-250(et)-250(iniqua)-250(non)-250(cogant.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 108.583 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(St.)-250(Aug.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.884 0 Td [(De)-250(Civ.)-250(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.581 0 Td [(,)-250(v.)-250(17.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -195.747 -7.311 Td [(310)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-777(Jerome)-426(declares)-426(that)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 96.862 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Monachum)-426(in)-426(patria)-425(sua)-426(perfectum)-426(esse)-426(non)]TJ -112.799 -10.958 Td [(posse,)-386(perfectum)-358(autem)-358(esse)-359(nolle)-358(delinquere)-359(est.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 182.877 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(xiv.)-575(Dean)-359(Milman)]TJ -211.241 -10.959 Td [(well)-322(says)-323(of)-322(a)-323(later)-322(period:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 101.658 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(According)-322(to)-323(the)-322(monastic)-323(view)-322(of)-322(Christianity,)]TJ -105.639 -10.959 Td [(the)-401(total)-401(abandonment)-401(of)-401(the)-401(world,)-439(with)-401(all)-401(its)-400(ties)-401(and)-401(duties,)-439(as)-401(well)-401(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(its)-389(treasures,)-424(its)-390(enjoyments,)-424(and)-389(objects)-389(of)-389(ambition,)-425(advanced)-389(rather)-389(than)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(diminished)-427(the)-427(hopes)-427(of)-427(salvation.)-781(Why)-426(should)-427(they)-427(fight)-427(for)-427(a)-427(perishing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(world,)-312(from)-299(which)-299(it)-299(was)-299(better)-300(to)-299(be)-299(estranged?...)-398(It)-299(is)-299(singular,)-312(indeed,)-311(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(while)-202(we)-202(have)-201(seen)-202(the)-202(Eastern)-202(monks)-202(turned)-202(into)-201(fierce)-202(undisciplined)-202(soldiers,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(perilling)-277(their)-277(own)-276(lives)-277(and)-277(shedding)-277(the)-276(blood)-277(of)-277(others)-277(without)-277(remorse,)-283(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(assertion)-255(of)-256(some)-255(shadowy)-255(shade)-255(of)-256(orthodox)-255(expression,)-257(hardly)-255(anywhere)-255(do)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(we)-277(find)-278(them)-277(asserting)-278(their)-277(liberties)-278(or)-277(their)-278(religion)-277(with)-278(intrepid)-277(resistance.)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Hatred)-331(of)-332(heresy)-331(was)-331(a)-332(more)-331(stirring)-332(motive)-331(than)-331(the)-332(dread)-331(or)-331(the)-332(danger)-331(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Islamism.)-281(After)-261(the)-260(first)-260(defeats)-261(the)-260(Christian)-261(mind)-260(was)-260(still)-261(further)-260(prostrated)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-280(the)-280(common)-279(notion)-280(that)-280(the)-280(invasion)-280(was)-280(a)-279(just)-280(and)-280(heaven-commissioned)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(visitation;)-322(...)-394(resistance)-298(a)-299(vain,)-310(almost)-298(an)-298(impious)-298(struggle)-298(to)-298(avert)-298(inevitable)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(punishment.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 44.088 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.98 0 Td [(Latin)-500(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 66.269 0 Td [(,)-562(vol.)-1000(ii.)-999(p.)-1000(206.)-999(Compare)]TJ -161.284 -10.959 Td [(Massillon's)-368(famous)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 73.474 0 Td [(Discours)-368(au)-368(R\351giment)-369(de)-368(Catinat)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 123.787 0 Td [(:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 2.493 0 Td [(\024\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ce)-368(qu'il)-368(y)-369(a)-368(ici)-368(de)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 614 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 615 0 R /Resources 613 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 595 0 R >> endobj 616 0 obj << /D [614 0 R /XYZ 334.785 364.454 null] >> endobj 613 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 619 0 obj << /Length 5615 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(141)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(creative.)-610(They)-370(supply)-370(the)-370(channel)-370(in)-370(which)-370(moral)-370(enthusiasm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(flows,)-601(the)-531(banner)-531(under)-530(which)-531(it)-531(is)-531(enlisted,)-601(the)-531(mould)-530(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-469(it)-468(is)-469(cast,)-523(the)-469(ideal)-468(to)-469(which)-469(it)-468(tends.)-906(The)-469(first)-468(idea)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-476(the)-476(phrase)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 84.049 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(a)-476(very)-476(good)-476(man)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 80.416 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.038 0 Td [(would)-476(have)-476(suggested)]TJ -179.347 -13.55 Td [(to)-495(an)-495(early)-495(Roman)-496(would)-495(probably)-495(have)-495(been)-495(that)-495(of)-495(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-463(distinguished)-462(patriotism,)-516(and)-462(the)-463(passion)-462(and)-463(interest)-462(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-358(a)-358(man)-358(in)-358(his)-358(country's)-358(cause)-358(were)-358(in)-358(direct)-358(proportion)-357(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-469(moral)-470(elevation.)-908(Ascetic)-469(Christianity)-469(decisively)-469(diverted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-419(enthusiasm)-419(into)-419(another)-419(channel,)-461(and)-419(the)-419(civic)-419(virtues,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-506(consequence,)-570(necessarily)-506(declined.)-1018(The)-506(extinction)-506(of)-506(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-295(spirit,)-306(the)-295(base)-294(treachery)-295(and)-295(corruption)-295(pervading)-294(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(department)-330(of)-330(the)-330(Government,)-349(the)-330(cowardice)-330(of)-330(the)-330(army,)-349(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(despicable)-368(frivolity)-369(of)-368(character)-368(that)-368(led)-369(the)-368(people)-368(of)-368(Treves,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-492(fresh)-492(from)-492(their)-492(burning)-492(city,)-552(to)-492(call)-492(for)-492(theatres)-491(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(circuses,)-423(and)-389(the)-389(people)-389(of)-388(Roman)-389(Carthage)-389(to)-389(plunge)-388(wildly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-164(the)-163(excitement)-164(of)-163(the)-164(chariot)-164(races,)-180(on)-164(the)-164(very)-163(day)-164(when)-163(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(city)-225(succumbed)-225(beneath)-225(the)-225(Vandal;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 157.062 3.959 Td [(311)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.999 -3.959 Td [(all)-225(these)-225(things)-225(coexisted)]TJ -172.061 -13.549 Td [(with)-164(extraordinary)-164(displays)-164(of)-164(ascetic)-164(and)-164(of)-164(missionary)-163(devotion.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-301(genius)-300(and)-301(the)-301(virtue)-300(that)-301(might)-301(have)-300(defended)-301(the)-300(Empire)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-282(engaged)-283(in)-282(fierce)-282(disputes)-283(about)-282(the)-282(Pelagian)-282(controversy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-467(the)-468(very)-467(time)-467(when)-467(Alaric)-467(was)-468(encircling)-467(Rome)-467(with)-467(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(armies,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 31.811 3.959 Td [(312)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.645 -3.959 Td [(and)-284(there)-284(was)-284(no)-284(subtlety)-284(of)-284(theological)-284(metaphysics)]TJ -47.456 -13.549 Td [(which)-367(did)-368(not)-367(kindle)-367(a)-367(deeper)-367(interest)-368(in)-367(the)-367(Christian)-367(leaders)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-286(the)-286(throes)-286(of)-285(their)-286(expiring)-286(country.)-358(The)-286(moral)-285(enthusiasm)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-265(in)-266(other)-265(days)-266(would)-265(have)-266(fired)-265(the)-265(armies)-266(of)-265(Rome)-266(with)-530(an)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([143])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(invincible)-335(valour,)-356(impelled)-335(thousands)-335(to)-335(abandon)-335(their)-334(country)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-168(their)-168(homes,)-185(and)-168(consume)-168(the)-168(weary)-169(hours)-168(in)-168(a)-168(long)-168(routine)-168(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 153.686 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 140.934 Td [(plus)-282(d\351plorable,)-289(c'est)-282(que)-282(dans)-282(une)-281(vie)-282(rude)-282(et)-281(p\351nible,)-290(dans)-282(des)-281(emplois)-282(dont)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(les)-326(devoirs)-327(passent)-326(quelquefois)-326(la)-326(rigueur)-327(des)-326(clo\356tres)-326(les)-326(plus)-327(aust\350res,)-345(vous)]TJ 0 -7.989 Td [(souffrez)-319(toujours)-320(en)-319(vain)-319(pour)-320(l'autre)-319(vie....)-458(Dix)-319(ans)-320(de)-319(services)-319(ont)-320(plus)-319(us\351)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -5.977 Td [(311)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(a)-250(very)-250(striking)-250(passage)-250(in)-250(Salvian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 139.956 0 Td [(De)-250(Gubern.)-250(Div.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.002 0 Td [(lib.)-250(vi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -213.664 -7.311 Td [(312)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Chateaubriand)-419(very)-419(truly)-420(says,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 118.26 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(qu'Orose)-419(et)-419(saint)-420(Augustin)-419(\351toient)-419(plus)]TJ -134.198 -10.959 Td [(occup\351s)-538(du)-538(schisme)-538(de)-538(P\351lage)-538(que)-539(de)-538(la)-538(d\351solation)-538(de)-538(l'Afrique)-538(et)-538(des)]TJ 0 -13.02 Td [(Gaules.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 27.142 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(\311tudes)-188(histor.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 50.95 0 Td [(vi)]TJ 6.976 4.035 Td [(me)]TJ 12.644 -4.035 Td [(discours,)-201(2)]TJ 38.407 4.035 Td [(de)]TJ 10.152 -4.035 Td [(partie.)-229(The)-189(remark)-188(might)-188(certainly)]TJ -159.217 -10.959 Td [(be)-250(extended)-250(much)-250(further.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 618 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 619 0 R /Resources 617 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 621 0 R >> endobj 620 0 obj << /D [618 0 R /XYZ 314.208 192.994 null] >> endobj 617 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 624 0 obj << /Length 6209 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(142History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(useless)-281(and)-282(horrible)-281(macerations.)-344(When)-281(the)-282(Goths)-281(had)-281(captured)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Rome,)-501(St.)-852(Augustine,)-501(as)-451(we)-451(have)-450(seen,)-501(pointed)-451(with)-451(a)-450(just)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pride)-429(to)-429(the)-429(Christian)-429(Church,)-474(which)-429(remained)-429(an)-429(unviolated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sanctuary)-335(during)-334(the)-335(horrors)-334(of)-335(the)-335(sack,)-355(as)-335(a)-335(proof)-334(that)-335(a)-334(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(spirit)-215(of)-215(sanctity)-214(and)-215(of)-215(reverence)-214(had)-215(descended)-215(upon)-215(the)-214(world.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-384(Pagan,)-417(in)-384(his)-383(turn,)-417(pointed)-384(to)-384(what)-384(he)-383(deemed)-384(a)-384(not)-383(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(significant)-417(fact)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 66.965 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-417(golden)-418(statues)-417(of)-418(Valour)-417(and)-418(of)-417(Fortune)]TJ -77.874 -13.549 Td [(were)-227(melted)-226(down)-227(to)-227(pay)-226(the)-227(ransom)-226(to)-227(the)-227(conquerors.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 240.084 3.959 Td [(313)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.095 -3.959 Td [(Many)]TJ -255.179 -13.549 Td [(of)-313(the)-313(Christians)-314(contemplated)-313(with)-313(an)-313(indifference)-313(that)-313(almost)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(amounted)-348(to)-349(complacency)-348(what)-348(they)-349(regarded)-348(as)-348(the)-348(predicted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ruin)-325(of)-325(the)-325(city)-325(of)-325(the)-325(fallen)-325(gods.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 151.772 3.959 Td [(314)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.638 -3.959 Td [(When)-325(the)-325(Vandals)-325(swept)]TJ -169.41 -13.549 Td [(over)-318(Africa,)-335(the)-318(Donatists,)-335(maddened)-318(by)-318(the)-318(persecution)-318(of)-318(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orthodox,)-357(received)-336(them)-336(with)-335(open)-336(arms,)-357(and)-336(contributed)-335(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(share)-263(to)-263(that)-262(deadly)-263(blow.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 112.966 3.958 Td [(315)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.6 -3.958 Td [(The)-263(immortal)-263(pass)-262(of)-263(Thermopyl\346)]TJ -128.566 -13.55 Td [(was)-253(surrendered)-253(without)-253(a)-253(struggle)-252(to)-253(the)-253(Goths.)-259(A)-253(Pagan)-252(writer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accused)-283(the)-283(monks)-282(of)-283(having)-283(betrayed)-282(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 180.594 3.959 Td [(316)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.252 -3.959 Td [(It)-283(is)-282(more)-283(probable)]TJ -196.846 -13.549 Td [(that)-248(they)-248(had)-248(absorbed)-248(or)-248(diverted)-248(the)-248(heroism)-248(that)-248(in)-248(other)-248(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-173(have)-173(defended)-173(it.)-225(The)-173(conquest,)-188(at)-173(a)-173(later)-173(date,)-189(of)-173(Egypt,)-188(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-297(Mohammedans,)-308(was)-297(in)-296(a)-297(great)-297(measure)-296(due)-297(to)-297(an)-296(invitation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-516(the)-516(persecuted)-516(Monophysites.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 162.626 3.959 Td [(317)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.89 -3.959 Td [(Subsequent)-516(religious)]TJ -186.516 -13.549 Td [(wars)-835(have)-418(again)-417(and)-417(again)-418(exhibited)-417(the)-418(same)-417(phenomenon.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([144])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(The)-384(treachery)-384(of)-384(a)-384(religionist)-384(to)-384(his)-384(country)-384(no)-384(longer)-384(argued)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 219.956 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 213.143 Td [(313)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Zosimus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.15 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.852 0 Td [(v.)-726(41.)-726(This)-408(was)-409(on)-409(the)-408(first)-409(occasion)-409(when)-408(Rome)-409(was)]TJ -69.958 -10.959 Td [(menaced)-250(by)-250(Alaric.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(314)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Merivale's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 54.901 0 Td [(Conversion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Northern)-250(Nations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 129.026 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(207-210.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -195.634 -7.395 Td [(315)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.556 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(la)-250(Chute)-250(de)-250(l'Empire)-250(romain)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 132.675 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(230.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -197.938 -7.31 Td [(316)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Eunapius.)-349(There)-283(is)-283(no)-283(other)-283(authority)-283(for)-283(the)-283(story)-283(of)-283(the)-283(treachery,)-292(which)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(is)-250(not)-250(believed)-250(by)-250(Gibbon.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(317)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.27 0 Td [(Hist.)-759(de)-420(la)-420(Chute)-420(de)-420(l'Empire)-419(romain)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 144.856 0 Td [(,)-462(tome)-420(ii.)-759(pp.)-760(52-54;)]TJ -197.082 -10.959 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.556 0 Td [(Hist.)-431(of)-310(Latin)-310(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.379 0 Td [(,)-325(vol.)-431(ii.)-431(p.)-431(213.)-431(The)-310(Monophysites)-310(were)]TJ -128.935 -10.958 Td [(greatly)-309(afflicted)-308(because,)-323(after)-309(the)-308(conquest,)-323(the)-309(Mohammedans)-309(tolerated)-308(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(orthodox)-346(believers)-347(as)-346(well)-346(as)-346(themselves,)-371(and)-346(were)-346(unable)-347(to)-346(appreciate)-346(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(distinction)-257(between)-256(them.)-270(In)-256(Gaul,)-258(the)-257(orthodox)-256(clergy)-257(favoured)-257(the)-256(invasions)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-238(the)-238(Franks,)-240(who,)-240(alone)-238(of)-238(the)-238(barbarian)-237(conquerors)-238(of)-238(Gaul,)-240(were)-238(Catholics,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-245(St.)-248(Aprunculus)-245(was)-245(obliged)-245(to)-244(fly,)-246(the)-245(Burgundians)-245(desiring)-245(to)-244(kill)-245(him)-245(on)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(account)-250(of)-250(his)-250(suspected)-250(connivance)-250(with)-250(the)-250(invaders.)-250(\050Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 224.357 0 Td [(Tur.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.44 0 Td [(ii.)-250(23.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 623 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 624 0 R /Resources 622 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 621 0 R >> endobj 625 0 obj << /D [623 0 R /XYZ 118.694 247.191 null] >> endobj 622 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 628 0 obj << /Length 5263 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(143)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(an)-295(absence)-294(of)-295(all)-295(moral)-294(feeling.)-384(It)-295(had)-294(become)-295(compatible)-294(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(deepest)-334(religious)-335(enthusiasm,)-356(and)-334(with)-335(all)-335(the)-334(courage)-335(of)-334(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(martyr.)]TJ 11.956 -17.26 Td [(It)-270(is)-270(somewhat)-271(difficult)-270(to)-270(form)-270(a)-270(just)-271(estimate)-270(of)-270(how)-270(far)-270(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(attitude)-320(assumed)-321(by)-320(the)-320(Church)-321(towards)-320(the)-320(barbarian)-320(invaders)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-282(on)-283(the)-282(whole)-282(proved)-282(beneficial)-283(to)-282(mankind.)-347(The)-282(Empire,)-290(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(we)-307(have)-307(seen,)-322(had)-307(long)-307(been,)-322(both)-307(morally)-307(and)-308(politically,)-321(in)-307(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-253(of)-253(manifest)-253(decline;)-254(its)-253(fall,)-254(though)-253(it)-253(might)-253(have)-252(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(retarded,)-230(could)-226(scarcely)-225(have)-226(been)-225(averted,)-230(and)-226(the)-225(new)-225(religion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-212(in)-211(its)-212(most)-211(superstitious)-212(form,)-219(while)-212(it)-212(did)-211(much)-212(to)-211(displace,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-218(also)-218(much)-218(to)-218(elicit)-218(moral)-218(enthusiasm.)-239(It)-218(is)-218(impossible)-218(to)-217(deny)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-211(the)-212(Christian)-211(priesthood)-211(contributed)-212(very)-211(materially,)-219(both)-211(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-157(charity)-157(and)-157(by)-157(their)-157(arbitration,)-176(to)-157(mitigate)-156(the)-157(calamities)-157(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accompanied)-309(the)-308(dissolution)-309(of)-309(the)-308(Empire;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 193.179 3.959 Td [(318)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.14 -3.959 Td [(and)-309(it)-308(is)-309(equally)]TJ -209.319 -13.549 Td [(impossible)-271(to)-272(doubt)-271(that)-271(their)-272(political)-271(attitude)-271(greatly)-271(increased)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-334(power)-334(for)-334(good.)-502(Standing)-334(between)-334(the)-334(conflicting)-334(forces,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(almost)-275(indifferent)-274(to)-274(the)-275(issue,)-281(and)-274(notoriously)-275(exempt)-274(from)-274(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passions)-347(of)-347(the)-347(combat,)-372(they)-347(obtained)-347(with)-347(the)-347(conqueror,)-371(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(used)-261(for)-261(the)-260(benefit)-261(of)-261(the)-261(conquered,)-263(a)-261(degree)-261(of)-261(influence)-260(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-293(never)-293(have)-293(possessed,)-304(had)-293(they)-293(been)-293(regarded)-292(as)-293(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patriots.)-654(Their)-384(attitude,)-418(however,)-418(marked)-385(a)-384(complete,)-418(and,)-418(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-356(has)-357(proved,)-383(a)-356(permanent,)-383(change)-356(in)-356(the)-357(position)-356(assigned)-356(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patriotism)-336(in)-336(the)-336(moral)-337(scale.)-508(It)-672(has)-336(occasionally)-336(happened)-336(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([145])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(later)-215(times,)-221(that)-215(churches)-215(have)-214(found)-215(it)-215(for)-214(their)-215(interest)-215(to)-214(appeal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-334(this)-335(sentiment)-334(in)-334(their)-335(conflict)-334(with)-334(opposing)-335(creeds,)-355(or)-334(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patriots)-340(have)-340(found)-341(the)-340(objects)-340(of)-340(churchmen)-340(in)-340(harmony)-340(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-227(own;)-235(and)-227(in)-227(these)-227(cases)-228(a)-227(fusion)-227(of)-227(theological)-227(and)-227(patriotic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feeling)-294(has)-294(taken)-294(place,)-306(in)-294(which)-294(each)-294(has)-294(intensified)-294(the)-294(other.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Such)-340(has)-340(been)-339(the)-340(effect)-340(of)-339(the)-340(conflict)-340(between)-340(the)-339(Spaniards)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(318)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Dean)-386(Milman)-386(says)-386(of)-386(the)-385(Church,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 130.885 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(if)-386(treacherous)-386(to)-386(the)-386(interests)-385(of)-386(the)]TJ -146.822 -10.959 Td [(Roman)-297(Empire,)-308(it)-297(was)-297(true)-296(to)-297(those)-297(of)-297(mankind.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 175.801 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Hist.)-390(of)-297(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.175 0 Td [(,)-308(vol.)]TJ -261.923 -10.959 Td [(iii.)-424(p.)-424(48.)-424(So)-308(Gibbon:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 83.962 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(If)-308(the)-308(decline)-308(of)-308(the)-308(Roman)-308(Empire)-308(was)-308(hastened)-308(by)]TJ -87.943 -10.959 Td [(the)-232(conversion)-231(of)-232(Constantine,)-235(the)-232(victorious)-232(religion)-231(broke)-232(the)-232(violence)-231(of)-232(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fall)-250(and)-250(mollified)-250(the)-250(ferocious)-250(temper)-250(of)-250(the)-250(conquerors.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 205.438 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ch.)-250(xxxviii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 627 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 628 0 R /Resources 626 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 621 0 R >> endobj 629 0 obj << /D [627 0 R /XYZ 193.367 216.382 null] >> endobj 626 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 632 0 obj << /Length 5337 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(144History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-400(the)-399(Moors,)-438(between)-399(the)-400(Poles)-400(and)-400(the)-399(Russians,)-437(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-301(Scotch)-301(Puritans)-301(and)-301(the)-301(English)-302(Episcopalians,)-313(between)-301(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Irish)-250(Catholics)-250(and)-250(the)-251(English)-250(Protestants.)-250(But)-250(patriotism)-250(itself,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-403(a)-403(duty,)-440(has)-403(never)-403(found)-403(any)-402(place)-403(in)-403(Christian)-403(ethics,)-440(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(strong)-272(theological)-272(feeling)-272(has)-272(usually)-272(been)-272(directly)-272(hostile)-272(to)-272(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(growth.)-542(Ecclesiastics)-347(have,)-372(no)-347(doubt,)-372(taken)-347(a)-348(very)-347(large)-347(share)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-354(political)-354(affairs,)-380(but)-354(this)-354(has)-354(been)-354(in)-354(most)-354(cases)-354(solely)-354(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(object)-341(of)-341(wresting)-341(them)-341(into)-341(conformity)-341(with)-340(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(designs;)-283(and)-271(no)-272(other)-272(body)-272(of)-271(men)-272(have)-272(so)-272(uniformly)-271(sacrificed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-336(interests)-336(of)-336(their)-336(country)-335(to)-336(the)-336(interests)-336(of)-336(their)-336(class.)-507(For)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-324(repugnance)-324(between)-323(the)-324(theological)-324(and)-324(the)-324(patriotic)-323(spirit,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-228(reasons)-229(may,)-232(I)-229(think,)-232(be)-228(assigned.)-243(The)-229(first)-228(is)-228(that)-228(tendency)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-295(strong)-295(religious)-295(feeling)-295(to)-295(divert)-295(the)-295(mind)-295(from)-295(all)-294(terrestrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cares)-400(and)-400(passions,)-437(of)-400(which)-400(the)-400(ascetic)-400(life)-400(was)-400(the)-399(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(expression,)-382(but)-356(which)-355(has)-356(always,)-382(under)-356(different)-355(forms,)-382(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manifested)-322(in)-323(the)-322(Church.)-467(The)-323(second)-322(arises)-322(from)-323(the)-322(fact)-322(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-433(form)-432(of)-433(theological)-432(opinion)-433(embodies)-433(itself)-432(in)-433(a)-432(visible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-244(organised)-244(church,)-246(with)-244(a)-244(government,)-246(interest,)-245(and)-244(policy)-244(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-359(own,)-386(and)-359(a)-358(frontier)-359(often)-359(intersecting)-359(rather)-359(than)-358(following)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(national)-229(boundaries;)-236(and)-230(these)-229(churches)-229(attract)-229(to)-229(themselves)-229(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attachment)-265(and)-264(devotion)-265(that)-264(would)-265(naturally)-264(be)-265(bestowed)-264(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-357(country)-358(and)-357(its)-357(rulers.)-572(The)-357(third)-358(reason)-357(is,)-384(that)-357(the)-357(saintly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-293(the)-293(heroic)-293(characters,)-304(which)-293(represent)-293(the)-293(ideals)-293(of)-293(religion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-406(of)-407(patriotism,)-445(are)-407(generically)-406(different;)-485(for)-406(although)-406(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-248(no)-247(doubt)-248(many)-247(common)-248(elements)-248(of)-247(virtue,)-248(the)-248(distinctive)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([146])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(excellence)-251(of)-251(each)-250(is)-251(derived)-251(from)-250(a)-251(proportion)-251(or)-251(disposition)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(qualities)-250(altogether)-250(different)-250(from)-250(that)-250(of)-250(the)-250(other.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 222.382 3.959 Td [(319)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.663 Td [(319)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Observe)-310(with)-310(what)-310(a)-310(fine)-309(perception)-310(St.)-430(Augustine)-310(notices)-310(the)-310(essentially)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(unchristian)-240(character)-239(of)-240(the)-240(moral)-239(dispositions)-240(to)-240(which)-239(the)-240(greatness)-239(of)-240(Rome)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(was)-357(due.)-570(He)-356(quotes)-357(the)-357(sentence)-356(of)-357(Sallust:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 167.654 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Civitas,)-383(incredibile)-357(memoratu)]TJ -171.635 -10.959 Td [(est,)-389(adept\342)-361(libertate)-361(quantum)-361(brevi)-361(creverit,)-388(tanta)-361(cupido)-361(glori\346)-361(incesserat;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(and)-305(adds:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 37.845 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ista)-305(ergo)-305(laudis)-306(aviditas)-305(et)-305(cupido)-305(glori\346)-306(multa)-305(illa)-305(miranda)-305(fecit,)]TJ -41.826 -10.959 Td [(laudabilia)-261(scilicet)-260(atque)-261(gloriosa)-260(secundum)-261(hominum)-261(existimationem)-260(...)-282(causa)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(honoris,)-203(laudis)-192(et)-191(glori\346)-192(consuluerunt)-192(patri\346,)-203(in)-191(qua)-192(ipsam)-191(gloriam)-192(requirebant,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(salutemque)-398(ejus)-399(saluti)-398(su\346)-399(pr\346ponere)-398(non)-398(dubitaverunt,)-436(pro)-398(isto)-399(uno)-398(vitio,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 631 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 632 0 R /Resources 630 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 621 0 R >> endobj 633 0 obj << /D [631 0 R /XYZ 374.173 192.994 null] >> endobj 630 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 636 0 obj << /Length 4732 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(145)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Before)-471(dismissing)-471(this)-470(very)-471(important)-471(revolution)-471(in)-471(moral)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(history,)-192(I)-177(may)-177(add)-177(two)-177(remarks.)-226(In)-177(the)-177(first)-177(place,)-191(we)-177(may)-177(observe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-269(the)-269(relation)-269(of)-269(the)-269(two)-269(great)-269(schools)-269(of)-269(morals)-269(to)-269(active)-269(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-262(life)-262(has)-261(been)-262(completely)-262(changed.)-285(Among)-262(the)-261(ancients,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-269(Stoics,)-274(who)-269(regarded)-269(virtue)-269(and)-269(vice)-269(as)-269(generical)1(ly)-269(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-164(all)-164(other)-163(things,)-181(participated)-164(actively)-164(in)-164(public)-164(life,)-181(and)-163(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-248(participation)-247(one)-248(of)-248(the)-247(first)-248(of)-248(duties;)-248(while)-248(the)-247(Epicureans,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-496(resolved)-497(virtue)-496(into)-496(utility,)-558(and)-496(esteemed)-496(happiness)-496(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-453(motive,)-504(abstained)-454(from)-453(public)-453(life,)-504(and)-453(taught)-453(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(disciples)-364(to)-365(neglect)-364(it.)-592(Asceticism)-365(followed)-364(the)-364(Stoical)-364(school)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-404(teaching)-404(that)-403(virtue)-404(and)-404(happiness)-404(are)-404(generically)-403(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(things;)-433(but)-372(it)-372(was)-372(at)-372(the)-372(same)-372(time)-372(eminently)-372(unfavourable)-372(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civic)-317(virtue.)-452(On)-317(the)-317(other)-317(hand,)-334(that)-317(great)-317(industrial)-317(movement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-351(has)-351(arisen)-351(since)-351(the)-351(abolition)-351(of)-350(slavery,)-377(and)-351(which)-350(has)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(always)-340(been)-340(essentially)-340(utilitarian)-340(in)-340(its)-339(spirit,)-363(has)-340(been)-340(one)-339(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-414(most)-414(active)-413(and)-414(influential)-414(elements)-414(of)-414(political)-413(progress.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-413(change,)-455(though,)-454(as)-413(far)-414(as)-413(I)-413(know,)-455(entirely)-413(unnoticed)-413(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(historians,)-358(constitutes,)-357(I)-336(believe,)-358(one)-336(of)-336(the)-336(great)-336(landmarks)-336(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-250(history.)]TJ 11.956 -15.806 Td [(The)-299(second)-298(observation)-299(I)-299(would)-299(make)-298(relates)-299(to)-299(the)-298(estimate)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(we)-480(form)-480(of)-479(the)-480(value)-480(of)-480(patriotic)-480(actions.)-939(However)-959(much)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([147])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(historians)-390(may)-389(desire)-390(to)-390(extend)-390(their)-389(researches)-390(to)-390(the)-389(private)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-297(domestic)-297(virtues)-296(of)-297(a)-297(people,)-308(civic)-297(virtues)-297(are)-297(always)-296(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-420(must)-420(appear)-420(most)-419(prominently)-420(in)-420(their)-420(pages.)-759(History)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-410(concerned)-410(only)-411(with)-410(large)-410(bodies)-410(of)-410(men.)-731(The)-410(systems)-410(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy)-431(or)-431(religion)-431(which)-431(produce)-431(splendid)-431(results)-431(on)-431(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-313(theatre)-314(of)-313(public)-313(life)-313(are)-314(fully)-313(and)-313(easily)-313(appreciated,)-329(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(readers)-467(and)-468(writers)-467(are)-468(both)-467(liable)-468(to)-467(give)-468(them)-467(very)-467(undue)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advantages)-220(over)-220(those)-220(systems)-219(which)-220(do)-220(not)-220(favour)-220(civic)-219(virtues,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-254(exercise)-254(their)-254(beneficial)-254(influence)-254(in)-254(the)-254(more)-254(obscure)-254(fields)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-392(individual)-391(self-culture,)-427(domestic)-392(morals,)-426(or)-392(private)-391(charity.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 96.884 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 88.06 Td [(id)-305(est,)-319(amore)-305(laudis,)-319(pecuni\346)-305(cupiditatem)-305(et)-305(multa)-305(alia)-305(vitia)-305(comprimentes....)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Quid)-315(aliud)-314(amarent)-315(quam)-314(gloriam,)-331(qua)-315(volebant)-314(etiam)-315(post)-314(mortem)-315(tanquam)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(vivere)-250(in)-250(ore)-250(laudantium?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 91.888 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(De)-250(Civ.)-250(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.582 0 Td [(,)-250(v.)-250(12-13.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 635 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 636 0 R /Resources 634 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 621 0 R >> endobj 637 0 obj << /D [635 0 R /XYZ 297.927 244.935 null] >> endobj 634 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 640 0 obj << /Length 4565 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(146History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(If)-432(valued)-433(by)-432(the)-433(self-sacrifice)-432(they)-432(imply,)-478(or)-433(by)-432(their)-432(effects)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-517(human)-516(happiness,)-583(these)-517(last)-517(rank)-516(very)-517(high,)-583(but)-516(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scarcely)-219(appear)-220(in)-219(history,)-226(and)-219(they)-219(therefore)-220(seldom)-219(obtain)-219(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(due)-329(weight)-329(in)-329(historical)-329(comparisons.)-486(Christianity)-329(has,)-349(I)-328(think,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suffered)-291(peculiarly)-291(from)-291(this)-292(cause.)-373(Its)-291(moral)-291(action)-291(has)-291(always)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-261(much)-261(more)-261(powerful)-261(upon)-261(individuals)-261(than)-261(upon)-261(societies,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-356(the)-356(spheres)-356(in)-356(which)-356(its)-356(superiority)-356(over)-356(other)-356(religions)-356(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-443(incontestable,)-490(are)-443(precisely)-442(those)-443(which)-442(history)-443(is)-442(least)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capable)-250(of)-250(realising.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(In)-169(attempting)-168(to)-169(estimate)-168(the)-169(moral)-168(condition)-169(of)-168(the)-169(Roman)-168(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Byzantine)-169(Empires)-168(during)-169(the)-168(Christian)-169(period,)-185(and)-168(before)-169(the)-168(old)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(civilisation)-195(had)-195(been)-196(dissolved)-195(by)-195(the)-195(barbarian)-195(or)-195(Mohammedan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invasions,)-457(we)-415(must)-416(continually)-415(bear)-415(this)-416(last)-415(consideration)-415(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind.)-577(We)-359(must)-359(remember,)-386(too,)-386(that)-359(Christianity)-359(had)-358(acquired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-230(ascendancy)-231(among)-230(nations)-230(which)-231(were)-230(already)-230(deeply)-230(tainted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-399(the)-399(inveterate)-399(vices)-399(of)-399(a)-399(corrupt)-399(and)-399(decaying)-398(civilisation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-430(also)-430(that)-430(many)-430(of)-430(the)-430(censors)-430(from)-430(whose)-430(pages)-430(we)-430(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obliged)-344(to)-344(form)-344(our)-344(estimate)-344(of)-344(the)-344(age)-344(were)-344(men)-344(who)-344(judged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-329(frailties)-328(with)-329(all)-329(the)-328(fastidiousness)-329(of)-329(ascetics,)-348(and)-328(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expressed)-239(their)-239(judgments)-239(with)-239(all)-239(the)-239(declamatory)-239(exaggeration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-327(the)-326(pulpit.)-481(Modern)-326(critics)-327(will)-327(probably)-326(not)-327(lay)-327(much)-326(stress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-389(the)-390(relapse)-389(of)-390(the)-389(Christians)-390(into)-389(the)-390(ordinary)-389(dress)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(usages)-362(of)-361(the)-362(luxurious)-361(society)-362(about)-361(them,)-390(upon)-723(the)-361(ridicule)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([148])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(thrown)-267(by)-267(Christians)-267(on)-267(those)-267(who)-267(still)-267(adhered)-267(to)-267(the)-266(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(austerity)-315(of)-315(the)-314(sect,)-331(or)-315(upon)-315(the)-314(fact)-315(that)-315(multitudes)-315(who)-314(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-199(mere)-198(nominal)-199(Pagans)-199(had)-198(become)-199(mere)-199(nominal)-198(Christians.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(We)-335(find,)-356(too,)-356(a)-335(frequent)-335(disposition)-335(on)-335(the)-335(part)-335(of)-335(moralists)-334(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(single)-437(out)-438(some)-437(new)-437(form)-438(of)-437(luxury,)-484(or)-438(some)-437(trivial)-437(custom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-443(they)-443(regarded)-443(as)-443(indecorous,)-491(for)-443(the)-443(most)-442(extravagant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(denunciation,)-303(and)-293(to)-293(magnify)-292(its)-293(importance)-293(in)-292(a)-293(manner)-292(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-276(a)-276(later)-277(age)-276(it)-276(is)-276(difficult)-276(even)-276(to)-277(understand.)-328(Examples)-276(of)-276(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kind)-280(may)-280(be)-280(found)-280(both)-280(in)-279(Pagan)-280(and)-280(in)-280(Christian)-280(writings,)-287(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-370(form)-370(an)-370(extremely)-370(curious)-370(page)-370(in)-370(the)-370(history)-370(of)-370(morals.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Thus)-209(Juvenal)-209(exhausts)-209(his)-209(vocabulary)-209(of)-209(invective)-209(in)-209(denouncing)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 639 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 640 0 R /Resources 638 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 621 0 R >> endobj 641 0 obj << /D [639 0 R /XYZ 319.627 215.183 null] >> endobj 638 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 644 0 obj << /Length 5849 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(147)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-251(atrocious)-250(criminality)-251(of)-251(a)-250(certain)-251(noble,)-251(who)-250(in)-251(the)-251(very)-250(year)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-296(his)-296(consulship)-296(did)-296(not)-296(hesitate)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 145.839 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(not,)-307(it)-296(is)-296(true,)-308(by)-296(day,)-307(but)-296(at)]TJ -156.748 -13.549 Td [(least)-385(in)-384(the)-385(sight)-384(of)-385(the)-384(moon)-385(and)-384(of)-385(the)-384(stars)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 210.419 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(with)-385(his)-384(own)]TJ -221.328 -13.549 Td [(hand)-320(to)-320(drive)-319(his)-320(own)-320(chariot)-319(along)-320(the)-320(public)-320(road.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 232.273 3.958 Td [(320)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.463 -3.958 Td [(Seneca)]TJ -249.736 -13.55 Td [(was)-211(scarcely)-211(less)-211(scandalised)-211(by)-211(the)-211(atrocious)-211(and,)-219(as)-211(he)-211(thought,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unnatural)-212(luxury)-211(of)-212(those)-212(who)-211(had)-212(adopted)-212(the)-211(custom)-212(of)-211(cooling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(different)-267(beverages)-267(by)-267(mixing)-267(them)-266(with)-267(snow.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 207.44 3.959 Td [(321)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.733 -3.959 Td [(Pliny)-267(assures)]TJ -223.173 -13.549 Td [(us)-384(that)-384(the)-384(most)-385(monstrous)-384(of)-384(all)-384(criminals)-384(was)-384(the)-384(man)-384(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-375(devised)-376(the)-375(luxurious)-375(custom)-375(of)-375(wearing)-376(golden)-375(rings.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(322)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Apuleius)-272(was)-271(compelled)-272(to)-271(defend)-272(himself)-271(for)-272(having)-271(eulogised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tooth-powder,)-267(and)-263(he)-264(did)-263(so,)-267(among)-263(other)-264(ways,)-267(by)-263(arguing)-263(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature)-359(has)-359(justified)-359(this)-359(form)-359(of)-359(propri)1(ety,)-387(for)-359(crocodiles)-358(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(known)-384(periodically)-384(to)-384(leave)-384(the)-384(waters)-383(of)-384(the)-384(Nile,)-418(and)-384(to)-383(lie)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-344(open)-345(jaws)-689(upon)-344(the)-345(banks,)-368(while)-344(a)-345(certain)-344(bird)-344(proceeds)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([149])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(with)-436(its)-437(beak)-436(to)-436(clean)-437(their)-436(teeth.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.296 3.959 Td [(323)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.278 -3.959 Td [(If)-436(we)-437(were)-436(to)-436(measure)]TJ -175.574 -13.549 Td [(the)-421(criminality)-420(of)-421(different)-420(customs)-420(by)-421(the)-420(vehemence)-421(of)-420(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patristic)-281(denunciations,)-288(we)-281(might)-281(almost)-280(conclude)-281(that)-281(the)-280(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atrocious)-334(offence)-335(of)-334(their)-334(day)-334(was)-334(the)-335(custom)-334(of)-334(wearing)-334(false)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hair,)-346(or)-326(dyeing)-327(natural)-326(hair.)-480(Clement)-326(of)-327(Alexandria)-326(questioned)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(whether)-358(the)-358(validity)-359(of)-358(certain)-358(ecclesiastical)-358(ceremonies)-358(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-251(be)-250(affected)-251(by)-250(wigs;)-251(for,)-251(he)-250(asked,)-251(when)-251(the)-250(priest)-251(is)-250(placing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-233(hand)-233(on)-234(the)-233(head)-233(of)-233(the)-233(person)-233(who)-233(kneels)-234(before)-233(him,)-236(if)-233(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hand)-343(is)-344(resting)-343(upon)-343(false)-344(hair,)-366(who)-344(is)-343(it)-343(he)-344(is)-343(really)-343(blessing?)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 208.752 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 201.94 Td [(320)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pr\346ter)-250(majorum)-250(cineres)-250(atque)-250(ossa,)-250(volucri)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(Carpento)-250(rapitur)-250(pinguis)-250(Damasippus)-250(et)-250(ipse,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Ipse)-250(rotam)-250(stringit)-250(multo)-250(sufflamine)-250(consul;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Nocte)-250(quidem;)-250(sed)-250(luna)-250(videt,)-250(sed)-250(sidera)-250(testes)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Intendunt)-250(oculos.)-250(Finitum)-250(tempus)-250(honoris)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Quum)-406(fuerit,)-446(clara)-406(Damasippus)-407(luce)-406(flagellum)-406(Sumet.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 202.508 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Juvenal,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.628 0 Td [(Sat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.344 0 Td [(viii.)]TJ -266.427 -10.958 Td [(146.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(321)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Nat.)-250(Qu\346st.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.84 0 Td [(iv.)-250(13.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.909 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(78.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -95.9 -7.311 Td [(322)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pessimum)-550(vit\346)-550(scelus)-550(fecit,)-625(qui)-550(id)-550([aurum])-550(primus)-550(induit)-550(digitis)-550(...)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(quisquis)-324(primus)-325(instituit)-324(cunctanter)-324(id)-324(fecit,)-343(l\346visque)-324(manibus,)-343(latentibusque)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(induit.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 23.17 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.937 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.87 0 Td [(xxxiii.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -91.674 -7.311 Td [(323)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-281(a)-281(curious)-281(passage)-281(in)-281(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.766 0 Td [(Apologia)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.88 0 Td [(.)-343(It)-281(should)-281(be)-281(said)-281(that)-281(we)-281(have)-281(only)]TJ -148.602 -10.959 Td [(his)-250(own)-250(account)-250(of)-250(the)-250(charges)-250(brought)-250(against)-250(him.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 643 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 644 0 R /Resources 642 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 646 0 R >> endobj 645 0 obj << /D [643 0 R /XYZ 118.644 342.036 null] >> endobj 642 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 649 0 obj << /Length 5175 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(148History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Tertullian)-186(shuddered)-185(at)-186(the)-185(thought)-186(that)-186(Christians)-185(might)-186(have)-185(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hair)-263(of)-263(those)-263(who)-263(were)-263(in)-264(hell)-263(upon)-263(their)-263(heads,)-266(and)-263(he)-263(found)-263(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-264(tiers)-265(of)-264(false)-265(hair)-264(that)-265(were)-264(in)-265(use)-264(a)-265(distinct)-264(rebellion)-264(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-209(assertion)-208(that)-209(no)-208(one)-209(can)-208(add)-209(to)-208(his)-209(stature,)-217(and,)-216(in)-209(the)-208(custom)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-346(dyeing)-345(the)-346(hair,)-369(a)-346(contravention)-345(of)-346(the)-345(declaration)-346(that)-345(man)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-232(make)-231(one)-232(hair)-232(white)-232(or)-231(black.)-244(Centuries)-232(rolled)-232(away.)-243(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-260(Empire)-261(tottered)-260(to)-260(its)-261(fall,)-263(and)-260(floods)-260(of)-261(vice)-260(and)-260(sorrow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overspread)-324(the)-323(world;)-361(but)-323(still)-324(the)-324(denunciations)-323(of)-324(the)-323(Fathers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-422(unabated.)-766(St.)-767(Ambrose,)-465(St.)-766(Jerome,)-465(and)-422(St.)-766(Gregory)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Nazianzen)-298(continued)-297(with)-298(uncompromising)-297(vehemence)-298(the)-297(war)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-335(false)-335(hair,)-356(which)-335(Tertullian)-335(and)-335(Clement)-335(of)-335(Alexandria)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-250(begun.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.869 3.959 Td [(324)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -35.913 -22.22 Td [(But)-191(although)-191(the)-191(vehemence)-191(of)-191(the)-191(Fathers)-191(on)-191(such)-191(trivial)-190(mat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ters)-237(might)-236(appear)-237(at)-236(first)-237(sight)-236(to)-237(imply)-236(the)-237(existence)-236(of)-237(a)-236(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-401(which)-401(grave)-401(corruption)-401(was)-401(rare,)-439(such)-401(a)-400(conclusion)-401(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-431(totally)-432(untrue.)-794(After)-431(every)-431(legitimate)-432(allowance)-431(has)-431(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made,)-245(the)-243(pictures)-244(of)-243(Roman)-244(society)-243(by)-244(Ammianus)-243(Marcellinus,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-340(the)-340(society)-340(of)-339(Marseilles,)-363(by)-340(Salvian,)-362(of)-340(the)-340(society)-340(of)-339(Asia)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Minor,)-436(and)-398(of)-399(Constantinople,)-435(by)-399(Chrysostom,)-435(as)-399(well)-398(as)-398(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-323(tenor)-322(of)-323(the)-323(history,)-341(and)-645(innumerable)-323(incidental)-322(notices)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([150])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(in)-298(the)-297(writers,)-310(of)-298(the)-297(time,)-310(exhibit)-298(a)-297(condition)-298(of)-298(depravity,)-309(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(especially)-297(of)-296(degradation,)-308(which)-297(has)-297(seldom)-296(been)-297(surpassed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(325)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-209(corruption)-210(had)-209(reached)-209(classes)-210(and)-209(institutions)-209(that)-209(appeared)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-373(most)-372(holy.)-618(The)-373(Agap\346,)-403(or)-373(love)-373(feasts,)-403(which)-373(formed)-372(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-388(the)-389(most)-388(touching)-389(symbols)-388(of)-389(Christian)-388(unity,)-423(had)-388(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scenes)-354(of)-354(drunkenness)-355(and)-354(of)-354(riot.)-563(Denounced)-354(by)-354(the)-354(Fathers,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condemned)-208(by)-208(the)-209(Council)-208(of)-208(Laodicea)-208(in)-208(the)-209(fourth)-208(century,)-216(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(afterwards)-214(by)-214(the)-214(Council)-214(of)-214(Carthage,)-221(they)-214(lingered)-214(as)-214(a)-214(scandal)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 131.802 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 124.99 Td [(324)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-243(history)-244(of)-243(false)-244(hair)-243(has)-244(been)-243(written)-243(with)-244(much)-243(learning)-244(by)-243(M.)-244(Guerle)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(in)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 21.923 0 Td [(\311loge)-250(des)-250(Perruques)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 74.708 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -96.382 -7.394 Td [(325)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-302(fullest)-301(view)-302(of)-302(this)-301(age)-302(is)-301(given)-302(in)-302(a)-301(very)-302(learned)-302(little)-301(work)-302(by)-302(Peter)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Erasmus)-403(M\374ller)-402(\0501797\051,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 92.608 0 Td [(De)-403(Genio)-402(\306vi)-403(Theodosiani)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 101.985 0 Td [(.)-708(Montfaucon)-403(has)-403(also)]TJ -194.593 -10.959 Td [(devoted)-277(two)-277(essays)-277(to)-277(the)-277(moral)-277(condition)-277(of)-277(the)-277(Eastern)-277(world,)-284(one)-277(of)-277(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-250(given)-250(in)-250(Jortin's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.374 0 Td [(Remarks)-250(on)-250(Ecclesiastical)-250(History)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 123.771 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 648 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 649 0 R /Resources 647 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 646 0 R >> endobj 650 0 obj << /D [648 0 R /XYZ 235.147 256.029 null] >> endobj 647 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 653 0 obj << /Length 7415 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(149)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-317(an)-318(offence)-317(till)-317(they)-318(were)-317(finally)-317(suppressed)-318(by)-317(the)-317(Council)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-235(Trullo,)-239(at)-235(the)-235(end)-236(of)-235(the)-235(seventh)-235(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 187.805 3.959 Td [(326)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.127 -3.959 Td [(The)-235(commemora-)]TJ -202.932 -13.549 Td [(tion)-226(of)-227(the)-226(martyrs)-226(soon)-227(degenerated)-226(into)-226(scandalous)-226(dissipation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fairs)-259(were)-259(held)-259(on)-259(the)-259(occasion,)-261(gross)-259(breaches)-259(of)-259(chastity)-259(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(frequent,)-349(and)-329(the)-329(annual)-329(festival)-329(was)-329(suppressed)-329(on)-329(account)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-367(immorality)-366(it)-367(produced.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 123.208 3.959 Td [(327)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19 -3.959 Td [(The)-367(ambiguous)-366(position)-367(of)-367(the)]TJ -142.208 -13.549 Td [(clergy)-301(with)-300(reference)-301(to)-300(marriage)-301(already)-301(led)-300(to)-301(grave)-300(disorder.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-471(the)-470(time)-471(of)-471(St.)-911(Cyprian,)-526(before)-471(the)-471(outbreak)-470(of)-471(the)-470(De-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cian)-305(persecution,)-318(it)-305(had)-305(been)-304(common)-305(to)-305(find)-305(clergy)-304(professing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(celibacy,)-263(but)-260(keeping,)-263(under)-260(various)-260(pretexts,)-263(their)-260(mistresses)-260(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-377(houses;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.833 3.959 Td [(328)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.253 -3.959 Td [(and,)-408(after)-377(Constantine,)-408(the)-377(complaints)-377(on)-376(this)]TJ -74.086 -13.549 Td [(subject)-362(became)-361(loud)-361(and)-362(general.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 149.978 3.959 Td [(329)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.829 -3.959 Td [(Virgins)-361(and)-362(monks)-361(often)]TJ -168.807 -13.549 Td [(lived)-275(together)-274(in)-275(the)-274(same)-275(house,)-281(professing)-274(sometimes)-275(to)-274(share)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-630(chastity)-315(the)-315(same)-315(bed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 113.841 3.958 Td [(330)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.31 -3.958 Td [(Rich)-315(widows)-315(were)-315(surrounded)-315(by)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 159.873 0 Td [([151])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(swarms)-402(of)-403(clerical)-402(sycophants,)-441(who)-402(addressed)-403(them)-402(in)-402(tender)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diminutives,)-248(studied)-247(and)-246(consulted)-247(their)-247(every)-247(foible,)-248(and,)-247(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-291(guise)-291(of)-291(piety,)-302(lay)-291(in)-291(wait)-291(for)-291(their)-291(gifts)-291(or)-292(bequests.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 247.14 3.959 Td [(331)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.527 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 285.786 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 278.974 Td [(326)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-340(on)-340(these)-340(abuses)-340(Mosheim,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 115.8 0 Td [(Eccl.)-520(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.07 0 Td [(\050Soame's)-340(ed.\051,)-362(vol.)-520(i.)-520(p.)-519(463;)]TJ -170.825 -10.959 Td [(Cave's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 25.769 0 Td [(Primitive)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.465 0 Td [(,)-250(part)-250(i.)-250(ch.)-250(xi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -103.985 -7.311 Td [(327)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Cave's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 25.769 0 Td [(Primitive)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.465 0 Td [(,)-250(part)-250(i.)-250(ch.)-250(vii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -115.94 -7.31 Td [(328)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(lxi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -26.151 -7.311 Td [(329)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Evagrius)-283(describes)-284(with)-284(much)-283(admiration)-284(how)-283(certain)-284(monks)-283(of)-284(Palestine,)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(by)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.994 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(a)-338(life)-338(wholly)-337(excellent)-338(and)-338(divine,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 125.958 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.009 0 Td [(had)-338(so)-338(overcome)-337(their)-338(passions)-338(that)]TJ -148.942 -10.959 Td [(they)-289(were)-289(accustomed)-289(to)-289(bathe)-289(with)-289(women;)-309(for)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 177.785 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(neither)-289(sight)-289(nor)-289(touch,)-299(nor)]TJ -181.766 -10.959 Td [(a)-425(woman's)-424(embrace,)-469(could)-424(make)-425(them)-424(relapse)-425(into)-425(their)-424(natural)-425(condition.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Among)-211(men)-211(they)-211(desired)-211(to)-211(be)-212(men,)-218(and)-212(among)-211(women,)-219(women.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 230.495 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.874 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(H.)-211(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.221 0 Td [(i.)-237(21.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -259.327 -7.31 Td [(330)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(These)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 22.916 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(mulieres)-168(subintroduct\346,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 85.439 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.486 0 Td [(as)-168(they)-168(were)-167(called,)-185(are)-167(continually)-168(noticed)]TJ -129.777 -10.959 Td [(by)-230(Cyprian,)-235(Jerome,)-234(and)-230(Chrysostom.)-243(See)-231(M\374ller,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 181.041 0 Td [(De)-230(Genio)-231(\306vi)-230(Theodosiani)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 97.347 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(and)-252(also)-252(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.124 0 Td [(Codex)-252(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.084 0 Td [(xvi.)-256(tit.)-255(ii.)-256(lex)-252(44,)-252(with)-252(the)-252(Comments.)-256(Dr.)-255(Todd,)-253(in)]TJ -97.208 -10.959 Td [(his)-238(learned)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.123 0 Td [(Life)-238(of)-238(St.)-246(Patrick)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.155 0 Td [(\050p.)-246(91\051,)-241(quotes)-238(\050I)-238(shall)-238(not)-238(venture)-238(to)-239(do)-238(so\051)-238(from)]TJ -106.278 -10.959 Td [(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 13.063 0 Td [(Lives)-235(of)-235(the)-235(Irish)-235(Saints)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 86.254 0 Td [(an)-235(extremely)-235(curious)-235(legend)-235(of)-235(a)-235(kind)-235(of)-234(contest)-235(of)]TJ -99.317 -10.959 Td [(sanctity)-234(between)-233(St.)-245(Scuthinus)-234(and)-233(St.)-245(Brendan,)-237(in)-233(which)-234(it)-234(was)-233(clearly)-234(proved)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-270(the)-269(former)-270(had)-270(mastered)-269(his)-270(passions)-269(more)-270(completely)-270(than)-269(the)-270(latter.)-309(An)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(enthusiast)-334(named)-335(Robert)-334(d'Arbrisselles)-334(is)-334(said)-335(in)-334(the)-334(twelfth)-334(century)-335(to)-334(have)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(revived)-250(the)-250(custom.)-250(\050Jortin's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.472 0 Td [(Remarks)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.373 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(1106.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -176.538 -7.311 Td [(331)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(St.)-238(Jerome)-213(gives)-214(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 63.487 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.117 0 Td [(lii.\051)-238(an)-213(extremely)-214(curious)-213(picture)-213(of)-214(these)-213(clerical)-214(flat-)]TJ -89.559 -10.959 Td [(terers,)-240(and)-237(several)-237(examples)-238(of)-237(the)-237(terms)-238(of)-237(endearment)-237(they)-238(were)-237(accustomed)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 652 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 653 0 R /Resources 651 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 646 0 R >> endobj 654 0 obj << /D [652 0 R /XYZ 58.696 342.036 null] >> endobj 651 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 657 0 obj << /Length 6507 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(150History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(evil)-243(attained)-243(such)-243(a)-243(point)-243(that)-243(a)-243(law)-243(was)-243(made)-243(under)-243(Valentinian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depriving)-351(the)-350(Christian)-351(priests)-350(and)-351(monks)-350(of)-351(that)-350(power)-351(of)-350(re-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ceiving)-234(legacies)-234(which)-234(was)-235(possessed)-234(by)-234(every)-234(other)-234(class)-234(of)-234(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(community;)-347(and)-315(St.)-444(Jerome)-315(has)-315(mournfully)-315(acknowledged)-314(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-346(prohibition)-346(was)-346(necessary.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 135.243 3.959 Td [(332)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.326 -3.959 Td [(Great)-346(multitudes)-346(entered)-346(the)]TJ -153.569 -13.549 Td [(Church)-280(to)-280(avoid)-280(municipal)-280(offices;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 153.414 3.959 Td [(333)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.671 -3.959 Td [(the)-280(deserts)-280(were)-280(crowded)]TJ -169.085 -13.549 Td [(with)-326(men)-325(whose)-326(sole)-326(object)-325(was)-326(to)-326(escape)-325(from)-326(honest)-325(labour,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-312(even)-312(soldiers)-312(used)-311(to)-312(desert)-312(their)-312(colours)-312(for)-312(the)-311(monaster-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ies.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 14.848 3.958 Td [(334)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.53 -3.958 Td [(Noble)-336(ladies,)-357(pretending)-336(a)-336(desire)-336(to)-336(lead)-336(a)-336(higher)-335(life,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -111.133 0 Td [([152])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(abandoned)-228(their)-227(husbands)-228(to)-228(live)-227(with)-228(low-born)-227(lovers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 238.869 3.959 Td [(335)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.099 -3.959 Td [(Pales-)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(tine,)-248(which)-248(was)-247(soon)-248(crowded)-248(with)-247(pilgrims,)-248(had)-248(become,)-248(in)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-328(of)-329(St.)-485(Gregory)-328(of)-328(Nyssa,)-348(a)-328(hotbed)-329(of)-328(debauchery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.923 3.959 Td [(336)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.743 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(evil)-294(reputation)-295(of)-294(pilgrimages)-294(long)-294(continued;)-317(and)-294(in)-294(the)-294(eighth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century)-182(we)-182(find)-183(St.)-227(Boniface)-182(writing)-183(to)-182(the)-182(Archbishop)-182(of)-182(Canter-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(bury,)-254(imploring)-253(the)-253(bishops)-253(to)-254(take)-253(some)-253(measures)-253(to)-253(restrain)-253(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regulate)-222(the)-222(pilgrimages)-222(of)-222(their)-222(fellow-countrywomen;)-231(for)-222(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-316(few)-316(towns)-316(in)-316(central)-316(Europe,)-332(on)-316(the)-316(way)-316(to)-316(Rome,)-332(where)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 284.072 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 275.248 Td [(to)-335(employ.)-506(The)-335(tone)-336(of)-335(flattery)-335(which)-335(St.)-506(Jerome)-335(himself,)-357(though)-335(doubtless)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(with)-472(the)-471(purest)-472(motives,)-527(employs)-472(in)-471(his)-472(copious)-472(correspondence)-471(with)-472(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(female)-327(admirers,)-345(is)-327(to)-326(a)-327(modern)-326(layman)-327(peculiarly)-326(repulsive,)-346(and)-326(sometimes)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(verges)-413(upon)-414(blasphemy.)-739(In)-414(his)-413(letter)-413(to)-413(Eustochium,)-454(whose)-414(daughter)-413(as)-413(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(nun)-323(had)-322(become)-323(the)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 76.808 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(bride)-323(of)-322(Christ,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 55.843 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.873 0 Td [(he)-323(calls)-322(the)-323(mother)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 72.827 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Socrus)-322(Dei,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 42.487 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.873 0 Td [(the)]TJ -269.673 -10.959 Td [(mother-in-law)-230(of)-230(God.)-244(See,)-234(too,)-234(the)-230(extravagant)-230(flatteries)-230(of)-230(Chrysostom)-230(in)-230(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(correspondence)-250(with)-250(Olympias.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(332)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pudet)-385(dicere)-385(sacerdotes)-384(idolorum,)-419(mimi)-385(et)-384(aurig\346)-385(et)-385(scorta)-385(h\346reditates)]TJ -15.937 -10.958 Td [(capiunt;)-466(solis)-394(clericis)-394(et)-394(monachis)-394(hoc)-393(lege)-394(prohibetur,)-430(et)-394(prohibetur)-394(non)-394(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(persecutoribus,)-253(sed)-252(a)-252(principibus)-252(Christianis.)-256(Nec)-253(de)-252(lege)-252(conqueror)-252(sed)-252(doleo)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(cur)-250(meruerimus)-250(hanc)-250(legem.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 102.091 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(lii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -122.51 -7.311 Td [(333)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.929 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Early)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.663 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(314.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -156.298 -7.31 Td [(334)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-285(was)-285(one)-285(cause)-285(of)-286(the)-285(disputes)-285(between)-285(St.)-355(Gregory)-285(the)-285(Great)-286(and)-285(the)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Emperor)-391(Eustace.)-671(St.)-672(Chrysostom)-391(frequently)-391(notices)-390(the)-391(opposition)-390(of)-391(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(military)-250(and)-250(the)-250(monastic)-250(spirits.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(335)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hieron.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.383 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxxviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.534 -7.31 Td [(336)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(St.)-293(Greg.)-293(Nyss.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 57.94 0 Td [(Ad)-264(eund.)-293(Hieros)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.037 0 Td [(.)-293(Some)-264(Catholic)-265(writers)-264(have)-264(attempted)-265(to)]TJ -128.932 -10.959 Td [(throw)-176(doubt)-177(upon)-176(the)-176(genuineness)-177(of)-176(this)-176(epistle,)-191(but,)-191(Dean)-177(Milman)-176(thinks,)-191(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(no)-316(sufficient)-316(reason.)-449(Its)-316(account)-316(of)-316(Jerusalem)-316(is)-317(to)-316(some)-316(extent)-316(corroborated)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-250(St.)-250(Jerome.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.533 0 Td [(Ad)-250(Paulinum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.074 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xxix.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 656 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 657 0 R /Resources 655 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 646 0 R >> endobj 658 0 obj << /D [656 0 R /XYZ 126.382 409.782 null] >> endobj 655 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 661 0 obj << /Length 5735 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(151)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(English)-298(ladies,)-310(who)-298(started)-298(as)-298(pilgrims,)-310(were)-298(not)-298(living)-298(in)-297(open)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prostitution.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 53.04 3.959 Td [(337)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.095 -3.959 Td [(The)-308(luxury)-309(and)-308(ambition)-309(of)-308(the)-309(higher)-308(prelates,)]TJ -70.135 -13.549 Td [(and)-326(the)-325(passion)-326(for)-325(amusements)-326(of)-325(the)-326(inferior)-325(priests,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 243.223 3.959 Td [(338)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.211 -3.959 Td [(were)]TJ -259.434 -13.549 Td [(bitterly)-263(acknowledged.)-290(St.)-289(Jerome)-263(complained)-263(that)-263(the)-263(banquets)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-377(many)-377(bishops)-377(eclipsed)-377(in)-377(splendour)-377(those)-377(of)-377(the)-377(provincial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governors,)-255(and)-253(the)-254(intrigues)-253(by)-254(which)-254(they)-253(obtained)-254(offices,)-254(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-305(fierce)-305(partisanship)-305(of)-305(their)-305(supporters,)-319(appear)-305(in)-305(every)-305(page)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(ecclesiastical)-250(history.)]TJ 11.956 -18.341 Td [(In)-259(the)-258(lay)-259(world,)-261(perhaps)-259(the)-258(chief)-259(characteristic)-259(was)-258(extreme)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(childishness.)-893(The)-465(moral)-464(enthusiasm)-465(was)-464(greater)-465(than)-464(it)-464(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-399(in)-398(most)-399(periods)-398(of)-399(Paganism,)-436(but,)-436(being)-398(drawn)-399(away)-398(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-307(desert,)-321(it)-307(had)-307(little)-307(influence)-307(upon)-307(society.)-421(The)-614(simple)-307(fact)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([153])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(that)-324(the)-324(quarrels)-324(between)-325(the)-324(factions)-324(of)-324(the)-324(chariot)-324(races)-324(for)-324(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(long)-257(period)-257(eclipsed)-257(all)-257(political,)-259(intellectual,)-259(and)-257(even)-257(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(differences,)-436(filled)-399(the)-399(streets)-399(again)-399(and)-399(again)-399(with)-399(bloodshed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-374(more)-374(than)-375(once)-374(determined)-374(great)-374(revolutions)-374(in)-374(the)-374(State,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-422(sufficient)-422(to)-423(show)-422(the)-422(extent)-422(of)-423(the)-422(decadence.)-766(Patriotism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-366(courage)-365(had)-366(almost)-366(disappeared,)-394(and,)-395(notwithstanding)-365(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rise)-412(of)-411(a)-412(Belisarius)-411(or)-412(a)-412(Narses,)-452(the)-411(level)-412(of)-411(public)-412(men)-411(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extremely)-245(depressed.)-248(The)-245(luxury)-244(of)-245(the)-245(court,)-245(the)-245(servility)-245(of)-244(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(courtiers,)-238(and)-235(the)-235(prevailing)-235(splendour)-235(of)-235(dress)-235(and)-235(of)-235(ornament,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-265(attained)-265(an)-264(extravagant)-265(height.)-294(The)-265(world)-265(grew)-264(accustomed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-269(a)-270(dangerous)-269(alternation)-270(of)-269(extreme)-269(asceticism)-270(and)-269(gross)-269(vice,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-203(sometimes,)-212(as)-203(in)-203(the)-203(case)-203(of)-203(Antioch,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 177.398 3.959 Td [(339)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.77 -3.959 Td [(the)-203(most)-203(vicious)-203(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 186.674 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 179.861 Td [(337)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pr\346terea)-477(non)-478(taceo)-477(charitati)-477(vestr\346,)-534(quia)-477(omnibus)-478(servis)-477(Dei)-477(qui)-478(hic)]TJ -15.937 -10.958 Td [(vel)-361(in)-360(Scriptura)-361(vel)-360(in)-361(timore)-361(Dei)-360(probatissimi)-361(esse)-360(videntur,)-388(displicet)-361(quod)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bonum)-195(et)-195(honestas)-194(et)-195(pudicitia)-195(vestr\346)-195(ecclesi\346)-194(illuditur;)-214(et)-194(aliquod)-195(levamentum)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(turpitudinis)-221(esset,)-227(si)-221(prohiberet)-221(synodus)-221(et)-221(principes)-221(vestri)-221(mulieribus)-221(et)-221(velatis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(feminis)-391(illud)-390(iter)-391(et)-390(frequentiam,)-426(quam)-390(ad)-391(Romanam)-390(civitatem)-391(veniendo)-390(et)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(redeundo)-358(faciunt,)-385(quia)-358(magna)-359(ex)-358(parte)-358(pereunt,)-385(paucis)-358(remeantibus)-358(integris.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Perpauc\346)-358(enim)-359(sunt)-358(civitates)-359(in)-358(Longobardia)-359(vel)-358(in)-358(Francia)-359(aut)-358(in)-359(Gallia)-358(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(qua)-381(non)-380(sit)-381(adultera)-380(vel)-381(meretrix)-381(generis)-380(Anglorum,)-413(quod)-381(scandalum)-380(est)-381(et)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(turpitudo)-250(totius)-250(ecclesi\346)-250(vestr\346.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 115.568 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(745\051)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(lxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -201.832 -7.31 Td [(338)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.929 0 Td [(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.029 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(8.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -126.664 -7.311 Td [(339)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.855 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.349 0 Td [(tome)-250(xi.)-250(p.)-250(547.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 660 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 661 0 R /Resources 659 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 646 0 R >> endobj 662 0 obj << /D [660 0 R /XYZ 275.256 364.342 null] >> endobj 659 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 665 0 obj << /Length 4645 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(152History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(luxurious)-312(cities)-313(produced)-312(the)-313(most)-312(numerous)-312(anchorites.)-437(There)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existed)-192(a)-192(combination)-192(of)-191(vice)-192(and)-192(superstition)-192(which)-192(is)-191(eminently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prejudicial)-280(to)-281(the)-280(nobility,)-288(though)-280(not)-281(equally)-280(detrimental)-280(to)-280(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(happiness,)-342(of)-324(man.)-471(Public)-323(opinion)-324(was)-324(so)-323(low,)-342(that)-324(very)-323(many)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(forms)-169(of)-169(vice)-168(attracted)-169(little)-169(condemnation)-169(and)-168(punishment,)-185(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undoubted)-313(belief)-313(in)-314(the)-313(absolving)-313(efficacy)-313(of)-313(superstitious)-313(rites)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(calmed)-400(the)-401(imagination)-400(and)-400(allayed)-401(the)-400(terrors)-400(of)-400(conscience.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-263(was)-264(more)-263(falsehood)-264(and)-263(treachery)-263(than)-264(under)-263(the)-263(C\346sars,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-372(there)-371(was)-372(much)-372(less)-372(cruelty,)-402(violence,)-402(and)-371(shamelessness.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(There)-242(was)-241(also)-242(less)-241(public)-242(spirit,)-243(less)-241(independence)-242(of)-241(character,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(less)-250(intellectual)-250(freedom.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(In)-217(some)-216(respects,)-224(however,)-223(Christianity)-217(had)-216(already)-217(effected)-216(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(great)-181(improvement.)-227(The)-181(gladiatorial)-181(games)-181(had)-181(disappeared)-181(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-268(West,)-272(and)-268(had)-267(not)-268(been)-268(introduced)-268(into)-267(Constantinople.)-303(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vast)-157(schools)-157(of)-157(prostitution)-157(which)-157(had)-157(grown)-157(up)-157(under)-157(the)-157(name)-157(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temples)-238(of)-237(Venus)-238(were)-238(suppressed.)-246(Religion,)-240(however)-237(deformed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-277(debased,)-284(was)-278(at)-277(least)-277(no)-277(longer)-278(a)-277(seedplot)-277(of)-277(depravity,)-284(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-233(the)-233(influence)-233(of)-233(Christianity)-233(the)-233(effrontery)-233(of)-233(vice)-233(had)-233(in)-233(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-374(measure)-187(disappeared.)-229(The)-187(gross)-187(and)-187(extravagant)-187(indecency)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([154])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-168(representation,)-185(of)-169(which)-168(we)-168(have)-169(still)-168(examples)-169(in)-168(the)-168(paintings)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-210(the)-210(walls,)-219(and)-210(the)-210(signs)-210(on)-210(many)-210(of)-211(the)-210(portals)-210(of)-210(Pompeii;)-223(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(banquets)-353(of)-353(rich)-354(patricians,)-379(served)-353(by)-353(naked)-353(girls;)-405(the)-353(hideous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excesses)-242(of)-242(unnatural)-243(lust,)-243(in)-243(which)-242(some)-242(of)-242(the)-242(Pagan)-242(emperors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-314(indulged)-313(with)-314(so)-313(much)-314(publicity,)-330(were)-313(no)-314(longer)-313(tolerated.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Although)-265(sensuality)-265(was)-266(very)-265(general,)-269(it)-265(was)-265(less)-265(obtrusive,)-269(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unnatural)-256(and)-256(eccentric)-256(forms)-257(had)-256(become)-256(rare.)-268(The)-256(presence)-256(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-326(great)-326(Church,)-344(which,)-345(amid)-326(much)-326(superstition)-326(and)-325(fanaticism,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(still)-448(taught)-449(a)-448(pure)-448(morality,)-498(and)-448(enforced)-449(it)-448(by)-448(the)-448(strongest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(motives,)-541(was)-483(everywhere)-483(felt)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 136.103 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(controlling,)-541(strengthening,)-541(or)]TJ -147.012 -13.549 Td [(overawing.)-264(The)-254(ecclesiastics)-255(were)-255(a)-254(great)-255(body)-254(in)-255(the)-255(State.)-263(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cause)-287(of)-287(virtue)-286(was)-287(strongly)-287(organised;)-305(it)-287(drew)-286(to)-287(itself)-287(the)-286(best)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men,)-369(determined)-345(the)-345(course)-345(of)-345(vacillating)-345(but)-345(amiable)-345(natures,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-350(placed)-350(some)-350(restraint)-350(upon)-350(the)-350(vicious.)-550(A)-350(bad)-350(man)-349(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-334(insensible)-335(to)-334(the)-334(moral)-335(beauties)-334(of)-334(religion,)-356(but)-334(he)-334(was)-334(still)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 664 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 665 0 R /Resources 663 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 646 0 R >> endobj 666 0 obj << /D [664 0 R /XYZ 117.391 269.38 null] >> endobj 663 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 669 0 obj << /Length 4643 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(153)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(haunted)-224(by)-225(the)-224(recollection)-224(of)-224(its)-225(threatenings.)-241(If)-224(he)-224(emancipated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(himself)-407(from)-406(its)-407(influence)-407(in)-407(health)-406(and)-407(prosperity,)-446(its)-406(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(returned)-348(in)-348(periods)-349(of)-348(sickness)-348(or)-348(danger,)-373(or)-348(on)-348(the)-348(eve)-348(of)-348(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commission)-468(of)-468(some)-467(great)-468(crime.)-903(If)-468(he)-468(had)-468(nerved)-467(himself)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(against)-350(all)-349(its)-350(terrors,)-374(he)-349(was)-350(at)-349(least)-350(checked)-349(and)-350(governed)-349(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-263(turn)-264(by)-263(the)-263(public)-263(opinion)-264(which)-263(it)-263(had)-263(created.)-290(That)-263(total)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absence)-370(of)-370(all)-370(restraint,)-400(all)-370(decency,)-400(and)-370(all)-370(fear)-370(and)-370(remorse,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-294(had)-293(been)-294(evinced)-293(by)-294(some)-294(of)-293(the)-294(monsters)-293(of)-294(crime)-293(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occupied)-232(the)-231(Pagan)-232(throne,)-235(and)-232(which)-232(proves)-231(most)-232(strikingly)-231(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(decay)-291(of)-292(the)-291(Pagan)-291(religion,)-302(was)-291(no)-292(longer)-291(possible.)-374(The)-291(virtue)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-263(the)-262(best)-262(Pagans)-263(was)-262(perhaps)-263(of)-262(as)-263(high)-262(an)-263(order)-262(as)-263(that)-262(of)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(best)-288(Christians,)-296(though)-288(it)-287(was)-288(of)-287(a)-288(somewhat)-287(different)-288(type,)-296(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-349(vice)-350(of)-349(the)-349(worst)-350(Pagans)-349(certainly)-349(far)-350(exceeded)-349(that)-349(of)-349(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worst)-357(Christians.)-570(The)-356(pulpit)-357(had)-357(become)-356(a)-357(powerful)-357(centre)-356(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(attraction,)-250(and)-250(charities)-250(of)-250(many)-250(kinds)-250(were)-250(actively)-250(developed.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(The)-385(moral)-385(effects)-385(of)-385(the)-385(first)-385(great)-385(outburst)-385(of)-385(asceticism,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([155])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(so)-427(far)-427(as)-427(we)-427(have)-427(yet)-427(traced)-426(them,)-472(appear)-427(almost)-426(unmingled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evils.)-433(In)-311(addition)-311(to)-311(the)-311(essentially)-311(distorted)-311(ideal)-311(of)-311(perfection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-527(produced,)-596(the)-527(simple)-527(withdrawal)-527(from)-527(active)-527(life)-527(of)-526(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-248(enthusiasm,)-248(which)-247(is)-248(the)-247(leaven)-247(of)-248(society,)-248(was)-247(extremely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pernicious,)-207(and)-196(there)-197(can)-196(be)-196(little)-197(doubt)-196(that)-196(to)-197(this)-196(cause)-196(we)-196(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-248(a)-248(great)-248(degree)-248(attribute)-248(the)-248(conspicuous)-248(failure)-248(of)-248(the)-248(Church,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-240(some)-241(centuries,)-242(to)-241(effect)-240(any)-241(more)-240(considerable)-240(amelioration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-343(the)-342(moral)-342(condition)-343(of)-342(Europe.)-528(There)-342(were,)-366(however,)-365(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinctive)-424(excellences)-425(springing)-424(even)-425(from)-424(the)-425(first)-424(phase)-424(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(asceticism,)-241(which,)-241(although)-238(they)-239(do)-239(not,)-241(as)-238(I)-239(conceive,)-241(suffice)-238(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(counterbalance)-250(these)-250(evils,)-250(may)-250(justly)-250(qualify)-250(our)-250(censure.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(The)-391(first)-391(condition)-391(of)-392(all)-391(really)-391(great)-391(moral)-391(excellence)-391(is)-391(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(spirit)-288(of)-288(genuine)-288(self-sacrifice)-288(and)-288(self-renunciation.)-364(The)-287(habits)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-233(compromise,)-236(moderation,)-236(reciprocal)-233(self-restraint,)-236(gentleness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(courtesy,)-317(and)-303(refinement,)-316(which)-304(are)-303(appropriate)-303(to)-303(luxurious)-303(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(utilitarian)-327(civilisations,)-347(are)-328(very)-327(favourable)-328(to)-327(the)-327(development)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-510(many)-510(secondary)-510(virtues;)-639(but)-510(there)-510(is)-510(in)-510(human)-510(nature)-509(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capacity)-231(for)-232(a)-231(higher)-232(and)-231(more)-231(heroic)-232(reach)-231(of)-231(excellence,)-235(which)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 668 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 669 0 R /Resources 667 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 671 0 R >> endobj 670 0 obj << /D [668 0 R /XYZ 327.401 312.482 null] >> endobj 667 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 674 0 obj << /Length 5319 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(154History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(demands)-226(very)-225(different)-226(spheres)-225(for)-226(its)-225(display,)-230(accustoms)-226(men)-225(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(far)-335(nobler)-336(aims,)-356(and)-336(exercises)-335(a)-335(far)-336(greater)-335(attractive)-335(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-336(mankind.)-509(Imperfect)-336(and)-336(distorted)-336(as)-337(was)-336(the)-336(ideal)-336(of)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anchorite;)-555(deeply,)-504(too,)-505(as)-453(it)-454(was)-453(perverted)-454(by)-453(the)-453(admixture)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-350(a)-349(spiritual)-350(selfishness,)-374(still)-349(the)-350(example)-349(of)-350(many)-349(thousands,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who,)-290(in)-283(obedience)-282(to)-282(what)-282(they)-282(believed)-283(to)-282(be)-282(right,)-290(voluntarily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gave)-310(up)-310(everything)-310(that)-309(men)-310(hold)-310(dear,)-325(cast)-310(to)-310(the)-310(winds)-309(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(compromise)-256(with)-255(enjoyment,)-257(and)-255(made)-256(extreme)-255(self-abnegation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-369(very)-369(principle)-369(of)-369(their)-368(lives,)-399(was)-369(not)-369(wholly)-369(lost)-369(upon)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(world.)-358(At)-286(a)-286(time)-286(when)-286(increasing)-286(riches)-286(had)-286(profoundly)-285(tainted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-267(Church,)-272(they)-268(taught)-267(men)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 127.653 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(to)-267(love)-268(labour)-267(more)-268(than)-267(rest,)-272(and)]TJ -132.497 -13.549 Td [(ignominy)-253(more)-253(than)-253(glory,)-254(and)-253(to)-253(give)-253(more)-253(than)-253(to)-253(receive.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(340)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(At)-478(a)-479(time)-478(when)-478(the)-479(passion)-478(for)-478(ecclesiastical)-957(dignities)-478(had)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([156])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(become)-240(the)-240(scandal)-241(of)-240(the)-240(Empire,)-242(they)-240(systematically)-240(abstained)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-273(them,)-280(teaching,)-279(in)-273(their)-274(quaint)-273(but)-274(energetic)-273(language,)-279(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(there)-265(are)-264(two)-265(classes)-265(a)-264(monk)-265(should)-265(especially)-264(avoid)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 231.539 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(bishops)]TJ -247.292 -13.549 Td [(and)-523(women.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 56.306 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(341)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.162 -3.959 Td [(The)-523(very)-524(eccentricities)-523(of)-523(their)-524(lives,)-591(their)]TJ -79.311 -13.549 Td [(uncouth)-355(forms,)-382(their)-355(horrible)-356(penances,)-381(won)-356(the)-355(admiration)-355(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rude)-254(men,)-256(and)-254(the)-254(superstitious)-255(reverence)-254(thus)-254(excited)-254(gradually)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(passed)-229(to)-228(the)-229(charity)-228(and)-229(the)-228(self-denial)-229(which)-228(formed)-229(the)-228(higher)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elements)-157(of)-156(the)-157(monastic)-156(character.)-219(Multitudes)-156(of)-157(barbarians)-156(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(converted)-258(to)-258(Christianity)-258(at)-258(the)-258(sight)-258(of)-258(St.)-274(Simeon)-258(Stylites.)-274(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hermit,)-336(too,)-337(was)-319(speedily)-319(idealised)-319(by)-319(the)-319(popular)-319(imagination.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-452(more)-452(repulsive)-452(features)-451(of)-452(his)-452(life)-452(and)-452(appearance)-451(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forgotten.)-246(He)-238(was)-238(thought)-238(of)-239(only)-238(as)-238(an)-238(old)-238(man)-238(with)-238(long)-238(white)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(beard)-178(and)-179(gentle)-178(aspect,)-193(weaving)-178(his)-178(mats)-179(beneath)-178(the)-178(palm-trees,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-355(d\346mons)-356(vainly)-355(tried)-355(to)-355(distract)-356(him)-355(by)-355(their)-355(stratagems,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-546(the)-546(wild)-546(beasts)-547(grew)-546(tame)-546(in)-546(his)-546(presence,)-620(and)-546(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disease)-256(and)-255(every)-256(sorrow)-256(vanished)-255(at)-256(his)-256(word.)-267(The)-255(imagination)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-476(Christendom,)-532(fascinated)-476(by)-475(this)-476(ideal,)-532(made)-476(it)-476(the)-475(centre)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 109.801 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.988 Td [(340)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-283(was)-283(enjoined)-282(in)-283(the)-283(rule)-283(of)-283(St.)-348(Paphnutius.)-349(See)-282(Tillemont,)-291(tome)-283(x.)-349(p.)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(45.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(341)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Omnimodis)-328(monachum)-329(fugere)-328(debere)-328(mulieres)-328(et)-329(episcopos.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 221.61 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Cassian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -250.494 -10.959 Td [(De)-250(C)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(nob.)-250(Inst.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.865 0 Td [(xi.)-250(17.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 673 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 674 0 R /Resources 672 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 671 0 R >> endobj 675 0 obj << /D [673 0 R /XYZ 310.402 355.585 null] >> endobj 672 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 678 0 obj << /Length 5557 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(155)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-429(countl)1(ess)-429(legends,)-473(usually)-428(very)-429(childish,)-473(and)-428(occasionally,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-515(we)-515(have)-516(seen,)-581(worse)-515(than)-515(childish,)-582(yet)-515(full)-515(of)-515(beautiful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(touches)-295(of)-294(human)-295(nature,)-306(and)-294(often)-295(conveying)-295(admirable)-294(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lessons.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 34.244 3.958 Td [(342)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.158 -3.958 Td [(Nursery)-244(tales,)-245(which)-243(first)-244(determine)-244(the)-244(course)-243(of)-244(the)]TJ -49.402 -13.55 Td [(infant)-293(imagination,)-303(play)-292(no)-293(inconsiderable)-292(part)-293(in)-292(the)-293(history)-292(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humanity.)-286(In)-262(the)-262(fable)-262(of)-262(Psyche)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 142.716 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-524(bright)-262(tale)-262(of)-262(passionate)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.399 0 Td [([157])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(love)-206(with)-206(which)-206(the)-207(Greek)-206(mother)-206(lulled)-206(her)-206(child)-206(to)-206(rest)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 243.059 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(Pagan)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(antiquity)-362(has)-362(bequeathed)-362(us)-362(a)-362(single)-362(specimen)-362(of)-361(transcendent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty,)-322(and)-307(the)-307(lives)-307(of)-307(the)-307(saints)-308(of)-307(the)-307(desert)-307(often)-307(exhibit)-307(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(imagination)-348(different)-349(indeed)-348(in)-348(kind,)-373(but)-348(scarcely)-348(less)-348(brilliant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-327(its)-327(display.)-482(St.)-482(Antony,)-346(we)-327(are)-327(told,)-347(was)-327(thinking)-327(one)-327(night)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-313(he)-314(was)-313(the)-314(best)-313(man)-314(in)-313(the)-313(desert,)-330(when)-313(it)-314(was)-313(revealed)-313(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-272(that)-272(there)-272(was)-272(another)-271(hermit)-272(far)-272(holier)-272(than)-272(himself.)-316(In)-271(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(morning)-281(he)-281(started)-281(across)-281(the)-281(desert)-281(to)-281(visit)-281(this)-281(unknown)-280(saint.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(He)-375(met)-376(first)-375(of)-375(all)-376(a)-375(centaur,)-407(and)-375(afterwards)-375(a)-376(little)-375(man)-375(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(horns)-363(and)-363(goat's)-362(feet,)-392(who)-362(said)-363(that)-363(he)-363(was)-363(a)-362(faun;)-420(and)-362(these,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(having)-288(point)1(ed)-288(out)-287(the)-288(way,)-297(he)-287(arrived)-288(at)-287(last)-288(at)-287(his)-287(destination.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-412(Paul)-304(the)-303(hermit,)-318(at)-304(whose)-304(cell)-303(he)-304(stopped,)-318(was)-304(one)-303(hundred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-340(thirteen)-340(years)-340(old,)-362(and,)-363(having)-340(been)-340(living)-340(for)-340(a)-340(very)-339(long)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(period)-212(in)-212(absolute)-211(solitude,)-220(he)-212(at)-211(first)-212(refused)-212(to)-212(admit)-212(the)-211(visitor,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-419(at)-418(last)-419(consented,)-461(embraced)-418(him,)-461(and)-419(began,)-460(with)-419(a)-418(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pardonable)-308(curiosity,)-322(to)-307(question)-308(him)-308(minutely)-307(about)-308(the)-307(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-240(had)-240(left;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 51.522 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(whether)-240(there)-240(was)-241(much)-240(new)-240(building)-240(in)-240(the)-241(towns,)]TJ -56.366 -13.549 Td [(what)-341(empire)-341(ruled)-341(the)-341(world,)-364(whether)-341(there)-341(were)-341(any)-341(idolaters)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(remaining?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 49.08 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.748 0 Td [(The)-450(colloquy)-449(was)-450(interrupted)-449(by)-450(a)-449(crow,)-500(which)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 175.394 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 168.581 Td [(342)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(We)-288(also)-287(find)-288(now)-287(and)-288(then,)-297(though)-287(I)-288(think)-288(very)-287(rarely,)-297(intellectual)-288(flashes)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(of)-429(some)-430(brilliancy.)-788(Two)-429(of)-429(them)-430(strike)-429(me)-429(as)-430(especially)-429(noteworthy.)-788(St.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Arsenius)-264(refused)-263(to)-264(separate)-263(young)-264(criminals)-264(from)-263(communion)-264(though)-263(he)-264(had)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(no)-266(hesitation)-266(about)-266(old)-267(men;)-274(for)-266(he)-266(had)-266(observed)-266(that)-267(young)-266(men)-266(speedily)-266(get)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(accustomed)-358(and)-358(indifferent)-358(to)-358(the)-359(state)-358(of)-358(excommunication,)-385(while)-358(old)-358(men)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(feel)-265(continually,)-268(and)-265(acutely,)-268(the)-264(separation.)-294(\050Socrates,)-269(iv.)-293(23.\051)-294(St.)-294(Apollonius)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(explained)-284(the)-284(Egyptian)-285(idolatry)-284(with)-284(the)-284(most)-284(intelligent)-284(rationalism.)-353(The)-284(ox,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-232(thought,)-235(was)-232(in)-232(the)-232(first)-231(instance)-232(worshipped)-232(for)-232(its)-232(domestic)-231(uses;)-238(the)-232(Nile,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(because)-335(it)-336(was)-335(the)-335(chief)-336(cause)-335(of)-335(the)-335(fertility)-336(of)-335(the)-335(soil)-336(&c.)-505(\050Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 263.442 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ -263.442 -10.959 Td [(Mon.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(cap.)-250(vii.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 677 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 678 0 R /Resources 676 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 671 0 R >> endobj 679 0 obj << /D [677 0 R /XYZ 219.618 450.429 null] >> endobj 676 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 682 0 obj << /Length 4793 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(156History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(came)-337(with)-337(a)-337(loaf)-336(of)-337(bread,)-359(and)-337(St.)-510(Paul,)-359(observing)-337(that)-336(during)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-430(last)-430(sixty)-430(years)-429(his)-430(daily)-430(allowance)-430(had)-430(been)-430(only)-430(half)-429(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loaf,)-446(declared)-407(that)-407(this)-407(was)-407(a)-407(proof)-407(that)-407(he)-407(had)-407(done)-407(right)-407(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(admitting)-359(Antony.)-576(The)-359(hermits)-359(returned)-359(thanks,)-386(and)-359(sat)-358(down)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(together)-297(by)-298(the)-297(margin)-298(of)-297(a)-298(glassy)-297(stream.)-392(But)-298(now)-297(a)-297(difficulty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arose.)-495(Neither)-332(could)-332(bring)-331(himself)-332(to)-332(break)-331(the)-332(loaf)-332(before)-331(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other.)-417(St.)-417(Paul)-306(alleged)-305(that)-306(St.)-417(Antony,)-320(being)-305(his)-306(guest,)-319(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(take)-272(the)-273(precedence;)-283(but)-272(St.)-317(Antony,)-278(who)-273(was)-272(only)-272(ninety)-272(years)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old,)-423(dwelt)-389(upon)-389(the)-388(greater)-389(age)-389(of)-389(St.)-666(Paul.)-666(So)-388(scrupulously)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(polite)-297(were)-297(these)-296(old)-297(men,)-309(that)-296(they)-297(passed)-297(the)-297(entire)-296(afternoon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disputing)-266(on)-266(this)-266(weighty)-266(question,)-270(till)-266(at)-266(last,)-270(when)-266(the)-266(evening)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-263(drawing)-264(in,)-267(a)-263(happy)-264(thought)-263(struck)-263(them,)-267(and,)-267(each)-263(holding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-210(end)-210(of)-210(the)-210(loaf,)-217(they)-210(pulled)-210(together.)-237(To)-210(abridge)-210(the)-210(story,)-217(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Paul)-266(soon)-531(died,)-270(and)-265(his)-266(companion,)-269(being)-266(a)-266(weak)-265(old)-266(man,)-269(was)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([158])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(unable)-201(to)-201(bury)-201(him,)-211(when)-201(two)-201(lions)-201(came)-201(from)-201(the)-201(desert)-201(and)-201(dug)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-259(grave)-260(with)-259(their)-259(paws,)-262(deposited)-259(the)-260(body)-259(in)-259(it,)-262(raised)-259(a)-259(loud)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(howl)-341(of)-342(lamentation,)-364(and)-342(then)-341(knelt)-342(down)-341(submissively)-341(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-491(Antony,)-350(to)-331(beg)-330(a)-330(blessing.)-491(The)-330(authority)-331(for)-330(this)-330(history)-330(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-287(less)-288(a)-287(person)-288(than)-287(St.)-363(Jerome,)-296(who)-288(relates)-287(it)-288(as)-287(literally)-287(true,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-285(intersperses)-285(his)-285(narrative)-284(with)-285(severe)-285(reflections)-285(on)-285(all)-284(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-250(question)-250(his)-250(accuracy.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(The)-285(historian)-286(Palladius)-285(assures)-285(us)-286(that)-285(he)-285(heard)-286(from)-285(the)-285(lips)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-267(St.)-301(Macarius)-266(of)-267(Alexandria)-267(an)-267(account)-267(of)-267(a)-267(pilgrimage)-266(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-316(saint)-315(had)-316(made,)-331(under)-316(the)-316(impulse)-315(of)-316(curiosity,)-331(to)-316(visit)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enchanted)-312(garden)-311(of)-312(Jannes)-311(and)-312(Jambres,)-326(tenanted)-312(by)-311(d\346mons.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(For)-245(nine)-244(days)-245(Macarius)-244(traversed)-245(the)-245(desert,)-245(directing)-245(his)-244(course)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-298(the)-299(stars,)-310(and,)-310(from)-299(time)-298(to)-298(time,)-310(fixing)-299(reeds)-298(in)-298(the)-298(ground,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-321(landmarks)-321(for)-320(his)-321(return;)-356(but)-321(this)-321(precaution)-321(proved)-320(useless,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-239(the)-239(devils)-238(tore)-239(up)-239(the)-239(reeds,)-241(and)-238(placed)-239(them)-239(during)-239(the)-238(night)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-330(the)-330(head)-330(of)-330(the)-330(sleeping)-330(saint.)-490(As)-330(he)-330(drew)-330(near)-329(the)-330(garden,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seventy)-318(d\346mons)-319(of)-318(various)-318(forms)-318(came)-318(forth)-319(to)-318(meet)-318(him,)-335(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reproached)-278(him)-278(for)-279(disturbing)-278(them)-278(in)-278(their)-278(home.)-335(St.)-334(Macarius)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(promised)-328(simply)-329(to)-328(walk)-328(round)-328(and)-328(inspect)-329(the)-328(wonders)-328(of)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(garden,)-273(and)-269(then)-268(depart)-269(without)-269(doing)-268(it)-269(any)-268(injury.)-306(He)-268(fulfilled)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 681 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 682 0 R /Resources 680 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 671 0 R >> endobj 683 0 obj << /D [681 0 R /XYZ 139.343 342.036 null] >> endobj 680 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 686 0 obj << /Length 5640 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(157)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(his)-285(promise,)-294(and)-285(a)-285(journey)-285(of)-285(twenty)-285(days)-285(brought)-285(him)-285(agai)1(n)-285(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-226(cell.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 33.675 3.959 Td [(343)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.092 -3.959 Td [(Other)-226(legends)-226(are,)-230(however,)-231(of)-226(a)-226(less)-225(fantastic)-226(nature;)]TJ -48.767 -13.549 Td [(and)-262(many)-263(of)-262(them)-263(display,)-265(though)-262(sometimes)-263(in)-262(very)-262(whimsical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forms,)-322(a)-308(spirit)-307(of)-308(courtesy)-307(which)-308(seems)-308(to)-307(foreshadow)-308(the)-307(later)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(chivalry,)-303(and)-293(some)-292(of)-293(them)-292(contain)-293(striking)-292(protests)-293(against)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-278(superstitions)-279(that)-278(were)-278(most)-278(prevalent.)-335(When)-279(St.)-334(Macarius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-427(sick,)-471(a)-427(bunch)-427(of)-427(grapes)-427(was)-427(once)-426(given)-427(to)-427(him;)-516(but)-426(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity)-280(impelled)-280(him)-280(to)-280(give)-280(them)-279(to)-280(another)-280(hermit,)-288(who)-280(in)-279(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(turn)-340(refused)-340(to)-340(keep)-340(them,)-362(and)-340(at)-340(last,)-363(having)-340(made)-340(the)-339(circuit)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-392(the)-393(entire)-392(desert,)-428(they)-393(were)-392(returned)-393(to)-392(the)-392(saint.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 236.437 3.959 Td [(344)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.23 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 27.357 0 Td [([159])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(same)-260(saint,)-262(whose)-260(usual)-259(beverage)-260(was)-260(putrid)-259(water,)-263(never)-259(failed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-402(drink)-402(wine)-402(when)-402(set)-402(before)-402(him)-402(by)-402(the)-401(hermits)-402(he)-402(visited,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atoning)-311(privately)-310(for)-311(this)-310(relaxation,)-326(which)-311(he)-310(thought)-311(the)-310(laws)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-259(courtesy)-259(required,)-261(by)-259(abstaining)-259(from)-259(water)-259(for)-259(as)-258(many)-259(days)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-355(he)-355(had)-355(drunk)-355(glasses)-355(of)-355(wine.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 147.751 3.959 Td [(345)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.617 -3.959 Td [(One)-355(of)-355(his)-355(disciples)-355(once)]TJ -166.369 -13.549 Td [(meeting)-408(an)-408(idolatrous)-408(priest)-408(running)-408(in)-408(great)-408(haste)-408(across)-408(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(desert,)-333(with)-316(a)-316(great)-317(stick)-316(in)-316(his)-316(hand,)-333(cried)-316(out)-317(in)-316(a)-316(loud)-316(voice,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Where)-240(are)-240(you)-240(going,)-242(d\346mon?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 133.797 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.461 0 Td [(The)-240(priest,)-242(naturally)-240(indignant,)]TJ -146.102 -13.549 Td [(beat)-187(the)-187(Christian)-187(severely,)-200(and)-187(was)-187(proceeding)-188(on)-187(his)-187(way,)-199(when)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-341(met)-341(St.)-524(Macarius,)-364(who)-341(accosted)-341(him)-341(so)-341(courteously)-341(and)-341(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tenderly)-204(that)-204(the)-205(Pagan's)-204(heart)-204(was)-204(touched,)-214(he)-204(became)-204(a)-204(convert,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-362(his)-361(first)-362(act)-361(of)-362(charity)-361(was)-362(to)-361(tend)-362(the)-361(Christian)-362(whom)-361(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-337(beaten.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.629 3.959 Td [(346)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.026 -3.959 Td [(St.)-511(Avitus)-337(being)-337(on)-337(a)-337(visit)-337(to)-337(St.)-510(Marcian,)-359(this)]TJ -68.655 -13.549 Td [(latter)-269(saint)-269(placed)-269(before)-268(him)-269(some)-269(bread,)-274(which)-269(Avitus)-268(refused)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(eat,)-251(saying)-250(that)-250(it)-251(was)-250(his)-250(custom)-251(never)-250(to)-250(touch)-251(food)-250(till)-250(after)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sunset.)-628(St.)-628(Marcian,)-408(professing)-376(his)-376(own)-376(inability)-376(to)-376(defer)-376(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(repast,)-442(implored)-404(his)-404(guest)-404(for)-404(once)-404(to)-404(break)-404(this)-404(custom,)-442(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(being)-340(refused,)-362(exclaimed,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 118.253 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Alas!)-520(I)-340(am)-340(filled)-340(with)-340(anguish)-340(that)]TJ -123.097 -13.549 Td [(you)-295(have)-296(come)-295(here)-296(to)-295(see)-296(a)-295(wise)-296(man)-295(and)-295(a)-296(saint,)-307(and)-295(you)-295(see)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-388(a)-388(glutton.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 66.352 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.078 0 Td [(St.)-664(Avitus)-388(was)-389(grieved,)-422(and)-388(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 158.552 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(he)-388(would)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 110.206 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.394 Td [(343)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.352 0 Td [(cap.)-250(xix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.421 -7.311 Td [(344)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Rufinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Monach.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.296 0 Td [(cap.)-250(xxix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -97.881 -7.394 Td [(345)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.855 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(eccl.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.349 0 Td [(tome)-250(viii.)-250(pp.)-250(583,)-250(584.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -89.91 -7.311 Td [(346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(p.)-250(589.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 685 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 686 0 R /Resources 684 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 671 0 R >> endobj 687 0 obj << /D [685 0 R /XYZ 303.049 396.232 null] >> endobj 684 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 690 0 obj << /Length 6850 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(158History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(rather)-286(even)-285(eat)-286(flesh)-285(than)-286(hear)-285(such)-286(words,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 188.714 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.958 0 Td [(and)-286(he)-285(sat)-286(down)-285(as)]TJ -196.672 -13.549 Td [(desired.)-578(St.)-579(Marcian)-359(then)-359(confessed)-360(that)-359(his)-360(own)-359(custom)-359(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-268(same)-268(as)-268(that)-268(of)-268(his)-268(brother)-268(saint;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 161.65 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(but,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 16.669 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.767 0 Td [(he)-268(added,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.973 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(we)-268(know)]TJ -240.747 -13.549 Td [(that)-316(charity)-315(is)-316(better)-316(than)-315(fasting;)-349(for)-316(charity)-315(is)-316(enjoined)-316(by)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Divine)-255(law,)-255(but)-255(fasting)-255(is)-254(left)-255(in)-255(our)-254(own)-255(power)-255(and)-254(will.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 248.73 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(347)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.232 -3.959 Td [(St.)]TJ -268.805 -13.549 Td [(Epiphanius)-283(having)-282(invited)-282(St.)-348(Hilarius)-282(to)-283(his)-282(cell,)-291(placed)-282(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-297(a)-297(dish)-297(of)-297(fowl.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 89.035 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Pardon)-297(me,)-309(father,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 81.737 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.083 0 Td [(said)-297(St.)-391(Hilarius,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 78.146 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(but)]TJ -266.688 -13.549 Td [(since)-269(I)-270(have)-269(become)-270(a)-269(monk)-270(I)-269(have)-270(never)-269(eaten)-270(flesh.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 235.075 0 Td [(\035)-269(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.627 0 Td [(And)-269(I,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 28.084 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(said)-341(St.)-524(Epiphanius,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 94.63 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(since)-341(I)-342(have)-341(become)-341(a)-341(monk)-342(have)-341(never)]TJ -99.473 -13.55 Td [(suffered)-880(the)-440(sun)-440(to)-440(go)-440(down)-440(upon)-440(my)-440(wrath.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 214.389 0 Td [(\035)-440(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.488 0 Td [(Your)-440(rule,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.909 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -348.542 0 Td [([160])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(rejoined)-214(the)-213(other,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 81.297 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(is)-214(more)-213(excellent)-214(than)-214(mine.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 121.731 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(348)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.784 -3.959 Td [(While)-214(a)-213(rich)]TJ -227.499 -13.549 Td [(lady)-181(was)-181(courteously)-181(fulfilling)-180(the)-181(duties)-181(of)-181(hospitality)-181(to)-181(a)-180(monk,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-350(child,)-376(whom)-350(she)-351(had)-350(for)-351(this)-350(purpose)-351(left,)-375(fell)-351(into)-350(a)-350(well.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-357(lay)-356(unharmed)-357(upon)-357(the)-356(surface)-357(of)-357(the)-356(water,)-384(and)-356(afterwards)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(told)-329(its)-329(mother)-329(that)-329(it)-329(had)-329(seen)-329(the)-329(arms)-329(of)-329(the)-329(saint)-328(sustaining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-296(below.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 38.687 3.959 Td [(349)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.697 -3.959 Td [(At)-296(a)-297(time)-296(when)-296(it)-297(was)-296(the)-296(custom)-297(to)-296(look)-296(upon)-297(the)]TJ -55.384 -13.549 Td [(marriage)-392(state)-392(with)-391(profound)-392(contempt,)-427(it)-392(was)-392(revealed)-392(to)-391(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Macarius)-353(of)-352(Egypt)-352(that)-353(two)-352(married)-353(women)-352(in)-353(a)-352(neighbouring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(city)-281(were)-280(more)-281(holy)-280(than)-281(he)-280(was.)-342(The)-280(saint)-281(immediately)-280(visited)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them,)-363(and)-341(asked)-340(their)-341(mode)-340(of)-341(life,)-363(but)-340(they)-341(utterly)-340(repudiated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-307(notion)-308(of)-307(their)-307(sanctity.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 124.973 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Holy)-307(father,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.338 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.195 0 Td [(they)-307(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 45.947 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(suffer)-307(us)]TJ -242.14 -13.549 Td [(to)-383(tell)-383(you)-384(frankly)-383(the)-383(truth.)-649(Even)-384(this)-383(very)-383(night)-383(we)-383(did)-383(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shrink)-308(from)-307(sleeping)-308(with)-307(our)-308(husbands,)-322(and)-307(what)-308(good)-307(works,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then,)-286(can)-280(you)-279(expect)-279(from)-279(us?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 132.546 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.889 0 Td [(The)-279(saint,)-287(however,)-286(persisted)-279(in)]TJ -140.435 -13.55 Td [(his)-240(inquiries,)-241(and)-240(they)-239(then)-240(told)-240(him)-239(their)-240(stories.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 215.741 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(We)-240(are,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 33.802 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.458 0 Td [(they)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 23.431 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(in)-279(no)-280(way)-279(related,)-287(but)-280(we)-279(married)-279(two)-280(brothers.)-338(We)-280(have)]TJ -28.274 -13.549 Td [(lived)-311(together)-311(for)-310(fifteen)-311(years,)-326(without)-311(one)-311(licentious)-311(or)-310(angry)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(word.)-724(We)-408(have)-408(entreated)-408(our)-408(husbands)-408(to)-408(let)-408(us)-408(leave)-408(them,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-339(join)-339(the)-340(societies)-339(of)-339(holy)-339(virgins,)-362(but)-339(they)-339(refused)-339(to)-339(permit)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(us,)-342(and)-324(we)-324(then)-324(promised)-324(before)-324(Heaven)-324(that)-324(no)-324(worldly)-323(word)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-206(sully)-205(our)-206(lips.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 90.077 0 Td [(\035)-206(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.931 0 Td [(Of)-206(a)-205(truth,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.174 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.087 0 Td [(cried)-206(St.)-235(Macarius,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 84.103 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(I)-206(see)-205(that)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 99.003 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.19 Td [(347)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Theodoret,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.335 0 Td [(Philoth.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.889 0 Td [(cap.)-250(iii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -83.931 -7.31 Td [(348)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Verba)-250(Seniorum.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(349)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Theodoret,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.335 0 Td [(Philoth.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.889 0 Td [(cap.)-250(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 689 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 690 0 R /Resources 688 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 671 0 R >> endobj 691 0 obj << /D [689 0 R /XYZ 134.082 396.232 null] >> endobj 688 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 694 0 obj << /Length 5016 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(159)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(God)-230(regards)-230(not)-230(whether)-231(one)-230(is)-230(virgin)-230(or)-230(married,)-234(whether)-230(one)-230(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-234(a)-235(monastery)-234(or)-234(in)-234(the)-235(world.)-244(He)-235(considers)-234(only)-234(the)-234(disposition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-278(the)-277(heart,)-285(and)-278(gives)-277(the)-278(Spirit)-278(to)-277(all)-278(who)-277(desire)-278(to)-278(serve)-277(Him,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whatever)-250(their)-250(condition)-250(may)-250(be.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 143.913 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(350)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -136.801 -20.227 Td [(I)-330(have)-331(multiplied)-330(these)-330(illustrations)-331(to)-330(an)-330(extent)-331(that)-330(must,)-350(I)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(fear,)-357(have)-335(already)-335(somewhat)-335(taxed)-336(the)-335(patience)-335(of)-335(my)-335(readers;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-359(the)-359(fact)-359(that,)-387(during)-359(a)-359(long)-359(period)-359(of)-359(history,)-386(these)-359(saintly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends)-211(formed)-210(the)-211(ideals)-210(guiding)-211(the)-210(imagination)-421(and)-210(reflecting)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([161])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(the)-539(moral)-538(sentiment)-539(of)-539(the)-538(Christian)-539(world,)-611(gives)-539(them)-538(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(importance)-349(far)-350(beyond)-349(their)-349(intrinsic)-350(value.)-548(Before)-349(dismissing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-177(saints)-176(of)-177(the)-177(desert,)-191(there)-177(is)-177(one)-177(other)-176(class)-177(of)-177(legends)-177(to)-176(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(I)-332(desire)-331(to)-332(advert.)-495(I)-332(mean)-332(those)-331(which)-332(describe)-332(the)-331(connection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-257(saints)-258(and)-257(the)-257(animal)-258(world.)-272(These)-257(legends)-258(are,)-259(I)-257(think,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worthy)-183(of)-182(special)-183(notice)-182(in)-183(moral)-183(history,)-196(as)-182(representing)-183(the)-182(first,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-210(at)-210(the)-210(same)-209(time)-210(one)-210(of)-210(the)-210(most)-210(striking)-210(efforts)-210(ever)-210(made)-209(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Christendom)-272(to)-272(inculcate)-272(a)-273(feeling)-272(of)-272(kindness)-272(and)-272(pity)-272(towards)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-386(brute)-386(creation.)-659(In)-386(Pagan)-386(antiquity,)-420(considerable)-386(steps)-386(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-248(made)-248(to)-248(raise)-248(this)-249(form)-248(of)-248(humanity)-248(to)-248(a)-248(recognised)-248(branch)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-352(ethics.)-555(The)-352(way)-352(had)-352(been)-352(prepared)-352(by)-352(numerous)-351(anecdotes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(growing)-417(for)-417(the)-418(most)-417(part)-417(out)-417(of)-418(simple)-417(ignorance)-417(of)-417(natural)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(history,)-416(which)-382(all)-383(tended)-382(to)-383(diminish)-383(the)-382(chasm)-383(between)-382(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-356(animals,)-383(by)-356(representing)-357(the)-356(latter)-356(as)-357(possessing)-356(to)-356(a)-356(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(high)-292(degree)-293(both)-292(moral)-293(and)-292(rational)-293(qualities.)-377(Elephants,)-303(it)-292(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(believed,)-310(were)-298(endowed)-299(not)-298(only)-298(with)-298(reason)-298(and)-298(benevolence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-281(also)-281(with)-281(reverential)-280(feelings.)-343(They)-281(worshipped)-281(the)-281(sun)-280(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(moon,)-275(and)-269(in)-270(the)-269(forests)-270(of)-270(Mauritania)-269(they)-270(were)-270(accustomed)-269(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assemble)-210(every)-211(new)-210(moon,)-218(at)-211(a)-210(certain)-210(river,)-219(to)-210(perform)-210(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rites.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 21.512 3.959 Td [(351)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.46 -3.959 Td [(The)-350(hippopotamus)-350(taught)-351(men)-350(the)-350(medicinal)-350(value)-350(of)]TJ -39.972 -13.549 Td [(bleeding,)-242(being)-240(accustomed,)-241(when)-240(affected)-240(by)-240(plethory,)-242(to)-239(bleed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(itself)-213(with)-214(a)-213(thorn,)-221(and)-214(afterwards)-213(close)-213(the)-214(wound)-213(with)-214(slime.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.176 3.959 Td [(352)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 110.213 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.317 Td [(350)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)-250(tome)-250(viii.)-250(pp.)-250(594-595.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.395 Td [(351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.463 0 Td [(Hist.)-529(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.208 0 Td [(viii.)-529(1.)-530(Many)-343(anecdotes)-343(of)-343(elephants)-343(are)-343(collected)-343(viii.)]TJ -76.627 -10.959 Td [(1-12.)-250(See,)-250(too,)-250(Dion)-250(Cassius,)-250(xxxix.)-250(38.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(352)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Pliny,)-250(viii.)-250(40.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 693 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 694 0 R /Resources 692 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 696 0 R >> endobj 695 0 obj << /D [693 0 R /XYZ 265.252 420.611 null] >> endobj 692 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 699 0 obj << /Length 6117 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(160History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Pelicans)-279(committed)-279(suicide)-279(to)-279(feed)-279(their)-279(young;)-294(and)-279(bees,)-286(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-357(had)-357(broken)-357(the)-356(laws)-357(of)-357(their)-357(sovereign.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 199.635 3.959 Td [(353)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.676 -3.959 Td [(A)-357(temple)-357(was)]TJ -218.311 -13.549 Td [(erected)-195(at)-196(Sestos)-195(to)-195(commemorate)-196(the)-195(affection)-195(of)-196(an)-195(eagle)-195(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loved)-271(a)-271(young)-271(girl,)-276(and)-271(upon)-270(her)-271(death)-271(cast)-271(itself)-271(in)-271(despair)-270(into)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-445(flames)-445(by)-444(which)-445(her)-445(body)-445(was)-445(consumed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.627 3.959 Td [(354)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.556 -3.959 Td [(Numerous)]TJ -235.183 -13.549 Td [(anecdotes)-306(are)-307(related)-306(of)-613(faithful)-307(dogs)-306(which)-307(refused)-306(to)-306(survive)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([162])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(their)-219(masters,)-225(and)-218(one)-219(of)-219(these)-218(had,)-225(it)-219(was)-219(said,)-225(been)-218(transformed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-256(the)-255(dog-star.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 74.359 3.959 Td [(355)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.364 -3.959 Td [(The)-256(dolphin,)-257(especially,)-257(became)-255(the)-256(subject)]TJ -89.723 -13.549 Td [(of)-378(many)-377(beautiful)-378(legends,)-409(and)-378(its)-377(affection)-378(for)-377(its)-378(young,)-409(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(music,)-209(and)-198(above)-199(all)-198(for)-199(little)-198(children,)-209(excited)-198(the)-199(admiration)-198(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-212(of)-212(the)-212(populace,)-220(but)-212(of)-212(the)-213(most)-212(distinguished)-212(naturalists.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(356)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Many)-180(philosophers)-179(ascribed)-180(to)-180(animals)-179(a)-180(rational)-179(soul,)-194(like)-180(that)-179(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man.)-369(According)-289(to)-290(the)-290(Pythagoreans,)-299(human)-290(souls)-289(transmigrate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(after)-273(death)-273(into)-273(animals.)-320(According)-273(to)-273(the)-273(Stoics)-273(and)-274(others,)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(souls)-334(of)-334(men)-334(and)-334(animals)-334(were)-334(alike)-334(parts)-334(of)-334(the)-334(all-pervading)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Divine)-250(Spirit)-250(that)-250(animates)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 164.236 3.959 Td [(357)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -152.281 -21.613 Td [(We)-386(may)-386(even)-386(find)-387(traces)-386(from)-386(an)-386(early)-386(period)-386(of)-386(a)-387(certain)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(measure)-291(of)-291(legislative)-291(protection)-291(for)-291(animals.)-373(By)-291(a)-291(very)-291(natural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(process,)-261(the)-258(ox,)-261(as)-259(a)-258(principal)-259(agent)-259(in)-258(agriculture,)-261(and)-258(therefore)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-253(kind)-253(of)-254(symbol)-253(of)-253(civilisation,)-254(was)-253(in)-253(many)-253(different)-253(countries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-253(with)-253(a)-253(peculiar)-253(reverence.)-260(The)-253(sanctity)-253(attached)-253(to)-253(it)-253(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Egypt)-215(is)-215(well)-214(known.)-239(That)-215(tenderness)-214(to)-215(animals,)-222(which)-215(is)-215(one)-214(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-238(most)-238(beautiful)-238(features)-238(in)-237(the)-238(Old)-238(Testament)-238(writings,)-240(shows)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(itself,)-308(among)-296(other)-296(ways,)-308(in)-297(the)-296(command)-296(not)-297(to)-296(muzzle)-296(the)-296(ox)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 187.414 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 180.518 Td [(353)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Donne's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.641 0 Td [(Biathanatos)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.343 0 Td [(.)-227(p.)-228(22.)-227(This)-183(habit)-182(of)-182(bees)-183(is)-182(mentioned)-183(by)-182(St.)-227(Ambrose.)]TJ -85.94 -10.959 Td [(The)-250(pelican,)-250(as)-250(is)-250(well)-250(known,)-250(afterwards)-250(became)-250(an)-250(emblem)-250(of)-250(Christ.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(354)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.937 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.869 0 Td [(x.)-250(6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -67.513 -7.394 Td [(355)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(A)-257(long)-258(list)-257(of)-258(legends)-257(about)-258(dogs)-257(is)-258(given)-257(by)-258(Legendre,)-259(in)-258(the)-257(very)-258(curious)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(chapter)-250(on)-250(animals,)-250(in)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 94.138 0 Td [(Trait\351)-250(de)-250(l'Opinion)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.674 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(308-327.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -162.563 -7.394 Td [(356)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Pliny)-302(tells)-302(some)-302(extremely)-302(pretty)-302(stories)-302(of)-302(this)-302(kind.)-406(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 199.9 0 Td [(Hist.)-406(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.736 0 Td [(ix.)-406(8-9.\051)]TJ -250.592 -10.959 Td [(See,)-361(too,)-361(Aulus)-339(Gellius,)-361(xvi.)-517(19.)-516(The)-339(dolphin,)-361(on)-339(account)-339(of)-339(its)-338(love)-339(for)-339(its)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(young,)-250(became)-250(a)-250(common)-250(symbol)-250(of)-250(Christ)-250(among)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(357)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(A)-153(very)-153(full)-153(account)-154(of)-153(the)-153(opinions,)-173(both)-153(of)-153(ancient)-153(and)-153(modern)-154(philosophers,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(concerning)-365(the)-365(souls)-364(of)-365(animals,)-394(is)-364(given)-365(by)-365(Bayle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 194.815 0 Td [(Dict.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.952 0 Td [(arts.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 20.518 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pereira)-365(E,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 36.383 0 Td [(\035)]TJ -276.649 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Rorarius)-250(K.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 41.838 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 698 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 699 0 R /Resources 697 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 696 0 R >> endobj 700 0 obj << /D [698 0 R /XYZ 202.021 450.429 null] >> endobj 697 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 703 0 obj << /Length 6635 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(161)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-393(treadeth)-394(out)-393(the)-394(corn,)-429(or)-393(to)-394(yoke)-393(together)-393(the)-394(ox)-393(and)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ass.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 16.059 3.959 Td [(358)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.087 -3.959 Td [(Among)-339(the)-339(early)-338(Romans)-339(the)-339(same)-339(feeling)-339(was)-338(carried)]TJ -34.146 -13.549 Td [(so)-355(far,)-382(that)-356(for)-355(a)-355(long)-356(time)-355(it)-356(was)-355(actually)-355(a)-356(capital)-355(offence)-355(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaughter)-202(an)-201(ox,)-211(that)-202(animal)-201(being)-202(pronounced,)-211(in)-201(a)-202(special)-201(sense,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-596(fellow-labourer)-298(of)-297(man.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 124.783 3.959 Td [(359)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.747 -3.959 Td [(A)-298(similar)-298(law)-297(is)-298(said)-298(to)-298(have)-298(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 149.494 0 Td [([163])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(early)-253(times)-253(existed)-253(in)-253(Greece.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 129.491 3.959 Td [(360)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.278 -3.959 Td [(The)-253(beautiful)-253(passage)-253(in)-253(which)]TJ -144.769 -13.549 Td [(the)-284(Psalmist)-284(describes)-284(how)-284(the)-284(sparrow)-284(could)-284(find)-284(a)-284(shelter)-283(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-344(home)-343(in)-344(the)-344(altar)-343(of)-344(the)-344(temple,)-367(was)-343(as)-344(applicable)-344(to)-343(Greece)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-282(to)-283(Jerusalem.)-347(The)-282(sentiment)-283(of)-282(Xenocrates)-282(who,)-291(when)-282(a)-282(bird)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pursued)-235(by)-236(a)-235(hawk)-235(took)-236(refuge)-235(in)-235(his)-236(breast,)-238(caressed)-235(and)-235(finally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(released)-253(it,)-253(saying)-253(to)-253(his)-253(disciples,)-253(that)-253(a)-253(good)-253(man)-253(should)-252(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(give)-349(up)-349(a)-349(suppliant,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 88.692 3.959 Td [(361)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.53 -3.959 Td [(was)-349(believed)-349(to)-349(be)-349(shared)-349(by)-349(the)-349(gods,)]TJ -105.222 -13.549 Td [(and)-257(it)-257(was)-257(regarded)-257(as)-256(an)-257(act)-257(of)-257(impiety)-257(to)-257(disturb)-257(the)-257(birds)-256(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-352(built)-352(their)-352(nests)-352(beneath)-352(the)-352(porticoes)-353(of)-352(the)-352(temple.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 254.233 3.958 Td [(362)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.521 -3.958 Td [(A)]TJ -272.754 -13.55 Td [(case)-296(is)-295(related)-296(of)-295(a)-296(child)-295(who)-295(was)-296(even)-295(put)-296(to)-295(death)-296(on)-295(account)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 296.752 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 289.856 Td [(358)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-263(Jewish)-263(law)-263(did)-263(not)-263(confine)-262(its)-263(care)-263(to)-263(oxen.)-289(The)-263(reader)-263(will)-263(remember)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-412(touching)-411(provision,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 89.891 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Thou)-412(shalt)-411(not)-412(seethe)-412(a)-411(kid)-412(in)-411(his)-412(mother's)-412(milk)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 182.777 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(\050Deut.)-578(xiv.)-579(21\051;)-414(and)-359(the)-360(law)-359(forbidding)-360(men)-359(to)-360(take)-359(a)-360(parent)-359(bird)-360(that)-359(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sitting)-250(on)-250(its)-250(young)-250(or)-250(on)-250(its)-250(eggs.)-250(\050Deut.)-250(xxii.)-250(6,)-250(7.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(359)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Cujus)-488(tanta)-488(fuit)-488(apud)-488(antiquos)-488(veneratio,)-548(ut)-488(tam)-488(capital)-488(esset)-488(bovem)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(necuisse)-281(quam)-280(civem.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 79.488 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Columella,)-288(lib.)-342(vi.)-342(in)-280(pro)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 90.687 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(m.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 12.281 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Hic)-281(socius)-280(hominum)]TJ -205.859 -10.959 Td [(in)-483(rustico)-482(opere)-483(et)-483(Cereris)-482(minister.)-948(Ab)-483(hoc)-482(antiqui)-483(manus)-482(ita)-483(abstinere)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(voluerunt)-269(ut)-268(capite)-269(sanxerint)-268(si)-269(quis)-268(occidisset.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 168.608 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Varro,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 25.601 0 Td [(De)-269(Re)-268(Rustic.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.796 0 Td [(lib.)-306(ii.)]TJ -258.952 -10.959 Td [(cap.)-250(v.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(360)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-285(Legendre,)-293(tome)-285(ii.)-355(p.)-355(338.)-354(The)-285(sword)-285(with)-285(which)-285(the)-285(priest)-285(sacrificed)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(the)-298(ox)-297(was)-298(afterwards)-297(pronounced)-298(accursed.)-392(\050\306lian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 193.922 0 Td [(Hist.)-393(Var.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.068 0 Td [(lib.)-393(viii.)-392(cap.)]TJ -232.99 -10.959 Td [(iii.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(361)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Diog.)-250(La\353rt.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.818 0 Td [(Xenocrates)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.339 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -97.864 -7.311 Td [(362)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(There)-266(is)-267(a)-266(story)-267(told)-267(by)-266(Herodotus)-267(\050i.)-299(157-159\051)-267(of)-266(an)-267(ambassador)-266(who)-267(was)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(sent)-224(by)-224(his)-225(fellow-countrymen)-224(to)-224(consult)-224(an)-224(oracle)-224(at)-225(Miletus)-224(about)-224(a)-224(suppliant)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(who)-294(had)-294(taken)-294(refuge)-293(with)-294(the)-294(Cym\346ans)-294(and)-294(was)-294(demanded)-293(with)-294(menace)-294(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-233(enemies.)-245(The)-233(oracle,)-236(being)-234(bribed,)-236(enjoined)-233(the)-233(surrender.)-245(The)-233(ambassador)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(on)-221(leaving,)-228(with)-221(seeming)-221(carelessness)-222(disturbed)-221(the)-222(sparrows)-221(under)-222(the)-221(portico)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-256(the)-256(temple,)-258(when)-256(the)-256(voice)-256(from)-256(behind)-256(the)-257(altar)-256(denounced)-256(his)-256(impiety)-256(for)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(disturbing)-245(the)-244(guests)-245(of)-245(the)-245(gods.)-248(The)-245(ambassador)-244(replied)-245(with)-245(an)-244(obvious)-245(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(withering)-201(retort.)-233(\306lian)-201(says)-201(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.373 0 Td [(Hist.)-234(Var.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.974 0 Td [(\051)-201(that)-200(the)-201(Athenians)-201(condemned)-201(to)-201(death)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 702 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 703 0 R /Resources 701 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 696 0 R >> endobj 704 0 obj << /D [702 0 R /XYZ 63.352 463.978 null] >> endobj 701 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 707 0 obj << /Length 6676 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(162History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-250(an)-250(act)-250(of)-250(aggravated)-250(cruelty)-250(to)-250(birds.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 171.469 3.959 Td [(363)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -159.513 -22.088 Td [(The)-255(general)-255(tendency)-255(of)-255(nations,)-257(as)-255(they)-255(advance)-255(from)-255(a)-255(rude)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-313(warlike)-313(to)-314(a)-313(refined)-313(and)-313(peaceful)-313(condition,)-329(from)-313(the)-313(stage)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-262(which)-262(the)-261(realising)-262(powers)-262(are)-262(faint)-262(and)-261(dull,)-265(to)-262(that)-262(in)-261(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-431(are)-430(sensitive)-431(and)-431(vivid,)-476(is)-430(undoubtedly)-431(to)-431(become)-430(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gentle)-224(and)-224(humane)-224(in)-224(their)-224(actions;)-232(but)-224(this,)-230(like)-224(all)-223(other)-224(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tendencies)-251(in)-250(history,)-251(may)-251(be)-251(counteracted)-250(or)-251(modified)-251(by)-250(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(special)-357(circumstances.)-570(The)-357(law)-357(I)-713(have)-357(mentioned)-357(about)-356(oxen)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([164])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(was)-415(obviously)-414(one)-415(of)-415(those)-414(that)-415(belong)-415(to)-414(a)-415(very)-415(early)-414(stage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-322(progress,)-339(when)-322(legislators)-321(are)-322(labouring)-321(to)-322(form)-321(agricultural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habits)-462(among)-461(a)-461(warlike)-462(and)-461(nomadic)-462(people.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 208.657 3.959 Td [(364)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.102 -3.959 Td [(The)-462(games)]TJ -230.759 -13.549 Td [(in)-364(which)-364(the)-365(slaughter)-364(of)-364(animals)-364(bore)-364(so)-364(large)-365(a)-364(part,)-392(having)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-265(introduced)-264(but)-265(a)-264(little)-265(before)-264(the)-265(extinction)-264(of)-265(the)-264(republic,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(did)-263(very)-264(much)-263(to)-264(arrest)-263(or)-263(retard)-264(the)-263(natural)-264(progress)-263(of)-263(humane)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sentiments.)-223(In)-169(ancient)-169(Greece,)-186(besides)-169(the)-169(bull-fights)-169(of)-169(Thessaly,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-292(combats)-292(of)-293(quails)-292(and)-292(cocks)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 141.373 3.959 Td [(365)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.641 -3.959 Td [(were)-292(favourite)-292(amusements,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 294.71 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.886 Td [(a)-250(boy)-250(for)-250(killing)-250(a)-250(sparrow)-250(that)-250(had)-250(taken)-250(refuge)-250(in)-250(the)-250(temple)-250(of)-250(\306sculapius.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(363)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Quintilian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.85 0 Td [(Inst.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.933 0 Td [(v.)-250(9.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -70.49 -7.31 Td [(364)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(In)-437(the)-438(same)-437(way)-438(we)-437(find)-437(several)-438(chapters)-437(in)-437(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 189.108 0 Td [(Zendavesta)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.764 0 Td [(about)-437(the)]TJ -245.828 -10.959 Td [(criminality)-375(of)-375(injuring)-376(dogs;)-438(which)-375(is)-375(explained)-375(by)-375(the)-376(great)-375(importance)-375(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(shepherd's)-250(dogs)-250(to)-250(a)-250(pastoral)-250(people.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(365)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(On)-317(the)-318(origin)-317(of)-317(Greek)-318(cock-fighting,)-334(see)-317(\306lian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 181.438 0 Td [(Hist.)-452(Var.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.778 0 Td [(ii.)-452(28.)-452(Many)]TJ -233.171 -10.959 Td [(particulars)-282(about)-282(it)-282(are)-282(given)-282(by)-283(Athen\346us.)-346(Chrysippus)-282(maintained)-282(that)-282(cock-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fighting)-332(was)-331(the)-331(final)-332(cause)-331(of)-332(cocks,)-352(these)-331(birds)-332(being)-331(made)-332(by)-331(Providence)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-328(order)-328(to)-329(inspire)-328(us)-328(by)-328(the)-329(example)-328(of)-328(their)-328(courage.)-485(\050Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 242.082 0 Td [(De)-328(Repug.)]TJ -242.082 -10.959 Td [(Stoic.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.175 0 Td [(\051)-306(The)-305(Greeks)-306(do)-305(not,)-320(however,)-319(appear)-306(to)-306(have)-305(known)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 197.959 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(cock-throwing,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 54.534 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(the)-212(favourite)-211(English)-212(game)-212(of)-211(throwing)-212(a)-212(stick)-211(called)-212(a)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 195.283 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(cock-stick)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 36.851 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.879 0 Td [(at)-212(cocks.)-237(It)]TJ -241.995 -10.959 Td [(was)-267(a)-268(very)-267(ancient)-267(and)-268(very)-267(popular)-267(amusement,)-272(and)-267(was)-268(practised)-267(especially)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(on)-304(Shrove)-305(Tuesday,)-317(and)-305(by)-304(school-boys.)-413(Sir)-304(Thomas)-304(More)-305(had)-304(been)-304(famous)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(for)-222(his)-223(skill)-222(in)-222(it.)-241(\050Strutt's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 90.718 0 Td [(Sports)-222(and)-223(Pastimes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.732 0 Td [(,)-228(p.)-241(283.\051)-240(Three)-223(origins)-222(of)-222(it)-223(have)]TJ -163.45 -10.959 Td [(been)-213(given:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 41.254 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(1st,)-220(that)-213(in)-213(the)-213(Danish)-213(wars)-213(the)-213(Saxons)-213(failed)-212(to)-213(surprise)-213(a)-213(certain)]TJ -50.22 -10.958 Td [(city)-307(in)-306(consequence)-307(of)-307(the)-306(crowing)-307(of)-307(cocks,)-321(and)-306(had)-307(in)-307(consequence)-306(a)-307(great)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(hatred)-311(of)-311(that)-311(bird;)-341(2nd,)-326(that)-311(the)-311(cocks)-311(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 146.477 0 Td [(galli)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.445 0 Td [(\051)-311(were)-311(special)-311(representatives)-311(of)]TJ -162.922 -10.959 Td [(Frenchmen,)-268(with)-265(whom)-265(the)-264(English)-265(were)-265(constantly)-265(at)-264(war;)-272(and)-265(3rd,)-268(that)-265(they)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(were)-250(connected)-250(with)-250(the)-250(denial)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Peter.)-250(As)-250(Sir)-250(Charles)-250(Sedley)-250(said:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 256.501 0 Td [(\024)]TJ -244.546 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Mayst)-250(thou)-250(be)-250(punished)-250(for)-250(St.)-250(Peter's)-250(crime,)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(And)-250(on)-250(Shrove)-250(Tuesday)-250(perish)-250(in)-250(thy)-250(prime.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 159.387 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 706 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 707 0 R /Resources 705 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 696 0 R >> endobj 708 0 obj << /D [706 0 R /XYZ 246.504 418.751 null] >> endobj 705 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 711 0 obj << /Length 5176 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(163)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-490(were)-490(much)-490(encouraged)-490(by)-490(the)-490(legislators,)-550(as)-489(furnishing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examples)-321(of)-321(valour)-321(to)-322(the)-321(soldiers.)-463(The)-321(colossal)-321(dimensions)-321(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-215(Roman)-216(games,)-222(the)-215(circumstances)-215(that)-216(favoured)-215(them,)-222(and)-215(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overwhelming)-247(interest)-248(they)-247(speedily)-247(excited,)-248(I)-248(have)-247(described)-247(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-266(former)-267(chapter.)-299(We)-266(have)-266(seen,)-271(however,)-270(that,)-270(notwithstanding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(gladiatorial)-382(shows,)-415(the)-382(standard)-382(of)-382(humanity)-382(towards)-381(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-218(considerably)-218(raised)-218(during)-218(the)-218(Empire.)-239(It)-218(is)-218(also)-218(well)-217(worthy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-473(notice)-472(that,)-529(notwithstanding)-945(the)-473(passion)-472(for)-473(the)-472(combats)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([165])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-378(wild)-378(beasts,)-410(Roman)-378(literature)-378(and)-378(the)-378(later)-378(literature)-378(of)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nations)-223(subject)-222(to)-223(Rome)-222(abound)-223(in)-223(delicate)-222(touches)-223(displaying)-222(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-314(very)-314(high)-313(degree)-314(a)-314(sensitiveness)-314(to)-313(the)-314(feelings)-314(of)-314(the)-313(animal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)-764(This)-421(tender)-421(interest)-422(in)-421(animal)-421(life)-421(is)-422(one)-421(of)-421(the)-421(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinctive)-248(features)-247(of)-247(the)-248(poetry)-247(of)-248(Virgil.)-249(Lucretius,)-248(who)-247(rarely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(struck)-294(the)-293(chords)-294(of)-294(pathos,)-305(had)-293(at)-294(a)-294(still)-293(earlier)-294(period)-294(drawn)-293(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(very)-225(beautiful)-226(picture)-225(of)-226(the)-225(sorrows)-226(of)-225(the)-226(bereaved)-225(cow,)-230(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(calf)-387(had)-386(been)-387(sacrificed)-386(upon)-387(the)-387(altar.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 177.671 3.959 Td [(366)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.651 -3.959 Td [(Plutarch)-387(mentions,)]TJ -197.322 -13.549 Td [(incidentally,)-314(that)-301(he)-301(could)-301(never)-301(bring)-301(himself)-301(to)-301(sell,)-313(in)-301(its)-301(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age,)-406(the)-376(ox)-375(which)-375(had)-375(served)-375(him)-375(faithfully)-375(in)-375(the)-375(time)-375(of)-375(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strength.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 37.877 3.958 Td [(367)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.366 -3.958 Td [(Ovid)-317(expressed)-317(a)-316(similar)-317(sentiment)-317(with)-317(an)-317(almost)]TJ -55.243 -13.55 Td [(equal)-389(emphasis.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 71.206 3.959 Td [(368)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.735 -3.959 Td [(Juvenal)-389(speaks)-389(of)-390(a)-389(Roman)-389(lady)-389(with)-389(her)]TJ -90.941 -13.549 Td [(eyes)-359(filled)-359(with)-359(tears)-359(on)-359(account)-359(of)-360(the)-359(death)-359(of)-359(a)-359(sparrow.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(369)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 229.123 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 58.727 220.21 Td [(Knight's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.252 0 Td [(Old)-250(England)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.078 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(126.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.036 -7.311 Td [(366)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Natura)-250(Rerum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.253 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -75.959 -7.311 Td [(367)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(Marc.)-250(Cato.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(368)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quid)-250(meruere)-250(boves,)-250(animal)-250(sine)-250(fraude)-250(dolisque,)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(Innocuum,)-250(simplex,)-250(natum)-250(tolerare)-250(labores?)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Immemor)-250(est)-250(demum)-250(nec)-250(frugum)-250(munere)-250(dignus.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Qui)-250(potuit)-250(curvi)-250(dempto)-250(modo)-250(pondere)-250(aratri)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Ruricolam)-250(mactare)-250(suum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 92.389 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -80.434 -10.959 Td [(Metamorph.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.32 0 Td [(xv.)-250(120-124.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -58.026 -7.31 Td [(369)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Cujus)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(Turbavit)-250(nitidos)-250(extinctus)-250(passer)-250(ocellos.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 146.689 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -134.734 -10.959 Td [(Juvenal,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.875 0 Td [(Sat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.942 0 Td [(vi.)-250(7-8.)]TJ -47.817 -10.959 Td [(There)-208(is)-208(a)-207(little)-208(poem)-208(in)-208(Catullus)-208(\050iii.\051)-236(to)-208(console)-207(his)-208(mistress)-208(upon)-208(the)-208(death)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(of)-252(her)-252(favourite)-252(sparrow;)-252(and)-252(Martial)-252(more)-252(than)-252(once)-252(alludes)-252(to)-251(the)-252(pets)-252(of)-252(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Roman)-250(ladies.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 710 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 711 0 R /Resources 709 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 696 0 R >> endobj 712 0 obj << /D [710 0 R /XYZ 193.152 423.331 null] >> endobj 709 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 715 0 obj << /Length 5815 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(164History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Apollonius)-296(of)-296(Tyana,)-308(on)-296(the)-297(ground)-296(of)-296(humanity,)-308(refused,)-307(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-359(invited)-359(by)-359(a)-360(king,)-386(to)-359(participate)-359(in)-359(the)-359(chase.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 230.678 3.959 Td [(370)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.752 -3.959 Td [(Arrian,)]TJ -249.43 -13.549 Td [(the)-325(friend)-324(of)-325(Epictetus,)-343(in)-324(his)-325(book)-324(upon)-649(coursing,)-343(anticipated)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([166])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-285(beautiful)-284(picture)-285(which)-284(Addison)-285(has)-285(drawn)-284(of)-285(the)-284(huntsman)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(refusing)-218(to)-218(sacrifice)-218(the)-218(life)-218(of)-218(the)-218(captured)-218(hare)-218(which)-218(had)-218(given)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-250(so)-250(much)-250(pleasure)-250(in)-250(its)-250(flight.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 148.789 3.959 Td [(371)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -136.833 -18.789 Td [(These)-276(touches)-275(of)-276(feeling,)-282(slight)-276(as)-276(they)-276(may)-275(appear,)-282(indicate,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(I)-409(think,)-448(a)-408(vein)-409(of)-409(sentiment)-408(such)-409(as)-409(we)-408(should)-409(scarcely)-408(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expected)-414(to)-414(find)-415(coexisting)-414(with)-414(the)-414(gigantic)-414(slaughter)-414(of)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(amphitheatre.)-958(The)-487(progress,)-545(however,)-545(was)-486(not)-486(only)-486(one)-486(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sentiment)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 42.426 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(it)-330(was)-331(also)-330(shown)-330(in)-331(distinct)-330(and)-330(definite)-330(teaching.)]TJ -53.335 -13.549 Td [(Pythagoras)-487(and)-487(Empedocles)-487(were)-487(quoted)-487(as)-487(the)-487(founders)-487(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-396(branch)-396(of)-397(ethics.)-688(The)-396(moral)-397(duty)-396(of)-396(kindness)-396(to)-396(animals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-445(in)-445(the)-445(first)-445(instance)-445(based)-445(upon)-445(a)-445(dogmatic)-445(assertion)-445(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(transmigration)-382(of)-382(souls,)-416(and,)-415(the)-382(doctrine)-382(that)-382(animals)-382(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(within)-242(the)-242(circle)-242(of)-242(human)-241(duty)-242(being)-242(thus)-242(laid)-242(down,)-243(subsidiary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(considerations)-479(of)-479(humanity)-480(were)-479(alleged.)-937(The)-479(rapid)-479(growth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-462(the)-462(Pythagorean)-462(school,)-515(in)-462(the)-462(latter)-462(days)-462(of)-462(the)-461(Empire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-365(these)-364(considerations)-365(familiar)-364(to)-365(the)-364(people.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 221.097 3.959 Td [(372)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.93 -3.959 Td [(Porphyry)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 261.749 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 105.499 252.926 Td [(Compare)-250(the)-250(charming)-250(description)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Prioress,)-250(in)-250(Chaucer:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 224.374 0 Td [(\024)]TJ -224.374 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(She)-250(was)-250(so)-250(charitable)-250(and)-250(so)-250(pitous,)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(She)-250(wolde)-250(wepe)-250(if)-250(that)-250(she)-250(saw)-250(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mous)-250(Caught)-250(in)-250(a)-250(trappe,)-250(if)-250(it)-250(were)-250(ded)-250(or)-250(bledde.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Of)-250(smale)-250(houndes)-250(had)-250(she)-250(that)-250(she)-250(fedde)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(With)-250(rosted)-250(flesh)-250(and)-250(milke)-250(and)-250(wastel)-250(brede,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(But)-250(sore)-250(wept)-250(she)-250(if)-250(one)-250(of)-250(them)-250(were)-250(dede,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Or)-250(if)-250(men)-250(smote)-250(it)-250(with)-250(a)-250(yerde)-250(smert:)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(And)-250(all)-250(was)-250(conscience)-250(and)-250(tendre)-250(herte.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 146.654 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -134.698 -10.959 Td [(Prologue)-250(to)-250(the)]TJ/F39 8.9664 Tf 58.03 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 4.985 0 Td [(Canterbury)-250(Tales.)]TJ/F39 8.9664 Tf 65.257 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -139.979 -7.31 Td [(370)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Philost.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.4 0 Td [(Apol.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(i.)-250(38.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -62.528 -7.311 Td [(371)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-310(the)-309(curious)-310(chapter)-309(in)-310(his)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 110.786 0 Td [(\232\305\275\267\263\265\304\271\272)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 38.151 0 Td [(y)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.466 0 Td [(\302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.658 0 Td [(,)-310(xvi.)-428(and)-310(compare)-310(it)-309(with)-310(No.)]TJ -169.017 -10.959 Td [(116)-250(in)-250(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.107 0 Td [(Spectator)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.369 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -72.227 -7.31 Td [(372)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(In)-273(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.824 0 Td [(De)-273(Abstinentia)-273(Carnis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 80.614 0 Td [(.)-318(The)-273(controversy)-273(between)-273(Origen)-273(and)-272(Celsus)]TJ -115.394 -10.959 Td [(furnishes)-341(us)-340(with)-341(a)-341(very)-340(curious)-341(illustration)-341(of)-340(the)-341(extravagances)-340(into)-341(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(some)-353(Pagans)-353(of)-353(the)-352(third)-353(century)-353(fell)-353(about)-353(animals.)-558(Celsus)-353(objected)-353(to)-353(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Christian)-285(doctrine)-286(about)-285(the)-285(position)-285(of)-286(men)-285(in)-285(the)-285(universe,)-294(that)-286(many)-285(of)-285(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(animals)-303(were)-304(at)-303(least)-303(the)-304(equals)-303(of)-303(men)-304(both)-303(in)-303(reason,)-317(religious)-303(feeling,)-317(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 714 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 715 0 R /Resources 713 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 696 0 R >> endobj 716 0 obj << /D [714 0 R /XYZ 278.722 491.077 null] >> endobj 713 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F39 135 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 719 0 obj << /Length 5136 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(165)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(elaborately)-440(advocated,)-487(and)-440(even)-439(Seneca)-440(for)-440(a)-440(time)-439(practised,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abstinence)-377(from)-377(flesh.)-630(But)-377(the)-376(most)-377(remarkable)-377(figure)-377(in)-376(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-287(is)-288(unquestionably)-287(Plutarch.)-362(Casting)-288(aside)-287(the)-287(dogma)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-364(transmigration,)-393(or)-364(at)-364(least)-364(speaking)-363(of)-364(it)-364(only)-364(as)-364(a)-364(doubtful)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conjecture,)-205(he)-194(places)-194(the)-194(duty)-194(of)-194(kindness)-194(to)-194(animals)-194(on)-194(the)-194(broad)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ground)-215(of)-214(the)-215(affections,)-221(and)-215(he)-215(urges)-214(that)-215(duty)-214(with)-215(an)-214(emphasis)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-427(a)-427(detail)-427(to)-427(which)-428(no)-427(adequate)-427(parallel)-427(can,)-471(I)-427(believe,)-471(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(found)-390(in)-389(the)-390(Christian)-389(writings)-389(for)-390(at)-389(least)-390(seventeen)-389(hundred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years.)-469(He)-323(condemns)-323(absolutely)-323(the)-323(games)-323(of)-323(the)-322(amphitheatre,)]TJ 4.59 -13.55 Td [(dwells)-387(with)-386(great)-387(force)-386(upon)-387(the)-386(effect)-387(of)-387(such)-386(spectacles)-387(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 286.434 0 Td [([167])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(hardening)-433(the)-432(character,)-479(enumerates)-433(in)-432(detail,)-479(and)-432(denounces)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-227(unqualified)-226(energy,)-231(the)-227(refined)-226(cruelties)-227(which)-226(gastronomic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fancies)-293(had)-293(produced,)-303(and)-293(asserts)-293(in)-293(the)-293(strongest)-293(language)-292(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-459(man)-458(has)-459(duties)-459(to)-459(the)-458(animal)-459(world)-459(as)-458(truly)-459(as)-459(to)-458(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fellow-men.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 53.019 3.959 Td [(373)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -41.063 -18.221 Td [(If)-390(we)-390(now)-390(pass)-390(to)-390(the)-390(Christian)-390(Church,)-425(we)-390(shall)-390(find)-390(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(little)-272(or)-272(no)-273(progress)-272(was)-272(at)-272(first)-272(made)-272(in)-273(this)-272(sphere.)-316(Among)-272(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Manicheans,)-213(it)-205(is)-204(true,)-213(the)-204(mixture)-205(of)-204(Oriental)-204(notions)-204(was)-204(shown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-151(an)-152(absolute)-151(prohibition)-151(of)-151(animal)-152(food,)-171(and)-151(abstinence)-151(from)-151(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(food)-223(was)-223(also)-223(frequently)-223(practised)-223(upon)-223(totally)-223(different)-223(grounds)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-263(the)-264(orthodox.)-289(One)-264(or)-263(two)-263(of)-263(the)-264(Fathers)-263(have)-263(also)-263(mentioned)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-358(approbation)-357(the)-358(humane)-357(counsels)-358(of)-357(the)-358(Pythagoreans.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(374)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(But,)-591(on)-522(the)-523(other)-522(hand,)-591(the)-522(doctrine)-523(of)-522(transmigration)-522(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emphatically)-355(repudiated)-356(by)-355(the)-355(Catholics;)-408(the)-356(human)-355(race)-355(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(isolated,)-317(by)-304(the)-303(scheme)-304(of)-303(redemption,)-317(more)-304(than)-303(ever)-304(from)-303(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-331(races;)-370(and)-331(in)-330(the)-331(range)-330(and)-331(circle)-330(of)-331(duties)-330(inculcated)-330(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-319(early)-319(Fathers)-318(those)-319(to)-319(animals)-319(had)-319(no)-318(place.)-457(This)-319(is)-318(indeed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-365(one)-365(form)-365(of)-364(humanity)-365(which)-365(appears)-365(more)-365(prominently)-364(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 141.13 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 132.217 Td [(knowledge.)-250(\050Orig.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.732 0 Td [(Cont.)-250(Cels.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.349 0 Td [(lib.)-250(iv.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -109.831 -7.311 Td [(373)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(These)-250(views)-250(are)-250(chiefly)-249(defended)-250(in)-250(his)-250(two)-250(tracts)-250(on)-250(eating)-250(flesh.)-250(Plutarch)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(has)-237(also)-236(recurred)-237(to)-236(the)-237(subject,)-239(incidentally,)-239(in)-237(several)-236(other)-237(works,)-239(especially)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-250(a)-250(very)-250(beautiful)-250(passage)-250(in)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 119.782 0 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(Marcus)-250(Cato)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.484 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -192.016 -7.31 Td [(374)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-410(for)-379(example,)-410(a)-379(striking)-378(passage)-379(in)-378(Clem.)-635(Alex.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 201.57 0 Td [(Strom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 27.056 0 Td [(lib.)-635(ii.)-635(St.)]TJ -240.582 -10.959 Td [(Clement)-191(imagines)-191(Pythagoras)-191(had)-191(borrowed)-192(his)-191(sentiments)-191(on)-191(this)-191(subject)-191(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Moses.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 718 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 719 0 R /Resources 717 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 721 0 R >> endobj 720 0 obj << /D [718 0 R /XYZ 46.771 396.232 null] >> endobj 717 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 724 0 obj << /Length 6138 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(166History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-224(Old)-224(Testament)-223(than)-224(in)-224(the)-224(New.)-241(The)-224(many)-224(beautiful)-224(traces)-223(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-280(in)-279(the)-280(former,)-286(which)-280(indicate)-279(a)-280(sentiment,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 192.916 3.959 Td [(375)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.583 -3.959 Td [(even)-280(where)-279(they)]TJ -208.499 -13.549 Td [(do)-362(not)-362(very)-361(strictly)-362(define)-362(a)-362(duty,)-389(gave)-362(way)-362(before)-362(an)-723(ardent)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([168])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(philanthropy)-219(which)-220(regarded)-219(human)-219(interests)-219(as)-220(the)-219(one)-219(end,)-225(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-195(relations)-196(of)-195(man)-195(to)-196(his)-195(Creator)-195(as)-196(the)-195(one)-196(question,)-206(of)-195(life,)-206(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dismissed)-250(somewhat)-251(contemptuously,)-250(as)-251(an)-250(idle)-250(sentimentalism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(notions)-374(of)-374(duty)-373(to)-374(animals.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 122.076 3.959 Td [(376)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.233 -3.959 Td [(A)-374(refined)-373(and)-374(subtle)-374(sympathy)]TJ -141.309 -13.549 Td [(with)-267(animal)-268(feeling)-267(is)-267(indeed)-268(rarely)-267(found)-267(among)-268(those)-267(who)-267(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(engaged)-215(very)-216(actively)-215(in)-215(the)-215(affairs)-216(of)-215(life,)-222(and)-216(it)-215(was)-215(not)-215(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-328(meaning)-328(or)-328(a)-328(reason)-328(that)-328(Shakespeare)-328(placed)-328(that)-328(exquisitely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pathetic)-259(analysis)-258(of)-259(the)-259(sufferings)-259(of)-258(the)-259(wounded)-259(stag,)-261(which)-258(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perhaps)-297(its)-296(most)-297(perfect)-296(poetical)-297(expression,)-308(in)-297(the)-296(midst)-297(of)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(morbid)-250(dreamings)-250(of)-250(the)-250(diseased)-250(and)-250(melancholy)-250(Jacques.)]TJ 11.956 -18.005 Td [(But)-219(while)-220(what)-219(are)-219(called)-220(the)-219(rights)-220(of)-219(animals)-219(had)-220(no)-219(place)-219(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-209(ethics)-210(of)-209(the)-210(Church,)-217(a)-210(feeling)-209(of)-209(sympathy)-210(with)-209(the)-209(irrational)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(creation)-180(was)-180(in)-180(some)-179(degree)-180(inculcated)-180(indirectly)-180(by)-180(the)-179(incidents)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-230(the)-231(hagiology.)-243(It)-231(was)-230(very)-231(natural)-230(that)-231(the)-230(hermit,)-235(living)-230(in)-230(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lonely)-222(deserts)-222(of)-221(the)-222(East,)-227(or)-222(in)-222(the)-222(vast)-222(forests)-221(of)-222(Europe,)-227(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(come)-307(into)-308(an)-307(intimate)-307(connection)-308(with)-307(the)-307(animal)-308(worl)1(d,)-322(and)-307(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-244(no)-245(less)-244(natural)-244(that)-244(the)-245(popular)-244(imagination,)-245(when)-244(depicting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-291(hermit)-291(life,)-302(should)-291(make)-291(this)-292(connection)-291(the)-291(centre)-291(of)-291(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(picturesque)-316(and)-315(sometimes)-316(touching)-315(legends.)-447(The)-315(birds,)-332(it)-315(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said,)-254(stooped)-253(in)-254(their)-253(flight)-253(at)-254(the)-253(old)-253(man's)-254(call;)-255(the)-253(lion)-253(and)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hyena)-365(crouched)-364(submissively)-365(at)-364(his)-365(feet;)-422(his)-365(heart,)-393(which)-364(was)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 186.597 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 179.701 Td [(375)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(There)-241(is,)-243(I)-241(believe,)-243(no)-241(record)-241(of)-241(any)-241(wild)-241(beast)-241(combats)-241(existing)-241(among)-241(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Jews,)-309(and)-297(the)-297(rabbinical)-297(writers)-297(have)-297(been)-297(remarkable)-297(for)-297(the)-297(great)-297(emphasis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-225(which)-225(they)-225(inculcated)-226(the)-225(duty)-225(of)-225(kindness)-225(to)-225(animals.)-242(See)-225(some)-225(passages)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(from)-283(them,)-290(cited)-283(in)-282(Wollaston,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 113.928 0 Td [(Religion)-283(of)-282(Nature)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.339 0 Td [(,)-291(sec.)-347(ii.,)-291(note.)-348(Maimonides)]TJ -181.267 -10.959 Td [(believed)-323(in)-322(a)-323(future)-322(life)-322(for)-323(animals,)-341(to)-322(recompense)-323(them)-322(for)-323(their)-322(sufferings)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(here.)-687(\050Bayle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.85 0 Td [(Dict.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.229 0 Td [(art,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 15.574 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Rorarius)-396(D.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 43.143 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)-396(There)-395(is)-396(a)-395(curious)-396(collection)-396(of)-395(the)]TJ -141.758 -10.959 Td [(opinions)-263(of)-264(different)-263(writers)-264(on)-263(this)-264(last)-263(point)-263(in)-264(a)-263(little)-264(book)-263(called)-264(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 257.712 0 Td [(Rights)]TJ -257.712 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(Animals)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.61 0 Td [(,)-250(by)-250(William)-250(Drummond)-250(\050London,)-250(1838\051,)-250(pp.)-250(197-205.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -38.361 -7.31 Td [(376)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Thus)-210(St.)-236(Paul)-210(\0501)-209(Cor.)-237(ix.)-236(9\051)-210(turned)-210(aside)-209(the)-210(precept,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 185.835 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Thou)-210(shalt)-209(not)-210(muzzle)]TJ -201.772 -10.959 Td [(the)-260(mouth)-259(of)-259(the)-260(ox)-259(that)-260(treadeth)-259(out)-260(the)-259(corn,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 165.128 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.307 0 Td [(from)-259(its)-260(natural)-259(meaning,)-262(with)]TJ -171.435 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(contemptuous)-250(question,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 100.621 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Doth)-250(God)-250(take)-250(care)-250(for)-250(oxen?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 106.314 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 723 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 724 0 R /Resources 722 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 721 0 R >> endobj 725 0 obj << /D [723 0 R /XYZ 342.965 491.077 null] >> endobj 722 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 728 0 obj << /Length 4799 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(167)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(closed)-189(to)-189(all)-189(human)-188(interests,)-201(expanded)-189(freely)-189(at)-189(the)-189(sight)-189(of)-188(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering)-310(animal;)-339(and)-309(something)-310(of)-309(his)-310(own)-309(sanctity)-309(descended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-235(the)-235(companions)-236(of)-235(his)-235(solitude)-235(and)-236(the)-235(objects)-235(of)-235(his)-235(miracles.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-251(wild)-250(beasts)-251(attended)-250(St.)-252(Theon)-251(when)-250(he)-251(walked)-251(abroad,)-250(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-228(saint)-229(rewarded)-228(them)-228(by)-229(giving)-228(them)-228(drink)-229(out)-228(of)-228(his)-229(well.)-242(An)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Egyptian)-308(hermit)-307(had)-308(made)-307(a)-308(beautiful)-308(garden)-307(in)-308(the)-307(desert,)-322(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(used)-283(to)-283(sit)-283(beneath)-283(the)-282(palm-trees)-283(while)-283(a)-283(lion)-283(ate)-283(fruit)-283(from)-282(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hand.)-379(When)-586(St.)-379(P)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 82.537 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(men)-293(was)-293(shivering)-293(in)-293(a)-293(winter)-293(night,)-304(a)-293(lion)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.611 0 Td [([169])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(crouched)-392(beside)-391(him,)-427(and)-392(became)-391(his)-392(covering.)-675(Lions)-391(buried)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(St.)-441(Paul)-313(the)-314(hermit)-313(and)-314(St.)-440(Mary)-314(of)-313(Egypt.)-441(They)-313(appear)-314(in)-313(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends)-348(of)-348(St.)-544(Jerome,)-372(St.)-544(Gerasimus,)-372(St.)-544(John)-348(the)-348(Silent,)-372(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Simeon,)-238(and)-235(many)-235(others.)-246(When)-235(an)-235(old)-235(and)-235(feeble)-235(monk,)-238(named)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Zosimas,)-248(was)-248(on)-248(his)-248(journey)-248(to)-248(C\346sarea,)-248(with)-248(an)-248(ass)-248(which)-247(bore)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-340(possessions,)-363(a)-340(lion)-341(seized)-340(and)-340(devoured)-340(the)-341(ass,)-362(but,)-363(at)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(command)-364(of)-364(the)-364(saint,)-393(the)-364(lion)-364(itself)-364(carried)-364(the)-364(burden)-364(to)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(city)-348(gates.)-542(St.)-543(Helenus)-348(called)-347(a)-348(wild)-348(ass)-347(from)-348(its)-347(herd)-348(to)-347(bear)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-355(burden)-355(through)-354(the)-355(wilderness.)-564(The)-355(same)-355(saint,)-381(as)-355(well)-354(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-498(Pachomius,)-354(crossed)-333(the)-332(Nile)-333(on)-333(the)-333(back)-332(of)-333(a)-333(crocodile,)-353(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-715(Scuthinus)-405(did)-405(the)-405(Irish)-405(Channel)-405(on)-405(a)-405(sea)-405(monster.)-714(Stags)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(continually)-358(accompanied)-358(saints)-358(upon)-358(their)-358(journeys,)-385(bore)-358(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(burdens,)-294(ploughed)-285(their)-285(fields,)-294(revealed)-285(their)-285(relics.)-355(The)-285(hunted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stag)-337(was)-336(especially)-337(the)-336(theme)-337(of)-336(many)-336(picturesque)-337(legends.)-509(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pagan,)-280(named)-273(Branchion,)-280(was)-274(once)-273(pursuing)-274(an)-274(exhausted)-273(stag,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-259(it)-259(took)-259(refuge)-258(in)-259(a)-259(cavern,)-261(whose)-259(threshold)-259(no)-258(inducement)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-492(persuade)-493(the)-492(hounds)-492(to)-492(cross.)-977(The)-492(astonished)-492(hunter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entered,)-410(and)-377(found)-378(himself)-378(in)-377(presence)-378(of)-378(an)-377(old)-378(hermit,)-409(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-304(once)-304(protected)-304(the)-304(fugitive)-304(and)-304(converted)-304(the)-304(pursuer.)-412(In)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends)-317(of)-318(St.)-452(Eustachius)-318(and)-317(St.)-452(Hubert,)-335(Christ)-317(is)-317(represented)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-245(having)-246(assumed)-245(the)-246(form)-245(of)-245(a)-246(hunted)-245(stag,)-247(which)-245(turned)-245(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-230(pursuer,)-234(with)-230(a)-229(crucifix)-230(glittering)-230(on)-230(its)-230(brow,)-234(and,)-233(addressing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(him)-332(with)-332(a)-332(human)-332(voice,)-352(converted)-332(him)-332(to)-332(Christianity.)-496(In)-331(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(full)-300(frenzy)-300(of)-300(a)-300(chase,)-313(hounds)-299(and)-300(stag)-300(stopped)-300(and)-300(knelt)-300(down)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(together)-326(to)-327(venerate)-326(the)-326(relics)-327(of)-326(St.)-479(Fingar.)-479(On)-327(the)-326(festival)-326(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-477(Regulus,)-345(the)-325(wild)-326(stags)-326(assembled)-325(at)-326(the)-326(tomb)-325(of)-326(the)-325(saint,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 727 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 728 0 R /Resources 726 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 721 0 R >> endobj 729 0 obj << /D [727 0 R /XYZ 104.087 423.331 null] >> endobj 726 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 732 0 obj << /Length 5398 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(168History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-283(the)-283(ravens)-283(used)-283(to)-283(do)-283(at)-283(that)-283(of)-283(St.)-349(Apollinar)-283(of)-283(Ravenna.)-348(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Erasmus)-270(was)-269(the)-270(special)-270(protector)-269(of)-270(oxen,)-275(and)-269(they)-270(knelt)-269(down)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(voluntarily)-355(before)-355(his)-355(shrine.)-566(St.)-565(Antony)-355(was)-355(the)-355(protector)-355(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hogs,)-277(who)-271(were)-271(usually)-271(introduced)-272(into)-271(his)-271(pictures.)-314(St.)-313(Bridget)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(kept)-289(pigs,)-299(and)-289(a)-289(wild)-289(boar)-289(came)-289(from)-289(the)-289(forest)-289(to)-289(subject)-289(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-285(her)-286(rule.)-355(A)-286(horse)-285(foreshadowed)-285(by)-286(its)-285(lamentations)-285(the)-285(death)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-374(St.)-620(Columba.)-621(The)-747(three)-373(companions)-374(of)-373(St.)-621(Colman)-373(were)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([170])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(a)-383(cock,)-416(a)-383(mouse,)-416(and)-382(a)-383(fly.)-649(The)-382(cock)-383(announced)-383(the)-383(hour)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devotion,)-395(the)-366(mouse)-366(bit)-366(the)-366(ear)-366(of)-366(the)-366(drowsy)-366(saint)-366(till)-366(he)-365(got)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(up,)-392(and)-364(if)-364(in)-363(the)-364(course)-364(of)-363(his)-364(studies)-364(he)-363(was)-364(afflicted)-364(by)-363(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wandering)-400(thoughts,)-437(or)-400(called)-399(away)-400(to)-400(other)-400(business,)-437(the)-399(fly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alighted)-369(on)-368(the)-369(line)-368(where)-369(he)-368(had)-369(left)-369(off,)-398(and)-368(kept)-369(the)-368(place.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legends,)-325(not)-309(without)-310(a)-309(certain)-310(whimsical)-309(beauty,)-325(described)-309(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-255(qualities)-256(existing)-255(in)-256(animals.)-266(A)-255(hermit)-256(was)-255(accustomed)-255(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(share)-362(his)-362(supper)-361(with)-362(a)-362(wolf,)-389(which,)-390(one)-362(evening)-362(entering)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cell)-274(before)-274(the)-274(return)-274(of)-274(the)-274(master,)-280(stole)-274(a)-274(loaf)-274(of)-274(bread.)-322(Struck)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-409(remorse,)-448(it)-409(was)-408(a)-409(week)-408(before)-409(it)-409(ventured)-408(again)-409(to)-408(visit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-311(cell,)-326(and)-311(when)-311(it)-311(did)-311(so,)-326(its)-311(head)-311(hung)-311(down,)-326(and)-311(its)-310(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(demeanour)-251(manifested)-250(the)-251(most)-250(profound)-251(contrition.)-252(The)-250(hermit)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(stroked)-248(with)-249(a)-248(gentle)-248(hand)-248(its)-249(bowed)-248(down)-248(head,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 212.85 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.552 0 Td [(and)-248(gave)-249(it)-248(a)]TJ -225.246 -13.549 Td [(double)-308(portion)-309(as)-308(a)-308(token)-308(of)-309(forgiveness.)-425(A)-308(lioness)-308(knelt)-308(down)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-345(lamentations)-346(before)-345(another)-345(saint,)-369(and)-345(then)-346(led)-345(him)-345(to)-345(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cub,)-302(which)-292(was)-291(blind,)-302(but)-292(which)-291(received)-292(its)-292(sight)-291(at)-292(the)-291(prayer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-332(the)-332(saint.)-497(Next)-332(day)-333(the)-332(lioness)-332(returned,)-353(bearing)-332(the)-332(skin)-332(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-356(wild)-355(beast)-356(as)-355(a)-356(mark)-356(of)-355(its)-356(gratitude.)-567(Nearly)-355(the)-356(same)-355(thing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(happened)-262(to)-261(St.)-286(Macarius)-261(of)-262(Alexandria;)-268(a)-261(hyena)-262(knocked)-262(at)-261(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(door,)-370(brought)-346(its)-346(young,)-370(which)-346(was)-346(blind,)-370(and)-346(which)-346(the)-345(saint)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restored)-353(to)-353(sight,)-378(and)-353(repaid)-352(the)-353(obligation)-353(soon)-353(afterwards)-352(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bringing)-320(a)-320(fleece)-319(of)-320(wool.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.452 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(O)-320(hyena!)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 41.047 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.332 0 Td [(said)-320(the)-320(saint,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 64.896 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(how)-320(did)]TJ -244.414 -13.549 Td [(you)-251(obtain)-250(this)-251(fleece?)-251(you)-251(must)-251(have)-250(stolen)-251(and)-250(eaten)-251(a)-250(sheep.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 275.786 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.55 Td [(Full)-354(of)-354(shame,)-381(the)-354(hyena)-354(hung)-354(its)-355(head)-354(down,)-380(but)-354(persisted)-354(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offering)-218(its)-219(gift,)-224(which,)-225(however,)-225(the)-218(holy)-218(man)-219(refused)-218(to)-218(receive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(till)-364(the)-363(hyena)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 63.415 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(had)-364(sworn)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.381 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.811 0 Td [(to)-364(cease)-363(for)-364(the)-364(future)-363(to)-364(rob.)-591(The)]TJ -123.451 -13.549 Td [(hyena)-267(bowed)-266(its)-267(head)-266(in)-267(token)-266(of)-267(its)-266(acceptance)-267(of)-266(the)-267(oath,)-270(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 731 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 732 0 R /Resources 730 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 721 0 R >> endobj 733 0 obj << /D [731 0 R /XYZ 195.84 436.88 null] >> endobj 730 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 736 0 obj << /Length 5692 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(169)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(St.)-507(Macarius)-336(afterwards)-336(gave)-336(the)-335(fleece)-336(to)-336(St.)-507(Melania.)-507(Other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends)-383(simply)-384(speak)-383(of)-383(the)-383(sympathy)-384(between)-383(saints)-383(and)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(irrational)-237(world.)-246(The)-237(birds)-238(came)-237(at)-237(the)-238(call)-237(of)-237(St.)-246(Cuthbert,)-240(and)-237(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dead)-280(bird)-281(was)-280(resuscitated)-281(by)-280(his)-281(prayer.)-341(When)-280(St.)-341(Aengussius,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-407(felling)-406(wood,)-446(had)-406(cut)-406(his)-407(hand,)-446(the)-406(birds)-406(gathered)-407(round,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([171])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-255(with)-255(loud)-255(cries)-254(lamented)-255(his)-255(misfortune.)-265(A)-255(little)-254(bird,)-256(struck)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-368(and)-369(mortally)-368(wounded)-369(by)-368(a)-368(hawk,)-398(fell)-369(at)-368(the)-369(feet)-368(of)-368(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Kieranus,)-308(who)-297(shed)-296(tears)-297(as)-296(he)-296(looked)-297(upon)-296(its)-297(torn)-296(breast,)-308(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offered)-231(up)-230(a)-231(prayer,)-235(upon)-230(which)-231(the)-231(bird)-231(was)-230(instantly)-231(healed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(377)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -256.221 -17.508 Td [(Many)-259(hundreds,)-260(I)-259(should)-259(perhaps)-258(hardly)-259(exaggerate)-258(were)-259(I)-258(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(say)-379(many)-378(thousands,)-411(of)-379(legends)-379(of)-378(this)-379(kind)-378(exist)-379(in)-379(the)-378(lives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-340(the)-340(saints.)-521(Suggested)-340(in)-340(the)-340(first)-340(instance)-340(by)-340(that)-340(desert)-340(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-324(was)-324(at)-324(once)-324(the)-324(earliest)-324(phase)-324(of)-324(monachism)-324(and)-324(one)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-274(earliest)-274(sources)-275(of)-274(Christian)-274(mythology,)-280(strengthened)-274(by)-274(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(symbolism)-334(which)-335(represented)-334(different)-334(virtues)-335(and)-334(vices)-334(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-310(forms)-310(of)-310(animals,)-324(and)-310(by)-310(the)-310(reminiscences)-310(of)-310(the)-310(rites)-309(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-294(superstitions)-295(of)-294(Paganism,)-306(the)-294(connection)-295(between)-294(men)-294(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animals)-390(became)-389(the)-390(keynote)-390(of)-390(an)-389(infinite)-390(variety)-390(of)-389(fantastic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tales.)-218(In)-155(our)-155(eyes)-155(they)-155(may)-154(appear)-155(extravagantly)-155(puerile,)-174(yet)-155(it)-154(will)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scarcely,)-277(I)-271(hope,)-277(be)-271(necessary)-271(to)-272(apologise)-271(for)-271(introducing)-271(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-192(what)-192(purports)-191(to)-192(be)-192(a)-191(grave)-192(work,)-204(when)-191(it)-192(is)-192(remembered)-191(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-296(many)-296(centuries)-297(they)-296(were)-296(universally)-296(accepted)-296(by)-296(mankind,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-394(were)-394(so)-394(interwoven)-395(with)-394(all)-394(local)-394(traditions,)-430(and)-394(with)-394(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-323(associations)-323(of)-322(education,)-341(that)-323(they)-323(at)-323(once)-323(determined)-322(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 197.311 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 190.499 Td [(377)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(I)-351(have)-350(taken)-351(these)-351(illustrations)-350(from)-351(the)-351(collection)-351(of)-350(hermit)-351(literature)-351(in)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Rosweyde,)-483(from)-437(different)-437(volumes)-436(of)-437(the)-437(Bollandists,)-483(from)-436(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 243.769 0 Td [(Dialogues)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -243.769 -10.959 Td [(of)-413(Sulpicius)-413(Severus,)-453(and)-413(from)-413(what)-413(is)-413(perhaps)-413(the)-412(most)-413(interesting)-413(of)-413(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(collections)-295(of)-296(saintly)-295(legends,)-306(Colgan's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 144.212 0 Td [(Acta)-295(Sanctorum)-295(Hiberni\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 94.456 0 Td [(.)-386(M.)-295(Alfred)]TJ -238.668 -10.959 Td [(Maury,)-513(in)-460(his)-460(most)-460(valuable)-460(work,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 137.767 0 Td [(L\351gendes)-460(pieuses)-460(du)-460(Moyen)-461(Age)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 124.073 0 Td [(,)-513(has)]TJ -261.84 -10.959 Td [(examined)-447(minutely)-446(the)-447(part)-446(played)-447(by)-447(animals)-446(in)-447(symbolising)-446(virtues)-447(and)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(vices,)-250(and)-250(has)-250(shown)-250(the)-250(way)-250(in)-250(which)-249(the)-250(same)-250(incidents)-250(were)-250(repeated,)-250(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(slight)-304(variations,)-318(in)-304(different)-304(legends.)-412(M.)-305(de)-304(Montalembert)-304(has)-304(devoted)-304(what)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-266(probably)-265(the)-266(most)-266(beautiful)-265(chapter)-266(of)-266(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 161.504 0 Td [(Moines)-266(d'Occident)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.931 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Les)-266(Moines)]TJ -238.402 -10.959 Td [(et)-259(la)-260(Nature)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 41.996 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)-259(to)-260(the)-259(relations)-259(of)-260(monks)-259(to)-259(the)-259(animal)-260(world;)-264(but)-259(the)-259(numerous)]TJ -45.976 -10.959 Td [(legends)-227(he)-228(cites)-227(are)-228(all,)-232(with)-227(one)-228(or)-227(two)-228(exceptions,)-232(different)-227(from)-228(those)-227(I)-228(have)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(given.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 735 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 736 0 R /Resources 734 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 721 0 R >> endobj 737 0 obj << /D [735 0 R /XYZ 327.401 463.978 null] >> endobj 734 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 740 0 obj << /Length 6417 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(170History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(reflected)-433(the)-432(inmost)-433(feelings)-432(of)-432(the)-433(heart.)-797(Their)-433(tendency)-432(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(create)-226(a)-226(certain)-227(feeling)-226(of)-226(sympathy)-226(towards)-226(animals)-226(is)-226(manifest,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-349(this)-349(is)-348(probably)-349(the)-349(utmost)-697(the)-349(Catholic)-349(Church)-349(has)-348(done)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([172])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(in)-253(that)-253(direction.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 71.877 3.958 Td [(378)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.273 -3.958 Td [(A)-253(very)-253(few)-252(authentic)-253(instances)-253(may,)-254(indeed,)]TJ -87.15 -13.55 Td [(be)-383(cited)-384(of)-383(saints)-383(whose)-383(natural)-384(gentleness)-383(of)-383(disposition)-383(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(displayed)-421(in)-421(kindness)-421(to)-421(the)-420(animal)-421(world.)-763(Of)-421(St.)-763(James)-420(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Venice)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 30.895 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(an)-410(obscure)-411(saint)-410(of)-411(the)-410(thirteenth)-411(century)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 188.646 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(it)-410(is)-411(told)]TJ -241.359 -13.549 Td [(that)-278(he)-279(was)-278(accustomed)-279(to)-278(buy)-278(and)-279(release)-278(the)-279(birds)-278(with)-278(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Italian)-394(boys)-394(used)-394(to)-394(play)-394(by)-394(attaching)-394(them)-394(to)-394(strings,)-429(saying)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 19.778 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(he)-313(pitied)-313(the)-313(little)-313(birds)-313(of)-313(the)-313(Lord,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 160.556 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.257 0 Td [(and)-313(that)-313(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 55.09 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(tender)]TJ -253.368 -13.549 Td [(charity)-395(recoiled)-394(from)-395(all)-395(cruelty,)-431(even)-394(to)-395(the)-395(most)-394(diminutive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-376(animals.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 49.86 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(379)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.56 -3.959 Td [(St.)-629(Francis)-377(of)-376(Assisi)-377(was)-376(a)-377(more)-376(conspicuous)]TJ -71.263 -13.549 Td [(example)-300(of)-300(the)-300(same)-300(spirit.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 124.416 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If)-300(I)-300(could)-300(only)-300(be)-300(presented)-301(to)-300(the)]TJ -129.259 -13.549 Td [(emperor,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 39.077 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.168 0 Td [(he)-213(used)-213(to)-213(say,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.432 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(I)-213(would)-213(pray)-213(him,)-221(for)-213(the)-213(love)-213(of)-213(God,)]TJ -116.521 -13.55 Td [(and)-234(of)-234(me,)-237(to)-234(issue)-234(an)-234(edict)-234(prohibiting)-234(any)-234(one)-234(from)-234(catching)-234(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imprisoning)-275(my)-275(sisters)-274(the)-275(larks,)-281(and)-275(ordering)-275(that)-275(all)-275(who)-274(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(oxen)-300(or)-300(asses)-300(should)-300(at)-300(Christmas)-300(feed)-300(them)-300(particularly)-300(well.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 275.786 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(A)-230(crowd)-231(of)-230(legends)-231(turning)-230(upon)-230(this)-231(theme)-230(were)-231(related)-230(of)-230(him.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-258(wolf,)-261(near)-258(Gubbio,)-260(being)-258(adjured)-258(by)-259(him,)-260(promised)-258(to)-258(abstain)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-211(eating)-212(sheep,)-219(placed)-211(its)-212(paw)-211(in)-212(the)-211(hand)-212(of)-211(the)-212(saint)-211(to)-211(ratify)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-266(promise,)-269(and)-265(was)-266(afterwards)-265(fed)-266(from)-265(house)-266(to)-265(house)-266(by)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inhabitants)-330(of)-330(the)-330(city.)-489(A)-330(crowd)-330(of)-330(birds,)-350(on)-330(another)-329(occasion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(came)-303(to)-304(hear)-303(the)-303(saint)-303(preach,)-317(as)-303(fish)-304(did)-303(to)-303(hear)-303(St.)-410(Antony)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Padua.)-249(A)-248(falcon)-248(awoke)-248(him)-248(at)-248(his)-248(hour)-248(of)-248(prayer.)-249(A)-248(grasshopper)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(encouraged)-234(him)-235(by)-234(her)-234(melody)-235(to)-234(sing)-235(praises)-234(to)-234(God.)-245(The)-234(noisy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(swallows)-250(kept)-250(silence)-250(when)-250(he)-250(began)-250(to)-250(teach.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 202.985 3.959 Td [(380)]TJ -275.741 -3.959 Td [([173])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 165.066 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.944 Td [(378)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Chateaubriand)-178(speaks,)-193(however)-179(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 117.223 0 Td [(\311tudes)-179(historiques)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.863 0 Td [(,)-193(\351tude)-178(vi)]TJ 31.967 4.035 Td [(me)]TJ 10.957 -4.035 Td [(,)-193(1)]TJ 8.453 4.035 Td [(re)]TJ 8.567 -4.035 Td [(partie\051,)]TJ -254.986 -10.959 Td [(of)-199(an)-199(old)-198(Gallic)-199(law,)-209(forbidding)-199(to)-199(throw)-199(a)-198(stone)-199(at)-199(an)-199(ox)-199(attached)-198(to)-199(the)-199(plough,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or)-250(to)-250(make)-250(its)-250(yoke)-250(too)-250(tight.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(379)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Bollandists,)-466(May)-424(31.)-769(Leonardo)-423(da)-423(Vinci)-424(is)-423(said)-423(to)-423(have)-423(had)-423(the)-424(same)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(fondness)-344(for)-345(buying)-344(and)-344(releasing)-344(caged)-345(birds,)-367(and)-345(\050to)-344(go)-344(back)-345(a)-344(long)-344(way\051)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Pythagoras)-224(to)-224(have)-224(purchased)-223(one)-224(day,)-229(near)-224(Metapontus,)-229(from)-224(some)-224(fishermen)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(all)-396(the)-396(fish)-396(in)-396(their)-396(net,)-432(that)-396(he)-396(might)-396(have)-396(the)-396(pleasure)-396(of)-396(releasing)-396(them.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Apuleius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.847 0 Td [(Apologia)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.88 0 Td [(.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -72.478 -7.311 Td [(380)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-418(these)-418(legends)-418(collected)-419(by)-418(Hase)-418(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 143.506 0 Td [(St)-418(Francis.)-755(Assisi)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.554 0 Td [(\051.)-755(It)-418(is)-418(said)-418(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 739 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 740 0 R /Resources 738 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 721 0 R >> endobj 741 0 obj << /D [739 0 R /XYZ 236.982 491.077 null] >> endobj 742 0 obj << /D [739 0 R /XYZ 93.543 177.067 null] >> endobj 738 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 745 0 obj << /Length 5132 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(171)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(On)-360(the)-361(whole,)-387(however,)-388(Catholicism)-360(has)-361(done)-360(very)-360(little)-360(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(inculcate)-401(humanity)-400(to)-401(animals.)-701(The)-401(fatal)-400(vice)-401(of)-400(theologians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-241(have)-242(always)-241(looked)-241(upon)-241(others)-242(solely)-241(through)-241(the)-241(medium)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-275(their)-276(own)-275(special)-275(dogmatic)-275(views,)-282(has)-275(been)-276(an)-275(obstacle)-275(to)-275(all)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(advance)-381(in)-380(this)-381(direction.)-642(The)-381(animal)-380(world,)-414(being)-380(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(external)-180(to)-180(the)-180(scheme)-180(of)-180(redemption,)-194(was)-180(regarded)-180(as)-180(beyond)-180(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(range)-172(of)-173(duty,)-188(and)-172(the)-172(belief)-173(that)-172(we)-173(have)-172(any)-172(kind)-173(of)-172(obligation)-172(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-151(members)-151(has)-151(never)-151(been)-151(inculcated)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 162.742 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(has)-151(never,)-171(I)-151(believe,)-170(been)]TJ -173.651 -13.549 Td [(even)-238(admitted)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 61.371 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(by)-238(Catholic)-237(theologians.)-246(In)-238(the)-237(popular)-238(legends,)]TJ -72.28 -13.55 Td [(and)-340(in)-340(the)-339(recorded)-340(traits)-340(of)-340(individual)-340(amiability,)-362(it)-340(is)-339(curious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-359(observe)-358(how)-359(constantly)-358(those)-359(who)-359(have)-358(sought)-359(to)-358(inculcate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kindness)-309(to)-310(animals)-309(have)-309(done)-309(so)-310(by)-309(endeavouring)-309(to)-309(associate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-259(with)-258(something)-259(distinctively)-259(Christian.)-276(The)-258(legends)-259(I)-258(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(noticed)-267(glorified)-266(them)-267(as)-267(the)-266(companions)-267(of)-266(the)-267(saints.)-300(The)-266(stag)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-397(honoured)-396(as)-397(especially)-397(commissioned)-396(to)-397(reveal)-397(the)-396(relics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-348(saints,)-373(and)-348(as)-348(the)-348(deadly)-348(enemy)-348(of)-347(the)-348(serpent.)-544(In)-348(the)-348(feast)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-299(asses,)-312(that)-300(animal)-299(was)-299(led)-300(with)-299(veneration)-300(into)-299(the)-299(churches,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-378(a)-378(rude)-378(hymn)-378(proclaimed)-378(its)-378(dignity,)-410(because)-378(it)-378(had)-377(borne)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christ)-366(in)-366(His)-367(flight)-366(to)-366(Egypt,)-395(and)-367(in)-366(His)-366(entry)-366(into)-366(Jerusalem.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(St.)-467(Francis)-322(always)-322(treated)-322(lambs)-323(with)-322(a)-322(peculiar)-322(tenderness,)-340(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(being)-367(symbols)-366(of)-367(his)-366(Master.)-600(Luther)-367(grew)-366(sad)-367(and)-366(thoughtful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-343(a)-342(hare)-343(hunt,)-366(for)-343(it)-342(seemed)-343(to)-343(him)-343(to)-342(represent)-343(the)-343(pursuit)-342(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(souls)-227(by)-226(the)-227(devil.)-242(Many)-227(popular)-226(legends)-227(exist,)-231(associating)-226(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bird)-343(or)-344(animal)-343(with)-343(some)-343(incident)-344(in)-343(the)-343(evangelical)-343(narrative,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-342(securing)-341(for)-342(them)-341(in)-342(consequence)-341(an)-341(unmolested)-342(life.)-524(But)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-291(influences)-292(have)-291(never)-291(extended)-292(far.)-374(There)-291(are)-291(two)-291(distinct)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(objects)-411(which)-411(may)-411(be)-411(considered)-411(by)-411(moralists)-411(in)-411(this)-411(sphere.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(They)-330(may)-330(regard)-330(the)-330(character)-330(of)-330(the)-330(men,)-350(or)-330(they)-330(may)-329(regard)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-437(sufferings)-438(of)-437(the)-438(animals.)-812(The)-437(amount)-438(of)-437(callousness)-437(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-473(conscious)-473(cruelty)-473(displayed)-473(or)-473(elicited)-473(by)-473(amusements)-472(or)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 111.771 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 99.019 Td [(Cardinal)-372(Bellarmine)-372(that)-372(he)-371(used)-372(to)-372(allow)-372(vermin)-372(to)-372(bite)-371(him,)-403(saying,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 264.204 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(We)]TJ -268.185 -10.959 Td [(shall)-391(have)-390(heaven)-391(to)-391(reward)-390(us)-391(for)-391(our)-390(sufferings,)-426(but)-391(these)-390(poor)-391(creatures)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(have)-289(nothing)-288(but)-289(the)-289(enjoyment)-288(of)-289(this)-289(present)-288(life.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 185.823 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.569 0 Td [(\050Bayle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.821 0 Td [(Dict.)-366(philos.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.716 0 Td [(art.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -268.929 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Bellarmine.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 42.088 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 744 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 745 0 R /Resources 743 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 746 0 R >> endobj 743 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 749 0 obj << /Length 6155 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(172History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(practices)-503(that)-503(inflict)-503(suffering)-503(on)-503(animals,)-566(bears)-503(no)-503(kind)-502(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proportion)-377(to)-376(the)-377(intensity)-376(of)-377(that)-377(suffering.)-629(Could)-377(we)-376(follow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-345(adequate)-345(realisation)-690(the)-345(pangs)-345(of)-345(the)-345(wounded)-345(birds)-345(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([174])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(are)-351(struck)-351(down)-351(in)-351(our)-351(sports,)-376(or)-351(of)-351(the)-351(timid)-351(hare)-351(in)-351(the)-351(long)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(course)-275(of)-275(its)-275(flight,)-281(we)-275(should)-275(probably)-275(conclude)-275(that)-275(they)-275(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-260(really)-261(less)-260(than)-260(those)-260(caused)-261(by)-260(the)-260(Spanish)-260(bull-fight,)-263(or)-260(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(English)-322(pastimes)-322(of)-323(the)-322(last)-322(century.)-466(But)-322(the)-322(excitement)-322(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-305(chase)-304(refracts)-305(the)-305(imagination,)-318(and)-305(owing)-304(to)-305(the)-304(diminutive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(size)-497(of)-497(the)-497(victim,)-559(and)-497(the)-497(undemonstrative)-497(character)-496(of)-497(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suffering,)-306(these)-295(sports)-294(do)-295(not)-294(exercise)-295(that)-295(prejudicial)-294(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-223(character)-223(which)-223(they)-224(would)-223(exercise)-223(if)-223(the)-223(sufferings)-223(of)-223(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animals)-180(were)-180(vividly)-180(realised,)-194(and)-180(were)-180(at)-180(the)-180(same)-180(time)-180(accepted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-387(an)-387(element)-387(of)-388(the)-387(enjoyment.)-661(The)-387(class)-387(of)-387(amusements)-387(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-251(the)-250(ancient)-251(combats)-250(of)-251(wild)-250(beasts)-251(form)-251(the)-250(type,)-251(have)-250(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doubt)-355(nearly)-355(disappeared)-355(from)-355(Christendom,)-381(and)-355(it)-355(is)-354(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-173(the)-173(softening)-173(power)-172(of)-173(Christian)-173(teaching)-173(may)-173(have)-173(had)-172(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indirect)-222(influence)-221(in)-222(abolishing)-221(them;)-231(but)-222(a)-221(candid)-222(judgment)-221(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(confess)-445(that)-446(it)-445(has)-446(been)-445(very)-446(little.)-836(During)-446(the)-445(periods,)-494(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-399(the)-399(countries,)-436(in)-399(which)-399(theological)-399(influence)-399(was)-398(supreme,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-259(were)-260(unchallenged.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 106.537 3.959 Td [(381)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.49 -3.959 Td [(They)-259(disappeared)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 77.35 3.959 Td [(382)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.283 -3.959 Td [(at)-259(last,)-262(because)]TJ -214.66 -13.549 Td [(a)-341(luxurious)-341(and)-340(industrial)-341(civilisation)-341(involved)-341(a)-341(refinement)-340(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manners;)-326(because)-300(a)-301(fastidious)-300(taste)-301(recoiled)-300(with)-301(a)-300(sensation)-300(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disgust)-355(from)-355(pleasures)-354(that)-355(an)-355(uncultivated)-355(taste)-355(would)-354(keenly)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.431 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.619 Td [(381)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(I)-346(have)-346(noticed,)-371(in)-346(my)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 82.729 0 Td [(History)-346(of)-347(Rationalism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 83.429 0 Td [(,)-370(that,)-371(although)-346(some)-346(Popes)]TJ -178.114 -10.959 Td [(did)-237(undoubtedly)-236(try)-236(to)-237(suppress)-236(Spanish)-237(bull-fights,)-239(this)-237(was)-236(solely)-237(on)-236(account)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-311(the)-311(destruction)-310(of)-311(human)-311(life)-310(they)-311(caused.)-432(Full)-311(details)-311(on)-311(this)-310(subject)-311(will)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(be)-239(found)-239(in)-239(Concina,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 77.077 0 Td [(De)-239(Spectaculis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.583 0 Td [(\050Rom\346,)-241(1752\051.)-247(Bayle)-239(says,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 99.085 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Il)-239(n'y)-239(a)-239(point)]TJ -235.726 -10.959 Td [(de)-265(casuiste)-265(qui)-266(croie)-265(qu'on)-265(p\350che)-265(en)-265(faisant)-265(combattre)-266(des)-265(taureaux)-265(contre)-265(des)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(dogues,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 27.644 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(&c.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.426 0 Td [(Dict.)-250(philos.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 46.33 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Rorarius,)-250(C.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 43.585 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -149.92 -7.311 Td [(382)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(On)-301(the)-301(ancient)-301(amusements)-302(of)-301(England)-301(the)-301(reader)-301(may)-301(consult)-302(Seymour's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.958 Td [(Survey)-346(of)-346(London)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.078 0 Td [(\0501734\051,)-370(vol.)-537(i.)-538(pp.)-537(227-235;)-394(Strutt's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 137.605 0 Td [(Sports)-346(and)-346(Pastimes)]TJ -205.683 -10.959 Td [(of)-276(the)-277(English)-276(People)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.667 0 Td [(.)-329(Cock-fighting)-276(was)-277(a)-276(favourite)-276(children's)-277(amusement)-276(in)]TJ -77.667 -10.959 Td [(England)-353(as)-353(early)-352(as)-353(the)-353(twelfth)-353(century.)-558(\050Hampson's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 197.839 0 Td [(Medii)-353(\306vi)-352(Kalendarii)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 80.549 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(vol.)-298(i.)-298(p.)-297(160.\051)-298(It)-266(was,)-270(with)-266(foot-ball)-266(and)-266(several)-265(other)-266(amusements,)-270(for)-266(a)-266(time)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(suppressed)-298(by)-297(Edward)-298(III.,)-309(on)-297(the)-298(ground)-297(that)-298(they)-298(were)-297(diverting)-298(the)-297(people)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(from)-250(archery,)-250(which)-250(was)-250(necessary)-250(to)-250(the)-250(military)-250(greatness)-250(of)-250(England.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 748 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 749 0 R /Resources 747 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 746 0 R >> endobj 750 0 obj << /D [748 0 R /XYZ 208.45 491.077 null] >> endobj 747 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 753 0 obj << /Length 6542 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(173)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(relish;)-225(because)-213(the)-213(drama,)-221(at)-213(once)-213(reflecting)-426(and)-212(accelerating)-213(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([175])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(change,)-324(gave)-310(a)-309(new)-310(form)-309(to)-309(popular)-310(amusements,)-324(and)-309(because,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-370(consequence)-371(of)-370(this)-370(revolution,)-401(the)-370(old)-371(pastimes,)-400(being)-370(left)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-467(the)-467(dregs)-467(of)-467(society,)-521(became)-467(the)-467(occasions)-467(of)-467(scandalous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(disorders.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.72 3.959 Td [(383)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.525 -3.959 Td [(In)-413(Protestant)-827(countries)-413(the)-413(clergy)-414(have,)-454(on)-413(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 227.779 0 Td [([176])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(whole,)-447(sustained)-407(this)-408(movement.)-722(In)-408(Catholic)-407(countries)-408(it)-407(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-254(much)-254(more)-254(faithfully)-254(represented)-254(by)-254(the)-254(school)-254(of)-253(Voltaire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-368(Beccaria.)-603(A)-368(judicious)-367(moralist)-368(may,)-397(however,)-397(reasonably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(question)-431(whether)-432(amusements)-431(which)-432(derive)-431(their)-432(zest)-431(from)-431(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(display)-317(of)-316(the)-317(natural)-317(ferocious)-316(instincts)-317(of)-317(animals,)-333(and)-316(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(substitute)-258(death)-258(endured)-259(in)-258(the)-258(frenzy)-258(of)-259(combat)-258(for)-258(death)-258(in)-258(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remote)-371(slaughter-house)-371(or)-371(by)-371(the)-371(slow)-371(process)-371(of)-371(decay,)-401(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(added)-365(in)-364(any)-365(appreciable)-365(degree)-364(to)-365(the)-365(sum)-364(of)-365(animal)-364(misery,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-268(in)-268(these)-269(cases)-268(he)-268(will)-268(dwell)-269(less)-268(upon)-268(the)-268(suffering)-268(inflicted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-327(upon)-327(the)-327(injurious)-327(influence)-327(the)-327(spectacle)-327(may)-327(sometimes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exercise)-255(on)-255(the)-255(character)-255(of)-256(the)-255(spectator.)-265(But)-255(there)-255(are)-255(forms)-255(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 294.332 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 285.481 Td [(shows,)-250(describes)-250(them)-250(as)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 92.39 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(butcherly)-250(sports,)-250(or)-250(rather)-250(barbarous)-250(cruelties,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 165.089 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(and)]TJ -267.683 -10.959 Td [(says)-260(he)-261(had)-260(not)-260(visited)-261(them)-260(before)-260(for)-261(twenty)-260(years.)-281(A)-260(paper)-260(in)-261(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 246.262 0 Td [(Spectator)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -246.262 -10.959 Td [(\050No.)-697(141,)-437(written)-399(in)-399(1711\051)-399(talks)-399(of)-399(those)-399(who)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 179.163 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(seek)-399(their)-399(diversion)-399(at)-399(the)]TJ -183.144 -10.959 Td [(bear-garden,)-222(...)-238(where)-216(reason)-215(and)-215(good)-215(manners)-215(have)-215(no)-215(right)-215(to)-215(disturb)-215(them.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(In)-210(1751,)-218(however,)-218(Lord)-210(Kames)-210(was)-210(able)-211(to)-210(say,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 170.305 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-210(bear)-210(garden,)-218(which)-210(is)-210(one)]TJ -174.286 -10.959 Td [(of)-260(the)-261(chief)-260(entertainments)-260(of)-261(the)-260(English,)-263(is)-260(held)-261(in)-260(abhorrence)-260(by)-261(the)-260(French)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-350(other)-349(polite)-350(nations.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 89.347 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Essay)-350(on)-349(Morals)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.191 0 Td [(\0501st)-350(ed.\051,)-374(p.)-548(7;)-400(and)-349(he)-350(warmly)]TJ -167.485 -10.959 Td [(defends)-235(\050p.)-244(30\051)-235(the)-234(English)-235(taste.)-245(During)-234(the)-235(latter)-234(half)-235(of)-234(the)-235(last)-235(century)-234(there)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(was)-373(constant)-372(controversy)-373(on)-372(the)-373(subject)-373(\050which)-372(may)-373(be)-372(traced)-373(in)-372(the)-373(pages)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-337(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.466 0 Td [(Annual)-337(Register)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.809 0 Td [(\051,)-359(and)-336(several)-337(forgotten)-337(clergymen)-337(published)-337(sermons)]TJ -83.275 -10.959 Td [(upon)-248(it,)-248(and)-248(the)-247(frequent)-248(riots)-248(resulting)-248(from)-247(the)-248(fact)-248(that)-248(the)-247(bear-gardens)-248(had)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(become)-359(the)-359(resort)-358(of)-359(the)-359(worst)-359(classes)-358(assisted)-359(the)-359(movement.)-576(The)-359(London)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(magistrates)-183(took)-184(measures)-183(to)-183(suppress)-184(cock-throwing)-183(in)-183(1769)-184(\050Hampson's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 262.455 0 Td [(Med.)]TJ -262.455 -10.959 Td [(\306v.)-453(Kalend.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.255 0 Td [(p.)-453(160\051;)-352(but)-318(bull-baiting)-318(continued)-318(far)-317(into)-318(the)-318(present)-318(century.)]TJ -49.255 -10.959 Td [(Windham)-238(and)-238(Canning)-239(strongly)-238(defended)-238(it;)-242(Dr.)-246(Parr)-238(is)-238(said)-239(to)-238(have)-238(been)-238(fond)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-290(it)-290(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 20.638 0 Td [(Southey's)-290(Commonplace)-290(Book)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 109.217 0 Td [(,)-300(vol.)-369(iv.)-370(p.)-370(585\051;)-309(and)-290(as)-290(late)-290(as)-290(1824,)-300(Sir)]TJ -129.855 -10.959 Td [(Robert)-282(\050then)-283(Mr\051)-282(Peel)-283(argued)-282(strongly)-282(against)-283(its)-282(prohibition.)-347(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 228.329 0 Td [(Parliamentary)]TJ -228.329 -10.959 Td [(Debates)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.383 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(x.)-250(pp.)-250(132-133,)-250(491-495.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -29.134 -7.31 Td [(383)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-619(decline)-619(of)-619(these)-620(amusements)-619(in)-619(England)-619(began)-619(with)-619(the)-620(great)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(development)-372(of)-371(the)-372(theatre)-372(under)-371(Elizabeth.)-615(An)-372(order)-371(of)-372(the)-371(Privy)-372(Council)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-474(July,)-530(1591,)-530(prohibits)-474(the)-475(exhibition)-474(of)-474(plays)-474(on)-474(Thursday,)-530(because)-474(on)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 752 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 753 0 R /Resources 751 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 746 0 R >> endobj 754 0 obj << /D [752 0 R /XYZ 238.646 518.175 null] >> endobj 755 0 obj << /D [752 0 R /XYZ 171.756 463.978 null] >> endobj 751 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 758 0 obj << /Length 6536 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(174History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(cruelty)-285(which)-286(must)-285(be)-286(regarded)-285(in)-285(a)-286(different)-285(light.)-356(The)-285(horrors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-257(vivisection,)-258(often)-257(so)-256(wantonly,)-258(so)-257(needlessly)-257(practised,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 252.028 3.959 Td [(384)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.271 -3.959 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(prolonged)-339(and)-339(atrocious)-339(tortures,)-722(sometimes)-339(inflicted)-339(in)-338(order)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([177])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(to)-287(procure)-287(some)-287(gastronomic)-287(delicacy,)-296(are)-287(so)-287(far)-287(removed)-287(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-223(public)-223(gaze)-223(that)-224(they)-223(exercise)-223(little)-223(influence)-223(on)-223(the)-223(character)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-424(men.)-773(Yet)-424(no)-424(humane)-424(man)-424(can)-424(reflect)-424(upon)-424(them)-424(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-341(shudder.)-521(To)-341(bring)-340(these)-341(things)-340(within)-341(the)-340(range)-341(of)-340(ethics,)-363(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(create)-184(the)-183(notion)-184(of)-183(duties)-184(towards)-183(the)-184(animal)-184(world,)-196(has,)-197(so)-184(far)-183(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-188(countries)-188(are)-188(concerned,)-200(been)-188(one)-188(of)-188(the)-188(peculiar)-187(merits)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-291(the)-290(last)-291(century,)-301(and,)-301(for)-290(the)-291(most)-290(part,)-301(of)-291(Protestant)-290(nations.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(However)-313(fully)-314(we)-313(may)-313(recognise)-314(the)-313(humane)-313(spirit)-313(transmitted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-204(the)-204(world)-204(in)-204(the)-204(form)-205(of)-204(legends)-204(from)-204(the)-204(saints)-204(of)-204(the)-204(desert,)-213(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-223(not)-222(be)-223(forgotten)-222(that)-223(the)-222(inculcation)-223(of)-222(humanity)-223(to)-222(animals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-398(a)-398(wide)-398(scale)-398(is)-399(mainly)-398(the)-398(work)-398(of)-398(a)-398(recent)-398(and)-398(a)-398(secular)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(age;)-606(that)-487(the)-488(Mohammedans)-487(and)-487(the)-488(Brahmins)-487(have)-487(in)-487(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sphere)-240(considerably)-240(surpassed)-240(the)-240(Christians,)-242(and)-240(that)-240(Spain)-240(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 296.435 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 287.612 Td [(that)-344(the)-344(more)-345(subtle)-344(of)-344(them)-344(appear)-344(not)-345(in)-344(anatomies,)-367(because)-345(they)-344(are)-344(shut)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-365(latent)-365(in)-365(dead)-364(bodies,)-394(though)-365(they)-365(be)-364(open)-365(and)-365(manifest)-365(in)-365(live;)-422(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(being)-342(supposed,)-364(though)-341(the)-342(inhumanity)-341(of)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 158.301 0 Td [(anatomia)-342(vivorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.382 0 Td [(was)-342(by)-341(Celsus)]TJ -227.683 -10.959 Td [(justly)-276(reproved,)-283(yet,)-282(in)-277(regard)-276(of)-276(the)-276(great)-276(use)-276(of)-276(this)-276(observation,)-283(the)-276(enquiry)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(needed)-250(not)-250(by)-250(him)-249(so)-250(slightly)-250(to)-250(have)-250(been)-250(relinquished)-249(altogether,)-250(or)-250(referred)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-390(the)-390(casual)-390(practices)-389(of)-390(surgery;)-460(but)-390(might)-390(have)-390(been)-389(well)-390(diverted)-390(upon)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-460(dissection)-460(of)-459(beasts)-460(alive,)-512(which,)-513(notwithstanding)-459(the)-460(dissimilitude)-460(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(their)-263(parts,)-266(may)-263(sufficiently)-263(satisfy)-263(this)-263(enquiry.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 172.568 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Advancement)-263(of)-263(Learning)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.873 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(x.)-465(4.)-465(Harvey)-322(speaks)-321(of)-322(vivisections)-322(as)-321(having)-322(contributed)-321(to)-322(lead)-322(him)-321(to)-322(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(discovery)-185(of)-186(the)-185(circulation)-185(of)-186(the)-185(blood.)-229(\050Acland's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 180.395 0 Td [(Harveian)-185(Oration)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.586 0 Td [(\0501865\051,)-198(p.)]TJ -245.981 -10.958 Td [(55.\051)-298(Bayle,)-269(describing)-266(the)-266(treatment)-266(of)-266(animals)-266(by)-266(men,)-269(says,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 223.453 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nous)-266(fouillons)]TJ -227.434 -10.959 Td [(dans)-264(leurs)-264(entrailles)-263(pendant)-264(leur)-264(vie)-264(afin)-264(de)-263(satisfaire)-264(notre)-264(curiosit\351.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 250.001 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Dict.)]TJ -262.948 -10.959 Td [(philos.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.959 0 Td [(art.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 13.794 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Rorarius,)-210(C.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 43.228 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.776 0 Td [(Public)-200(opinion)-200(in)-201(England)-200(was)-200(very)-200(strongly)-200(directed)]TJ -92.738 -10.959 Td [(to)-295(the)-295(subject)-296(in)-295(the)-295(present)-295(century,)-307(by)-295(the)-295(atrocious)-296(cruelties)-295(perpetrated)-295(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Majendie)-295(at)-295(his)-295(lectures.)-385(See)-295(a)-295(most)-295(frightful)-295(account)-295(of)-295(them)-295(in)-295(a)-295(speech)-295(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Mr.)-542(Martin)-348(\050an)-347(eccentric)-348(Irish)-347(member,)-372(who)-348(was)-347(generally)-348(ridiculed)-347(during)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-316(life,)-331(and)-316(has)-315(been)-316(almost)-315(forgotten)-316(since)-315(his)-316(death,)-332(but)-315(to)-316(whose)-315(untiring)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(exertions)-194(the)-194(legislative)-194(protection)-194(of)-193(animals)-194(in)-194(England)-194(is)-194(due\051.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 229.073 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Parliament.)]TJ -238.04 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.004 0 Td [(vol.)-442(xii.)-442(p.)-442(652.)-442(Mandeville,)-330(in)-314(his)-314(day,)-330(was)-314(a)-314(very)-314(strong)-314(advocate)-314(of)]TJ -20.004 -10.959 Td [(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 72.978 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Commentary)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Fable)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Bees.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -81.944 -13.25 Td [(Thursdays)-277(bear-baiting)-277(and)-276(suchlike)-277(pastimes)-277(had)-277(been)-277(usually)-277(practised,)-283(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 757 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 758 0 R /Resources 756 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 746 0 R >> endobj 759 0 obj << /D [757 0 R /XYZ 244.609 491.077 null] >> endobj 756 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 762 0 obj << /Length 6487 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(175)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Southern)-382(Italy,)-414(in)-382(which)-382(Catholicism)-381(has)-382(most)-382(deeply)-381(planted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-341(roots,)-363(are)-340(even)-341(now,)-363(probably)-340(beyond)-341(all)-340(other)-341(countries)-340(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Europe,)-386(those)-358(in)-358(which)-359(inhumanity)-358(to)-358(animals)-359(is)-358(most)-358(wanton)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(most)-250(unrebuked.)]TJ 11.956 -18.578 Td [(The)-225(influence)-224(the)-225(first)-225(form)-225(of)-224(monachism)-225(has)-225(exercised)-224(upon)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-165(world,)-181(so)-165(far)-164(as)-165(it)-164(has)-165(been)-164(beneficial,)-182(has)-164(been)-165(chiefly)-164(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-245(imagination,)-245(which)-245(has)-244(been)-245(fascinated)-245(by)-244(its)-245(legends.)-248(In)-244(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-274(periods)-275(of)-274(theological)-275(controversy,)-280(the)-275(Eastern)-274(monks)-274(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(furnished)-330(some)-330(leading)-330(theologians;)-370(but)-330(in)-330(general,)-350(in)-329(Oriental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lands,)-227(the)-222(hermit)-222(life)-222(predominated,)-227(and)-222(extreme)-222(maceration)-221(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-215(chief)-215(merit)-214(of)-215(the)-215(saint.)-238(But)-215(in)-215(the)-215(West,)-222(monachism)-214(assumed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-268(different)-268(forms,)-273(and)-268(exercised)-268(far)-268(higher)-268(functions.)-304(At)-268(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-176(Oriental)-177(saints)-176(were)-177(the)-176(ideals)-177(of)-176(Western)-177(monks.)-225(The)-176(Eastern)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(St.)-469(Athanasius)-323(had)-323(been)-323(the)-323(founder)-323(of)-323(Italian)-323(monachism.)-469(St.)]TJ 8.5 -13.549 Td [(Martin)-426(of)-427(Tours)-426(excluded)-426(labour)-427(from)-426(the)-427(discipline)-426(of)-426(his)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 282.524 0 Td [([178])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(monks,)-215(and)-207(he)-206(and)-206(they,)-216(like)-206(the)-206(Eastern)-207(saints,)-215(were)-206(accustomed)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 293.653 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 280.901 Td [(an)-328(injunction)-328(to)-328(the)-327(same)-328(effect)-328(was)-328(sent)-328(to)-327(the)-328(Lord)-328(Mayor,)-347(wherein)-328(it)-328(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(stated)-382(that,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 43.756 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(in)-382(divers)-382(places)-382(the)-382(players)-382(do)-382(use)-382(to)-382(recite)-382(their)-382(plays,)-415(to)-382(the)]TJ -47.737 -10.959 Td [(great)-231(hurt)-231(and)-231(destruction)-231(of)-231(the)-231(game)-231(of)-231(bear-baiting)-231(and)-231(like)-231(pastimes,)-235(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(are)-366(maintained)-366(for)-366(Her)-367(Majesty's)-366(pleasure.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 157.213 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Nichols,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.679 0 Td [(Progresses)-366(of)-366(Queen)]TJ -203.84 -10.959 Td [(Elizabeth)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37 0 Td [(\050ed.)-546(1823\051,)-373(vol.)-545(i.)-546(p.)-545(438.)-546(The)-348(reader)-349(will)-348(remember)-349(the)-349(picture)]TJ -37 -10.959 Td [(in)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 9.213 0 Td [(Kenilworth)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.595 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-249(Earl)-250(of)-249(Sussex)-250(petitioning)-249(Elizabeth)-250(against)-249(Shakespeare,)]TJ -51.808 -10.958 Td [(on)-329(the)-329(ground)-329(of)-328(his)-329(plays)-329(distracting)-329(men)-329(from)-329(bear-baiting.)-486(Elizabeth)-329(\050see)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Nichols\051)-294(was)-294(extremely)-294(fond)-293(of)-294(bear-baiting.)-382(James)-294(I.)-293(especially)-294(delighted)-294(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(cock-fighting,)-357(and)-336(in)-336(1610)-335(was)-336(present)-336(at)-335(a)-336(great)-336(fight)-335(between)-336(a)-336(lion)-335(and)-336(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bear.)-484(\050Hone,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 49.775 0 Td [(Every)-328(Day)-328(Book)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.154 0 Td [(,)-347(vol.)-484(i.)-484(pp.)-484(255-299.\051)-484(The)-328(theatres,)-347(however,)]TJ -109.929 -10.959 Td [(rapidly)-295(multiplied,)-306(and)-295(a)-295(writer)-295(who)-295(lived)-294(about)-295(1629)-295(said,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 217.411 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(that)-295(no)-295(less)-295(than)]TJ -221.392 -10.959 Td [(seventeen)-414(playhouses)-413(had)-414(been)-413(built)-414(in)-414(or)-413(about)-414(London)-413(within)-414(threescore)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(years.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 21.161 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.593 0 Td [(\050Seymour's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.077 0 Td [(Survey)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.398 0 Td [(,)-441(vol.)-708(i.)-709(p.)-708(229.\051)-709(The)-403(Rebellion)-402(suppressed)-403(all)]TJ -97.229 -10.959 Td [(public)-316(amusements,)-332(and)-316(when)-316(they)-316(were)-316(re-established)-316(after)-316(the)-316(Restoration,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it)-344(was)-343(found)-344(that)-344(the)-344(tastes)-343(of)-344(the)-344(better)-343(classes)-344(no)-344(longer)-343(sympathised)-344(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-297(bear-garden.)-392(Pepys)-297(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 89.26 0 Td [(Diary)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(,)-309(August)-297(14,)-309(1666\051)-297(speaks)-297(of)-298(bull-baiting)-297(as)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 162.489 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(a)]TJ -276.649 -10.958 Td [(very)-359(rude)-359(and)-359(nasty)-359(pleasure,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 108.738 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.201 0 Td [(and)-359(says)-359(he)-359(had)-359(not)-359(been)-359(in)-360(the)-359(bear-garden)]TJ -115.939 -9.323 Td [(for)-308(many)-309(years.)-425(Evelyn)-308(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 92.03 0 Td [(Diary)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.918 0 Td [(,)-323(June)-308(16,)-323(1670\051,)-323(having)-308(been)-309(present)-308(at)-308(these)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -112.699 -7.31 Td [(384)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Bacon,)-696(in)-606(an)-607(account)-606(of)-607(the)-607(deficiencies)-606(of)-607(medicine,)-696(recommends)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(vivisection)-523(in)-523(terms)-523(that)-523(seem)-523(to)-523(imply)-523(that)-522(it)-523(was)-523(not)-523(practised)-523(in)-523(his)]TJ 0 -8.016 Td [(time.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 23.121 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(As)-350(for)-350(the)-351(passages)-350(and)-350(pores,)-375(it)-350(is)-351(true,)-375(which)-350(was)-350(anciently)-350(noted,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 761 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 762 0 R /Resources 760 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 746 0 R >> endobj 763 0 obj << /D [761 0 R /XYZ 46.771 323.458 null] >> endobj 760 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 766 0 obj << /Length 4771 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(176History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-374(wander)-373(abroad,)-405(destroying)-373(the)-374(idols)-374(of)-373(the)-374(temples.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.64 3.959 Td [(385)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.227 -3.959 Td [(But)]TJ -264.867 -13.549 Td [(three)-328(great)-329(causes)-328(conspired)-329(to)-328(direct)-329(the)-328(monastic)-329(spirit)-328(in)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West)-191(into)-191(practical)-191(channels.)-230(Conditions)-191(of)-191(race)-191(and)-191(climate)-190(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ever)-367(impelled)-367(the)-367(inhabitants)-367(of)-368(these)-367(lands)-367(to)-367(active)-367(life,)-396(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-313(at)-314(the)-313(same)-313(time)-314(rendered)-313(them)-313(constitutionally)-313(incapable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-315(enduring)-316(the)-315(austerities)-316(or)-315(enjoying)-315(the)-316(hallucinations)-315(of)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sedentary)-251(Oriental.)-252(There)-250(arose,)-251(too,)-251(in)-251(the)-250(sixth)-251(century,)-251(a)-250(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislator,)-491(whose)-443(form)-443(may)-442(be)-443(dimly)-443(traced)-443(through)-443(a)-442(cloud)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-404(fantastic)-404(legends,)-442(and)-404(the)-403(order)-404(of)-404(St.)-711(Benedict,)-443(with)-403(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-347(St.)-539(Columba)-347(and)-346(some)-347(others,)-371(founded)-346(on)-347(substantially)-346(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-216(principle,)-223(soon)-216(ramified)-217(through)-216(the)-216(greater)-216(part)-216(of)-216(Europe,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tempered)-401(the)-401(wild)-402(excesses)-401(of)-401(useless)-401(penances,)-439(and,)-439(making)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(labour)-449(an)-449(essential)-449(part)-448(of)-449(the)-449(monastic)-449(system,)-499(directed)-448(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-412(to)-412(the)-412(purposes)-412(of)-412(general)-412(civilisation.)-736(In)-412(the)-412(last)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(place,)-217(the)-209(barbarian)-209(invasions,)-217(and)-208(the)-209(dissolution)-209(of)-209(the)-208(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire,)-248(dislocating)-247(the)-247(whole)-247(system)-247(of)-247(government)-246(and)-247(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(resolving)-473(society)-472(into)-473(its)-473(primitive)-472(elements,)-529(naturally)-472(threw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-269(the)-269(monastic)-269(corporations)-270(social,)-273(political,)-274(and)-269(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(functions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(deepest)-250(importance.)]TJ 11.956 -13.82 Td [(It)-455(has)-455(been)-455(observed)-455(that)-455(the)-455(capture)-455(of)-455(Rome)-455(by)-455(Alaric,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(involving)-513(as)-512(it)-513(did)-513(the)-513(destruction)-512(of)-513(the)-513(grandest)-512(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monuments)-479(of)-478(Paganism,)-536(in)-479(fact)-478(established)-479(in)-478(that)-479(city)-478(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-328(authority)-328(of)-328(Christianity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 150.425 3.959 Td [(386)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.734 -3.959 Td [(A)-328(similar)-328(remark)-328(may)-328(be)]TJ -168.159 -13.549 Td [(extended)-291(to)-291(the)-291(general)-291(downfall)-291(of)-291(the)-291(Western)-291(civilisation.)-373(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-294(civilisation)-294(Christianity)-295(had)-294(indeed)-294(been)-294(legally)-294(enthroned;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-168(the)-169(philosophies)-168(and)-168(traditions)-169(of)-168(Paganism,)-185(and)-168(the)-168(ingrained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habits)-441(of)-441(an)-440(ancient,)-489(and)-441(at)-440(the)-441(same)-441(time)-441(an)-441(effete)-440(society,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continually)-436(paralysed)-436(its)-436(energies.)-808(What)-436(Europe)-436(would)-435(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-232(without)-232(the)-231(barbarian)-232(invasions,)-235(we)-232(may)-232(partly)-232(divine)-231(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-396(history)-396(of)-793(the)-396(Lower)-396(Empire,)-433(which)-396(represented,)-433(in)-396(fact,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([179])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(the)-423(old)-423(Roman)-424(civilisation)-423(prolonged)-423(and)-423(Christianised.)-769(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarian)-284(conquests,)-293(breaking)-284(up)-284(the)-285(old)-284(organisation,)-292(provided)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 87.967 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(385)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.894 0 Td [(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.193 0 Td [(by)-250(Sulpicius)-250(Severus.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.794 -7.311 Td [(386)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Milman.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 765 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 766 0 R /Resources 764 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 746 0 R >> endobj 767 0 obj << /D [765 0 R /XYZ 159.234 124.978 null] >> endobj 764 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 770 0 obj << /Length 4580 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(177)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-263(Church)-262(with)-262(a)-263(virgin)-262(soil,)-266(and)-262(made)-263(it,)-265(for)-263(a)-262(long)-263(period,)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-250(and)-250(indeed)-250(sole)-250(centre)-250(of)-250(civilisation.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(It)-521(would)-521(be)-521(difficult)-521(to)-521(exaggerate)-521(the)-521(skill)-521(and)-520(courage)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(displayed)-206(by)-206(the)-206(ecclesiastics)-206(in)-206(this)-205(most)-206(trying)-206(period.)-236(We)-205(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(already)-205(seen)-204(the)-205(noble)-205(daring)-205(with)-204(which)-205(they)-205(interfered)-204(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-416(conqueror)-416(and)-416(the)-416(vanquished,)-457(and)-416(the)-416(unwearied)-416(charity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-348(which)-348(they)-348(sought)-348(to)-348(alleviate)-348(the)-348(unparalleled)-347(sufferings)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-384(Italy,)-416(when)-384(the)-383(colonial)-384(supplies)-384(of)-383(corn)-384(were)-383(cut)-384(off,)-416(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-357(the)-356(fairest)-357(plains)-357(were)-356(desolated)-357(by)-357(the)-356(barbarians.)-570(Still)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-325(wonderful)-325(is)-325(the)-325(rapid)-325(conversion)-325(of)-325(the)-325(barbarian)-324(tribes.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Unfortunately)-340(this,)-363(which)-340(is)-341(one)-340(of)-340(the)-340(most)-340(important,)-363(is)-340(also)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one)-308(of)-308(the)-308(most)-308(obscure)-308(pages)-308(in)-308(the)-308(history)-308(of)-308(the)-308(Church.)-423(Of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-218(tribes)-218(or)-218(nations)-218(it)-218(may)-218(be)-218(truly)-218(said)-218(that)-218(we)-218(are)-218(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ignorant)-192(of)-192(the)-191(cause)-192(of)-192(their)-192(change.)-230(The)-192(Goths)-192(had)-192(already)-191(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(converted)-341(by)-342(Ulphilas,)-364(before)-342(the)-341(downfall)-341(of)-342(the)-341(Empire,)-364(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-340(conversion)-341(of)-340(the)-341(Germans)-340(and)-340(of)-341(several)-340(northern)-340(nations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-414(long)-415(posterior)-414(to)-414(it;)-497(but)-414(the)-414(great)-415(work)-414(of)-414(Christianising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-297(barbarian)-297(world)-297(was)-297(accomplished)-297(almost)-297(in)-297(the)-297(hour)-297(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-375(world)-376(became)-375(supreme.)-626(Rude)-375(tribes,)-407(accustomed)-375(in)-375(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-491(lands)-491(to)-490(pay)-491(absolute)-491(obedience)-491(to)-491(their)-490(priests,)-551(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-476(in)-477(a)-476(foreign)-476(country,)-533(confronted)-477(by)-476(a)-476(priesthood)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(far)-359(more)-359(civilised)-359(and)-358(imposing)-359(than)-359(that)-359(which)-359(they)-359(had)-358(left,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-423(gorgeous)-423(ceremonies,)-467(well)-423(fitted)-423(to)-424(entice,)-466(and)-423(by)-423(threats)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-486(coming)-486(judgment,)-546(well)-486(fitted)-486(to)-486(scare)-486(their)-486(imaginations.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Disconnected)-274(from)-275(all)-274(their)-275(old)-274(associations,)-281(they)-274(bowed)-274(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-287(majesty)-288(of)-287(civilisation,)-297(and)-287(the)-288(Latin)-287(religion,)-297(like)-287(the)-287(Latin)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(language,)-251(though)-251(with)-250(many)-251(adulterations,)-251(reigned)-251(over)-251(the)-250(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(society.)-333(The)-278(doctrine)-278(of)-278(exclusive)-277(salvation,)-285(and)-278(the)-278(doctrine)-277(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(d\346mons,)-220(had)-212(an)-211(admirable)-212(missionary)-212(power.)-238(The)-212(first)-211(produced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-457(ardour)-458(of)-457(proselytising)-458(which)-457(the)-915(polytheist)-457(could)-457(never)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([180])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(rival;)-573(while)-465(the)-465(Pagan,)-518(who)-465(was)-465(easily)-465(led)-465(to)-465(recognise)-465(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-300(God,)-313(was)-300(menaced)-300(with)-300(eternal)-299(fire)-300(if)-300(he)-300(did)-300(not)-300(take)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-438(further)-438(step)-438(of)-438(breaking)-438(off)-438(from)-438(his)-438(old)-438(divinities.)-813(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(second)-320(dispensed)-320(the)-321(convert)-320(from)-320(the)-320(perhaps)-320(impossible)-320(task)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 769 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 770 0 R /Resources 768 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 772 0 R >> endobj 771 0 obj << /D [769 0 R /XYZ 220.927 120.339 null] >> endobj 768 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 775 0 obj << /Length 5210 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(178History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-419(disbelieving)-419(his)-418(former)-419(religion,)-461(for)-419(it)-419(was)-419(only)-418(necessary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-267(him)-266(to)-267(degrade)-267(it,)-270(attributing)-267(its)-267(prodigies)-266(to)-267(infernal)-266(beings.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(priests,)-251(in)-250(addition)-251(to)-250(their)-251(noble)-250(devotion,)-251(carried)-250(into)-250(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(missionary)-362(efforts)-361(the)-362(most)-362(masterly)-362(judgment.)-585(The)-361(barbarian)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tribes)-494(usually)-493(followed)-494(without)-493(enquiry)-494(the)-493(religion)-494(of)-493(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sovereign;)-485(and)-406(it)-406(was)-407(to)-406(the)-406(conversion)-407(of)-406(the)-407(king,)-445(and)-406(still)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-264(to)-264(the)-264(conversion)-264(of)-264(the)-265(queen,)-267(that)-264(the)-264(Christians)-264(devoted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-307(their)-307(energies.)-421(Clotilda,)-322(the)-307(wife)-307(of)-307(Clovis,)-321(Bertha,)-321(the)-307(wife)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-388(Ethelbert,)-422(and)-387(Theodolinda,)-422(the)-388(wife)-387(of)-388(Lothaire,)-422(were)-387(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(chief)-254(instruments)-254(in)-254(converting)-254(their)-254(husbands)-254(and)-254(their)-254(nations.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nothing)-367(that)-366(could)-367(affect)-367(the)-366(imagination)-367(was)-367(neglected.)-600(It)-366(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(related)-240(of)-241(Clotilda,)-242(that)-241(she)-240(was)-240(careful)-241(to)-240(attract)-241(her)-240(husband)-240(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-267(rich)-268(draperies)-267(of)-268(the)-267(ecclesiastical)-267(ceremonies.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 220.16 3.959 Td [(387)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.75 -3.959 Td [(In)-267(another)]TJ -235.91 -13.549 Td [(case,)-413(the)-381(first)-381(work)-380(of)-381(proselytising)-381(was)-380(confided)-381(to)-381(an)-380(artist,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-377(painted)-378(before)-377(the)-377(terrified)-377(Pagans)-378(the)-377(last)-377(judgment)-377(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-413(torments)-413(of)-414(hell.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.214 3.959 Td [(388)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.521 -3.959 Td [(But)-413(especially)-413(the)-414(belief,)-454(which)-413(was)]TJ -113.735 -13.549 Td [(sincerely)-284(held,)-293(and)-284(sedulously)-284(inculcated,)-293(that)-284(temporal)-284(success)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followed)-344(in)-343(the)-344(train)-344(of)-343(Christianity,)-367(and)-344(that)-344(every)-343(pestilence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(famine,)-331(or)-315(military)-315(disaster)-315(was)-315(the)-315(penalty)-315(of)-315(idolatry,)-331(heresy,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sacrilege,)-420(or)-386(vice,)-420(assisted)-385(the)-386(movement.)-658(The)-386(theory)-386(was)-385(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wide,)-529(that)-472(it)-473(met)-473(every)-473(variety)-473(of)-472(fortune,)-529(and)-473(being)-472(taught)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-294(consummate)-295(skill,)-305(to)-294(barbarians)-295(who)-294(were)-294(totally)-294(destitute)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-409(all)-410(critical)-409(power,)-449(and)-409(strongly)-410(predisposed)-409(to)-409(accept)-409(it,)-449(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proved)-473(extremely)-474(efficacious;)-585(and)-473(hope,)-529(fear,)-529(gratitude,)-529(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(remorse)-340(drew)-340(multitudes)-340(into)-340(the)-341(Church.)-1040(The)-340(transition)-340(was)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([181])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(softened)-334(by)-334(the)-333(substitution)-334(of)-334(Christian)-334(ceremonies)-334(and)-333(saints)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-292(the)-292(festivals)-292(and)-291(the)-292(divinities)-292(of)-292(the)-292(Pagans.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.628 3.959 Td [(389)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.55 -3.959 Td [(Besides)-292(the)]TJ -230.178 -13.549 Td [(professed)-237(missionaries,)-239(the)-237(Christian)-236(captives)-237(zealously)-236(diffused)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-337(faith)-336(among)-337(their)-336(Pagan)-336(masters.)-510(When)-336(the)-337(chieftain)-336(had)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 120.921 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 114.108 Td [(387)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Turon.)-250(ii.)-250(29.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(388)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-204(was)-203(the)-204(first)-204(step)-204(towards)-204(the)-203(conversion)-204(of)-204(the)-204(Bulgarians.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 226.209 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -247.132 -10.958 Td [(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.029 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(249.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -63.78 -7.311 Td [(389)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(A)-434(remarkable)-434(collection)-434(of)-434(instances)-434(of)-434(this)-434(kind)-434(is)-434(given)-435(by)-434(Ozanam,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Civilisation)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Fifth)-250(Century)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 117.325 0 Td [(\050Eng.)-250(trans.\051,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(124-127.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 774 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 775 0 R /Resources 773 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 772 0 R >> endobj 776 0 obj << /D [774 0 R /XYZ 285.935 192.994 null] >> endobj 773 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 779 0 obj << /Length 4550 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(179)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(been)-371(converted,)-401(and)-370(the)-371(army)-371(had)-370(followed)-371(his)-371(profession,)-400(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elaborate)-430(monastic)-429(and)-430(ecclesiastical)-430(organisation)-429(grew)-430(up)-429(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consolidate)-349(the)-348(conquest,)-373(and)-349(repressive)-348(laws)-349(soon)-348(crushed)-348(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opposition)-250(to)-250(the)-250(faith.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(In)-367(these)-366(ways)-367(the)-366(victory)-367(of)-367(Christianity)-366(over)-367(the)-366(barbarian)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(world)-371(was)-372(achieved.)-614(But)-371(that)-371(victory,)-402(though)-371(very)-372(great,)-401(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(less)-212(decisive)-212(than)-212(might)-212(appear.)-237(A)-212(religion)-212(which)-212(professed)-212(to)-212(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity,)-195(and)-181(which)-181(contained)-182(many)-181(of)-181(the)-181(ingredients)-181(of)-181(pure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity,)-246(had)-245(risen)-244(into)-245(the)-245(ascendant,)-246(but)-244(it)-245(had)-245(undergone)-244(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profound)-204(modification)-204(through)-203(the)-204(struggle.)-235(Religions,)-213(as)-204(well)-203(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(worshippers,)-185(had)-168(been)-169(baptised.)-223(The)-168(festivals,)-185(images,)-185(and)-168(names)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-196(saints)-196(had)-197(been)-196(substituted)-196(for)-196(those)-197(of)-196(the)-196(idols,)-207(and)-196(the)-196(habits)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-152(thought)-153(and)-152(feeling)-152(of)-153(the)-152(ancient)-152(faith)-153(reappeared)-152(in)-152(new)-152(forms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-419(a)-418(new)-419(language.)-755(The)-419(tendency)-419(to)-418(a)-419(material,)-460(idolatrous,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-347(polytheistic)-347(faith,)-371(which)-346(had)-347(long)-347(been)-347(encouraged)-347(by)-346(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monks,)-271(and)-266(which)-266(the)-267(heretics)-266(Jovinian,)-271(Vigilantius,)-270(and)-266(Aerius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-248(vainly)-248(resisted,)-248(was)-248(fatally)-247(strengthened)-248(by)-248(the)-248(infusion)-248(of)-247(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarian)-281(element)-281(into)-281(the)-280(Church,)-289(by)-281(the)-281(general)-281(depression)-280(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellect)-275(in)-274(Europe,)-281(and)-275(by)-275(the)-274(many)-275(accommodations)-275(that)-274(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-331(to)-331(facilitate)-332(conversion.)-493(Though)-331(apparently)-331(defeated)-331(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(crushed,)-316(the)-302(old)-303(gods)-302(still)-302(retained,)-316(under)-303(a)-302(new)-302(faith,)-316(no)-302(small)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-250(of)-250(their)-250(influence)-250(over)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(To)-229(this)-230(tendency)-229(the)-229(leaders)-230(of)-229(the)-229(Church)-230(made)-229(in)-229(general)-229(no)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(resistance,)-304(though)-293(in)-293(another)-293(form)-293(they)-293(were)-586(deepl)1(y)-293(persuaded)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([182])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-378(the)-377(vitality)-378(of)-378(the)-378(old)-377(gods.)-633(Many)-378(curious)-378(and)-377(picturesque)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends)-445(attest)-445(the)-445(popular)-445(belief)-445(that)-445(the)-445(old)-445(Roman)-445(and)-444(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-318(barbarian)-318(divini)1(ties,)-335(in)-318(their)-318(capacity)-317(of)-318(d\346mons,)-335(were)-317(still)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(waging)-276(an)-276(unrelenting)-276(war)-275(against)-276(the)-276(triumphant)-276(faith.)-328(A)-275(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pope)-189(of)-189(the)-189(sixth)-189(century)-189(relates)-189(how)-189(a)-188(Jew,)-202(being)-189(once)-188(benighted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-383(his)-384(journey,)-416(and)-383(finding)-384(no)-383(other)-383(shelter)-383(for)-384(the)-383(night,)-416(lay)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-412(to)-412(rest)-412(in)-412(an)-412(abandoned)-412(temple)-412(of)-412(Apollo.)-736(Shuddering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-356(the)-356(loneliness)-356(of)-356(the)-356(building,)-383(and)-356(fearing)-356(the)-356(d\346mons)-356(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-417(said)-417(to)-417(haunt)-417(it,)-459(he)-417(determined,)-459(though)-417(not)-417(a)-417(Christian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-334(protect)-335(himself)-334(by)-334(the)-335(sign)-334(of)-335(the)-334(cross,)-355(which)-335(he)-334(had)-334(often)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 778 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 779 0 R /Resources 777 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 772 0 R >> endobj 780 0 obj << /D [778 0 R /XYZ 247.7 201.634 null] >> endobj 777 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 783 0 obj << /Length 5363 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(180History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(heard)-294(possessed)-295(a)-294(mighty)-295(power)-294(against)-294(spirits.)-383(To)-295(that)-294(sign)-294(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(owed)-259(his)-259(safety.)-276(For)-259(at)-259(midnight)-259(the)-259(temple)-259(was)-259(filled)-259(with)-258(dark)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-276(threatening)-276(forms.)-327(The)-276(god)-276(Apollo)-276(was)-276(holding)-276(his)-276(court)-275(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-335(deserted)-335(shrine,)-356(and)-335(his)-335(attendant)-335(d\346mons)-335(were)-334(recounting)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-389(temptations)-389(they)-389(had)-389(devised)-389(against)-389(the)-389(Christians.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.024 3.959 Td [(390)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.73 -3.959 Td [(A)]TJ -272.754 -13.549 Td [(newly)-309(married)-308(Roman,)-324(when)-309(one)-308(day)-309(playing)-309(ball,)-323(took)-309(off)-308(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wedding-ring,)-320(which)-306(he)-307(found)-306(an)-306(impediment)-306(in)-306(the)-306(game,)-320(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-188(gaily)-188(put)-188(it)-188(on)-188(the)-188(finger)-188(of)-188(a)-188(statue)-188(of)-188(Venus,)-200(that)-188(was)-188(standing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(near.)-610(When)-370(he)-371(returned,)-400(the)-370(marble)-370(finger)-370(had)-370(bent)-370(so)-370(that)-370(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-275(impossible)-274(to)-275(withdraw)-275(the)-275(ring,)-281(and)-274(that)-275(night)-275(the)-274(goddess)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appeared)-305(to)-305(him)-305(in)-305(a)-305(dream,)-318(and)-305(told)-305(him)-305(that)-305(she)-305(was)-305(now)-304(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wedded)-399(wife,)-437(and)-400(that)-399(she)-400(would)-399(abide)-400(with)-399(him)-399(for)-400(ever.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(391)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(When)-313(the)-313(Irish)-312(missionary)-313(St.)-439(Gall)-312(was)-313(fishing)-313(one)-313(night)-312(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-316(Swiss)-316(lake,)-332(near)-316(which)-316(he)-316(had)-316(planted)-316(a)-316(monastery,)-332(he)-316(heard)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(strange)-295(voices)-294(sweeping)-295(over)-294(the)-295(lonely)-294(deep.)-384(The)-294(Spirit)-295(of)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Water)-267(and)-268(the)-267(Spirit)-267(of)-267(the)-267(Mountains)-268(were)-267(consulting)-534(together)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([183])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(how)-190(they)-189(could)-190(expel)-189(the)-190(intruder)-189(who)-190(had)-189(disturbed)-190(their)-189(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reign.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.146 3.959 Td [(392)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -13.19 -18.6 Td [(The)-350(details)-350(of)-350(the)-350(rapid)-350(propagation)-350(of)-350(Western)-349(monachism)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(have)-324(been)-324(amply)-324(treated)-324(by)-324(many)-323(historians,)-343(and)-324(the)-324(causes)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-271(success)-272(are)-271(sufficiently)-272(manifest.)-314(Some)-272(of)-271(the)-272(reasons)-271(I)-271(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(assigned)-306(for)-307(the)-306(first)-307(spread)-306(of)-306(asceticism)-307(continued)-306(to)-306(operate,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-475(others)-475(of)-475(a)-475(still)-475(more)-475(powerful)-475(kind)-475(had)-475(arisen.)-925(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rapid)-278(decomposition)-279(of)-278(the)-278(entire)-279(Roman)-278(Empire)-278(by)-278(continuous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invasions)-341(of)-342(barbarians)-341(rendered)-341(the)-342(existence)-341(of)-341(an)-341(inviolable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(asylum)-365(and)-366(centre)-365(of)-365(peaceful)-365(labour)-366(a)-365(matter)-365(of)-365(transcendent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(importance,)-468(and)-424(the)-424(monastery)-424(as)-423(organised)-424(by)-424(St.)-772(Benedict)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.797 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.985 Td [(390)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-283(Gregory,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.741 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.525 0 Td [(iii.)-283(7.)-283(The)-261(particular)-261(temptation)-261(the)-261(Jew)-262(heard)-261(discussed)]TJ -79.222 -10.959 Td [(was)-278(that)-279(of)-278(the)-279(bishop)-278(of)-279(the)-278(diocese,)-286(who,)-285(under)-279(the)-278(instigation)-279(of)-278(one)-279(of)-278(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(d\346mons,)-329(was)-313(rapidly)-313(falling)-313(in)-313(love)-313(with)-313(a)-313(nun,)-329(and)-313(had)-313(proceeded)-313(so)-313(far)-313(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(jocosely)-320(to)-320(stroke)-320(her)-320(on)-320(the)-319(back.)-460(The)-320(Jew,)-338(having)-319(related)-320(the)-320(vision)-320(to)-320(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bishop,)-326(the)-311(latter)-311(reformed)-311(his)-311(manners,)-326(the)-311(Jew)-310(became)-311(a)-311(Christian,)-326(and)-311(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(temple)-250(was)-250(turned)-250(into)-250(a)-250(church.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(391)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(William)-250(of)-250(Malmesbury,)-250(ii.)-250(13.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(392)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.929 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.676 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(293.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 782 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 783 0 R /Resources 781 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 772 0 R >> endobj 784 0 obj << /D [782 0 R /XYZ 335.509 314.937 null] >> endobj 781 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 787 0 obj << /Length 4590 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(181)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(soon)-362(combined)-362(the)-362(most)-362(heterogeneous)-362(elements)-362(of)-361(attraction.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-345(was)-344(at)-345(once)-345(eminently)-344(aristocratic)-345(and)-345(intensely)-344(democratic.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-270(power)-270(and)-269(princely)-270(position)-270(of)-270(the)-269(abbot)-270(were)-270(coveted,)-274(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(usually)-368(obtained,)-398(by)-368(members)-368(of)-368(the)-368(most)-368(illustrious)-368(families;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(while)-383(emancipated)-384(serfs,)-417(or)-383(peasants)-383(who)-384(had)-383(lost)-384(their)-383(all)-383(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-378(invasions,)-409(or)-378(were)-378(harassed)-378(by)-378(savage)-377(nobles,)-410(or)-378(had)-377(fled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-280(military)-281(service,)-288(or)-280(desired)-281(to)-280(lead)-281(a)-280(more)-281(secure)-280(and)-280(easy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life,)-297(found)-287(in)-288(the)-287(monastery)-288(an)-287(unfailing)-288(refuge.)-362(The)-287(institution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exercised)-208(all)-209(the)-208(influence)-209(of)-208(great)-209(weal)1(th,)-217(expended)-209(for)-208(the)-208(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(part)-413(with)-413(great)-412(charity,)-454(while)-412(the)-413(monk)-413(himself)-413(was)-412(invested)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-224(the)-224(aureole)-224(of)-225(a)-224(sacred)-224(poverty.)-241(To)-224(ardent)-224(and)-224(philanthropic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natures,)-390(the)-362(profession)-361(opened)-362(boundless)-362(vistas)-362(of)-361(missionary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charitable,)-447(and)-407(civilising)-408(activity.)-722(To)-408(the)-407(superstitious)-408(it)-407(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-332(plain)-331(road)-332(to)-332(heaven.)-495(To)-331(the)-332(ambitious)-332(it)-331(was)-332(the)-332(portal)-331(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(bishoprics,)-399(and,)-400(after)-369(the)-369(monk)-370(St.)-608(Gregory,)-399(not)-369(unfrequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-285(the)-285(Popedom.)-355(To)-285(the)-285(studious)-285(it)-285(offered)-285(the)-285(only)-284(opportunity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then)-329(existing)-328(in)-329(the)-329(world)-328(of)-329(seeing)-329(many)-328(books)-329(and)-329(passing)-328(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-197(of)-196(study.)-232(To)-197(the)-197(ti)1(mid)-197(and)-197(retiring)-196(it)-197(afforded)-196(the)-197(most)-196(secure,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-218(probably)-218(the)-217(least)-218(laborious)-218(life)-218(a)-217(poor)-218(peasant)-218(could)-218(hope)-217(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(find.)-320(Vast)-273(as)-273(were)-273(the)-274(multitudes)-273(that)-273(thronged)-273(the)-273(monasteries,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-415(means)-415(for)-415(their)-415(support)-830(were)-415(never)-415(wanting.)-745(The)-415(belief)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([184])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(that)-273(gifts)-274(or)-273(legacies)-274(to)-273(a)-273(monastery)-274(opened)-273(the)-274(doors)-273(of)-273(heaven)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-245(in)-245(a)-245(superstitious)-245(age)-245(sufficient)-245(to)-245(secure)-245(for)-245(the)-245(community)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-396(almost)-395(boundless)-396(wealth,)-431(which)-396(was)-395(still)-396(further)-395(increased)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-373(the)-373(skill)-372(and)-373(perseverance)-373(with)-372(which)-373(the)-373(monks)-373(tilled)-372(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(waste)-217(lands,)-223(by)-216(the)-217(exemption)-216(of)-217(their)-216(domains)-217(from)-216(all)-216(taxation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-411(by)-412(the)-411(tranquillity)-412(which)-411(in)-412(the)-411(most)-412(turbulent)-411(ages)-411(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(usually)-370(enjoyed.)-609(In)-369(France,)-400(the)-370(Low)-369(Countries,)-400(and)-369(Germany)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-428(were)-428(pre-eminently)-428(agriculturists.)-784(Gigantic)-428(forests)-428(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(felled,)-337(inhospitable)-319(marshes)-320(reclaimed,)-337(barren)-319(plains)-319(cultivated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-369(their)-368(hands.)-607(The)-368(monastery)-369(often)-369(became)-368(the)-369(nucleus)-369(of)-368(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(city.)-283(It)-260(was)-261(the)-261(centre)-261(of)-261(civilisation)-260(and)-261(industry,)-264(the)-261(symbol)-260(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-250(power)-250(in)-250(an)-250(age)-250(of)-250(turbulence)-250(and)-250(war.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(It)-390(must)-390(be)-390(observed,)-425(however,)-425(that)-390(the)-390(beneficial)-389(influence)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 786 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 787 0 R /Resources 785 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 772 0 R >> endobj 788 0 obj << /D [786 0 R /XYZ 176.057 247.191 null] >> endobj 785 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 791 0 obj << /Length 4876 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(182History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-476(the)-477(monasti)1(c)-477(system)-476(was)-476(necessarily)-476(transitional,)-533(and)-476(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subsequent)-459(corruption)-459(the)-459(normal)-459(and)-459(inevitable)-459(result)-459(of)-458(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constitution.)-219(Vast)-155(societies)-156(living)-156(in)-156(enforced)-156(celibacy,)-174(exercising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-615(unbounded)-616(influence,)-706(and)-616(possessing)-615(enormous)-615(wealth,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(must)-355(necessarily)-355(have)-355(become)-355(hotbeds)-355(of)-355(corruption)-355(when)-355(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enthusiasm)-415(that)-414(had)-415(created)-415(them)-414(expired.)-744(The)-415(services)-414(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rendered)-368(as)-369(the)-368(centres)-368(of)-369(agriculture,)-398(the)-368(refuge)-368(of)-368(travellers,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-368(sanctuaries)-368(in)-368(war,)-397(the)-368(counterpoise)-368(of)-368(the)-368(baronial)-368(castle,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-340(no)-341(longer)-340(required)-340(when)-340(the)-341(convulsions)-340(of)-340(invasion)-340(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ceased)-332(and)-331(when)-332(civil)-331(society)-331(was)-332(definitely)-331(organised.)-495(And)-331(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(similar)-356(observation)-355(may)-356(be)-355(extended)-356(even)-356(to)-355(their)-356(moral)-355(type.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Thus,)-359(while)-338(it)-337(is)-337(undoubtedly)-338(true)-337(that)-338(the)-337(Benedictine)-337(monks,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-389(making)-388(labour)-389(an)-389(essential)-388(element)-389(of)-389(their)-388(discipline,)-423(did)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-301(much)-301(to)-301(efface)-300(the)-301(stigma)-301(which)-301(slavery)-301(had)-301(affixed)-300(upon)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it,)-304(it)-294(is)-293(also)-293(true)-294(that,)-304(when)-293(industry)-294(had)-293(passed)-293(out)-294(of)-293(its)-293(initial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stage,)-363(the)-341(monastic)-340(theories)-341(of)-340(the)-341(sanctity)-340(of)-341(poverty,)-363(and)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evil)-347(of)-347(wealth,)-370(were)-347(its)-347(most)-347(deadly)-346(opponents.)-541(The)-346(dogmatic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condemnation)-299(by)-298(theologians)-299(of)-299(loans)-299(at)-298(interest,)-311(which)-299(are)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(basis)-281(of)-280(industrial)-281(enterprise,)-288(was)-281(the)-281(expression)-280(of)-281(a)-281(far)-280(deeper)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(antagonism)-250(of)-250(tendencies)-250(and)-250(ideals.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([185])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -13.924 Td [(In)-378(one)-379(important)-378(respect,)-411(the)-378(transition)-378(from)-379(the)-378(eremite)-378(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-331(monastic)-331(life)-331(involved)-331(not)-331(only)-331(a)-331(change)-331(of)-330(circumstances,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-428(also)-427(a)-428(change)-428(of)-427(character.)-783(The)-428(habit)-428(of)-427(obedience,)-472(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(virtue)-275(of)-275(humi)1(lity,)-282(assumed)-274(a)-275(position)-275(which)-275(they)-275(had)-274(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(previously)-164(occupied.)-221(The)-163(conditions)-164(of)-164(the)-163(hermit)-164(life)-163(contributed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-369(develop)-370(to)-369(a)-370(very)-369(high)-369(degree)-370(a)-369(spirit)-370(of)-369(independence)-369(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spiritual)-413(pride,)-453(which)-413(was)-413(still)-413(further)-413(increased)-413(by)-413(a)-412(curious)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(habit)-212(that)-212(existed)-211(in)-212(the)-212(Church)-211(of)-212(regarding)-212(each)-212(eminent)-211(hermit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-302(the)-303(special)-302(model)-302(or)-302(professor)-302(of)-303(some)-302(particular)-302(virtue,)-315(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(making)-475(pilgrimages)-475(to)-476(him,)-531(in)-475(order)-476(to)-475(study)-475(this)-475(aspect)-475(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-310(character.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 58.816 3.959 Td [(393)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.158 -3.959 Td [(These)-310(pilgrimages,)-326(combined)-310(with)-311(the)-310(usually)]TJ -75.974 -13.549 Td [(solitary)-362(and)-361(self-sufficing)-362(life)-362(of)-361(the)-362(hermit,)-390(and)-361(also)-362(with)-361(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 80.91 Td [(393)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cassian.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.541 0 Td [(C)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 5.98 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(nob.)-268(Instit.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.069 0 Td [(v.)-268(4.)-268(See,)-258(too,)-258(some)-256(striking)-256(instances)-256(of)-256(this)-256(in)-256(the)]TJ -97.527 -10.959 Td [(life)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Antony.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 790 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 791 0 R /Resources 789 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 772 0 R >> endobj 792 0 obj << /D [790 0 R /XYZ 93.543 258.362 null] >> endobj 789 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 795 0 obj << /Length 5637 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(183)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(habit)-334(of)-334(measuring)-334(progress)-334(almost)-334(entirely)-334(by)-334(the)-333(suppression)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-513(a)-513(physical)-514(appetite,)-578(which)-514(it)-513(is)-513(quite)-513(possible)-513(wholly)-513(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(destroy,)-356(very)-335(naturally)-334(produced)-335(an)-335(extreme)-335(arrogance.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 246.913 3.959 Td [(394)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.954 -3.959 Td [(But)]TJ -264.867 -13.549 Td [(in)-257(the)-256(highly)-257(organised)-257(and)-257(disciplined)-256(monasteries)-257(of)-257(the)-256(West,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(passive)-377(obedience)-377(and)-378(humility)-377(were)-377(the)-377(very)-377(first)-377(things)-377(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-359(inculcated.)-576(The)-359(monastery,)-385(beyond)-359(all)-359(other)-358(institutions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-196(the)-196(school)-196(for)-197(their)-196(exercise;)-214(and)-196(as)-196(the)-196(monk)-196(represented)-196(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(highest)-281(moral)-281(ideal)-280(of)-281(the)-281(age,)-288(obedience)-281(and)-281(humility)-280(acquired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-388(new)-387(value)-388(in)-387(the)-388(minds)-387(of)-388(men.)-662(Nearly)-775(all)-387(the)-388(feudal)-387(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([186])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(other)-451(organisations)-451(that)-452(arose)-451(out)-451(of)-452(the)-451(chaos)-451(that)-451(followed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-297(destruction)-297(of)-297(the)-297(Roman)-297(Empire)-297(were)-297(intimately)-296(related)-297(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-395(Church,)-431(not)-394(simply)-395(because)-395(the)-394(Church)-395(was)-395(the)-394(strongest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-219(in)-219(Christendom,)-225(and)-219(supplied)-219(in)-219(itself)-219(an)-218(admirable)-219(model)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-433(an)-433(organised)-434(body,)-479(but)-433(also)-433(because)-433(it)-434(had)-433(done)-433(much)-433(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(educate)-364(men)-364(in)-364(habits)-364(of)-364(obedience.)-592(The)-364(special)-364(value)-364(of)-364(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(education)-227(depended)-226(upon)-227(the)-227(peculiar)-226(circumstances)-227(of)-227(the)-226(time.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-271(ancient)-271(civilisations,)-277(and)-271(especially)-271(that)-271(of)-271(Rome,)-276(had)-271(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-370(no)-370(means)-371(deficient)-370(in)-370(those)-370(habits;)-430(but)-371(it)-370(was)-370(in)-370(the)-370(midst)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-379(the)-379(dissolution)-379(of)-379(an)-379(old)-379(society,)-411(and)-379(of)-379(the)-378(ascendancy)-379(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(barbarians,)-248(who)-248(exaggerated)-247(to)-248(the)-248(highest)-247(degree)-248(their)-247(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(independence,)-542(that)-483(the)-483(Church)-484(proposed)-483(to)-484(the)-483(reverence)-483(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mankind)-210(a)-210(life)-211(of)-210(passive)-210(obedience)-210(as)-211(t)1(he)-211(highest)-210(ideal)-210(of)-210(virtue.)]TJ 11.955 -13.549 Td [(The)-533(habit)-532(of)-533(obedience)-533(was)-532(no)-533(new)-533(thing)-532(in)-533(the)-533(world,)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(but)-417(the)-417(disposition)-417(of)-417(humility)-417(was)-417(pre-eminently)-416(and)-417(almost)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 197.311 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 190.499 Td [(394)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-475(spiritual)-474(pride)-475(is)-475(well)-475(noticed)-474(by)-475(Neander,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 187.71 0 Td [(Ecclesiastical)-475(History)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -199.666 -10.959 Td [(\050Bohn's)-283(ed.\051,)-292(vol.)-351(iii.)-350(pp.)-350(321-323.)-350(It)-284(appears)-283(in)-284(many)-283(traits)-284(scattered)-283(through)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-251(lives)-252(of)-251(these)-251(saints.)-254(I)-251(have)-252(already)-251(cited)-251(the)-251(visions)-252(telling)-251(St.)-254(Antony)-251(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(St.)-542(Macarius)-348(that)-347(they)-348(were)-347(not)-348(the)-347(best)-348(of)-347(living)-348(people;)-396(and)-347(also)-348(the)-347(case)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-300(the)-300(hermit,)-313(who)-300(was)-300(deceived)-300(by)-300(a)-301(devil)-300(in)-300(the)-300(form)-300(of)-300(a)-300(woman,)-313(because)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-285(had)-284(been)-284(exalted)-285(by)-284(pride.)-354(Another)-284(hermit,)-293(being)-285(very)-284(holy,)-294(received)-284(pure)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(white)-262(bread)-262(every)-262(day)-262(from)-262(heaven,)-265(but,)-264(being)-262(extravagantly)-262(elated,)-265(the)-262(bread)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(got)-347(worse)-348(and)-347(worse)-347(till)-347(it)-347(became)-348(perfectly)-347(black.)-542(\050Tillemont,)-371(tome)-347(x.)-542(pp.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(27-28.\051)-316(A)-271(certain)-272(Isidore)-272(affirmed)-272(that)-272(he)-272(had)-271(not)-272(been)-272(conscious)-272(of)-272(sin,)-277(even)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-307(thought,)-320(for)-307(forty)-307(years.)-420(\050Socrates,)-320(iv.)-420(23.\051)-420(It)-307(was)-306(a)-307(saying)-307(of)-306(St.)-420(Antony,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-267(a)-267(solitary)-268(man)-267(in)-267(the)-267(desert)-267(is)-267(free)-268(from)-267(three)-267(wars)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 197.663 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(of)-267(sight,)-272(speech,)-271(and)]TJ -206.63 -10.959 Td [(hearing:)-250(he)-250(has)-250(to)-250(combat)-250(only)-250(fornication.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 159.378 0 Td [(Apothegmata)-250(Patrum.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 79.2 0 Td [(\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 794 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 795 0 R /Resources 793 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 797 0 R >> endobj 796 0 obj << /D [794 0 R /XYZ 243.238 409.782 null] >> endobj 793 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 800 0 obj << /Length 4779 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(184History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(exclusively)-222(a)-222(Christian)-222(virtue;)-231(and)-222(there)-222(has)-222(probably)-222(never)-222(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-344(sphere)-344(in)-344(which)-344(it)-344(has)-344(been)-344(so)-344(largely)-344(and)-344(so)-344(successfully)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inculcated)-251(as)-250(in)-251(the)-250(monastery.)-252(The)-250(whole)-251(penitential)-250(discipline,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-359(entire)-359(mode)-360(or)-359(tenor)-359(of)-359(the)-359(monastic)-360(life,)-386(was)-359(designed)-359(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tame)-318(every)-319(sentiment)-318(of)-318(pride,)-335(and)-319(to)-318(give)-318(humility)-318(a)-318(foremost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place)-508(in)-508(the)-507(hierarchy)-508(of)-508(virtues.)-1023(We)-508(have)-508(here)-508(one)-507(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(source)-337(of)-336(the)-337(mollifying)-337(influence)-336(of)-337(Catholicism.)-510(The)-336(gentler)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtues)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 29.695 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(benevolence)-264(and)-265(amiability)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.294 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(may,)-268(and)-265(in)-264(an)-264(advanced)]TJ -171.807 -13.549 Td [(civilisation)-187(often)-188(do,)-200(subsist)-187(in)-187(natures)-187(that)-188(are)-187(completely)-187(devoid)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-204(genuine)-205(humility;)-219(but,)-214(on)-204(the)-205(other)-204(hand,)-213(it)-205(is)-204(scarcely)-204(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-435(a)-435(nature)-435(to)-435(be)-435(pervaded)-435(by)-435(a)-435(deep)-435(sentiment)-435(of)-434(humility)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-292(this)-293(sentiment)-292(exercising)-292(a)-293(softening)-292(influence)-292(over)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-423(character.)-768(To)-422(transform)-423(a)-423(fierce)-422(warlike)-423(nature)-423(into)-422(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character)-345(of)-344(a)-345(gentler)-344(type,)-368(the)-345(first)-344(essential)-345(is)-344(to)-345(awaken)-344(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(feeling.)-247(In)-240(the)-241(monasteries,)-242(the)-241(extinction)-240(of)-241(social)-240(and)-240(domestic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feelings,)-205(the)-193(narrow)-193(corporate)-193(spirit,)-205(and,)-204(still)-194(more,)-204(the)-193(atrocious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions)-436(that)-436(were)-436(prevalent)-436(concerning)-436(the)-872(guilt)-436(of)-435(heresy,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([187])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(produced)-359(in)-358(many)-359(minds)-359(an)-359(extreme)-358(and)-359(most)-359(active)-358(ferocity;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-238(the)-237(practice)-238(of)-237(charity,)-240(and)-238(the)-238(ideal)-237(of)-238(humility,)-240(never)-237(failed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(exercise)-250(some)-250(softening)-250(influence)-250(upon)-250(Christendom.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(But,)-438(however)-401(advantageous)-400(the)-401(temporary)-400(pre-eminence)-400(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(this)-310(moral)-309(type)-310(may)-310(have)-309(been,)-325(it)-310(was)-309(obviously)-310(unsuited)-310(for)-309(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(later)-325(stage)-325(of)-325(civilisation.)-476(Political)-325(liberty)-325(is)-325(almost)-325(impossible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(where)-510(the)-510(monastic)-510(system)-510(is)-510(supreme,)-575(not)-510(merely)-510(because)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-362(monasteries)-362(divert)-361(the)-362(energies)-362(of)-361(the)-362(nation)-362(from)-362(civic)-361(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ecclesiastical)-219(channels,)-226(but)-219(also)-219(because)-219(the)-220(monastic)-219(ideal)-219(is)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-374(apotheosis)-374(of)-374(servitude.)-622(Catholicism)-374(has)-374(been)-374(admirably)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fitted)-212(at)-212(once)-212(to)-212(mitigate)-212(and)-211(to)-212(perpetuate)-212(despotism.)-238(When)-211(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-239(learnt)-238(to)-239(reverence)-238(a)-239(life)-238(of)-239(passive,)-241(unreasoning)-238(obedience)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-291(the)-291(highest)-292(type)-291(of)-291(perfection,)-302(the)-291(enthusiasm)-291(and)-291(passion)-291(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(freedom)-311(necessarily)-312(decline.)-434(In)-311(this)-312(respect)-311(there)-312(is)-311(an)-311(analogy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-479(the)-478(monastic)-479(and)-479(the)-479(military)-478(spirit,)-536(both)-479(of)-478(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(promote)-212(and)-212(glorify)-212(passive)-212(obedience,)-220(and)-212(therefore)-212(prepare)-212(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(minds)-280(of)-281(men)-280(for)-281(despotic)-280(rule;)-296(but,)-288(on)-280(the)-281(whole,)-288(the)-280(monastic)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 799 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 800 0 R /Resources 798 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 797 0 R >> endobj 801 0 obj << /D [799 0 R /XYZ 299.612 301.388 null] >> endobj 798 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 804 0 obj << /Length 5498 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(185)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(spirit)-220(is)-220(probably)-219(more)-220(hostile)-220(to)-219(freedom)-220(than)-220(the)-220(military)-219(spirit,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-265(the)-266(obedience)-265(of)-265(the)-265(monk)-265(is)-266(based)-265(upon)-265(humility,)-269(while)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obedience)-207(of)-206(the)-207(soldier)-206(coexists)-207(with)-206(pride.)-236(Now,)-215(a)-206(considerable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(measure)-237(of)-236(pride,)-240(or)-236(self-assertion,)-240(is)-236(an)-237(invariable)-236(characteristic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(free)-250(communities.)]TJ 11.956 -14.486 Td [(The)-243(ascendancy)-243(which)-243(the)-244(monastic)-243(system)-243(gave)-243(to)-243(the)-243(virtue)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(of)-224(humility)-223(has)-224(not)-223(continued.)-242(This)-223(virtue)-224(is)-223(indeed)-224(the)-223(crowning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grace)-173(and)-172(beauty)-173(of)-172(the)-173(most)-173(perfect)-172(characters)-173(of)-172(the)-173(saintly)-172(type;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-297(experience)-296(has)-297(shown)-297(that)-297(among)-296(common)-297(men)-297(humility)-296(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-328(apt)-328(to)-328(degenerate)-328(into)-328(servility)-328(than)-328(pride)-328(into)-327(arrogance;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-397(modern)-396(moralists)-397(have)-397(appealed)-396(more)-397(successfully)-397(to)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sense)-530(of)-531(dignity)-530(than)-531(to)-530(the)-531(opposite)-530(feeling.)-1092(Two)-530(of)-530(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-414(important)-414(steps)-414(of)-414(later)-414(moral)-414(history)-414(have)-414(consisted)-414(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-546(creation)-546(of)-546(a)-547(sentiment)-546(of)-546(pride)-546(as)-546(the)-546(parent)-546(and)-546(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(guardian)-465(of)-464(many)-465(virtues.)-894(The)-465(first)-464(of)-465(these)-464(encroachments)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-410(the)-411(monastic)-820(spirit)-411(was)-410(chivalry,)-450(which)-411(called)-410(into)-410(being)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([188])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(a)-367(proud)-368(and)-367(jealous)-367(military)-368(honour)-367(that)-367(has)-368(never)-367(since)-367(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(extinguished.)-243(The)-230(second)-230(was)-230(the)-230(creation)-230(of)-230(that)-230(feeling)-230(of)-230(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(respect)-291(which)-291(is)-291(one)-291(of)-291(the)-291(most)-291(remarkable)-291(characteristics)-291(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinguish)-350(Protestant)-350(from)-349(the)-350(most)-350(Catholic)-350(populations,)-374(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-294(has)-294(proved)-294(among)-294(the)-294(former)-294(an)-294(invaluable)-294(moral)-294(agent,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forming)-512(frank)-511(and)-512(independent)-512(natures,)-577(and)-512(checking)-511(every)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(servile)-334(habit)-334(and)-333(all)-334(mean)-334(and)-334(degrading)-334(vice.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 206.964 3.959 Td [(395)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.923 -3.959 Td [(The)-334(peculiar)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 208.354 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 201.458 Td [(395)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pride,)-193(under)-178(such)-179(training)-178([that)-179(of)-178(modern)-178(rationalistic)-179(philosophy],)-193(instead)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(of)-394(running)-394(to)-393(waste,)-430(is)-394(turned)-394(to)-393(account.)-682(It)-394(gets)-393(a)-394(new)-394(name;)-466(it)-393(is)-394(called)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(self-respect....)-240(It)-218(is)-218(directed)-219(into)-218(the)-218(channel)-219(of)-218(industry,)-225(frugality,)-224(honesty,)-225(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(obedience,)-289(and)-281(it)-282(becomes)-281(the)-281(very)-281(staple)-282(of)-281(the)-281(religion)-281(and)-282(morality)-281(held)-281(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(honour)-172(in)-172(a)-171(day)-172(like)-172(our)-171(own.)-224(It)-172(becomes)-172(the)-172(safeguard)-171(of)-172(chastity,)-187(the)-172(guarantee)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-357(veracity,)-384(in)-357(high)-357(and)-357(low;)-410(it)-357(is)-357(the)-357(very)-357(household)-357(god)-357(of)-357(the)-357(Protestant,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(inspiring)-358(neatness)-359(and)-358(decency)-359(in)-358(the)-358(servant-girl,)-386(propriety)-358(of)-359(carriage)-358(and)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(refined)-429(manners)-429(in)-429(her)-429(mistress,)-474(uprightness,)-474(manliness,)-474(and)-429(generosity)-429(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-331(head)-331(of)-332(the)-331(family....)-493(It)-332(is)-331(the)-331(stimulating)-331(principle)-331(of)-332(providence)-331(on)-331(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(one)-385(hand,)-419(and)-385(of)-385(free)-385(expenditure)-385(on)-385(the)-385(other;)-452(of)-385(an)-385(honourable)-385(ambition)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-365(of)-364(elegant)-365(enjoyment.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 96.215 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Newman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.135 0 Td [(On)-365(University)-364(Education)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 91.709 0 Td [(,)-393(Discourse)]TJ -239.007 -10.959 Td [(ix.)-663(In)-388(the)-388(same)-388(lecture)-388(\050which)-388(is,)-422(perhaps,)-422(the)-388(most)-388(beautiful)-387(of)-388(the)-388(many)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(beautiful)-354(productions)-353(of)-353(its)-354(illustrious)-353(author\051,)-380(Dr.)-560(Newman)-354(describes,)-379(with)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 803 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 804 0 R /Resources 802 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 797 0 R >> endobj 805 0 obj << /D [803 0 R /XYZ 123.833 314 null] >> endobj 802 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 808 0 obj << /Length 4791 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(186History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(vigour)-285(with)-284(which)-285(it)-284(has)-284(been)-285(developed)-284(in)-285(Protestant)-284(countries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-241(be)-241(attributed)-241(to)-241(the)-241(suppression)-241(of)-241(monastic)-241(institutions)-241(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habits;)-324(to)-300(the)-299(stigma)-300(Protestantism)-299(has)-300(attached)-299(to)-299(mendicancy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-303(Catholicism)-303(has)-303(usually)-303(glorified)-302(and)-303(encouraged;)-330(to)-302(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(high)-334(place)-334(Protestantism)-334(has)-334(accorded)-334(to)-334(private)-334(judgment)-334(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personal)-290(responsibility;)-311(and)-290(lastly,)-301(to)-290(the)-290(action)-291(of)-290(free)-290(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(institutions,)-297(which)-288(have)-288(taken)-287(deepest)-288(root)-288(where)-288(the)-287(principles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Reformation)-250(have)-250(been)-250(accepted.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 163.701 407.17 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 140.315 0 l S Q BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 105.499 390.611 Td [(The)-471(relation)-472(of)-471(the)-471(monasteries)-472(to)-471(the)-471(intellectual)-471(virtues,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(which)-448(we)-448(have)-448(next)-447(to)-448(examine,)-497(opens)-448(out)-448(a)-448(wide)-448(field)-448(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([189])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(discussion;)-463(and,)-427(in)-392(order)-392(to)-392(appreciate)-392(it,)-428(it)-392(will)-392(be)-391(necessary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-439(revert)-440(briefly)-439(to)-439(a)-439(somewhat)-440(earlier)-439(stage)-439(of)-439(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history.)-238(And)-212(in)-212(the)-213(first)-212(place,)-220(it)-213(may)-212(be)-213(observed,)-220(that)-212(the)-212(phrase)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(intellectual)-314(virtue,)-329(which)-314(is)-314(often)-314(used)-313(in)-314(a)-314(metaphorical)-313(sense,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-308(susceptible)-309(of)-308(a)-309(strictly)-308(literal)-309(interpretation.)-425(If)-309(a)-308(sincere)-308(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(active)-394(desire)-394(for)-393(truth)-394(be)-394(a)-394(moral)-393(duty,)-430(the)-394(discipline)-394(and)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dispositions)-272(that)-272(are)-273(plainly)-272(involved)-272(in)-272(every)-272(honest)-272(search)-272(fall)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rigidly)-271(within)-272(the)-271(range)-271(of)-271(ethics.)-314(To)-272(love)-271(truth)-271(sincerely)-271(means)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-352(pursue)-352(it)-352(with)-352(an)-352(earnest,)-377(conscientious,)-378(unflagging)-352(zeal.)-555(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(means)-269(to)-269(be)-269(prepared)-270(to)-269(follow)-269(the)-269(light)-269(of)-269(evidence)-269(even)-269(to)-269(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-269(unwelcome)-270(conclusions;)-278(to)-270(labour)-269(earnestly)-269(to)-269(emancipate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-188(mind)-188(from)-189(early)-188(prejudices;)-208(to)-189(resist)-188(the)-188(current)-188(of)-188(the)-188(desires,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-272(the)-272(refracting)-271(influence)-272(of)-272(the)-272(passions;)-282(to)-272(proportion)-272(on)-271(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occasions)-365(conviction)-364(to)-365(evidence,)-393(and)-364(to)-365(be)-364(ready,)-393(if)-365(need)-364(be,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-455(exchange)-456(the)-455(calm)-456(of)-455(assurance)-455(for)-456(all)-455(the)-456(suffering)-455(of)-455(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perplexed)-345(and)-346(disturbed)-345(mind.)-536(To)-345(do)-345(this)-346(is)-345(very)-345(difficult)-345(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-349(painful;)-400(but)-349(it)-349(is)-350(clearly)-349(involved)-350(in)-349(the)-350(notion)-349(of)-349(earnest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(love)-377(of)-377(truth.)-631(If,)-409(then,)-408(any)-377(system)-377(stigmatises)-377(as)-377(criminal)-377(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-297(of)-296(doubt,)-309(denounces)-296(the)-297(examination)-297(of)-296(some)-297(one)-297(class)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(arguments)-302(or)-303(facts,)-315(seeks)-302(to)-302(introduce)-303(the)-302(bias)-302(of)-302(the)-302(affections)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 96.884 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 88.06 Td [(admirable)-233(eloquence,)-236(the)-232(manner)-233(in)-232(which)-233(modesty)-232(has)-233(supplanted)-232(humility)-233(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-278(modern)-278(type)-278(of)-278(excellence.)-333(It)-278(is)-278(scarcely)-278(necessary)-278(to)-277(say)-278(that)-278(the)-278(lecturer)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(strongly)-250(disapproves)-250(of)-250(the)-250(movement)-250(he)-250(describes.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 807 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 808 0 R /Resources 806 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 797 0 R >> endobj 809 0 obj << /D [807 0 R /XYZ 374.173 377.062 null] >> endobj 806 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 812 0 obj << /Length 5131 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(187)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(into)-242(the)-242(enquiries)-243(of)-242(the)-242(reason,)-244(or)-242(regards)-242(the)-242(honest)-242(conclusion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-230(an)-231(upright)-230(investigator)-230(as)-231(involving)-230(moral)-230(guilt,)-235(that)-230(system)-230(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subversive)-250(of)-250(intellectual)-250(honesty.)]TJ 11.956 -15.04 Td [(Among)-364(the)-363(ancients,)-392(although)-364(the)-364(methods)-363(of)-364(enquiry)-363(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(often)-359(very)-359(faulty,)-387(and)-359(generalisations)-359(very)-359(hasty,)-386(a)-359(respect)-359(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-238(honest)-237(search)-238(after)-237(truth)-238(was)-237(widely)-238(diffused.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.541 3.959 Td [(396)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.135 -3.959 Td [(There)-237(were,)]TJ -228.676 -13.549 Td [(as)-413(we)-413(have)-413(already)-413(seen,)-454(instances)-413(in)-413(which)-413(certain)-413(religious)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(practices)-524(which)-524(were)-523(regarded)-524(as)-524(attestations)-524(of)-523(loyalty,)-592(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-303(necessary)-303(to)-302(propitiate)-303(the)-303(gods)-303(in)-302(favour)-303(of)-606(the)-303(Stat)1(e,)-316(were)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([190])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(enforced)-191(by)-190(law;)-211(there)-190(were)-191(even)-191(a)-190(few)-191(instances)-191(of)-190(philosophies,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-251(were)-250(believed)-251(to)-251(lead)-250(directly)-251(to)-250(immoral)-251(results)-251(or)-250(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(convulsions,)-216(being)-208(suppressed;)-221(but,)-216(as)-208(a)-208(general)-207(rule,)-216(speculation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-263(untrammelled,)-266(the)-262(notion)-263(of)-263(there)-262(being)-263(any)-263(necessary)-262(guilt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-389(erroneous)-388(opinion)-389(was)-389(unknown,)-423(and)-389(the)-389(boldest)-388(enquirers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-253(regarded)-254(with)-254(honour)-253(and)-254(admiration.)-260(The)-254(religious)-253(theory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-206(Paganism)-206(had)-206(in)-206(this)-206(respect)-206(some)-206(influence.)-236(Polytheism,)-214(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-339(faults,)-362(had)-340(three)-339(great)-340(merits.)-518(It)-339(was)-340(eminently)-339(poetical,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(eminently)-344(patriotic,)-367(and)-343(eminently)-344(tolerant.)-531(The)-344(conception)-343(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-378(vast)-378(hierarchy)-377(of)-378(beings)-378(more)-378(glorious)-378(than,)-410(but)-378(not)-377(wholly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unlike,)-565(men,)-566(presiding)-502(over)-502(all)-503(the)-502(developments)-502(of)-502(nature,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-491(filling)-491(the)-490(universe)-491(with)-491(their)-491(deeds,)-551(supplied)-491(the)-490(chief)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nutriment)-476(of)-476(the)-475(Greek)-476(imagination.)-928(The)-476(national)-475(religions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interweaving)-207(religious)-207(ceremonies)-208(and)-207(associations)-207(with)-207(all)-207(civic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(life,)-486(concentrated)-438(and)-438(intensified)-439(the)-438(sentiment)-439(of)-438(patriotism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-485(the)-485(notion)-485(of)-485(many)-486(distinct)-485(groups)-485(of)-485(gods)-485(led)-485(men)-485(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tolerate)-327(many)-327(forms)-327(of)-327(worship)-328(and)-327(great)-327(variety)-327(of)-327(creeds.)-481(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-408(colossal)-408(amalgam)-408(of)-408(nations)-408(of)-408(which)-408(Rome)-408(became)-408(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(metropolis,)-457(intellectual)-415(liberty)-416(still)-415(further)-416(advanced;)-498(the)-415(vast)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(variety)-380(of)-381(philosophies)-380(and)-380(beliefs)-381(expatiated)-380(unmolested;)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(search)-281(for)-282(truth)-281(was)-282(regarded)-281(as)-282(an)-281(important)-281(element)-282(of)-281(virtue,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-383(the)-382(relentless)-383(and)-383(most)-382(sceptical)-383(criticism)-383(which)-382(Socrates)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(396)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Thus)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 19.78 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(indagatio)-206(veri)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 49.164 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.828 0 Td [(was)-206(reckoned)-206(among)-206(the)-206(leading)-206(virtues,)-215(and)-206(the)-206(high)]TJ -90.709 -10.959 Td [(place)-296(given)-297(to)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 53.788 0 Td [(\303\277\306)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 14.472 0 Td [(w)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(\261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.364 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 15.604 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(prudentia)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 33.866 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.637 0 Td [(in)-296(ethical)-297(writings)-296(preserved)-296(the)-296(notion)]TJ -138.348 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(duties)-250(connected)-250(with)-250(the)-250(discipline)-250(of)-250(the)-250(intellect.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 811 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 812 0 R /Resources 810 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 797 0 R >> endobj 813 0 obj << /D [811 0 R /XYZ 258.276 408.291 null] >> endobj 810 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 816 0 obj << /Length 4726 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(188History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(had)-212(applied)-211(in)-212(turn)-211(to)-212(all)-211(the)-212(fundamental)-211(propositions)-212(of)-211(popular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(belief)-250(remained)-250(as)-250(an)-250(example)-250(to)-250(his)-250(successors.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(We)-441(have)-442(already)-441(seen)-441(that)-442(one)-441(leading)-441(cause)-442(of)-441(the)-441(rapid)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(progress)-526(of)-525(the)-526(Church)-525(was)-526(that)-526(its)-525(teachers)-526(enforced)-525(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinctive)-382(tenets)-381(as)-382(absolutely)-382(essential)-381(to)-382(salvation,)-415(and)-381(thus)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(assailed)-351(at)-351(a)-351(great)-351(advantage)-351(the)-351(supporters)-351(of)-351(all)-351(other)-350(creeds)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-420(did)-419(not)-420(claim)-420(this)-419(exclusive)-420(authority.)-759(We)-420(have)-419(seen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too,)-529(that)-472(in)-473(an)-473(age)-473(of)-472(great)-473(and)-473(growing)-473(credulity)-473(they)-472(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-454(conspicuous)-455(for)-454(their)-455(assertion)-454(of)-454(the)-455(duty)-454(of)-454(absolute,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unqualified,)-406(and)-375(unquestioning)-375(belief.)-625(The)-375(notion)-375(of)-375(the)-375(guilt)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(both)-184(of)-183(error)-184(and)-184(of)-183(doubt)-184(grew)-184(rapidly,)-197(and,)-196(being)-368(soon)-183(regarded)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([191])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(as)-197(a)-197(fundamental)-197(tenet,)-207(it)-197(determined)-197(the)-197(whole)-197(course)-197(and)-196(policy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Church.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(And)-372(here,)-402(I)-371(think,)-402(it)-372(will)-372(not)-371(be)-372(unadvisable)-372(to)-371(pause)-372(for)-371(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(moment,)-219(and)-212(endeavour)-212(to)-212(ascertain)-211(what)-212(misconceived)-212(truth)-211(lay)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-259(the)-259(root)-259(of)-259(this)-259(fatal)-259(tenet.)-277(Considered)-259(abstractedly)-259(and)-259(by)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(light)-384(of)-383(nature,)-417(it)-384(is)-384(as)-383(unmeaning)-384(to)-384(speak)-383(of)-384(the)-383(immorality)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-389(an)-390(intellectual)-389(mistake)-389(as)-389(it)-390(would)-389(be)-389(to)-390(talk)-389(of)-389(the)-389(colour)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-417(a)-417(sound.)-752(If)-417(a)-417(man)-418(has)-417(sincerely)-417(persuaded)-417(himself)-417(that)-417(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-394(possible)-393(for)-394(parallel)-393(lines)-394(to)-394(meet,)-429(or)-394(for)-393(two)-394(straight)-393(lines)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-400(enclose)-399(a)-400(space,)-437(we)-400(pronounce)-400(his)-399(judgment)-400(to)-400(be)-399(absurd;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-399(it)-399(is)-400(free)-399(from)-399(all)-399(tincture)-399(of)-399(immorality.)-698(And)-399(if,)-436(instead)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-287(failing)-287(to)-286(appreciate)-287(a)-287(demonstrable)-287(truth,)-296(his)-287(error)-286(consisted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-323(a)-323(false)-323(estimate)-322(of)-323(the)-323(conflicting)-323(arguments)-323(of)-323(an)-322(historical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(problem,)-225(this)-218(mistake)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 93.626 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(assuming)-218(always)-219(that)-219(the)-218(enquiry)-219(was)-218(an)]TJ -104.535 -13.549 Td [(upright)-234(one)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 49.824 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(is)-234(still)-234(simply)-235(external)-234(to)-234(the)-234(sphere)-234(of)-234(morals.)-245(It)-234(is)]TJ -60.733 -13.549 Td [(possible)-281(that)-281(his)-281(conclusion,)-289(by)-281(weakening)-281(some)-281(barrier)-280(against)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vice,)-233(may)-229(produce)-229(vicious)-229(consequences,)-233(like)-229(those)-229(which)-228(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ensue)-215(from)-216(some)-215(ill-advised)-216(modification)-215(of)-216(the)-215(police)-215(force;)-227(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-366(in)-366(no)-366(degree)-366(follows)-366(from)-366(this)-366(that)-366(the)-366(judgment)-366(is)-366(in)-365(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(criminal.)-312(If)-270(a)-271(student)-270(applies)-270(himself)-271(with)-270(the)-271(same)-270(dispositions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-245(Roman)-245(and)-246(Jewish)-245(histories,)-246(the)-245(mistakes)-246(he)-245(may)-245(make)-245(in)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(latter)-241(are)-242(no)-241(more)-241(immoral)-241(than)-242(those)-241(which)-241(he)-242(may)-241(make)-241(in)-241(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(former.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 815 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 816 0 R /Resources 814 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 797 0 R >> endobj 817 0 obj << /D [815 0 R /XYZ 311.399 380.228 null] >> endobj 814 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 820 0 obj << /Length 4705 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(189)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(There)-326(are,)-344(however,)-345(two)-326(cases)-326(in)-325(which)-326(an)-326(intellectual)-325(error)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(may)-333(be)-332(justly)-333(said)-333(to)-332(involve,)-354(or)-332(at)-333(least)-333(to)-332(represent,)-354(guilt.)-497(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-324(first)-324(place,)-343(error)-324(very)-324(frequently)-323(springs)-324(from)-324(the)-324(partial)-324(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(complete)-278(absence)-278(of)-279(that)-278(mental)-278(disposition)-278(which)-278(is)-278(implied)-278(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-305(real)-305(love)-305(of)-305(truth.)-415(Hypocrites,)-319(or)-305(men)-305(who)-305(t)1(hrough)-305(interested)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(motives)-347(profess)-346(opinions)-347(which)-347(they)-347(do)-346(not)-347(really)-347(believe,)-370(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-250(rarer)-251(than)-250(is)-251(usually)-250(supposed;)-251(but)-250(it)-251(would)-250(be)-250(difficult)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-244(over-estimate)-244(the)-243(number)-244(of)-244(those)-244(whose)-244(genuine)-243(convictions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-417(due)-417(to)-417(the)-417(unresisted)-418(bias)-417(of)-417(their)-417(interests.)-751(By)-417(the)-417(term)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interests,)-284(I)-277(mean)-276(not)-277(only)-277(material)-277(well-being,)-284(but)-277(also)-277(all)-276(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mental)-482(luxuries,)-1078(all)-482(those)-481(grooves)-482(or)-481(channels)-482(for)-481(thought,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([192])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(which)-265(it)-266(is)-265(easy)-265(and)-265(pleasing)-265(to)-266(follow,)-269(and)-265(painful)-265(and)-265(difficult)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-406(abandon.)-717(Such)-406(are)-405(the)-406(love)-406(of)-406(ease,)-444(the)-406(love)-406(of)-405(certainty,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-425(love)-425(of)-425(system,)-469(the)-425(bias)-425(of)-425(the)-425(passions,)-468(the)-425(associations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-384(the)-383(imagination,)-417(as)-383(well)-384(as)-383(the)-384(coarser)-383(influences)-384(of)-383(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position,)-218(domestic)-210(happiness,)-217(professional)-210(interest,)-218(party)-209(feeling,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-348(ambition.)-544(In)-348(most)-347(men,)-373(the)-348(love)-348(of)-347(truth)-348(is)-348(so)-348(languid,)-372(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-231(reluctance)-231(to)-231(encounter)-231(mental)-231(suffering)-231(is)-231(so)-231(great,)-235(that)-230(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(yield)-293(their)-292(judgments)-293(without)-293(an)-292(effort)-293(to)-293(the)-292(current,)-303(withdraw)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-214(minds)-215(from)-214(all)-214(opinions)-214(or)-214(arguments)-215(opposed)-214(to)-214(their)-214(own,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-278(thus)-279(speedily)-278(convince)-278(themselves)-279(of)-278(the)-278(truth)-279(of)-278(what)-278(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wish)-340(to)-339(believe.)-519(He)-340(who)-339(really)-340(loves)-339(truth)-340(is)-340(bound)-339(at)-340(least)-339(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(endeavour)-340(to)-340(resist)-340(these)-340(distorting)-340(influences,)-363(and)-340(in)-340(as)-340(far)-340(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-351(opinions)-351(are)-351(the)-351(result)-351(of)-351(his)-351(not)-351(having)-350(done)-351(so,)-377(in)-351(so)-350(far)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-250(represent)-250(a)-250(moral)-250(failing.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(In)-531(the)-531(next)-532(place,)-601(it)-531(must)-532(be)-531(observed)-531(that)-531(every)-531(moral)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(disposition)-328(brings)-327(with)-328(it)-327(an)-328(intellectual)-328(bias)-327(which)-328(exercises)-327(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-340(and)-341(often)-340(a)-341(controlling)-340(and)-340(decisive)-341(influence)-340(even)-340(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-194(most)-195(earnest)-194(enquirer.)-231(If)-195(we)-194(know)-194(the)-195(character)-194(or)-194(disposition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-215(a)-215(man,)-222(we)-214(can)-215(usually)-215(predict)-215(with)-215(tolerable)-215(accuracy)-215(many)-214(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-245(opinions.)-249(We)-245(can)-246(tell)-245(to)-245(what)-246(side)-245(of)-245(politics,)-247(to)-245(what)-245(canons)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-489(taste,)-549(to)-489(what)-489(theory)-489(of)-489(morals)-489(he)-489(will)-489(naturall)1(y)-489(incline.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Stern,)-503(heroic,)-503(and)-452(haughty)-452(natures)-452(tend)-453(to)-452(systems)-452(in)-452(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-343(qualities)-343(occupy)-343(the)-343(foremost)-343(position)-343(in)-343(the)-343(moral)-343(type,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 819 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 820 0 R /Resources 818 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 822 0 R >> endobj 821 0 obj << /D [819 0 R /XYZ 125.48 382.683 null] >> endobj 818 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 825 0 obj << /Length 4682 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(190History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(while)-383(gentle)-384(natures)-383(will)-383(as)-383(naturally)-384(lean)-383(towards)-383(systems)-383(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-357(the)-357(amiable)-356(virtues)-357(are)-357(supreme.)-570(Impelled)-357(by)-357(a)-356(species)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-419(moral)-418(gravitation,)-461(the)-419(enquirer)-418(will)-419(glide)-418(insensibly)-419(to)-418(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-395(which)-395(is)-395(congruous)-395(to)-395(his)-395(disposition,)-431(and)-395(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(difficulties)-537(will)-537(seldom)-536(arrest)-537(him.)-1110(He)-537(can)-537(have)-536(observed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-406(nature)-406(with)-406(but)-406(little)-406(fruit)-406(who)-406(has)-406(not)-406(remarked)-406(how)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constant)-419(is)-419(this)-419(connection,)-461(and)-419(how)-419(very)-419(rarely)-419(men)-418(change)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fundamentally)-390(the)-390(principles)-389(they)-390(had)-390(deliberately)-390(adopted)-389(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious,)-251(moral,)-250(or)-251(even)-250(political)-250(questions,)-502(without)-250(the)-250(change)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([193])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(being)-356(preceded,)-382(accompanied,)-382(or)-356(very)-356(speedily)-355(followed,)-383(by)-355(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(serious)-188(modification)-188(of)-188(character.)-229(So,)-200(too,)-201(a)-188(vicious)-188(and)-187(depraved)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature,)-404(or)-374(a)-373(nature)-373(which)-373(is)-374(hard,)-404(narrow,)-404(and)-373(unsympathetic,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-286(tend,)-294(much)-286(less)-286(by)-286(calculation)-285(or)-286(indolence)-286(than)-286(by)-285(natural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affinity,)-207(to)-196(low)-196(and)-196(degrading)-196(views)-196(of)-196(human)-196(nature.)-231(Those)-196(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-183(never)-183(felt)-183(the)-183(higher)-183(emotions)-183(will)-183(scarcely)-183(appreciate)-183(them.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-346(materials)-347(with)-346(which)-347(the)-346(intellect)-346(builds)-347(are)-346(often)-346(derived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-254(the)-253(heart,)-255(and)-253(a)-254(moral)-253(disease)-254(is)-253(therefore)-254(not)-253(unfrequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-250(the)-250(root)-250(of)-250(an)-250(erroneous)-250(judgment.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(Of)-340(these)-341(two)-341(truths)-340(the)-341(first)-340(cannot,)-363(I)-341(think,)-363(be)-340(said)-341(to)-340(have)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(had)-328(any)-329(influence)-328(in)-328(the)-329(formation)-328(of)-328(the)-329(theological)-328(notion)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-226(guilt)-227(of)-226(error.)-242(An)-227(elaborate)-226(process)-227(of)-226(mental)-226(discipline,)-231(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-235(view)-235(to)-235(strengthening)-235(the)-235(critical)-235(powers)-235(of)-235(the)-235(mind,)-238(is)-235(utterly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remote)-335(from)-335(the)-335(spirit)-334(of)-335(theology;)-377(and)-335(this)-335(is)-335(one)-335(of)-335(the)-334(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reasons)-362(why)-361(the)-362(growth)-362(of)-361(an)-362(inductive)-362(and)-361(scientific)-362(spirit)-361(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invariably)-303(hostile)-304(to)-303(theological)-303(interests.)-410(To)-303(raise)-303(the)-303(requisite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(standard)-210(of)-211(proof,)-218(to)-210(inculcate)-210(hardness)-211(and)-210(slowness)-210(of)-210(belief,)-218(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-192(first)-191(task)-192(of)-191(the)-192(inductive)-192(reasoner.)-230(He)-192(looks)-191(with)-192(great)-191(favour)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(upon)-228(the)-229(condition)-228(of)-228(a)-228(suspended)-228(judgment;)-236(he)-228(encourages)-228(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rather)-198(to)-199(prolong)-198(than)-198(to)-198(abridge)-199(it;)-215(he)-198(regards)-199(the)-198(tendency)-198(of)-198(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-256(mind)-256(to)-256(rapid)-257(and)-256(premature)-256(generalisations)-256(as)-256(one)-256(of)-256(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-245(fatal)-245(vices;)-246(he)-245(desires)-245(especially)-245(that)-245(that)-245(which)-245(is)-244(believed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-345(not)-345(be)-344(so)-345(cherished)-345(that)-344(the)-345(mind)-345(should)-345(be)-344(indisposed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-450(admit)-449(doubt,)-500(or,)-499(on)-450(the)-449(appearance)-450(of)-449(new)-450(arguments,)-499(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revise)-342(with)-342(impartiality)-342(its)-343(conclusions.)-526(Nearly)-342(all)-342(the)-342(greatest)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 824 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 825 0 R /Resources 823 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 822 0 R >> endobj 826 0 obj << /D [824 0 R /XYZ 288.412 409.782 null] >> endobj 823 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 829 0 obj << /Length 4523 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(191)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(intellectual)-376(achievements)-376(of)-376(the)-376(last)-376(three)-376(centuries)-376(have)-376(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preceded)-251(and)-251(prepared)-250(by)-251(the)-251(growth)-251(of)-250(scepticism.)-253(The)-250(historic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scepticism)-204(which)-204(Vico,)-214(Beaufort,)-213(Pouilly,)-214(and)-204(Voltaire)-204(in)-204(the)-204(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century,)-320(and)-307(Niebuhr)-306(and)-307(Lewis)-306(in)-306(the)-307(present)-306(century,)-320(applied)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-280(ancient)-280(history,)-288(lies)-280(at)-280(the)-279(root)-280(of)-280(all)-280(the)-280(great)-280(modern)-280(efforts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-298(reconstruct)-298(the)-297(history)-298(of)-298(mankind.)-393(The)-298(splendid)-297(discoveries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-434(physical)-434(science)-434(would)-434(have)-434(been)-434(impossible)-434(but)-434(for)-434(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([194])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(scientific)-206(scepticism)-207(of)-206(the)-207(school)-206(of)-207(Bacon,)-215(which)-206(dissipated)-206(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-330(theories)-329(of)-330(the)-329(universe,)-350(and)-329(led)-330(men)-330(to)-329(demand)-330(a)-329(severity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-376(proof)-375(altogether)-376(unknown)-375(to)-376(the)-375(ancients.)-627(The)-375(philosophic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scepticism)-550(with)-550(which)-550(the)-550(system)-550(of)-550(Hume)-550(ended)-550(and)-549(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-377(of)-377(Kant)-376(began,)-409(has)-376(given)-377(the)-377(greatest)-377(modern)-376(impulse)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-343(metaphysics)-343(and)-344(ethics.)-529(Exactly)-343(in)-344(proportion,)-366(therefore,)-366(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-214(are)-214(educated)-214(in)-214(the)-214(inductive)-214(school,)-221(they)-214(are)-214(alienated)-214(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(those)-320(theological)-320(systems)-320(which)-320(represent)-320(a)-320(condition)-320(of)-320(doubt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-448(sinful,)-498(seek)-448(to)-448(govern)-448(the)-448(reason)-448(by)-448(the)-448(interests)-448(and)-448(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affections,)-295(and)-285(make)-286(it)-286(a)-286(main)-285(object)-286(to)-286(destroy)-286(the)-285(impartiality)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(judgment.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(But)-363(although)-362(it)-363(is)-363(difficult)-362(to)-363(look)-363(upon)-362(Catholicism)-363(in)-363(any)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(other)-250(light)-251(than)-250(as)-251(the)-250(most)-250(deadly)-251(enemy)-250(of)-251(the)-250(scientific)-250(spirit,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-497(has)-497(always)-497(cordially)-497(recognised)-497(the)-497(most)-497(important)-497(truth,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-322(character)-321(in)-322(a)-321(very)-322(great)-321(measure)-321(determines)-322(opinions.)-464(To)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cultivate)-356(the)-356(moral)-356(type)-355(that)-356(is)-356(most)-356(congenial)-356(to)-356(the)-355(opinions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-476(desires)-475(to)-476(recommend)-475(has)-476(always)-476(been)-475(its)-476(effort,)-532(and)-475(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conviction)-417(that)-418(a)-417(deviation)-417(from)-417(that)-417(type)-418(has)-417(often)-417(been)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(predisposing)-322(cause)-321(of)-322(intellectual)-321(heresy,)-340(had)-321(doubtless)-322(a)-321(large)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(share)-374(in)-375(the)-374(first)-374(persuasion)-375(of)-374(the)-374(guilt)-375(of)-374(error.)-623(But)-374(priestly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-311(other)-311(influences)-312(soon)-311(conspired)-311(to)-311(enlarge)-312(this)-311(doctrine.)-433(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crowd)-259(of)-260(speculative,)-261(historical,)-262(and)-259(administrative)-259(propositions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-231(asserted)-231(as)-231(essential)-231(to)-231(salvation,)-235(and)-231(all)-231(who)-231(rejected)-230(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-250(wholly)-250(external)-250(to)-250(the)-250(bond)-250(of)-250(Christian)-250(sympathy.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(If,)-451(indeed,)-451(we)-411(put)-411(aside)-410(the)-411(pure)-411(teaching)-411(of)-411(the)-410(Christian)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(founders,)-446(and)-407(consider)-407(the)-407(actual)-407(history)-407(of)-407(the)-407(Church)-406(since)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Constantine,)-251(we)-250(shall)-251(find)-250(no)-251(justification)-250(for)-251(the)-250(popular)-250(theory)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 828 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 829 0 R /Resources 827 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 822 0 R >> endobj 830 0 obj << /D [828 0 R /XYZ 327.401 436.88 null] >> endobj 827 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 833 0 obj << /Length 4913 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(192History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-167(beneath)-168(its)-167(influence)-167(the)-167(narrow)-167(spirit)-168(of)-167(patriotism)-167(faded)-167(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-259(wide)-259(and)-259(cosmopolitan)-258(philanthropy.)-277(A)-259(real)-259(though)-258(somewhat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(languid)-175(feeling)-175(of)-174(universal)-175(brotherhood)-175(had)-175(already)-175(been)-174(created)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-214(the)-213(world)-214(by)-214(the)-213(universality)-214(of)-214(the)-214(Roman)-213(Empire.)-238(In)-214(the)-213(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(faith)-317(the)-317(range)-317(of)-318(genuine)-317(sympathy)-317(was)-317(strictly)-317(limited)-317(by)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(creed.)-248(According)-245(to)-245(the)-245(popular)-245(belief,)-246(all)-245(who)-245(differed)-245(from)-244(the)]TJ 2.513 -13.549 Td [(teaching)-230(of)-231(the)-230(orthodox)-230(lived)-231(under)-230(the)-230(hatred)-230(of)-231(the)-230(Almighty,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -75.268 0 Td [([195])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-346(were)-345(destined)-346(after)-346(death)-346(for)-345(an)-346(eternity)-346(of)-345(anguish.)-537(Very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(naturally,)-439(therefore,)-439(they)-402(were)-401(wholly)-401(alienated)-402(from)-401(the)-401(true)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(believers,)-231(and)-225(no)-226(moral)-226(or)-226(intellectual)-225(excellence)-226(could)-226(atone)-225(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-150(crime)-150(in)-150(propagating)-150(error.)-217(The)-150(eighty)-150(or)-150(ninety)-150(sects,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 249.348 3.959 Td [(397)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.308 -3.959 Td [(into)]TJ -263.656 -13.549 Td [(which)-328(Christianity)-328(speedily)-328(divided,)-347(hated)-328(one)-328(another)-328(with)-328(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intensity)-208(that)-207(extorted)-208(the)-207(wonder)-208(of)-208(Julian)-207(and)-208(the)-207(ridicule)-208(of)-207(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pagans)-299(of)-299(Alexandria,)-311(and)-299(the)-299(fierce)-299(riots)-299(and)-299(persecutions)-298(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hatred)-352(produced)-352(appear)-352(in)-352(every)-352(page)-352(of)-352(ecclesiastical)-351(history.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-256(is,)-257(indeed,)-258(something)-255(at)-256(once)-256(grotesque)-256(and)-256(ghastly)-256(in)-255(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spectacle.)-640(The)-380(Donatists,)-412(having)-380(separated)-380(from)-380(the)-379(orthodox)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simply)-434(on)-434(the)-433(question)-434(of)-434(the)-433(validity)-434(of)-434(the)-434(consecration)-433(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-443(certain)-443(bishop,)-491(declared)-443(that)-443(all)-443(who)-443(adopted)-443(the)-442(orthodox)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(view)-492(must)-492(be)-491(damned,)-553(refused)-491(to)-492(perform)-492(their)-492(rites)-492(in)-491(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orthodox)-419(churches)-419(which)-418(they)-419(had)-419(seized,)-461(till)-419(they)-419(had)-418(burnt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-389(altar)-389(and)-388(scraped)-389(the)-389(wood,)-423(beat)-389(multitudes)-389(to)-389(death)-388(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clubs,)-430(blinded)-393(others)-394(by)-393(anointing)-394(their)-394(eyes)-393(with)-394(lime,)-429(filled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Africa,)-451(during)-411(nearly)-411(two)-411(centuries,)-451(with)-411(war)-411(and)-411(desolation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-429(contributed)-430(largely)-429(to)-430(its)-429(final)-430(ruin.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 182.942 3.959 Td [(398)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.053 -3.959 Td [(The)-429(childish)-430(and)]TJ -203.995 -13.549 Td [(almost)-215(unintelligible)-215(quarrels)-215(between)-215(the)-215(Homoiousians)-215(and)-214(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Homoousians,)-297(between)-288(those)-288(who)-287(maintained)-288(that)-288(the)-288(nature)-287(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christ)-195(was)-195(like)-194(that)-195(of)-195(the)-195(Father)-195(and)-194(those)-195(who)-195(maintained)-195(that)-194(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-204(the)-204(same,)-213(filled)-204(the)-204(world)-204(with)-204(riot)-204(and)-204(hatred.)-234(The)-204(Catholics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tell)-284(how)-284(an)-284(Arian)-284(Emperor)-284(caused)-284(eighty)-284(orthodox)-284(priests)-284(to)-283(be)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.03 Td [(397)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Augustine)-250(reckoned)-250(eighty-eight)-250(sects)-250(as)-250(existing)-250(in)-250(his)-250(time.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(398)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-411(a)-412(full)-411(account)-411(of)-412(these)-411(persecutions)-411(in)-412(Tillemont,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 206.133 0 Td [(M\351m.)-734(d'Histoire)]TJ -218.089 -10.959 Td [(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.388 0 Td [(tome)-250(vi.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 832 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 833 0 R /Resources 831 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 822 0 R >> endobj 834 0 obj << /D [832 0 R /XYZ 93.543 436.88 null] >> endobj 831 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 837 0 obj << /Length 6269 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(193)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(drowned)-378(on)-378(a)-378(single)-378(occasion;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.678 3.959 Td [(399)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.273 -3.959 Td [(how)-378(three)-378(thousand)-378(persons)]TJ -154.951 -13.549 Td [(perished)-445(in)-445(the)-445(riots)-445(that)-445(convulsed)-445(Constantinople)-445(when)-444(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Arian)-394(Bishop)-394(Macedonius)-394(superseded)-394(the)-394(Athanasian)-394(Paul;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(400)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(how)-371(George)-370(of)-371(Cappadocia,)-401(the)-371(Arian)-370(Bishop)-371(of)-371(Alexandria,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([196])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(caused)-228(the)-228(widows)-228(of)-228(the)-228(Athanasian)-228(party)-228(to)-228(be)-228(scourged)-228(on)-227(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soles)-348(of)-348(their)-349(feet,)-372(the)-349(holy)-348(virgins)-348(to)-348(be)-348(stripped)-349(naked,)-372(to)-348(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(flogged)-275(with)-275(the)-275(prickly)-275(branches)-275(of)-275(palm-trees,)-281(or)-275(to)-275(be)-275(slowly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scorched)-288(over)-289(fires)-288(till)-288(they)-289(abjured)-288(their)-288(creed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 209.536 3.959 Td [(401)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.436 -3.959 Td [(The)-288(triumph)]TJ -225.972 -13.549 Td [(of)-317(the)-318(Catholics)-317(in)-317(Egypt)-318(was)-317(accompanied)-317(\050if)-318(we)-317(may)-317(believe)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-278(solemn)-279(assertions)-278(of)-279(eighty)-278(Arian)-278(Bishops\051)-279(by)-278(every)-278(variety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-266(plunder,)-270(murder,)-270(sacrilege,)-270(and)-266(outrage,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.708 3.959 Td [(402)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.399 -3.959 Td [(and)-266(Arius)-266(himself)]TJ -202.107 -13.549 Td [(was)-451(probably)-451(poisoned)-451(by)-451(Catholic)-450(hands.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 195.79 3.959 Td [(403)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.754 -3.959 Td [(The)-451(followers)]TJ -217.544 -13.549 Td [(of)-468(St.)-903(Cyril)-468(of)-468(Alexandria,)-523(who)-467(were)-468(chiefly)-468(monks,)-522(filled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-278(city)-277(with)-278(riot)-278(and)-278(bloodshed,)-284(wounded)-278(the)-278(prefect)-277(Orestes,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dragged)-309(the)-309(pure)-309(and)-310(gifted)-309(Hypatia)-309(into)-309(one)-309(of)-309(their)-309(churches,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(murdered)-359(her,)-387(tore)-359(the)-359(flesh)-359(from)-359(her)-359(bones)-359(with)-359(sharp)-359(shells,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and,)-243(having)-241(stripped)-241(her)-241(body)-241(naked,)-243(flung)-241(her)-241(mangled)-241(remains)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-351(the)-352(flames.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 69.784 3.959 Td [(404)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.499 -3.959 Td [(In)-351(Ephesus,)-377(during)-352(the)-351(contest)-351(between)-352(St.)]TJ -88.283 -13.549 Td [(Cyril)-324(and)-324(the)-324(Nestorians,)-342(the)-324(cathedral)-324(itself)-324(was)-324(the)-324(theatre)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-280(fierce)-280(and)-280(bloody)-281(conflict.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 124.01 3.959 Td [(405)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.167 -3.959 Td [(Constantinople,)-288(on)-280(the)-280(occasion)]TJ -140.177 -13.549 Td [(of)-336(the)-337(deposition)-336(of)-336(St.)-509(Chrysostom,)-358(was)-336(for)-337(several)-336(days)-336(in)-336(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-163(of)-164(absolute)-163(anarchy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 129.264 3.959 Td [(406)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.866 -3.959 Td [(After)-163(the)-164(Council)-163(of)-164(Chalcedon,)]TJ -144.13 -13.549 Td [(Jerusalem)-261(and)-261(Alexandria)-261(were)-261(again)-261(convulsed,)-264(and)-261(the)-261(bishop)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 198.52 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 191.708 Td [(399)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Socrates,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.392 0 Td [(H.)-185(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.091 0 Td [(,)-198(iv.)-228(16.)-228(This)-185(anecdote)-184(is)-185(much)-184(doubted)-185(by)-185(modern)-184(historians.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -64.189 -7.311 Td [(400)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.74 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.739 0 Td [(\050ed.)-250(1867\051,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(422.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -121.185 -7.311 Td [(401)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Athanasius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.291 0 Td [(Historical)-250(Treatises)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.73 0 Td [(\050Library)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Fathers\051,)-250(pp.)-250(192,)-250(284.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -141.727 -7.31 Td [(402)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.498 0 Td [(,)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(436-437.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -116.083 -7.311 Td [(403)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-245(death)-246(of)-245(Arius,)-247(as)-245(is)-246(well)-245(known,)-247(took)-245(place)-246(suddenly)-245(\050his)-246(bowels,)-246(it)-246(is)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(said,)-264(coming)-261(out\051)-262(when)-261(he)-261(was)-262(just)-261(about)-261(to)-261(make)-262(his)-261(triumphal)-261(entry)-262(into)-261(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Cathedral)-257(of)-257(Constantinople.)-272(The)-258(death)-257(\050though)-257(possibly)-257(natural\051)-258(never)-257(seems)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-328(have)-328(been)-328(regarded)-328(as)-328(such,)-347(but)-328(it)-328(was)-328(a)-328(matter)-328(of)-328(controversy)-328(whether)-328(it)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(was)-250(a)-250(miracle)-250(or)-250(a)-250(murder.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(404)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Socrates,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.861 0 Td [(H.)-250(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(,)-250(vii.)-250(13-15.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -65.244 -7.394 Td [(405)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.677 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(214-215.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -137.262 -7.311 Td [(406)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.498 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(145.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 836 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 837 0 R /Resources 835 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 822 0 R >> endobj 838 0 obj << /D [836 0 R /XYZ 327.401 477.528 null] >> endobj 835 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 841 0 obj << /Length 6245 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(194History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-310(the)-311(latter)-310(city)-311(was)-310(murdered)-310(in)-311(his)-310(baptistery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 214.028 3.959 Td [(407)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.158 -3.959 Td [(About)-310(fifty)]TJ -231.186 -13.549 Td [(years)-248(later,)-248(when)-247(the)-248(Monophysite)-247(controversy)-248(was)-247(at)-248(its)-247(height,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(palace)-293(of)-293(the)-292(emperor)-293(at)-293(Constantinople)-293(was)-293(blockaded,)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(churches)-315(were)-315(besieged,)-331(and)-315(the)-315(streets)-315(commanded)-315(by)-315(furious)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(bands)-344(of)-344(contending)-344(monks.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.099 3.959 Td [(408)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.258 -3.959 Td [(Repressed)-344(for)-344(a)-344(time,)-368(the)-344(riots)]TJ -144.357 -13.549 Td [(broke)-502(out)-250(two)-251(years)-251(after)-251(with)-250(an)-251(increased)-251(ferocity,)-251(and)-250(almost)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([197])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(every)-450(leading)-450(city)-450(of)-450(the)-450(East)-450(was)-450(filled)-450(by)-450(the)-450(monks)-449(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bloodshed)-246(and)-246(with)-246(outrage.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 123.494 3.959 Td [(409)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.166 -3.959 Td [(St.)-249(Augustine)-246(himself)-246(is)-246(accused)]TJ -138.66 -13.549 Td [(of)-494(having)-494(excited)-494(every)-494(kind)-494(of)-494(popular)-494(persecution)-493(against)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-412(Semi-Pelagians.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 88.432 3.959 Td [(410)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.491 -3.959 Td [(The)-412(Councils,)-453(animated)-412(by)-413(an)-412(almost)]TJ -108.923 -13.549 Td [(frantic)-401(hatred,)-438(urged)-401(on)-400(by)-401(their)-401(anathemas)-401(the)-400(rival)-401(sects.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(411)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-492(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 33.159 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Robber)-492(Council)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.036 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.214 0 Td [(of)-492(Ephesus,)-553(Flavianus,)-553(the)-492(Bishop)]TJ -120.253 -13.549 Td [(of)-485(Constantinople,)-543(was)-485(kicked)-485(and)-484(beaten)-485(by)-485(the)-485(Bishop)-484(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Alexandria,)-231(or)-227(at)-227(least)-227(by)-226(his)-227(followers,)-232(and)-226(a)-227(few)-227(days)-227(later)-226(died)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 296.584 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 289.772 Td [(407)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.677 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(290-291.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -137.263 -7.311 Td [(408)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(310-311.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(409)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.019 0 Td [(Hist.)-1090(of)-531(Latin)-530(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 105.236 0 Td [(,)-600(vol.)-1091(i.)-1090(pp.)-1090(314-318.)-1091(Dean)]TJ -153.211 -10.959 Td [(Milman)-313(thus)-313(sums)-313(up)-312(the)-313(history:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 126.498 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Monks)-313(in)-313(Alexandria,)-328(monks)-313(in)-313(Antioch,)]TJ -130.479 -10.959 Td [(monks)-612(in)-612(Jerusalem,)-703(monks)-612(in)-612(Constantinople,)-702(decide)-612(peremptorily)-612(on)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(orthodoxy)-519(and)-519(heterodoxy.)-1058(The)-519(bishops)-519(themselves)-520(cower)-519(before)-519(them.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Macedonius)-504(in)-504(Constantinople,)-568(Flavianus)-504(in)-504(Antioch,)-568(Elias)-504(in)-504(Jerusalem,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(condemn)-307(themselves)-306(and)-307(abdicate,)-321(or)-306(are)-307(driven)-307(from)-306(their)-307(sees.)-420(Persecution)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-379(universal)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 42.254 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(persecution)-379(by)-380(every)-379(means)-380(of)-379(violence)-380(and)-379(cruelty;)-444(the)-380(only)]TJ -51.22 -10.959 Td [(question)-322(is,)-339(in)-322(whose)-322(hands)-321(is)-322(the)-322(power)-322(to)-321(persecute....)-465(Bloodshed,)-340(murder,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(treachery,)-238(assassination,)-239(even)-235(during)-236(the)-235(public)-235(worship)-236(of)-235(God)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 227.111 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(these)-235(are)-236(the)]TJ -236.078 -10.958 Td [(frightful)-382(means)-381(by)-382(which)-381(each)-382(party)-381(strives)-382(to)-381(maintain)-382(its)-381(opinions)-382(and)-381(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(defeat)-250(its)-250(adversary.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 71.955 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -71.706 -7.311 Td [(410)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-307(a)-307(striking)-307(passage)-308(from)-307(Julianus)-307(of)-307(Eclana,)-322(cited)-307(by)-307(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 240.732 0 Td [(Hist.)-421(of)]TJ -252.687 -10.959 Td [(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.029 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(164.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -63.78 -7.31 Td [(411)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nowhere)-179(is)-179(Christianity)-179(less)-179(attractive)-178(than)-179(in)-179(the)-179(Councils)-179(of)-179(the)-179(Church....)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(Intrigue,)-213(injustice,)-214(violence,)-213(decisions)-204(on)-205(authority)-204(alone,)-213(and)-205(that)-204(the)-204(authority)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-192(a)-193(turbulent)-192(majority,)-204(...)-231(detract)-192(from)-193(the)-192(reverence)-193(and)-192(impugn)-193(the)-192(judgments)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-205(at)-205(least)-204(the)-205(later)-205(Councils.)-235(The)-204(close)-205(is)-205(almost)-205(invariably)-205(a)-204(terrible)-205(anathema,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-269(which)-269(it)-270(is)-269(impossible)-269(not)-269(to)-269(discern)-269(the)-269(tones)-270(of)-269(human)-269(hatred,)-274(of)-269(arrogant)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(triumph,)-561(of)-499(rejoicing)-498(at)-499(the)-499(damnation)-499(imprecated)-499(against)-498(the)-499(humiliated)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 840 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 841 0 R /Resources 839 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 822 0 R >> endobj 842 0 obj << /D [840 0 R /XYZ 121.119 450.429 null] >> endobj 839 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 845 0 obj << /Length 6311 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(195)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(from)-371(the)-371(effect)-370(of)-371(the)-371(blows.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 130.797 3.959 Td [(412)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.132 -3.959 Td [(In)-371(the)-370(contested)-371(election)-371(that)]TJ -149.929 -13.549 Td [(resulted)-248(in)-247(the)-248(election)-248(of)-247(St.)-250(Damasus)-247(as)-248(Pope)-248(of)-247(Rome,)-248(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-329(theological)-329(question)-330(appears)-329(to)-329(have)-329(been)-329(at)-329(issue,)-349(the)-329(riots)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-359(so)-359(fierce)-360(that)-359(one)-359(hundred)-359(and)-359(thirty-seven)-359(corpses)-359(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(found)-342(in)-343(one)-342(of)-342(the)-343(churches.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 132.278 3.959 Td [(413)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.202 -3.959 Td [(The)-342(precedent)-685(of)-342(the)-342(Jewish)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 140.544 0 Td [([198])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(persecutions)-273(of)-272(idolatry)-273(having)-273(been)-273(adduced)-272(by)-273(St.)-318(Cyprian,)-278(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-192(third)-193(century,)-204(in)-192(favour)-192(of)-192(excommunication,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 209.045 3.959 Td [(414)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.677 -3.959 Td [(was)-192(urged)-193(by)]TJ -223.722 -13.549 Td [(Optatus,)-241(in)-239(the)-239(reign)-239(of)-239(Constantine,)-241(in)-239(favour)-239(of)-239(persecuting)-239(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Donatists;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 44.248 3.958 Td [(415)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.106 -3.958 Td [(in)-240(the)-240(next)-239(reign)-240(we)-240(find)-240(a)-239(large)-240(body)-240(of)-240(Christians)]TJ -59.354 -13.55 Td [(presenting)-290(to)-289(the)-290(emperor)-290(a)-290(petition,)-299(based)-290(upon)-290(this)-289(precedent,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imploring)-288(him)-288(to)-288(destroy)-288(by)-288(force)-288(the)-288(Pagan)-288(worship.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 236.934 3.959 Td [(416)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.424 -3.959 Td [(About)]TJ -253.358 -13.549 Td [(fifteen)-419(years)-420(later,)-462(the)-419(whole)-419(Christian)-420(Church)-419(was)-419(prepared,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-391(the)-392(same)-391(grounds,)-427(to)-391(support)-391(the)-392(persecuting)-391(policy)-391(of)-391(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ambrose,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.72 3.958 Td [(417)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.348 -3.958 Td [(the)-482(contending)-482(sects)-483(having)-482(found,)-540(in)-482(the)-483(duty)]TJ -61.068 -13.55 Td [(of)-413(crushing)-412(religious)-413(liberty,)-453(the)-413(solitary)-413(tenet)-412(on)-413(which)-412(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-331(agreed.)-494(The)-332(most)-331(unaggressive)-331(and)-332(unobtrusive)-331(forms)-331(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Paganism)-278(were)-279(persecuted)-278(with)-278(the)-279(same)-278(ferocity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 220.289 3.959 Td [(418)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.108 -3.959 Td [(To)-278(offer)-279(a)]TJ -236.397 -13.549 Td [(sacrifice)-335(was)-335(to)-336(commit)-335(a)-335(capital)-335(offence;)-378(to)-335(hang)-335(up)-335(a)-335(simple)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 273.462 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 264.611 Td [(adversary.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 37.094 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Ibid.)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(202.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -49.792 -7.311 Td [(412)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-428(the)-428(account)-427(of)-428(this)-428(scene)-428(in)-428(Gibbon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 159.334 0 Td [(Decline)-428(and)-428(Fall)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.954 0 Td [(,)-472(ch.)-784(xlvii.;)]TJ -235.244 -10.959 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.267 0 Td [(Hist.)-621(of)-374(Latin)-374(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 98.224 0 Td [(,)-405(vol.)-621(i.)-621(p.)-621(263.)-622(There)-373(is)-374(a)-374(conflict)-374(of)]TJ -132.491 -10.958 Td [(authorities)-177(as)-176(to)-177(whether)-176(the)-177(Bishop)-176(of)-177(Alexandria)-176(himself)-177(kicked)-177(his)-176(adversary,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or,)-425(to)-390(speak)-389(more)-390(correctly,)-425(the)-390(act)-389(which)-390(is)-390(charged)-390(against)-390(him)-389(by)-390(some)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(contemporary)-291(writers)-290(is)-290(not)-291(charged)-290(against)-291(him)-290(by)-291(others.)-371(The)-291(violence)-290(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(certainly)-250(done)-250(by)-250(his)-250(followers)-250(and)-250(in)-250(his)-250(presence.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(413)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ammianus)-250(Marcellinus,)-250(xxvii.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(414)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Cyprian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.373 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(lxi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -59.523 -7.395 Td [(415)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Milman,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.879 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.498 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(306.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -116.083 -7.31 Td [(416)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iii.)-250(10.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(417)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(By)-381(this)-381(time)-381(the)-380(Old)-381(Testament)-381(language)-381(and)-381(sentiment)-381(with)-381(regard)-381(to)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(idolatry)-372(were)-373(completely)-373(incorporated)-372(with)-373(the)-372(Christian)-373(feeling;)-433(and)-373(when)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Ambrose)-469(enforced)-470(on)-469(a)-470(Christian)-469(Emperor)-469(the)-470(sacred)-469(duty)-470(of)-469(intolerance)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(against)-341(opinions)-341(and)-341(practices)-341(which)-341(scarcely)-341(a)-341(century)-341(before)-341(had)-341(been)-341(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(established)-479(religion)-479(of)-480(the)-479(Empire,)-536(his)-480(zeal)-479(was)-479(supported)-479(by)-480(almost)-479(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(unanimous)-270(applause)-270(of)-270(the)-270(Christian)-270(world.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 157.301 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.92 0 Td [(Hist.)-310(of)-270(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.219 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(159.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(418)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)-250(Theodosian)-250(laws)-250(of)-250(Paganism.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 844 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 845 0 R /Resources 843 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 847 0 R >> endobj 846 0 obj << /D [844 0 R /XYZ 264.086 463.978 null] >> endobj 843 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 850 0 obj << /Length 5259 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(196History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(chaplet)-202(was)-203(to)-202(incur)-203(the)-202(forfeiture)-203(of)-202(an)-202(estate.)-235(The)-202(noblest)-202(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-371(Asiatic)-372(architecture)-371(and)-372(of)-371(Greek)-371(sculpture)-372(perished)-371(by)-371(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-297(iconoclasm)-297(that)-297(shattered)-297(the)-297(humble)-297(temple)-297(at)-297(which)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peasant)-275(loved)-275(to)-274(pray,)-281(or)-275(the)-275(household)-275(gods)-275(which)-274(consecrated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-336(home.)-508(There)-336(were)-336(no)-336(varieties)-336(of)-336(belief)-336(too)-336(minute)-336(for)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-295(intolerance)-294(to)-295(embitter.)-383(The)-295(question)-294(of)-295(the)-294(proper)-295(time)-294(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(celebrating)-266(Easter)-266(was)-267(believed)-266(to)-266(involve)-266(the)-266(issue)-266(of)-266(salvation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-240(damnation;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60.801 3.959 Td [(419)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.111 -3.959 Td [(and)-240(when,)-243(long)-240(after,)-243(in)-240(the)-240(fourteenth)-241(century,)]TJ -72.869 -13.549 Td [(the)-273(question)-273(of)-273(the)-274(nature)-273(of)-273(the)-273(light)-273(at)-273(the)-273(transfiguration)-274(was)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -75.798 0 Td [([199])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(discussed)-225(at)-225(Constantinople,)-230(those)-226(who)-225(refused)-225(to)-225(admit)-225(that)-225(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(light)-329(was)-329(uncreated,)-348(were)-329(deprived)-329(of)-329(the)-329(honours)-329(of)-328(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(burial.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 28.178 3.959 Td [(420)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -16.222 -19.779 Td [(Together)-276(with)-276(these)-276(legislative)-277(and)-276(ecclesiastical)-276(measures,)-282(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(literature)-334(arose)-334(surpassing)-335(in)-334(its)-334(mendacious)-334(ferocity)-334(any)-334(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-303(world)-304(had)-303(known.)-410(The)-303(polemical)-304(writers)-303(habitually)-303(painted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-219(d\346mons)-219(those)-219(who)-219(diverged)-219(from)-219(the)-219(orthodox)-219(belief,)-225(gloated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-373(a)-373(vindictive)-373(piety)-372(over)-373(the)-373(sufferings)-373(of)-373(the)-373(heretic)-372(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(earth,)-457(as)-416(upon)-416(a)-415(Divine)-416(punishment,)-457(and)-416(sometimes,)-457(with)-415(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-358(superhuman)-358(malice,)-384(passing)-358(in)-358(imagination)-358(beyond)-357(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(threshold)-389(of)-388(the)-389(grave,)-423(exulted)-389(in)-389(no)-388(ambiguous)-389(terms)-389(on)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tortures)-302(which)-302(they)-302(believed)-302(to)-302(be)-302(reserved)-302(for)-302(him)-302(for)-302(ever.)-405(A)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(few)-382(men,)-414(such)-381(as)-382(Synesius,)-414(Basil,)-415(or)-381(Salvian,)-414(might)-382(still)-381(find)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-407(excellence)-407(in)-407(Pagans)-407(or)-407(heretics,)-446(but)-407(their)-407(candour)-407(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(altogether)-362(exceptional;)-418(and)-362(he)-362(who)-362(will)-362(compare)-362(the)-361(beautiful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pictures)-437(the)-437(Greek)-438(poets)-437(gave)-437(of)-437(their)-437(Trojan)-437(adversaries,)-484(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-509(Roman)-509(historians)-508(of)-509(the)-509(enemies)-509(of)-508(their)-509(country,)-573(with)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.595 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.783 Td [(419)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-283(appears)-284(from)-284(the)-283(whole)-284(history)-283(of)-284(the)-283(controversy;)-301(but)-283(the)-284(prevailing)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(feeling)-617(is,)-709(I)-617(think,)-709(expressed)-618(with)-617(peculiar)-617(vividness)-617(in)-618(the)-617(following)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(passage:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 30.378 0 Td [(\024\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Eadmer)-427(says)-427(\050following)-427(the)-427(words)-428(of)-427(Bede\051)-427(in)-427(Colman's)-427(times)]TJ -43.326 -10.959 Td [(there)-244(was)-243(a)-244(sharp)-243(controversy)-244(about)-243(the)-244(observing)-243(of)-244(Easter,)-245(and)-243(other)-244(rules)-243(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(life)-302(for)-301(churchmen;)-327(therefore,)-315(this)-301(question)-302(deservedly)-301(excited)-302(the)-302(minds)-301(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(feeling)-305(of)-304(many)-304(people,)-319(fearing)-304(lest,)-318(perhaps,)-318(after)-305(having)-304(received)-305(the)-304(name)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-220(Christians,)-227(they)-220(should)-221(run,)-226(or)-220(had)-221(run)-220(in)-221(vain.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 174.545 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(King's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 25.011 0 Td [(Hist.)-240(of)-221(the)-220(Church)]TJ -212.504 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(Ireland)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.615 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(ii.)-250(ch.)-250(vi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -35.366 -7.311 Td [(420)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Gibbon,)-250(chap.)-250(lxiii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 849 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 850 0 R /Resources 848 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 847 0 R >> endobj 851 0 obj << /D [849 0 R /XYZ 93.543 409.782 null] >> endobj 848 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 854 0 obj << /Length 4405 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(197)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(those)-410(which)-410(ecclesiastical)-411(writers,)-450(for)-410(many)-410(centuries,)-450(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invariably)-340(gave)-340(of)-340(all)-340(who)-340(were)-341(opposed)-340(to)-340(their)-340(Church,)-362(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(easily)-306(estimate)-306(the)-306(extent)-306(to)-306(which)-306(cosmopolitan)-306(sympathy)-306(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(retrograded.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(At)-605(the)-605(period,)-693(however,)-694(when)-605(the)-605(Western)-604(monasteries)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(began)-412(to)-412(discharge)-412(their)-411(intellectual)-412(functions,)-453(the)-411(supremacy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-465(Catholicism)-466(was)-465(nearly)-466(established,)-519(and)-465(polemical)-465(ardour)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-332(begun)-332(to)-331(wane.)-496(The)-332(literary)-331(zeal)-332(of)-332(the)-332(Church)-332(took)-331(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forms,)-506(but)-454(all)-454(were)-455(deeply)-454(tinged)-455(by)-454(the)-455(monastic)-454(spirit.)-863(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-457(difficult)-458(or)-457(impossible)-458(to)-457(conceive)-457(what)-458(would)-457(have)-457(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-598(intellectual)-598(future)-598(of)-598(the)-598(world)-598(had)-598(Catholicism)-597(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arisen)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 26.051 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(what)-533(principles)-532(or)-533(impulses)-532(would)-532(have)-533(guided)-532(the)]TJ -36.96 -13.549 Td [(course)-250(of)-251(the)-250(human)-251(mind,)-250(or)-251(what)-250(new)-250(institutions)-501(would)-250(have)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([200])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(been)-268(created)-269(for)-268(its)-269(culture.)-305(Under)-268(the)-269(influence)-268(of)-268(Catholicism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-491(monastery)-490(became)-491(the)-490(one)-491(sphere)-490(of)-491(intellectual)-490(labour,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-300(it)-300(continued)-300(during)-299(many)-300(centuries)-300(to)-300(occupy)-300(that)-299(position.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Without)-473(entering)-473(into)-472(anything)-473(resembling)-473(a)-473(literary)-472(history,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-220(would)-220(be)-220(foreign)-220(to)-220(the)-220(objects)-220(of)-220(the)-220(present)-220(work,)-226(I)-219(shall)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(endeavour)-272(briefly)-273(to)-272(estimate)-273(the)-272(manner)-272(in)-273(which)-272(it)-272(discharged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-250(functions.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(The)-380(first)-379(idea)-380(that)-380(is)-380(naturally)-379(suggested)-380(by)-380(the)-380(mention)-379(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-260(intellectual)-260(services)-260(of)-260(monasteries)-260(is)-260(the)-260(preservation)-260(of)-260(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(writings)-299(of)-299(the)-300(Pagans.)-397(I)-299(have)-300(already)-299(observed)-299(that)-299(among)-299(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(early)-273(Christians)-273(there)-273(was)-274(a)-273(marked)-273(difference)-273(on)-273(the)-273(subject)-273(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-315(writings.)-443(The)-315(school)-314(which)-315(was)-314(represented)-315(by)-314(Tertullian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-305(them)-305(with)-304(abhorrence;)-333(while)-304(the)-305(Platonists,)-319(who)-304(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(represented)-167(by)-167(Justin)-167(Martyr,)-183(Clement)-167(of)-167(Alexandria,)-184(and)-166(Origen,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-382(merely)-382(recognised)-382(with)-382(great)-382(cordiality)-382(their)-382(beauties,)-415(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-304(imagined)-303(that)-304(they)-303(could)-304(detect)-304(in)-303(them)-304(both)-303(the)-304(traces)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-308(original)-308(Divine)-307(inspiration,)-322(and)-308(plagiarisms)-308(from)-308(the)-307(Jewish)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(writings.)-407(While)-303(avoiding,)-315(for)-302(the)-303(most)-302(part,)-316(these)-302(extremes,)-315(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Augustine,)-239(the)-236(great)-237(organiser)-236(of)-236(Western)-236(Christianity,)-239(treats)-236(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Pagan)-156(writings)-157(with)-156(appreciative)-157(respect.)-218(He)-157(had)-156(himself)-156(ascribed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-321(first)-322(conversion)-321(from)-322(a)-321(course)-321(of)-322(vice)-321(to)-322(the)-321('Hortensius')-321(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 853 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 854 0 R /Resources 852 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 847 0 R >> endobj 855 0 obj << /D [853 0 R /XYZ 274.069 353.13 null] >> endobj 852 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 858 0 obj << /Length 6199 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(198History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Cicero,)-310(and)-299(his)-298(works)-298(are)-298(full)-298(of)-299(discriminating,)-310(and)-298(often)-298(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beautiful,)-305(applications)-294(of)-294(the)-293(old)-294(Roman)-294(literature.)-382(The)-293(attempt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-214(Julian)-213(to)-214(prevent)-214(the)-214(Christians)-213(from)-214(teaching)-214(the)-213(classics,)-221(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-362(extreme)-362(resentment)-361(which)-362(that)-362(attempt)-362(elicited,)-390(show)-361(how)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(highly)-367(the)-367(Christian)-367(leaders)-368(of)-367(that)-367(period)-367(valued)-367(this)-367(form)-367(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(education;)-405(and)-353(it)-353(was)-353(naturally)-353(the)-353(more)-353(cherished)-353(on)-353(account)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-467(the)-468(contest.)-902(The)-467(influence)-467(of)-468(Neoplatonism,)-521(the)-467(baptism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-368(multitudes)-368(of)-369(nominal)-368(Christians)-368(after)-368(Constantine,)-398(and)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(decline)-351(of)-351(zeal)-351(which)-351(necessarily)-350(accompanied)-351(prosperity,)-376(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(all)-364(in)-364(different)-364(ways)-364(the)-364(same)-364(tendency.)-592(In)-364(Synesius)-364(we)-364(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-491(curious)-490(phenomenon)-491(of)-491(a)-491(bishop)-490(who,)-551(not)-491(content)-490(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proclaiming)-306(himself)-306(the)-307(admiri)1(ng)-307(friend)-306(of)-306(the)-612(Pagan)-306(Hypatia,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([201])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(openly)-466(declared)-466(his)-467(complete)-466(disbelief)-466(in)-466(the)-466(resurrection)-466(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-339(body,)-362(and)-339(his)-339(firm)-340(adhesion)-339(to)-339(the)-340(Platonic)-339(doctrine)-339(of)-339(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pre-existence)-238(of)-238(souls.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.589 3.959 Td [(421)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.136 -3.959 Td [(Had)-238(the)-238(ecclesiastical)-237(theory)-238(prevailed)]TJ -112.725 -13.549 Td [(which)-459(gave)-459(such)-459(latitude)-459(even)-459(to)-459(the)-459(leaders)-459(of)-459(the)-459(Church,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-397(course)-397(of)-397(Christianity)-398(would)-397(have)-397(been)-397(very)-397(different.)-691(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reactionary)-449(spirit,)-499(however,)-499(arose)-449(at)-450(Rome.)-847(The)-449(doctrine)-449(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exclusive)-387(salvation)-388(supplied)-387(its)-388(intellectual)-387(basis;)-456(the)-387(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-258(organising)-257(genius)-258(of)-257(the)-258(Roman)-257(ecclesiastics)-258(impelled)-257(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-167(reduce)-167(belief)-168(into)-167(a)-167(rigid)-167(form;)-195(the)-167(genius)-168(of)-167(St.)-222(Gregory)-167(guided)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-285(movement,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 65.223 3.959 Td [(422)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.654 -3.959 Td [(and)-285(a)-285(series)-284(of)-285(historical)-285(events,)-293(of)-285(which)-285(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 219.39 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 212.577 Td [(421)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(An)-245(interesting)-244(sketch)-245(of)-245(this)-244(very)-245(interesting)-245(prelate)-245(has)-244(lately)-245(been)-245(written)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(by)-250(M.)-250(Druon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 51.055 0 Td [(\311tude)-250(sur)-250(la)-250(Vie)-250(et)-250(les)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 81.19 0 Td [(R)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.465 0 Td [(uvres)-250(de)-250(Syn\351sius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.49 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-250(1859\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -205.951 -7.311 Td [(422)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tradition)-280(has)-281(pronounced)-280(Gregory)-280(the)-281(Great)-280(to)-280(have)-281(been)-280(the)-280(destroyer)-281(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-212(Palatine)-212(library,)-220(and)-212(to)-212(have)-212(been)-212(especially)-213(zealous)-212(in)-212(burning)-212(the)-212(writings)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-237(Livy,)-240(because)-238(they)-237(described)-238(the)-237(achievements)-238(of)-237(the)-237(Pagan)-238(gods.)-246(For)-237(these)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(charges,)-363(however)-340(\050which)-340(I)-340(am)-340(sorry)-341(to)-340(find)-340(repeated)-340(by)-340(so)-341(eminent)-340(a)-340(writer)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(as)-293(Dr.)-379(Draper\051,)-304(there)-293(is)-293(no)-293(real)-293(evidence,)-303(for)-293(they)-293(are)-293(not)-293(found)-293(in)-293(any)-293(writer)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(earlier)-321(than)-321(the)-321(twelfth)-322(century.)-463(\050See)-321(Bayle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 164.517 0 Td [(Dict.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.561 0 Td [(art.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 15.856 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Greg.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 20.166 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)-321(The)-321(extreme)]TJ -229.062 -10.958 Td [(contempt)-291(of)-291(Gregory)-291(for)-290(Pagan)-291(literature)-291(is,)-301(however,)-301(sufficiently)-291(manifested)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-209(his)-209(famous)-209(and)-209(very)-209(curious)-209(letter)-209(to)-209(Desiderius,)-217(Bishop)-209(of)-209(Vienne,)-217(rebuking)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(him)-292(for)-291(having)-292(taught)-292(certain)-291(persons)-292(Pagan)-292(literature,)-302(and)-292(thus)-291(mingled)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 265.692 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)]TJ -269.673 -10.959 Td [(praises)-358(of)-359(Jupiter)-358(with)-358(the)-359(praises)-358(of)-358(Christ;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 162.949 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.194 0 Td [(doing)-358(what)-359(would)-358(be)-358(impious)]TJ -170.143 -10.959 Td [(even)-252(for)-252(a)-252(religious)-252(layman,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 102.69 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(polluting)-252(the)-252(mind)-252(with)-252(the)-252(blasphemous)-252(praises)]TJ -106.671 -10.959 Td [(of)-269(the)-269(wicked.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 51.388 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.394 0 Td [(Some)-269(curious)-269(evidence)-269(of)-269(the)-269(feelings)-269(of)-270(the)-269(Christians)-269(of)-269(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 857 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 858 0 R /Resources 856 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 847 0 R >> endobj 859 0 obj << /D [857 0 R /XYZ 303.566 369.134 null] >> endobj 856 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 862 0 obj << /Length 5487 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(199)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(ecclesiastical)-493(and)-493(political)-494(separation)-493(of)-493(the)-493(Western)-493(empire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-251(the)-251(speculative)-250(Greeks,)-251(and)-251(the)-251(invasion)-251(and)-251(conversion)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-358(barbarians,)-385(were)-359(the)-358(most)-358(important,)-385(definitely)-358(established)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-422(ascendancy)-422(of)-423(the)-422(Catholic)-422(type.)-767(In)-422(the)-422(convulsions)-422(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(followed)-233(the)-234(barbarian)-233(invasions,)-236(intellectual)-234(energy)-233(of)-233(a)-233(secular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kind)-307(almost)-308(absolutely)-307(ceased.)-423(A)-307(parting)-307(gleam)-308(issued,)-321(indeed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-338(the)-338(sixth)-338(century,)-359(from)-338(the)-338(Court)-338(of)-338(Theodoric,)-360(at)-337(Ravenna,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-374(was)-374(adorned)-374(by)-374(the)-374(genius)-374(of)-748(Bo\353thius,)-405(and)-374(the)-373(talent)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([202])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-340(Cassiodorus)-341(and)-340(Symmachus,)-363(but)-340(after)-341(this)-340(time,)-363(for)-340(a)-340(long)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(period,)-423(literature)-389(consisted)-389(almost)-388(exclusively)-389(of)-389(sermons)-388(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lives)-476(of)-476(saints,)-532(which)-476(were)-476(composed)-476(in)-476(the)-476(monasteries.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(423)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Gregory)-198(of)-198(Tours)-197(was)-198(succeeded)-198(as)-198(an)-197(annalist)-198(by)-198(the)-198(still)-197(feebler)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fredegarius,)-218(and)-209(there)-210(was)-210(then)-210(a)-209(long)-210(and)-210(absolute)-209(blank.)-237(A)-209(few)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outlying)-201(countries)-200(showed)-201(some)-201(faint)-201(animation.)-233(St.)-234(Leander)-200(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(St.)-523(Isidore)-341(planted)-341(at)-341(Seville)-341(a)-341(school,)-364(which)-341(flourished)-341(in)-341(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seventh)-212(century,)-219(and)-212(the)-212(distant)-211(monasteries)-212(of)-212(Ireland)-211(continued)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(somewhat)-301(later)-302(to)-301(be)-302(the)-301(receptacles)-302(of)-301(learning;)-327(but)-302(the)-301(rest)-301(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Europe)-328(sank)-329(into)-328(an)-329(almost)-328(absolute)-329(torpor,)-348(till)-328(the)-328(rationalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-418(Abelard,)-459(and)-417(the)-418(events)-418(that)-417(followed)-418(the)-417(crusades,)-459(began)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-265(revival)-264(of)-265(learning.)-293(The)-265(principal)-264(service)-265(which)-264(Catholicism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rendered)-272(during)-273(this)-272(period)-273(to)-272(Pagan)-272(literature)-273(was)-272(probably)-272(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perpetuation)-185(of)-184(Latin)-185(as)-184(a)-185(sacred)-184(language.)-228(The)-185(complete)-184(absence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-176(all)-177(curiosity)-176(about)-177(that)-176(literature)-177(is)-176(shown)-177(by)-176(the)-177(fact)-176(that)-176(Greek)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 206.634 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 197.81 Td [(fourth,)-235(fifth,)-234(and)-231(sixth)-230(centuries,)-235(about)-230(Pagan)-231(literature,)-234(is)-231(given)-230(in)-231(Guinguen\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)-316(litt\351raire)-271(de)-272(l'Italie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 88.582 0 Td [(,)-277(tome)-272(i.)-316(p.)-315(29-31,)-278(and)-271(some)-272(legends)-272(of)-272(a)-272(later)-272(period)]TJ -88.582 -10.959 Td [(are)-308(candidly)-307(related)-308(by)-308(one)-307(of)-308(the)-308(most)-307(enthusiastic)-308(English)-308(advocates)-307(of)-308(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Middle)-250(Ages.)-250(\050Maitland,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 90.902 0 Td [(Dark)-250(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.098 0 Td [(.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -128.75 -7.311 Td [(423)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Probably)-241(the)-241(best)-241(account)-241(of)-241(the)-241(intellectual)-241(history)-241(of)-241(these)-241(times)-241(is)-241(still)-241(to)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(be)-314(found)-313(in)-314(the)-313(admirable)-314(introductory)-314(chapters)-313(with)-314(which)-313(the)-314(Benedictines)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prefaced)-287(each)-287(century)-287(of)-287(their)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 110.95 0 Td [(Hist.)-361(litt\351raire)-287(de)-287(la)-287(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 101.365 0 Td [(.)-361(The)-287(Benedictines)]TJ -212.315 -10.958 Td [(think)-182(\050with)-183(Hallam\051)-182(that)-182(the)-183(eighth)-182(century)-183(was,)-195(on)-183(the)-182(whole,)-196(the)-182(darkest)-183(on)-182(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(continent,)-197(though)-184(England)-184(attained)-183(its)-184(lowest)-184(point)-184(somewhat)-184(later.)-227(Of)-184(the)-184(great)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(protectors)-294(of)-295(learning)-294(Theodoric)-294(was)-295(unable)-294(to)-295(write)-294(\050see)-294(Guinguen\351,)-306(tome)-294(i.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(p.)-238(31\051,)-222(and)-216(Charlemagne)-215(\050Eginhard\051)-215(only)-215(began)-215(to)-215(learn)-215(when)-215(advanced)-215(in)-215(life,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-256(was)-256(never)-256(quite)-257(able)-256(to)-256(master)-256(the)-256(accomplishment.)-269(Alfred,)-257(however,)-258(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(distinguished)-250(in)-250(literature.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 861 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 862 0 R /Resources 860 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 847 0 R >> endobj 863 0 obj << /D [861 0 R /XYZ 215.902 423.331 null] >> endobj 860 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 866 0 obj << /Length 5595 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(200History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-308(suffered)-308(to)-308(become)-308(almost)-308(absolutely)-308(extinct,)-322(though)-308(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-351(no)-350(time)-351(when)-350(the)-351(Western)-350(nations)-351(had)-350(not)-351(some)-350(relations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-345(the)-346(Greek)-345(empire,)-370(or)-345(when)-346(pilgrimages)-345(to)-346(the)-345(Holy)-345(Land)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(altogether)-369(ceased.)-606(The)-369(study)-368(of)-369(the)-369(Latin)-368(classics)-369(was)-369(for)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-335(part)-334(positively)-335(discouraged.)-503(The)-335(writers,)-355(it)-335(was)-334(believed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-425(burning)-425(in)-425(hell;)-513(the)-425(monks)-425(were)-425(too)-425(inflated)-425(with)-425(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imaginary)-263(knowledge)-264(to)-263(regard)-263(with)-263(any)-264(respect)-263(a)-263(Pagan)-263(writer,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-334(periodical)-334(panics)-335(about)-334(the)-334(approaching)-334(termination)-334(of)-334(the)]TJ 4.251 -13.549 Td [(world)-390(continually)-389(checked)-390(any)-389(desire)-390(for)-390(secular)-389(learning.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 263.926 3.958 Td [(424)]TJ -340.932 -3.958 Td [([203])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(It)-356(was)-357(the)-356(custom)-356(among)-356(some)-357(monks,)-383(when)-356(they)-356(were)-356(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-333(discipline)-332(of)-333(silence,)-354(and)-332(desired)-333(to)-333(ask)-332(for)-333(Virgil,)-353(Horace,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-335(any)-334(other)-335(Gentile)-335(work,)-355(to)-335(indicate)-335(their)-334(wish)-335(by)-334(scratching)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-284(ears)-285(like)-284(a)-285(dog,)-293(to)-284(which)-284(animal)-285(it)-284(was)-285(thought)-284(the)-284(Pagans)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-250(be)-251(reasonably)-250(compared.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 136.956 3.958 Td [(425)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.194 -3.958 Td [(The)-250(monasteries)-251(contained,)-250(it)]TJ -152.15 -13.55 Td [(is)-260(said,)-262(during)-260(some)-260(time,)-263(the)-259(only)-260(libraries)-260(in)-260(Europe,)-263(and)-259(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(therefore)-307(t)1(he)-307(sole)-306(receptacles)-307(of)-306(the)-307(Pagan)-306(manuscripts;)-335(but)-306(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-359(infer)-359(from)-359(this)-359(that,)-386(if)-359(the)-359(monasteries)-359(had)-359(not)-358(existed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(similar)-334(libraries)-334(would)-334(not)-333(have)-334(been)-334(called)-334(into)-334(being)-334(in)-333(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place.)-455(To)-319(the)-318(occasional)-319(industry)-318(of)-319(the)-318(monks,)-336(in)-318(copying)-318(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(works)-265(of)-266(antiquity,)-269(we)-265(must)-266(oppose)-265(the)-266(industry)-265(they)-265(displayed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(though)-208(chiefly)-208(at)-209(a)-208(somewhat)-208(later)-208(period,)-217(in)-208(scraping)-208(the)-208(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parchments,)-357(in)-335(order)-336(that,)-356(having)-336(obliterated)-335(the)-336(writing)-335(of)-335(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.515 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.702 Td [(424)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-257(belief)-257(that)-257(the)-257(world)-257(was)-257(just)-257(about)-257(to)-256(end)-257(was,)-259(as)-257(is)-257(well)-257(known,)-259(very)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(general)-271(among)-271(the)-271(early)-271(Christians,)-276(and)-271(greatly)-271(affected)-271(their)-271(lives.)-313(It)-271(appears)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-294(the)-294(New)-294(Testament,)-305(and)-294(very)-294(clearly)-294(in)-293(the)-294(epistle)-294(ascribed)-294(to)-294(Barnabas)-294(in)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(the)-256(first)-256(century.)-267(The)-256(persecutions)-256(of)-256(the)-256(second)-256(and)-255(third)-256(centuries)-256(revived)-256(it,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-265(both)-264(Tertullian)-265(and)-265(Cyprian)-264(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 120.94 0 Td [(in)-265(Demetrianum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.654 0 Td [(\051)-265(strongly)-264(assert)-265(it.)-294(With)-264(the)]TJ -179.594 -10.959 Td [(triumph)-239(of)-239(Christianity)-240(the)-239(apprehension)-239(for)-239(a)-240(time)-239(subsided;)-243(but)-239(it)-239(reappeared)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-217(great)-217(force)-216(when)-217(the)-217(dissolution)-217(of)-217(the)-217(Empire)-216(was)-217(manifestly)-217(impending,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(when)-366(it)-366(was)-366(accomplished,)-395(and)-366(in)-365(the)-366(prolonged)-366(anarchy)-366(and)-366(suffering)-366(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ensued.)-246(Gregory)-238(of)-238(Tours,)-241(writing)-238(in)-238(the)-239(latter)-238(part)-238(of)-238(the)-238(sixth)-238(century,)-241(speaks)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-239(it)-239(as)-240(very)-239(prevalent)-239(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 82.928 0 Td [(Prologue)-239(to)-239(the)-239(First)-240(Book)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.749 0 Td [(\051;)-243(and)-239(St.)-246(Gregory)-239(the)-240(Great,)]TJ -178.677 -10.959 Td [(about)-326(the)-326(same)-325(time,)-345(constantly)-326(expresses)-326(it.)-477(The)-326(panic)-326(that)-325(filled)-326(Europe)-326(at)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(end)-250(of)-250(the)-250(tenth)-250(century)-250(has)-250(been)-250(often)-250(described.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(425)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Maitland's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.721 0 Td [(Dark)-250(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.098 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(403.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 865 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 866 0 R /Resources 864 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 847 0 R >> endobj 867 0 obj << /D [865 0 R /XYZ 93.543 409.782 null] >> endobj 864 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 870 0 obj << /Length 5217 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(201)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Pagans,)-250(they)-250(might)-250(cover)-250(them)-250(with)-250(their)-250(own)-250(legends.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 239.978 3.959 Td [(426)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -228.022 -17.559 Td [(There)-494(are)-495(some)-495(aspects,)-555(however,)-556(in)-494(which)-495(the)-494(monastic)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(period)-288(of)-288(literature)-288(appears)-288(eminently)-288(beautiful.)-364(The)-287(fretfulness)]TJ 4.824 -13.549 Td [(and)-442(impatience)-442(and)-442(extreme)-443(tension)-442(of)-442(modern)-442(literary)-442(life,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 286.2 0 Td [([204])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-395(many)-395(anxieties)-395(that)-395(paralyse,)-431(and)-395(the)-395(feverish)-395(craving)-395(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applause)-532(that)-532(perverts,)-602(so)-532(many)-532(noble)-531(intellects,)-603(were)-531(then)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unknown.)-447(Severed)-316(from)-315(all)-316(the)-315(cares)-316(of)-316(active)-315(life,)-332(in)-316(the)-315(deep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(calm)-421(of)-422(the)-421(monastery,)-464(where)-422(the)-421(turmoil)-421(of)-422(the)-421(outer)-421(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-377(never)-376(come,)-409(the)-376(monkish)-377(scholar)-377(pursued)-376(his)-377(studies)-376(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-315(spirit)-314(which)-315(has)-314(now)-315(almost)-314(faded)-314(from)-315(the)-314(world.)-444(No)-314(doubt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-245(ever)-245(disturbed)-245(his)-245(mind.)-249(To)-245(him)-245(the)-245(problem)-245(of)-245(the)-245(universe)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(seemed)-287(solved.)-360(Expatiating)-287(for)-286(ever)-287(with)-287(unfaltering)-287(faith)-286(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-344(unseen)-344(world,)-368(he)-344(had)-344(learnt)-344(to)-344(live)-343(for)-344(it)-344(alone.)-532(His)-344(hopes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-438(not)-437(fixed)-438(upon)-438(human)-437(greatness)-438(or)-438(fame,)-484(but)-438(upon)-437(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pardon)-266(of)-266(his)-267(sins,)-270(and)-266(the)-266(rewards)-266(of)-266(a)-267(happier)-266(world.)-298(A)-266(crowd)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-377(quaint)-377(and)-378(often)-377(beautiful)-377(legends)-377(illustrate)-377(the)-377(deep)-377(union)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-407(subsisted)-407(between)-407(literature)-408(and)-407(religion.)-721(It)-407(is)-407(related)-407(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(C\346dmon,)-251(the)-250(first)-250(great)-251(poet)-250(of)-251(the)-250(Anglo-Saxons,)-251(that)-250(he)-250(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-447(the)-447(secular)-447(life)-447(no)-447(vent)-447(for)-447(his)-447(hidden)-447(genius.)-841(When)-447(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(warriors)-401(assembled)-401(at)-401(their)-400(banquets,)-439(sang)-401(in)-401(turn)-401(the)-400(praises)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-331(war)-330(or)-331(beauty,)-350(as)-331(the)-330(instrument)-331(passed)-330(to)-331(him,)-350(he)-331(rose)-330(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(went)-284(out)-284(with)-284(a)-285(sad)-284(heart,)-292(for)-285(he)-284(alone)-284(was)-284(unable)-284(to)-284(weave)-284(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thoughts)-278(in)-279(verse.)-334(Wearied)-279(and)-278(desponding)-278(he)-279(lay)-278(down)-278(to)-278(rest,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-401(a)-401(figure)-400(appeared)-401(to)-401(him)-400(in)-401(his)-401(dream)-401(and)-400(commanded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-314(to)-315(sing)-314(the)-315(Creation)-314(of)-315(the)-314(World.)-443(A)-315(transport)-314(of)-314(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fervour)-257(thrilled)-258(his)-257(brain,)-259(his)-257(imprisoned)-258(intellect)-257(was)-257(unlocked,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-261(he)-261(soon)-261(became)-261(the)-261(foremost)-261(poet)-260(of)-261(his)-261(land.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 219.821 3.958 Td [(427)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.538 -3.958 Td [(A)-261(Spanish)]TJ -235.359 -13.55 Td [(boy,)-339(having)-322(long)-321(tried)-321(in)-322(vain)-321(to)-322(master)-321(his)-321(task,)-340(and)-321(driven)-321(to)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 142.678 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 135.865 Td [(426)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-190(passion)-189(for)-190(scraping)-189(MSS.)-190(became)-190(common,)-201(according)-190(to)-190(Montfaucon,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(after)-341(the)-341(twelfth)-341(century.)-522(\050Maitland,)-364(p.)-522(40.\051)-523(According)-341(to)-341(Hallam,)-363(however)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Middle)-275(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.298 0 Td [(,)-281(ch.)-325(ix.)-325(part)-275(i.\051,)-281(it)-275(must)-275(have)-275(begun)-275(earlier,)-281(being)-275(chiefly)-275(caused)]TJ -48.284 -10.959 Td [(by)-399(the)-399(cessation)-400(or)-399(great)-399(diminution)-399(of)-400(the)-399(supply)-399(of)-399(Egyptian)-400(papyrus,)-436(in)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(consequence)-236(of)-236(the)-236(capture)-236(of)-236(Alexandria)-236(by)-236(the)-236(Saracens,)-239(early)-236(in)-236(the)-236(seventh)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(century.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(427)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Bede,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(H.)-250(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.918 0 Td [(iv.)-250(24.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 869 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 870 0 R /Resources 868 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 872 0 R >> endobj 871 0 obj << /D [869 0 R /XYZ 46.771 477.477 null] >> endobj 868 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 875 0 obj << /Length 6369 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(202History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(despair)-264(by)-265(the)-264(severity)-265(of)-264(his)-265(teacher,)-268(ran)-264(away)-265(from)-264(his)-264(father's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(home.)-243(Tired)-229(with)-229(wandering,)-233(and)-228(full)-229(of)-229(anxious)-229(thoughts,)-233(he)-228(sat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-216(to)-217(rest)-216(by)-216(the)-216(margin)-217(of)-216(a)-216(well,)-223(when)-216(his)-217(eye)-216(was)-216(caught)-216(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-300(deep)-300(furrow)-301(in)-300(the)-300(stone.)-400(He)-301(asked)-300(a)-300(girl)-300(who)-300(was)-300(drawing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(water)-244(to)-245(explain)-244(it,)-245(and)-245(she)-244(told)-244(him)-245(that)-244(it)-244(had)-245(been)-244(worn)-244(by)-244(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constant)-328(attrition)-328(of)-328(the)-328(rope.)-485(The)-328(poor)-328(boy,)-347(who)-656(was)-328(already)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([205])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(full)-312(of)-312(remorse)-312(for)-312(what)-312(he)-312(had)-311(done,)-328(recognised)-312(in)-312(the)-312(reply)-311(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Divine)-316(intimation.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 85.622 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 9.993 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.293 0 Td [(he)-316(thought,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.442 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(by)-316(daily)-316(use)-316(the)-317(soft)-316(rope)]TJ -167.036 -13.549 Td [(could)-323(thus)-323(penetrate)-323(the)-323(hard)-323(stone,)-341(surely)-323(a)-323(long)-323(perseverance)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-403(overcome)-404(the)-403(dulness)-404(of)-403(my)-404(brain.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 187.895 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.244 0 Td [(He)-403(returned)-404(to)-403(his)]TJ -197.139 -13.549 Td [(father's)-342(house;)-387(he)-341(laboured)-342(with)-341(redoubled)-342(earnestness,)-364(and)-341(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lived)-231(to)-231(be)-231(the)-232(great)-231(St.)-243(Isidore)-232(of)-231(Spain.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 174.836 3.959 Td [(428)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.112 -3.959 Td [(A)-231(monk)-231(who)-231(had)-232(led)]TJ -189.948 -13.549 Td [(a)-197(vicious)-196(life)-197(was)-197(saved,)-207(it)-197(is)-197(said,)-207(from)-197(hell,)-207(because)-197(it)-197(was)-196(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-312(his)-312(sins,)-327(though)-312(very)-312(numerous,)-327(were)-312(just)-312(outnumbered)-311(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-205(letters)-204(of)-205(a)-205(ponderous)-205(and)-204(devout)-205(book)-205(he)-204(had)-205(written.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.651 3.959 Td [(429)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.015 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(Holy)-292(Spirit,)-301(in)-292(the)-291(shape)-292(of)-291(a)-292(dove,)-302(had)-291(been)-292(seen)-291(to)-292(inspire)-291(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gregory;)-238(and)-232(the)-231(writings)-232(of)-232(St.)-244(Thomas)-232(Aquinas,)-235(and)-232(of)-231(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-257(theologians,)-258(had)-257(been)-256(expressly)-257(applauded)-257(by)-256(Christ)-257(or)-256(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-271(saints.)-314(When,)-276(twenty)-271(years)-271(after)-271(death,)-277(the)-271(tomb)-271(of)-271(a)-271(certain)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monkish)-464(writer)-464(was)-464(opened,)-517(it)-464(was)-464(found)-464(that,)-518(although)-463(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remainder)-255(of)-256(the)-255(body)-256(had)-255(crumbled)-256(into)-255(dust,)-257(the)-256(hand)-255(that)-255(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(held)-298(the)-299(pen)-298(remained)-299(flexible)-298(and)-299(undecayed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 206.451 3.959 Td [(430)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.766 -3.959 Td [(A)-298(young)-299(and)]TJ -223.217 -13.549 Td [(nameless)-304(scholar)-304(was)-304(once)-304(buried)-304(near)-304(a)-304(convent)-304(at)-304(Bonn.)-411(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(night)-225(after)-226(his)-225(funeral,)-230(a)-226(nun)-225(whose)-225(cell)-226(overlooked)-225(the)-225(cemetery)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-213(awakened)-213(by)-213(a)-213(brilliant)-212(light)-213(that)-213(filled)-213(the)-213(room.)-238(She)-212(started)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(up,)-332(imagining)-315(that)-316(the)-315(day)-316(had)-316(dawned,)-331(but)-316(on)-315(looking)-316(out)-315(she)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.756 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.944 Td [(428)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Mariana,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.356 0 Td [(De)-250(Rebus)-249(Hispani\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.222 0 Td [(,)-250(vi.)-250(7.)-249(Mariana)-250(says)-250(the)-249(stone)-250(was)-250(in)-249(his)-250(time)]TJ -117.534 -10.959 Td [(preserved)-250(as)-250(a)-250(relic.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(429)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Odericus)-252(Vitalis,)-252(quoted)-251(by)-252(Maitland)-252(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 138.544 0 Td [(Dark)-252(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.113 0 Td [(,)-252(pp.)-255(268-269\051.)-255(The)-251(monk)]TJ -188.613 -10.959 Td [(was)-377(restored)-377(to)-376(life)-377(that)-377(he)-377(might)-377(have)-376(an)-377(opportunity)-377(of)-377(reformation.)-630(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(escape)-332(was)-332(a)-332(narrow)-332(one,)-352(for)-332(there)-332(was)-332(only)-332(one)-331(letter)-332(against)-332(which)-332(no)-332(sin)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(could)-250(be)-250(adduced)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 62.747 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(a)-250(remarkable)-250(instance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(advantages)-250(of)-250(a)-250(diffuse)-250(style.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -71.464 -7.31 Td [(430)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Digby,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.139 0 Td [(Mores)-361(Catholici)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.526 0 Td [(,)-388(book)-361(x.)-582(p.)-582(246.)-582(Matthew)-361(of)-361(Westminster)-361(tells)]TJ -99.621 -10.959 Td [(of)-323(a)-324(certain)-323(king)-323(who)-324(was)-323(very)-324(charitable,)-341(and)-324(whose)-323(right)-323(hand)-324(\050which)-323(had)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(assuaged)-250(many)-250(sorrows\051)-250(remained)-250(undecayed)-250(after)-250(death)-250(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 209.894 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(644\051.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 874 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 875 0 R /Resources 873 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 872 0 R >> endobj 876 0 obj << /D [874 0 R /XYZ 317.946 450.429 null] >> endobj 873 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 879 0 obj << /Length 4989 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(203)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(found)-383(that)-383(it)-383(was)-383(still)-384(night,)-416(though)-383(a)-383(dazzling)-383(splendour)-383(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(around.)-239(A)-218(female)-217(form)-218(of)-217(matchless)-218(loveliness)-217(was)-218(bending)-217(over)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-212(scholar's)-212(grave.)-237(The)-212(effluence)-212(of)-212(her)-212(beauty)-212(filled)-212(the)-212(air)-212(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(light,)-343(and)-325(she)-325(clasped)-325(to)-324(her)-325(heart)-325(a)-324(snow-white)-325(dove)-325(that)-324(rose)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-308(meet)-307(her)-308(from)-308(the)-307(tomb.)-423(It)-308(was)-308(the)-307(Mother)-308(of)-615(God)-308(come)-307(to)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([206])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(receive)-242(the)-243(soul)-242(of)-242(the)-242(martyred)-243(scholar;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 177.879 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(for)-242(scholars)-243(too,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 70.424 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.487 0 Td [(adds)]TJ -260.634 -13.549 Td [(the)-290(old)-290(chronicler,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 83.83 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(are)-290(martyrs)-290(if)-290(they)-290(live)-291(in)-290(purity)-290(and)-290(labour)]TJ -88.674 -13.549 Td [(with)-250(courage.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 59.379 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(431)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -52.266 -22.95 Td [(But)-493(legends)-493(of)-493(this)-493(kind,)-554(though)-493(not)-493(without)-493(a)-493(very)-492(real)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(beauty,)-316(must)-302(not)-302(blind)-303(us)-302(to)-303(the)-302(fact)-303(that)-302(the)-303(period)-302(of)-302(Catholic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ascendancy)-294(was)-293(on)-294(the)-293(whole)-294(one)-294(of)-293(the)-294(most)-293(deplorable)-294(in)-293(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(history)-321(of)-321(the)-322(human)-321(mind.)-464(The)-321(energies)-321(of)-321(Christendom)-321(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diverted)-200(from)-201(all)-200(useful)-200(and)-200(progressive)-201(studies,)-210(and)-200(were)-200(wholly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expended)-254(on)-253(theological)-254(disquisitions.)-260(A)-253(crowd)-254(of)-253(superstitions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attributed)-183(to)-183(infallible)-183(wisdom,)-196(barred)-183(the)-183(path)-182(of)-183(knowledge,)-196(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-253(charge)-254(of)-253(magic,)-254(or)-254(the)-253(charge)-253(of)-254(heresy,)-254(crushed)-253(every)-253(bold)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enquiry)-322(in)-323(the)-322(sphere)-322(of)-322(physical)-323(nature)-322(or)-322(of)-323(opinions.)-466(Above)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all,)-216(the)-206(conditions)-207(of)-207(true)-207(enquiry)-207(had)-207(been)-207(cursed)-207(by)-207(the)-206(Church.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-396(blind)-395(unquestioning)-396(credulity)-395(was)-396(inculcated)-396(as)-395(the)-396(first)-395(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duties,)-396(and)-367(the)-367(habit)-366(of)-367(doubt,)-396(the)-367(impartiality)-367(of)-367(a)-366(suspended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judgment,)-198(the)-185(desire)-185(to)-185(hear)-185(both)-185(sides)-185(of)-185(a)-185(disputed)-185(question,)-197(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-374(emancipate)-373(the)-374(judgment)-374(from)-373(unreasoning)-374(prejudice,)-404(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-336(in)-337(consequence)-336(condemned.)-509(The)-336(belief)-336(in)-337(the)-336(guilt)-336(of)-336(error)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-287(doubt)-287(became)-286(universal,)-296(and)-287(that)-287(belief)-287(may)-287(be)-286(confidently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pronounced)-303(to)-303(be)-303(the)-303(most)-303(pernicious)-303(superstition)-303(that)-303(has)-303(ever)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-399(accredited)-399(among)-400(mankind.)-697(Mistaken)-399(facts)-399(are)-399(rectified)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-440(enquiry.)-822(Mistaken)-440(methods)-440(of)-441(research,)-488(though)-440(far)-440(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(inveterate,)-301(are)-290(gradually)-291(altered;)-311(but)-290(the)-291(spirit)-290(that)-291(shrinks)-290(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enquiry)-391(as)-391(sinful,)-426(and)-391(deems)-391(a)-391(state)-391(of)-391(doubt)-391(a)-391(state)-391(of)-391(guilt,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-372(the)-371(most)-372(enduring)-372(disease)-371(that)-372(can)-372(afflict)-371(the)-372(mind)-372(of)-371(man.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Not)-408(till)-408(the)-408(education)-408(of)-408(Europe)-408(passed)-408(from)-408(the)-408(monasteries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-329(the)-329(universities,)-349(not)-329(till)-329(Mohammedan)-329(science,)-348(and)-329(classical)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(431)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Haur\351au,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.041 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(la)-250(Philosophie)-250(scolastique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 124.785 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(24-25.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 878 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 879 0 R /Resources 877 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 872 0 R >> endobj 880 0 obj << /D [878 0 R /XYZ 266.431 463.978 null] >> endobj 877 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 883 0 obj << /Length 4640 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(204History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(free-thought,)-405(and)-374(industrial)-373(independence)-374(broke)-374(the)-374(sceptre)-373(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(Church,)-250(did)-250(the)-250(intellectual)-250(revival)-250(of)-250(Europe)-250(begin.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(I)-502(am)-502(aware)-502(that)-502(so)-503(strong)-502(a)-502(statement)-502(of)-502(the)-502(intellectual)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(darkness)-373(of)-372(the)-373(middle)-373(ages)-372(is)-373(likely)-373(to)-372(encounter)-373(opposition)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([207])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(from)-211(many)-210(quarters.)-237(The)-211(blindness)-211(which)-210(the)-211(philosophers)-211(of)-210(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eighteenth)-327(century)-328(manifested)-327(to)-327(their)-328(better)-327(side)-327(has)-327(produced)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-386(reaction)-386(which)-386(has)-386(led)-385(many)-386(to)-386(an)-386(opposite,)-420(and,)-420(I)-385(believe,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(far)-398(more)-398(erroneous)-398(extreme.)-694(Some)-398(have)-398(become)-398(eulogists)-398(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-318(period,)-335(through)-317(love)-318(of)-318(its)-318(distinctive)-318(theological)-317(doctrines,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-550(others)-549(through)-550(arch\346ological)-550(enthusiasm,)-624(while)-550(a)-549(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pretentious)-405(and)-404(dogmatic,)-444(but,)-443(I)-404(think,)-444(sometimes)-404(superficial,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(school)-281(of)-281(writers,)-289(who)-281(loudly)-281(boast)-281(themselves)-281(the)-281(regenerators)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-455(history,)-506(and)-455(treat)-454(with)-455(supreme)-455(contempt)-455(all)-455(the)-454(varieties)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-401(theological)-401(opinion,)-439(are)-401(accustomed,)-439(partly)-401(through)-401(a)-401(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shallow)-191(historical)-191(optimism)-190(which)-191(scarcely)-191(admits)-191(the)-190(possibility)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-288(retrogression,)-297(and)-287(partly)-288(through)-288(sympathy)-287(with)-288(the)-287(despotic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(character)-570(of)-571(Catholicism,)-650(to)-571(extol)-570(the)-571(medi\346val)-570(society)-570(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-437(most)-436(extravagant)-437(terms.)-809(Without)-437(entering)-436(into)-437(a)-436(lengthy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examination)-509(of)-509(this)-508(subject,)-574(I)-508(may)-509(be)-509(permitted)-509(to)-508(indicate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shortly)-279(two)-278(or)-279(three)-278(fallacies)-278(which)-279(are)-278(continually)-279(displayed)-278(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-250(appreciations.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(It)-241(is)-240(an)-241(undoubted)-240(truth)-241(that,)-242(for)-241(a)-240(considerable)-241(period,)-242(almost)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(all)-191(the)-191(knowledge)-192(of)-191(Europe)-191(was)-191(included)-191(in)-191(the)-192(monasteries,)-202(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-247(this)-248(it)-247(is)-248(continually)-247(inferred)-247(that,)-248(had)-248(these)-247(institutions)-247(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(existed,)-451(knowledge)-411(would)-411(have)-411(been)-411(absolutely)-410(extinguished.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-242(such)-242(a)-241(conclusion)-242(I)-242(conceive)-242(to)-242(be)-241(altogether)-242(untrue.)-247(During)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-203(period)-202(of)-203(the)-202(Pagan)-203(empire,)-212(intellectual)-203(life)-202(had)-203(been)-202(diffused)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(over)-413(a)-413(vast)-412(portion)-413(of)-413(the)-413(globe.)-738(Egypt)-413(and)-413(Asia)-413(Minor)-412(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(become)-428(great)-427(centres)-428(of)-427(civilisation.)-782(Greece)-428(was)-427(still)-428(a)-427(land)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-482(learning.)-946(Spain,)-540(Gaul,)-540(and)-482(even)-482(Britain,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 206.334 3.959 Td [(432)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.344 -3.959 Td [(were)-482(full)-482(of)]TJ -224.678 -13.549 Td [(libraries)-155(and)-155(teachers.)-219(The)-155(schools)-155(of)-155(Narbonne,)-174(Arles,)-174(Bordeaux,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Toulouse,)-325(Lyons,)-325(Marseilles,)-325(Poitiers,)-325(and)-310(Tr\350ves)-310(were)-309(already)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(432)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(On)-217(the)-218(progress)-217(of)-217(Roman)-218(civilisation)-217(in)-218(Britain,)-223(see)-218(Tacitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 219.342 0 Td [(Agricola)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.382 0 Td [(,)-224(xxi.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 882 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 883 0 R /Resources 881 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 872 0 R >> endobj 884 0 obj << /D [882 0 R /XYZ 374.173 473.977 null] >> endobj 881 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 887 0 obj << /Length 4811 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(205)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(famous.)-784(The)-428(Christian)-428(emperor)-428(Gratian,)-472(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.47 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-428(376,)-472(carried)]TJ -218.706 -13.549 Td [(out)-339(in)-339(Gaul)-339(a)-338(system)-339(similar)-339(to)-339(that)-339(which)-678(had)-338(already,)-361(under)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([208])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-440(Antonines,)-488(been)-440(pursued)-441(in)-440(Italy,)-488(ordaining)-440(that)-440(teachers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-375(be)-375(supported)-376(by)-375(the)-375(State)-375(in)-375(every)-375(leading)-375(city.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 249.234 3.958 Td [(433)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.276 -3.958 Td [(To)]TJ -268.51 -13.55 Td [(suppose)-406(that)-405(Latin)-406(literature,)-444(having)-406(been)-405(so)-406(widely)-405(diffused,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-334(have)-335(totally)-334(perished,)-356(or)-334(that)-334(all)-335(interest)-334(in)-335(it)-334(could)-334(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permanently)-514(ceased,)-579(even)-514(under)-514(the)-514(extremely)-513(unfavourable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(circumstances)-292(that)-293(followed)-292(the)-293(downfall)-292(of)-293(the)-292(Roman)-292(Empire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-494(the)-493(Mohammedan)-494(invasions,)-554(is,)-554(I)-494(conceive,)-554(absurd.)-980(If)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Catholicism)-463(had)-462(never)-463(existed,)-516(the)-462(human)-463(mind)-463(would)-462(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sought)-201(other)-201(spheres)-201(for)-202(its)-201(development,)-211(and)-201(at)-201(least)-201(a)-201(part)-201(of)-201(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(treasures)-276(of)-275(antiquity)-276(would)-275(have)-276(been)-276(preserved)-275(in)-276(other)-275(ways.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-512(monasteries,)-577(as)-512(corporations)-511(of)-512(peaceful)-512(men)-511(protected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-263(the)-263(incursions)-263(of)-263(the)-263(barbarians,)-266(became)-263(very)-263(naturally)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reservoirs)-245(to)-245(which)-245(the)-245(streams)-245(of)-245(literature)-245(flowed;)-247(but)-244(much)-245(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-362(they)-362(are)-362(represented)-362(as)-362(creating,)-390(they)-362(had)-362(in)-362(reality)-361(only)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attracted.)-549(The)-350(inviolable)-350(sanctity)-349(which)-350(they)-350(secured)-349(rendered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-390(invaluable)-390(receptacles)-390(of)-389(ancient)-390(learning)-390(in)-390(a)-390(period)-389(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anarchy)-416(and)-416(perpetual)-416(war,)-458(and)-415(the)-416(industry)-416(of)-416(the)-416(monks)-416(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(transcribing,)-290(probably)-283(more)-282(than)-282(counterbalanced)-282(their)-282(industry)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-536(effacing,)-608(the)-536(classical)-536(writ)1(ings.)-1108(The)-536(ecclesiastical)-536(unity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-424(Christendom)-425(was)-424(also)-425(of)-424(extreme)-425(importance)-424(in)-424(rendering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possible)-304(a)-304(general)-303(interchange)-304(of)-304(ideas.)-411(Whether)-304(these)-303(services)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outweighed)-453(the)-453(intellectual)-453(evils)-453(resulting)-453(from)-453(the)-453(complete)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(diversion)-248(of)-248(the)-247(human)-248(mind)-248(from)-248(all)-248(secular)-247(learning,)-249(and)-247(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-483(persistent)-484(inculcation,)-541(as)-483(a)-484(matter)-483(of)-483(duty,)-542(of)-483(that)-483(habit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-394(abject)-395(credulity)-394(which)-395(it)-394(is)-394(the)-395(first)-394(task)-395(of)-394(the)-394(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reformer)-250(to)-250(eradicate,)-250(may)-250(be)-250(reasonably)-250(doubted.)]TJ 11.956 -18.622 Td [(It)-235(is)-235(not)-235(unfrequent,)-238(again,)-238(to)-235(hear)-235(the)-235(preceding)-235(fallacy)-235(stated)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-181(a)-181(somewhat)-181(different)-180(form.)-227(We)-181(are)-181(reminded)-181(that)-181(almost)-181(all)-180(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-338(of)-338(genius)-337(during)-338(several)-338(centuries)-338(were)-338(great)-337(theologians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-318(we)-317(are)-318(asked)-317(to)-318(conceive)-317(the)-318(more)-317(than)-318(Egyptian)-317(darkness)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(433)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)-250(Benedictine)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 73.461 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(litt\351r.)-250(de)-250(la)-250(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.171 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(part)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(9.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 886 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 887 0 R /Resources 885 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 872 0 R >> endobj 888 0 obj << /D [886 0 R /XYZ 240.644 504.626 null] >> endobj 885 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 891 0 obj << /Length 5293 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(206History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-457(would)-458(have)-457(prevailed)-458(had)-457(the)-915(Catholic)-457(theology)-457(which)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([209])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(produced)-276(them)-275(not)-276(existed.)-327(This)-276(judgment)-275(resembles)-276(that)-276(of)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prisoner)-341(in)-340(a)-341(famous)-340(passage)-341(of)-340(Cicero,)-363(who,)-363(having)-341(spent)-340(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entire)-280(life)-280(in)-280(a)-280(dark)-280(dungeon,)-287(and)-280(knowing)-280(the)-280(light)-280(of)-280(day)-279(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-397(a)-397(single)-397(ray)-397(which)-397(passed)-397(through)-397(a)-397(fissure)-397(in)-397(the)-397(wall,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inferred)-325(that)-325(if)-324(the)-325(wall)-325(were)-325(removed,)-343(as)-325(the)-325(fissure)-325(would)-324(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(longer)-256(exist,)-257(all)-256(light)-255(would)-256(be)-256(excluded.)-267(Medi\346val)-255(Catholicism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discouraged)-194(and)-194(suppressed)-194(in)-194(every)-194(way)-194(secular)-194(studies,)-205(while)-194(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conferred)-245(a)-246(monopoly)-245(of)-245(wealth)-245(and)-245(honour)-246(and)-245(power)-245(upon)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(distinguished)-339(theologian.)-517(Very)-339(naturally,)-361(therefore,)-361(it)-339(attracted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-434(the)-434(path)-433(of)-434(theology)-434(the)-433(genius)-434(that)-434(would)-434(have)-433(existed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-530(it,)-600(but)-531(would)-530(under)-530(other)-530(circumstances)-530(have)-530(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(displayed)-250(in)-250(other)-250(forms.)]TJ 11.956 -16.145 Td [(It)-409(is)-410(not)-409(to)-410(be)-409(inferred,)-450(however,)-449(from)-410(this,)-449(that)-409(medi\346val)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Catholicism)-288(had)-287(not,)-297(in)-288(the)-288(sphere)-287(of)-288(intellect,)-297(any)-288(real)-287(creative)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(power.)-479(A)-327(great)-326(moral)-326(or)-327(religious)-326(enthusiasm)-327(always)-326(evokes)-326(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certain)-157(amount)-157(of)-157(genius)-157(that)-157(would)-158(not)-157(otherwise)-157(have)-157(existed,)-175(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-188(least)-188(been)-187(displayed,)-201(and)-187(the)-188(monasteries)-188(were)-188(peculiarly)-187(fitted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-260(develop)-261(certain)-260(casts)-261(of)-260(mind,)-263(which)-261(in)-260(no)-261(other)-260(sphere)-260(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-334(so)-334(perfectly)-334(expanded.)-501(The)-334(great)-334(writings)-334(of)-334(St.)-501(Thomas)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Aquinas)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 36.36 3.959 Td [(434)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.457 -3.959 Td [(and)-367(his)-367(followers,)-396(and,)-397(in)-367(more)-367(modern)-367(times,)-396(the)]TJ -52.817 -13.549 Td [(massive)-419(and)-419(conscientious)-420(erudition)-419(of)-419(the)-419(Benedictines,)-461(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(always)-223(make)-223(certain)-223(periods)-223(of)-223(the)-223(monastic)-223(history)-223(venerable)-223(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-258(scholar.)-274(But,)-260(when)-258(we)-258(remember)-258(that)-258(during)-258(many)-258(centuries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nearly)-291(every)-291(one)-291(possessing)-291(any)-291(literary)-291(taste)-291(or)-291(talents)-291(became)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-286(monk,)-295(when)-286(we)-286(recollect)-286(that)-286(these)-286(monks)-286(were)-286(familiar)-285(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-237(language,)-239(and)-236(might)-237(easily)-236(have)-237(been)-236(familiar)-237(with)-236(the)-236(noble)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(literature,)-489(of)-441(ancient)-441(Rome,)-489(and)-442(when)-882(we)-441(also)-441(consider)-441(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([210])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(mode)-378(of)-377(their)-378(life,)-409(which)-378(would)-377(seem,)-410(from)-377(its)-378(freedom)-377(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(care,)-547(and)-487(from)-488(the)-487(very)-488(monotony)-488(of)-487(its)-488(routine,)-546(peculiarly)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 109.64 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.828 Td [(434)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(A)-467(biographer)-467(of)-467(St.)-901(Thomas)-467(Aquinas)-468(modestly)-467(observes:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 221.233 0 Td [(\024\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(L'opinion)]TJ -246.136 -10.959 Td [(g\351n\351ralement)-246(r\351pandue)-246(parmi)-245(les)-246(th\351ologiens)-246(c'est)-246(que)-246(la)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 205.998 0 Td [(Somme)-246(de)-246(Th\351ologie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -205.998 -10.959 Td [(de)-267(St.)-301(Thomas)-267(est)-267(non-seulement)-267(son)-266(chef-d')]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 161.461 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(uvre)-267(mais)-267(aussi)-267(celui)-267(de)-267(l'esprit)]TJ -167.935 -10.959 Td [(humain.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.141 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(\050!!\051)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.943 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Carle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.905 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(St.-Thomas)-250(d'Aquin)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 100.8 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(140.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 890 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 891 0 R /Resources 889 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 872 0 R >> endobj 892 0 obj << /D [890 0 R /XYZ 257.39 518.175 null] >> endobj 893 0 obj << /D [890 0 R /XYZ 274.336 149.751 null] >> endobj 889 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 896 0 obj << /Length 5231 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(207)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(calculated)-290(to)-290(impel)-290(them)-290(to)-290(study,)-300(we)-290(can)-290(hardly)-290(fail)-290(to)-290(wonder)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-231(very)-231(little)-231(of)-231(any)-231(real)-231(value)-231(they)-231(added,)-235(for)-231(so)-231(long)-231(a)-231(period,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-406(the)-405(knowledge)-406(of)-406(mankind.)-717(It)-406(is)-405(indeed)-406(a)-406(remarkable)-405(fact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that,)-363(even)-340(in)-340(the)-340(ages)-340(when)-340(the)-340(Catholic)-340(ascendancy)-340(was)-340(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(perfect,)-315(some)-301(of)-302(the)-302(greatest)-301(achievements)-302(were)-302(either)-301(opposed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-464(simply)-463(external)-464(to)-464(ecclesiastical)-464(influence.)-891(Roger)-463(Bacon,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(having)-394(been)-394(a)-394(monk,)-430(is)-394(frequently)-394(spoken)-394(of)-394(as)-394(a)-394(creature)-393(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholic)-286(teaching.)-358(But)-286(there)-286(never)-286(was)-286(a)-286(more)-286(striking)-285(instance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-343(the)-343(force)-344(of)-343(a)-343(great)-343(genius)-343(in)-344(resisting)-343(the)-343(tendencies)-343(of)-343(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(age.)-260(At)-253(a)-253(time)-253(when)-254(physical)-253(science)-253(was)-253(continually)-253(neglected,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discouraged,)-223(or)-217(condemned,)-224(at)-216(a)-217(time)-217(when)-217(all)-216(the)-217(great)-217(prizes)-216(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-216(world)-215(were)-216(open)-215(to)-216(men)-215(who)-215(pursued)-216(a)-215(very)-216(different)-215(course,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Bacon)-309(applied)-309(himself)-310(with)-309(transcendent)-309(genius)-309(to)-309(the)-309(study)-309(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature.)-258(Fourteen)-253(years)-252(of)-253(his)-253(life)-252(were)-253(spent)-253(in)-252(prison,)-254(and)-252(when)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-433(died)-434(his)-433(name)-434(was)-433(blasted)-433(as)-434(a)-433(magician.)-800(The)-433(medi\346val)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laboratories)-394(were)-395(chiefly)-394(due)-394(to)-395(the)-394(pursuit)-394(of)-395(alchemy,)-430(or)-394(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mohammedan)-329(encouragement.)-487(The)-329(inventions)-329(of)-329(the)-329(mariner's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(compass,)-390(of)-362(gunpowder,)-390(and)-362(of)-362(rag)-362(paper)-362(were)-362(all,)-390(indeed,)-389(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-258(importance;)-261(but)-258(no)-258(part)-258(of)-258(the)-257(credit)-258(of)-258(them)-258(belongs)-257(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-298(monks.)-395(Their)-299(origin)-298(is)-298(involved)-299(in)-298(much)-298(obscurity,)-311(but)-298(it)-298(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-222(certain)-222(that)-221(the)-222(last)-222(two,)-227(at)-222(all)-222(events,)-227(were)-222(first)-221(employed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-392(Europe)-392(by)-392(the)-391(Mohammedans)-392(of)-392(Spain.)-676(Cotton)-392(paper)-391(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-461(use)-461(among)-461(these)-461(as)-461(early)-461(as)-461(1009.)-883(Among)-461(the)-461(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations)-233(it)-233(appears)-232(to)-233(have)-233(been)-233(unknown)-232(till)-233(late)-233(in)-233(the)-232(thirteenth)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(century.)-252(The)-250(first)-251(instance)-251(of)-250(the)-251(employment)-250(of)-251(artillery)-250(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-307(nations)-308(was)-307(at)-308(the)-307(battle)-307(of)-308(Crecy,)-322(but)-307(the)-307(knowledge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-281(gunpowder)-281(among)-281(them)-282(has)-281(been)-281(traced)-281(back)-281(as)-281(far)-281(as)-281(1338.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-189(is)-190(abundant)-189(evidence,)-202(however,)-201(of)-189(its)-190(employment)-189(in)-189(Spain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-219(Mohammedans)-219(in)-219(several)-220(sieges)-219(in)-219(the)-219(thirteenth)-219(century,)-225(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-246(in)-246(a)-246(battle)-246(between)-245(the)-246(Moors)-246(of)-246(Seville)-246(and)-246(those)-246(of)-245(Tunis)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-174(the)-174(end)-175(of)-174(the)-174(eleventh)-348(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 145.082 3.959 Td [(435)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.905 -3.959 Td [(In)-174(invention,)-189(indeed,)-190(as)-174(well)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.037 0 Td [([211])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.765 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(435)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-196(Viardot,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.199 0 Td [(Hist.)-232(des)-197(Arabes)-196(en)-196(Espagne)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 101.252 0 Td [(,)-207(ii.)-232(142-166.)-232(Prescott's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 83.367 0 Td [(Ferdinand)]TJ -242.774 -10.959 Td [(and)-320(Isabella)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.208 0 Td [(,)-337(ch.)-460(viii.)-460(Viardot)-320(contends)-320(that)-319(the)-320(compass)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 164.446 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(which)-320(appears)-320(to)]TJ -218.621 -10.959 Td [(have)-432(been)-431(long)-431(known)-432(in)-431(China)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 121.946 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(was)-431(first)-432(introduced)-431(into)-432(Europe)-431(by)-432(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 895 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 896 0 R /Resources 894 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 898 0 R >> endobj 897 0 obj << /D [895 0 R /XYZ 154.509 111.699 null] >> endobj 894 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 901 0 obj << /Length 4689 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(208History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-198(in)-197(original)-198(research,)-207(the)-198(medi\346val)-197(monasteries)-198(were)-197(singularly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barren.)-530(They)-343(cultivated)-343(formal)-344(logic)-343(to)-343(great)-344(perfection.)-529(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(produced)-274(many)-274(patient)-274(and)-274(laborious,)-280(though,)-280(for)-274(the)-274(most)-273(part,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wholly)-306(uncritical)-306(scholars,)-321(and)-306(many)-306(philosophers)-306(who,)-320(having)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(assumed)-443(their)-442(premises)-442(with)-443(unfaltering)-442(faith,)-491(reasoned)-442(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-272(with)-271(admirable)-272(subtlety;)-282(but)-272(they)-271(taught)-272(men)-271(to)-272(regard)-271(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sacrifice)-412(of)-411(secular)-412(learning)-412(as)-411(a)-412(noble)-411(thing;)-493(they)-411(impressed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-298(them)-298(a)-298(theory)-297(of)-298(the)-298(habitual)-298(government)-298(of)-298(the)-297(universe,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-413(is)-412(absolutely)-413(untrue;)-494(and)-413(they)-412(diffused,)-454(wherever)-412(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(influence)-342(extended,)-365(habits)-342(of)-342(credulity)-342(and)-342(intolerance)-342(that)-341(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(most)-250(deadly)-250(poisons)-250(to)-250(the)-250(human)-250(mind.)]TJ 11.956 -13.585 Td [(It)-625(is,)-719(again,)-719(very)-625(frequently)-625(observed)-625(among)-625(the)-625(more)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(philosophic)-526(eulogists)-526(of)-527(the)-526(medi\346val)-526(period,)-595(that)-526(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-243(Catholic)-243(Church)-243(is)-243(a)-243(trammel)-243(and)-243(an)-243(obstacle)-243(to)-243(the)-242(progress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-389(civilised)-388(nations,)-423(although)-389(it)-388(would)-389(be)-388(scarcely)-389(possible)-388(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(exaggerate)-389(the)-389(misery)-389(her)-389(persecuting)-389(spirit)-390(caused,)-423(when)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-304(mind)-303(had)-303(outstripped)-304(her)-303(teaching;)-331(yet)-303(there)-304(was)-303(a)-303(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-345(she)-344(was)-345(greatly)-344(in)-345(advance)-345(of)-344(the)-345(age,)-368(and)-345(the)-344(complete)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-390(absolute)-390(ascendancy)-390(she)-390(then)-390(exercised)-390(was)-390(intellectually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eminently)-386(beneficial.)-660(That)-386(there)-387(is)-386(much)-387(truth)-386(in)-386(this)-387(view,)-420(I)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-348(myself)-348(repeatedly)-348(maintained.)-544(But)-348(when)-348(men)-348(proceed)-347(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(isolate)-215(the)-214(former)-215(period,)-221(and)-215(to)-215(make)-214(it)-215(the)-214(theme)-215(of)-214(unqualified)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eulogy,)-234(they)-230(fall,)-234(I)-230(think,)-234(into)-230(a)-229(grave)-230(error.)-244(The)-230(evils)-230(that)-229(sprang)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-190(the)-190(later)-190(period)-189(of)-190(Catholic)-190(ascendancy)-190(were)-190(not)-190(an)-189(accident)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-292(a)-291(perversion,)-302(but)-292(a)-291(normal)-292(and)-292(necessary)-291(consequence)-292(of)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(previous)-298(despotism.)-393(The)-298(principles)-297(which)-298(were)-298(imposed)-298(on)-297(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(medi\346val)-192(world,)-203(and)-191(which)-192(were)-192(the)-191(conditions)-192(of)-191(so)-383(much)-192(of)-191(its)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([212])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(distinctive)-237(excellence,)-239(were)-237(of)-236(such)-237(a)-237(nature)-236(that)-237(they)-237(claimed)-236(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-291(final,)-302(and)-291(could)-291(not)-291(possibly)-291(be)-291(discarded)-291(without)-291(a)-291(struggle)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-473(a)-473(convulsion.)-918(We)-473(must)-472(estimate)-473(the)-473(influence)-473(of)-472(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principles)-371(considered)-371(as)-371(a)-371(whole,)-401(and)-371(during)-371(the)-371(entire)-370(period)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-347(their)-347(operation.)-541(There)-347(are)-347(some)-347(poisons)-347(which,)-371(before)-347(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kill)-259(men,)-260(allay)-259(pain)-258(and)-259(diffuse)-258(a)-259(soothing)-258(sensation)-259(through)-258(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 74.966 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 66.142 Td [(Mohammedans;)-250(but)-250(the)-250(evidence)-250(of)-250(this)-250(appears)-250(inconclusive.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 900 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 901 0 R /Resources 899 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 898 0 R >> endobj 902 0 obj << /D [900 0 R /XYZ 324.268 165.86 null] >> endobj 899 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 905 0 obj << /Length 4562 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(209)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(frame.)-472(We)-324(may)-324(recognise)-324(the)-324(hour)-324(of)-324(enjoyment)-324(they)-324(procure,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-182(we)-182(must)-182(not)-182(separate)-183(it)-182(from)-182(the)-182(price)-182(at)-182(which)-182(it)-182(is)-182(purchased.)]TJ 11.956 -18.622 Td [(The)-420(extremely)-421(unfavourable)-420(influence)-421(the)-420(Catholic)-420(Church)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(long)-538(exercised)-538(upon)-538(intellectual)-538(development)-538(had)-537(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-692(consequences.)-1575(Although)-691(moral)-692(progress)-692(does)-691(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessarily)-469(depend)-469(upon)-469(intellectual)-469(progress)-469(it)-469(is)-469(materially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affected)-490(by)-489(it,)-550(intellectual)-489(activity)-490(being)-489(the)-490(most)-489(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(element)-234(in)-234(the)-234(growth)-234(of)-234(that)-234(great)-234(and)-234(complex)-234(organism)-233(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(we)-397(call)-397(civilisation.)-691(The)-397(medi\346val)-397(credulity)-397(had)-397(also)-397(a)-396(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(direct)-414(moral)-414(influence)-414(in)-414(producing)-414(that)-414(indifference)-414(to)-414(truth,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-214(is)-215(the)-214(most)-214(repulsive)-215(feature)-214(of)-214(so)-215(many)-214(Catholic)-214(writings.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-178(very)-177(large)-178(part)-177(that)-178(must)-177(be)-177(assigned)-178(to)-177(deliberate)-178(forgeries)-177(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-168(early)-167(apologetic)-168(literature)-168(of)-167(the)-168(Church)-168(we)-167(have)-168(already)-167(seen;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-260(no)-259(impartial)-260(reader)-259(can,)-262(I)-260(think,)-261(investigate)-260(the)-259(innumerable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grotesque)-419(and)-419(lying)-418(legends)-419(that,)-461(during)-419(the)-419(whole)-419(course)-418(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-416(Middle)-416(Ages,)-457(were)-415(deliberately)-416(palmed)-416(upon)-416(mankind)-415(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undoubted)-332(facts,)-352(can)-332(follow)-332(the)-332(histories)-332(of)-332(the)-332(false)-331(decretals,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-163(the)-163(discussions)-163(that)-163(were)-163(connected)-162(with)-163(them,)-181(or)-163(can)-162(observe)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-390(complete)-389(and)-390(absolute)-389(incapacity)-389(most)-390(Catholic)-389(historians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-199(displayed,)-209(of)-200(conceiving)-199(any)-199(good)-199(thing)-199(in)-199(the)-199(ranks)-199(of)-199(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opponents,)-231(or)-225(of)-226(stating)-226(with)-225(common)-226(fairness)-226(any)-225(consideration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-436(can)-436(tell)-436(against)-436(their)-435(cause,)-483(without)-436(acknowledging)-435(how)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(serious)-382(and)-382(how)-383(inveterate)-382(has)-382(been)-382(the)-382(evil.)-647(There)-382(have,)-415(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doubt,)-196(been)-182(many)-182(noble)-182(individual)-182(exceptions.)-228(Yet)-182(it)-182(is,)-195(I)-182(believe,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difficult)-201(to)-200(exaggerate)-201(the)-201(extent)-200(to)-201(which)-201(this)-200(moral)-201(defect)-200(exists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-255(most)-255(of)-256(the)-255(ancient)-255(and)-255(very)-255(much)-256(of)-255(the)-255(modern)-255(literature)-255(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholicism.)-327(It)-552(is)-275(this)-276(which)-276(makes)-275(it)-276(so)-276(unspeakably)-275(repulsive)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([213])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(to)-405(all)-405(independent)-405(and)-405(impartial)-405(thinkers,)-444(and)-405(has)-405(led)-405(a)-405(great)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(German)-384(historian)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 77.513 3.959 Td [(436)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.646 -3.959 Td [(to)-384(declare,)-418(with)-385(much)-384(bitterness,)-418(that)-384(the)]TJ -94.159 -13.549 Td [(phrase)-260(Christian)-260(veracity)-260(deserves)-260(to)-260(rank)-260(with)-260(the)-260(phrase)-260(Punic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(faith.)-294(But)-264(this)-265(absolute)-264(indifference)-265(to)-264(truth)-265(whenever)-264(falsehood)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-208(subserve)-207(the)-208(interests)-207(of)-208(the)-208(Church)-207(is)-208(perfectly)-207(explicable,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(436)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Herder.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 904 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 905 0 R /Resources 903 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 898 0 R >> endobj 906 0 obj << /D [904 0 R /XYZ 115.475 160.824 null] >> endobj 903 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 909 0 obj << /Length 5445 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(210History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-370(was)-371(found)-370(in)-370(multitudes)-371(who,)-400(in)-371(other)-370(respects,)-400(exhibited)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-236(noblest)-236(virtue.)-245(An)-236(age)-235(which)-236(has)-236(ceased)-236(to)-236(value)-235(impartiality)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-261(judgment)-262(will)-261(soon)-261(cease)-261(to)-262(value)-261(accuracy)-261(of)-262(statement;)-266(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-173(credulity)-174(is)-173(inculcated)-174(as)-173(a)-173(virtue,)-189(falsehood)-173(will)-174(not)-173(long)-173(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(stigmatised)-271(as)-270(a)-271(vice.)-311(When,)-276(too,)-275(men)-271(are)-270(firmly)-271(convinced)-270(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(salvation)-329(can)-329(only)-329(be)-329(found)-329(within)-329(their)-329(Church,)-349(and)-329(that)-329(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church)-341(can)-340(absolve)-341(from)-341(all)-340(guilt,)-364(they)-340(will)-341(speedily)-340(conclude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-202(nothing)-202(can)-202(possibly)-202(be)-202(wrong)-202(which)-202(is)-202(beneficial)-202(to)-202(it.)-234(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exchange)-221(the)-220(love)-221(of)-221(truth)-220(for)-221(what)-221(they)-220(call)-221(the)-221(love)-220(of)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 241.558 0 Td [(the)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.738 0 Td [(truth.)]TJ -257.296 -13.55 Td [(They)-220(regard)-220(morals)-220(as)-220(derived)-220(from)-220(and)-220(subordinate)-220(to)-219(theology,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-427(they)-426(regulate)-427(all)-427(their)-427(statements,)-471(not)-426(by)-427(the)-427(standard)-426(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(veracity,)-250(but)-250(by)-250(the)-250(interests)-250(of)-250(their)-250(creed.)]TJ 11.956 -16.076 Td [(Another)-225(important)-225(moral)-226(consequence)-225(of)-225(the)-225(monastic)-225(system)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-272(the)-272(great)-271(prominence)-272(given)-272(to)-272(pecuniary)-272(compensations)-271(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(crime.)-354(It)-285(had)-285(been)-284(at)-285(first)-285(one)-285(of)-284(the)-285(broad)-285(distinctions)-284(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Paganism)-405(and)-406(Christianity,)-444(that,)-444(while)-406(the)-405(rites)-406(of)-405(the)-405(former)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-462(for)-463(the)-462(most)-463(part)-462(unconnected)-463(with)-462(moral)-462(dispositions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-328(made)-329(purity)-328(of)-328(heart)-328(an)-328(essential)-329(element)-328(of)-328(all)-328(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worship.)-226(Among)-177(the)-177(Pagans)-177(a)-177(few)-176(faint)-177(efforts)-177(had,)-192(it)-177(is)-177(true,)-191(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-290(in)-291(this)-290(direction.)-371(An)-291(old)-290(precept)-291(or)-290(law,)-301(which)-290(is)-290(referred)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-341(by)-340(Cicero,)-364(and)-340(which)-341(was)-341(strongly)-340(reiterated)-341(by)-340(Apollonius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-283(Tyana,)-291(and)-283(the)-283(Pythagoreans,)-291(declared)-283(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 204.76 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(no)-283(impious)-283(man)]TJ -209.604 -13.549 Td [(should)-353(dare)-353(to)-353(appease)-353(the)-353(anger)-354(of)-353(the)-353(divinities)-353(by)-353(gifts;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(437)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(and)-279(oracles)-278(are)-279(said)-278(to)-279(have)-279(more)-278(than)-279(once)-278(proclaimed)-279(that)-278(the)]TJ 3.948 -13.549 Td [(hecatombs)-362(of)-362(noble)-362(oxen)-361(with)-362(gilded)-362(horns)-362(that)-362(were)-362(offered)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -76.703 0 Td [([214])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(up)-250(ostentatiously)-251(by)-250(the)-251(rich,)-250(were)-250(less)-251(pleasing)-250(to)-251(the)-250(gods)-250(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-340(wreaths)-341(of)-340(flowers)-341(and)-340(the)-340(modest)-341(and)-340(reverential)-340(worship)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-405(the)-405(poor.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 53.98 3.959 Td [(438)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.254 -3.959 Td [(In)-405(general,)-444(however,)-444(in)-405(the)-405(Pagan)-405(world,)-444(the)]TJ -74.234 -13.549 Td [(service)-387(of)-386(the)-387(temple)-387(had)-386(little)-387(or)-387(no)-386(connection)-387(with)-386(morals,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-359(the)-359(change)-359(which)-358(Christianity)-359(effected)-359(in)-359(this)-359(respect)-358(was)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 109.801 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.988 Td [(437)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Impius)-363(ne)-363(audeto)-364(placare)-363(donis)-363(iram)-363(Deorum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 170.192 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Cicero,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.656 0 Td [(De)-363(Leg.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.659 0 Td [(ii.)-590(9.)]TJ -261.392 -10.958 Td [(See,)-250(too,)-250(Philost.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 62.774 0 Td [(Apoll.)-250(Tyan.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(i.)-250(11.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.854 -7.311 Td [(438)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(There)-356(are)-357(three)-356(or)-357(four)-356(instances)-357(of)-356(this)-357(related)-356(by)-357(Porphyry,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 229.863 0 Td [(De)-357(Abstin.)]TJ -241.819 -10.959 Td [(Carnis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.416 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 908 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 909 0 R /Resources 907 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 898 0 R >> endobj 910 0 obj << /D [908 0 R /XYZ 93.543 190.467 null] >> endobj 907 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 913 0 obj << /Length 4932 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(211)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(one)-357(of)-357(its)-356(most)-357(important)-357(benefits)-357(to)-357(mankind.)-570(It)-357(was)-356(natural,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(however,)-293(and)-284(perhaps)-284(inevitable,)-293(that)-285(in)-284(the)-284(course)-284(of)-285(time,)-292(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-253(the)-254(action)-253(of)-253(very)-254(various)-253(causes,)-254(the)-254(old)-253(Pagan)-253(sentiment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-490(revive,)-550(and)-490(even)-490(with)-490(an)-490(increased)-490(intensity.)-970(In)-490(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(respect)-362(had)-361(the)-362(Christians)-362(been)-361(more)-362(nobly)-362(distinguished)-361(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-396(their)-395(charity.)-687(It)-395(was)-396(not)-395(surprising)-396(that)-395(the)-396(Fathers,)-431(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exerting)-334(all)-334(their)-334(eloquence)-334(to)-334(stimulate)-334(this)-334(virtue)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 226.096 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(especially)]TJ -237.005 -13.549 Td [(during)-424(the)-424(calamities)-425(that)-424(accompanied)-424(the)-424(dissolution)-424(of)-424(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 32.117 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(should)-429(have)-429(dilated)-430(in)-429(extremely)-429(strong)-429(terms)-429(upon)]TJ -43.025 -13.55 Td [(the)-336(spiritual)-336(benefits)-336(the)-335(donor)-336(would)-336(receive)-336(for)-336(his)-336(gift.)-508(It)-335(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-275(not)-274(surprising)-275(that)-275(this)-274(selfish)-275(calculation)-275(should)-274(gradually,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-491(among)-491(hard)-491(and)-491(ignorant)-491(men,)-551(have)-491(absorbed)-491(all)-491(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(motives.)-534(A)-345(curious)-345(legend,)-369(which)-344(is)-345(related)-345(by)-345(a)-345(writer)-345(of)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seventh)-368(century,)-397(illustrates)-368(the)-368(ki)1(nd)-368(of)-368(feeling)-368(that)-368(had)-367(arisen.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-278(Christian)-279(bishop)-278(Synesius)-279(succeeded)-278(in)-279(converting)-278(a)-278(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(named)-218(Evagrius,)-225(who)-218(for)-218(a)-218(long)-218(time,)-225(however,)-224(felt)-218(doubts)-218(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-222(passage,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 54.896 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(He)-222(who)-223(giveth)-222(to)-222(the)-223(poor)-222(lendeth)-222(to)-223(the)-222(Lord.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 200.289 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.269 0 Td [(On)]TJ -267.298 -13.549 Td [(his)-266(conversion,)-271(and)-266(in)-267(obedience)-266(to)-267(this)-266(verse,)-271(he)-266(gave)-266(Synesius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-328(hundred)-329(pieces)-328(of)-328(gold)-329(to)-328(be)-328(distributed)-329(among)-328(the)-328(poor;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-316(he)-315(exacted)-316(from)-316(the)-315(bishop,)-333(as)-315(the)-316(representative)-316(of)-315(Christ,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-454(promissory)-453(note,)-505(engaging)-454(that)-454(he)-453(should)-454(be)-454(repaid)-454(in)-453(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(future)-205(world.)-236(Many)-205(years)-205(later,)-215(Evagrius,)-214(being)-206(on)-205(his)-205(death-bed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commanded)-253(his)-253(sons,)-253(when)-253(they)-253(buried)-253(him,)-253(to)-253(place)-253(the)-253(note)-252(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-323(hand,)-342(and)-324(to)-323(do)-324(so)-323(without)-324(informing)-323(Synesius.)-470(His)-647(dying)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([215])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(injunction)-275(was)-275(observed,)-280(and)-275(three)-275(days)-275(afterwards)-275(he)-274(appeared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-239(Synesius)-240(in)-239(a)-239(dream,)-242(told)-239(him)-239(that)-240(the)-239(debt)-239(had)-240(been)-239(paid,)-241(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ordered)-352(him)-353(to)-352(go)-353(to)-352(the)-353(tomb,)-378(where)-352(he)-353(would)-352(find)-353(a)-352(written)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(receipt.)-235(Synesius)-204(did)-204(as)-204(he)-204(was)-204(commanded,)-214(and,)-213(the)-204(grave)-204(being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opened,)-319(the)-304(promissory)-305(note)-305(was)-305(found)-305(in)-305(the)-305(hand)-305(of)-304(the)-305(dead)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man,)-275(with)-269(an)-270(endorsement)-269(declaring)-270(that)-270(the)-269(debt)-270(had)-270(been)-269(paid)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-333(Christ.)-498(The)-333(note,)-354(it)-333(was)-333(said,)-353(was)-333(long)-333(after)-333(preserved)-333(as)-332(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relic)-250(in)-250(the)-250(church)-250(of)-250(Cyrene.)]TJ 11.955 -18.459 Td [(The)-185(kind)-186(of)-185(feeling)-185(which)-186(this)-185(legend)-185(displays)-186(was)-185(soon)-186(t)1(urned)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(with)-357(tenfold)-358(force)-357(into)-357(the)-358(channel)-357(of)-357(monastic)-358(life.)-572(A)-357(law)-357(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 912 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 913 0 R /Resources 911 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 898 0 R >> endobj 914 0 obj << /D [912 0 R /XYZ 299.022 206.544 null] >> endobj 911 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 917 0 obj << /Length 4834 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(212History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Constantine)-222(accorded,)-228(and)-222(several)-222(later)-222(laws)-222(enlarged,)-227(the)-222(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-365(bequests)-364(to)-365(ecclesiastics.)-594(Ecclesiastical)-365(property)-364(was)-365(at)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-245(time)-244(exonerated)-244(from)-245(the)-244(public)-245(burdens,)-245(and)-245(this)-244(measure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-286(only)-285(directly)-286(assisted)-286(its)-285(increase,)-295(but)-286(had)-285(also)-286(an)-285(important)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(indirect)-306(influence;)-335(for,)-320(when)-307(taxation)-306(was)-307(heavy,)-320(many)-306(laymen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ceded)-340(the)-340(ownership)-340(of)-340(their)-340(estates)-341(to)-340(the)-340(monasteries,)-362(with)-340(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(secret)-209(condition)-209(that)-209(they)-209(should,)-217(as)-209(vassals,)-217(receive)-209(the)-208(revenues)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unburdened)-280(by)-280(taxation,)-288(and)-280(subject)-281(only)-280(to)-280(a)-280(slight)-280(payment)-280(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-278(monks)-278(as)-278(to)-279(their)-278(feudal)-278(lords.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 150.01 3.958 Td [(439)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.102 -3.958 Td [(The)-278(monks)-278(were)-279(regarded)]TJ -166.112 -13.55 Td [(as)-302(the)-303(trustees)-302(of)-303(the)-302(poor,)-315(and)-303(also)-302(as)-303(themselves)-302(typical)-302(poor,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-306(all)-306(the)-306(promises)-306(that)-306(applied)-306(to)-306(those)-306(who)-306(gave)-306(to)-306(the)-305(poor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applied,)-331(it)-315(was)-315(said,)-332(to)-314(the)-315(benefactors)-315(of)-315(the)-315(monasteries.)-445(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monastic)-458(chapel)-457(also)-458(contained)-457(the)-458(relics)-458(of)-457(saints)-458(or)-457(sacred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(images)-305(of)-305(miraculous)-305(power,)-318(and)-305(throngs)-305(of)-305(worshippers)-609(were)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([216])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(attracted)-275(by)-275(the)-275(miracles,)-281(and)-275(desired)-275(to)-275(place)-275(themselves)-274(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-416(protection,)-458(of)-416(the)-416(saint.)-747(It)-416(is)-416(no)-416(exaggeration)-416(to)-416(say)-416(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-354(give)-354(money)-354(to)-355(the)-354(priests)-354(was)-354(for)-354(several)-354(centuries)-354(the)-354(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(article)-438(of)-438(the)-438(moral)-438(code.)-814(Political)-438(minds)-438(may)-438(have)-437(felt)-438(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(importance)-248(of)-247(aggrandising)-248(a)-247(pacific)-248(and)-248(industrious)-247(class)-248(in)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(centre)-293(of)-293(a)-293(disorganised)-293(society,)-304(and)-293(family)-293(affection)-292(may)-293(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(predisposed)-376(many)-375(in)-376(favour)-375(of)-376(institutions)-375(which)-376(contained)-375(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(least)-417(one)-417(member)-417(of)-417(most)-418(families;)-500(but)-417(in)-417(the)-417(overwhelming)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(majority)-261(of)-260(cases)-261(the)-260(motive)-260(was)-261(simple)-260(superstition.)-282(In)-260(seasons)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-332(sickness,)-352(of)-331(danger,)-353(of)-331(sorrow,)-352(or)-332(of)-332(remorse,)-352(whenever)-331(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fear)-485(or)-486(the)-485(conscience)-486(of)-485(the)-485(worshipper)-486(was)-485(awakened,)-544(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hastened)-332(to)-331(purchase)-332(with)-332(money)-331(the)-332(favour)-331(of)-332(a)-332(saint.)-494(Above)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all,)-412(in)-379(the)-380(hour)-379(of)-380(death,)-412(when)-379(the)-380(terrors)-379(of)-380(the)-379(future)-379(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loomed)-317(darkly)-318(upon)-317(his)-318(mind,)-334(he)-317(saw)-318(in)-317(a)-318(gift)-317(or)-318(legacy)-317(to)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monks)-259(a)-258(sure)-259(means)-259(of)-259(effacing)-258(the)-259(most)-259(monstrous)-259(crimes,)-260(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(securing)-316(his)-316(ultimate)-317(happiness.)-448(A)-317(rich)-316(man)-316(was)-316(soon)-316(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(deemed)-214(a)-214(Christian)-214(if)-214(he)-215(did)-214(not)-214(leave)-214(a)-214(portion)-214(of)-214(his)-214(property)-214(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-207(Church,)-215(and)-207(the)-207(charters)-206(of)-207(innumerable)-207(monasteries)-207(in)-206(every)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(439)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.358 0 Td [(Antich.)-250(Italiane)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.789 0 Td [(,)-250(diss.)-250(lxvii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 916 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 917 0 R /Resources 915 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 898 0 R >> endobj 918 0 obj << /D [916 0 R /XYZ 349.651 342.036 null] >> endobj 915 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 921 0 obj << /Length 5639 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(213)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(part)-334(of)-334(Europe)-334(attest)-334(the)-334(vast)-334(tracts)-334(of)-334(land)-334(that)-334(were)-334(ceded)-334(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-250(to)-250(the)-250(monks,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 81.524 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(for)-250(the)-250(benefit)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 110.585 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(testator.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 62.716 3.959 Td [(440)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -255.284 -19.784 Td [(It)-356(has)-355(been)-356(observed)-356(by)-355(a)-356(great)-356(historian)-355(that)-356(we)-356(may)-355(trace)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(three)-199(distinct)-199(phases)-199(in)-199(the)-199(early)-199(history)-199(of)-199(the)-199(Church.)-233(In)-199(the)-199(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-322(religion)-322(was)-322(a)-322(question)-322(of)-322(morals;)-358(in)-321(the)-322(second)-322(period,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-291(culminated)-291(in)-292(the)-291(fifth)-291(century,)-302(it)-291(had)-291(become)-291(a)-291(question)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-305(orthodoxy;)-332(in)-305(the)-304(third)-305(period,)-318(which)-305(dates)-305(from)-305(the)-304(seventh)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(century,)-250(it)-251(was)-250(a)-250(question)-251(of)-250(munificence)-250(to)-251(monasteries.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.474 3.959 Td [(441)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.192 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(despotism)-316(of)-317(Catholicism,)-333(and)-633(the)-317(ignorance)-316(that)-317(followed)-316(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([217])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(barbarian)-336(invasions,)-357(had)-336(repressed)-336(the)-336(struggles)-336(of)-336(heresy,)-357(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-223(the)-222(period)-223(of)-223(almost)-223(absolute)-222(darkness)-223(that)-223(continued)-223(from)-222(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sixth)-175(to)-174(the)-175(twelfth)-175(century,)-190(the)-174(theological)-175(ideal)-175(of)-174(unquestioning)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(faith)-321(and)-322(of)-321(perfect)-321(unanimity)-322(was)-321(all)-321(but)-321(realised)-322(in)-321(the)-321(West.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(All)-506(the)-506(energy)-507(that)-506(in)-506(previous)-506(ages)-507(had)-506(been)-506(expended)-506(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(combating)-326(heresy)-325(was)-326(now)-326(expended)-326(in)-325(acquiring)-326(wealth.)-477(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-408(compounded)-408(for)-408(the)-408(most)-408(atrocious)-408(crimes)-408(by)-407(gifts)-408(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shrines)-371(of)-371(those)-371(saints)-371(whose)-371(intercession)-371(was)-371(supposed)-370(to)-371(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unfailing.)-644(The)-381(monks,)-414(partly)-382(by)-381(the)-381(natural)-382(cessation)-381(of)-381(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-269(enthusiasm,)-275(partly)-269(by)-270(the)-269(absence)-270(of)-269(any)-269(hostile)-270(criticism)-269(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-317(acts,)-334(and)-318(partly)-317(too)-317(by)-318(the)-317(very)-317(wealth)-318(they)-317(had)-317(acquired,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sank)-470(into)-470(gross)-470(and)-470(general)-470(immorality.)-910(The)-469(great)-470(majority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-462(them)-461(had)-462(probably)-462(at)-462(no)-461(time)-462(been)-462(either)-462(saints)-461(actuated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-359(a)-358(strong)-359(religious)-358(motive,)-386(nor)-359(yet)-358(diseased)-359(and)-358(desponding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(minds)-362(seeking)-361(a)-362(refuge)-362(from)-361(the)-362(world;)-417(they)-362(had)-362(been)-361(simply)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peasants,)-515(of)-462(no)-462(extraordinary)-462(devotion)-462(or)-461(sensitiveness,)-515(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preferred)-371(an)-370(ensured)-371(subsistence,)-400(with)-371(no)-370(care,)-401(little)-371(labour,)-400(a)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 164.595 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 157.783 Td [(440)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-618(on)-545(the)-544(causes)-545(of)-544(the)-545(wealth)-544(of)-545(the)-544(monasteries,)-618(two)-545(admirable)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(dissertations)-423(by)-424(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 99.694 0 Td [(Antich.)-770(Italiane)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.454 0 Td [(,)-467(lxvii.,)-467(lxviii.;)-510(Hallam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 95.08 0 Td [(Middle)]TJ -255.228 -10.959 Td [(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.431 0 Td [(,)-250(ch.)-250(vii.)-250(part)-250(i.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -17.181 -7.31 Td [(441)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Lors)-314(de)-313(l'\351tablissement)-314(du)-314(christianisme)-314(la)-313(religion)-314(avoit)-314(essentiellement)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(consist\351)-246(dans)-247(l'enseignement)-246(moral;)-248(elle)-246(avoit)-247(exerc\351)-246(les)-246(c)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 208.051 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(urs)-246(et)-247(les)-246(\342mes)-247(par)]TJ -214.525 -10.959 Td [(la)-326(recherche)-325(de)-325(ce)-326(qui)-325(\351toit)-326(vraiment)-325(beau,)-345(vraiment)-325(honn\352te.)-477(Au)-325(cinqui\350me)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(si\350cle)-298(on)-298(l'avoit)-298(surtout)-298(attach\351e)-298(\340)-298(l'orthodoxie,)-310(au)-298(septi\350me)-298(on)-298(l'avoit)-298(r\351duite)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\340)-250(la)-249(bienfaisance)-250(envers)-249(les)-250(couvens.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 131.445 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.364 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(des)-249(Fran\347ais)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.996 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-249(ii.)]TJ -248.753 -10.959 Td [(p.)-250(50.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 920 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 921 0 R /Resources 919 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 923 0 R >> endobj 922 0 obj << /D [920 0 R /XYZ 185.314 407.506 null] >> endobj 919 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 926 0 obj << /Length 5623 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(214History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(much)-331(higher)-330(social)-331(position)-330(than)-331(they)-330(could)-331(otherwise)-330(acquire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-369(the)-369(certainty,)-398(as)-369(they)-369(believed,)-398(of)-369(going)-368(to)-369(heaven,)-399(to)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laborious)-307(and)-306(precarious)-307(existence)-307(of)-306(the)-307(serf,)-321(relieved,)-320(indeed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-293(the)-293(privilege)-293(of)-293(marriage,)-303(but)-293(exposed)-293(to)-293(military)-293(service,)-303(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(extreme)-329(hardships,)-348(and)-329(to)-329(constant)-328(oppression.)-487(Very)-328(naturally,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-300(they)-299(could)-300(do)-300(so)-300(with)-299(impunity,)-313(they)-299(broke)-300(their)-300(vows)-299(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chastity.)-338(Very)-280(naturally,)-287(too,)-286(they)-280(availed)-279(themselves)-280(to)-279(the)-279(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-330(the)-329(condition)-330(of)-329(affairs,)-350(to)-329(draw)-330(as)-330(much)-329(wealth)-330(as)-329(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-424(their)-425(community.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 98.661 3.958 Td [(442)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.889 -3.958 Td [(The)-424(belief)-425(in)-424(the)-425(approaching)-849(end)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -192.305 0 Td [([218])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(of)-408(the)-407(world,)-447(especially)-408(at)-407(the)-408(close)-408(of)-407(the)-408(tenth)-407(century,)-447(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crusades,)-381(which)-354(gave)-355(rise)-354(to)-355(a)-354(profitable)-355(traffic)-354(in)-354(the)-355(form)-354(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-347(pecuniary)-347(commutation)-348(of)-347(vows,)-371(and)-348(the)-347(black)-347(death,)-371(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(produced)-488(a)-489(paroxysm)-488(of)-488(religious)-488(fanaticism,)-548(stimulated)-488(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement.)-414(In)-305(the)-304(monkish)-305(chronicles,)-318(the)-305(merits)-305(of)-304(sovereigns)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-231(almost)-230(exclusively)-231(judged)-231(by)-230(their)-231(bounty)-231(to)-230(the)-231(Church,)-234(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-261(some)-261(cases)-261(this)-261(is)-262(the)-261(sole)-261(part)-261(of)-261(their)-261(policy)-261(which)-261(has)-261(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preserved.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 45.131 3.959 Td [(443)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -33.175 -21.93 Td [(There)-390(were,)-424(no)-390(doubt,)-424(a)-390(few)-390(redeeming)-389(points)-390(in)-390(this)-389(dark)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(period.)-979(The)-493(Irish)-493(monks)-493(are)-493(said)-493(to)-493(have)-493(been)-493(honourably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinguished)-306(for)-307(their)-306(reluctance)-306(to)-307(accept)-306(the)-306(lavish)-306(donations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-265(their)-266(admirers,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 75.771 3.959 Td [(444)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.39 -3.959 Td [(and)-265(some)-266(missionary)-265(monasteries)-265(of)-266(a)-265(high)]TJ -91.161 -13.549 Td [(order)-510(of)-509(excellence)-509(were)-510(scattered)-509(through)-510(Europe.)-1028(A)-509(few)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends,)-496(too,)-495(may)-447(be)-446(cited)-447(censuring)-446(the)-447(facility)-446(with)-446(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(money)-458(acquired)-458(by)-458(crime)-457(was)-458(accepted)-458(as)-458(an)-458(atonement)-457(for)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 186.674 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 179.861 Td [(442)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Mr.)-593(Hallam,)-394(speaking)-364(of)-365(the)-364(legends)-365(of)-364(the)-365(miracles)-364(of)-365(saints,)-393(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 259.215 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(It)]TJ -275.152 -10.958 Td [(must)-210(not)-211(be)-210(supposed)-211(that)-210(these)-211(absurdities)-210(were)-210(produced)-211(as)-210(well)-211(as)-210(nourished)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-442(ignorance.)-827(In)-442(most)-442(cases)-443(they)-442(were)-442(the)-442(work)-443(of)-442(deliberate)-442(imposture.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Every)-293(cathedral)-293(or)-293(monastery)-293(had)-293(its)-293(tutelar)-293(saint,)-303(and)-293(every)-293(saint)-293(his)-293(legend,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fabricated)-222(in)-222(order)-221(to)-222(enrich)-222(the)-222(churches)-221(under)-222(his)-222(protection,)-227(by)-222(exaggerating)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-219(virtues,)-224(his)-219(miracles,)-225(and)-218(consequently)-219(his)-218(power)-219(of)-218(serving)-219(those)-219(who)-218(paid)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(liberally)-318(for)-317(his)-318(patronage.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 96.943 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Middle)-318(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.68 0 Td [(,)-335(ch.)-452(ix.)-453(part)-318(i.)-452(I)-318(do)-317(not)-318(think)-318(this)]TJ -155.57 -10.959 Td [(passage)-386(makes)-385(sufficient)-386(allowance)-386(for)-385(the)-386(unconscious)-386(formation)-385(of)-386(many)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(saintly)-250(myths,)-250(but)-250(no)-250(impartial)-250(person)-250(can)-250(doubt)-250(its)-250(substantial)-250(truth.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(443)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.367 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(des)-250(Fran\347ais)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 66.001 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(54,)-250(62-63.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -116.075 -7.311 Td [(444)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.739 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.677 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(257.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 925 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 926 0 R /Resources 924 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 923 0 R >> endobj 927 0 obj << /D [925 0 R /XYZ 353.79 409.782 null] >> endobj 924 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 930 0 obj << /Length 5702 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(215)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(crime.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 27.568 3.959 Td [(445)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.47 -3.959 Td [(But)-473(these)-472(cases)-473(were)-473(very)-473(rare,)-528(and)-473(the)-473(religious)]TJ -50.038 -13.549 Td [(history)-374(of)-374(several)-375(centuries)-374(is)-374(little)-374(more)-375(than)-374(a)-374(history)-374(of)-374(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rapacity)-313(of)-312(priests)-313(and)-312(of)-313(the)-312(credulity)-312(of)-313(laymen.)-437(In)-625(England,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([219])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(perpetual)-322(demands)-322(of)-322(the)-322(Pope)-322(excited)-322(a)-322(fierce)-321(resentment;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-479(we)-480(may)-479(trace)-479(with)-480(remarkable)-479(clearness,)-537(in)-479(every)-479(page)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-341(Matthew)-340(Paris,)-363(the)-341(alienation)-340(of)-341(sympathy)-340(arising)-341(from)-340(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cause,)-475(which)-429(prepared)-430(and)-430(foreshadowed)-429(the)-430(final)-430(rupture)-429(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(England)-302(from)-301(the)-302(Church.)-405(Ireland,)-315(on)-302(the)-301(other)-302(hand,)-315(had)-301(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(given)-230(over)-230(by)-229(two)-230(Popes)-230(to)-230(the)-229(English)-230(invader,)-234(on)-230(the)-229(condition)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-320(the)-320(payment)-320(of)-321(Peter's)-320(pence.)-460(The)-320(outrageous)-320(and)-320(notorious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immorality)-443(of)-442(the)-443(monasteries,)-491(during)-442(the)-443(century)-443(before)-442(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Reformation,)-493(was)-444(chiefly)-445(due)-444(to)-445(their)-444(great)-444(wealth;)-542(and)-444(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immorality,)-446(as)-406(the)-407(writings)-407(of)-406(Erasmus)-407(and)-406(Ulric)-407(von)-406(Hutten)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(show,)-271(gave)-266(a)-266(powerful)-267(impulse)-266(to)-267(the)-266(new)-267(movement,)-270(while)-266(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(abuses)-223(of)-223(the)-223(indulgences)-223(were)-223(the)-223(immediate)-223(cause)-223(of)-223(the)-223(revolt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-285(Luther.)-356(But)-285(these)-286(things)-285(arrived)-285(only)-286(after)-285(many)-285(centuries)-285(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(successful)-190(fraud.)-230(The)-189(religious)-190(terrorism)-189(that)-190(was)-189(unscrupulously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(employed)-208(had)-208(done)-208(its)-208(work,)-217(and)-208(the)-208(chief)-208(riches)-208(of)-208(Christendom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-250(passed)-250(into)-250(the)-250(coffers)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church.)]TJ 11.956 -15.597 Td [(It)-314(is,)-329(indeed,)-330(probable)-313(that)-314(religious)-314(terrorism)-313(played)-314(a)-313(more)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(important)-507(part)-506(in)-507(the)-506(monastic)-506(phase)-507(of)-506(Christianity)-507(than)-506(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-536(done)-536(even)-536(in)-536(the)-536(great)-536(work)-536(of)-536(the)-536(conversion)-536(of)-536(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 219.313 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 212.417 Td [(445)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Durandus,)-395(a)-365(French)-366(bishop)-365(of)-366(the)-366(thirteenth)-365(century,)-395(tells)-365(how,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 238.012 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(when)-366(a)]TJ -253.95 -10.959 Td [(certain)-335(bishop)-336(was)-335(consecrating)-335(a)-336(church)-335(built)-335(out)-336(of)-335(the)-335(fruits)-335(of)-336(usury)-335(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pillage,)-199(he)-187(saw)-186(behind)-186(the)-187(altar)-186(the)-187(devil)-186(in)-186(a)-187(pontifical)-186(vestment,)-199(standing)-187(at)-186(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bishop's)-186(throne,)-198(who)-186(said)-185(unto)-186(the)-185(bishop,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 148.983 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Cease)-186(from)-185(consecrating)-186(the)-185(church;)]TJ -151.969 -10.959 Td [(for)-331(it)-332(pertaineth)-331(to)-332(my)-331(jurisdiction,)-352(since)-331(it)-332(is)-331(built)-331(from)-332(the)-331(fruits)-332(of)-331(usuries)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-414(robberies.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 52.268 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.701 0 Td [(Then)-414(the)-415(bishop)-414(and)-414(the)-415(clergy)-414(having)-414(fled)-415(thence)-414(in)-414(fear,)]TJ -58.969 -10.959 Td [(immediately)-339(the)-339(devil)-339(destroyed)-339(that)-340(church)-339(with)-339(a)-339(great)-339(noise.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 232.812 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Rationale)]TJ -245.76 -10.959 Td [(Divinorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.852 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(6)-250(\050translated)-250(for)-250(the)-250(Camden)-250(Society\051.)]TJ -26.896 -10.958 Td [(A)-374(certain)-374(St.)-621(Launomar)-374(is)-374(said)-374(to)-374(have)-374(refused)-374(a)-374(gift)-374(for)-374(his)-374(monastery)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(from)-434(a)-433(rapacious)-434(noble,)-480(because)-433(he)-434(was)-434(sure)-433(it)-434(was)-434(derived)-433(from)-434(pillage.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Montalembert's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 61.564 0 Td [(Moines)-298(d'Occident)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.84 0 Td [(,)-310(tome)-298(ii.)-394(pp.)-395(350-351.\051)-394(When)-298(prostitutes)]TJ -129.404 -10.959 Td [(were)-328(converted)-328(in)-328(the)-328(early)-328(Church,)-347(it)-328(was)-328(the)-328(rule)-327(that)-328(the)-328(money)-328(of)-328(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(they)-244(had)-245(become)-244(possessed)-244(should)-245(never)-244(be)-244(applied)-244(to)-245(ecclesiastical)-244(purposes,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(but)-250(should)-250(be)-250(distributed)-250(among)-250(the)-250(poor.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 929 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 930 0 R /Resources 928 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 923 0 R >> endobj 931 0 obj << /D [929 0 R /XYZ 284.905 491.077 null] >> endobj 928 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 934 0 obj << /Length 4896 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(216History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Pagans.)-593(Although)-365(two)-364(or)-365(three)-364(amiable)-365(theologians)-364(had)-364(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(faint)-278(and)-279(altogether)-278(abortive)-279(attempts)-278(to)-278(question)-279(the)-278(eternity)-278(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(punishment;)-379(although)-335(there)-336(had)-336(been)-335(some)-336(slight)-336(difference)-335(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinion)-299(concerning)-300(the)-299(future)-299(of)-300(some)-299(Pagan)-299(philosophers)-299(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-305(lived)-304(before)-305(the)-304(introduction)-305(of)-304(Christianity,)-318(and)-305(also)-304(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-459(question)-459(whether)-459(infants)-459(who)-459(died)-459(unbaptised)-459(were)-459(only)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deprived)-341(of)-341(all)-341(joy,)-364(or)-341(were)-341(actually)-341(subjected)-340(to)-341(never-ending)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agony,)-504(there)-453(was)-453(no)-453(question)-453(as)-453(to)-453(the)-453(main)-453(features)-453(of)-453(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholic)-288(doctrine.)-366(According)-288(to)-288(the)-289(patristic)-288(theologians,)-298(it)-288(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(part)-378(of)-379(the)-378(gospel)-379(revelation)-378(that)-379(the)-378(misery)-379(and)-378(suffering)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-420(race)-420(endures)-420(upon)-420(earth)-420(is)-420(but)-420(a)-420(feeble)-420(image)-420(of)-419(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-282(awaits)-282(it)-281(in)-282(the)-282(future)-282(world;)-297(that)-282(all)-282(its)-282(members)-281(beyond)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-298(Church,)-311(as)-298(well)-298(as)-298(a)-299(very)-298(large)-298(proportion)-299(of)-298(those)-298(who)-298(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(within)-326(its)-326(pale,)-345(are)-326(doomed)-325(to)-326(an)-326(eternity)-326(of)-326(agony)-326(in)-326(a)-651(literal)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([220])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(and)-354(undying)-354(fire.)-562(The)-354(monastic)-354(legends)-354(took)-354(up)-354(this)-353(doctrine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-395(in)-394(itself)-395(is)-394(sufficiently)-395(revolting,)-431(and)-394(they)-395(developed)-394(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-309(an)-309(appalling)-309(vividness)-309(and)-309(minuteness.)-426(St.)-427(Macarius,)-324(it)-308(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said,)-244(when)-243(walking)-243(one)-242(day)-243(through)-243(the)-242(desert,)-244(saw)-243(a)-243(skull)-242(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(ground.)-422(He)-308(struck)-307(it)-308(with)-307(his)-307(staff)-308(and)-307(it)-308(began)-307(to)-308(speak.)-422(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(told)-364(him)-363(that)-364(it)-363(was)-364(t)1(he)-364(skull)-363(of)-364(a)-363(Pagan)-364(priest)-363(who)-364(had)-363(lived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(before)-329(the)-328(introduction)-329(of)-328(Christianity)-329(into)-328(the)-329(world,)-348(and)-328(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-306(accordingly)-306(been)-306(doomed)-306(to)-306(hell.)-418(As)-306(high)-306(as)-306(the)-306(heaven)-306(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(above)-380(the)-380(earth,)-412(so)-379(high)-380(does)-380(the)-380(fire)-379(of)-380(hell)-380(mount)-380(in)-379(waves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(above)-272(the)-272(souls)-271(that)-272(are)-272(plunged)-272(into)-272(it.)-315(The)-272(damned)-272(souls)-271(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pressed)-399(together)-398(back)-399(to)-399(back,)-436(and)-398(the)-399(lost)-398(priest)-399(made)-399(it)-398(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(single)-250(entreaty)-251(to)-250(the)-251(saint)-250(that)-250(he)-251(would)-250(pray)-250(that)-251(they)-250(might)-250(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(turned)-325(face)-324(to)-324(face,)-344(for)-324(he)-325(believed)-324(that)-325(the)-324(sight)-324(of)-325(a)-324(brother's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(face)-328(might)-329(afford)-328(him)-328(some)-329(faint)-328(consolation)-328(in)-329(the)-328(eternity)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agony)-199(that)-198(was)-199(before)-199(him.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 116.225 3.959 Td [(446)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.994 -3.959 Td [(The)-199(story)-198(is)-199(well)-199(known)-199(of)-198(how)-199(St.)]TJ -131.219 -13.549 Td [(Gregory,)-281(seeing)-275(on)-275(a)-275(bas-relief)-275(a)-275(representation)-275(of)-275(the)-275(goodness)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-297(Trajan)-296(to)-296(a)-297(poor)-296(widow,)-308(pitied)-297(the)-296(Pagan)-297(emperor,)-308(whom)-296(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knew)-244(to)-244(be)-243(in)-244(hell,)-245(and)-244(prayed)-244(that)-243(he)-244(might)-244(be)-244(released.)-248(He)-243(was)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(446)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Verba)-250(Seniorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.523 0 Td [(,)-250(Prol.)-250(\247)-250(172.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 933 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 934 0 R /Resources 932 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 923 0 R >> endobj 935 0 obj << /D [933 0 R /XYZ 345.167 342.036 null] >> endobj 932 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 938 0 obj << /Length 5897 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(217)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(told)-264(that)-263(his)-264(prayer)-263(was)-264(altogether)-263(unprecedented;)-270(but)-264(at)-264(last,)-266(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-325(promising)-324(that)-325(he)-325(would)-325(never)-324(offer)-325(such)-325(a)-324(prayer)-325(again,)-343(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-307(partially)-308(granted.)-422(Trajan)-307(was)-308(not)-307(withdrawn)-307(from)-308(hell,)-321(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-208(was)-208(freed)-208(from)-207(the)-208(torments)-208(which)-208(the)-208(remainder)-208(of)-208(the)-207(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(world)-250(endured.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 66.044 3.959 Td [(447)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -54.088 -18.348 Td [(An)-308(entire)-307(literature)-308(of)-307(visions)-308(depicting)-307(the)-308(torments)-307(of)-615(hell)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([221])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(was)-206(soon)-206(produced)-206(by)-206(the)-206(industry)-206(of)-206(the)-206(monks.)-235(The)-206(apocryphal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Gospel)-322(of)-321(Nicodemus,)-340(which)-321(purported)-322(to)-321(describe)-322(the)-321(descent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-343(Christ)-342(into)-342(the)-343(lower)-342(world,)-366(contributed)-342(to)-343(foster)-342(it;)-389(and)-342(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gregory)-362(the)-362(Great)-362(has)-361(related)-362(many)-362(visions)-362(in)-362(a)-362(more)-361(famous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work,)-306(which)-294(professed)-295(to)-294(be)-295(compiled)-294(with)-295(scrupulous)-294(veracity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-456(the)-457(most)-456(authentic)-456(sources,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 151.101 3.959 Td [(448)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.993 -3.959 Td [(and)-456(of)-456(which)-457(it)-456(may)-456(be)]TJ -169.094 -13.549 Td [(confidently)-260(averred)-260(that)-261(it)-260(scarcely)-260(contains)-260(a)-260(single)-260(page)-260(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-337(not)-337(tainted)-337(with)-337(grotesque)-336(and)-337(deliberate)-337(falsehood.)-511(Men,)-358(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-248(said,)-249(passed)-248(into)-248(a)-249(trance)-248(or)-248(temporary)-248(death,)-249(and)-248(were)-248(then)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(carried)-328(for)-328(a)-328(time)-329(to)-328(hell.)-484(Among)-328(others,)-348(a)-328(certain)-328(man)-328(named)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Stephen,)-410(from)-378(whose)-378(lips)-378(the)-378(saint)-378(declares)-378(that)-378(he)-378(had)-378(heard)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-336(tale,)-358(had)-336(died)-336(by)-336(mistake.)-509(When)-336(his)-336(soul)-336(was)-336(borne)-336(to)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(gates)-235(of)-235(hell,)-239(the)-235(Judge)-235(declared)-235(that)-236(it)-235(was)-235(another)-235(Stephen)-235(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-374(wanted;)-436(the)-374(disembodied)-374(spirit,)-405(after)-374(inspecting)-374(hell,)-405(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restored)-303(to)-302(its)-303(former)-302(body,)-316(and)-303(the)-302(next)-303(day)-303(it)-302(was)-303(known)-302(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(another)-250(Stephen)-251(had)-250(died.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 113.327 3.959 Td [(449)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.196 -3.959 Td [(Volcanoes)-250(were)-251(the)-250(portals)-251(of)-250(hell,)]TJ -128.523 -13.549 Td [(and)-187(a)-187(hermit)-187(had)-188(seen)-187(the)-187(soul)-187(of)-187(the)-187(Arian)-188(emperor)-187(Theodoric,)-199(as)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 208.592 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 201.779 Td [(447)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-310(vision)-310(is)-310(not)-310(related)-310(by)-310(St.)-430(Gregory)-310(himself,)-325(and)-311(some)-310(Catholics)-310(are)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(perplexed)-314(about)-315(it,)-330(on)-314(account)-315(of)-314(the)-314(vision)-315(of)-314(another)-314(saint,)-331(who)-314(afterwards)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(asked)-263(whether)-262(Trajan)-263(was)-262(saved,)-266(and)-262(received)-263(for)-262(answer,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 211.947 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(I)-263(wish)-262(men)-263(to)-262(rest)]TJ -215.928 -10.958 Td [(in)-287(ignorance)-286(of)-287(this)-287(subject,)-296(that)-286(the)-287(Catholics)-287(may)-287(become)-286(stronger.)-360(For)-287(this)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(emperor,)-325(though)-311(he)-310(had)-310(great)-310(virtues,)-326(was)-310(an)-310(unbaptised)-311(infidel.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 235.229 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.763 0 Td [(The)-310(whole)]TJ -241.992 -10.959 Td [(subject)-244(of)-245(the)-244(vision)-245(of)-244(St.)-248(Gregory)-245(is)-244(discussed)-245(by)-244(Champagny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 231.858 0 Td [(Les)-244(Antonins)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.531 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(tome)-372(i.)-617(pp.)-617(372-373.)-617(This)-372(devout)-372(writer)-372(says,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 178.998 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Cette)-372(l\351gende)-373(fut)-372(accept\351e)]TJ -182.979 -10.959 Td [(par)-277(tout)-277(le)-276(moyen-\342ge,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 83.942 0 Td [(indulgent)-277(pour)-277(les)-276(pa\357ens)-277(illustres)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 125.494 0 Td [(et)-277(tout)-277(dispos\351)-276(\340)-277(les)]TJ -209.436 -10.959 Td [(supposer)-250(chr\351tiens)-250(et)-250(sauv\351s.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 103.589 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -103.34 -7.311 Td [(448)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-268(the)-267(solemn)-268(asseveration)-267(of)-268(the)-268(care)-267(which)-268(he)-268(took)-267(in)-268(going)-267(only)-268(to)-268(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(most)-354(credible)-354(and)-355(authorised)-354(sources)-354(for)-354(his)-354(materials,)-380(in)-355(the)-354(Preface)-354(to)-354(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(First)-250(Book)-250(of)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.069 0 Td [(Dialogues)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.86 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -86.68 -7.311 Td [(449)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(iv.)-250(36.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 937 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 938 0 R /Resources 936 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 923 0 R >> endobj 939 0 obj << /D [937 0 R /XYZ 307.682 449.589 null] >> endobj 936 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 942 0 obj << /Length 5775 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(218History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(St.)-363(Eucherius)-288(afterwards)-288(did)-287(the)-288(soul)-288(of)-288(Charles)-287(Martel,)-297(carried)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-264(that)-264(in)-263(the)-264(Island)-264(of)-264(Lipari.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 144.828 3.959 Td [(450)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.633 -3.959 Td [(The)-264(craters)-264(in)-263(Sicily,)-268(it)-264(was)]TJ -160.461 -13.549 Td [(remarked,)-257(were)-255(continually)-256(agitated,)-257(and)-255(continually)-255(increasing,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-453(this,)-503(as)-453(St.)-858(Gregory)-452(observes,)-504(was)-452(probably)-453(due)-453(to)-452(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(impending)-310(ruin)-309(of)-310(the)-310(world,)-324(when)-310(the)-310(great)-309(press)-310(of)-310(lost)-309(souls)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-464(render)-464(it)-464(necessary)-464(to)-464(enlarge)-464(the)-464(approaches)-464(to)-463(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prisons.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 34.244 3.959 Td [(451)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -22.288 -18.236 Td [(But)-263(the)-263(glimpses)-263(of)-264(hell)-263(that)-263(are)-263(furnished)-263(in)-263(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 214.751 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Dialogues)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.236 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(of)-212(St.)-238(Gregory)-212(appear)-212(meagre)-212(and)-212(unimaginative,)-220(compared)-212(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(those)-257(of)-256(some)-257(later)-256(monks.)-270(A)-257(long)-256(series)-257(of)-257(monastic)-256(visions,)-258(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-287(that)-287(of)-286(St.)-361(Fursey,)-296(in)-287(the)-286(seventh)-287(century,)-296(was)-287(one)-287(of)-286(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first,)-200(and)-188(which)-187(followed)-375(in)-188(rapid)-188(succession,)-200(till)-187(that)-188(of)-187(Tundale,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([222])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(in)-157(the)-157(twelfth)-157(century,)-176(professed)-157(to)-157(describe)-157(with)-157(the)-157(most)-157(detailed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accuracy)-232(the)-233(condition)-232(of)-233(the)-232(lost.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 146.892 3.958 Td [(452)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.117 -3.958 Td [(It)-232(is)-233(impossible)-232(to)-233(conceive)]TJ -162.009 -13.55 Td [(more)-303(ghastly,)-317(grotesque,)-316(and)-303(material)-303(conceptions)-303(of)-303(the)-303(future)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-299(than)-298(they)-299(evince,)-311(or)-299(more)-298(hideous)-299(calumnies)-299(against)-298(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Being)-482(who)-482(was)-482(supposed)-482(to)-482(inflict)-482(upon)-482(His)-482(creatures)-482(such)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unspeakable)-209(misery.)-237(The)-209(devil)-210(was)-209(represented)-210(bound)-209(by)-209(red-hot)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chains,)-215(on)-205(a)-206(burning)-206(gridiron)-206(in)-205(the)-206(centre)-206(of)-206(hell.)-235(The)-206(screams)-205(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-216(never-ending)-216(agony)-216(made)-216(its)-217(rafters)-216(to)-216(resound;)-227(but)-216(his)-216(hands)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-287(free,)-296(and)-287(with)-287(these)-287(he)-287(seized)-287(the)-287(lost)-286(souls,)-297(crushed)-286(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(like)-325(grapes)-324(against)-325(his)-324(teeth,)-344(and)-324(then)-325(drew)-325(them)-324(by)-325(his)-324(breath)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-424(the)-424(fiery)-424(cavern)-424(of)-424(his)-424(throat.)-772(D\346mons)-424(with)-424(hooks)-424(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.843 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.947 Td [(450)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iv.)-250(30.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.395 Td [(451)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iv.)-250(35.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(452)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-331(fullest)-330(collection)-331(of)-331(these)-330(visions)-331(with)-330(which)-331(I)-331(am)-330(acquainted)-331(is)-331(that)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(made)-294(for)-293(the)-293(Philobiblion)-294(Society)-293(\050vol.)-381(ix.\051,)-304(by)-294(M.)-293(Delepierre,)-305(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 253.803 0 Td [(L'Enfer)]TJ -253.803 -10.959 Td [(d\351crit)-409(par)-409(ceux)-409(qui)-409(l'ont)-409(vu)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 103.925 0 Td [(,)-449(of)-409(which)-408(I)-409(have)-409(largely)-409(availed)-409(myself.)-727(See,)]TJ -103.925 -10.959 Td [(too,)-349(Rusca)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.702 0 Td [(De)-329(Inferno)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.806 0 Td [(,)-349(Wright's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.832 0 Td [(Purgatory)-329(of)-330(St.)-488(Patrick)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 89.74 0 Td [(,)-349(and)-330(an)-329(interesting)]TJ -210.08 -10.959 Td [(collection)-378(of)-377(visions)-377(given)-378(by)-377(Mr.)-633(Longfellow,)-409(in)-378(his)-377(translation)-378(of)-377(Dante.)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(The)-332(Irish)-332(saints)-332(were,)-353(I)-332(am)-332(sorry)-332(to)-332(say,)-353(prominent)-332(in)-332(producing)-332(this)-332(branch)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-388(literature.)-663(St.)-664(Fursey,)-422(whose)-388(vision)-388(is)-388(one)-387(of)-388(the)-388(earliest,)-422(and)-388(Tondale,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or)-366(Tundale,)-396(whose)-366(vision)-366(is)-366(one)-367(of)-366(the)-366(most)-366(detailed,)-396(were)-366(both)-366(Irish.)-599(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(English)-509(historians)-509(contain)-509(several)-509(of)-509(these)-509(visions.)-1026(Bede)-509(relates)-509(two)-509(or)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(three)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 17.924 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(William)-337(of)-337(Malmesbury)-337(that)-337(of)-337(Charles)-337(the)-337(Fat;)-380(Matthew)-337(Paris)-337(three)]TJ -26.891 -10.959 Td [(visions)-250(of)-250(purgatory.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 941 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 942 0 R /Resources 940 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 923 0 R >> endobj 943 0 obj << /D [941 0 R /XYZ 203.363 368.406 null] >> endobj 940 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 946 0 obj << /Length 5021 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(219)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(red-hot)-276(iron)-276(plunged)-276(souls)-276(alternately)-276(into)-276(fire)-276(and)-276(ice.)-328(Some)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-192(lost)-191(were)-192(hung)-191(up)-192(by)-191(their)-192(tongues,)-203(others)-191(were)-192(sawn)-191(asunder,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(others)-371(gnawed)-371(by)-371(serpents,)-401(others)-371(beaten)-371(together)-371(on)-371(an)-370(anvil)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-345(welded)-346(into)-345(a)-345(single)-346(mass,)-369(others)-345(boiled)-346(and)-345(then)-345(strained)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(through)-225(a)-225(cloth,)-230(others)-225(twined)-225(in)-225(the)-225(embraces)-225(of)-225(d\346mons)-225(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(limbs)-358(were)-358(of)-358(flame.)-574(The)-358(fire)-358(of)-358(earth,)-385(it)-358(was)-358(said,)-385(was)-358(but)-358(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(picture)-396(of)-397(that)-396(of)-397(hell.)-689(The)-396(latter)-396(was)-397(so)-396(immeasurably)-396(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intense)-387(that)-387(it)-387(alone)-387(could)-387(be)-387(called)-387(real.)-661(Sulphur)-387(was)-387(mixed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-323(it,)-341(partly)-323(to)-323(increase)-323(its)-323(heat,)-342(and)-323(partly,)-341(too,)-341(in)-323(order)-323(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-301(insufferable)-301(stench)-301(might)-301(be)-301(added)-301(to)-301(the)-301(misery)-301(of)-301(the)-301(lost,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while,)-232(unlike)-227(other)-228(flames,)-231(it)-228(emitted,)-232(according)-227(to)-227(some)-227(visions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-224(light,)-458(that)-224(the)-224(horror)-224(of)-224(darkness)-224(might)-224(be)-224(added)-224(to)-224(the)-224(horror)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([223])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-216(pain.)-238(A)-216(narrow)-215(bridge)-216(spanned)-216(the)-215(abyss,)-223(and)-216(from)-215(it)-216(the)-215(souls)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(sinners)-250(were)-250(plunged)-250(into)-250(the)-250(darkness)-250(that)-250(was)-250(below.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 252.076 3.958 Td [(453)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -240.12 -20.068 Td [(Such)-433(catalogues)-432(of)-433(horrors,)-478(though)-432(they)-433(now)-432(awake)-433(in)-432(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(educated)-401(man)-401(a)-401(sentiment)-401(of)-401(mingled)-401(disgust,)-439(weariness,)-438(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contempt,)-438(were)-400(able)-400(for)-400(many)-400(centuries)-400(to)-400(create)-400(a)-400(degree)-400(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(panic)-272(and)-271(of)-272(misery)-272(we)-271(can)-272(scarcely)-271(realise.)-315(With)-272(the)-271(exception)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-453(the)-453(heretic)-454(Pelagius,)-504(whose)-453(noble)-453(genius,)-504(anticipating)-453(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(discoveries)-397(of)-396(modern)-397(science,)-433(had)-397(repudiated)-397(the)-396(theological)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(notion)-206(of)-206(death)-206(having)-207(been)-206(introduced)-206(into)-206(the)-206(world)-206(on)-206(account)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-220(the)-219(act)-220(of)-219(Adam,)-226(it)-220(was)-219(universally)-220(held)-219(among)-220(Christians)-219(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-278(the)-279(forms)-278(of)-278(suffering)-279(and)-278(dissolution)-278(that)-279(are)-278(manifested)-278(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(earth)-352(were)-351(penal)-352(inflictions.)-555(The)-352(destruction)-351(of)-352(the)-352(world)-351(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(generally)-298(believed)-297(to)-298(be)-297(at)-298(hand.)-393(The)-297(minds)-298(of)-297(men)-298(were)-297(filled)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-404(images)-405(of)-404(the)-404(approaching)-404(catastrophe,)-443(and)-404(innumerable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legends)-281(of)-281(visible)-281(d\346mons)-281(were)-281(industriously)-281(circulated.)-343(It)-281(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(custom)-294(then,)-306(as)-295(it)-295(is)-294(the)-295(custom)-295(now,)-305(for)-295(Catholic)-295(priests)-294(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stain)-328(the)-327(imaginations)-328(of)-327(young)-328(children)-328(by)-327(ghastly)-328(pictures)-327(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(future)-274(misery,)-281(to)-274(imprint)-275(upon)-274(the)-274(virgin)-275(mind)-274(atrocious)-274(images)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 109.724 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 102.828 Td [(453)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-292(narrow)-291(bridge)-292(over)-292(hell)-292(\050in)-291(some)-292(visions)-292(covered)-292(with)-291(spikes\051,)-303(which)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(is)-409(a)-409(conspicuous)-409(feature)-409(in)-409(the)-409(Mohammedan)-408(pictures)-409(of)-409(the)-409(future)-409(world,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(appears)-284(very)-283(often)-284(in)-283(Catholic)-284(visions.)-351(See)-284(Greg.)-350(Tur.)-351(iv.)-351(33;)-300(St.)-351(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 262.446 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -262.446 -10.959 Td [(iv.)-250(36;)-250(and)-250(the)-250(vision)-250(of)-250(Tundale,)-250(in)-250(Delepierre.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 945 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 946 0 R /Resources 944 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 948 0 R >> endobj 947 0 obj << /D [945 0 R /XYZ 85.359 369.134 null] >> endobj 944 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 951 0 obj << /Length 5263 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(220History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(which)-350(they)-351(hoped,)-375(not)-350(unreasonably,)-375(might)-351(prove)-350(indelible.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(454)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-323(hours)-323(of)-323(weakness)-323(and)-323(of)-323(sickness)-323(their)-646(overwrought)-323(fancy)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([224])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(seemed)-377(to)-377(see)-376(hideous)-377(beings)-377(hovering)-377(around,)-408(and)-377(hell)-376(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(yawning)-428(to)-428(receive)-427(its)-428(victim.)-784(St.)-783(Gregory)-428(describes)-428(how)-427(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(monk,)-437(who,)-438(though)-399(apparently)-400(a)-400(man)-400(of)-400(exemplary)-400(and)-399(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(saintly)-293(piety,)-304(had)-293(been)-293(accustomed)-293(secretly)-293(to)-293(eat)-293(meat,)-303(saw)-293(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-212(deathbed)-212(a)-212(fearful)-212(dragon)-211(twining)-212(its)-212(tail)-212(round)-212(his)-212(body,)-219(and,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 294.415 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.565 Td [(it)-311(out)-311(of)-311(the)-311(world)-310(in)-311(its)-311(early)-311(childhood.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 149.568 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.768 0 Td [(If)-311(the)-311(reader)-311(desires)-311(to)-310(follow)-311(this)]TJ -156.336 -10.959 Td [(subject)-332(further,)-352(he)-332(may)-331(glance)-332(over)-332(a)-331(companion)-332(tract)-332(by)-332(the)-331(same)-332(reverend)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(gentleman,)-328(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 66.745 0 Td [(A)-312(Terrible)-312(Judgment)-313(on)-312(a)-312(Little)-312(Child)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 138.845 0 Td [(;)-343(and)-312(also)-313(a)-312(book)-312(on)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -205.59 -10.959 Td [(Hell)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.44 0 Td [(,)-292(translated)-284(from)-284(the)-284(Italian)-284(of)-283(Pinamonti,)-293(and)-283(with)-284(illustrations)-284(depicting)]TJ -15.44 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(various)-250(tortures.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(454)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Few)-229(Englishmen,)-234(I)-229(imagine,)-234(are)-229(aware)-230(of)-229(the)-230(infamous)-229(publications)-230(written)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(with)-308(this)-308(object,)-323(that)-308(are)-308(circulated)-308(by)-308(the)-308(Catholic)-308(priests)-308(among)-308(the)-308(poor.)-424(I)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(have)-316(before)-316(me)-317(a)-316(tract)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 84.877 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(for)-316(children)-316(and)-317(young)-316(persons,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 116.176 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.817 0 Td [(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.247 0 Td [(The)-316(Sight)-316(of)]TJ -236.099 -10.959 Td [(Hell)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.44 0 Td [(,)-350(by)-330(the)-330(Rev.)-490(J.)-330(Furniss,)-350(C.S.S.R.,)-350(published)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 166.883 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(permissu)-330(superiorum,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 78.42 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.94 0 Td [(by)]TJ -271.664 -10.959 Td [(Duffy)-218(\050Dublin)-218(and)-219(London\051.)-239(It)-218(is)-219(a)-218(detailed)-218(description)-218(of)-218(the)-219(dungeons)-218(of)-218(hell,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-228(a)-227(few)-228(sentences)-228(may)-227(serve)-228(as)-228(a)-228(sample.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 156.688 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(See!)-243(on)-227(the)-228(middle)-228(of)-227(that)-228(red-hot)]TJ -160.669 -10.959 Td [(floor)-324(stands)-323(a)-324(girl;)-360(she)-323(looks)-324(about)-323(sixteen)-324(years)-323(old.)-471(Her)-323(feet)-324(are)-324(bare.)-470(She)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has)-315(neither)-316(shoes)-315(nor)-315(stockings....)-446(Listen!)-446(she)-316(speaks.)-446(She)-315(says,)-331(I)-316(have)-315(been)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(standing)-254(on)-253(this)-254(red-hot)-254(floor)-254(for)-253(years.)-261(Day)-254(and)-254(night)-254(my)-253(only)-254(standing-place)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(has)-299(been)-299(this)-300(red-hot)-299(floor....)-398(Look)-299(at)-299(my)-299(burnt)-299(and)-300(bleeding)-299(feet.)-398(Let)-299(me)-299(go)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(off)-368(this)-367(burning)-367(floor)-368(for)-367(one)-368(moment,)-397(only)-367(for)-368(one)-367(single)-368(short)-367(moment....)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(The)-271(fourth)-272(dungeon)-271(is)-271(the)-271(boiling)-272(kettle)-271(...)-314(in)-271(the)-271(middle)-272(of)-271(it)-271(there)-271(is)-272(a)-271(boy....)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(His)-260(eyes)-260(are)-261(burning)-260(like)-260(two)-260(burning)-260(coals.)-281(Two)-260(long)-260(flames)-260(come)-261(out)-260(of)-260(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ears....)-428(Sometimes)-310(he)-309(opens)-310(his)-309(mouth,)-324(and)-310(blazing)-309(fire)-310(rolls)-309(out.)-429(But)-309(listen!)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(there)-373(is)-373(a)-373(sound)-373(like)-372(a)-373(kettle)-373(boiling....)-619(The)-373(blood)-373(is)-372(boiling)-373(in)-373(the)-373(scalded)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(veins)-291(of)-292(that)-291(boy.)-374(The)-292(brain)-291(is)-292(boiling)-291(and)-291(bubbling)-292(in)-291(his)-291(head.)-375(The)-291(marrow)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 950 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 951 0 R /Resources 949 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 948 0 R >> endobj 952 0 obj << /D [950 0 R /XYZ 287.15 504.626 null] >> endobj 949 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 955 0 obj << /Length 6593 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(221)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(with)-197(open)-197(jaws,)-207(sucking)-197(his)-197(breath;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 151.146 3.959 Td [(455)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.794 -3.959 Td [(and)-197(how)-197(a)-197(little)-197(boy)-196(of)-197(five)]TJ -165.94 -13.549 Td [(years)-275(old,)-282(who)-275(had)-275(learnt)-275(from)-275(his)-275(father)-275(to)-275(repeat)-275(blasphemous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(words,)-243(saw,)-244(as)-241(he)-242(lay)-242(dying,)-243(exulting)-242(d\346mons)-241(who)-242(were)-241(waiting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-310(carry)-310(him)-310(to)-310(hell.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 88.978 3.958 Td [(456)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.146 -3.958 Td [(To)-310(the)-310(jaundiced)-310(eye)-310(of)-310(the)-310(theologian,)]TJ -106.124 -13.55 Td [(all)-401(nature)-401(seemed)-401(stricken)-400(and)-401(forlorn,)-439(and)-401(its)-401(brightness)-400(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty)-245(suggested)-245(no)-246(ideas)-245(but)-245(those)-245(of)-245(deception)-246(and)-245(of)-245(sin.)-248(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(redbreast,)-348(according)-329(to)-329(one)-329(popular)-328(legend,)-349(was)-328(commissioned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-300(the)-299(Deity)-300(to)-300(carry)-299(a)-300(drop)-300(of)-299(water)-300(to)-300(the)-299(souls)-300(of)-299(unbaptised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infants)-199(in)-199(hell,)-209(and)-198(its)-199(breast)-199(was)-199(singed)-199(in)-198(piercing)-199(the)-199(flames.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(457)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-307(the)-307(calm,)-322(still)-307(hour)-307(of)-307(evening,)-643(when)-307(the)-307(peasant)-307(boy)-307(asked)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([225])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(why)-346(the)-345(sinking)-346(sun,)-370(as)-345(it)-346(dipped)-346(beneath)-345(the)-346(horizon,)-369(flushed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-218(such)-217(a)-218(glorious)-217(red,)-224(he)-218(was)-217(answered,)-224(in)-217(the)-218(words)-217(of)-218(an)-217(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Saxon)-250(catechism,)-250(because)-250(it)-250(is)-250(then)-250(looking)-250(into)-250(hell.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 231.502 3.959 Td [(458)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -219.546 -20.962 Td [(It)-230(is)-230(related)-230(in)-230(the)-230(vision)-230(of)-230(Tundale,)-234(that)-230(as)-230(he)-230(gazed)-230(upon)-230(t)1(he)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(burning)-174(plains)-173(of)-173(hell,)-189(and)-174(listened)-173(to)-174(the)-173(screams)-174(of)-173(ceaseless)-173(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hopeless)-214(agony)-214(that)-214(were)-215(wrung)-214(from)-214(the)-214(sufferers,)-221(the)-214(cry)-214(broke)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-284(his)-285(lips,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 61.831 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Alas,)-293(Lord!)-353(what)-285(truth)-284(is)-285(there)-284(in)-284(what)-285(I)-284(have)-285(so)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 283.788 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 271.036 Td [(is)-335(boiling)-334(in)-335(his)-334(bones....)-504(The)-335(fifth)-334(dungeon)-335(is)-335(the)-334(red-hot)-335(oven....)-503(The)-335(little)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(child)-229(is)-229(in)-229(this)-229(red-hot)-228(oven.)-243(Hear)-229(how)-229(it)-229(screams)-229(to)-229(come)-229(out.)-242(See)-229(how)-229(it)-229(turns)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-261(twists)-260(itself)-261(about)-260(in)-261(the)-261(fire.)-282(It)-260(beats)-261(its)-260(head)-261(against)-261(the)-260(roof)-261(of)-260(the)-261(oven.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(It)-313(stamps)-312(its)-313(little)-312(feet)-313(on)-313(the)-312(floor....)-438(God)-312(was)-313(very)-313(good)-312(to)-313(this)-312(child.)-438(Very)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(likely)-267(God)-267(saw)-267(it)-267(would)-268(get)-267(worse)-267(and)-267(worse,)-271(and)-267(would)-267(never)-268(repent,)-271(and)-267(so)]TJ 0 -7.989 Td [(it)-287(would)-288(have)-287(to)-287(be)-288(punished)-287(much)-287(more)-287(in)-288(hell.)-362(So)-287(God)-287(in)-287(His)-288(mercy)-287(called)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -6.061 Td [(455)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(iv.)-250(38.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -66.499 -7.394 Td [(456)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iv.)-250(18.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.395 Td [(457)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Alger's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.846 0 Td [(History)-260(of)-259(the)-260(Doctrine)-259(of)-260(a)-260(Future)-259(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 145.145 0 Td [(\050New)-260(York,)-262(1866\051,)-262(p.)-278(414.)]TJ -184.946 -10.959 Td [(The)-217(ignis)-218(fatuus)-218(was)-217(sometimes)-218(supposed)-217(to)-218(be)-217(the)-218(soul)-217(of)-218(an)-217(unbaptised)-218(child.)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(There)-416(is,)-457(I)-415(believe,)-457(another)-415(Catholic)-416(legend)-416(about)-415(the)-416(redbreast,)-457(of)-415(a)-416(very)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(different)-215(kind)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 48.744 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(that)-215(its)-216(breast)-215(was)-215(stained)-216(with)-215(blood)-216(when)-215(it)-215(was)-216(trying)-215(to)-216(pull)]TJ -57.711 -10.959 Td [(out)-250(the)-250(thorns)-250(from)-250(the)-250(crown)-250(of)-250(Christ.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(458)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wright's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.443 0 Td [(Purgatory)-328(of)-328(St.)-484(Patrick)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 89.668 0 Td [(,)-347(p.)-484(26.)-484(M.)-328(Delepierre)-328(quotes)-327(a)-328(curious)]TJ -135.066 -10.958 Td [(theory)-335(of)-336(Father)-335(Hardouin)-335(\050who)-336(is)-335(chiefly)-335(known)-336(for)-335(his)-335(suggestion)-336(that)-335(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(classics)-271(were)-270(composed)-271(by)-270(the)-271(medi\346val)-270(monks\051)-271(that)-271(the)-270(rotation)-271(of)-270(the)-271(earth)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-260(caused)-259(by)-260(the)-260(lost)-259(souls)-260(trying)-259(to)-260(escape)-260(from)-259(the)-260(fire)-260(that)-259(is)-260(at)-260(the)-259(centre)-260(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-305(globe,)-320(climbing,)-319(in)-305(consequence,)-319(on)-306(the)-305(inner)-305(crust)-306(of)-305(the)-305(earth,)-320(which)-305(is)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-219(wall)-219(of)-219(hell,)-225(and)-219(thus)-219(making)-219(the)-219(whole)-220(revolve,)-225(as)-219(the)-219(squirrel)-219(by)-219(climbing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(turns)-250(its)-250(cage!)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 55.528 0 Td [(L'Enfer)-250(d\351crit)-250(par)-250(ceux)-250(qui)-250(l'ont)-250(vu)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 125.87 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(151.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 954 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 955 0 R /Resources 953 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 948 0 R >> endobj 956 0 obj << /D [954 0 R /XYZ 199.613 396.232 null] >> endobj 953 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 959 0 obj << /Length 6392 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(222History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(often)-258(heard)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 49.462 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-258(earth)-258(is)-258(filled)-258(with)-258(the)-258(mercy)-258(of)-258(God?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 180.664 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(459)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.268 -3.959 Td [(It)-258(is,)]TJ -261.147 -13.549 Td [(indeed,)-190(one)-174(of)-174(the)-175(most)-174(curious)-174(things)-175(in)-174(moral)-175(history,)-189(to)-174(observe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-340(men)-341(who)-340(were)-340(sincerely)-340(indignant)-341(with)-340(Pagan)-340(writers)-340(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attributing)-180(to)-179(their)-180(diviniti)1(es)-180(the)-179(frailties)-180(of)-179(an)-180(occasional)-179(jealousy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-352(an)-352(occasional)-352(sensuality)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.585 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(for)-352(representing)-352(them,)-377(in)-352(a)-352(word,)]TJ -131.494 -13.549 Td [(like)-239(men)-239(of)-240(mingled)-239(characters)-239(and)-239(passions)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 192.592 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(have)-239(nevertheless)]TJ -203.501 -13.549 Td [(unscrupulously)-155(attributed)-155(to)-155(their)-155(own)-155(Divinity)-155(a)-155(degree)-155(of)-154(cruelty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-254(may)-253(be)-254(confidently)-254(said)-254(to)-253(transcend)-254(the)-254(utmost)-253(barbarity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-382(which)-382(human)-382(nature)-382(is)-382(capable.)-646(Neither)-382(Nero)-382(nor)-382(Phalaris)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-348(have)-348(looked)-348(complacently)-348(for)-348(ever)-348(on)-348(millions)-347(enduring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-467(torture)-468(of)-467(fire)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 81.942 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(most)-467(of)-468(them)-467(because)-468(of)-467(a)-468(crime)-467(which)]TJ -92.851 -13.549 Td [(was)-404(committed,)-443(not)-405(by)-404(themselves,)-443(but)-404(by)-404(their)-405(ancestors,)-442(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(because)-237(they)-237(had)-237(adopted)-237(some)-237(mistaken)-237(conclusion)-237(on)-236(intricate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(questions)-353(of)-353(history)-354(or)-353(metaphysics.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 161.769 3.958 Td [(460)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 24.663 -3.958 Td [(To)-353(those)-353(who)-354(do)-353(not)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -259.188 0 Td [([226])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.55 Td [(regard)-353(such)-353(teaching)-353(as)-352(true,)-379(it)-353(must)-353(appear)-353(without)-352(exception)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-269(most)-270(odious)-269(in)-269(the)-269(religious)-270(history)-269(of)-269(the)-269(world,)-274(subversive)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 294.549 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.725 Td [(man)-250(has)-250(joints,)-250(sinews,)-249(arteries,)-250(&c.,)-250(being)-250(caused)-250(by)-250(that)-249(penetrating)-250(and)-250(real)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fire,)-302(of)-292(which)-292(this)-291(temporal)-292(fire)-292(is)-291(but)-292(a)-292(painted)-292(fire....)-375(What)-291(comparison)-292(will)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(there)-225(be)-225(between)-225(burning)-225(for)-225(a)-226(hundred)-225(years')-225(space,)-230(and)-225(to)-225(be)-225(burning)-225(without)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(interruption)-338(as)-338(long)-338(as)-337(God)-338(is)-338(God?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 132.236 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Contemplations)-338(on)-338(the)-337(State)-338(of)-338(Man)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 133.206 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.958 Td [(book)-250(ii.)-250(ch.)-250(6-7,)-250(in)-250(Heber's)-250(Edition)-250(of)-250(the)-250(works)-250(of)-250(Taylor.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(459)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Delepierre,)-250(p.)-250(70.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(460)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Thus,)-431(in)-395(a)-395(book)-394(which)-395(was)-395(attributed)-395(\050it)-394(is)-395(said)-395(erroneously\051)-395(to)-395(Jeremy)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Taylor,)-590(we)-523(find)-522(two)-523(singularly)-522(unrhetorical)-522(and)-523(unimpassioned)-522(chapters,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(deliberately)-305(enumerating)-305(the)-306(most)-305(atrocious)-305(acts)-305(of)-305(cruelty)-306(in)-305(human)-305(history,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-287(maintaining)-287(that)-286(they)-287(are)-287(surpassed)-287(by)-286(the)-287(tortures)-287(inflicted)-287(by)-286(the)-287(Deity.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(A)-308(few)-308(instances)-308(will)-308(suffice.)-425(Certain)-308(persons)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 167.545 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(put)-308(rings)-308(of)-308(iron,)-323(stuck)-308(full)-308(of)]TJ -171.526 -10.959 Td [(sharp)-374(points)-375(of)-374(needles,)-406(about)-374(their)-375(arms)-374(and)-374(feet,)-406(in)-374(such)-375(a)-374(manner)-375(as)-374(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prisoners)-255(could)-256(not)-255(move)-255(without)-255(wounding)-256(themselves;)-258(then)-255(they)-255(compassed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(them)-285(about)-286(with)-285(fire,)-294(to)-285(the)-286(end)-285(that,)-294(standing)-286(still,)-294(they)-285(might)-285(be)-286(burnt)-285(alive,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-311(if)-311(they)-310(stirred)-311(the)-311(sharp)-311(points)-310(pierced)-311(their)-311(flesh....)-432(What,)-326(then,)-326(shall)-311(be)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(the)-277(torment)-277(of)-277(the)-277(damned)-277(where)-277(they)-277(shall)-277(burn)-277(eternally)-276(without)-277(dying,)-284(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(without)-363(possibility)-363(of)-364(removing?...)-589(Alexander,)-392(the)-363(son)-363(of)-364(Hyrcanus,)-391(caused)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(eight)-222(hundred)-221(to)-222(be)-222(crucified,)-227(and)-222(whilst)-222(they)-221(were)-222(yet)-222(alive)-222(caused)-221(their)-222(wives)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-252(children)-252(to)-252(be)-251(murdered)-252(before)-252(their)-252(eyes,)-252(that)-252(so)-252(they)-252(might)-251(not)-252(die)-252(once,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(but)-343(many)-344(deaths.)-530(This)-343(rigour)-344(shall)-343(not)-343(be)-344(wanting)-343(in)-344(hell....)-530(Mezentius)-343(tied)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-323(living)-323(body)-323(to)-324(a)-323(dead)-323(until)-323(the)-323(putrefied)-323(exhalations)-323(of)-324(the)-323(dead)-323(had)-323(killed)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 958 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 959 0 R /Resources 957 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 948 0 R >> endobj 960 0 obj << /D [958 0 R /XYZ 273.87 342.036 null] >> endobj 957 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 963 0 obj << /Length 5755 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(223)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-340(the)-340(very)-340(foundations)-340(of)-340(morals,)-362(and)-340(well)-340(fitted)-340(to)-340(transform)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-332(man)-332(who)-333(at)-332(once)-332(realised)-332(it,)-353(and)-332(accepted)-332(it)-332(with)-332(pleasure,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-443(a)-442(monster)-443(of)-443(barbarity.)-827(Of)-443(the)-443(writers)-442(of)-443(the)-442(medi\346val)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period,)-257(certainly)-256(one)-255(of)-256(the)-255(two)-256(or)-255(three)-256(most)-255(eminent)-256(was)-255(Peter)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Lombard,)-362(whose)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 78.246 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Sentences,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.353 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.548 0 Td [(though)-340(now,)-361(I)-340(believe,)-362(but)-339(little)]TJ -137.99 -13.549 Td [(read,)-337(were)-320(for)-320(a)-320(long)-320(time)-319(the)-320(basis)-320(of)-320(all)-320(theological)-319(literature)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-448(Europe.)-842(More)-448(than)-447(four)-447(thousand)-448(theologians)-447(are)-448(said)-447(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-212(written)-212(commentaries)-213(upon)-212(them)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 165.599 3.959 Td [(461)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 12.453 -3.959 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(among)-212(others,)-220(Albert)]TJ -188.961 -13.549 Td [(the)-436(Great,)-483(St.)-808(Bonaventura,)-483(and)-436(St.)-809(Thomas)-436(Aquinas.)-808(Nor)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-453(the)-453(work)-453(unworthy)-453(of)-453(its)-453(former)-453(reputation.)-859(Calm,)-503(clear,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(logical,)-436(subtle,)-436(and)-399(concise,)-436(the)-398(author)-399(professes)-399(to)-399(expound)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([227])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-286(whole)-286(system)-285(of)-286(Catholic)-286(theology)-286(and)-285(ethics,)-295(and)-286(to)-285(reveal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-259(interdependence)-259(of)-259(their)-260(various)-259(parts.)-277(Having)-259(explained)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-245(and)-245(the)-245(duties,)-245(he)-245(proceeds)-245(to)-245(examine)-245(the)-245(prospects,)-245(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(man.)-249(He)-248(maintains)-247(that)-247(until)-248(the)-247(day)-247(of)-248(judgment)-247(the)-247(inhabitants)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-293(heaven)-293(and)-293(hell)-293(will)-293(continually)-293(see)-293(one)-293(another;)-315(but)-293(that,)-303(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(succeeding)-275(eternity,)-281(the)-274(inhabitants)-275(of)-275(heaven)-275(alone)-275(will)-274(see)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-267(of)-268(the)-267(opposite)-268(world;)-276(and)-267(he)-268(concludes)-267(his)-268(great)-267(work)-267(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-224(most)-223(impressive)-224(passage:)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 131.116 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(In)-224(the)-223(last)-224(place,)-229(we)-224(must)-223(enquire)]TJ -135.96 -13.55 Td [(whether)-178(the)-179(sight)-178(of)-178(the)-178(punishment)-178(of)-179(the)-178(condemned)-178(will)-178(impair)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-258(glory)-258(of)-258(the)-257(blest,)-260(or)-258(whether)-258(it)-258(will)-258(augment)-258(their)-257(beatitude.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Concerning)-395(this,)-430(Gregory)-395(says)-395(the)-394(sight)-395(of)-394(the)-395(punishment)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-375(lost)-375(will)-374(not)-375(obscure)-375(the)-375(beatitude)-374(of)-375(the)-375(just;)-437(for)-375(when)-374(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-395(accompanied)-395(by)-395(no)-394(compassion)-395(it)-395(can)-395(be)-395(no)-395(diminution)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(happiness.)-736(And)-412(although)-412(their)-412(own)-412(joys)-412(might)-412(suffice)-412(to)-411(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(just,)-285(yet)-277(to)-278(their)-278(greater)-277(glory)-278(they)-278(will)-277(see)-278(the)-277(pains)-278(of)-278(the)-277(evil,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-387(by)-388(grace)-387(they)-387(have)-387(escaped....)-662(The)-388(elect)-387(will)-387(go)-387(forth,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 151.464 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 138.712 Td [(the)-287(living....)-360(What)-287(is)-287(this)-287(in)-287(respect)-286(of)-287(hell,)-296(when)-287(each)-287(body)-287(of)-286(the)-287(damned)-287(is)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(more)-338(loathsome)-337(and)-338(unsavoury)-338(than)-337(a)-338(million)-338(of)-337(dead)-338(dogs?...)-513(Bonaventure)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(says,)-347(if)-328(one)-328(of)-328(the)-327(damned)-328(were)-328(brought)-328(into)-327(this)-328(world)-328(it)-328(were)-327(sufficient)-328(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(infect)-225(the)-225(whole)-225(earth....)-242(We)-225(are)-225(amazed)-225(to)-226(think)-225(of)-225(the)-225(inhumanity)-225(of)-225(Phalaris,)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(who)-356(roasted)-356(men)-356(alive)-356(in)-356(his)-356(brazen)-356(bull.)-569(That)-356(was)-356(a)-356(joy)-356(in)-356(respect)-356(of)-356(that)]TJ 0 -7.99 Td [(fire)-379(of)-379(hell....)-636(This)-379(torment)-379(...)-636(comprises)-379(as)-379(many)-379(torments)-379(as)-378(the)-379(body)-379(of)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -5.977 Td [(461)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Perrone,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.686 0 Td [(Histori\346)-278(Theologi\346)-279(cum)-278(Philosophia)-278(comparata)-279(Synopsis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 210.25 0 Td [(,)-285(p.)-336(29.)]TJ -254.892 -10.959 Td [(Peter)-250(Lombard's)-250(work)-250(was)-250(published)-250(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 144.063 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(1160.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 962 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 963 0 R /Resources 961 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 948 0 R >> endobj 964 0 obj << /D [962 0 R /XYZ 327.401 382.683 null] >> endobj 961 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 967 0 obj << /Length 6029 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(224History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(not)-401(indeed)-402(locally,)-439(but)-401(by)-401(intelligence,)-439(and)-402(by)-401(a)-401(clear)-401(vision,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-316(behold)-316(the)-317(torture)-316(of)-316(the)-316(impious,)-333(and)-316(as)-316(they)-316(see)-316(them)-316(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-288(not)-288(grieve.)-364(Their)-288(minds)-288(will)-288(be)-288(sated)-288(with)-288(joy)-288(as)-288(they)-288(gaze)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-275(the)-274(unspeakable)-275(anguish)-274(of)-275(the)-275(impious,)-280(returning)-275(thanks)-274(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-302(own)-303(freedom.)-407(Thus)-302(Esaias,)-316(describing)-302(the)-303(torments)-302(of)-302(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impious,)-253(and)-253(the)-252(joy)-252(of)-253(the)-252(righteous)-253(in)-252(witnessing)-253(it,)-253(says:)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 260.034 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.632 0 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(elect)-351(in)-351(truth)-350(will)-351(go)-351(out)-351(and)-351(will)-350(see)-351(the)-351(corpses)-351(of)-351(men)-350(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-236(prevaricated)-236(against)-236(Him;)-241(their)-236(worm)-236(will)-236(not)-236(die,)-238(and)-236(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-233(be)-232(to)-233(the)-232(satiety)-233(of)-232(vision)-233(to)-232(all)-233(flesh,)-236(that)-233(is)-232(to)-233(the)-232(elect.)-244(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(just)-250(man)-250(will)-250(rejoice)-250(when)-250(he)-250(shall)-250(see)-250(the)-250(vengeance.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 236.313 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 10.295 3.959 Td [(462)]TJ -319.363 -3.959 Td [([228])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -16.742 Td [(This)-242(passion)-243(for)-242(visions)-242(of)-242(heaven)-243(and)-242(hell)-242(was,)-244(in)-242(fact,)-244(a)-242(nat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(ural)-328(continuation)-328(of)-328(the)-328(passion)-328(for)-328(dogmatic)-328(definition,)-347(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-204(raged)-204(during)-204(the)-205(fifth)-204(century.)-235(It)-204(was)-204(natural)-204(that)-204(men,)-213(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(curiosity)-213(had)-212(left)-213(no)-212(conceivable)-213(question)-212(of)-213(theology)-212(undefined,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-406(have)-406(endeavoured)-406(to)-406(describe)-406(with)-406(corresponding)-405(pre-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cision)-377(the)-377(condition)-377(of)-378(the)-377(dead.)-631(Much,)-409(however,)-409(was)-377(due)-377(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-280(hallucinations)-281(of)-280(solitary)-281(and)-280(ascetic)-280(life,)-288(and)-281(much)-280(more)-280(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deliberate)-321(imposture.)-463(It)-321(is)-321(impossible)-321(for)-321(men)-321(to)-321(continue)-321(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-365(a)-364(condition)-365(of)-365(extreme)-364(panic,)-394(and)-364(superstition)-365(speedily)-364(dis-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(covered)-264(remedies)-263(to)-264(allay)-263(the)-264(fears)-263(it)-264(had)-264(created.)-290(If)-264(a)-263(malicious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(d\346mon)-421(was)-422(hovering)-421(around)-421(the)-422(believer,)-464(and)-421(if)-422(the)-421(jaws)-421(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 230.188 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 223.376 Td [(462)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Postremo)-164(qu\346ritur,)-181(An)-165(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 86.514 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(na)-164(reproborum)-164(visa)-165(decoloret)-164(gloriam)-164(beatorum?)]TJ -108.924 -10.959 Td [(an)-481(eorum)-481(beatitudini)-481(proficiat?)-943(De)-481(hoc)-481(ita)-481(Gregorius)-481(ait,)-539(Apud)-481(animum)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(justorum)-332(non)-331(obfuscat)-331(beatitudinem)-332(aspecta)-331(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 168.267 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(na)-332(reproborum;)-372(quia)-331(ubi)-332(jam)]TJ -174.74 -10.959 Td [(compassio)-324(miseri\346)-325(non)-324(erit,)-343(minuere)-324(beatorum)-324(l\346titiam)-325(non)-324(valebit.)-473(Et)-324(licet)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(justis)-304(sua)-304(gaudia)-303(sufficiant,)-318(ad)-303(majorem)-304(gloriam)-304(vident)-304(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 207.944 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(nas)-304(malorum)-303(quas)]TJ -214.418 -10.959 Td [(per)-371(gratiam)-370(evaserunt....)-612(Egredientur)-371(ergo)-370(electi,)-401(non)-371(loco,)-400(sed)-371(intelligentia)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(vel)-413(visione)-413(manifesta)-414(ad)-413(videndum)-413(impiorum)-413(cruciatus;)-495(quos)-413(videntes)-413(non)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(dolore)-221(afficientur)-222(sed)-221(l\346titia)-222(satiabuntur,)-227(agentes)-221(gratias)-222(de)-221(sua)-222(liberatione)-221(visa)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(impiorum)-266(ineffabili)-267(calamitate.)-299(Unde)-266(Esaias)-266(impiorum)-266(tormenta)-267(describens)-266(et)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(ex)-290(eorum)-291(visione)-290(l\346titiam)-291(bonorum)-290(exprimens,)-301(ait,)-300(Egredientur)-291(electi)-290(scilicet)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(et)-316(videbunt)-316(cadavera)-316(virorum)-316(qui)-316(pr\346varicati)-316(sunt)-316(in)-316(me.)-448(Vermis)-316(eorum)-316(non)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(morietur)-326(et)-326(ignis)-326(non)-326(extinguetur,)-345(et)-326(erunt)-326(usque)-326(ad)-326(satietatem)-326(visionis)-326(omni)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(carni,)-239(id)-235(est)-236(electis.)-245(L\346tabitur)-236(justus)-236(cum)-236(viderit)-235(vindictam.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 212.031 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Peter)-236(Lombard,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -224.978 -10.959 Td [(Senten.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.677 0 Td [(lib.)-347(iv.)-347(finis.)-347(These)-282(amiable)-282(views)-282(have)-283(often)-282(been)-282(expressed)-282(both)-283(by)]TJ -28.677 -10.959 Td [(Catholic)-250(and)-250(by)-250(Puritan)-250(divines.)-250(See)-250(Alger's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 160.507 0 Td [(Doctrine)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Future)-250(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 90.659 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(541.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 966 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 967 0 R /Resources 965 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 948 0 R >> endobj 968 0 obj << /D [966 0 R /XYZ 93.543 393.854 null] >> endobj 965 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 971 0 obj << /Length 6131 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(225)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(hell)-263(were)-263(opening)-263(t)1(o)-263(receive)-263(him,)-266(he)-263(was)-263(defended,)-266(on)-263(the)-262(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hand,)-257(by)-255(countless)-255(angels;)-258(a)-255(lavish)-255(gift)-256(to)-255(a)-255(church)-255(or)-255(monastery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-454(always)-454(enlist)-453(a)-454(saint)-454(in)-454(his)-453(behalf,)-505(and)-454(priestly)-453(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-410(protect)-411(him)-410(against)-411(the)-410(dangers)-411(which)-410(priestly)-410(sagacity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-262(revealed.)-287(When)-262(the)-263(angels)-262(were)-262(weighing)-263(the)-262(good)-262(and)-262(evil)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deeds)-197(of)-197(a)-196(dead)-197(man,)-207(the)-197(latter)-197(were)-197(found)-196(by)-197(far)-197(to)-196(preponderate;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-360(a)-359(priest)-360(of)-360(St.)-579(Lawrence)-360(came)-359(in,)-388(and)-359(turned)-360(the)-360(scale)-359(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(throwing)-341(down)-341(among)-341(the)-340(former)-341(a)-341(heavy)-341(gold)-341(chalice,)-363(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-344(deceased)-344(had)-344(given)-344(to)-344(the)-344(altar.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 159.141 3.958 Td [(463)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.257 -3.958 Td [(Dagobert)-344(was)-344(snatched)]TJ -177.398 -13.55 Td [(from)-324(the)-324(very)-323(arms)-324(of)-324(d\346mons)-324(by)-323(St.)-472(Denis,)-342(St.)-471(Maurice,)-342(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(St.)-303(Martin.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.553 3.959 Td [(464)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.76 -3.959 Td [(Charlemagne)-268(was)-267(saved,)-272(because)-268(the)-268(monasteries)]TJ -63.313 -13.549 Td [(he)-384(had)-384(built)-384(outweighed)-768(his)-384(evil)-384(deeds.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 182.942 3.959 Td [(465)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.564 -3.959 Td [(Others,)-417(who)-384(died)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 88.518 0 Td [([229])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(in)-375(mortal)-376(sin,)-406(were)-376(raised)-375(from)-375(the)-376(dead)-375(at)-375(the)-376(desire)-375(of)-375(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patron)-350(saint,)-376(to)-350(expiate)-351(their)-350(guilt.)-552(To)-350(amass)-350(relics,)-376(to)-350(acquire)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-231(patronage)-232(of)-231(saints,)-235(to)-231(endow)-232(monasteries,)-235(to)-231(build)-231(churches,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(became)-258(the)-257(chief)-258(part)-257(of)-258(religion,)-259(and)-258(the)-257(more)-258(the)-257(terrors)-258(of)-257(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unseen)-342(world)-341(were)-342(unfolded,)-364(the)-342(more)-341(men)-342(sought)-341(tranquillity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(the)-250(consolations)-250(of)-250(superstition.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 152.422 3.959 Td [(466)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -140.466 -21.826 Td [(The)-286(extent)-286(to)-286(which)-287(the)-286(custom)-286(of)-286(materialising)-286(religion)-286(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(carried,)-544(can)-485(only)-485(be)-486(adequately)-485(realised)-485(by)-485(those)-485(who)-485(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examined)-403(the)-404(medi\346val)-403(literature)-403(itself.)-710(That)-404(which)-403(strikes)-403(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(student)-329(in)-329(perusing)-329(this)-329(literature,)-349(is)-329(not)-329(so)-329(much)-329(t)1(he)-329(existence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-589(these)-588(superstitions,)-673(as)-589(their)-588(extraordinary)-588(multiplication,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-414(many)-414(thousands)-413(of)-414(grotesque)-414(miracles)-414(wrought)-414(by)-413(saints,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 186.918 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 180.106 Td [(463)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Legenda)-296(Aurea.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.342 0 Td [(There)-296(is)-296(a)-296(curious)-296(fresco)-296(representing)-296(this)-295(transaction,)-308(on)]TJ -72.298 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(portal)-250(of)-250(the)-250(church)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Lorenzo,)-250(near)-250(Rome.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(464)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Aimoni,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.884 0 Td [(De)-250(Gestis)-250(Francorum)-250(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 99.868 0 Td [(iv.)-250(34.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -143.458 -7.394 Td [(465)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Turpin's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.659 0 Td [(Chronicle)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.866 0 Td [(,)-377(ch.)-554(32.)-554(In)-352(the)-351(vision)-352(of)-351(Watlin,)-377(however)-352(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 164.932 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -266.013 -10.959 Td [(824\051,)-253(Charlemagne)-252(was)-253(seen)-252(tortured)-253(in)-252(purgatory)-252(on)-253(account)-252(of)-253(his)-252(excessive)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(love)-250(of)-250(women.)-250(\050Delepierre,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.58 0 Td [(L'Enfer)-250(d\351crit)-250(par)-250(ceux)-250(qui)-250(l'ont)-250(vu)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 125.87 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(27-28.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -229.2 -7.31 Td [(466)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(As)-472(the)-472(Abb\351)-472(Mably)-472(observes:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 120.771 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(On)-472(croyoit)-472(en)-472(quelque)-472(sorte)-472(dans)-472(ces)]TJ -136.707 -10.959 Td [(si\350cles)-238(grossiers)-238(que)-238(l'avarice)-238(\351toit)-238(le)-238(premier)-238(attribut)-238(de)-238(Dieu,)-240(et)-238(que)-238(les)-238(saints)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(faisoient)-282(un)-282(commerce)-281(de)-282(leur)-282(cr\351dit)-282(et)-281(de)-282(leur)-282(protection.)-345(De-l\340)-282(les)-282(richesses)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(immenses)-258(donn\351es)-258(aux)-258(\351glises)-258(par)-257(des)-258(hommes)-258(dont)-258(les)-258(m)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 210.083 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(urs)-258(d\351shonoroient)]TJ -216.556 -10.959 Td [(la)-250(religion.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 38.851 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Observations)-250(sur)-250(l'Hist.)-250(de)-250(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 124.202 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(4.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 970 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 971 0 R /Resources 969 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 973 0 R >> endobj 972 0 obj << /D [970 0 R /XYZ 160.485 369.134 null] >> endobj 969 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 976 0 obj << /Length 4706 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(226History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(monasteries,)-728(or)-633(relics,)-728(that)-633(were)-632(deliberately)-633(asserted)-632(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(universally)-516(believed.)-1048(Christianity)-516(had)-516(assumed)-516(a)-516(form)-515(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-345(quite)-345(as)-345(polytheistic)-345(and)-345(quite)-345(as)-345(idolatrous)-345(as)-345(the)-344(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Paganism.)-267(The)-256(low)-256(level)-256(of)-256(intellectual)-255(cultivation,)-258(the)-255(religious)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(feelings)-265(of)-264(half-converted)-265(barbarians,)-268(the)-265(interests)-264(of)-265(the)-264(clergy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-269(great)-269(social)-269(importance)-268(of)-269(the)-269(monasteries,)-274(and)-269(perhaps)-268(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(custom)-334(of)-334(compounding)-334(for)-334(nearly)-334(all)-334(crimes)-334(by)-334(pecuniary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fines,)-269(which)-266(was)-265(so)-266(general)-265(in)-266(the)-265(penal)-266(system)-265(of)-266(the)-265(barbarian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tribes,)-335(combined)-318(in)-318(their)-318(different)-318(ways,)-335(with)-318(the)-318(panic)-318(created)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-265(the)-265(fear)-265(of)-264(hell,)-269(in)-265(driving)-265(men)-265(in)-264(the)-265(same)-265(direction,)-269(and)-264(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wealth)-251(and)-250(power)-251(of)-251(the)-250(clergy)-251(rose)-250(to)-251(a)-251(point)-250(that)-251(enabled)-250(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-193(overshadow)-193(all)-194(other)-193(classes.)-231(They)-193(had)-193(found,)-205(as)-193(has)-193(been)-193(well)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said,)-335(in)-318(another)-317(world,)-335(the)-318(standing-point)-636(of)-318(Archimedes)-317(from)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([230])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(which)-258(they)-257(could)-258(move)-257(this.)-273(No)-257(other)-258(system)-257(had)-258(ever)-257(appeared)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(so)-290(admirably)-290(fitted)-290(to)-290(endure)-290(for)-290(ever.)-370(The)-290(Church)-290(had)-290(crushed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-331(silenced)-332(every)-331(opponent)-331(in)-332(Christendom.)-494(It)-331(had)-331(an)-331(absolute)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-284(over)-284(education)-284(in)-284(all)-285(its)-284(branches)-284(and)-284(in)-284(all)-284(its)-284(stages.)-352(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-344(absorbed)-343(all)-344(the)-343(speculative)-343(knowledge)-344(and)-343(art)-344(of)-343(Europe.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-275(possessed)-274(or)-275(commanded)-275(wealth,)-281(rank,)-281(and)-275(military)-274(power.)-324(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-365(so)-365(directed)-365(its)-364(teaching,)-394(that)-365(everything)-365(which)-365(terrified)-364(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distressed)-280(mankind)-280(drove)-281(men)-280(speedily)-280(into)-280(its)-280(arms,)-288(and)-280(it)-280(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(covered)-369(Europe)-368(with)-368(a)-369(vast)-368(network)-369(of)-368(institutions,)-398(admirably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(adapted)-373(to)-373(extend)-374(and)-373(perpetuate)-373(its)-373(power.)-620(In)-373(addition)-373(to)-373(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this,)-423(it)-389(had)-389(guarded)-388(with)-389(consummate)-389(skill)-388(all)-389(the)-388(approaches)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-410(its)-411(citadel.)-730(Every)-410(doubt)-411(was)-410(branded)-410(as)-410(a)-411(sin,)-450(and)-410(a)-410(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(course)-285(of)-285(doubt)-285(must)-285(necessarily)-285(have)-285(preceded)-285(the)-285(rejection)-284(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-202(tenets.)-234(All)-203(the)-202(avenues)-202(of)-202(enquiry)-203(were)-202(painted)-202(with)-202(images)-202(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appalling)-220(suffering,)-226(and)-219(of)-220(malicious)-220(d\346mons.)-240(No)-220(sooner)-220(did)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worshipper)-325(begin)-324(to)-325(question)-324(any)-325(article)-324(of)-325(faith,)-343(or)-324(to)-325(lose)-324(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(confidence)-230(in)-230(the)-230(virtue)-231(of)-230(the)-230(ceremonies)-230(of)-230(his)-230(Church,)-234(than)-230(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-237(threatened)-237(with)-236(a)-237(doom)-237(that)-236(no)-237(human)-237(heroism)-237(could)-236(brave,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-250(no)-250(imagination)-250(could)-250(contemplate)-250(undismayed.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(Of)-341(all)-341(the)-341(suffering)-342(that)-341(was)-341(undergone)-341(by)-341(those)-341(brave)-341(men)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(who)-323(in)-323(ages)-323(of)-323(ignorance)-323(and)-323(superstition)-323(dared)-323(to)-323(break)-322(loose)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 975 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 976 0 R /Resources 974 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 973 0 R >> endobj 977 0 obj << /D [975 0 R /XYZ 280.764 355.585 null] >> endobj 974 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 980 0 obj << /Length 4754 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(227)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(from)-275(the)-275(trammels)-275(of)-275(their)-275(Church,)-281(and)-275(who)-275(laid)-275(the)-274(foundation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-177(the)-176(liberty)-177(we)-176(now)-177(enjoy,)-191(it)-176(is)-177(this)-176(which)-177(was)-176(probably)-177(the)-176(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poignant,)-322(and)-307(which)-307(is)-307(the)-308(least)-307(realised.)-422(Our)-307(imaginations)-307(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reproduce)-279(with)-278(much)-279(vividness)-278(gigantic)-279(massacres)-278(like)-279(those)-278(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-224(Albigenses)-224(or)-224(of)-224(St.)-241(Bartholomew.)-241(We)-224(can)-224(conceive,)-229(too,)-229(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tortures)-304(of)-304(the)-303(rack)-304(and)-304(of)-304(the)-303(boots,)-318(the)-303(dungeon,)-318(the)-303(scaffold,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-360(the)-359(slow)-359(fire.)-579(We)-359(can)-360(estimate,)-387(though)-359(less)-360(perfectly,)-386(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anguish)-291(which)-291(the)-291(bold)-290(enquirer)-291(must)-291(have)-291(undergone)-291(from)-290(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(desertion)-470(of)-470(those)-470(he)-471(most)-470(dearly)-470(loved,)-525(from)-470(the)-470(hatred)-470(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(mankind,)-281(from)-275(the)-274(malignant)-275(calumnies)-275(that)-274(were)-275(heaped)-549(upon)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([231])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(his)-242(name.)-247(But)-242(in)-242(the)-242(chamber)-241(of)-242(his)-242(own)-242(soul,)-243(in)-242(the)-242(hours)-242(of)-241(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(solitary)-293(meditation,)-303(he)-293(must)-292(have)-293(found)-293(elements)-292(of)-293(a)-292(suffering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-304(was)-303(still)-304(more)-304(acute.)-410(Taught)-304(from)-304(his)-303(earliest)-304(childhood)-303(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regard)-340(the)-340(abandonment)-341(of)-340(his)-340(hereditary)-340(opinions)-340(as)-340(the)-340(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(deadly)-251(of)-250(crimes,)-251(and)-250(to)-251(ascribe)-250(it)-251(to)-250(the)-251(instigat)1(ion)-251(of)-250(deceiving)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(d\346mons,)-203(persuaded)-192(that)-191(if)-192(he)-191(died)-192(in)-191(a)-192(condition)-191(of)-192(doubt)-191(he)-191(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pass)-275(into)-274(a)-275(state)-274(of)-275(everlasting)-275(torture,)-280(his)-275(imagination)-274(saturated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-219(images)-219(of)-220(the)-219(most)-219(hideous)-219(and)-220(appalling)-219(anguish,)-225(he)-219(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(himself)-352(alone)-353(in)-352(the)-353(world,)-378(struggling)-352(with)-353(his)-352(difficulties)-352(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-349(doubts.)-546(There)-349(existed)-348(no)-349(rival)-349(sect)-349(in)-348(which)-349(he)-349(could)-348(take)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(refuge,)-354(and)-332(where,)-354(in)-333(the)-332(professed)-333(agreement)-333(of)-333(many)-332(minds,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-309(could)-309(forget)-308(the)-309(anathemas)-309(of)-309(the)-308(Church.)-427(Physical)-308(science,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-272(has)-271(disproved)-272(the)-271(theological)-272(theories)-271(which)-272(attribute)-271(death)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-256(human)-256(sin,)-257(and)-256(suffering)-256(to)-256(Divine)-256(vengeance,)-258(and)-256(all)-255(natural)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(phenomena)-427(to)-427(isolated)-426(acts)-427(of)-427(Divine)-426(intervention)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 229.118 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(historical)]TJ -240.027 -13.549 Td [(criticism,)-197(which)-185(has)-184(dispelled)-184(so)-184(many)-185(imposing)-184(fabrics)-184(of)-184(belief,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(traced)-371(so)-371(many)-371(elaborate)-371(superstitions)-371(to)-371(the)-371(normal)-371(action)-371(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-435(undisciplined)-434(imagination,)-481(and)-435(explained)-434(and)-435(defined)-434(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(successive)-446(phases)-447(of)-446(religious)-446(progress,)-496(were)-446(both)-446(unknown.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Every)-308(comet)-307(that)-308(blazed)-307(in)-308(the)-308(sky,)-322(every)-307(pestilence)-308(that)-307(swept)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(over)-271(the)-270(land,)-276(appeared)-270(a)-271(confirmation)-271(of)-270(the)-271(dark)-270(threats)-271(of)-270(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theologian.)-452(A)-317(spirit)-317(of)-317(blind)-317(and)-317(abject)-317(credulity,)-334(inculcated)-317(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-269(first)-268(of)-268(duties,)-274(and)-268(exhibited)-269(on)-268(all)-269(subjects)-268(and)-269(i)1(n)-269(all)-268(forms,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pervaded)-309(the)-310(atmosphere)-309(he)-309(breathed.)-428(Who)-309(can)-309(estimate)-309(aright)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 979 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 980 0 R /Resources 978 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 973 0 R >> endobj 981 0 obj << /D [979 0 R /XYZ 302.586 396.232 null] >> endobj 978 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 984 0 obj << /Length 4910 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(228History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-401(obstacles)-401(against)-401(which)-400(a)-401(sincere)-401(enquirer)-401(in)-401(such)-401(an)-400(age)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-339(have)-339(struggled?)-518(Who)-339(can)-339(conceive)-339(the)-339(secret)-339(anguish)-339(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-192(have)-193(endured)-192(in)-193(the)-192(long)-192(months)-193(or)-192(years)-193(during)-192(which)-192(rival)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arguments)-251(gained)-250(an)-251(alternate)-251(sway)-251(over)-250(his)-251(judgment,)-251(while)-250(all)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doubt)-269(was)-269(still)-269(regarded)-269(as)-269(damnable?)-307(And)-269(even)-269(when)-269(his)-269(mind)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-389(convinced,)-423(his)-388(imagination)-389(would)-388(still)-389(often)-388(revert)-389(to)-388(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-312(belief.)-437(Our)-312(thoughts)-313(in)-312(after)-312(years)-312(flow)-313(spontaneously,)-327(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-260(unconsciously,)-262(in)-259(the)-260(channels)-259(that)-260(are)-260(formed)-259(in)-260(youth.)-278(In)]TJ 3.474 -13.549 Td [(moments)-318(when)-319(the)-318(controlling)-318(judgment)-319(has)-318(relaxed)-319(its)-318(grasp,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -76.229 0 Td [([232])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(old)-315(intellectual)-314(habits)-315(reassume)-315(their)-314(sway,)-331(and)-315(images)-314(painted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-328(the)-328(imagination)-327(will)-328(live,)-347(when)-328(the)-328(intellectual)-327(propositions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-407(which)-407(they)-408(rested)-407(have)-407(been)-407(wholly)-408(abandoned.)-721(In)-407(hours)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-450(weakness,)-500(of)-451(sickness,)-500(and)-450(of)-450(drowsiness,)-500(in)-450(the)-450(feverish)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-454(anxious)-453(moments)-454(that)-454(are)-453(known)-454(to)-454(all,)-504(when)-454(the)-453(mind)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(floats)-225(passively)-226(upon)-225(the)-226(stream,)-230(the)-225(phantoms)-226(which)-225(reason)-225(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exorcised)-341(must)-341(have)-341(often)-341(reappeared,)-364(and)-341(the)-341(bitterness)-341(of)-341(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ancient)-250(tyranny)-250(must)-250(have)-250(entered)-250(into)-250(his)-250(soul.)]TJ 11.956 -15.993 Td [(It)-527(is)-528(one)-527(of)-527(the)-528(greatest)-527(of)-527(the)-528(many)-527(services)-527(that)-527(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(rendered)-329(to)-330(mankind)-329(by)-329(the)-329(Troubadours,)-349(that)-330(they)-329(cast)-329(such)-329(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(flood)-339(of)-339(ridicule)-340(upon)-339(the)-339(visions)-339(of)-339(hell,)-362(by)-339(which)-339(the)-339(monks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-369(been)-368(accustomed)-369(to)-368(terrify)-369(mankind,)-398(that)-369(they)-368(completely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discredited)-318(and)-318(almost)-318(suppressed)-317(them.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 179.001 3.959 Td [(467)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.402 -3.959 Td [(Whether,)-335(however,)]TJ -196.403 -13.549 Td [(the)-389(Catholic)-388(mind,)-423(if)-389(unassisted)-388(by)-389(the)-388(literature)-389(of)-388(Paganism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-306(by)-307(the)-306(independent)-306(thinkers)-306(who)-306(grew)-307(up)-306(under)-306(the)-306(shelter)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-321(Mohammedanism,)-340(could)-321(have)-322(ever)-321(unwound)-322(the)-321(chains)-321(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-384(bound)-384(it,)-418(may)-384(well)-384(be)-385(questioned.)-652(The)-384(growth)-384(of)-384(towns,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-409(multiplied)-409(secular)-409(interests)-409(and)-409(feelings,)-449(the)-408(revival)-409(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(learning,)-202(the)-191(depression)-190(of)-191(the)-190(ecclesiastical)-191(classes)-190(that)-190(followed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-444(crusades,)-493(and,)-493(at)-444(last,)-493(the)-444(dislocation)-444(of)-444(Christendom)-444(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-305(Reformation,)-318(gradually)-304(impaired)-305(the)-304(ecclesiastical)-304(doctrine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-208(ceased)-208(to)-208(be)-208(realised)-208(before)-208(it)-208(ceased)-208(to)-208(be)-208(believed.)-236(There)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.681 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 91.869 Td [(467)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Many)-184(curious)-184(examples)-184(of)-185(the)-184(way)-184(in)-184(which)-184(the)-184(Troubadours)-184(burlesqued)-185(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(monkish)-271(visions)-271(of)-272(hell)-271(are)-271(given)-271(by)-272(Delepierre,)-276(p.)-314(144.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 201.867 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Wright's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.935 0 Td [(Purgatory)]TJ -243.769 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(St.)-250(Patrick)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.074 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(47-52.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 983 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 984 0 R /Resources 982 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 973 0 R >> endobj 985 0 obj << /D [983 0 R /XYZ 93.543 409.782 null] >> endobj 982 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 988 0 obj << /Length 4879 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(229)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(was,)-398(however,)-399(another)-369(doctrine)-368(which)-369(exercised)-369(a)-369(still)-368(greater)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-286(in)-286(augmenting)-286(the)-285(riches)-286(of)-286(the)-286(clergy,)-295(and)-286(in)-285(making)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(donations)-349(to)-349(the)-349(Church)-349(the)-349(chief)-349(part)-349(of)-349(religion.)-547(I)-349(allude,)-373(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(course,)-250(to)-250(the)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(purgatory.)]TJ 11.956 -18.622 Td [(A)-447(distinguished)-446(modern)-447(apologist)-447(for)-447(the)-447(middle)-447(ages)-446(has)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(made)-184(this)-184(doctrine)-184(the)-185(object)-184(of)-184(his)-184(special)-184(and)-184(very)-184(characteristic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eulogy,)-364(because,)-363(as)-341(he)-341(says,)-364(by)-341(providing)-341(a)-682(finite)-340(punishment)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([233])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(graduated)-327(to)-326(every)-327(variety)-327(of)-326(guilt,)-346(and)-327(adapted)-326(for)-327(those)-326(who,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(without)-318(being)-319(sufficiently)-318(virtuous)-319(to)-318(pass)-318(at)-319(once)-318(into)-318(heaven,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-260(not)-261(appear)-260(sufficiently)-260(vicious)-260(to)-261(pass)-260(into)-260(hell,)-263(it)-260(formed)-260(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indispensable)-258(corrective)-258(to)-258(the)-258(extreme)-258(terrorism)-258(of)-258(the)-257(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-356(eternal)-357(punishment.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 100.184 3.959 Td [(468)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.658 -3.959 Td [(This)-356(is)-357(one)-356(of)-356(those)-356(theories)-357(which,)]TJ -118.842 -13.549 Td [(though)-482(exceedingly)-483(popular)-482(with)-482(a)-482(class)-483(of)-482(writers)-482(who)-482(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-362(without)-361(influence)-362(in)-361(our)-361(day,)-390(must)-361(appear,)-390(I)-361(think,)-389(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grotesque)-359(to)-359(those)-359(who)-358(have)-359(examined)-359(the)-359(actual)-359(operation)-358(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-311(doctrine)-311(during)-312(the)-311(middle)-311(ages.)-434(According)-311(to)-311(the)-311(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(teaching)-199(of)-199(the)-199(Church,)-210(the)-199(expiatory)-199(powers)-199(at)-199(the)-199(disposal)-199(of)-199(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clergy)-251(were)-250(so)-251(great,)-251(that)-250(those)-251(who)-251(died)-250(believing)-251(its)-250(doctrines,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-211(fortified)-210(in)-211(their)-210(last)-211(hours)-210(by)-211(its)-210(rites,)-219(had)-210(no)-211(cause)-210(whatever)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-479(dread)-479(the)-479(terrors)-479(of)-479(hell.)-937(On)-479(the)-479(other)-479(hand,)-536(those)-479(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(died)-434(external)-434(to)-434(the)-434(Church)-434(had)-434(no)-434(prospect)-434(of)-434(entering)-433(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purgatory.)-261(This)-253(latter)-254(was)-253(designed)-254(altogether)-253(for)-254(true)-253(believers;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-330(was)-329(chiefly)-330(preached)-330(at)-329(a)-330(time)-330(when)-329(no)-330(one)-330(was)-329(in)-330(the)-329(least)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(disposed)-367(to)-367(question)-367(the)-368(powers)-367(of)-367(the)-367(Church)-367(to)-367(absolve)-367(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crime,)-206(however)-194(heinous,)-206(or)-195(to)-194(free)-195(the)-194(worst)-195(men)-195(from)-194(hell,)-206(and)-194(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-168(assuredly)-167(never)-168(regarded)-167(in)-168(the)-167(light)-168(of)-167(a)-168(consolation.)-222(Indeed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(popular)-298(pictures)-299(of)-299(purgatory)-298(were)-299(so)-299(terrific)-298(that)-299(it)-299(may)-298(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doubted)-226(whether)-226(the)-226(imagination)-225(could)-226(ever)-226(fully)-226(realise,)-230(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-396(reason)-396(could)-396(easily)-396(recognise,)-432(the)-396(difference)-396(between)-395(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(state)-274(and)-274(that)-274(of)-274(the)-273(lost.)-322(The)-274(fire)-274(of)-274(purgatory,)-280(according)-274(to)-273(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-228(eminent)-228(theologians,)-232(was)-228(like)-228(the)-228(fire)-228(of)-228(hell)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 216.585 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-228(literal)-228(fire,)]TJ -227.494 -13.549 Td [(prolonged,)-257(it)-255(was)-255(sometimes)-256(said,)-256(for)-256(ages.)-266(The)-255(declamations)-255(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(468)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Comte,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.396 0 Td [(Philosophie)-250(positive)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.977 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(v.)-250(p.)-250(269.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 987 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 988 0 R /Resources 986 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 973 0 R >> endobj 989 0 obj << /D [987 0 R /XYZ 246.021 431.808 null] >> endobj 986 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 992 0 obj << /Length 5585 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(230History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-206(pulpit)-206(described)-206(the)-207(sufferings)-206(of)-206(the)-206(saved)-206(souls)-206(in)-206(purgatory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-323(incalculably)-323(greater)-323(than)-323(any)-323(that)-323(were)-323(endured)-323(by)-323(the)-323(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wretched)-194(mortals)-193(upon)-194(earth.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.401 3.959 Td [(469)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.976 -3.959 Td [(The)-194(rude)-387(artists)-194(of)-194(medi\346valism)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -213.132 0 Td [([234])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(exhausted)-306(their)-306(efforts)-306(in)-307(depicting)-306(the)-306(writhings)-306(of)-306(the)-306(dead)-306(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-430(flames)-429(that)-430(encircled)-430(them.)-789(Innumerable)-430(visions)-429(detailed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-507(a)-506(ghastly)-507(minuteness)-506(the)-507(various)-507(kinds)-506(of)-507(torture)-506(they)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 295.861 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F34 8.9664 Tf 93.543 286.947 Td [(opened)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Piety)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Faithful.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 127.018 0 Td [(Richardson,)-250(London.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -126.769 -7.31 Td [(469)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Saint-Bernard,)-312(dans)-300(son)-300(sermon)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 118.7 0 Td [(De)-300(obitu)-300(Humberti)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.637 0 Td [(,)-312(affirme)-300(que)-300(tous)-300(les)]TJ -203.274 -10.959 Td [(tourments)-319(de)-320(cette)-319(vie)-319(sont)-319(joies)-320(si)-319(on)-319(les)-320(compare)-319(\340)-319(une)-319(seconde)-320(des)-319(peines)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(du)-371(purgatoire.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 56.882 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Imaginez-vous)-371(donc,)-401(d\351licates)-371(dames,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 139.734 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.312 0 Td [(dit)-371(le)-371(p\350re)-371(Valladier)]TJ -205.914 -12.425 Td [(\0501613\051)-220(dans)-219(son)-220(sermon)-219(du)-220(3)]TJ 102.486 4.034 Td [(me)]TJ 12.927 -4.034 Td [(dimanche)-220(de)-219(l'Avent,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 77.549 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(d'estre)-220(au)-219(travers)-220(de)-219(vos)]TJ -195.948 -10.959 Td [(chenets,)-352(sur)-332(vostre)-332(petit)-332(feu)-332(pour)-332(une)-332(centaine)-332(d'ans:)-414(ce)-332(n'est)-332(rien)-332(au)-332(respect)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(d'un)-256(moment)-255(de)-256(purgatoire.)-267(Mais)-256(si)-256(vous)-255(vistes)-256(jamais)-256(tirer)-256(quelqu'un)-255(\340)-256(quatre)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(chevaux,)-332(quelqu'un)-316(brusler)-316(\340)-315(petit)-316(feu,)-332(enrager)-316(de)-316(faim)-316(ou)-315(de)-316(soif,)-332(une)-316(heure)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(de)-326(purgatoire)-326(est)-325(pire)-326(que)-326(tout)-325(cela.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 130.322 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(Meray,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.734 0 Td [(Les)-326(Libres)-325(Pr\352cheurs)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 80.986 0 Td [(\050Paris,)]TJ -257.47 -10.959 Td [(1860\051,)-246(pp.)-248(130-131)-244(\050an)-245(extremely)-244(curious)-245(and)-244(suggestive)-245(book\051.)-248(I)-244(now)-245(take)-244(up)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-219(first)-220(contemporary)-219(book)-219(of)-219(popular)-220(Catholic)-219(devotion)-219(on)-220(this)-219(subject)-219(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-335(at)-334(hand,)-356(and)-334(read:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 78.944 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Compared)-335(with)-334(the)-335(pains)-334(of)-335(purgatory,)-355(then,)-356(all)-335(those)]TJ -82.925 -10.959 Td [(wounds)-304(and)-304(dark)-304(prisons,)-318(all)-304(those)-304(wild)-304(beasts,)-318(hooks)-304(of)-304(iron,)-318(red-hot)-304(plates,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(&c.,)-246(which)-244(the)-245(holy)-245(martyrs)-244(suffered,)-246(are)-245(nothing.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 179.225 0 Td [(\035)-245(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 10.156 0 Td [(They)-245(\050souls)-244(in)-245(purgatory\051)]TJ -189.381 -10.958 Td [(are)-258(in)-257(a)-257(real,)-260(though)-257(miraculous)-258(manner,)-259(tortured)-257(by)-258(fire,)-259(which)-258(is)-257(of)-258(the)-257(same)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(kind)-237(\050says)-238(Bellarmine\051)-237(as)-238(our)-237(element)-237(fire.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 152.466 0 Td [(\035)-237(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 10.091 0 Td [(The)-237(Angelic)-238(Doctor)-237(affirms)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 101.638 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(that)]TJ -267.181 -10.959 Td [(the)-320(fire)-321(which)-320(torments)-321(the)-320(damned)-320(is)-321(like)-320(the)-321(fire)-320(which)-321(purges)-320(the)-320(elect.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 272.169 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035)]TJ -272.169 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(What)-348(agony)-348(will)-348(not)-348(those)-348(holy)-348(souls)-348(suffer)-347(when)-348(tied)-348(and)-348(bound)-348(with)-348(the)]TJ -3.981 -10.959 Td [(most)-277(tormenting)-277(chains)-277(of)-278(a)-277(living)-277(fire)-277(like)-277(to)-277(that)-277(of)-277(hell!)-332(and)-277(we,)-284(while)-277(able)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-381(make)-381(them)-380(free)-381(and)-381(happy,)-413(shall)-381(we)-381(stand)-381(like)-380(uninterested)-381(spectators?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ -276.649 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(St.)-381(Austin)-294(is)-294(of)-293(opinion)-294(that)-294(the)-293(pains)-294(of)-294(a)-294(soul)-293(in)-294(purgatory)-294(during)-293(the)-294(time)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 991 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 992 0 R /Resources 990 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 973 0 R >> endobj 993 0 obj << /D [991 0 R /XYZ 274.496 491.077 null] >> endobj 990 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 996 0 obj << /Length 5751 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(231)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(underwent,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.775 3.959 Td [(470)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.791 -3.959 Td [(and)-205(the)-206(monk,)-214(who)-205(described)-206(what)-205(he)-205(professed)-206(to)]TJ -63.566 -13.549 Td [(have)-295(seen,)-306(usually)-294(ended)-295(by)-295(the)-294(characteristic)-295(moral,)-306(that)-294(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-395(only)-394(realise)-395(those)-395(sufferings,)-431(they)-394(would)-395(shrink)-395(from)-394(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sacrifice)-424(to)-425(rescue)-424(their)-425(friends)-424(from)-424(such)-425(a)-424(state.)-773(A)-424(special)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(place,)-314(it)-302(was)-301(said,)-314(was)-302(reserved)-301(in)-302(purgatory)-301(for)-302(those)-301(who)-301(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-328(slow)-327(in)-328(paying)-327(their)-327(tithes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 143.612 3.959 Td [(471)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.717 -3.959 Td [(St.)-482(Gregory)-328(tells)-327(a)-328(curious)]TJ -161.329 -13.549 Td [(story)-311(of)-311(a)-311(man)-311(who)-311(was,)-326(in)-311(other)-311(respects,)-326(of)-311(admirable)-311(virtue;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-390(who,)-850(in)-390(a)-390(contested)-390(election)-390(for)-390(the)-390(popedom,)-425(supported)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([235])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-398(wrong)-398(candidate,)-435(and)-397(without,)-435(as)-398(it)-398(would)-398(appear,)-435(in)-397(any)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(degree)-331(refusing)-331(to)-331(obey)-331(the)-331(successful)-331(candidate)-331(when)-331(elected,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continued)-242(secretly)-243(of)-242(opinion)-242(that)-243(the)-242(choice)-242(was)-243(an)-242(unwise)-242(one.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-301(was)-301(accordingly)-300(placed)-301(for)-301(some)-300(time)-301(after)-301(death)-301(in)-300(boiling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(water.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 26.957 3.959 Td [(472)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.013 -3.959 Td [(Whatever)-398(may)-397(be)-398(thought)-398(of)-397(its)-398(other)-398(aspects,)-434(it)-398(is)]TJ -46.97 -13.549 Td [(impossible)-278(to)-278(avoid)-278(recognising)-278(in)-278(this)-278(teaching)-278(a)-278(masterly)-278(skill)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-260(the)-261(adaptation)-260(of)-260(means)-260(to)-261(ends,)-262(which)-261(almost)-260(rises)-260(to)-260(artistic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty.)-234(A)-202(system)-202(which)-202(deputed)-202(its)-202(minister)-202(to)-202(go)-202(to)-202(the)-201(unhappy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(widow)-225(in)-224(the)-225(first)-224(dark)-225(hour)-225(of)-224(her)-225(anguish)-225(and)-224(her)-225(desolation,)-229(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tell)-283(her)-282(that)-283(he)-283(who)-282(was)-283(dearer)-283(to)-282(her)-283(than)-283(all)-282(the)-283(world)-282(besides)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-263(now)-263(burning)-263(in)-263(a)-263(fire,)-267(and)-263(that)-263(he)-263(could)-263(only)-263(be)-263(relieved)-263(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-276(gift)-275(of)-275(money)-276(to)-275(the)-276(priests,)-282(was)-275(assuredly)-276(of)-275(its)-276(own)-275(kind)-275(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-250(an)-250(extraordinary)-250(merit.)]TJ 11.956 -13.554 Td [(If)-305(we)-305(attempt)-305(to)-305(realise)-305(the)-305(moral)-305(condition)-305(of)-305(the)-305(society)-305(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Western)-151(Europe)-151(in)-151(the)-150(period)-151(that)-151(elapsed)-151(between)-151(the)-151(downfall)-150(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-233(Roman)-233(Empire)-233(and)-233(Charlemagne,)-236(during)-233(which)-233(the)-232(religious)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 196.981 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 184.229 Td [(required)-351(to)-351(open)-351(and)-351(shut)-351(one's)-351(eye)-351(is)-351(more)-350(severe)-351(than)-351(what)-351(St.)-553(Lawrence)]TJ 0 -8.016 Td [(suffered)-432(on)-431(the)-432(gridiron;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 92.288 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.85 0 Td [(and)-432(much)-431(more)-432(to)-431(the)-432(same)-431(effect.)-795(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 143.631 0 Td [(Purgatory)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -243.519 -7.31 Td [(470)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Delepierre,)-250(Wright,)-250(and)-250(Alger.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(471)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-211(appears)-210(from)-211(the)-211(vision)-211(of)-211(Thurcill.)-236(\050Wright's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 181.078 0 Td [(Purgatory)-211(of)-210(St.)-237(Patrick)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 85.355 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(p.)-296(42.\051)-296(Brompton)-265(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.957 0 Td [(Chronicon)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.359 0 Td [(\051)-265(tells)-266(of)-265(an)-265(English)-266(landlord)-265(who)-265(had)-265(refused)-266(to)]TJ -106.316 -10.959 Td [(pay)-293(tithes.)-378(St.)-377(Augustine,)-304(having)-292(vainly)-293(reasoned)-293(with)-292(him,)-304(at)-292(last)-293(convinced)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(him)-380(by)-379(a)-380(miracle.)-638(Before)-380(celebrating)-380(mass)-379(he)-380(ordered)-379(all)-380(excommunicated)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(persons)-234(to)-234(leave)-234(the)-234(church,)-237(whereupon)-234(a)-234(corpse)-234(got)-234(out)-234(of)-234(a)-234(grave)-234(and)-234(walked)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(away.)-226(The)-176(corpse,)-192(on)-177(being)-176(questioned,)-192(said)-177(it)-176(was)-177(the)-177(body)-177(of)-176(an)-177(ancient)-177(Briton)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(who)-277(refused)-277(to)-277(pay)-277(tithes,)-284(and)-277(had)-277(in)-278(consequence)-277(been)-277(excommunicated)-277(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(damned.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(472)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.407 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(iv.)-250(40.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 995 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 996 0 R /Resources 994 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 998 0 R >> endobj 997 0 obj << /D [995 0 R /XYZ 91.118 423.331 null] >> endobj 994 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1001 0 obj << /Length 6238 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(232History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(transformations)-401(I)-401(have)-401(noticed)-401(chiefly)-401(arose,)-439(we)-400(shall)-401(be)-401(met)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-283(some)-282(formidable)-283(difficulties.)-348(In)-283(the)-282(first)-283(place,)-291(our)-282(materials)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-468(very)-469(scanty.)-905(From)-468(the)-469(year)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.475 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)-468(642,)-523(when)-469(the)-468(meagre)]TJ -168.712 -13.549 Td [(chronicle)-212(of)-211(Fredigarius)-212(closes,)-220(to)-211(the)-212(biography)-212(of)-211(Charlemagne)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-314(Eginhard,)-330(a)-314(century)-315(later,)-330(there)-314(is)-314(an)-314(almost)-314(complete)-314(blank)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-325(trustworthy)-325(history,)-343(and)-325(we)-325(are)-324(reduced)-325(to)-325(a)-325(few)-325(scanty)-324(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-293(doubtful)-292(notices)-293(in)-293(the)-292(chronicles)-293(of)-293(monasteries,)-303(the)-292(lives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-282(saints,)-291(and)-282(the)-283(decrees)-282(of)-282(Councils.)-347(All)-283(secular)-282(literature)-282(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-317(disappeared,)-333(and)-317(the)-316(thought)-317(of)-317(posterity)-316(seems)-317(to)-316(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vanished)-436(from)-435(the)-435(world.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 115.751 3.959 Td [(473)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.251 -3.959 Td [(Of)-435(the)-436(first)-435(half)-436(of)-435(the)-436(seventh)]TJ -137.002 -13.549 Td [(century,)-319(however,)-319(and)-305(of)-305(the)-305(two)-305(centuries)-305(that)-305(preceded)-306(it,)-318(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-216(much)-216(information)-216(from)-432(Gregory)-216(of)-217(Tours,)-222(and)-216(Fredigarius,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([236])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(whose)-366(tedious)-366(and)-366(repulsive)-366(pages)-366(illustrate)-366(with)-365(considerable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clearness)-205(the)-204(conflict)-205(of)-204(races)-205(and)-205(the)-204(dislocation)-205(of)-204(governments)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-231(for)-232(centuries)-231(existed.)-244(In)-231(Italy,)-236(the)-231(traditions)-231(and)-232(habits)-231(of)-231(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-212(Empire)-211(had)-212(in)-211(some)-212(degree)-212(reasserted)-211(their)-212(sway;)-224(but)-212(in)-211(Gaul)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-377(Church)-376(subsisted)-377(in)-377(the)-376(midst)-377(of)-377(barbarians,)-408(whose)-376(native)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vigour)-362(had)-362(never)-362(been)-362(emasculated)-362(by)-362(civilisation)-362(and)-362(refined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-304(knowledge.)-411(The)-304(picture)-304(which)-304(Gregory)-303(of)-304(Tours)-304(gives)-304(us)-303(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-357(of)-356(a)-357(society)-357(which)-356(was)-357(almost)-357(absolutely)-356(anarchical.)-570(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind)-284(is)-284(fatigued)-284(by)-283(the)-284(monotonous)-284(account)-284(of)-284(acts)-284(of)-283(violence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-302(of)-303(fraud)-302(springing)-302(from)-303(no)-302(fixed)-302(policy,)-316(tending)-302(to)-302(no)-302(end,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leaving)-339(no)-338(lasting)-339(impress)-338(upon)-339(the)-338(world.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 191.544 3.959 Td [(474)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.078 -3.959 Td [(The)-339(two)-338(queens)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.431 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.619 Td [(473)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(As)-255(Sismondi)-254(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 68.669 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pendant)-255(quatre-vingts)-254(ans,)-256(tout)-255(au)-254(moins,)-256(il)-255(n'y)-254(eut)-255(pas)]TJ -84.606 -10.959 Td [(un)-317(Franc)-317(qui)-317(songe\342t)-317(\340)-317(transmettre)-317(\340)-317(la)-317(post\351rit\351)-317(la)-317(m\351moire)-317(des)-317(\351v\351nements)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(contemporains,)-188(et)-173(pendant)-173(le)-173(m\352me)-173(espace)-173(de)-173(temps)-173(il)-172(n'y)-173(eut)-173(pas)-173(un)-173(personnage)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(puissant)-276(qui)-275(ne)-276(b\342tit)-275(des)-276(temples)-275(pour)-276(la)-275(post\351rit\351)-276(la)-275(plus)-276(recul\351e.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 235.614 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Hist.)-326(des)]TJ -248.562 -10.959 Td [(Fran\347ais)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.378 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(46.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -32.129 -7.311 Td [(474)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Gibbon)-283(says)-283(of)-283(the)-283(period)-283(during)-283(which)-283(the)-283(Merovingian)-283(dynasty)-283(reigned,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(that)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 16.092 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(it)-295(would)-294(be)-295(difficult)-295(to)-294(find)-295(anywhere)-295(more)-295(vice)-294(or)-295(less)-295(virtue.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 227.537 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.623 0 Td [(Hallam)]TJ -254.233 -10.958 Td [(reproduces)-515(this)-515(observation,)-582(and)-515(adds:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 154.318 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-515(facts)-515(of)-516(these)-515(times)-515(are)-515(of)]TJ -158.299 -10.959 Td [(little)-386(other)-386(importance)-386(than)-386(as)-386(they)-387(impress)-386(on)-386(the)-386(mind)-386(a)-386(thorough)-386(notion)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-401(the)-400(extreme)-401(wickedness)-400(of)-401(almost)-401(every)-400(person)-401(concerned)-400(in)-401(them,)-438(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(consequently)-521(of)-520(the)-521(state)-520(to)-521(which)-521(society)-520(was)-521(reduced.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 218.373 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Hist.)-1062(of)-520(the)]TJ -231.321 -10.959 Td [(Middle)-445(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.82 0 Td [(,)-493(ch.)-835(i.)-834(Dean)-445(Milman)-444(is)-445(equally)-445(unfavourable)-445(and)-444(emphatic)]TJ -46.82 -10.959 Td [(in)-422(his)-422(judgment.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.989 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(It)-422(is)-422(difficult)-422(to)-422(conceive)-422(a)-422(more)-422(dark)-422(and)-421(odious)-422(state)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1000 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1001 0 R /Resources 999 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 998 0 R >> endobj 1002 0 obj << /D [1000 0 R /XYZ 220.528 369.134 null] >> endobj 999 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1005 0 obj << /Length 6113 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(233)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Fr\351d\351gonde)-255(and)-255(Brunehaut)-255(rise)-255(conspicuous)-255(above)-255(other)-255(figures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-281(their)-281(fierce)-281(and)-280(undaunted)-281(ambition,)-289(for)-281(the)-281(fascination)-280(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exercised)-286(over)-286(the)-286(minds)-285(of)-286(multitudes,)-295(and)-286(for)-286(the)-286(number)-285(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atrocity)-355(of)-354(their)-355(crimes.)-564(All)-355(classes)-355(seem)-354(to)-355(have)-355(been)-354(almost)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(equally)-278(tainted)-279(with)-278(vice.)-335(We)-278(read)-278(of)-279(a)-278(bishop)-278(named)-278(Cautinus,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-306(had)-306(to)-307(be)-306(carried,)-320(when)-306(intoxicated,)-321(by)-306(four)-306(men)-306(from)-306(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(table;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.24 3.959 Td [(475)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.186 -3.959 Td [(who,)-250(upon)-501(the)-250(refusal)-251(of)-250(one)-250(of)-251(his)-250(priests)-250(to)-250(surrender)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 251.598 0 Td [([237])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(some)-156(private)-156(property,)-175(deliberately)-157(ordered)-156(that)-156(priest)-156(to)-156(be)-156(buried)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alive,)-178(and)-160(who,)-178(when)-160(the)-160(victim,)-178(escaping)-160(by)-160(a)-160(happy)-160(chance)-159(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-217(sepulchre)-217(in)-217(which)-217(he)-216(had)-217(been)-217(immured,)-224(revealed)-217(the)-216(crime,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(received)-401(no)-400(greater)-401(punishment)-400(than)-401(a)-401(censure.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 214.948 3.959 Td [(476)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.109 -3.959 Td [(The)-401(worst)]TJ -235.057 -13.549 Td [(sovereigns)-207(found)-208(flatterers)-207(or)-208(agents)-207(in)-208(ecclesiastics.)-235(Fr\351d\351gonde)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deputed)-365(two)-365(clerks)-365(to)-365(murder)-365(Childebert,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 185.641 3.959 Td [(477)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.749 -3.959 Td [(and)-365(another)-365(clerk)]TJ -202.39 -13.549 Td [(to)-406(murder)-407(Brunehaut;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.339 3.958 Td [(478)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.74 -3.958 Td [(she)-406(caused)-407(a)-406(bishop)-406(of)-407(Rouen)-406(to)-407(be)]TJ -115.079 -13.55 Td [(assassinated)-480(at)-480(the)-481(altar)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 109.632 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-480(bishop)-480(and)-481(an)-480(archdeacon)-480(being)]TJ -120.54 -13.549 Td [(her)-435(accomplices;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 75.627 3.959 Td [(479)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.201 -3.959 Td [(and)-435(she)-434(found)-435(in)-434(another)-435(bishop,)-480(named)]TJ -93.828 -13.549 Td [(\306gidius,)-431(one)-395(of)-395(her)-395(most)-395(devoted)-395(instruments)-395(and)-395(friends.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.176 3.959 Td [(480)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.176 -17.508 Td [(The)-440(pope,)-487(St.)-819(Gregory)-439(the)-440(Great,)-487(was)-439(an)-440(ardent)-440(flatterer)-439(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 273.274 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 264.45 Td [(of)-331(society)-332(than)-331(that)-331(of)-332(France)-331(under)-331(her)-332(Merovingian)-331(kings,)-352(the)-331(descendants)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-408(Clovis,)-447(as)-408(described)-408(by)-407(Gregory)-408(of)-408(Tours.)-723(In)-408(the)-408(conflict)-407(of)-408(barbarism)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-420(Roman)-421(Christianity,)-462(barbarism)-421(has)-420(introduced)-420(into)-421(Christianity)-420(all)-420(its)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(ferocity)-303(with)-302(none)-303(of)-303(its)-303(generosity)-302(and)-303(magnanimity;)-329(its)-303(energy)-302(shows)-303(itself)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-505(atrocity)-506(of)-505(cruelty,)-569(and)-506(even)-505(of)-506(sensuality.)-1016(Christianity)-505(has)-506(given)-505(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(barbarism)-462(hardly)-462(more)-462(than)-461(its)-462(superstition)-462(and)-462(its)-462(hatred)-461(of)-462(heretics)-462(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(unbelievers.)-236(Throughout,)-217(assassinations,)-217(parricides,)-216(and)-209(fratricides)-208(intermingle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-250(adulteries)-250(and)-250(rapes.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 91.637 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 102.387 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(365.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -206.721 -7.394 Td [(475)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-587(Tur.)-587(iv.)-586(12.)-587(Gregory)-362(mentions)-363(\050v.)-587(41\051)-362(another)-362(bishop)-362(who)-363(used)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(to)-391(become)-391(so)-391(intoxicated)-391(as)-391(to)-390(be)-391(unable)-391(to)-391(stand;)-461(and)-391(St.)-673(Boniface,)-426(after)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(describing)-273(the)-273(extreme)-273(sensuality)-273(of)-273(the)-273(clergy)-273(of)-273(his)-273(time,)-278(adds)-273(that)-273(there)-273(are)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(some)-313(bishops)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 51.946 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(qui)-313(licet)-313(dicant)-314(se)-313(fornicarios)-313(vel)-313(adulteros)-313(non)-313(esse,)-329(sed)-314(sunt)]TJ -55.927 -10.959 Td [(ebriosi)-250(et)-250(injuriosi,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.499 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(&c.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 13.198 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xlix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -110.082 -7.311 Td [(476)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(iv.)-250(12.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(477)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-713(viii.)-712(29.)-713(She)-404(gave)-404(them)-404(knives)-404(with)-405(hollow)-404(grooves,)-442(filled)-405(with)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(poison,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(blades.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(478)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(vii.)-250(20.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(479)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(viii.)-250(31-41.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(480)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(v.)-250(19.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1004 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1005 0 R /Resources 1003 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 998 0 R >> endobj 1006 0 obj << /D [1004 0 R /XYZ 134.99 436.88 null] >> endobj 1003 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1009 0 obj << /Length 6577 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(234History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Brunehaut.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.175 3.959 Td [(481)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.282 -3.959 Td [(Gundebald,)-368(having)-345(murdered)-345(his)-345(three)-345(brothers,)]TJ -66.457 -13.549 Td [(was)-268(consoled)-267(by)-268(St.)-303(Avitus,)-272(the)-268(bishop)-268(of)-267(Vienne,)-272(who,)-272(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intimating)-382(the)-381(slightest)-382(disapprobation)-382(of)-381(the)-382(act,)-415(assured)-381(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-319(by)-318(removing)-319(his)-319(rivals)-318(he)-319(had)-319(been)-318(a)-319(providential)-319(agent)-318(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(preserving)-317(the)-317(happiness)-317(of)-317(his)-317(people.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 173.328 3.959 Td [(482)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.377 -3.959 Td [(The)-317(bishoprics)-317(were)]TJ -190.705 -13.549 Td [(filled)-238(by)-237(men)-238(of)-238(notorious)-238(debauchery,)-240(or)-237(by)-238(grasping)-238(misers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(483)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-335(priests)-334(sometimes)-334(celebrated)-335(the)-334(sacred)-335(mysteries)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 245.492 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(gorged)]TJ -250.336 -13.549 Td [(with)-389(food)-389(and)-390(dull)-389(with)-389(wine.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 136.679 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(484)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.699 -3.959 Td [(They)-389(had)-389(already)-390(begun)-389(to)]TJ -158.222 -13.549 Td [(carry)-240(arms,)-243(and)-240(Gregory)-240(tells)-241(of)-240(two)-240(bishops)-241(of)-240(the)-240(sixth)-240(century)]TJ 3.538 -13.55 Td [(who)-324(had)-325(killed)-324(many)-324(enemies)-325(with)-324(their)-324(own)-325(hands.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 234.039 3.959 Td [(485)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.613 -3.959 Td [(There)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -327.946 0 Td [([238])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(was)-429(scarcely)-428(a)-429(reign)-428(that)-429(was)-428(not)-429(marked)-428(by)-429(some)-428(atrocious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(domestic)-437(tragedy.)-811(There)-437(were)-437(few)-437(sovereigns)-437(who)-437(were)-437(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(guilty)-391(of)-391(at)-390(least)-391(one)-391(deliberate)-391(murder.)-672(Never,)-426(perhaps,)-426(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(infliction)-307(of)-308(mutilation,)-322(and)-308(prolonged)-307(and)-308(agonising)-307(forms)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-381(death,)-413(more)-381(common.)-642(We)-380(read,)-414(among)-380(other)-381(atrocities,)-413(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-431(bishop)-431(being)-431(driven)-431(to)-431(a)-431(distant)-431(place)-431(of)-431(exile)-431(upon)-431(a)-431(bed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-353(thorns;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 43.249 3.959 Td [(486)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.873 -3.959 Td [(of)-353(a)-354(king)-353(burning)-354(together)-353(his)-354(rebellious)-353(son,)-379(his)]TJ -60.122 -13.549 Td [(daughter-in-law,)-273(and)-269(their)-268(daughters;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 162.44 3.959 Td [(487)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.484 -3.959 Td [(of)-269(a)-268(queen)-269(condemning)]TJ -177.924 -13.549 Td [(a)-397(daughter)-398(she)-397(had)-397(had)-398(by)-397(a)-397(former)-398(marriage)-397(to)-397(be)-397(drowned,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 242.195 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 235.383 Td [(481)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-315(his)-315(very)-315(curious)-316(correspondence)-315(with)-315(her.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 168.594 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.029 0 Td [(vi.)-445(5,)-332(50,)-331(59;)-348(ix.)-446(11,)]TJ -204.545 -10.959 Td [(117;)-250(xi.)-250(62-63.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(482)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Avitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.705 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.292 0 Td [(v.)-868(He)-456(adds:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 53.916 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Minuebat)-456(regni)-456(felicitas)-456(numerum)-456(regalium)]TJ -116.85 -10.959 Td [(personarum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 44.572 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -44.323 -7.31 Td [(483)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-305(the)-306(emphatic)-305(testimony)-305(of)-305(St.)-416(Boniface)-305(in)-306(the)-305(eighth)-305(century.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 243.273 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Modo)]TJ -259.209 -10.959 Td [(autem)-475(maxima)-474(ex)-475(parte)-475(per)-475(civitates)-474(episcopales)-475(sedes)-475(tradit\346)-474(sunt)-475(laicis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(cupidis)-416(ad)-416(possidendum,)-458(vel)-416(adulteratis)-416(clericis,)-458(scortatoribus)-416(et)-416(publicanis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(s\346culariter)-253(ad)-252(perfruendum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 100.894 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Epist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.942 0 Td [(xlix.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 18.508 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(ad)-253(Zachariam.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 51.312 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.247 0 Td [(The)-253(whole)-252(epistle)]TJ -216.831 -10.959 Td [(contains)-250(an)-250(appalling)-250(picture)-250(of)-250(the)-250(clerical)-250(vices)-250(of)-250(the)-250(times.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(484)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(More)-284(than)-284(one)-285(Council)-284(made)-284(decrees)-284(about)-284(this.)-353(See)-284(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 207.625 0 Td [(Vie)-284(de)-284(St.)-353(L\351ger)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.808 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(by)-250(Dom)-250(Pitra,)-250(pp.)-250(172-177.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(485)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-484(Tur.)-484(iv.)-484(43.)-484(St.)-484(Boniface,)-348(at)-328(a)-328(much)-328(later)-328(period)-328(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 211.841 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.607 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.558 0 Td [(742\051,)]TJ -261.953 -10.959 Td [(talks)-371(of)-371(bishops)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 61.785 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Qui)-371(pugnant)-371(in)-371(exercitu)-371(armati)-371(et)-370(effundunt)-371(propria)-371(manu)]TJ -65.766 -10.959 Td [(sanguinem)-250(hominum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 77.712 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xlix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -104.855 -7.31 Td [(486)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(iv.)-250(26.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(487)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iv.)-250(20.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1008 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1009 0 R /Resources 1007 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 998 0 R >> endobj 1010 0 obj << /D [1008 0 R /XYZ 93.543 396.232 null] >> endobj 1007 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1013 0 obj << /Length 5914 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(235)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(lest)-301(her)-300(beauty)-301(should)-300(excite)-301(the)-300(passions)-301(of)-301(her)-300(husband;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 255.535 3.959 Td [(488)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.008 -3.959 Td [(of)]TJ -271.543 -13.549 Td [(another)-390(queen)-390(endeavouring)-390(to)-390(strangle)-390(her)-390(daughter)-390(with)-389(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-328(hands;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.845 3.959 Td [(489)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.453 -3.959 Td [(of)-328(an)-328(abbot,)-347(compelling)-327(a)-328(poor)-328(man)-328(to)-327(abandon)]TJ -67.298 -13.549 Td [(his)-201(house,)-210(that)-200(he)-201(might)-201(commi)1(t)-201(adultery)-201(with)-200(his)-201(wife,)-210(and)-200(being)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(murdered,)-418(together)-384(with)-384(his)-385(partner,)-417(in)-385(the)-384(act;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.676 3.959 Td [(490)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.378 -3.959 Td [(of)-384(a)-384(prince)]TJ -231.054 -13.549 Td [(who)-373(made)-372(it)-373(an)-373(habitual)-372(amusement)-373(to)-373(torture)-372(his)-373(slaves)-372(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fire,)-223(and)-217(who)-217(buried)-217(two)-216(of)-217(them)-217(alive,)-223(because)-217(they)-217(had)-216(married)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-242(his)-242(permission;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 102.257 3.959 Td [(491)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.12 -3.959 Td [(of)-242(a)-242(bishop's)-241(wife,)-244(who,)-243(besides)-242(other)]TJ -117.377 -13.549 Td [(crimes,)-307(was)-296(accustomed)-295(to)-296(mutilate)-296(men)-295(and)-296(to)-296(torture)-295(women,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-428(applying)-428(red-hot)-428(irons)-429(to)-428(the)-428(most)-428(sensitive)-428(parts)-428(of)-428(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bodies;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 31.517 3.959 Td [(492)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.483 -3.959 Td [(of)-391(great)-391(numbers)-390(who)-391(were)-391(deprived)-391(of)-390(their)-391(ears)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 242.024 0 Td [([239])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-298(noses,)-311(tortured)-298(through)-298(several)-298(days,)-311(and)-298(at)-298(last)-298(burnt)-298(alive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-349(broken)-349(slowly)-349(on)-349(the)-349(wheel.)-547(Brunehaut,)-374(at)-349(the)-349(close)-349(of)-349(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(long)-225(and)-225(in)-225(some)-224(respects)-225(great)-225(though)-225(guilty)-225(career,)-230(fell)-225(into)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hands)-293(of)-293(Clotaire,)-304(and)-293(the)-293(old)-293(queen,)-303(having)-293(been)-293(subjected)-293(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-246(days)-246(to)-247(various)-246(kinds)-246(of)-246(torture,)-247(was)-246(led)-247(out)-246(on)-246(a)-246(camel)-246(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-248(derision)-249(of)-248(the)-248(army,)-249(and)-249(at)-248(last)-248(bound)-249(to)-248(the)-248(tail)-249(of)-248(a)-248(furious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(horse,)-250(and)-250(dashed)-250(to)-250(pieces)-250(in)-250(its)-250(course.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 177.24 3.959 Td [(493)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -165.284 -20.358 Td [(And)-292(yet)-291(this)-292(age)-292(was,)-302(in)-291(a)-292(certain)-292(sense,)-302(eminently)-291(religious.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(All)-433(literature)-432(had)-433(become)-433(sacred.)-798(Heresy)-432(of)-433(every)-433(kind)-432(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rapidly)-270(expiring.)-310(The)-270(priests)-270(and)-270(monks)-270(had)-270(acquired)-270(enormous)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 230.992 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 224.179 Td [(488)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iii.)-250(26.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(489)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(ix.)-250(34.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(490)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-246(viii.)-246(19.)-246(Gregory)-239(says)-238(this)-238(story)-239(should)-238(warn)-239(clergymen)-238(not)-238(to)-239(meddle)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(with)-327(the)-326(wives)-327(of)-327(other)-327(people,)-346(but)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 131.997 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(content)-327(themselves)-326(with)-327(those)-327(that)-327(they)]TJ -135.978 -10.959 Td [(may)-414(possess)-414(without)-413(crime.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 103.529 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.692 0 Td [(The)-414(abbot)-414(had)-413(previously)-414(tried)-414(to)-414(seduce)-414(the)]TJ -111.221 -10.959 Td [(husband)-250(within)-250(the)-250(precincts)-250(of)-250(the)-250(monastery,)-250(that)-250(he)-250(might)-250(murder)-250(him.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(491)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(v.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(492)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-528(viii.)-527(39.)-528(She)-342(was)-343(guilty)-342(of)-343(many)-342(other)-343(crimes,)-366(which)-342(the)-343(historian)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(says)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 18.746 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(it)-369(is)-368(better)-369(to)-369(pass)-369(in)-368(silence.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 107.751 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.287 0 Td [(The)-369(bishop)-368(himself)-369(had)-369(been)-369(guilty)-368(of)]TJ -137.765 -10.959 Td [(outrageous)-315(and)-314(violent)-315(tyranny.)-444(The)-315(marriage)-315(of)-315(ecclesiastics)-314(appears)-315(at)-315(this)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(time)-295(to)-295(have)-295(been)-295(common)-295(in)-295(Gaul,)-306(though)-295(the)-295(best)-295(men)-295(commonly)-295(deserted)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(their)-401(wives)-401(when)-401(they)-400(were)-401(ordained.)-703(Another)-401(bishop's)-401(wife)-401(\050iv.)-702(36\051)-401(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(notorious)-250(for)-250(her)-250(tyranny.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(493)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Fredigarius,)-349(xlii.)-488(The)-329(historian)-329(describes)-329(Clotaire)-330(as)-329(a)-329(perfect)-329(paragon)-330(of)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Christian)-250(graces.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1012 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1013 0 R /Resources 1011 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 998 0 R >> endobj 1014 0 obj << /D [1012 0 R /XYZ 327.401 382.683 null] >> endobj 1011 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1017 0 obj << /Length 6798 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(236History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(power,)-303(and)-293(their)-292(wealth)-293(was)-293(inordinately)-292(increasing.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 231.34 3.959 Td [(494)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.574 -3.959 Td [(Several)]TJ -247.914 -13.549 Td [(sovereigns)-279(voluntarily)-278(abandoned)-279(their)-279(thrones)-278(for)-279(the)-278(monastic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 17.269 3.959 Td [(495)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.607 -3.959 Td [(The)-385(seventh)-385(century,)-419(which,)-419(together)-386(with)-385(the)-385(eighth,)]TJ -36.876 -13.549 Td [(forms)-473(the)-473(darkest)-472(period)-473(of)-473(the)-473(dark)-473(ages,)-528(is)-473(famous)-473(in)-472(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hagiology)-183(as)-183(having)-183(produced)-182(more)-183(saints)-183(than)-183(any)-183(other)-182(century,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(except)-250(that)-250(of)-250(the)-250(martyrs.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 114.218 3.959 Td [(496)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -102.262 -18.511 Td [(The)-496(manner)-496(in)-496(which)-496(events)-496(were)-496(regarded)-496(by)-495(historians)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-404(also)-404(exceedingly)-404(characteristic.)-712(Our)-404(principal)-404(authority,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([240])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Gregory)-340(of)-340(Tours,)-363(was)-340(a)-340(bishop)-340(of)-340(great)-341(eminence,)-362(and)-340(a)-340(man)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-312(the)-311(most)-312(genuine)-311(piety,)-327(and)-312(of)-311(very)-312(strong)-311(affections.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 250.715 3.959 Td [(497)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.195 -3.959 Td [(He)]TJ -267.91 -13.549 Td [(describes)-443(his)-444(work)-443(as)-443(a)-443(record)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 146.55 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(of)-443(the)-444(virtues)-443(of)-443(saints,)-492(and)]TJ -151.393 -13.55 Td [(the)-425(disasters)-425(of)-425(nations;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 108.45 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(498)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.091 -3.959 Td [(and)-425(the)-425(student)-425(who)-425(turns)-425(to)-425(his)]TJ -130.385 -13.549 Td [(pages)-300(from)-300(those)-299(of)-300(the)-300(Pagan)-300(historians,)-312(is)-300(not)-300(more)-300(struck)-299(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-362(extreme)-362(prominence)-362(he)-362(gives)-362(to)-362(ecclesiastical)-362(events,)-390(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-440(the)-439(uniform)-440(manner)-439(in)-440(which)-439(he)-440(views)-439(all)-440(secular)-439(events)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-340(their)-340(religious)-341(aspect,)-362(as)-341(governed)-340(and)-340(directed)-340(by)-340(a)-340(special)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Providence.)-874(Yet,)-511(in)-458(questions)-458(where)-458(the)-458(difference)-458(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orthodoxy)-404(and)-404(heterodoxy)-404(is)-404(concerned,)-442(his)-404(ethics)-404(sometimes)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 275.948 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 269.135 Td [(494)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Au)-179(sixi\350me)-179(si\350cle)-179(on)-179(compte)-179(214)-179(\351tablissements)-179(religieux)-179(des)-180(Pyr\351n\351es)-179(\340)-179(la)]TJ -15.937 -12.156 Td [(Loire)-265(et)-265(des)-264(bouches)-265(du)-265(Rh\364ne)-265(aux)-265(Vosges.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 157.815 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ozanam,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.525 0 Td [(\311tudes)-265(germaniques)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.102 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(tome)-346(ii.)-536(p.)-537(93.)-536(In)-346(the)-345(two)-346(following)-345(centuries)-346(the)-345(ecclesiastical)-346(wealth)-345(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(enormously)-250(increased.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(495)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Matthew)-201(of)-200(Westminster)-201(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.052 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.415 0 Td [(757\051)-201(speaks)-200(of)-201(no)-201(less)-200(than)-201(eight)-201(Saxon)]TJ -142.023 -10.959 Td [(kings)-250(having)-250(done)-250(this.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(496)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Le)-408(septi\350me)-408(si\350cle)-408(est)-408(celui)-408(peut-\352tre)-408(qui)-408(a)-408(donn\351)-408(le)-408(plus)-408(de)-408(saints)-408(au)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(calendrier.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 38.089 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.147 0 Td [(Hist.)-459(de)-319(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.527 0 Td [(,)-337(tome)-320(ii.)-458(p.)-459(50.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 63.561 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Le)-320(plus)-319(beau)-320(titre)]TJ -216.254 -10.959 Td [(du)-314(septi\350me)-315(si\350cle)-314(\340)-314(une)-314(r\351habilitation)-315(c'est)-314(le)-314(nombre)-314(consid\351rable)-315(de)-314(saints)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(qu'il)-238(a)-237(produits....)-246(Aucun)-237(si\350cle)-238(n'a)-237(\351t\351)-238(ainsi)-237(glorifi\351)-238(sauf)-238(l'\342ge)-237(des)-238(martyrs)-237(dont)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Dieu)-347(s'est)-347(r\351serv\351)-347(de)-348(compter)-347(le)-347(nombre.)-541(Chaque)-348(ann\351e)-347(fournit)-347(sa)-347(moisson,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(chaque)-353(jour)-354(a)-353(sa)-353(gerbe....)-560(Si)-354(donc)-353(il)-353(pla\356t)-354(\340)-353(Dieu)-353(et)-354(au)-353(Christ)-353(de)-354(r\351pandre)-353(\340)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pleines)-284(mains)-284(sur)-285(un)-284(si\350cle)-284(les)-284(splendeurs)-285(des)-284(saints,)-293(qu'importe)-284(que)-284(l'histoire)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(et)-242(la)-242(gloire)-242(humaine)-243(en)-242(tiennent)-242(peu)-242(compte?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 160.624 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Pitra,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 21.364 0 Td [(Vie)-242(de)-242(St.)-248(L\351ger)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 57.113 0 Td [(,)-244(Introd.)]TJ -252.048 -10.959 Td [(p.)-771(x.-xi.)-770(This)-424(learned)-424(and)-423(very)-424(credulous)-423(writer)-424(\050who)-423(is)-424(now)-423(a)-424(cardinal\051)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(afterwards)-310(says)-310(that)-310(we)-309(have)-310(the)-310(record)-310(of)-310(more)-310(than)-310(eight)-309(hundred)-310(saints)-310(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(seventh)-250(century.)-250(\050Introd.)-250(p.)-250(lxxx.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(497)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-250(e.g.,)-250(the)-250(very)-250(touching)-250(passage)-250(about)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of)-250(his)-250(children,)-250(v.)-250(35.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(498)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lib.)-250(ii.)-250(Prologue.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1016 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1017 0 R /Resources 1015 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 998 0 R >> endobj 1018 0 obj << /D [1016 0 R /XYZ 374.173 422.328 null] >> endobj 1015 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1021 0 obj << /Length 5246 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(237)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(exhibit)-317(the)-317(most)-316(singular)-317(distortion.)-451(Of)-316(this,)-334(probably)-317(the)-316(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impressive)-256(example)-257(is)-256(the)-256(manner)-256(in)-256(which)-257(he)-256(has)-256(described)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(career)-177(of)-177(Clovis,)-191(the)-177(great)-177(representative)-177(of)-176(orthodoxy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 233.599 3.959 Td [(499)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.915 -3.959 Td [(Having)]TJ -248.514 -13.549 Td [(recounted)-194(the)-194(circumstances)-195(of)-194(his)-194(conversion,)-205(Gregory)-194(proceeds)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-387(tell)-387(us,)-422(with)-387(undisguised)-387(admiration,)-421(how)-387(that)-387(chieftain,)-421(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(first-fruits)-307(of)-308(his)-307(doctrine,)-322(professed)-308(to)-308(be)-307(grieved)-308(at)-307(seeing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-495(part)-494(of)-495(Gaul)-494(was)-495(held)-494(by)-495(an)-495(Arian)-494(sovereign;)-617(how)-494(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accordingly)-446(resolved)-445(to)-446(invade)-445(and)-445(appropriate)-446(that)-445(territory;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how,)-227(with)-222(admirable)-221(piety,)-227(he)-222(commanded)-221(his)-222(soldiers)-221(to)-221(abstain)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-253(all)-253(devastations)-253(when)-253(traversing)-253(the)-253(territory)-253(of)-253(St.)-259(Martin,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-466(how)-466(several)-467(miracles)-466(attested)-466(the)-466(Divine)-466(approbation)-466(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-369(expedition.)-605(The)-369(war)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 110.08 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(which)-368(is)-369(the)-369(first)-368(of)-369(the)-368(long)-369(series)]TJ -120.99 -13.549 Td [(of)-522(professedly)-522(religious)-521(wars)-522(that)-522(have)-522(been)-522(undertaken)-521(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christians)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.248 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-234(fully)-235(successful,)-238(and)-234(Clovis)-234(proceeded)-235(to)-234(direct)]TJ -55.157 -13.55 Td [(his)-283(ambition)-282(to)-283(new)-283(fields.)-348(In)-283(his)-282(expedition)-283(against)-283(the)-282(Arians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-413(had)-414(found)-413(a)-414(faithful)-413(ally)-414(in)-413(his)-413(relative)-414(Sighebert,)-454(the)-413(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-281(infirm)-281(king)-280(of)-281(the)-281(Ripuarian)-281(Franks.)-342(Clovis)-281(now)-280(proceeded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(artfully)-218(to)-217(suggest)-218(to)-217(the)-218(son)-218(of)-217(Sighebert)-218(the)-217(advantages)-218(that)-217(son)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-249(obtain)-249(by)-249(his)-249(father's)-249(death.)-250(The)-249(hint)-249(was)-249(taken.)-249(Sighebert)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-386(murdered,)-420(and)-385(Clovis)-772(sent)-386(ambassadors)-386(to)-386(the)-385(parricide,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([241])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(professing)-281(a)-280(warm)-280(friendship,)-289(but)-280(with)-281(secret)-280(orders)-281(on)-280(the)-280(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opportunity)-250(to)-250(kill)-250(him.)-251(This)-250(being)-250(done,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(kingdom)-250(being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(left)-365(entirely)-364(without)-365(a)-364(head,)-394(Clovis)-364(proceeded)-365(to)-364(Cologne,)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capital)-394(of)-393(Sighebert;)-466(he)-393(assembled)-394(the)-393(people,)-430(professed)-393(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(much)-276(solemnity)-275(his)-276(horror)-276(of)-275(the)-276(tragedies)-276(that)-275(had)-276(taken)-275(place,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-297(his)-297(complete)-297(innocence)-297(of)-297(all)-297(connection)-297(with)-297(them;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 250.738 3.959 Td [(500)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.95 -3.959 Td [(but)]TJ -266.688 -13.549 Td [(suggested)-372(that,)-403(as)-372(they)-373(were)-372(now)-372(without)-372(a)-372(ruler,)-403(they)-372(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place)-473(themselves)-473(under)-473(his)-472(protection.)-919(The)-473(proposition)-472(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(received)-404(with)-403(acclamation.)-711(The)-404(warriors)-404(elected)-403(him)-404(as)-403(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(king,)-453(and)-413(thus,)-453(says)-412(the)-413(episcopal)-412(historian,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 205.844 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Clovis)-412(received)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 109.885 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.072 Td [(499)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(ii.)-250(27-43.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(500)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(He)-395(observes)-396(how)-395(impossible)-396(it)-395(was)-395(that)-396(he)-395(could)-395(be)-396(guilty)-395(of)-396(shedding)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-314(blood)-314(of)-314(a)-314(relation:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 87.369 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Sed)-314(in)-314(his)-314(ego)-314(nequaquam)-314(conscius)-314(sum.)-442(Nec)-314(enim)]TJ -91.35 -10.959 Td [(possum)-250(sanguinem)-250(parentum)-250(meorum)-250(effundere.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 175.562 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(ii.)-250(40.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1020 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1021 0 R /Resources 1019 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1023 0 R >> endobj 1022 0 obj << /D [1020 0 R /XYZ 169.72 260.74 null] >> endobj 1019 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1026 0 obj << /Length 5132 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(238History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-413(treasures)-413(and)-412(dominions)-413(of)-413(Sighebert,)-453(and)-413(added)-413(them)-412(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-429(own.)-786(Every)-429(day)-429(God)-429(caused)-428(his)-429(enemies)-429(to)-429(fall)-428(beneath)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-325(hand,)-343(and)-325(enlarged)-325(his)-324(kingdom,)-344(because)-324(he)-325(walked)-325(with)-324(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(right)-246(heart)-245(before)-246(the)-245(Lord,)-246(and)-246(did)-245(the)-246(things)-245(that)-246(were)-245(pleasing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-347(His)-346(sight.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 55.15 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(501)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.236 -3.959 Td [(His)-347(ambition)-346(was,)-371(however,)-371(still)-347(unsated.)-540(He)]TJ -76.229 -13.549 Td [(proceeded,)-445(in)-405(a)-406(succession)-405(of)-406(expeditions,)-445(to)-405(unite)-406(the)-405(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-387(Gaul)-386(under)-387(his)-386(sceptre,)-421(invading,)-421(defeating,)-421(capturing,)-420(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaying)-378(the)-378(lawful)-378(sovereigns,)-410(who)-378(were)-378(for)-378(the)-378(most)-378(part)-377(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-436(relations.)-808(Having)-436(secured)-436(himself)-436(against)-436(dangers)-435(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(without,)-215(by)-205(killing)-206(all)-206(his)-205(relations,)-215(with)-206(the)-205(exception)-206(of)-206(his)-205(wife)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-225(children,)-231(he)-225(is)-225(reported)-226(to)-225(have)-225(lamented)-226(before)-225(his)-225(courtiers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-275(isolation,)-281(declaring)-275(that)-275(he)-274(had)-275(no)-275(relations)-275(remaining)-275(in)-274(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-387(to)-388(assist)-387(him)-387(in)-387(his)-388(adversity;)-455(but)-388(this)-387(speech,)-421(Gregory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assures)-419(us,)-460(was)-419(a)-419(stratagem;)-502(for)-419(the)-419(king)-418(desired)-419(to)-418(discover)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(whether)-408(any)-409(possible)-408(pretender)-408(to)-408(the)-409(throne)-408(had)-408(escaped)-408(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge)-264(and)-264(his)-528(sword.)-291(Soon)-264(after,)-268(he)-263(died,)-268(full)-264(of)-264(years)-263(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([242])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(honours,)-250(and)-250(was)-250(buried)-250(in)-250(a)-250(cathedral)-250(which)-250(he)-250(had)-250(built.)]TJ 11.956 -14.999 Td [(Having)-300(recounted)-301(all)-300(these)-301(things)-300(with)-301(unmoved)-300(composure,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Gregory)-403(of)-404(Tours)-403(requests)-404(his)-403(reader)-404(to)-403(permit)-404(him)-403(to)-403(pause,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-324(draw)-324(the)-323(moral)-324(of)-324(the)-324(history.)-471(It)-324(is)-324(the)-324(admirable)-324(manner)-323(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-206(Providence)-206(guides)-206(all)-207(things)-206(for)-206(the)-206(benefit)-206(of)-206(those)-206(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions)-393(concerning)-392(the)-393(Trinity)-392(are)-392(strictly)-393(orthodox.)-677(Having)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(briefly)-347(referred)-346(to)-347(Abraham,)-371(Jacob,)-371(Moses,)-371(Aaron,)-371(and)-346(David,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-349(of)-349(whom)-349(are)-350(said)-349(to)-349(have)-349(intimated)-349(the)-349(correct)-349(doctrine)-349(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-336(subject,)-356(and)-336(all)-335(of)-336(whom)-336(were)-335(exceedingly)-336(prosperous,)-356(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(passes)-232(to)-233(more)-232(modern)-232(times.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 131.273 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Arius,)-236(the)-232(impious)-232(founder)-233(of)-232(the)]TJ -136.117 -13.549 Td [(impious)-193(sect,)-204(his)-192(entrails)-193(having)-192(fallen)-193(out,)-204(passed)-192(into)-193(the)-192(flames)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-227(hell;)-235(but)-227(Hilary,)-232(the)-227(blessed)-227(defender)-227(of)-227(the)-227(undivided)-227(Trinity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(though)-208(exiled)-208(on)-208(that)-208(account,)-216(found)-208(his)-208(country)-208(in)-208(Paradise.)-236(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(King)-388(Clovis,)-422(who)-388(confessed)-388(the)-388(Trinity,)-422(and)-388(by)-388(its)-387(assistance)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(crushed)-338(the)-338(heretics,)-361(extended)-338(his)-338(dominions)-338(through)-338(all)-338(Gaul.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.765 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 91.869 Td [(501)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Prosternebat)-304(enim)-303(quotidie)-304(Deus)-304(hostes)-304(ejus)-303(sub)-304(manu)-304(ipsius,)-317(et)-304(augebat)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(regnum)-332(ejus)-331(eo)-332(quod)-332(ambularet)-332(recto)-331(corde)-332(coram)-332(eo,)-352(et)-332(faceret)-331(qu\346)-332(placita)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(erant)-250(in)-250(oculis)-250(ejus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 69.732 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(ii.)-250(40.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1025 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1026 0 R /Resources 1024 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1023 0 R >> endobj 1027 0 obj << /D [1025 0 R /XYZ 178.532 314.937 null] >> endobj 1024 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1030 0 obj << /Length 6629 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(239)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Alaric,)-232(who)-227(denied)-228(the)-227(Trinity,)-232(was)-228(deprived)-227(of)-228(his)-227(kingdom)-227(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-235(subjects,)-237(and,)-238(what)-235(was)-234(far)-235(worse,)-238(was)-234(punished)-235(in)-235(the)-234(future)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 28.179 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(502)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -21.066 -21.211 Td [(It)-296(would)-297(be)-296(easy)-296(to)-296(cite)-297(other,)-307(though)-297(perhaps)-296(not)-296(quite)-296(such)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(striking,)-363(instances)-341(of)-341(the)-340(degree)-341(in)-341(which)-340(the)-341(moral)-340(judgments)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-261(this)-262(unhappy)-261(age)-261(were)-261(distorted)-262(by)-261(superstition.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 221.444 3.959 Td [(503)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.55 -3.959 Td [(Questions)]TJ -236.994 -13.549 Td [(of)-376(orthodoxy,)-408(or)-377(questions)-376(of)-376(fasting,)-408(appeared)-377(to)-376(the)-376(popular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind)-315(immeasurably)-316(more)-315(important)-315(than)-315(what)-631(we)-315(should)-315(now)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([243])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(call)-387(the)-387(fundamental)-387(principles)-388(of)-387(right)-387(and)-387(wrong.)-661(A)-387(law)-387(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charlemagne,)-246(and)-245(also)-245(a)-245(law)-245(of)-245(the)-245(Saxons,)-246(condemned)-245(to)-244(death)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-287(one)-288(who)-287(ate)-287(meat)-288(in)-287(Lent,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 134.236 3.959 Td [(504)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.689 -3.959 Td [(unless)-287(the)-288(priest)-287(was)-287(satisfied)]TJ -149.925 -13.549 Td [(that)-262(it)-262(was)-262(a)-262(matter)-262(of)-262(absolute)-262(necessity.)-286(The)-262(moral)-262(enthusiasm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-284(the)-283(age)-284(chiefly)-283(drove)-284(men)-283(to)-283(abandon)-284(their)-283(civic)-284(or)-283(domestic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(duties,)-298(to)-289(immure)-288(themselves)-289(in)-288(monasteries,)-298(and)-289(to)-288(waste)-288(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strength)-389(by)-388(prolonged)-389(and)-388(extravagant)-389(maceration.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 229.33 3.959 Td [(505)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.716 -3.959 Td [(Yet,)-423(in)]TJ -249.046 -13.549 Td [(the)-257(midst)-257(of)-257(all)-257(this)-257(superstition,)-259(there)-257(can)-257(be)-257(no)-257(question)-257(that)-257(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 296.758 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 289.862 Td [(502)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lib.)-485(iii.)-485(Prologue.)-484(St.)-485(Avitus)-328(enumerates)-329(in)-328(glowing)-328(terms)-328(the)-329(Christian)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(virtues)-343(of)-343(Clovis)-343(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.504 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.277 0 Td [(xli.\051,)-366(but,)-366(as)-343(this)-343(was)-343(in)-342(a)-343(letter)-343(addressed)-343(to)-343(the)-343(king)]TJ -82.781 -10.959 Td [(himself,)-250(the)-250(eulogy)-250(may)-250(easily)-250(be)-250(explained.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(503)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Thus)-181(Hallam)-181(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.436 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(There)-181(are)-181(continual)-181(proofs)-180(of)-181(immorality)-181(in)-181(the)-181(monkish)]TJ -83.373 -10.959 Td [(historians.)-582(In)-361(the)-361(history)-361(of)-361(Rumsey)-361(Abbey,)-388(one)-361(of)-361(our)-360(best)-361(documents)-361(for)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Anglo-Saxon)-404(times,)-443(we)-404(have)-404(an)-404(anecdote)-404(of)-404(a)-404(bishop)-404(who)-404(made)-404(a)-404(Danish)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(nobleman)-305(drunk,)-319(that)-305(he)-306(might)-305(cheat)-305(him)-305(out)-305(of)-305(an)-306(estate,)-319(which)-305(is)-305(told)-305(with)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(much)-267(approbation.)-300(Walter)-267(de)-267(Hemingford)-267(records,)-271(with)-266(excessive)-267(delight,)-271(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(well-known)-199(story)-198(of)-199(the)-199(Jews)-199(who)-198(were)-199(persuaded)-199(by)-198(the)-199(captain)-199(of)-198(their)-199(vessel)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-221(walk)-221(on)-221(the)-220(sands)-221(at)-221(low)-221(water)-221(till)-221(the)-221(rising)-220(tide)-221(drowned)-221(them.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 236.184 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Hallam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -249.131 -10.959 Td [(Middle)-250(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.316 0 Td [(\05012th)-250(ed.\051,)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(306.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -47.066 -7.394 Td [(504)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Canciani,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.72 0 Td [(Leges)-282(Barbarorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.281 0 Td [(,)-290(vol.)-347(iii.)-347(p.)-347(64.)-346(Canciani)-283(notices,)-290(that)-282(among)]TJ -116.957 -10.959 Td [(the)-345(Poles)-345(the)-345(teeth)-345(of)-345(the)-345(offending)-345(persons)-345(were)-345(pulled)-345(out.)-535(The)-345(following)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(passage,)-277(from)-272(Bodin,)-277(is,)-277(I)-271(think,)-278(very)-271(remarkable:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 182.237 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Les)-272(loix)-271(et)-272(canons)-272(veulent)]TJ -186.218 -10.959 Td [(qu'on)-174(pardonne)-173(aux)-174(h\351r\351tiques)-173(repentis)-174(\050combien)-173(que)-174(les)-173(magistrats)-174(en)-173(quelques)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(lieux)-282(par)-282(cy-devant,)-291(y)-282(ont)-282(eu)-282(tel)-282(esgard,)-291(que)-282(celui)-282(qui)-282(avoit)-282(mang\351)-283(de)-282(la)-282(chair)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(au)-291(Vendredy)-291(estoit)-290(brusl\351)-291(tout)-291(vif,)-301(comme)-291(il)-290(fut)-291(faict)-291(en)-291(la)-291(ville)-290(d'Angers)-291(l'an)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mil)-358(cinq)-358(cens)-358(trente-neuf,)-385(s'il)-358(ne)-358(s'en)-358(repentoit:)-466(et)-358(ja\347oit)-358(qu'il)-358(se)-358(repentist)-358(si)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(estoit-il)-250(pendu)-250(par)-250(compassion\051.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 115.057 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(D\351monomanie)-250(des)-250(Sorciers)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 98.613 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(216.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -226.367 -7.394 Td [(505)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(A)-298(long)-298(list)-298(of)-298(examples)-298(of)-298(extreme)-298(maceration,)-310(from)-298(lives)-298(of)-298(the)-298(saints)-298(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-256(seventh)-256(and)-255(eighth)-256(centuries)-256(is)-256(given)-256(by)-255(Pitra,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 180.785 0 Td [(Vie)-256(de)-256(St.)-267(L\351ger)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 57.537 0 Td [(,)-257(Introd.)-268(pp.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1029 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1030 0 R /Resources 1028 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1023 0 R >> endobj 1031 0 obj << /D [1029 0 R /XYZ 256.483 419.629 null] >> endobj 1028 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1034 0 obj << /Length 5564 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(240History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(some)-164(respects)-165(the)-164(religious)-165(agencies)-164(were)-164(operating)-165(for)-164(good.)-221(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monastic)-320(bodies)-320(that)-320(everywhere)-321(arose,)-337(formed)-320(secure)-320(asylums)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-380(the)-381(multitudes)-380(who)-381(had)-380(been)-380(persecuted)-381(by)-380(their)-380(enemies,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constituted)-216(an)-216(invaluable)-216(counterpoise)-216(to)-216(the)-216(rude)-216(military)-216(forces)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-335(the)-334(time,)-356(familiarised)-334(the)-335(imagination)-334(of)-335(men)-334(with)-334(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(types)-190(that)-190(could)-190(hardly)-191(fail)-190(in)-190(some)-190(degree)-190(to)-190(soften)-190(the)-190(character,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-325(led)-326(the)-325(way)-325(in)-326(most)-325(forms)-325(of)-326(peaceful)-325(labour.)-476(When)-325(men,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(filled)-495(with)-495(admiration)-495(at)-495(the)-495(reports)-495(of)-495(the)-495(sanctity)-495(and)-494(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(miracles)-355(of)-355(some)-354(illustrious)-355(saint,)-381(made)-355(pilgrimages)-355(to)-354(behold)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(him,)-367(and)-344(found)-344(him)-344(attired)-343(in)-344(the)-344(rude)-344(garb)-344(of)-343(a)-344(peasant,)-367(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thick)-353(shoes,)-378(and)-353(with)-353(a)-353(scythe)-352(on)-353(his)-353(shoulder,)-378(superintending)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-282(labours)-283(of)-282(the)-282(farmers,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 116.226 3.959 Td [(506)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.62 -3.959 Td [(or)-282(sitting)-283(in)-282(a)-282(small)-282(attic)-283(mending)]TJ -131.846 -13.549 Td [(lamps,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 28.789 3.959 Td [(507)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.034 -3.959 Td [(whatever)-459(other)-459(benefit)-460(they)-459(might)-459(derive)-459(from)-459(the)]TJ -46.823 -13.549 Td [(interview,)-416(they)-383(could)-383(scarcely)-383(fail)-383(to)-383(return)-383(with)-383(an)-383(increased)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sense)-419(of)-838(the)-419(dignity)-419(of)-419(labour.)-757(It)-419(was)-419(probably)-419(at)-419(thi)1(s)-419(time)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([244])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(as)-330(much)-330(for)-331(the)-330(benefit)-330(of)-330(the)-330(world)-330(as)-331(of)-330(the)-330(Church,)-350(that)-330(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ecclesiastical)-178(sanctuaries)-177(and)-178(estates)-177(should)-178(remain)-177(inviolate,)-192(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-374(numerous)-374(legends)-373(of)-374(Divine)-374(punishment)-374(having)-373(overtaken)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-349(who)-350(transgressed)-349(them,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.72 3.958 Td [(508)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.537 -3.958 Td [(attest)-349(the)-350(zeal)-349(with)-350(which)-349(the)]TJ -148.257 -13.55 Td [(clergy)-348(sought)-347(to)-348(establish)-347(that)-348(inviolability.)-542(The)-348(great)-347(sanctity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-439(was)-440(attached)-439(to)-439(holidays)-440(was)-439(also)-439(an)-440(important)-439(boon)-439(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-512(servile)-512(classes.)-1037(The)-512(celebration)-512(of)-513(the)-512(first)-512(day)-512(of)-512(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(week,)-291(in)-282(commemoration)-283(of)-282(the)-283(resurrection,)-290(and)-283(as)-282(a)-283(period)-282(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-196(exercises,)-207(dates)-196(from)-196(the)-197(earliest)-196(age)-196(of)-196(the)-196(Church.)-232(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-398(festival)-397(was)-397(carefully)-398(distinguished)-397(from)-398(the)-397(Jewish)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 174.329 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 165.505 Td [(cv.-cvii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(506)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-250(was)-250(related)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Equitius.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 114.814 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.407 0 Td [(Dialog.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.392 0 Td [(i.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -187.286 -7.394 Td [(507)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(i.)-250(5.)-250(This)-250(saint)-250(was)-250(named)-250(Constantius.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.395 Td [(508)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(A)-293(vast)-293(number)-292(of)-293(miracles)-293(of)-293(this)-293(kind)-293(are)-292(recorded.)-379(See,)-304(e.g.,)-303(Greg.)-379(Tur.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.958 Td [(De)-356(Miraculis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.521 0 Td [(,)-383(i.)-569(61-66;)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.594 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.384 0 Td [(iv.)-569(49.)-569(Perhaps)-356(the)-357(most)-356(singular)-356(instance)-357(of)]TJ -111.499 -10.959 Td [(the)-331(violation)-332(of)-331(the)-331(sanctity)-331(of)-332(the)-331(church)-331(was)-331(that)-332(by)-331(the)-331(nuns)-332(of)-331(a)-331(convent)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(founded)-288(by)-288(St.)-364(Radegunda.)-364(They,)-298(having)-288(broken)-288(into)-288(rebellion,)-297(four)-288(bishops,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-354(their)-353(attendant)-354(clergy,)-379(went)-354(to)-353(compose)-354(the)-353(dispute,)-380(and)-353(having)-354(failed,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(excommunicated)-272(the)-272(rebels,)-277(whereupon)-272(the)-272(nuns)-272(almost)-272(beat)-272(them)-272(to)-272(death)-272(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(church.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 39.838 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(ix.)-250(41.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1033 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1034 0 R /Resources 1032 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1023 0 R >> endobj 1035 0 obj << /D [1033 0 R /XYZ 135.401 328.486 null] >> endobj 1032 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1038 0 obj << /Length 5646 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(241)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Sabbath,)-341(with)-323(which)-323(it)-323(never)-323(appears)-323(to)-323(have)-323(been)-322(confounded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(till)-264(the)-263(close)-264(of)-264(the)-263(sixteenth)-264(century;)-270(but)-264(some)-264(Jewish)-263(converts,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-432(considered)-432(the)-433(Jewish)-432(law)-432(to)-432(be)-432(still)-433(in)-432(force,)-477(observed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(both)-280(days.)-338(In)-280(general,)-287(however,)-287(the)-280(Christian)-279(festival)-280(alone)-279(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(observed,)-262(and)-260(the)-260(Jewish)-260(Sabbatical)-260(obligation,)-263(as)-260(St.)-280(Paul)-259(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(explicitly)-424(affirms,)-467(no)-424(longer)-424(rested)-424(upon)-424(the)-424(Christians.)-771(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grounds)-205(of)-204(the)-205(observance)-204(of)-205(Sunday)-205(were)-204(the)-205(manifest)-204(propriety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-323(expediency)-323(of)-323(devoting)-322(a)-323(certain)-323(portion)-323(of)-323(time)-323(to)-322(devout)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exercises,)-237(the)-233(tradition)-233(which)-233(traced)-233(the)-233(sanctification)-233(of)-233(Sunday)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-260(apostolic)-261(times,)-262(and)-261(the)-260(right)-260(of)-260(the)-261(Church)-260(to)-260(appoint)-260(certain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seasons)-452(to)-453(be)-452(kept)-452(holy)-453(by)-452(its)-452(members.)-857(When)-452(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(acquired)-280(an)-281(ascendancy)-280(in)-281(the)-280(Empire,)-288(its)-280(policy)-281(on)-280(this)-280(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-204(manifested)-204(in)-205(one)-204(of)-204(the)-204(laws)-205(of)-204(Constantine,)-213(which,)-213(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(making)-345(any)-345(direct)-346(reference)-345(to)-345(religious)-345(motives,)-369(ordered)-345(that,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(on)-362(the)-362(day)-361(of)-362(the)-362(sun,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 100.024 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.79 0 Td [(no)-362(servile)-362(work)-361(should)-362(be)-362(performed)]TJ -113.658 -13.549 Td [(except)-357(agriculture,)-192(which,)-193(being)-178(dependent)-178(on)-179(the)-178(weather,)-192(could)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([245])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(not,)-340(it)-321(was)-322(thought,)-340(be)-322(reasonably)-321(postponed.)-466(Theodosius)-321(took)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-289(step)-288(further,)-299(and)-288(suppressed)-289(the)-289(public)-288(spectacles)-289(on)-289(that)-288(day.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(During)-195(the)-195(centuries)-195(that)-195(immediately)-195(followed)-195(the)-194(dissolution)-195(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-206(Roman)-207(Empire,)-215(the)-207(clergy)-206(devoted)-207(themselves)-206(with)-207(great)-206(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(praiseworthy)-291(zeal)-290(to)-291(the)-291(suppression)-291(of)-290(labour)-291(both)-291(on)-290(Sundays)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-350(on)-350(the)-350(other)-350(leading)-350(Church)-350(holidays.)-550(More)-350(than)-350(one)-350(law)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-414(made,)-455(forbidding)-413(all)-414(Sunday)-414(labour,)-455(and)-414(this)-413(prohibition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-377(reiterated)-377(by)-377(Charlemagne)-377(in)-377(his)-377(Capitularies.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 228.576 3.959 Td [(509)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.337 -3.959 Td [(Several)]TJ -247.913 -13.549 Td [(Councils)-399(made)-398(decrees)-399(on)-399(the)-399(subject,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 174.747 3.958 Td [(510)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.209 -3.958 Td [(and)-399(several)-398(legends)]TJ -191.956 -13.55 Td [(were)-423(circulated,)-466(of)-422(men)-423(who)-423(had)-423(been)-423(afflicted)-422(miraculously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-280(disease)-279(or)-280(with)-280(death,)-287(for)-280(having)-280(been)-280(guilty)-279(of)-280(this)-280(sin.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.176 3.959 Td [(511)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 154.048 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 147.152 Td [(509)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Canciani,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 51.547 0 Td [(Leges)-250(Barbarorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.992 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(19,)-250(151.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -131.245 -7.394 Td [(510)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Much)-392(information)-392(about)-393(these)-392(measures)-392(is)-392(given)-393(by)-392(Dr.)-677(Hessey,)-427(in)-393(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Bampton)-322(Lectures)-323(on)-322(Sunday)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 107.292 0 Td [(.)-467(See)-322(especially,)-341(lect.)-467(3.)-467(See,)-340(too,)-341(Moehler,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 164.372 0 Td [(Le)]TJ -271.664 -10.959 Td [(Christianisme)-250(et)-250(l'Esclavage)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 102.54 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(186-187.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -102.29 -7.394 Td [(511)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Gregory)-204(of)-205(Tours)-204(enumerates)-204(some)-205(instances)-204(of)-204(this)-205(in)-204(his)-204(extravagant)-205(book)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(De)-262(Miraculis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.677 0 Td [(,)-265(ii.)-287(11;)-268(iv.)-287(57;)-268(v.)-287(7.)-287(One)-262(of)-262(these)-263(cases,)-265(however,)-265(was)-263(for)-262(having)]TJ -47.676 -10.959 Td [(worked)-316(on)-316(the)-316(day)-316(of)-317(St.)-448(John)-316(the)-316(Baptist.)-448(Some)-317(other)-316(miracles)-316(of)-316(the)-316(same)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(nature,)-358(taken,)-359(I)-337(believe,)-358(from)-337(English)-336(sources,)-359(are)-337(given)-336(in)-337(Hessey's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 254.232 0 Td [(Sunday)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1037 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1038 0 R /Resources 1036 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1023 0 R >> endobj 1039 0 obj << /D [1037 0 R /XYZ 77.189 314.937 null] >> endobj 1036 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1042 0 obj << /Length 6424 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(242History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Although)-445(the)-445(moral)-446(side)-445(of)-445(religion)-445(was)-445(greatly)-445(degraded)-445(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forgotten,)-301(there)-291(was,)-300(as)-291(I)-291(have)-290(already)-291(intimated,)-301(one)-290(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exception.)-234(Charity)-201(was)-202(so)-201(interwoven)-201(with)-202(the)-201(superstitious)-201(parts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-299(ecclesiastical)-298(teaching,)-311(that)-299(it)-299(continued)-298(to)-299(grow)-299(and)-298(nourish)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-340(the)-340(darkest)-340(period.)-520(Of)-340(the)-341(acts)-340(of)-340(Queen)-340(Bathilda,)-362(it)-340(is)-340(said)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-335(know)-334(nothing)-335(except)-335(her)-335(donations)-334(to)-335(the)-335(monasteries,)-355(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-359(charity)-359(with)-359(which)-359(she)-359(purchased)-358(slaves)-359(and)-359(captives,)-386(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(released)-389(them)-389(or)-390(converted)-389(them)-389(into)-389(monks.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 205.747 3.959 Td [(512)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.736 -3.959 Td [(While)-389(many)]TJ -225.483 -13.549 Td [(of)-421(the)-422(bishops)-421(were)-422(men)-421(of)-422(gross)-421(and)-422(scandalous)-421(vice,)-464(there)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-217(always)-216(some)-217(who)-217(laboured)-217(assiduously)-216(in)-217(the)-217(old)-216(episcopal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vocation)-187(of)-187(protecting)-187(the)-186(oppressed,)-200(interceding)-187(for)-187(the)-186(captives,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-318(opening)-317(their)-318(sanctuaries)-317(to)-318(the)-317(fugitives.)-453(St.)-452(Germanus,)-334(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bishop)-178(of)-177(Paris,)-384(near)-178(the)-177(close)-177(of)-178(the)-177(sixth)-178(century,)-192(was)-177(especially)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([246])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(famous)-250(for)-250(his)-250(zeal)-250(in)-250(ransoming)-250(captives.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 184.516 3.958 Td [(513)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.181 -3.958 Td [(611.)]TJ -199.697 -14.351 Td [(The)-389(fame)-389(he)-389(acquired)-389(was)-389(so)-389(great,)-424(that)-389(prisoners)-389(are)-389(said)-389(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-427(called)-426(upon)-427(him)-427(to)-426(assist)-427(them,)-471(in)-426(the)-427(interval)-426(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-412(death)-412(and)-413(his)-412(burial;)-493(and)-412(the)-413(body)-412(of)-412(the)-412(saint)-412(becoming)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(miraculously)-367(heavy,)-396(it)-367(was)-367(found)-367(impossible)-367(to)-367(carry)-367(it)-367(to)-366(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grave)-440(till)-440(the)-440(captives)-441(had)-440(been)-440(released.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.065 3.959 Td [(514)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.404 -3.959 Td [(In)-440(the)-440(midst)-440(of)]TJ -210.469 -13.549 Td [(the)-394(complete)-394(eclipse)-393(of)-394(all)-394(secular)-394(learning,)-429(in)-394(the)-394(midst)-394(of)-393(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reign)-408(of)-407(ignorance,)-448(imposture,)-447(and)-407(credulity)-408(which)-408(cannot)-407(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paralleled)-344(in)-344(history,)-368(there)-343(grew)-344(up)-344(a)-344(vast)-344(legendary)-344(literature,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clustering)-374(around)-374(the)-373(form)-374(of)-374(the)-374(ascetic;)-435(and)-374(the)-374(lives)-374(of)-373(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.673 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 199.849 Td [(\0503rd)-250(edition\051,)-250(p.)-250(321.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(512)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Compare)-357(Pitra,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 58.699 0 Td [(Vie)-357(de)-358(St.-L\351ger)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.947 0 Td [(,)-384(p.)-572(137.)-573(Sismondi,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 77.934 0 Td [(Hist.)-572(des)-357(Fran\347ais)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.853 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(tome)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(62-63.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(513)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-472(a)-472(remarkable)-472(passage)-472(from)-472(his)-472(life,)-528(cited)-472(by)-472(Guizot,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 223.598 0 Td [(Hist.)-916(de)-472(la)]TJ -235.554 -12.425 Td [(Civilisation)-324(en)-323(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 82.018 0 Td [(,)-342(xvii)]TJ 19.259 4.035 Td [(me)]TJ 13.859 -4.035 Td [(le\347on.)-471(The)-323(English)-324(historians)-324(contain)-323(several)]TJ -115.136 -10.959 Td [(instances)-221(of)-220(the)-221(activity)-221(of)-220(charity)-221(in)-221(the)-220(darkest)-221(period.)-240(Alfred)-221(and)-220(Edward)-221(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Confessor)-237(were)-238(conspicuous)-237(for)-237(it.)-246(Ethelwolf)-237(is)-238(said)-237(to)-238(have)-237(provided,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 253.109 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(for)-237(the)]TJ -257.09 -10.959 Td [(good)-246(of)-246(his)-246(soul,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 59.672 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.187 0 Td [(that,)-247(till)-246(the)-246(day)-246(of)-246(judgment,)-247(one)-246(poor)-246(man)-246(in)-246(ten)-246(should)-246(be)]TJ -65.859 -10.959 Td [(provided)-281(with)-281(meat,)-289(drink,)-288(and)-281(clothing.)-343(\050Asser's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 180.074 0 Td [(Life)-281(of)-281(Alfred)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.382 0 Td [(.\051)-343(There)-281(was)-281(a)]TJ -228.456 -10.959 Td [(popular)-277(legend)-277(that)-277(a)-277(poor)-277(man)-277(having)-277(in)-277(vain)-277(asked)-277(alms)-277(of)-277(some)-277(sailors,)-284(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-234(bread)-234(in)-234(their)-233(vessel)-234(was)-234(turned)-234(into)-234(stone.)-245(\050Roger)-233(of)-234(Wendover,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.413 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -266.013 -10.959 Td [(606.\051)-235(See,)-215(too,)-214(another)-206(legend)-206(of)-206(charity)-206(in)-205(Matthew)-206(of)-206(Westminster,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.413 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -265.764 -7.394 Td [(514)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.838 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.43 0 Td [(v.)-250(8.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1041 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1042 0 R /Resources 1040 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1023 0 R >> endobj 1043 0 obj << /D [1041 0 R /XYZ 162.238 355.585 null] >> endobj 1040 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1046 0 obj << /Length 5032 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(243)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(saints,)-400(among)-370(very)-371(much)-370(that)-370(is)-370(grotesque,)-400(childish,)-400(and)-370(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immoral,)-195(contain)-181(some)-181(fragments)-181(of)-181(the)-181(purest)-181(and)-181(most)-181(touching)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-250(poetry.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 71.509 3.959 Td [(515)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -59.553 -20.464 Td [(But)-405(the)-405(chief)-405(title)-405(of)-405(the)-405(period)-405(we)-405(are)-405(considering,)-444(to)-405(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(indulgence)-494(of)-495(posterity,)-555(lies)-494(in)-494(its)-495(missionary)-494(labours.)-982(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stream)-297(of)-297(missionaries)-297(which)-297(had)-297(at)-297(first)-297(flowed)-297(from)-296(Palestine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-359(Italy)-360(began)-359(to)-360(flow)-359(from)-359(the)-360(West.)-578(The)-359(Irish)-359(monasteries)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(furnished)-185(the)-185(earliest,)-198(and)-185(probably)-185(the)-185(most)-185(numerous,)-198(labourers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-180(the)-179(field.)-227(A)-179(great)-180(portion)-179(of)-180(the)-179(north)-180(of)-179(England)-180(was)-179(converted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-270(the)-270(Irish)-271(monks)-270(of)-270(Lindisfarne.)-310(The)-271(fame)-270(of)-270(St.)-310(Columbanus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-279(Gaul,)-286(in)-279(Germany,)-286(and)-279(in)-279(Italy,)-286(for)-279(a)-279(time)-279(even)-279(balanced)-278(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-400(St.)-700(Benedict)-400(himself,)-438(and)-400(the)-400(school)-400(which)-400(he)-400(founded)-400(at)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Luxeuil)-338(became)-338(the)-339(great)-338(seminary)-338(for)-338(medi\346val)-338(missionaries,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-923(the)-462(monastery)-461(he)-462(planted)-461(at)-462(Bobbio)-461(continued)-462(to)-461(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([247])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(present)-327(century.)-479(The)-327(Irish)-326(missionary,)-346(St.)-480(Gall,)-345(gave)-327(his)-326(name)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-379(a)-379(portion)-379(of)-379(Switzerland)-380(he)-379(had)-379(converted,)-411(and)-379(a)-379(crowd)-379(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-466(Irish)-466(missionaries)-466(penetrated)-466(to)-466(the)-466(remotest)-466(forests)-466(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Germany.)-334(The)-278(movement)-279(which)-278(began)-278(with)-278(St.)-334(Columba)-278(in)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(middle)-299(of)-298(the)-299(sixth)-298(century,)-311(was)-299(communicated)-298(to)-299(England)-298(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gaul)-310(about)-311(a)-310(century)-310(later.)-431(Early)-311(in)-310(the)-310(eighth)-311(century)-310(it)-310(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-426(great)-426(leader)-426(in)-426(the)-426(Anglo-Saxon)-426(St.)-778(Boniface,)-470(who)-425(spread)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-275(far)-275(and)-274(wide)-275(through)-275(Germany,)-281(and)-275(at)-275(once)-274(excited)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-436(disciplined)-436(an)-436(ardent)-436(enthusiasm,)-482(which)-436(appears)-436(to)-436(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(attracted)-313(all)-313(that)-313(was)-313(morally)-313(best)-313(in)-313(the)-313(Church.)-439(During)-312(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-203(centuries,)-212(and)-202(while)-203(Europe)-202(had)-202(sunk)-203(into)-202(the)-203(most)-202(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral,)-341(intellectual,)-340(and)-323(political)-322(degradation,)-341(a)-322(constant)-322(stream)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-328(missionaries)-329(poured)-328(forth)-328(from)-328(the)-328(monasteries,)-348(who)-328(spread)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-258(knowledge)-258(of)-258(the)-259(Cross)-258(and)-258(the)-258(seeds)-258(of)-258(a)-258(future)-258(civilisation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(through)-250(every)-250(land,)-250(from)-250(Lombardy)-250(to)-250(Sweden.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 208.451 3.959 Td [(516)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 122.351 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 115.229 Td [(515)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(M.)-297(Guizot)-297(has)-298(given)-297(several)-297(specimens)-297(of)-297(this)-297(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 173.97 0 Td [(Hist.)-392(de)-297(la)-297(Civilis.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.796 0 Td [(xvii)]TJ 13.951 4.034 Td [(me)]TJ -269.673 -14.993 Td [(le\347on\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.395 Td [(516)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-520(portion)-520(of)-519(medi\346val)-520(history)-520(has)-520(lately)-519(been)-520(well)-520(traced)-520(by)-520(Mr.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Maclear,)-502(in)-452(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 61.663 0 Td [(History)-452(of)-452(Christian)-452(Missions)-451(in)-452(the)-452(Middle)-452(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 192.821 0 Td [(\0501863\051.)]TJ -254.484 -12.156 Td [(See,)-329(too,)-329(Montalembert's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 93.505 0 Td [(Moines)-313(d'Occident)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.977 0 Td [(;)-345(Ozanam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.371 0 Td [(\311tudes)-313(germaniques)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.536 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1045 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1046 0 R /Resources 1044 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1048 0 R >> endobj 1047 0 obj << /D [1045 0 R /XYZ 76.046 339.08 null] >> endobj 1044 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1051 0 obj << /Length 5273 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(244History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(On)-223(the)-224(whole,)-228(however,)-229(it)-224(would)-223(be)-223(difficult)-224(to)-223(exaggerate)-223(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(superstition)-234(and)-234(the)-234(vice)-233(of)-234(the)-234(period)-234(between)-234(the)-234(dissolution)-233(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-224(Empire)-223(and)-223(the)-224(reign)-223(of)-224(Charlemagne.)-241(But)-224(in)-223(the)-223(midst)-224(of)-223(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chaos)-192(the)-192(elements)-192(of)-192(a)-192(new)-191(society)-192(may)-192(be)-192(detected,)-204(and)-192(we)-191(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(already)-174(observe)-175(in)-174(embryo)-174(the)-175(movement)-174(which)-174(ultimately)-174(issued)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-248(the)-247(crusades,)-248(the)-248(feudal)-247(system,)-249(and)-247(chivalry.)-249(It)-248(is)-247(exclusively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-373(the)-373(moral)-372(aspect)-373(of)-373(this)-372(movement)-373(that)-373(the)-373(present)-372(work)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-420(concerned,)-463(and)-420(I)-420(shall)-420(endeavour,)-462(in)-420(the)-420(remainder)-420(of)-420(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(chapter,)-285(to)-277(describe)-278(and)-278(explain)-277(its)-278(incipient)-278(stages.)-333(It)-277(consisted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-347(two)-348(parts)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 54.239 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-347(fusion)-348(of)-347(Christianity)-348(with)-347(the)-695(military)-348(spirit,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -137.903 0 Td [([248])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(an)-250(increasing)-250(reverence)-250(for)-250(secular)-250(rank.)]TJ 11.956 -23.689 Td [(It)-395(had)-395(been)-396(an)-395(ancient)-395(maxim)-395(of)-395(the)-396(Greeks,)-431(that)-395(no)-395(more)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(acceptable)-315(gifts)-315(can)-315(be)-315(offered)-315(in)-315(the)-315(temples)-314(of)-315(the)-315(gods,)-331(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(trophies)-370(won)-371(from)-370(an)-370(enemy)-371(in)-370(battle.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 191.601 3.958 Td [(517)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.124 -3.958 Td [(Of)-370(this)-371(military)]TJ -210.725 -13.55 Td [(religion)-387(Christianity)-387(had)-387(been)-386(at)-387(first)-387(the)-387(extreme)-387(negation.)-660(I)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-400(already)-400(had)-399(occasion)-400(to)-400(observe)-400(that)-399(it)-400(had)-400(been)-400(one)-399(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-384(earliest)-384(rules)-383(that)-384(no)-384(arms)-383(should)-384(be)-384(introduced)-384(within)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(church,)-258(and)-257(that)-257(soldiers)-256(returning)-257(even)-257(from)-256(the)-257(most)-256(righteous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war)-362(should)-361(not)-362(be)-361(admitted)-362(to)-361(communion)-362(until)-361(after)-362(a)-361(period)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-348(penance)-349(and)-348(purification.)-545(A)-349(powerful)-348(party,)-373(which)-348(counted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(among)-429(its)-428(leaders)-429(Clement)-428(of)-429(Alexandria,)-473(Tertullian,)-473(Origen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Lactantius,)-316(and)-304(Basil,)-316(maintained)-303(that)-303(all)-303(warfare)-303(was)-303(unlawful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-473(those)-472(who)-473(had)-473(been)-473(converted;)-584(and)-472(this)-473(opinion)-473(had)-472(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(martyr)-212(in)-212(the)-212(celebrated)-211(Maximilianus,)-220(who)-212(suffered)-212(death)-211(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Diocletian)-295(solely)-294(because,)-306(having)-295(been)-295(enrolled)-294(as)-295(a)-295(soldier,)-305(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(declared)-422(that)-421(he)-422(was)-421(a)-422(Christian,)-464(and)-422(that)-421(therefore)-422(he)-421(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-372(fight.)-614(The)-372(extent)-372(to)-371(which)-372(this)-371(doctrine)-372(was)-371(disseminated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-312(been)-311(suggested)-312(with)-312(much)-311(plausibility)-312(as)-312(one)-311(of)-312(the)-311(causes)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 119.136 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 110.222 Td [(The)-499(original)-500(materials)-499(are)-499(to)-499(be)-500(found)-499(in)-499(Bede,)-562(and)-499(in)-499(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 234.816 0 Td [(Lives)-499(of)-500(the)]TJ -234.816 -10.959 Td [(Saints)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 21.923 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(especially)-545(that)-545(of)-545(St.)-1136(Columba,)-619(by)-545(Adamnan.)-1136(On)-545(the)-545(French)]TJ -30.89 -10.959 Td [(missionaries,)-272(see)-268(the)-268(Benedictine)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 121.96 0 Td [(Hist.)-304(lit.)-303(de)-268(la)-268(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.492 0 Td [(,)-272(tome)-268(iv.)-304(p.)-303(5;)-277(and)-268(on)]TJ -200.452 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(English)-250(missionaries,)-250(Sharon)-250(Turner's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 151.541 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(England)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.035 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(x.)-250(ch.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -210.327 -7.394 Td [(517)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Dion)-250(Chrysostom,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 68 0 Td [(Or.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(ii.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.455 0 Td [(De)-250(Regno)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.605 0 Td [(\051.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1050 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1051 0 R /Resources 1049 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1048 0 R >> endobj 1052 0 obj << /D [1050 0 R /XYZ 306.887 396.232 null] >> endobj 1049 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1055 0 obj << /Length 5317 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(245)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-389(the)-390(Diocletian)-389(persecution.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 133.623 3.959 Td [(518)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.737 -3.959 Td [(It)-389(was)-389(the)-390(subject)-389(of)-389(one)-389(of)]TJ -153.36 -13.549 Td [(the)-270(reproaches)-271(of)-270(Celsus;)-281(and)-270(Origen,)-275(in)-271(reply,)-275(frankly)-270(accepted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(accusation)-334(that)-333(Christianity)-334(was)-334(incompatible)-334(with)-333(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(service,)-311(though)-299(he)-298(maintained)-299(that)-299(the)-298(prayers)-299(of)-299(the)-298(Christians)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-430(more)-429(efficacious)-430(than)-430(the)-430(swords)-429(of)-430(the)-430(legions.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.659 3.959 Td [(519)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.062 -3.959 Td [(At)]TJ -269.721 -13.549 Td [(the)-364(same)-365(time,)-392(there)-365(can)-364(be)-364(no)-365(question)-364(that)-364(many)-364(Christians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-428(a)-429(very)-428(early)-428(date,)-473(did)-428(enlist)-429(in)-428(the)-428(army,)-473(and)-428(that)-428(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-281(not)-280(cut)-281(off)-280(from)-281(the)-280(Church.)-341(The)-281(legend)-280(of)-281(the)-280(thundering)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legion,)-394(under)-364(Marcus)-365(Aurelius,)-394(whatever)-364(we)-365(may)-365(think)-365(of)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pretended)-312(miracle,)-328(attested)-312(the)-313(fact,)-327(and)-313(it)-312(is)-312(expressly)-312(asserted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-384(Tertullian.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60.853 3.959 Td [(520)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.572 -3.959 Td [(The)-768(first)-384(fury)-385(of)-384(the)-384(Diocletian)-384(persecution)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 210.599 0 Td [([249])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(fell)-473(upon)-472(Christian)-473(soldiers,)-528(and)-472(by)-473(the)-472(time)-473(of)-472(Constantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-328(army)-327(appears)-328(to)-327(have)-328(become,)-347(in)-327(a)-328(great)-328(degree,)-346(Christian.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-491(Council)-492(of)-491(Arles,)-552(under)-491(Constantine,)-552(condemned)-491(soldiers)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who,)-362(through)-340(religious)-340(motives,)-363(deserted)-340(their)-340(colours;)-385(and)-339(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Augustine)-402(threw)-402(his)-402(great)-402(influence)-402(into)-402(the)-402(same)-402(scale.)-706(But)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-215(where)-214(the)-215(calling)-215(was)-214(not)-215(regarded)-215(as)-214(sinful,)-222(it)-215(was)-214(strongly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discouraged.)-278(The)-259(ideal)-260(or)-259(type)-259(of)-260(supreme)-259(excellence)-259(conceived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-399(the)-400(imagination)-399(of)-400(the)-399(Pagan)-399(world)-400(and)-399(to)-400(which)-399(all)-399(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(purest)-362(moral)-362(enthusiasm)-361(naturally)-362(aspired,)-390(was)-362(the)-362(patriot)-361(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soldier.)-248(The)-245(ideal)-245(of)-244(the)-245(Catholic)-245(legends)-244(was)-245(the)-245(ascetic,)-245(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-327(duty)-328(was)-327(to)-327(abandon)-328(all)-327(secular)-327(feelings)-328(and)-327(ties.)-482(In)-327(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(family)-296(circles)-296(the)-297(conflict)-296(between)-296(the)-296(two)-296(principles)-296(appeared,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-319(in)-319(the)-318(moral)-319(atmosphere)-319(of)-319(the)-318(fourth)-319(and)-319(fifth)-319(centuries)-318(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-290(almost)-289(certain)-290(that)-289(every)-290(young)-289(man)-290(who)-289(was)-290(animated)-289(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-243(pure)-243(or)-243(genuine)-243(enthusiasm)-243(would)-243(turn)-243(from)-243(the)-243(army)-243(to)-242(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monks.)-284(St.)-285(Martin,)-264(St.)-284(Ferreol,)-264(St.)-285(Tarrachus,)-264(and)-261(St.)-284(Victricius,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-237(among)-237(those)-236(who)-237(through)-237(religious)-237(motives)-237(abandoned)-236(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(army.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.146 3.959 Td [(521)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.609 -3.959 Td [(When)-324(Ulphilas)-324(translated)-325(the)-324(Bible)-324(into)-324(Gothic,)-343(he)-324(is)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 121.416 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 114.52 Td [(518)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Gibbon,)-250(ch.)-250(xvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(519)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Origen,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.382 0 Td [(Cels.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.426 0 Td [(lib.)-250(viii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -61.514 -7.395 Td [(520)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Navigamus)-358(et)-359(nos)-358(vobiscum)-359(et)-358(militamus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 155.302 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Tert.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.34 0 Td [(Apol.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.394 0 Td [(xlii.)-575(See,)-386(too,)]TJ -228.919 -10.959 Td [(Grotius)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.14 0 Td [(De)-250(Jure)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.63 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(cap.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -57.521 -7.394 Td [(521)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-270(an)-270(admirable)-269(dissertation)-270(on)-270(the)-270(opinions)-269(of)-270(the)-270(early)-270(Christians)-270(about)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1054 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1055 0 R /Resources 1053 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1048 0 R >> endobj 1056 0 obj << /D [1054 0 R /XYZ 148.35 382.683 null] >> endobj 1053 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1059 0 obj << /Length 5172 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(246History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(said)-270(to)-271(have)-270(excepted)-271(the)-270(four)-270(books)-271(of)-270(Kings,)-276(through)-270(fear)-270(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-188(might)-188(encourage)-188(the)-187(martial)-188(disposition)-188(of)-188(the)-188(barbarians.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(522)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -256.221 -21.245 Td [(The)-551(first)-551(influence)-551(that)-551(contributed)-551(to)-551(bring)-551(the)-551(military)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(profession)-174(into)-175(friendly)-174(connection)-175(with)-174(religion)-175(was)-174(the)-174(received)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doctrine)-374(concerning)-375(the)-374(Providential)-374(government)-374(of)-375(affairs.)-622(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-397(generally)-397(taught)-396(that)-397(all)-397(national)-397(catastrophes)-397(were)-396(penal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inflictions,)-454(resulting,)-454(for)-413(the)-413(most)-414(part,)-454(from)-413(the)-413(vices)-413(or)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-263(errors)-262(of)-263(the)-263(leading)-263(men,)-265(and)-263(that)-263(temporal)-262(prosperity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-305(the)-305(reward)-305(of)-306(orthodoxy)-305(and)-610(virtue.)-415(A)-305(great)-305(battle,)-319(on)-305(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([250])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(issue)-193(of)-193(which)-193(the)-193(fortunes)-192(of)-193(a)-193(people)-193(or)-193(of)-193(a)-193(monarch)-192(depended,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-211(therefore)-210(supposed)-211(to)-211(be)-211(the)-210(special)-211(occasion)-211(of)-210(Providential)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interposition,)-248(and)-247(the)-247(hope)-247(of)-247(obtaining)-247(military)-247(success)-247(became)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-261(of)-260(the)-261(most)-261(frequent)-260(motives)-261(of)-261(conversion.)-282(The)-260(conversion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-181(Constantine)-181(was)-182(professedly,)-195(and)-181(the)-181(conversion)-181(of)-181(Clovis)-181(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(perhaps)-206(really,)-216(due)-206(to)-206(the)-207(persuasion)-206(that)-207(the)-206(Divine)-206(interposition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-427(in)-427(a)-427(critical)-426(moment)-427(given)-427(them)-427(the)-427(victory;)-515(and)-427(I)-426(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(already)-314(noticed)-314(how)-313(large)-314(a)-314(part)-314(must)-313(be)-314(assigned)-314(to)-314(this)-313(order)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-402(ideas)-401(in)-402(facilitating)-402(the)-402(progress)-401(of)-402(Christianity)-402(among)-401(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarians.)-230(When)-192(a)-191(cross)-191(was)-191(said)-191(to)-191(have)-191(appeared)-191(miraculously)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-238(Constantine,)-240(with)-238(an)-238(inscription)-237(announcing)-238(the)-238(victory)-238(of)-237(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Milvian)-467(bridge;)-575(when)-467(the)-467(same)-467(holy)-467(sign,)-522(adorned)-466(with)-467(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sacred)-413(monogram,)-454(was)-413(carried)-413(in)-413(the)-413(forefront)-413(of)-413(the)-413(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(armies;)-363(when)-326(the)-326(nails)-325(of)-326(the)-325(cross,)-345(which)-325(Helena)-326(had)-325(brought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-344(Jerusalem,)-368(were)-344(converted)-343(by)-344(the)-344(emperor)-344(into)-344(a)-344(helmet,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-239(into)-239(bits)-239(for)-238(his)-239(war-horse,)-241(it)-239(was)-239(evident)-239(that)-239(a)-239(great)-238(change)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-250(passing)-250(over)-250(the)-250(once)-250(pacific)-250(spirit)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 236.924 3.959 Td [(523)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -224.968 -21.245 Td [(Many)-506(circumstances)-507(conspired)-506(to)-507(accelerate)-506(it.)-1019(Northern)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(tribes,)-313(who)-300(had)-300(been)-300(taught)-300(that)-300(the)-300(gates)-300(of)-300(the)-300(Walhalla)-300(were)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 130.339 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 121.425 Td [(military)-265(service,)-268(in)-265(Le)-265(Blant,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 106.072 0 Td [(Inscriptions)-265(chr\351tiennes)-264(de)-265(la)-265(Gaule)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 131.024 0 Td [(,)-268(tome)-265(i.)-294(pp.)]TJ -237.096 -10.959 Td [(81-87.)-407(The)-303(subject)-302(is)-303(frequently)-302(referred)-303(to)-302(by)-303(Barbeyrac,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 214.199 0 Td [(Morale)-302(des)-303(P\350res)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.19 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.958 Td [(and)-250(Grotius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.572 0 Td [(De)-250(Jure)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.629 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(i.)-250(cap.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -74.952 -7.395 Td [(522)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Philostorgius,)-250(ii.)-250(5.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(523)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-568(some)-568(excellent)-568(remarks)-568(on)-568(this)-568(change,)-648(in)-568(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 229.706 0 Td [(History)-568(of)]TJ -241.662 -10.959 Td [(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.851 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(287-288.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1058 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1059 0 R /Resources 1057 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1048 0 R >> endobj 1060 0 obj << /D [1058 0 R /XYZ 243.78 406.045 null] >> endobj 1057 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1063 0 obj << /Length 4960 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(247)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(ever)-273(open)-273(to)-273(the)-273(warrior)-273(who)-273(presented)-273(himself)-273(stained)-273(with)-272(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(blood)-212(of)-211(his)-211(vanquished)-212(enemies,)-219(were)-212(converted)-211(to)-211(Christianity;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-429(they)-429(carried)-429(their)-429(old)-428(feelings)-429(into)-429(their)-429(new)-429(creed.)-786(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conflict)-491(of)-491(many)-491(races,)-551(and)-491(the)-491(paralysis)-491(of)-491(all)-491(government)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-437(followed)-437(the)-438(fall)-437(of)-437(the)-437(Empire,)-484(made)-437(force)-437(everywhere)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dominant,)-457(and)-416(petty)-415(wars)-416(incessant.)-746(The)-416(military)-415(obligations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attached)-365(to)-365(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 70.118 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(benefices)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 41.193 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.827 0 Td [(which)-365(the)-365(sovereigns)-365(gave)-366(to)-365(their)]TJ -124.982 -13.549 Td [(leading)-341(chiefs,)-363(connected)-341(the)-341(idea)-341(of)-341(military)-341(service)-341(with)-340(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-426(rank)-426(still)-425(more)-426(closely)-426(than)-425(it)-426(had)-426(been)-426(connected)-425(before,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-349(rendered)-349(it)-348(doubly)-349(honourable)-698(in)-349(the)-348(eyes)-349(of)-349(men.)-546(Many)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([251])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(bishops)-236(and)-237(abbots,)-239(partly)-236(from)-237(the)-236(turbulence)-236(of)-237(their)-236(times)-236(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(characters,)-403(and)-372(partly,)-403(at)-372(a)-372(later)-372(period,)-403(from)-372(their)-372(position)-372(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-383(feudal)-383(lords,)-416(were)-383(accustomed)-383(to)-383(lead)-383(their)-383(followers)-383(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(battle;)-251(and)-250(this)-250(custom,)-251(though)-250(prohibited)-251(by)-250(Charlemagne,)-250(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-250(traced)-250(to)-250(so)-250(late)-250(a)-250(period)-250(as)-250(the)-250(battle)-250(of)-250(Agincourt.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 236.313 3.959 Td [(524)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -224.357 -17.746 Td [(The)-329(stigma)-330(which)-329(Christianity)-330(had)-329(attached)-329(to)-330(war)-329(was)-329(thus)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(gradually)-343(effaced.)-527(At)-342(the)-343(same)-342(time,)-366(the)-342(Church)-343(remained,)-365(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-357(whole,)-384(a)-357(pacific)-357(influence.)-571(War)-357(was)-357(rather)-357(condoned)-357(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consecrated,)-237(and,)-237(whatever)-233(might)-234(be)-234(the)-233(case)-234(with)-233(a)-234(few)-233(isolated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prelates,)-495(the)-446(Church)-446(did)-446(nothing)-446(to)-446(increase)-446(or)-446(encourage)-445(it.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-396(transition)-395(from)-396(the)-395(almost)-396(Quaker)-396(tenets)-395(of)-396(the)-395(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church)-368(to)-369(the)-368(essentially)-369(military)-368(Christianity)-369(of)-368(the)-368(Crusades)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-490(chiefly)-489(due)-490(to)-490(another)-489(cause)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 155.152 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-490(the)-489(terrors)-490(and)-490(to)-489(the)]TJ -166.061 -13.549 Td [(example)-250(of)-250(Mohammedanism.)]TJ 11.956 -13.787 Td [(This)-390(great)-391(religion,)-425(which)-391(so)-390(long)-390(rivalled)-391(the)-390(influence)-390(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Christianity,)-314(had)-301(indeed)-301(spread)-301(the)-301(deepest)-301(and)-301(most)-301(justifiable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(panic)-387(through)-386(Christendom.)-660(Without)-387(any)-387(of)-386(those)-387(aids)-387(to)-386(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(imagination)-496(which)-496(pictures)-496(and)-495(images)-496(can)-496(furnish,)-557(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-611(elaborate)-612(sacerdotal)-611(organisation,)-702(preaching)-611(the)-611(purest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Monotheism)-157(among)-157(ignorant)-157(and)-156(barbarous)-157(men,)-176(and)-156(inculcating,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-296(the)-297(whole,)-308(an)-296(extremely)-296(high)-296(and)-297(noble)-296(system)-296(of)-297(morals,)-307(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spread)-223(with)-222(a)-223(rapidity)-223(and)-222(it)-223(acquired)-223(a)-222(hold)-223(over)-223(the)-222(minds)-223(of)-222(its)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 87.806 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 80.91 Td [(524)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Mably,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.148 0 Td [(Observations)-273(sur)-272(l'Histoire)-273(de)-273(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 137.219 0 Td [(,)-278(i.)-318(6;)-284(Hallam's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 55.788 0 Td [(Middle)-273(Ages)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.278 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(ch.)-250(ii.)-250(part)-250(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1062 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1063 0 R /Resources 1061 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1048 0 R >> endobj 1064 0 obj << /D [1062 0 R /XYZ 205.16 396.232 null] >> endobj 1061 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1067 0 obj << /Length 4740 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(248History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(votaries,)-221(which)-214(it)-213(is)-214(probable)-214(that)-214(no)-213(other)-214(religion)-214(has)-213(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equalled.)-239(It)-217(borrowed)-216(from)-217(Christianity)-217(that)-216(doctrine)-217(of)-216(salvation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-199(belief,)-209(which)-200(is)-199(perhaps)-199(the)-199(most)-199(powerful)-199(impulse)-199(that)-199(can)-199(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applied)-290(to)-290(the)-291(characters)-290(of)-290(masses)-290(of)-291(men,)-300(and)-290(it)-290(elaborated)-290(so)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(minutely)-290(the)-290(charms)-290(of)-290(its)-290(sensual)-290(heaven,)-300(and)-290(the)-290(terrors)-290(of)-290(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(material)-220(hell,)-225(as)-220(to)-219(cause)-220(the)-219(alternative)-220(to)-219(appeal)-220(with)-219(unrivalled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(force)-379(to)-378(the)-379(gross)-379(imaginations)-378(of)-379(the)-757(people.)-636(It)-379(possessed)-378(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([252])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(book)-356(which,)-382(however)-355(inferior)-356(to)-356(that)-355(of)-356(the)-356(opposing)-355(religion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-217(nevertheless)-216(been)-217(the)-216(consolation)-217(and)-217(the)-216(support)-217(of)-216(millions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-237(many)-237(ages.)-245(It)-237(taught)-237(a)-237(fatalism)-237(which)-237(in)-237(its)-237(first)-237(age)-237(nerved)-236(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(adherents)-277(with)-277(a)-277(matchless)-277(military)-276(courage,)-284(and)-277(which,)-283(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-256(later)-255(days)-256(it)-256(has)-255(often)-256(paralysed)-255(their)-256(active)-256(energies,)-257(has)-255(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rarely)-414(failed)-415(to)-414(support)-415(them)-414(under)-414(the)-415(pressure)-414(of)-414(inevitable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(calamity.)-369(But,)-300(above)-290(all,)-300(it)-290(discovered)-289(the)-290(great,)-300(the)-290(fatal)-289(secret)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-217(uniting)-217(indissolubly)-217(the)-216(passion)-217(of)-217(the)-217(soldier)-217(with)-217(the)-216(passion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-353(the)-353(devotee.)-559(Making)-353(the)-353(conquest)-353(of)-353(the)-353(infidel)-353(the)-353(first)-353(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duties,)-248(and)-248(proposing)-248(heaven)-248(as)-248(the)-248(certain)-248(reward)-248(of)-248(the)-248(valiant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soldier,)-339(it)-322(created)-322(a)-321(blended)-322(enthusiasm)-321(that)-322(soon)-321(overpowered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-466(divided)-466(counsels)-465(and)-466(the)-466(voluptuous)-466(governments)-466(of)-465(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(East,)-512(and,)-513(within)-459(a)-460(century)-460(of)-460(the)-460(death)-459(of)-460(Mohammed,)-512(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followers)-445(had)-445(almost)-445(extirpated)-445(Christianity)-445(from)-445(its)-444(original)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(home,)-364(founded)-342(great)-341(monarchies)-342(in)-342(Asia)-341(and)-342(Africa,)-364(planted)-341(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(noble,)-205(though)-195(transient)-194(and)-194(exotic,)-206(civilisation)-194(in)-194(Spain,)-205(menaced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-209(capital)-208(of)-209(the)-209(Eastern)-208(empire,)-217(and,)-217(but)-209(for)-209(the)-208(issue)-209(of)-209(a)-208(single)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(battle,)-259(they)-256(would)-257(probably)-257(have)-257(extended)-257(their)-257(sceptre)-257(over)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(energetic)-198(and)-198(progressive)-198(races)-198(of)-198(Central)-198(Europe.)-233(The)-197(wave)-198(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(broken)-273(by)-272(Charles)-273(Martel,)-278(at)-273(the)-272(battle)-273(of)-272(Poitiers,)-279(and)-272(it)-273(is)-272(now)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(useless)-242(to)-241(speculate)-242(what)-241(might)-242(have)-242(been)-241(the)-242(consequences)-241(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mohammedanism)-371(unfurled)-371(its)-371(triumphant)-371(banner)-371(among)-371(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Teutonic)-335(tribes)-335(who)-334(have)-335(so)-335(often)-335(changed)-335(their)-335(creed,)-356(and)-334(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(whom)-212(the)-212(course)-212(of)-212(civilisation)-212(has)-211(so)-212(largely)-212(depended.)-238(But)-211(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-171(change)-171(was)-171(in)-171(fact)-171(achieved.)-224(The)-171(spirit)-170(of)-171(Mohammedanism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slowly)-203(passed)-203(into)-203(Christianity,)-212(and)-203(transformed)-203(it)-203(into)-203(its)-202(image.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-306(spectacle)-307(of)-306(an)-307(essentially)-306(military)-307(religion)-306(fascinated)-306(men)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1066 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1067 0 R /Resources 1065 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1048 0 R >> endobj 1068 0 obj << /D [1066 0 R /XYZ 268.498 436.88 null] >> endobj 1065 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1071 0 obj << /Length 4325 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(249)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(who)-242(were)-242(at)-242(once)-242(very)-242(warlike)-242(and)-242(very)-242(superstitious.)-247(The)-242(panic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-258(had)-259(palsied)-258(Europe)-259(was)-258(after)-258(a)-259(long)-258(interval)-259(succeeded)-258(by)-258(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fierce)-178(reaction)-177(of)-178(resentment.)-226(Pride)-178(and)-177(religion)-178(conspired)-178(to)-177(urge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-340(Christian)-341(warriors)-340(against)-340(those)-340(who)-341(had)-340(so)-340(often)-340(defeated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-407(armies)-407(and)-406(wasted)-407(the)-407(territory)-407(of)-407(Christendom,)-446(who)-406(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shorn)-308(the)-617(empire)-309(of)-308(the)-308(Cross)-309(of)-308(many)-308(of)-309(its)-308(fairest)-308(provinces,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([253])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-263(profaned)-263(that)-264(holy)-263(city)-263(which)-263(was)-264(venerated)-263(not)-263(only)-263(for)-263(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(past)-253(associations,)-254(but)-252(also)-253(for)-253(the)-253(spiritual)-253(blessings)-253(it)-253(could)-252(still)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bestow)-266(upon)-265(the)-266(pilgrim.)-297(The)-265(papal)-266(indulgences)-265(proved)-266(not)-265(less)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(efficacious)-382(in)-383(stimulating)-382(the)-382(military)-383(spirit)-382(than)-382(the)-382(promises)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-497(Mohammed,)-558(and)-497(for)-497(about)-497(two)-497(centuries)-497(every)-497(pulpit)-496(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christendom)-407(proclaimed)-407(the)-407(duty)-407(of)-407(war)-407(with)-407(the)-406(unbeliever,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-309(represented)-308(the)-309(battle-field)-309(as)-308(the)-309(sure)-308(path)-309(to)-309(heaven.)-425(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-390(orders)-390(which)-390(arose)-389(united)-390(the)-390(character)-390(of)-390(the)-389(priest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-388(that)-388(of)-387(the)-388(warrior,)-422(and)-388(when,)-422(at)-388(the)-388(hour)-387(of)-388(sunset,)-422(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soldier)-349(knelt)-350(down)-349(to)-349(pray)-350(before)-349(his)-349(cross,)-374(that)-350(cross)-349(was)-349(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(handle)-250(of)-250(his)-250(sword.)]TJ 11.956 -45.557 Td [(It)-718(would)-718(be)-717(impossible)-718(to)-718(conceive)-718(a)-718(more)-717(complete)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(transformation)-534(than)-534(Christianity)-534(had)-534(thus)-534(undergone,)-605(and)-534(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-439(melancholy)-439(to)-439(contrast)-438(with)-439(its)-439(aspect)-439(during)-439(the)-438(crusades)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(impression)-295(it)-294(had)-295(once)-295(most)-295(justly)-294(made)-295(upon)-295(the)-295(world,)-305(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-356(spirit)-357(of)-356(gentleness)-356(and)-356(of)-356(peace)-357(encountering)-356(the)-356(spirit)-356(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(violence)-281(and)-280(war.)-342(Among)-281(the)-280(many)-281(curious)-281(habits)-280(of)-281(the)-280(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Irish,)-210(one)-199(of)-200(the)-200(most)-199(significant)-200(was)-200(that)-199(of)-200(perpendicular)-199(burial.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(With)-315(a)-316(feeling)-315(something)-316(like)-315(that)-315(which)-316(induced)-315(Vespasian)-315(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(declare)-383(that)-383(a)-382(Roman)-383(emperor)-383(should)-383(die)-383(standing,)-416(the)-382(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(warriors)-237(shrank)-237(from)-237(the)-236(notion)-237(of)-237(being)-237(prostrate)-237(even)-237(in)-236(death,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-279(they)-278(appear)-279(to)-278(have)-279(regarded)-279(this)-278(martial)-279(burial)-278(as)-279(a)-278(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(symbol)-337(of)-336(Paganism.)-511(An)-336(old)-337(Irish)-337(manuscript)-336(tells)-337(how,)-358(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-359(had)-358(been)-359(introduced)-359(into)-359(Ireland,)-385(a)-359(king)-359(of)-358(Ulster)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(on)-376(his)-375(deathbed)-376(charged)-376(his)-375(son)-376(never)-376(to)-375(become)-376(a)-375(Christian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-334(to)-334(be)-334(buried)-335(standing)-334(upright)-334(like)-334(a)-334(man)-334(in)-334(battle,)-355(with)-334(his)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1070 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1071 0 R /Resources 1069 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1073 0 R >> endobj 1072 0 obj << /D [1070 0 R /XYZ 91.07 450.429 null] >> endobj 1069 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1076 0 obj << /Length 5255 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(250History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(face)-245(for)-246(ever)-245(turned)-245(to)-246(the)-245(south,)-246(defying)-246(the)-245(men)-246(of)-245(Leinster.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(525)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(As)-326(late)-326(as)-325(the)-326(sixteenth)-326(century,)-345(it)-326(is)-325(said)-326(that)-326(in)-326(some)-326(parts)-325(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ireland)-245(children)-245(were)-245(baptised)-245(by)-489(immersion;)-247(but)-245(the)-245(right)-244(arms)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([254])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-308(the)-307(males)-308(were)-308(carefully)-307(held)-308(above)-307(the)-308(water,)-322(in)-308(order)-307(that,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-335(having)-334(been)-335(dipped)-334(in)-335(the)-334(sacred)-335(stream,)-355(they)-335(might)-334(strike)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(more)-250(deadly)-250(blow.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.56 3.959 Td [(526)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -85.604 -22.183 Td [(It)-319(had)-318(been)-319(boldly)-319(predicted)-319(by)-318(some)-319(of)-319(the)-319(early)-318(Christians)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(that)-256(the)-256(conversion)-256(of)-256(the)-256(world)-256(would)-256(lead)-256(to)-256(the)-256(establishment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-224(perpetual)-224(peace.)-241(In)-224(looking)-224(back,)-229(with)-224(our)-224(present)-223(experience,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-479(are)-479(driven)-479(to)-479(the)-479(melancholy)-478(conclusion)-479(that,)-537(instead)-478(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diminishing)-473(the)-473(number)-473(of)-473(wars,)-529(ecclesiastical)-473(influence)-473(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(actually)-544(and)-543(very)-544(seriously)-543(increased)-543(it.)-1131(We)-543(may)-544(look)-543(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vain)-500(for)-500(any)-500(period)-500(since)-499(Constantine,)-563(in)-500(which)-500(the)-499(clergy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-494(a)-494(body,)-554(exerted)-494(themselves)-494(to)-494(repress)-494(the)-494(military)-493(spirit,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-458(to)-458(prevent)-459(or)-458(abridge)-458(a)-458(particular)-459(war,)-510(with)-458(an)-458(energy)-458(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-365(comparable)-364(to)-365(that)-364(which)-365(they)-365(displayed)-364(in)-365(stimulating)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fanaticism)-261(of)-261(the)-261(crusaders,)-264(in)-261(producing)-261(the)-261(atrocious)-261(massacre)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-510(the)-509(Albigenses,)-575(in)-510(embittering)-509(the)-510(religious)-510(contests)-509(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followed)-255(the)-256(Reformation.)-266(Private)-255(wars)-255(were,)-257(no)-255(doubt,)-257(in)-255(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(degree)-429(repressed)-429(by)-429(their)-429(influence;)-519(for)-429(the)-429(institution)-429(of)-429(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Truce)-208(of)-207(God)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 57.844 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.11 0 Td [(was)-208(for)-207(a)-208(time)-208(of)-208(much)-207(value,)-216(and)-208(when,)-216(towards)]TJ -69.798 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(close)-335(of)-335(the)-335(middle)-335(ages,)-356(the)-335(custom)-335(of)-334(duels)-335(arose,)-357(it)-334(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(strenuously)-330(condemned)-329(by)-330(the)-330(clergy;)-370(but)-329(we)-330(can)-330(hardly)-329(place)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-174(great)-173(value)-174(on)-173(their)-174(exertions)-173(in)-174(this)-173(field,)-189(when)-174(we)-173(remember)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-189(duels)-190(were)-189(almost)-190(or)-189(altogether)-190(unknown)-189(to)-190(the)-189(Pagan)-189(world;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that,)-200(having)-187(arisen)-187(in)-187(a)-187(period)-187(of)-187(great)-187(superstition,)-199(the)-187(anathemas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-222(the)-222(Church)-221(were)-222(almost)-222(impotent)-222(to)-222(discourage)-221(them;)-232(and)-221(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-470(our)-470(own)-470(century)-470(they)-470(are)-470(rapidly)-470(disappearing)-470(before)-470(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 131.886 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 124.99 Td [(525)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wakeman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.723 0 Td [(Arch\346ologia)-253(Hibernica)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 84.96 0 Td [(,)-254(p.)-260(21.)-260(However,)-255(Giraldus)-253(Cambrensis)]TJ -140.639 -10.959 Td [(observes)-279(that)-279(the)-279(Irish)-279(saints)-279(were)-279(peculiarly)-279(vindictive,)-287(and)-279(St.)-337(Columba)-279(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(St.)-644(Comgall)-381(are)-382(said)-381(to)-381(have)-382(been)-381(leaders)-381(in)-382(a)-381(sanguinary)-381(conflict)-382(about)-381(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(church)-257(near)-258(Coleraine.)-271(See)-258(Reeve's)-257(edition)-257(of)-257(Adamnan's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 208.313 0 Td [(Life)-257(of)-258(St.)-271(Columba)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.076 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(pp.)-250(lxxvii.)-250(253.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(526)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Campion's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.223 0 Td [(Historie)-250(of)-250(Ireland)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.489 0 Td [(\0501571\051,)-250(book)-250(i.)-250(ch.)-250(vi.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1075 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1076 0 R /Resources 1074 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1073 0 R >> endobj 1077 0 obj << /D [1075 0 R /XYZ 242.009 491.077 null] >> endobj 1074 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1080 0 obj << /Length 5179 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(251)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(simple)-271(censure)-270(of)-271(an)-270(industrial)-271(society.)-311(It)-270(is)-271(possible)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 230.399 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(though)-270(it)]TJ -241.309 -13.549 Td [(would,)-364(I)-341(imagine,)-364(be)-341(difficult)-341(to)-341(prove)-341(it)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 182.893 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(that)-341(the)-341(mediatorial)]TJ -193.803 -13.549 Td [(office,)-578(so)-512(often)-512(exercised)-512(by)-512(bishops,)-578(may)-512(sometimes)-512(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevented)-383(wars;)-451(and)-383(it)-383(is)-384(certain)-383(that)-384(during)-383(the)-384(period)-383(of)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(religious)-318(wars,)-335(so)-318(much)-318(military)-318(spirit)-318(existed)-318(in)-318(Europe)-318(that)-318(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-231(necessarily)-231(have)-231(found)-231(a)-231(vent,)-235(and)-462(under)-231(no)-230(circumstances)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([255])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(could)-438(the)-439(period)-438(have)-438(been)-438(one)-439(of)-438(perfect)-438(peace.)-815(But)-438(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-311(these)-311(qualifications)-310(have)-311(been)-311(fully)-311(admitted,)-326(the)-311(broad)-310(fact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-387(remain,)-421(that,)-421(with)-387(the)-387(exception)-387(of)-387(Mohammedanism,)-421(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(other)-278(religion)-279(has)-278(done)-279(so)-278(much)-278(to)-279(produce)-278(war)-278(as)-279(was)-278(done)-278(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-346(religious)-346(teachers)-347(of)-346(Christendom)-346(during)-346(several)-346(centuries.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-257(military)-257(fanaticism)-257(evoked)-256(by)-257(the)-257(indulgences)-257(of)-257(the)-256(popes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-407(the)-406(exhortations)-407(of)-406(the)-407(pulpit,)-446(by)-406(the)-407(religious)-406(importance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attached)-302(to)-303(the)-302(relics)-302(at)-302(Jerusalem,)-316(and)-302(by)-302(the)-302(prevailing)-302(hatred)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-284(misbelievers,)-292(has)-284(scarcely)-284(ever)-283(been)-284(equalled)-284(in)-284(its)-283(intensity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-493(it)-492(has)-493(caused)-492(the)-493(effusion)-493(of)-492(oceans)-493(of)-493(blood,)-553(and)-492(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-326(productive)-325(of)-326(incalculable)-325(misery)-326(to)-325(the)-326(world.)-476(Religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fanaticism)-210(was)-209(a)-210(main)-210(cause)-209(of)-210(the)-210(earlier)-209(wars,)-218(and)-210(an)-209(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ingredient)-436(in)-436(the)-436(later)-436(ones.)-807(The)-436(peace)-436(principles,)-483(that)-435(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(so)-362(common)-362(before)-362(Constantine,)-390(have)-362(found)-362(scarcely)-362(any)-362(echo)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(except)-297(from)-297(Erasmus,)-308(the)-297(Anabaptists,)-308(and)-297(the)-297(Quakers;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.932 3.959 Td [(527)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.945 -3.959 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td [(although)-341(some)-341(very)-342(important)-341(pacific)-341(agencies)-341(have)-341(arisen)-341(out)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-293(the)-293(industrial)-293(progress)-293(of)-293(modern)-293(times,)-304(these)-293(have)-293(been,)-303(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-256(most)-256(part,)-257(wholly)-256(unconnected)-256(with,)-257(and)-256(have)-256(in)-256(some)-255(cases)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(been)-250(directly)-250(opposed)-250(to,)-250(theological)-250(interests.)]TJ 11.956 -17.219 Td [(But)-225(although)-225(theological)-226(influences)-225(cannot)-225(reasonably)-225(be)-225(said)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-369(have)-369(diminished)-369(the)-370(number)-369(of)-369(wars,)-399(they)-369(have)-369(had)-369(a)-369(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(real)-332(and)-331(beneficial)-332(effect)-331(in)-332(di)1(minishing)-332(their)-331(atrocity.)-495(On)-331(few)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subjects)-328(have)-328(the)-328(moral)-327(opinions)-328(of)-328(different)-328(ages)-328(exhibited)-327(so)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 120.683 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(527)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-459(seems)-459(curious)-459(to)-459(find)-460(in)-459(so)-459(calm)-459(and)-459(unfanatical)-459(a)-459(writer)-460(as)-459(Justus)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Lipsius)-494(the)-494(following)-493(passage:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 122.508 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Jam)-494(et)-494(invasio)-493(qu\346dam)-494(legitima)-494(videtur)]TJ -126.489 -10.959 Td [(etiam)-399(sine)-399(injuria,)-437(ut)-399(in)-399(barbaros)-400(et)-399(moribus)-399(aut)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 184.218 0 Td [(religione)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.957 0 Td [(prorsum)-399(a)-399(nobis)]TJ -220.175 -10.959 Td [(abhorrentes.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 44.07 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Politicorum)-345(sive)-344(Civilis)-345(Doctrin\346)-344(libri)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 144.976 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-368(1594\051,)-368(lib.)-534(iv.)]TJ -201.994 -10.959 Td [(ch.)-250(ii.)-250(cap.)-250(iv.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1079 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1080 0 R /Resources 1078 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1073 0 R >> endobj 1081 0 obj << /D [1079 0 R /XYZ 222.294 450.429 null] >> endobj 1078 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1084 0 obj << /Length 5909 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(252History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(marked)-195(a)-195(variation)-195(as)-195(in)-195(their)-195(judgments)-195(of)-195(what)-195(punishment)-194(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(justly)-353(be)-353(imposed)-352(on)-353(a)-353(conquered)-353(enemy,)-378(and)-353(these)-352(variations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-284(often)-284(been)-284(cited)-285(as)-284(an)-284(argument)-284(against)-284(those)-284(who)-284(believe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-224(the)-223(existence)-224(of)-224(natural)-223(moral)-224(perceptions.)-241(To)-224(those,)-228(however,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-383(accept)-767(that)-383(doctrine,)-417(with)-383(the)-384(limitations)-383(that)-383(have)-383(been)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([256])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(stated)-464(in)-464(the)-463(first)-464(chapter,)-517(they)-464(can)-464(cause)-463(no)-464(perplexity.)-891(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-314(first)-314(dawning)-313(of)-314(the)-314(human)-314(intelligence)-313(\050as)-314(I)-314(have)-314(said\051)-313(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(notion)-367(of)-368(duty,)-397(as)-367(distinguished)-367(from)-368(that)-367(of)-368(interest,)-396(appears,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-315(the)-314(mind,)-331(in)-314(reviewing)-315(the)-314(various)-315(emotions)-314(by)-314(which)-315(it)-314(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(influenced,)-356(recognises)-336(the)-335(unselfish)-335(and)-335(benevolent)-335(motives)-335(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(essentially)-313(and)-312(generically)-313(superior)-312(to)-312(the)-313(selfish)-312(and)-313(the)-312(cruel.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-197(it)-198(is)-197(the)-198(general)-197(condition)-197(of)-198(society)-197(alone)-198(that)-197(determines)-197(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(standard)-239(of)-240(benevolence)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 105.793 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-239(classes)-240(towards)-239(which)-239(every)-240(good)]TJ -116.702 -13.549 Td [(man)-265(will)-264(exercise)-265(it.)-294(At)-265(first,)-268(the)-265(range)-264(of)-265(duty)-265(is)-264(the)-265(family,)-268(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tribe,)-257(the)-255(state,)-257(the)-255(confederation.)-266(Within)-255(these)-256(limits)-255(every)-255(man)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feels)-261(himself)-261(under)-261(moral)-261(obligations)-261(to)-260(those)-261(about)-261(him;)-267(but)-260(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regards)-184(the)-184(outer)-184(world)-183(as)-184(we)-184(regard)-184(wild)-184(animals,)-197(as)-184(beings)-183(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-160(he)-159(may)-160(justifiably)-159(prey.)-220(Hence,)-177(we)-160(may)-159(explain)-160(the)-159(curious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fact)-218(that)-218(the)-218(terms)-218(brigand)-218(or)-218(corsair)-218(conveyed)-218(in)-218(the)-218(early)-217(stages)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-352(society)-352(no)-352(notion)-352(of)-352(moral)-352(guilt.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 159.098 3.959 Td [(528)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.518 -3.959 Td [(Such)-352(men)-352(were)-352(looked)]TJ -177.616 -13.549 Td [(upon)-345(simply)-345(as)-346(we)-345(look)-345(upon)-345(huntsmen,)-369(and)-345(if)-345(they)-345(displayed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(courage)-286(and)-286(skill)-286(in)-285(their)-286(pursuit,)-295(they)-286(were)-286(deemed)-286(fit)-285(subjects)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-407(admiration.)-721(Even)-407(in)-407(the)-407(writings)-407(of)-407(the)-407(most)-406(enlightened)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.354 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.458 Td [(528)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Con)-427(l'occasione)-427(di)-427(queste)-427(cose)-426(Plutarco)-427(nel)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 167.861 0 Td [(Teseo)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.746 0 Td [(dice)-427(che)-427(gli)-427(eroi)-427(si)]TJ -208.544 -10.959 Td [(recavano)-292(a)-292(grande)-292(onore)-291(e)-292(si)-292(reputavano)-292(in)-292(pregio)-292(d'armi)-291(con)-292(l'esser)-292(chiamati)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ladroni;)-306(siccome)-287(a')-287(tempi)-287(barbari)-287(ritornati)-287(quello)-288(di)-287(Corsale)-287(era)-287(titolo)-287(riputato)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(di)-252(signoria;)-253(d'intorno)-252(a')-252(quali)-251(tempi)-252(venuto)-252(Solone,)-253(si)-251(dice)-252(aver)-252(permesso)-252(nelle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sue)-283(leggi)-283(le)-282(societ\340)-283(per)-283(cagion)-282(di)-283(prede;)-299(tanto)-283(Solone)-283(ben)-283(intese)-282(questa)-283(nostra)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(compiuta)-391(Umanit\340,)-425(nella)-391(quale)-390(costoro)-391(non)-390(godono)-391(del)-390(diritto)-391(natural)-390(delle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(genti!)-683(Ma)-394(quel)-394(che)-395(fa)-394(pi\371)-394(maraviglia)-394(\350)-395(che)-394(Platone)-394(ed)-395(Aristotile)-394(posero)-394(il)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(ladroneccio)-418(fralle)-418(spezie)-418(della)-418(caccia)-418(e)-418(con)-417(tali)-418(e)-418(tanti)-418(filosofi)-418(d'una)-418(gente)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(umanissima)-322(convengono)-322(con)-323(la)-322(loro)-322(barbarie)-322(i)-322(Germani)-322(antichi;)-359(appo)-322(i)-322(quali)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(al)-378(referire)-378(di)-378(Cesare)-377(\354)-378(ladronecci)-378(non)-378(solo)-378(non)-378(eran)-378(infami,)-409(ma)-378(si)-378(tenevano)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(tra)-317(gli)-317(esercizi)-317(della)-317(virt\371)-317(siccome)-317(tra)-317(quelli)-317(che)-317(per)-317(costume)-317(non)-317(applicando)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ad)-318(arte)-318(alcuna)-317(cos\354)-318(fuggivano)-318(l'ozio.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 132.144 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Vico,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.673 0 Td [(Scienza)-318(Nuova)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.653 0 Td [(,)-335(ii.)-453(6.)-453(See,)-335(too,)]TJ -221.418 -10.959 Td [(Whewell's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.712 0 Td [(Elements)-250(of)-250(Morality)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.712 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(vi.)-250(ch.)-250(ii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1083 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1084 0 R /Resources 1082 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1073 0 R >> endobj 1085 0 obj << /D [1083 0 R /XYZ 148.554 463.978 null] >> endobj 1082 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1088 0 obj << /Length 5972 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(253)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(philosophers)-299(of)-299(Greece,)-312(war)-299(with)-299(barbarians)-299(is)-299(represented)-299(as)-299(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(form)-275(of)-275(chase,)-282(and)-275(the)-275(simple)-275(desire)-275(of)-275(obtaining)-275(the)-275(barbarians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-313(slaves)-312(was)-313(considered)-312(a)-313(sufficient)-313(reason)-312(for)-313(invading)-312(them.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-395(right)-394(of)-395(the)-394(conqueror)-395(to)-394(kill)-394(his)-395(captives)-789(was)-394(generally)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([257])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(recognised,)-261(nor)-259(was)-259(it)-259(at)-258(first)-259(restricted)-259(by)-259(any)-259(considerations)-258(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age)-355(or)-355(sex.)-566(Several)-355(instances)-355(are)-355(recorded)-355(of)-355(Greek)-355(and)-355(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cities)-449(being)-448(deliberately)-449(destroyed)-449(by)-448(Greeks)-449(or)-449(by)-448(Romans,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-352(the)-352(entire)-353(populations)-352(ruthlessly)-352(massacred.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 214.637 3.959 Td [(529)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.526 -3.959 Td [(The)-352(whole)]TJ -233.163 -13.549 Td [(career)-431(of)-431(the)-431(early)-431(republic)-431(of)-431(Rome,)-476(though)-431(much)-431(idealised)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-335(transfigured)-335(by)-335(later)-335(historians,)-356(was)-335(probably)-335(governed)-335(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-500(principles.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 73.623 3.959 Td [(530)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.354 -3.959 Td [(The)-500(normal)-499(fate)-500(of)-500(the)-500(captive,)-562(which,)]TJ -96.977 -13.549 Td [(among)-371(barbarians,)-402(had)-371(been)-372(death,)-401(was,)-402(in)-371(civilised)-371(antiquity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slavery;)-246(but)-243(many)-244(thousands)-243(were)-244(condemned)-243(to)-244(the)-243(gladiatorial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shows,)-363(and)-341(the)-341(vanquished)-340(general)-341(was)-341(commonly)-340(slain)-341(in)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Mamertine)-342(prison,)-364(while)-342(his)-341(conqueror)-342(ascended)-341(in)-342(triumph)-341(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(Capitol.)]TJ 11.956 -18.717 Td [(A)-456(few)-456(traces)-456(of)-457(a)-456(more)-456(humane)-456(spirit)-457(may,)-507(it)-456(is)-457(true,)-507(be)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(discovered.)-927(Plato)-476(had)-476(advocated)-475(the)-476(liberation)-476(of)-476(all)-475(Greek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prisoners)-356(upon)-355(payment)-356(of)-355(a)-356(fixed)-355(ransom,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 193.844 3.959 Td [(531)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.619 -3.959 Td [(and)-356(t)1(he)-356(Spartan)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 252.678 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 245.782 Td [(529)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-241(ancient)-240(right)-241(of)-240(war)-241(is)-241(fully)-240(discussed)-241(by)-240(Grotius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 194.667 0 Td [(De)-241(Jure)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.546 0 Td [(,)-242(lib.)-247(iii.)-247(See,)]TJ -235.169 -10.959 Td [(especially,)-330(the)-313(horrible)-314(catalogue)-314(of)-313(tragedies)-314(in)-314(cap.)-441(4.)-441(The)-313(military)-314(feeling)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-380(regards)-381(capture)-380(as)-380(disgraceful,)-413(had)-381(probably)-380(some,)-413(though)-380(only)-381(a)-380(very)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(subordinate,)-250(influence)-250(in)-250(producing)-250(cruelty)-250(to)-250(the)-250(prisoners.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.395 Td [(530)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Le)-321(jour)-321(o\371)-322(Ath\350nes)-321(d\351cr\351ta)-321(que)-322(tous)-321(les)-321(Mityl\351niens,)-339(sans)-321(distinction)-322(de)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(sexe)-227(ni)-226(d'\342ge,)-231(seraient)-227(extermin\351s,)-231(elle)-227(ne)-226(croyait)-227(pas)-227(d\351passer)-226(son)-227(droit;)-234(quand)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(le)-339(lendemain)-339(elle)-339(revint)-340(sur)-339(son)-339(d\351cret)-339(et)-339(se)-339(contenta)-339(de)-340(mettre)-339(\340)-339(mort)-339(mille)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(citoyens)-302(et)-302(de)-302(confisquer)-302(toutes)-302(les)-302(terres,)-315(elle)-302(se)-302(crut)-302(humaine)-302(et)-302(indulgente.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Apr\350s)-433(la)-432(prise)-433(de)-432(Plat\351e)-433(les)-433(hommes)-432(furent)-433(\351gorg\351s,)-478(les)-432(femmes)-433(vendues,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(et)-409(personne)-409(n'accusa)-410(les)-409(vainqueurs)-409(d'avoir)-409(viol\351)-409(le)-409(droit....)-728(C'est)-409(en)-409(vertu)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(de)-462(ce)-461(droit)-462(de)-461(la)-462(guerre)-462(que)-461(Rome)-462(a)-461(\351tendu)-462(la)-461(solitude)-462(autour)-462(d'elle;)-567(du)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(territoire)-238(o\371)-238(les)-238(Volsques)-238(avaient)-238(vingt-trois)-239(cit\351s)-238(elle)-238(a)-238(fait)-238(les)-238(marais)-238(pontins;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(les)-443(cinquante-trois)-442(villes)-443(du)-442(Latium)-443(ont)-443(disparu;)-539(dans)-442(le)-443(Samnium)-442(on)-443(put)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(longtemps)-315(reconna\356tre)-315(les)-314(lieux)-315(o\371)-315(les)-315(arm\351es)-315(romaines)-314(avaient)-315(pass\351,)-331(moins)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(aux)-236(vestiges)-236(de)-236(leurs)-235(camps)-236(qu'\340)-236(la)-236(solitude)-236(qui)-235(r\350gnait)-236(aux)-236(environs.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 245.76 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Fustel)]TJ -258.707 -10.959 Td [(de)-250(Coulanges,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.046 0 Td [(La)-250(Cit\351)-250(antique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.797 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(263-264.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.593 -7.394 Td [(531)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plato,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.918 0 Td [(Republic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.875 0 Td [(,)-250(lib.)-250(v.;)-250(Bodin,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.3 0 Td [(R\351publique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.842 0 Td [(,)-250(liv.)-250(i.)-250(cap.)-250(5.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1087 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1088 0 R /Resources 1086 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1073 0 R >> endobj 1089 0 obj << /D [1087 0 R /XYZ 261.238 477.528 null] >> endobj 1086 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1092 0 obj << /Length 5697 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(254History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(general)-273(Callicratidas)-273(had)-274(nobly)-273(acted)-273(upon)-273(this)-273(principle;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 251.129 3.959 Td [(532)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.559 -3.959 Td [(but)]TJ -266.688 -13.549 Td [(his)-477(example)-477(never)-476(appears)-477(to)-477(have)-477(been)-477(generally)-476(followed.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-569(Rome,)-648(the)-569(notion)-569(of)-568(international)-569(obligation)-569(was)-1137(very)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([258])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(strongly)-559(felt.)-1175(No)-559(war)-559(was)-558(considered)-559(just)-558(which)-559(had)-558(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(been)-484(officially)-483(declared;)-601(and)-483(even)-484(in)-484(the)-483(case)-484(of)-484(wars)-483(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarians,)-414(the)-381(Roman)-381(historians)-381(often)-381(discuss)-381(the)-381(sufficiency)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-416(insufficiency)-415(of)-416(the)-416(motives,)-457(with)-415(a)-416(conscientious)-415(severity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-434(modern)-434(historian)-433(could)-434(hardly)-434(surpass.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.97 3.959 Td [(533)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.196 -3.959 Td [(The)-434(later)-434(Greek)]TJ -208.166 -13.549 Td [(and)-264(Latin)-265(writings)-264(occasionally)-265(contain)-264(maxims)-265(which)-264(exhibit)-264(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(considerable)-309(progress)-309(in)-309(this)-309(sphere.)-427(The)-309(sole)-309(legitimate)-308(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-268(war,)-273(both)-268(Cicero)-268(and)-268(Sallust)-268(declared)-268(to)-268(be)-268(an)-268(assured)-268(peace.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(That)-409(war,)-450(according)-409(to)-409(Tacitus,)-450(ends)-409(well)-409(which)-410(ends)-409(with)-409(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pardon.)-659(Pliny)-387(refused)-386(to)-387(apply)-386(the)-387(epithet)-386(great)-386(to)-387(C\346sar,)-420(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(account)-224(of)-223(the)-224(torrents)-224(of)-224(human)-223(blood)-224(he)-224(had)-223(shed.)-242(Two)-223(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conquerors)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.469 3.959 Td [(534)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.154 -3.959 Td [(are)-431(credited)-431(with)-431(the)-431(saying)-430(that)-431(it)-431(is)-431(better)-431(to)]TJ -65.623 -13.549 Td [(save)-311(the)-311(life)-312(of)-311(one)-311(citizen)-311(than)-312(to)-311(destroy)-311(a)-311(thousand)-311(enemies.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-161(Aurelius)-161(mournfully)-160(assimilated)-161(the)-161(career)-161(of)-161(a)-160(conqueror)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-308(that)-309(of)-308(a)-308(simple)-308(robber.)-425(Nations)-309(or)-308(armies)-308(which)-308(voluntarily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(submitted)-317(to)-316(Rome)-317(were)-317(habitually)-316(treated)-317(with)-317(great)-316(leniency,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-259(numerous)-259(acts)-259(of)-259(individual)-259(magnanimity)-259(are)-259(recorded.)-277(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(violation)-373(of)-373(the)-372(chastity)-373(of)-373(conquered)-372(women)-373(by)-373(soldiers)-373(in)-372(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(siege)-465(was)-466(denounced)-465(as)-465(a)-465(rare)-466(and)-465(atrocious)-465(crime.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 241.441 3.959 Td [(535)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.225 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-429(atrocities)-429(of)-428(ancient)-429(war)-429(appear)-428(at)-429(last)-429(to)-429(have)-428(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practically,)-218(though)-210(not)-211(legally,)-218(restricted)-210(to)-210(two)-210(classes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 240.133 3.959 Td [(536)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.035 -3.959 Td [(Cities)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 187.414 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 180.518 Td [(532)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Grote,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.832 0 Td [(Hist.)-247(of)-240(Greece)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 54.42 0 Td [(,)-243(vol.)-246(viii.)-247(p.)-247(224.)-247(Agesilaus)-241(was)-240(also)-241(very)-240(humane)-241(to)]TJ -91.208 -10.959 Td [(captives.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 31.625 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Ibid.)-250(pp.)-250(365-6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -40.342 -7.395 Td [(533)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-352(appears)-353(continually)-353(in)-352(Livy,)-378(but)-353(most)-352(of)-353(all,)-378(I)-352(think,)-379(in)-352(the)-353(Gaulish)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(historian,)-250(Florus.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(534)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Scipio)-250(and)-250(Trajan.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(535)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-292(some)-293(very)-292(remarkable)-293(passages)-292(in)-293(Grotius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 174.083 0 Td [(De)-293(Jure)-292(Bell)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.078 0 Td [(.)-378(lib.)-377(iii.)-378(cap.)]TJ -232.117 -10.959 Td [(4,)-250(\247)-250(19.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(536)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(These)-185(mitigations)-186(are)-185(fully)-186(enumerated)-185(by)-186(Ayala,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 175.858 0 Td [(De)-185(Jure)-186(et)-185(Officiis)-186(Bellicis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -187.813 -10.959 Td [(\050Antwerp,)-198(1597\051,)-198(Grotius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 94.231 0 Td [(De)-185(Jure)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.049 0 Td [(.)-228(It)-185(is)-186(remarkable)-185(that)-185(both)-185(Ayala)-185(and)-185(Grotius)]TJ -122.28 -10.959 Td [(base)-354(their)-354(attempts)-354(to)-353(mitigate)-354(the)-354(severity)-354(of)-354(war)-354(chiefly)-353(upon)-354(the)-354(writings)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-267(examples)-267(of)-267(the)-268(Pagans.)-301(The)-267(limits)-267(of)-267(the)-267(right)-268(of)-267(conquerors)-267(and)-267(the)-267(just)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1091 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1092 0 R /Resources 1090 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1073 0 R >> endobj 1093 0 obj << /D [1091 0 R /XYZ 348.583 491.077 null] >> endobj 1090 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1096 0 obj << /Length 6558 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(255)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(where)-389(Roman)-389(ambassadors)-389(had)-389(been)-389(insulted,)-424(or)-389(where)-388(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(special)-317(act)-316(of)-317(ill)-316(faith)-317(or)-316(cruelty)-317(had)-317(taken)-316(place,)-333(were)-317(razed)-316(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-396(ground,)-431(and)-396(their)-395(populations)-396(massacred)-395(or)-396(delivered)-395(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slavery.)-230(Barbarian)-191(prisoners)-190(were)-191(regarded)-191(almost)-190(as)-191(wild)-190(beasts,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-257(sent)-256(in)-257(thousands)-257(to)-257(fill)-256(the)-257(slave)-257(market)-257(or)-256(to)-257(combat)-257(in)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arena.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([259])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -18.224 Td [(The)-158(changes)-158(Christianity)-158(effected)-158(in)-158(the)-158(rights)-158(of)-158(war)-158(were)-158(very)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(important,)-199(and)-185(they)-186(may,)-199(I)-185(think,)-199(be)-185(comprised)-186(under)-186(three)-185(heads.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-176(the)-175(first)-175(place,)-191(it)-175(suppressed)-176(the)-175(gladiatorial)-176(shows,)-190(and)-175(thereby)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(saved)-373(thousands)-373(of)-374(captives)-373(from)-373(a)-373(bloody)-373(death.)-620(In)-373(the)-373(next)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(place,)-239(it)-237(steadily)-237(discouraged)-237(the)-236(practice)-237(of)-237(enslaving)-236(prisoners,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ransomed)-217(immense)-217(multitudes)-217(with)-218(charitable)-217(contributions,)-223(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-212(slow)-212(and)-211(insensible)-212(gradations)-212(proceeded)-211(on)-212(its)-212(path)-212(of)-211(mercy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(till)-259(it)-258(became)-259(a)-259(recognised)-259(principle)-258(of)-259(international)-259(law,)-261(that)-258(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-283(prisoners)-283(should)-283(be)-283(reduced)-283(to)-284(slavery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 215.165 3.958 Td [(537)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.264 -3.958 Td [(In)-283(the)-283(third)]TJ -231.429 -13.55 Td [(place,)-300(it)-291(had)-290(a)-290(more)-290(indirect)-290(but)-291(very)-290(powerful)-290(influence)-290(by)-290(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 294.478 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 285.565 Td [(causes)-250(of)-250(war)-250(are)-250(discussed)-250(by)-250(Cicero,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 140.432 0 Td [(De)-250(Offic.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.112 0 Td [(lib.)-250(i.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -175.294 -7.395 Td [(537)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(In)-382(England)-383(the)-382(change)-383(seems)-382(to)-382(have)-383(immediately)-382(followed)-383(conversion.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(The)-346(evangelical)-346(precepts)-346(of)-347(peace)-346(and)-346(love,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 161.781 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.085 0 Td [(says)-346(a)-346(very)-347(learned)-346(historian,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -172.848 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(did)-330(not)-330(put)-330(an)-329(end)-330(to)-330(war,)-350(they)-330(did)-330(not)-330(put)-329(an)-330(end)-330(to)-330(aggressive)-330(conquests,)]TJ -3.981 -10.959 Td [(but)-385(they)-384(distinctly)-385(humanised)-385(the)-384(way)-385(in)-384(which)-385(war)-385(was)-384(carried)-385(on.)-654(From)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(this)-429(time)-430(forth)-429(the)-429(never-ending)-430(wars)-429(with)-430(the)-429(Welsh)-429(cease)-430(to)-429(be)-430(wars)-429(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(extermination.)-485(The)-328(heathen)-329(English)-328(had)-328(been)-329(satisfied)-328(with)-328(nothing)-329(short)-328(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-305(destruction)-305(and)-305(expulsion)-305(of)-305(their)-305(enemies;)-332(the)-305(Christian)-305(English)-305(thought)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it)-493(enough)-492(to)-493(reduce)-492(them)-493(to)-492(political)-493(subjection....)-978(The)-492(Christian)-493(Welsh)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(could)-341(now)-341(sit)-341(down)-341(as)-341(subjects)-341(of)-340(the)-341(Christian)-341(Saxon.)-523(The)-341(Welshman)-341(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(acknowledged)-386(as)-386(a)-387(man)-386(and)-386(a)-386(citizen,)-421(and)-386(was)-386(put)-386(under)-386(the)-387(protection)-386(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-428(law.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.988 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Freeman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 40.318 0 Td [(Hist.)-786(of)-428(the)-429(Norman)-428(Conquest)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 116.958 0 Td [(,)-473(vol.)-786(i.)-785(pp.)-786(33-34.)]TJ -200.211 -10.959 Td [(Christians)-450(who)-450(assisted)-450(infidels)-450(in)-451(wars)-450(were)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 176.178 0 Td [(ipso)-450(facto)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.951 0 Td [(excommunicated,)]TJ -217.129 -10.959 Td [(and)-361(might)-361(therefore)-361(be)-362(enslaved,)-389(but)-361(all)-361(others)-361(were)-361(free)-361(from)-361(slavery.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 268.677 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Et)]TJ -272.658 -10.959 Td [(quidem)-270(inter)-271(Christianos)-270(laudabili)-270(et)-271(antiqua)-270(consuetudine)-270(introductum)-271(est,)-275(ut)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(capti)-318(hinc)-319(inde,)-335(utcunque)-318(justo)-319(bello,)-335(non)-319(fierent)-318(servi,)-335(sed)-319(liberi)-318(servarentur)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(donec)-406(solvant)-406(precium)-406(redemptionis.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 136.683 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ayala,)-445(lib.)-718(i.)-718(cap.)-718(5.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 91.251 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(This)-406(rule,)]TJ -244.862 -10.959 Td [(at)-434(least,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.038 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.869 0 Td [(says)-434(Grotius,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 52.768 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\050though)-434(but)-433(a)-434(small)-433(matter\051)-434(the)-434(reverence)-433(for)-434(the)]TJ -93.656 -10.959 Td [(Christian)-298(law)-299(has)-298(enforced,)-311(which)-299(Socrates)-298(vainly)-298(sought)-299(to)-298(have)-299(established)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(among)-222(the)-222(Greeks.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 66.98 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.972 0 Td [(The)-222(Mohammedans)-222(also)-222(made)-222(it)-222(a)-222(rule)-223(not)-222(to)-222(enslave)-222(their)]TJ -72.952 -10.959 Td [(co-religionists.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 53.547 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Grotius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.119 0 Td [(De)-316(Jure)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.218 0 Td [(,)-332(iii.)-447(7,)-332(\247)-316(9.)-447(Pagan)-316(and)-316(barbarian)-315(prisoners)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1095 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1096 0 R /Resources 1094 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1098 0 R >> endobj 1097 0 obj << /D [1095 0 R /XYZ 46.771 450.331 null] >> endobj 1094 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1101 0 obj << /Length 4480 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(256History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(creation)-235(of)-234(a)-235(new)-235(warlike)-234(ideal.)-245(The)-235(ideal)-234(knight)-235(of)-235(the)-234(Crusades)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-453(of)-453(chivalry,)-504(uniting)-453(all)-454(the)-453(force)-453(and)-453(fire)-453(of)-453(the)-453(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(warrior,)-408(with)-377(something)-377(of)-376(the)-377(tenderness)-377(and)-376(humility)-377(of)-376(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-305(saint,)-318(sprang)-304(from)-305(the)-304(conjunction)-305(of)-304(the)-305(two)-304(streams)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-255(religious)-255(and)-255(of)-255(military)-510(feeling;)-258(and)-255(although)-255(this)-255(ideal,)-256(like)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([260])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(all)-308(others,)-322(was)-307(a)-308(creation)-307(of)-308(the)-308(imagination)-307(not)-308(often)-307(perfectly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(realised)-364(in)-364(life,)-393(yet)-364(it)-364(remained)-365(the)-364(type)-364(and)-364(model)-364(of)-364(warlike)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellence,)-242(to)-240(which)-239(many)-240(generations)-240(aspired;)-243(and)-240(its)-239(softening)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-254(may)-253(even)-254(now)-253(be)-253(largely)-254(traced)-253(in)-254(the)-253(character)-254(of)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(modern)-250(gentleman.)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 163.701 378.192 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 140.315 0 l S Q BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 105.499 359.754 Td [(Together)-655(with)-655(the)-656(gradual)-655(fusion)-655(of)-655(the)-655(military)-655(spirit)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(with)-411(Christianity,)-452(we)-411(may)-412(dimly)-411(descry,)-452(in)-411(the)-411(period)-411(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charlemagne,)-231(the)-225(first)-226(stages)-226(of)-226(that)-225(consecration)-226(of)-226(secular)-225(rank)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-268(at)-269(a)-268(later)-268(period,)-273(in)-268(the)-269(forms)-268(of)-268(chivalry,)-273(the)-268(divine)-268(right)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-346(kings,)-371(and)-346(the)-346(reverence)-346(for)-346(aristocracies,)-371(played)-346(so)-346(large)-346(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-250(both)-250(in)-250(moral)-250(and)-250(in)-250(political)-250(history.)]TJ 11.956 -14.825 Td [(We)-275(have)-275(already)-275(seen)-274(that)-275(the)-275(course)-275(of)-275(events)-275(in)-275(the)-274(Roman)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Empire)-369(had)-369(been)-369(towards)-369(the)-369(continual)-369(aggrandisement)-369(of)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperial)-306(power.)-419(The)-306(representative)-307(despotism)-306(of)-306(Augustus)-306(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-352(last)-351(succeeded)-352(by)-351(the)-352(oriental)-352(despotism)-351(of)-352(Diocletian.)-554(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(senate)-219(sank)-219(into)-219(a)-220(powerless)-219(assembly)-219(of)-219(imperial)-219(nominees,)-225(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-247(spirit)-248(of)-247(Roman)-248(freedom)-247(wholly)-247(perished)-248(with)-247(the)-247(extinction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(Stoicism.)]TJ 11.956 -14.825 Td [(It)-539(would)-540(probably)-539(be)-540(a)-539(needless)-540(refinement)-539(to)-540(seek)-539(any)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(deeper)-263(causes)-264(for)-263(this)-264(change)-263(than)-263(may)-264(be)-263(found)-264(in)-263(the)-263(ordinary)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(principles)-553(of)-554(human)-553(nature.)-1159(Despotism)-554(is)-553(the)-553(normal)-553(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legitimate)-341(government)-341(of)-341(an)-341(early)-341(society)-341(in)-341(which)-341(knowledge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-330(not)-331(yet)-330(developed)-331(the)-330(powers)-331(of)-330(the)-331(people;)-370(but)-331(when)-330(it)-330(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(introduced)-379(into)-379(a)-378(civilised)-379(community,)-411(it)-379(is)-378(of)-379(the)-379(nature)-379(of)-378(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disease,)-199(and)-187(a)-187(disease)-186(which,)-200(unless)-186(it)-187(be)-187(checked,)-199(has)-187(a)-186(continual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tendency)-370(to)-371(spread.)-610(When)-370(free)-371(nations)-370(abdicate)-370(their)-370(political)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 74.966 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 66.142 Td [(were,)-250(however,)-250(sold)-250(as)-250(slaves)-250(\050especially)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Spaniards\051)-250(till)-250(very)-250(recently.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1100 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1101 0 R /Resources 1099 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1098 0 R >> endobj 1102 0 obj << /D [1100 0 R /XYZ 214.114 463.978 null] >> endobj 1099 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1105 0 obj << /Length 4538 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(257)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(functions,)-386(they)-359(gradually)-359(lose)-358(both)-359(the)-359(capacity)-359(and)-359(the)-358(desire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-288(freedom.)-362(Political)-288(talent)-287(and)-288(ambition,)-297(having)-287(no)-288(sphere)-287(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action,)-226(steadily)-220(decay,)-226(and)-220(servile,)-226(enervating,)-226(and)-220(vicious)-220(habits)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proportionately)-187(increase.)-229(Nations)-186(are)-187(organic)-187(beings)-186(in)-187(a)-186(constant)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(process)-300(of)-300(expansion)-300(or)-300(decay,)-313(and)-300(where)-300(they)-300(do)-300(not)-300(exhibit)-300(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(progress)-250(of)-250(liberty)-250(they)-250(usually)-250(exhibit)-250(a)-250(progress)-250(of)-250(servitude.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(It)-230(can)-230(hardly)-230(be)-230(asserted)-230(that)-230(Christianity)-230(had)-230(much)-230(influence)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([261])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(upon)-178(this)-177(change.)-226(By)-178(accelerating)-177(in)-178(some)-177(degree)-178(that)-177(withdrawal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-573(the)-573(virtuous)-573(energies)-573(of)-573(the)-573(people)-573(from)-573(the)-573(sphere)-572(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-401(which)-401(had)-401(long)-400(been)-401(in)-401(process,)-439(it)-401(prevented)-400(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-439(improvement)-438(of)-439(morals,)-486(which)-438(it)-439(undoubtedly)-438(effected,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-266(appearing)-266(perceptibly)-266(in)-265(public)-266(affairs.)-298(It)-266(taught)-266(a)-265(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-317(passive)-316(obedience,)-334(which)-316(its)-317(disciples)-317(nobly)-316(observed)-317(in)-316(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worst)-307(periods)-308(of)-307(persecution.)-422(On)-307(the)-307(other)-308(hand,)-321(the)-307(Christians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emphatically)-517(repudiated)-516(the)-517(ascription)-517(of)-516(Divine)-517(honours)-516(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-477(sovereign,)-533(and)-476(they)-477(asserted)-476(with)-477(heroic)-476(constancy)-476(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(independent)-332(worship,)-353(in)-332(defiance)-333(of)-332(the)-332(law.)-497(After)-332(the)-332(time)-332(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Constantine,)-597(however,)-596(their)-527(zeal)-527(became)-528(far)-527(less)-527(pure,)-596(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sectarian)-560(interests)-560(wholly)-559(governed)-560(their)-560(principles.)-1179(Much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(misapplied)-556(learning)-557(has)-556(been)-556(employed)-557(in)-556(endeavouring)-556(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extract)-438(from)-439(the)-438(Fathers)-439(a)-438(consistent)-439(doctrine)-438(concerning)-438(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(relations)-479(of)-480(subjects)-479(to)-479(their)-480(sovereigns;)-594(but)-479(every)-479(impartial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(observer)-291(may)-291(discover)-291(that)-291(the)-291(principle)-291(upon)-291(which)-291(they)-290(acted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-455(exceedingly)-454(simple.)-863(When)-455(a)-454(sovereign)-455(was)-454(sufficiently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orthodox)-274(in)-274(his)-274(opinions,)-280(and)-274(sufficiently)-274(zealous)-274(in)-273(patronising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-356(Church)-357(and)-356(in)-357(persecuting)-356(the)-356(heretics,)-383(he)-357(was)-356(extolled)-356(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-477(angel.)-932(When)-477(his)-477(policy)-478(was)-477(opposed)-477(to)-477(the)-477(Church,)-534(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-372(represented)-372(as)-372(a)-372(d\346mon.)-616(The)-372(estimate)-372(which)-372(Gregory)-371(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tours)-443(has)-443(given)-443(of)-443(the)-444(character)-443(of)-443(Clovis,)-491(though)-443(far)-443(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(frank,)-369(is)-346(not)-345(a)-346(more)-345(striking)-346(instance)-345(of)-346(moral)-345(perversion)-345(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-310(fulsome)-310(and)-311(indeed)-310(blasphemous)-310(adulation)-310(which)-310(Eusebius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poured)-335(upon)-334(Constantine)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 111.535 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-334(sovereign)-335(whose)-334(character)-335(was)-334(at)]TJ -122.444 -13.55 Td [(all)-256(times)-255(of)-256(the)-256(most)-255(mingled)-256(description,)-257(and)-256(who,)-257(shortly)-255(after)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-331(conversion,)-351(put)-330(to)-331(a)-331(violent)-331(death)-330(his)-331(son,)-351(his)-331(nephew,)-350(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1104 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1105 0 R /Resources 1103 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1098 0 R >> endobj 1106 0 obj << /D [1104 0 R /XYZ 327.401 431.97 null] >> endobj 1103 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1109 0 obj << /Length 5470 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(258History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(his)-336(wife.)-508(If)-336(we)-336(were)-336(to)-336(estimate)-336(the)-336(attitude)-336(of)-336(ecclesiastics)-336(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sovereigns)-263(by)-262(the)-263(language)-262(of)-263(Eusebius,)-266(we)-262(should)-263(suppose)-262(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-395(ascribed)-395(to)-394(them)-395(a)-395(direct)-395(Divine)-395(inspiration,)-431(and)-394(exalted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-377(Imperial)-377(dignity)-377(to)-377(an)-376(extent)-377(that)-377(was)-377(before)-377(unknown.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(538)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(But)-513(when)-514(Julian)-1026(mounted)-514(the)-513(throne,)-579(the)-514(whole)-513(aspect)-513(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([262])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-532(Church)-533(was)-532(changed.)-1097(This)-533(great)-532(and)-532(virtuous,)-603(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(misguided)-308(sovereign,)-322(whose)-307(private)-308(life)-308(was)-307(a)-308(model)-308(of)-307(purity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-377(carri)1(ed)-377(to)-376(the)-377(throne)-376(the)-377(manners,)-408(tastes,)-408(and)-376(friendships)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-303(a)-304(philosophic)-303(life,)-317(and)-303(who)-304(proclaimed)-303(and,)-317(with)-303(very)-303(slight)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(exceptions,)-301(acted)-292(with)-291(the)-291(largest)-291(and)-291(most)-291(generous)-291(toleration,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-246(an)-245(enemy)-246(of)-245(the)-246(Church,)-246(and)-246(all)-246(the)-245(vocabulary)-246(of)-245(invective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-282(in)-281(consequence)-282(habitually)-281(lavished)-281(upon)-282(him.)-344(Ecclesiastics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-325(laymen)-324(combined)-325(in)-324(insulting)-325(him,)-343(and)-325(when,)-343(after)-325(a)-324(brief)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-300(glorious)-300(reign)-300(of)-300(less)-300(than)-299(two)-300(years,)-313(he)-300(met)-300(an)-299(honourable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(death)-383(on)-383(the)-383(battle-field,)-416(neither)-383(the)-383(disaster)-383(that)-383(had)-382(befallen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-355(Roman)-354(arms,)-381(nor)-354(the)-355(present)-354(dangers)-354(of)-355(the)-354(army,)-381(nor)-354(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heroic)-299(courage)-299(which)-299(the)-299(fallen)-299(emperor)-299(had)-299(displayed,)-311(nor)-299(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(majestic)-481(tranquillity)-481(of)-480(his)-481(end,)-539(nor)-480(the)-481(tears)-481(of)-481(his)-480(faithful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(friends,)-314(could)-301(shame)-301(the)-301(Christian)-301(community)-301(into)-301(the)-301(decency)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-252(silence.)-257(A)-253(peal)-252(of)-252(brutal)-252(merriment)-253(filled)-252(the)-252(land.)-257(In)-252(Antioch)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-313(Christians)-313(assembled)-313(in)-313(the)-312(theatres)-313(and)-313(in)-313(the)-313(churches,)-328(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(celebrate)-316(with)-315(rejoicing)-316(the)-316(death)-316(which)-315(their)-316(emperor)-316(had)-315(met)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-371(fighting)-370(against)-371(the)-370(enemies)-371(of)-371(his)-370(country.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 209.194 3.959 Td [(539)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.127 -3.959 Td [(A)-370(crowd)-371(of)]TJ -228.321 -13.549 Td [(vindictive)-208(legends)-207(expressed)-208(the)-208(exultation)-207(of)-208(the)-208(Church,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 250.066 3.959 Td [(540)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.811 -3.959 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td [(St.)-437(Gregory)-313(Nazianzen)-312(devoted)-312(his)-313(eloquence)-312(to)-312(immortalising)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it.)-245(His)-235(brother)-234(had)-235(at)-235(one)-234(time)-235(been)-235(a)-235(high)-234(official)-235(in)-235(the)-234(Empire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-300(had)-300(fearlessly)-300(owned)-301(his)-300(Christianity)-300(under)-300(Julian;)-325(but)-300(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emperor)-364(not)-364(only)-364(did)-364(not)-364(remove)-363(him)-364(from)-364(his)-364(post,)-393(but)-363(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(honoured)-313(him)-314(with)-313(his)-313(warm)-313(friendship.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 179.196 3.959 Td [(541)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.251 -3.959 Td [(The)-313(body)-314(of)-313(Julian)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 121.642 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 114.746 Td [(538)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-323(character)-323(of)-323(Constantine,)-342(and)-323(the)-323(estimate)-323(of)-324(it)-323(in)-323(Eusebius,)-341(are)-324(well)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(treated)-250(by)-250(Dean)-250(Stanley,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 90.39 0 Td [(Lectures)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Eastern)-250(Church)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 116.805 0 Td [(\050Lect.)-250(vi.\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -206.946 -7.394 Td [(539)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Theodoret,)-250(iii.)-250(28.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.621 Td [(540)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(They)-250(are)-250(collected)-250(by)-250(Chateaubriand,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 136.45 0 Td [(\311tudes)-250(hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.087 0 Td [(2)]TJ 4.484 4.035 Td [(me)]TJ 13.198 -4.035 Td [(disc.)-250(2)]TJ 23.411 4.035 Td [(me)]TJ 13.199 -4.035 Td [(partie.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -246.536 -7.394 Td [(541)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(St.)-250(Gregory's)-250(oration)-250(on)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 103.22 0 Td [(Cesarius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.885 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1108 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1109 0 R /Resources 1107 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1098 0 R >> endobj 1110 0 obj << /D [1108 0 R /XYZ 175.799 463.978 null] >> endobj 1107 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1113 0 obj << /Length 4933 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(259)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(had)-344(been)-344(laid)-344(but)-344(a)-344(short)-344(time)-344(in)-344(the)-344(grave,)-367(when)-344(St.)-532(Gregory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(delivered)-219(two)-219(fierce)-219(invectives)-219(against)-219(his)-218(memory,)-226(collected)-218(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grotesque)-380(calumnies)-379(that)-380(had)-379(been)-380(heaped)-379(upon)-380(his)-379(character,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expressed)-223(a)-223(regret)-223(that)-223(his)-223(remains)-223(had)-223(not)-223(been)-223(flung)-223(after)-223(death)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(into)-251(the)-251(common)-250(sewer,)-251(and)-251(regaled)-251(the)-250(hearers)-251(by)-251(an)-501(emphatic)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([263])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(assertion)-299(of)-299(the)-299(tortures)-299(that)-299(were)-299(awaiting)-299(him)-299(in)-299(hell.)-397(Among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-434(Pagans)-434(a)-434(charge)-434(of)-434(the)-434(gravest)-434(kind)-434(was)-434(brought)-434(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-328(Christians.)-485(It)-328(was)-329(said)-328(that)-328(Julian)-329(died)-328(by)-328(the)-328(spear,)-348(not)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-345(enemy,)-368(but)-345(of)-345(one)-344(of)-345(his)-345(own)-345(Christian)-344(soldiers.)-535(When)-344(we)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(remember)-271(that)-272(he)-271(was)-271(at)-271(once)-272(an)-271(emperor)-271(and)-271(a)-272(general,)-276(that)-271(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fell)-298(when)-298(bravely)-298(and)-297(confidently)-298(leading)-298(his)-298(army)-298(in)-298(the)-297(field,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-210(in)-210(the)-210(critical)-210(moment)-209(of)-210(a)-210(battle)-210(on)-210(which)-210(the)-210(fortunes)-210(of)-209(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire)-233(largely)-232(depended,)-237(this)-232(charge,)-236(which)-233(Libanius)-233(has)-232(made,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appears)-319(to)-319(involve)-319(as)-319(large)-319(an)-319(amount)-319(of)-319(base)-319(treachery)-319(as)-319(any)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-367(can)-367(be)-367(conceived.)-601(It)-367(was)-367(probably)-367(a)-367(perfectly)-366(groundless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(calumny;)-426(but)-367(the)-367(manner)-367(in)-366(which)-367(it)-367(was)-367(regarded)-367(among)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christians)-365(is)-365(singularly)-365(characteristic.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 174.469 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Libanius,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 40.909 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.824 0 Td [(says)-365(one)-365(of)]TJ -229.045 -13.549 Td [(the)-288(ecclesiastical)-288(historians,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 125.569 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(clearly)-288(states)-288(that)-288(the)-288(emperor)-288(fell)]TJ -130.413 -13.549 Td [(by)-308(the)-307(hand)-308(of)-308(a)-308(Christian;)-336(and)-308(this,)-322(probably,)-322(was)-308(the)-307(truth.)-423(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-306(not)-306(unlikely)-306(that)-306(some)-305(of)-306(the)-306(soldiers)-306(who)-306(then)-306(served)-306(in)-305(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-362(army)-362(might)-361(have)-362(conceived)-362(the)-361(idea)-362(of)-362(acting)-362(like)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ancient)-371(slayers)-371(of)-371(tyrants)-371(who)-371(exposed)-371(themselves)-371(to)-371(death)-371(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-258(cause)-258(of)-258(liberty,)-260(and)-258(fought)-258(in)-258(defence)-258(of)-258(their)-258(country,)-259(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(families,)-209(and)-199(their)-198(friends,)-209(and)-199(whose)-199(names)-198(are)-199(held)-199(in)-198(universal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(admiration.)-320(Still)-274(less)-273(is)-274(he)-273(deserving)-273(of)-274(blame)-273(who,)-280(for)-273(the)-273(sake)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(God)-250(and)-250(of)-250(religion,)-250(performed)-250(so)-250(bold)-250(a)-250(deed.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 216.622 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(542)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -209.51 -22.544 Td [(It)-434(may)-435(be)-434(asserted,)-481(I)-434(think,)-481(without)-434(exaggeration,)-481(that)-434(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(complete)-209(subordination)-209(of)-209(all)-209(other)-209(principles)-209(to)-209(their)-208(theological)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interests,)-618(which)-545(characterised)-545(the)-544(ecclesiastics)-545(under)-544(Julian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continued)-261(for)-261(many)-260(centuries.)-283(No)-260(language)-261(of)-261(invective)-261(was)-260(too)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-226(to)-225(be)-226(applied)-226(to)-225(a)-226(sovereign)-226(who)-225(opposed)-226(their)-225(interests.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(No)-371(language)-372(of)-371(adulation)-371(was)-371(too)-372(extravagant)-371(for)-371(a)-371(sovereign)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(542)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sozomen,)-250(vi.)-250(2.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1112 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1113 0 R /Resources 1111 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1098 0 R >> endobj 1114 0 obj << /D [1112 0 R /XYZ 284.673 463.978 null] >> endobj 1111 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1117 0 obj << /Length 5250 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(260History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(who)-432(sustained)-433(them.)-797(Of)-432(all)-433(the)-432(emperors)-433(who)-432(disgraced)-432(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(throne)-429(of)-429(Constantinople,)-474(the)-429(most)-429(odious)-429(and)-429(ferocious)-428(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-362(Phocas.)-585(An)-361(obscure)-362(centurion,)-390(he)-361(rose)-362(by)-362(a)-361(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolt)-364(to)-365(the)-364(supreme)-364(power,)-786(and)-365(the)-364(Emperor)-364(Maurice,)-393(with)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([264])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(his)-370(family,)-400(fell)-369(into)-370(his)-370(hands.)-609(He)-370(resolved)-370(to)-370(put)-370(the)-369(captive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emperor)-350(to)-350(death;)-400(but,)-376(first)-350(of)-350(all,)-375(he)-350(ordered)-350(his)-350(five)-350(children)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-384(be)-384(brought)-384(out)-384(and)-384(to)-384(be)-384(successively)-384(murdered)-384(before)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eyes)-239(of)-239(their)-239(father,)-241(who)-239(bore)-238(the)-239(awful)-239(sight)-239(with)-239(a)-239(fine)-238(mixture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-341(antique)-341(heroism)-342(and)-341(of)-341(Christian)-341(piety,)-364(murmuring,)-364(as)-341(each)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(child)-398(fell)-398(beneath)-398(the)-397(knife)-398(of)-398(the)-398(assassin,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 201.457 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Thou)-398(art)-398(just,)-435(O)]TJ -206.301 -13.549 Td [(Lord,)-339(and)-322(righteous)-321(are)-322(Thy)-321(judgments,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 177.099 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.351 0 Td [(and)-321(even)-322(interposing,)]TJ -185.45 -13.549 Td [(at)-503(the)-502(last)-502(moment,)-566(to)-503(reveal)-502(the)-503(heroic)-502(fraud)-502(of)-503(the)-502(nurse)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-439(desired)-439(to)-439(save)-440(his)-439(youngest)-439(child)-439(by)-439(substituting)-439(for)-439(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-367(own.)-601(But)-367(Maurice)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 102.117 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(who)-367(had)-367(been)-367(a)-367(weak)-367(and)-367(avaricious)]TJ -113.026 -13.55 Td [(rather)-341(than)-341(a)-341(vicious)-341(sovereign)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 137.883 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(had)-341(shown)-341(himself)-341(jealous)-341(of)]TJ -148.792 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(influence)-272(of)-271(the)-272(Pope,)-277(had)-272(forbidden)-272(the)-272(soldiers,)-277(during)-271(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-281(danger)-281(of)-281(their)-280(country,)-289(deserting)-281(their)-281(colours)-281(to)-280(enrol)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-295(as)-294(monks,)-306(and)-295(had)-294(even)-295(encouraged)-295(the)-294(pretensions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-426(the)-427(Archbishop)-426(of)-427(Constantinople)-426(to)-426(the)-427(title)-426(of)-426(Universal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Bishop;)-372(and,)-351(in)-332(the)-331(eyes)-331(of)-331(the)-331(Roman)-332(priests,)-351(the)-331(recollection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-501(these)-500(crimes)-501(was)-501(sufficient)-500(to)-501(excuse)-501(the)-500(most)-501(brutal)-500(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(murders.)-744(In)-415(two)-415(letters,)-456(full)-415(of)-415(passages)-415(from)-414(Scripture,)-456(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(replete)-443(with)-444(fulsome)-443(and)-443(blasphemous)-444(flattery,)-491(the)-444(Pope,)-491(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gregory)-383(the)-383(Great,)-416(wrote)-383(to)-383(congratulate)-383(Phocas)-383(and)-383(his)-383(wife)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(upon)-351(their)-352(triumph;)-402(he)-351(called)-351(heaven)-351(and)-352(earth)-351(to)-351(rejoice)-351(over)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them;)-509(he)-423(placed)-423(their)-422(images)-423(to)-423(be)-422(venerated)-423(in)-423(the)-422(Lateran,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-280(he)-280(adroitly)-280(insinuated)-280(that)-280(it)-281(was)-280(impossible)-280(that,)-287(with)-280(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well-known)-362(piety,)-389(they)-362(could)-362(fail)-362(to)-361(be)-362(very)-362(favourable)-362(to)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(See)-250(of)-250(Peter.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 55.44 3.959 Td [(543)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 120.683 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 113.787 Td [(543)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.186 0 Td [(xiii.)-833(31-39.)-832(In)-445(the)-444(second)-444(of)-444(these)-445(letters)-444(\050which)-444(is)-444(addressed)-444(to)]TJ -28.142 -10.959 Td [(Leontia\051,)-248(he)-247(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 65.68 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Rogare)-247(forsitan)-247(debui)-247(ut)-247(ecclesiam)-247(beati)-247(Petri)-247(apostoli)-247(qu\346)]TJ -69.661 -10.959 Td [(nunc)-263(usque)-263(gravibus)-263(insidiis)-263(laboravit,)-267(haberet)-263(Vestra)-263(Tranquillitas)-263(specialiter)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(commendatam.)-619(Sed)-372(qui)-373(scio)-373(quia)-373(omnipotentem)-373(Deum)-373(diligitis,)-403(non)-373(debeo)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(petere)-250(quod)-250(sponte)-250(ex)-250(benignitate)-250(vestr\346)-250(pietatis)-250(exhibetis.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 211.185 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1116 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1117 0 R /Resources 1115 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1098 0 R >> endobj 1118 0 obj << /D [1116 0 R /XYZ 227.948 477.528 null] >> endobj 1115 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1121 0 obj << /Length 4632 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(261)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-225(course)-224(of)-225(events)-224(in)-225(relation)-224(to)-225(the)-224(monarchical)-225(power)-224(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(for)-355(some)-354(time)-355(different)-355(in)-354(the)-355(East)-354(and)-355(the)-355(West.)-563(Constantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-475(himself)-476(assumed)-475(more)-475(of)-476(the)-475(pomp)-475(and)-951(manner)-475(of)-475(an)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([265])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(oriental)-281(sovereign)-281(than)-281(any)-281(preceding)-281(emperor,)-289(and)-281(the)-281(court)-280(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Constantinople)-414(was)-414(soon)-414(characterised)-414(by)-414(an)-414(extravagance)-413(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(magnificence)-230(on)-230(the)-230(part)-231(of)-230(the)-230(monarch,)-234(and)-230(of)-230(adulation)-230(on)-230(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-232(of)-232(the)-231(subjects,)-236(which)-232(has)-232(probabl)1(y)-232(never)-232(been)-232(exceeded.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(544)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-261(imperial)-262(power)-261(in)-262(the)-261(East)-262(overshadowed)-261(the)-261(ecclesiastical,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-496(the)-496(priests,)-558(notwithstanding)-495(their)-496(fierce)-496(outbreak)-496(during)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-470(iconoclastic)-469(controversy,)-525(and)-470(a)-469(few)-470(minor)-470(paroxysms)-469(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolt,)-214(gradually)-204(sank)-205(into)-204(that)-205(contented)-204(subservience)-205(which)-204(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(usually)-259(characterised)-259(the)-259(Eastern)-259(Church.)-277(In)-259(the)-259(West,)-261(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-379(Roman)-378(bishops)-379(were)-378(in)-379(a)-378(great)-379(degree)-378(independent)-379(of)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sovereigns,)-346(and)-328(in)-327(some)-327(degree)-327(opposed)-327(to)-327(their)-327(interests.)-481(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(transfer)-463(of)-463(the)-462(imperial)-463(power)-463(to)-463(Constantinople,)-516(by)-462(leaving)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-395(Roman)-395(bishops)-395(the)-395(chief)-395(personages)-395(in)-395(a)-395(city)-395(which)-394(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(association)-273(as)-273(well)-273(as)-273(actual)-273(power)-273(rendered)-273(the)-273(foremost)-273(in)-273(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world,)-464(was)-422(one)-422(of)-421(the)-422(great)-421(causes)-422(of)-421(the)-422(aggrandisement)-421(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(Papacy)-341(and)-340(the)-341(Arianism)-341(of)-341(many)-340(sovereigns,)-364(the)-340(jealousy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-297(others)-297(exhibited)-297(of)-297(ecclesiastical)-297(encroachments,)-309(and)-297(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lukewarmness)-209(of)-208(a)-209(few)-208(in)-209(persecuting)-208(heretics,)-217(were)-208(all)-209(causes)-208(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dissension.)-247(On)-241(the)-240(severance)-241(of)-241(the)-240(Empire,)-243(the)-241(Western)-240(Church)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(came)-258(in)-257(contact)-258(with)-258(rulers)-257(of)-258(another)-257(type.)-273(The)-258(barbarian)-257(kings)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-362(little)-362(more)-361(than)-362(military)-362(chiefs,)-389(elected)-362(for)-362(the)-362(most)-361(part)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-378(the)-377(people,)-409(surrounded)-378(by)-377(little)-378(or)-377(no)-378(special)-377(sanctity,)-409(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(maintaining)-195(their)-196(precarious)-195(and)-195(very)-196(restricted)-195(authority)-195(by)-195(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(courage)-374(or)-375(their)-374(skill.)-624(A)-374(few)-374(feebly)-375(imitated)-374(the)-375(pomp)-374(of)-374(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-297(emperors,)-308(but)-296(their)-297(claims)-297(had)-296(no)-297(great)-296(weight)-297(with)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)-480(The)-326(aureole)-327(which)-326(the)-326(genius)-327(of)-326(Theodoric)-327(cast)-326(around)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-265(throne)-266(passed)-265(away)-265(upon)-266(his)-265(death,)-269(and)-265(the)-266(Arianism)-265(of)-265(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-216(sovereign)-216(sufficiently)-217(debarred)-216(him)-216(from)-216(the)-216(sympathies)-216(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-206(Church.)-235(In)-206(Gaul,)-215(under)-206(a)-206(few)-206(bold)-206(and)-206(unscrupulous)-206(men,)-214(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(544)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)-250(graphic)-250(description)-250(in)-250(Gibbon,)-250(ch.)-250(liii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1120 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1121 0 R /Resources 1119 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1123 0 R >> endobj 1122 0 obj << /D [1120 0 R /XYZ 259.744 491.077 null] >> endobj 1119 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1126 0 obj << /Length 4546 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(262History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Merovingian)-359(dynasty)-358(emerged)-359(from)-359(a)-359(host)-358(of)-359(petty)-359(kings,)-385(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consolidated)-351(the)-702(whole)-351(country)-351(into)-351(one)-351(kingdom;)-401(but)-351(after)-351(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([266])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(short)-197(period)-197(it)-197(degenerated,)-207(the)-197(kings)-197(became)-197(mere)-197(puppets)-197(in)-196(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hands)-258(of)-258(the)-258(mayors)-258(of)-258(the)-258(palace,)-260(and)-258(these)-258(latter,)-260(whose)-258(office)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-286(become)-287(hereditary,)-295(who)-286(were)-286(the)-287(chiefs)-286(of)-286(the)-286(great)-286(landed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proprietors,)-371(and)-347(who)-347(had)-346(acquired)-347(by)-347(their)-347(position)-347(a)-346(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ascendancy)-263(over)-263(the)-263(sovereigns,)-266(became)-263(the)-263(virtual)-263(rulers)-263(of)-263(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-440(was)-440(out)-439(of)-440(these)-440(somewhat)-440(unpromising)-440(conditions)-439(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-470(medi\346val)-470(doctrine)-470(of)-470(the)-470(Divine)-470(right)-470(of)-470(kings,)-525(and)-469(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(general)-296(reverence)-297(for)-296(rank,)-308(that)-296(formed)-297(the)-296(essence)-296(of)-296(chivalry,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-381(slowly)-381(evolved.)-644(Political)-381(and)-381(moral)-381(causes)-381(conspired)-381(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(producing)-455(them.)-863(The)-454(chief)-455(political)-454(causes)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 201.038 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-454(are)-455(well)]TJ -211.947 -13.549 Td [(known)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 29.695 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(may)-250(be)-250(summed)-250(up)-250(in)-250(a)-250(few)-250(words.)]TJ -28.648 -16.004 Td [(When)-384(Leo)-384(the)-383(Isaurian)-384(attempted,)-418(in)-383(the)-384(eighth)-384(century,)-417(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(repress)-491(the)-491(worship)-491(of)-491(images,)-551(the)-491(resistance)-491(which)-491(he)-491(met)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-476(Constantinople,)-533(though)-476(violent,)-532(was)-476(speedily)-476(allayed;)-589(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-431(Pope,)-476(assuming)-430(a)-431(far)-431(higher)-430(position)-431(than)-431(any)-430(Byzantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ecclesiastic)-376(could)-375(attain,)-407(boldly)-375(excommunicated)-376(the)-375(emperor,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-199(led)-199(a)-199(revolt)-199(against)-199(his)-199(authority,)-209(which)-199(resulted)-199(in)-199(the)-199(virtual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(independence)-336(of)-336(Italy.)-509(His)-336(position)-337(was)-336(at)-336(this)-336(time)-336(singularly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grand.)-949(He)-484(represented)-483(a)-483(religious)-483(cause)-483(to)-483(which)-483(the)-483(great)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(mass)-271(of)-271(the)-271(Christian)-270(world)-271(were)-271(passionately)-271(attached.)-313(He)-270(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(venerated)-213(as)-213(the)-214(emancipator)-213(of)-213(Italy.)-238(He)-213(exhibited)-213(in)-213(the)-213(hour)-213(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-294(triumph)-295(a)-294(moderation)-295(which)-294(conciliated)-295(many)-294(enemies,)-305(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevented)-303(the)-303(anarchy)-304(that)-303(might)-303(naturally)-303(have)-303(been)-303(expected.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-225(presided,)-229(at)-225(the)-225(same)-224(time,)-230(over)-225(a)-224(vast)-225(monastic)-224(organisation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-350(ramified)-351(over)-350(all)-350(Christendom,)-376(propagated)-350(his)-350(authority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(among)-355(many)-355(barbarous)-356(nations,)-381(and,)-382(by)-355(its)-355(special)-355(attachment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-229(the)-229(Papacy,)-233(as)-228(distinguished)-229(from)-229(the)-228(Episcopacy,)-233(contributed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-344(much)-344(to)-344(transform)-344(Christianity)-344(into)-344(a)-344(spiritual)-344(despotism.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(One)-523(great)-524(danger,)-591(however,)-592(still)-523(menaced)-523(his)-524(power.)-1069(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(barbarous)-235(Lombards)-234(were)-235(continually)-235(invading)-234(his)-235(territory,)-237(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(threatening)-285(the)-285(independence)-285(of)-284(Rome.)-355(The)-285(Lombard)-284(monarch,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1125 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1126 0 R /Resources 1124 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1123 0 R >> endobj 1127 0 obj << /D [1125 0 R /XYZ 169.678 504.626 null] >> endobj 1124 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1130 0 obj << /Length 4640 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(263)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Luitprand)-369(had)-369(quailed)-370(in)-369(the)-369(very)-739(hour)-369(of)-369(his)-369(triumph)-369(before)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([267])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-312(menace)-312(of)-312(eternal)-313(torture)-312(but)-312(his)-312(successor,)-328(Astolphus,)-327(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proof)-285(against)-286(every)-285(fear,)-294(and)-285(it)-285(seemed)-286(as)-285(though)-285(the)-285(Papal)-285(city)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-250(have)-250(inevitably)-250(succumbed)-250(before)-250(his)-250(arms.)]TJ 11.956 -17.075 Td [(In)-206(their)-207(complete)-206(military)-206(impotence,)-215(the)-207(Popes)-206(looked)-206(abroad)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(for)-194(some)-194(foreign)-194(succour,)-205(and)-194(they)-194(naturally)-194(turned)-194(to)-194(the)-194(Franks,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whose)-362(martial)-362(tastes)-362(and)-362(triumphs)-362(were)-362(universally)-362(renowned.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Charles)-267(Martel,)-270(though)-267(simply)-266(a)-267(mayor)-266(of)-267(the)-266(palace,)-271(had)-266(saved)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Europe)-436(from)-436(the)-436(Mohammedans,)-483(and)-435(the)-436(Pope)-436(expected)-436(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-420(would)-421(unsheath)-420(his)-420(sword)-420(for)-420(the)-421(defence)-420(of)-420(the)-420(Vatican.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charles,)-393(however,)-393(was)-365(deaf)-365(to)-364(all)-365(entreaties;)-422(and,)-393(although)-364(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-281(done)-282(more)-281(than)-281(any)-281(ruler)-282(si)1(nce)-282(Constantine)-281(for)-281(the)-281(Church,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-228(attention)-228(seems)-227(to)-228(have)-228(been)-228(engrossed)-227(by)-228(the)-228(interests)-228(of)-227(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-359(country,)-386(and)-359(he)-358(was)-359(much)-359(alienated)-359(from)-359(the)-358(sympathies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-324(the)-324(clergy.)-471(An)-324(ancient)-324(legend)-324(tells)-323(how)-324(a)-324(saint)-324(saw)-324(his)-323(soul)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(carried)-263(by)-263(d\346mons)-262(into)-263(hell,)-266(because)-263(he)-263(had)-263(secularised)-262(Church)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(property,)-277(and)-271(a)-272(more)-271(modern)-272(historian)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 169.079 3.958 Td [(545)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.415 -3.958 Td [(has)-272(ascri)1(bed)-272(his)-271(death)]TJ -184.494 -13.55 Td [(to)-452(his)-452(having)-452(hesitated)-452(to)-452(defend)-452(the)-453(Pope.)-856(His)-452(son,)-502(Pepin,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(however,)-549(actuated)-488(probably)-489(in)-489(different)-489(degrees)-489(by)-488(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ambition,)-508(a)-457(desire)-457(for)-456(military)-457(adventure,)-508(and)-457(religious)-456(zeal,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(listened)-374(readily)-374(to)-374(the)-375(prayer)-374(of)-374(the)-374(Pope,)-405(and)-374(a)-374(compact)-374(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entered)-308(into)-307(between)-308(the)-307(parties,)-322(which)-308(proved)-308(one)-307(of)-308(the)-307(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(important)-200(events)-200(in)-200(history.)-233(Pepin)-200(agreed)-200(to)-200(secure)-200(the)-200(Pope)-200(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-246(danger)-245(by)-246(which)-245(he)-246(was)-245(threatened.)-248(The)-246(Pope)-245(agreed)-246(to)-245(give)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-275(religious)-274(sanction)-275(to)-275(the)-274(ambition)-275(of)-274(Pepin,)-281(who)-275(designed)-274(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depose)-288(the)-287(Merovingian)-288(dynasty,)-297(and)-288(to)-287(become)-288(in)-288(name,)-297(as)-287(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-250(already)-250(in)-250(fact,)-250(the)-250(sovereign)-250(of)-250(Gaul.)]TJ 11.956 -17.075 Td [(It)-344(is)-345(not)-344(necessary)-344(for)-345(me)-344(to)-345(recount)-344(at)-344(length)-345(the)-344(details)-344(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(these)-354(negotiations,)-379(which)-354(are)-353(described)-354(by)-353(many)-354(historians.)-560(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-344(sufficient)-343(to)-344(say,)-367(that)-344(the)-343(compact)-344(was)-344(religiously)-343(observed.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Pepin)-311(made)-310(two)-311(expeditions)-310(to)-311(Italy,)-326(and)-310(completely)-621(shattered)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([268])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(the)-163(power)-163(of)-163(the)-163(Lombards,)-180(wresting)-163(from)-163(them)-163(the)-163(rich)-163(exarchate)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(545)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Baronius.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1129 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1130 0 R /Resources 1128 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1123 0 R >> endobj 1131 0 obj << /D [1129 0 R /XYZ 203.037 518.175 null] >> endobj 1132 0 obj << /D [1129 0 R /XYZ 284.631 104.648 null] >> endobj 1128 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1135 0 obj << /Length 4926 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(264History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-321(Ravenna,)-338(which)-320(he)-321(ceded)-320(to)-321(the)-321(Pope,)-338(who)-320(still)-321(retained)-320(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nominal)-157(allegiance)-157(to)-157(the)-158(Byzantine)-157(emperor,)-175(but)-158(who)-157(became,)-175(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-162(donation,)-180(for)-162(the)-162(first)-163(time)-162(avowedly)-162(an)-162(independent)-162(temporal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prince.)-926(On)-475(the)-475(other)-475(hand,)-532(the)-475(deposition)-475(of)-475(Childeric)-475(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(peaceably)-229(effected;)-235(the)-229(last)-228(of)-229(the)-228(Merovingians)-229(was)-228(immured)-228(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-301(monastery,)-315(and)-301(the)-301(Carlovingian)-301(dynasty)-302(ascended)-301(the)-301(throne)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-237(the)-236(special)-237(benediction)-236(of)-237(the)-236(Pope,)-240(who)-236(performed)-237(on)-236(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occasion)-190(the)-191(ceremony)-190(of)-191(consecration,)-202(which)-191(had)-190(not)-190(previously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-278(in)-277(general)-278(use,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 87.542 3.958 Td [(546)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.556 -3.958 Td [(placed)-278(the)-277(crown)-278(with)-277(his)-278(own)-277(hands)-278(on)]TJ -103.098 -13.55 Td [(the)-308(head)-307(of)-308(Pepin,)-322(and)-307(delivered)-308(a)-308(solemn)-307(anathema)-308(against)-307(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-250(should)-250(rebel)-250(against)-250(the)-250(new)-250(king)-250(or)-250(against)-250(his)-250(successors.)]TJ 11.956 -13.784 Td [(The)-181(extreme)-182(importance)-181(of)-182(these)-181(events)-182(was)-181(probably)-182(not)-181(fully)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(realised)-266(by)-265(any)-266(of)-265(the)-266(parties)-265(concerned)-266(in)-266(them.)-296(It)-266(was)-265(evident,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indeed,)-236(that)-233(the)-232(Pope)-232(had)-233(been)-232(freed)-233(from)-232(a)-233(pressing)-232(danger,)-236(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-286(acquired)-286(a)-286(great)-287(accession)-286(of)-286(temporal)-286(power,)-295(and)-286(also)-286(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-256(new)-257(dynasty)-256(had)-257(arisen)-256(in)-257(Gaul)-256(under)-257(circumstances)-256(that)-256(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(singularly)-295(favourable)-296(and)-295(imposing.)-387(But,)-307(much)-295(more)-295(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-433(these)-433(facts)-433(was)-433(the)-433(permanent)-433(consecration)-433(of)-433(the)-433(royal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(authority)-442(that)-443(had)-442(been)-443(effected.)-827(The)-443(Pope)-442(had)-442(successfully)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(asserted)-437(his)-437(power)-437(of)-436(deposing)-437(and)-437(elevating)-437(kings,)-484(and)-436(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thus)-272(acquired)-271(a)-272(position)-271(which)-272(influenced)-271(the)-272(whole)-271(subsequent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(course)-406(of)-407(European)-406(history.)-719(The)-406(monarch,)-446(if)-406(he)-406(had)-406(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-305(some)-305(degree)-305(subservient)-305(to)-305(the)-305(priest,)-319(had)-305(become)-305(in)-304(a)-305(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(degree)-239(independent)-239(of)-240(his)-239(people;)-243(the)-239(Divine)-239(origin)-239(of)-239(his)-239(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-297(regarded)-297(as)-297(a)-297(dogma)-296(of)-297(religion,)-309(and)-297(a)-297(sanctity)-296(surrounded)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(him)-220(which)-220(immeasurably)-221(aggrandised)-220(his)-220(power.)-240(The)-220(ascription,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-251(the)-250(Pagans,)-251(of)-250(divinity)-251(to)-251(kings)-250(had)-251(had)-250(no)-251(appreciable)-250(effect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-272(increasing)-272(their)-272(authority)-272(or)-272(restraining)-272(the)-272(limits)-272(of)-272(criticism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-475(of)-474(rebellion.)-925(The)-474(ascription)-475(of)-950(a)-474(Divine)-475(right)-475(to)-474(kings,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([269])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(independent)-394(of)-394(the)-394(wishes)-393(of)-394(the)-394(people,)-430(has)-394(been)-394(one)-394(of)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-296(enduring)-297(and)-296(most)-297(potent)-296(of)-296(superstitions,)-308(and)-297(it)-296(has)-296(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(now)-250(not)-250(wholly)-250(vanished)-250(from)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 180.895 3.959 Td [(547)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 88.05 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.154 Td [(546)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Mably,)-250(ii.)-250(1;)-250(Gibbon,)-250(ch.)-250(xlix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(547)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(There)-431(are)-432(some)-431(good)-431(remarks)-432(upon)-431(the)-431(way)-432(in)-431(which,)-477(among)-431(the)-432(free)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1134 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1135 0 R /Resources 1133 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1123 0 R >> endobj 1136 0 obj << /D [1134 0 R /XYZ 258.279 138.563 null] >> endobj 1133 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1139 0 obj << /Length 5310 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(265)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Mere)-292(isolated)-292(political)-292(events)-292(have,)-303(however,)-302(rarely)-292(or)-292(never)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(this)-443(profound)-443(influence,)-491(unless)-443(they)-443(have)-443(been)-443(preceded)-442(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prepared)-465(by)-465(other)-464(agencies.)-894(The)-465(first)-465(predisposing)-465(cause)-464(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-395(ready)-396(reception)-395(of)-396(the)-395(doctrine)-396(of)-395(the)-396(Divine)-395(character)-395(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(authority,)-559(may)-496(probably)-497(be)-497(found)-497(in)-497(the)-497(prominence)-497(of)-496(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monastic)-509(system.)-1027(I)-508(have)-509(already)-509(observed)-509(that)-509(this)-508(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(represents)-373(in)-373(its)-373(extreme)-372(form)-373(that)-373(exaltation)-373(of)-373(the)-373(virtues)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humility)-396(and)-397(of)-396(obedience)-396(which)-397(so)-396(broadly)-396(distinguishes)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-262(from)-262(the)-263(Pagan)-262(type)-262(of)-262(excellence.)-287(I)-262(have)-262(also)-262(noticed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that,)-337(owing)-320(to)-319(the)-320(concurrence)-319(of)-320(many)-319(causes,)-337(it)-320(had)-319(acquired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-284(dimensions)-284(and)-283(influence)-284(as)-284(to)-284(suppl)1(y)-284(the)-284(guiding)-284(ideal)-283(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-324(Christian)-325(world.)-472(Controlling)-325(or)-324(monopolising)-324(all)-324(education)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-407(literature,)-446(furnishing)-406(most)-407(of)-407(the)-406(legislators)-407(and)-407(many)-406(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-497(statesmen)-497(of)-497(the)-496(age,)-559(attracting)-497(to)-497(themselves)-497(all)-496(moral)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enthusiasm)-429(and)-428(most)-429(intellectual)-429(ability,)-473(the)-429(monks)-429(soon)-428(left)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-357(impress)-357(on)-356(the)-357(character)-357(of)-357(nations.)-570(Habits)-357(of)-356(obedience)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-159(dispositions)-160(of)-159(humility)-160(were)-159(diffused,)-178(revered,)-177(and)-159(idealised,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-334(a)-334(Church)-334(which)-334(rested)-334(mainly)-334(on)-334(tradition)-334(fostered)-334(a)-334(deep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sense)-389(of)-388(the)-389(sanctity)-388(of)-389(antiquity,)-423(and)-389(a)-388(natural)-389(disposition)-388(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(observe)-369(traditional)-368(customs.)-606(In)-368(this)-737(manner)-369(a)-368(tone)-369(of)-368(feeling)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([270])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(was)-265(gradually)-264(formed)-265(that)-265(assimilated)-264(with)-265(the)-265(monarchical)-264(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aristocratical)-300(institutions)-299(of)-300(feudalism,)-312(which)-300(flourished)-299(chiefly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(because)-250(they)-250(corresponded)-250(with)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(feelings)-250(of)-250(the)-250(time.)]TJ 11.956 -17.736 Td [(In)-520(the)-521(next)-520(place,)-589(a)-520(series)-521(of)-520(social)-521(and)-520(political)-520(causes)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(diminished)-311(the)-310(personal)-311(independence)-311(for)-310(which)-311(the)-310(barbarians)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 173.686 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 164.772 Td [(Franks,)-308(the)-297(bishops)-297(taught)-297(the)-296(duty)-297(of)-297(passive)-296(obedience,)-309(in)-297(Mably,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 248.987 0 Td [(Obs.)-390(sur)]TJ -248.987 -10.959 Td [(l'Histoire)-408(de)-409(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.485 0 Td [(,)-448(livre)-408(i.)-725(ch.)-725(iii.)-725(Gregory)-408(of)-409(Tours,)-447(in)-409(his)-408(address)-408(to)]TJ -75.485 -10.959 Td [(Chilperic,)-264(had)-261(said:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 72.648 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(If)-261(any)-261(of)-261(us,)-264(O)-261(king,)-264(transgress)-261(the)-262(boundaries)-261(of)-261(justice,)]TJ -76.629 -10.959 Td [(thou)-357(art)-358(at)-357(hand)-357(to)-358(correct)-357(us;)-411(but)-357(if)-357(thou)-358(shouldest)-357(exceed)-357(them,)-384(who)-358(is)-357(to)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(condemn)-290(thee?)-369(We)-289(address)-290(thee,)-299(and)-290(if)-290(it)-289(please)-290(thee)-290(thou)-289(listenest)-290(to)-290(us;)-309(but)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(if)-386(it)-387(please)-386(thee)-386(not,)-421(who)-386(is)-386(to)-386(condemn)-387(thee)-386(save)-386(He)-386(who)-387(has)-386(proclaimed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Himself)-256(Justice.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 57.833 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Greg.)-268(Tur.)-267(v.)-268(19.)-268(On)-256(the)-255(other)-256(hand,)-258(Hincmar,)-257(Archbishop)]TJ -70.78 -10.959 Td [(of)-341(Rheims,)-363(strongly)-341(asserted)-341(the)-340(obligation)-341(of)-341(kings)-340(to)-341(observe)-341(the)-341(law,)-363(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(denounced)-370(as)-370(diabolical)-371(the)-370(doctrine)-370(that)-370(they)-370(are)-370(subject)-371(to)-370(none)-370(but)-370(God.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Allen,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.393 0 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(Royal)-250(Prerogative)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 94.631 0 Td [(\0501849\051,)-250(pp.)-250(171-172.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1138 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1139 0 R /Resources 1137 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1123 0 R >> endobj 1140 0 obj << /D [1138 0 R /XYZ 211.572 260.74 null] >> endobj 1137 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1143 0 obj << /Length 5164 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(266History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(had)-230(been)-230(noted.)-243(The)-230(king)-230(had)-230(at)-230(first)-230(been,)-234(not)-230(the)-230(sovereign)-230(of)-230(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(country,)-172(but)-152(the)-152(chief)-152(of)-151(a)-152(tribe.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.95 3.959 Td [(548)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.824 -3.959 Td [(Gradually,)-172(however,)-171(with)-152(more)]TJ -146.774 -13.549 Td [(settled)-193(habits,)-204(the)-192(sovereignty)-193(assumed)-192(a)-193(territorial)-192(character,)-204(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-294(may)-294(soon)-294(discover)-294(the)-294(rudiments)-294(of)-294(a)-294(territorial)-294(aristocracy.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-328(kings)-328(gave)-328(their)-328(leading)-328(chiefs)-328(portions)-328(of)-328(conquered)-327(land)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-459(of)-460(the)-459(royal)-459(domains,)-512(under)-459(the)-459(name)-459(of)-460(benefices.)-877(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obligation)-386(of)-387(military)-386(service)-386(was)-387(attached)-386(to)-386(these)-386(benefices,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-163(by)-164(slow)-163(and)-163(perhaps)-163(insensible)-164(stages,)-180(each)-164(of)-163(which)-163(has)-163(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-373(subject)-372(of)-372(fierce)-373(controversy,)-403(they)-372(were)-373(made)-372(irrevocable,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-309(ultimately)-309(hereditary.)-428(While)-309(society)-309(was)-309(still)-309(disorganised,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(small)-395(landlords)-395(purchased)-394(the)-395(protection)-395(of)-395(the)-395(Church,)-431(or)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-310(important)-309(chief,)-325(by)-309(surrendering)-310(their)-309(estates,)-325(which)-309(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(received)-242(back)-242(as)-243(tenants,)-243(subject)-243(to)-242(the)-242(condition)-242(of)-242(the)-242(payment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-434(rent,)-480(or)-434(of)-434(military)-434(service.)-802(Others,)-480(without)-434(making)-434(such)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(surrender,)-382(placed)-355(themselves)-356(under)-355(the)-356(care)-355(of)-356(a)-355(neighbouring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lord,)-496(and)-446(offered,)-496(in)-447(return,)-495(homage)-447(or)-447(military)-446(aid.)-840(At)-446(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-422(time,)-465(through)-422(causes)-422(to)-422(which)-422(I)-422(have)-422(already)-422(adverted,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-409(free)-408(peasants)-409(for)-408(the)-409(most)-409(part)-408(sank)-409(into)-409(serfs,)-448(subject)-408(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-407(protected)-408(by)-407(the)-407(landowners.)-722(In)-408(this)-407(manner)-407(a)-407(hierarchy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-308(ranks)-307(was)-308(gradually)-308(formed,)-322(of)-308(which)-307(the)-308(sovereign)-308(was)-307(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apex)-313(and)-313(the)-313(serf)-314(the)-313(basis.)-439(The)-313(complete)-313(legal)-313(organisation)-313(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-310(hierarchy)-309(belongs)-310(to)-619(the)-310(period)-310(of)-309(feudalism,)-325(which)-310(is)-309(not)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([271])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(within)-335(the)-335(scope)-336(of)-335(the)-335(present)-335(volume;)-378(but)-335(the)-335(chief)-335(elements)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-295(feudalism)-294(existed)-295(before)-295(Charlemagne,)-305(and)-295(the)-295(moral)-294(results)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(flowing)-258(from)-258(them)-259(may)-258(be)-258(already)-258(discerned.)-275(Each)-258(rank,)-260(except)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-413(very)-412(highest,)-454(was)-412(continually)-413(brought)-413(into)-412(contact)-413(with)-412(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superior,)-220(and)-211(a)-212(feeling)-212(of)-212(constant)-212(dependence)-212(and)-211(subordination)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-421(accordingly)-421(fostered.)-764(To)-421(the)-421(serf,)-464(who)-421(depended)-421(for)-421(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(things)-470(upon)-469(the)-470(neighbouring)-470(noble,)-524(to)-470(the)-469(noble,)-525(who)-469(held)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 120.683 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 113.787 Td [(548)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-300(exact)-300(degree)-300(of)-300(the)-300(authority)-300(of)-299(the)-300(barbarian)-300(kings,)-313(and)-300(the)-300(different)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(stages)-319(by)-320(which)-319(their)-319(power)-319(was)-320(increased,)-336(are)-319(matters)-320(of)-319(great)-319(controversy.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(The)-229(reader)-229(may)-229(consult)-229(Thierry's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 119.948 0 Td [(Lettres)-229(sur)-229(l'Hist.)-243(de)-229(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 102.723 0 Td [(\050let.)-243(9\051;)-236(Guizot's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -222.671 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)-280(de)-260(la)-260(Civilisation)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 81.656 0 Td [(;)-265(Mably,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.875 0 Td [(Observ.)-280(sur)-260(l'Hist.)-280(de)-260(France)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 105.236 0 Td [(;)-265(Freeman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.675 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ -263.442 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Norman)-250(Conquest)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.925 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1142 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1143 0 R /Resources 1141 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1123 0 R >> endobj 1144 0 obj << /D [1142 0 R /XYZ 206.438 233.642 null] >> endobj 1141 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1147 0 obj << /Length 4633 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(267)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(all)-439(his)-438(dignities)-439(on)-439(the)-439(condition)-438(of)-439(frequent)-439(military)-438(service)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-207(his)-206(sovereign,)-216(the)-206(idea)-207(of)-207(secular)-206(rank)-207(became)-206(indissolubly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(connected)-250(with)-250(that)-250(of)-250(supreme)-250(greatness.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-337(will)-338(appear)-337(evident,)-360(from)-337(the)-338(foregoing)-337(observations,)-359(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-266(the)-267(period)-266(before)-266(Charlemagne)-266(the)-267(moral)-266(and)-266(political)-266(causes)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-205(already)-204(in)-205(action,)-213(which)-205(at)-205(a)-204(much)-205(later)-204(period)-205(produced)-204(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organisation)-215(of)-215(chivalry)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 103.467 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(an)-215(organisation)-215(which)-216(was)-215(founded)-215(on)]TJ -114.376 -13.549 Td [(the)-204(combination)-205(and)-204(the)-205(glorification)-204(of)-204(secular)-205(rank)-204(and)-204(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prowess.)-882(But,)-513(in)-460(order)-461(that)-460(the)-461(tendencies)-461(I)-460(have)-460(described)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-270(acquire)-269(their)-270(full)-270(force,)-274(it)-270(was)-270(necessary)-269(that)-270(they)-269(should)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-347(represented)-348(or)-347(illustrated)-347(in)-348(some)-347(great)-347(personage,)-372(who,)-371(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-351(splendour)-351(and)-351(the)-351(beauty)-352(of)-351(his)-351(career,)-376(could)-351(fascinate)-351(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imaginations)-245(of)-245(men.)-249(It)-245(is)-245(much)-245(easier)-246(to)-245(govern)-245(great)-245(masses)-245(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-281(through)-281(their)-281(imagination)-281(than)-281(through)-281(their)-281(reason.)-343(Moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principles)-311(rarely)-311(act)-311(powerfully)-311(upon)-311(the)-311(world,)-326(except)-311(by)-310(way)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-480(example)-480(or)-480(ideals.)-939(When)-480(the)-480(course)-480(of)-480(events)-480(has)-479(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-373(glorify)-372(the)-373(ascetic)-372(or)-373(monarchical)-373(or)-372(military)-373(spirit,)-403(a)-372(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(saint,)-273(or)-269(sovereign,)-273(or)-269(soldier)-269(will)-268(arise,)-274(who)-268(will)-269(concentrate)-268(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-345(dazzling)-346(focus)-345(the)-345(blind)-346(tendencies)-345(of)-346(his)-345(time,)-369(kindle)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enthusiasm)-286(and)-286(fascinate)-286(the)-285(imagination)-286(of)-286(the)-286(people.)-358(But)-285(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-368(prevailing)-368(tendency,)-397(the)-368(great)-368(man)-368(would)-368(not)-368(have)-367(arisen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-415(would)-415(not)-415(have)-415(exercised)-415(his)-415(great)-415(influence.)-745(But)-415(for)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-235(man,)-238(whose)-234(career)-235(appealed)-235(vividly)-234(to)-235(the)-235(imagination,)-237(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevailing)-247(tendency)-248(would)-247(never)-247(have)-248(acquired)-247(its)-247(full)-247(intensity.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(This)-249(typical)-250(figure)-249(appeared)-249(in)-249(Charlemagne,)-250(whose)-498(colossal)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([272])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(form)-445(towers)-445(with)-445(a)-445(majestic)-445(grandeur)-445(both)-445(in)-445(history)-445(and)-444(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(romance.)-284(Of)-261(all)-261(the)-261(great)-261(rulers)-262(of)-261(men,)-264(there)-261(has)-261(probably)-261(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(no)-194(other)-194(who)-194(was)-194(so)-194(truly)-194(many-sided,)-205(whose)-194(influence)-194(pervaded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-296(completely)-296(all)-297(the)-296(religious,)-307(intellectual,)-308(and)-296(political)-296(modes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-417(thought)-417(existing)-416(in)-417(his)-417(time.)-750(Rising)-417(in)-417(one)-417(of)-417(the)-416(darkest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(periods)-469(of)-470(European)-469(history,)-524(this)-470(great)-469(emperor)-469(resuscitated,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-449(a)-448(brief)-448(but)-449(dazzling)-448(splendour,)-499(the)-448(faded)-449(glori)1(es)-449(of)-448(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Empire)-438(of)-439(the)-438(West,)-486(conducted,)-485(for)-439(the)-438(most)-439(part)-438(in)-438(person,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numerous)-243(expeditions)-243(against)-242(the)-243(barbarous)-243(nations)-243(around)-242(him,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1146 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1147 0 R /Resources 1145 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1149 0 R >> endobj 1148 0 obj << /D [1146 0 R /XYZ 289.533 188.085 null] >> endobj 1145 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1152 0 obj << /Length 4637 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(268History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(promulgated)-226(a)-225(vast)-226(system)-226(of)-226(legislation,)-230(reformed)-226(the)-225(discipline)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-439(every)-438(order)-438(of)-439(the)-438(Church,)-486(and)-439(reduced)-438(all)-438(classes)-439(of)-438(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clergy)-279(to)-279(subservience)-278(to)-279(his)-279(will,)-286(while,)-286(by)-279(legalising)-278(tithes,)-286(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greatly)-301(increased)-301(their)-302(material)-301(prosperity.)-404(He)-301(at)-301(the)-301(same)-301(time)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(contributed,)-243(in)-241(a)-242(measure,)-243(to)-241(check)-241(the)-242(intellectual)-241(decadence)-241(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(founding)-317(schools)-316(and)-317(libraries,)-333(and)-317(drawing)-317(around)-316(him)-317(all)-316(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scattered)-236(learning)-236(of)-236(Europe.)-245(He)-236(reformed)-236(the)-236(coinage,)-238(extended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commerce,)-574(influenced)-509(religious)-509(controversies,)-573(and)-509(convoked)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-198(legislative)-198(assemblies,)-209(which)-198(ultimately)-198(contributed)-198(largely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-224(the)-224(organisation)-223(of)-224(feudalism.)-242(In)-223(all)-224(these)-224(spheres)-224(the)-224(traces)-223(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-274(vast,)-279(organising,)-279(and)-274(far-seeing)-273(genius)-274(may)-274(be)-273(detected,)-279(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(influence)-322(which)-322(he)-321(exercised)-322(over)-322(the)-322(imaginations)-322(of)-321(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-340(shown)-339(by)-340(the)-340(numerous)-339(legends)-340(of)-340(which)-339(he)-340(is)-340(the)-339(hero.)-519(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-230(preceding)-230(ages)-231(the)-230(supreme)-230(ideal)-230(had)-231(been)-230(the)-230(ascetic.)-243(When)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-341(popular)-341(imagination)-340(embodied)-341(in)-341(legends)-341(its)-341(conception)-340(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humanity)-280(in)-280(its)-281(noblest)-280(and)-280(most)-280(attractive)-280(form,)-288(it)-280(instinctively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(painted)-227(some)-226(hermit-saint)-227(of)-226(many)-227(penances)-226(and)-227(many)-226(miracles.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-213(the)-213(Romances)-213(of)-213(Charlemagne)-213(and)-213(of)-213(Arthur)-213(we)-213(may)-213(trace)-212(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dawning)-240(of)-240(a)-240(new)-240(type)-240(of)-240(greatness.)-247(The)-240(hero)-240(of)-239(the)-240(imagination)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-226(Europe)-226(was)-226(no)-226(longer)-226(a)-226(hermit,)-230(but)-226(a)-226(king,)-231(a)-226(warrior,)-231(a)-225(knight.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-431(long)-431(train)-431(of)-431(influences)-431(I)-430(have)-431(reviewed,)-477(culminating)-430(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charlemagne,)-217(had)-208(done)-209(their)-208(work.)-236(The)-209(age)-208(of)-209(the)-208(ascetics)-208(began)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(fade.)-250(The)-250(age)-250(of)-250(the)-250(crusades)-250(and)-250(of)-250(chivalry)-250(succeeded)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([273])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -18.459 Td [(It)-526(is)-525(curious)-526(to)-526(observe)-526(the)-526(manner)-525(in)-526(which,)-595(under)-525(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(influence)-275(of)-275(the)-274(prevailing)-275(tendency,)-281(the)-275(career)-275(of)-274(Charlemagne)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-553(transfigured)-553(by)-553(the)-553(popular)-553(imagination.)-1159(His)-552(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enterprises)-254(had)-255(been)-254(chiefly)-254(directed)-255(against)-254(the)-254(Saxons,)-255(against)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(whom)-346(he)-347(had)-346(made)-346(not)-347(less)-346(than)-346(thirty-two)-347(expeditions.)-538(With)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-453(Mohammedans)-452(he)-453(had)-452(but)-453(l)1(ittle)-453(contact.)-857(It)-453(was)-452(Charles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Martel,)-412(not)-380(his)-379(grandson,)-412(who,)-412(by)-380(the)-380(great)-379(battle)-380(of)-379(Poitiers,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-418(checked)-417(their)-418(career.)-752(Charlemagne)-418(made,)-459(in)-418(person,)-459(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-371(single)-370(expedition)-370(against)-371(them)-370(in)-371(Spain,)-400(and)-371(that)-370(expedition)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-398(on)-399(a)-398(small)-399(scale,)-435(and)-398(was)-399(disastrous)-398(in)-399(its)-398(issue.)-695(But)-398(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-473(Carlovingian)-473(romances,)-529(which)-473(arose)-473(at)-473(a)-473(time)-472(when)-473(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1151 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1152 0 R /Resources 1150 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1149 0 R >> endobj 1153 0 obj << /D [1151 0 R /XYZ 93.543 217.715 null] >> endobj 1150 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1156 0 obj << /Length 5093 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(From)-250(Constantine)-250(To)-250(Charlemagne.)-4865(269)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(enthusiasm)-210(of)-210(the)-210(Crusades)-210(was)-210(permeating)-210(Christendom,)-217(events)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-153(represented)-152(in)-153(a)-153(wholly)-152(different)-153(light.)-218(Charles)-152(Martel)-153(has)-152(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place)-165(among)-164(the)-165(ideal)-165(combatants)-164(of)-165(the)-165(Church.)-221(He)-165(had)-164(appeared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too)-367(early,)-397(his)-367(figure)-367(was)-367(not)-368(sufficiently)-367(great)-367(to)-367(fascinate)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(popular)-232(imagination,)-236(and)-232(by)-232(confiscating)-231(ecclesiastical)-232(property,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-163(refusing)-163(to)-163(assist)-163(the)-164(Pope)-163(against)-163(the)-163(Lombards,)-180(he)-163(had)-163(fallen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-212(the)-211(ban)-212(of)-212(the)-211(clergy.)-238(Charlemagne,)-219(on)-212(the)-211(other)-212(hand,)-219(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(represented)-336(as)-337(the)-336(first)-337(and)-336(greatest)-337(of)-336(the)-337(crusaders.)-509(His)-336(wars)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-299(the)-299(Saxons)-300(were)-299(scarcely)-299(noticed.)-398(His)-299(whole)-299(life)-299(was)-299(said)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-362(have)-361(been)-362(spent)-362(in)-361(heroic)-362(and)-362(triumphant)-361(combats)-362(with)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followers)-230(of)-229(Mohammed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 110.754 3.959 Td [(549)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.107 -3.959 Td [(Among)-230(the)-229(achievements)-230(attributed)]TJ -125.861 -13.549 Td [(to)-190(him)-189(was)-190(an)-189(expedition)-190(to)-189(rescue)-190(Nismes)-189(and)-190(Carcassonne)-189(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-248(grasp,)-249(which)-248(was,)-248(in)-248(fact,)-249(a)-248(dim)-248(tradition)-248(of)-248(the)-248(victories)-248(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charles)-264(Martel.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 68.021 3.958 Td [(550)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.647 -3.958 Td [(He)-264(is)-264(even)-265(said)-264(to)-264(have)-264(carried)-265(his)-264(victorious)]TJ -83.668 -13.55 Td [(arms)-326(into)-326(the)-326(heart)-326(of)-326(Palestine,)-345(and)-326(he)-326(is)-326(the)-326(hero)-326(of)-326(what)-326(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-334(the)-334(three)-334(earliest)-334(extant)-334(romances)-334(of)-334(the)-334(Crusades.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(551)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-432(fiction,)-477(as)-431(in)-432(history,)-477(his)-431(reign)-432(forms)-432(the)-863(great)-431(landmark)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([274])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(separating)-349(the)-349(early)-350(period)-349(of)-349(the)-349(middle)-350(ages)-349(from)-349(the)-349(age)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(military)-250(Christianity.)]TJ 11.956 -15.9 Td [(On)-213(the)-214(verge)-213(of)-213(this)-213(great)-214(change)-213(I)-213(draw)-213(this)-214(history)-213(to)-213(a)-213(close.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(In)-371(pursuing)-371(our)-370(long)-371(and)-371(chequered)-371(course,)-401(from)-371(Augustus)-370(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charlemagne,)-374(we)-350(have)-349(seen)-350(the)-349(rise)-350(and)-349(fall)-350(of)-349(many)-350(types)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(character,)-313(and)-301(of)-301(many)-300(forms)-301(of)-301(enthusiasm.)-402(We)-300(have)-301(seen)-300(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-382(of)-383(universal)-382(empire)-382(expanding,)-416(and)-382(the)-382(influence)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-356(civilisation)-355(intensifying,)-382(the)-356(sympathies)-356(of)-355(Europe.)-567(We)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-362(surveyed)-362(the)-361(successive)-362(progress)-362(of)-362(Stoicism,)-389(Platonism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-395(Egyptian)-396(philosophies,)-432(at)-395(once)-395(reflecting)-396(and)-395(guiding)-395(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(moral)-488(tendencies)-488(of)-489(society.)-964(We)-489(have)-488(traced)-488(the)-488(course)-488(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(progress)-295(or)-294(retrogression)-294(in)-295(many)-294(fields)-295(of)-294(social,)-306(political,)-305(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislative)-187(life,)-199(have)-187(watched)-187(the)-187(cradle)-187(of)-187(European)-186(Christianity,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 110.213 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.317 Td [(549)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Fauriel,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.885 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(de)-250(la)-250(Po\351sie)-250(proven\347ale)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 105.337 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(252.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -146.928 -7.395 Td [(550)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid,)-250(p.)-250(258.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(551)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Le)-256(Grand)-256(D'Aussy,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 71.509 0 Td [(Fabliaux)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.377 0 Td [(,)-257(pr\351f.)-268(p.)-268(xxiv.)-268(These)-256(romances)-256(were)-255(accounts)]TJ -115.841 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(his)-250(expeditions)-250(to)-250(Spain,)-250(to)-250(Languedoc,)-250(and)-250(to)-250(Palestine.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1155 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1156 0 R /Resources 1154 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1149 0 R >> endobj 1157 0 obj << /D [1155 0 R /XYZ 254.974 301.388 null] >> endobj 1154 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1160 0 obj << /Length 1740 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(270History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(examined)-172(the)-172(causes)-171(of)-172(its)-172(triumph,)-187(the)-172(difficulties)-172(it)-171(encountered,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-223(the)-222(priceless)-223(blessings)-223(its)-222(philanthropic)-223(spirit)-223(bestowed)-222(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mankind.)-231(We)-194(have)-194(also)-194(pursued)-194(step)-194(by)-194(step)-194(the)-194(mournful)-194(history)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-319(its)-319(corruption,)-336(its)-319(asceticism,)-336(and)-319(its)-319(intolerance,)-336(the)-318(various)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(transformations)-216(it)-216(produced)-217(or)-216(underwent)-216(when)-216(the)-216(turbid)-216(waters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-480(the)-480(barbarian)-479(invasions)-480(had)-480(inundated)-480(the)-480(civilisations)-479(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Europe.)-875(It)-458(remains)-459(for)-458(me,)-510(before)-458(concluding)-459(this)-458(work,)-510(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(investigate)-417(one)-417(class)-418(of)-417(subjects)-417(to)-417(which)-417(I)-417(have,)-459(as)-417(yet,)-459(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(briefly)-341(adverted)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 70.36 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-341(examine)-340(the)-341(effects)-340(of)-341(the)-341(changes)-340(I)-341(have)]TJ -81.269 -13.55 Td [(described)-317(upon)-317(the)-317(character)-316(and)-317(position)-317(of)-317(woman,)-334(and)-316(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(grave)-250(moral)-250(questions)-250(concerning)-250(the)-250(relations)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sexes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 -29.651 Td [([275])]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1159 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1160 0 R /Resources 1158 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1149 0 R >> endobj 1161 0 obj << /D [1159 0 R /XYZ 93.543 353.032 null] >> endobj 1158 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1162 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index2) >> endobj 1165 0 obj (Chapter V. The Position Of Women.) endobj 1168 0 obj << /Length 3913 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -33.572 Td [(In)-284(the)-284(long)-284(series)-284(of)-284(moral)-284(revolutions)-284(that)-284(have)-284(been)-284(described)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-340(the)-341(foregoing)-340(chapters,)-363(I)-340(have)-340(more)-341(than)-340(once)-340(had)-340(occasion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-511(refer)-510(to)-511(the)-510(position)-511(that)-510(was)-510(assigned)-511(to)-510(woman)-511(in)-510(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(community,)-513(and)-461(to)-461(the)-460(virtues)-461(and)-461(vices)-460(that)-461(spring)-460(directly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-428(the)-427(relations)-428(of)-427(the)-428(sexes.)-782(I)-428(have)-427(not,)-472(however,)-472(as)-427(yet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(discussed)-445(these)-445(questions)-445(with)-445(a)-445(fulness)-445(at)-445(all)-445(corresponding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-404(their)-405(historical)-404(importance,)-443(and)-405(I)-404(propose,)-443(in)-404(consequence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(before)-373(concluding)-372(this)-373(volume,)-403(to)-373(devote)-372(a)-373(few)-372(pages)-373(to)-372(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examination.)-522(Of)-341(all)-341(the)-340(many)-341(questions)-341(that)-340(are)-341(treated)-341(in)-340(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work,)-352(there)-332(is)-332(none)-332(which)-332(I)-332(approach)-332(with)-332(so)-332(much)-331(hesitation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-357(there)-357(is)-357(probably)-357(none)-356(which)-357(it)-357(is)-357(so)-357(difficult)-357(to)-357(treat)-356(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(clearness)-244(and)-245(impartiality,)-245(and)-244(at)-244(the)-245(same)-244(time)-244(without)-244(exciting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-298(scandal)-297(or)-298(offence.)-393(The)-297(complexity)-298(of)-297(the)-298(problem,)-309(arising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-542(the)-543(very)-542(large)-543(place)-542(which)-543(exceptional)-542(institutions)-542(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(circumstances,)-294(and)-284(especially)-285(the)-285(influence)-285(of)-285(climate)-285(and)-284(race,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-297(had)-296(on)-297(the)-296(chastity)-297(of)-296(nations,)-309(I)-296(have)-297(already)-296(noticed,)-308(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-373(extreme)-373(delicacy)-373(of)-373(the)-373(matters)-373(with)-373(which)-373(this)-373(branch)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ethics)-296(is)-296(connected)-296(must)-296(be)-296(palpable)-296(to)-296(all.)-388(The)-296(first)-296(duty)-296(of)-296(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(historian,)-282(however,)-282(is)-275(to)-275(truth;)-288(and)-276(it)-275(is)-276(absolutely)-275(impossible)-275(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(present)-359(a)-359(true)-359(picture)-360(of)-359(the)-359(moral)-359(condition)-359(of)-359(different)-359(ages,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-445(to)-445(form)-446(a)-445(true)-445(estimate)-445(of)-446(the)-445(moral)-445(effects)-445(of)-445(different)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(religions,)-308(without)-296(adverting)-296(to)-297(the)-296(department)-296(of)-297(morals,)-307(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-443(exhibited)-442(most)-443(change,)-491(and)-442(has)-443(probably)-443(exercised)-442(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([276])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -13.779 Td [(It)-440(is)-439(natural)-440(that,)-487(in)-439(the)-440(period)-439(when)-440(men)-439(are)-440(still)-439(perfect)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(barbarians,)-248(when)-248(their)-248(habits)-248(of)-248(life)-248(are)-247(still)-248(nomadic,)-249(and)-247(when,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war)-383(and)-383(the)-382(chase,)-416(being)-383(their)-383(sole)-383(pursuits,)-416(the)-383(qualities)-382(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-270(required)-270(in)-270(these)-270(form)-270(their)-270(chief)-270(measure)-270(of)-270(excellence,)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inferiority)-331(of)-331(women)-331(to)-331(men)-331(should)-331(be)-331(regarded)-331(as)-330(undoubted,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1167 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1168 0 R /Resources 1166 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1149 0 R >> endobj 1163 0 obj << /D [1167 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 1169 0 obj << /D [1167 0 R /XYZ 46.771 134.02 null] >> endobj 1166 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1172 0 obj << /Length 5149 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(272History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-387(their)-387(position)-387(should)-386(be)-387(extremely)-387(degraded.)-661(In)-387(all)-386(those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(qualities)-389(which)-388(are)-389(then)-389(most)-389(prized,)-423(women)-389(are)-388(indisputably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inferior.)-237(The)-212(social)-212(qualities)-212(in)-212(which)-212(they)-212(are)-212(especially)-212(fitted)-212(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excel)-230(have)-230(no)-231(sphere)-230(for)-230(their)-230(display.)-244(The)-230(ascendancy)-230(of)-230(beauty)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-248(very)-249(faint,)-249(and,)-248(even)-249(if)-248(it)-249(were)-248(otherwise,)-249(few)-249(traces)-248(of)-248(female)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty)-347(could)-346(survive)-347(the)-346(hardships)-347(of)-347(the)-346(savage)-347(life.)-539(Woman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-321(looked)-320(upon)-321(merely)-321(as)-321(the)-320(slave)-321(of)-321(man,)-338(and)-321(as)-321(the)-320(minister)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-276(his)-275(passions.)-328(In)-275(the)-276(first)-276(capacity,)-282(her)-276(life)-275(is)-276(one)-276(of)-275(continual,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abject,)-213(and)-205(unrequited)-204(toil.)-234(In)-205(the)-204(second)-204(capacity,)-213(she)-204(is)-204(exposed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-334(all)-335(the)-334(violent)-335(revulsions)-334(of)-335(feeling)-334(that)-334(follow,)-356(among)-334(rude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men,)-250(the)-250(gratification)-250(of)-250(the)-250(animal)-250(passions.)]TJ 11.956 -13.972 Td [(Even)-583(in)-583(this)-582(early)-583(stage,)-666(however,)-666(we)-583(may)-583(trace)-582(some)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(rudiments)-445(of)-445(those)-445(moral)-445(sentiments)-445(which)-445(are)-445(destined)-445(at)-445(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(later)-338(period)-338(to)-338(expand.)-514(The)-338(institution)-338(of)-338(marriage)-338(exists.)-514(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(value)-302(of)-302(chastity)-302(is)-303(commonly)-302(in)-302(some)-302(degree)-302(felt,)-315(and)-302(appears)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-301(the)-301(indignation)-301(which)-301(is)-301(displayed)-301(against)-301(the)-301(adulterer.)-402(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duty)-494(of)-495(restraining)-494(the)-495(passions)-494(is)-494(largely)-495(recognised)-494(in)-494(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(female,)-356(though)-335(the)-334(males)-335(are)-335(only)-334(restricted)-335(by)-335(the)-334(prohibition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(adultery.)]TJ 11.956 -13.973 Td [(The)-453(first)-453(two)-453(steps)-453(which)-453(are)-453(taken)-453(towards)-453(the)-453(elevation)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-532(woman)-531(are)-532(probably)-531(the)-532(abandonment)-532(of)-531(the)-532(custom)-531(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purchasing)-467(wives,)-521(and)-467(the)-466(construction)-467(of)-467(the)-467(family)-467(on)-466(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(basis)-362(of)-361(monogamy.)-585(In)-361(the)-362(earliest)-361(periods)-362(of)-361(civilisation,)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage)-251(contract)-252(was)-251(arranged)-251(between)-252(the)-251(bridegroom)-251(and)-251(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(father)-357(of)-357(the)-357(bride,)-384(on)-357(the)-357(condition)-357(of)-357(a)-357(sum)-357(of)-357(money)-357(being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paid)-352(by)-351(the)-352(former)-352(to)-351(the)-352(latter.)-555(This)-351(sum,)-378(which)-351(is)-352(known)-351(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-404(laws)-405(of)-404(the)-405(barbarians)-404(as)-405(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 154.485 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(mundium,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.552 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(552)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.277 -3.959 Td [(was)-404(in)-405(fact)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -302.757 0 Td [([277])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(a)-423(payment)-424(to)-423(the)-424(father)-423(for)-424(the)-423(cession)-424(of)-423(his)-424(daughter,)-466(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thus)-356(became)-355(the)-356(bought)-355(slave)-356(of)-356(her)-355(husband.)-567(It)-356(is)-355(one)-356(of)-355(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-297(remarkable)-297(features)-297(of)-297(the)-296(ancient)-297(laws)-297(of)-297(India,)-309(that)-296(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forbade)-359(this)-359(gift,)-386(on)-359(the)-359(ground)-359(that)-359(the)-359(parent)-359(should)-359(not)-359(sell)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-381(child;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 41.741 3.959 Td [(553)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.327 -3.959 Td [(but)-381(there)-381(can)-382(be)-381(little)-381(doubt)-381(that)-381(this)-382(sale)-381(was)-381(at)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 88.05 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.154 Td [(552)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 16.184 0 Td [(\025)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\264\275\261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.789 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Greeks.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -47.446 -7.394 Td [(553)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Legouv\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.856 0 Td [(Histoire)-250(morale)-250(des)-250(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 103.346 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(95-96.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1171 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1172 0 R /Resources 1170 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1149 0 R >> endobj 1173 0 obj << /D [1171 0 R /XYZ 319.133 165.05 null] >> endobj 1170 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F43 486 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1176 0 obj << /Length 6551 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(273)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(one)-332(time)-331(the)-332(ordinary)-331(type)-332(of)-331(marriage.)-495(In)-331(the)-332(Jewish)-331(writings)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-347(find)-346(Jacob)-347(purchasing)-347(Leah)-347(and)-346(Rachel)-347(by)-347(certain)-346(services)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-383(their)-383(father;)-449(and)-383(this)-383(custom,)-416(which)-383(seems)-383(to)-383(have)-383(been)-382(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-386(time)-387(general)-386(in)-386(Judea,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 120.164 3.958 Td [(554)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.039 -3.958 Td [(appears)-386(in)-386(the)-387(age)-386(of)-386(Homer)-387(to)]TJ -137.203 -13.55 Td [(have)-360(been)-360(general)-359(in)-360(Greece.)-580(At)-359(an)-360(early)-360(period,)-387(however,)-387(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-305(history,)-319(the)-305(purchase-money)-305(was)-305(replaced)-305(by)-305(the)-304(dowry,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-338(sum)-338(of)-337(money)-338(paid)-338(by)-338(the)-338(father)-338(of)-337(the)-338(bride)-338(for)-338(the)-338(use)-337(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-237(daughter;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.518 3.959 Td [(555)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.085 -3.959 Td [(and)-237(this,)-239(although)-237(it)-237(passed)-237(into)-236(the)-237(hands)-237(of)-237(the)]TJ -71.603 -13.549 Td [(husband,)-396(contributed)-367(to)-367(elevate)-367(the)-367(wife,)-396(in)-367(the)-366(first)-367(place,)-396(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-333(dignity)-334(it)-333(gave)-333(her,)-354(and,)-354(in)-333(the)-334(next)-333(place,)-354(by)-333(special)-333(laws,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-297(both)-297(in)-297(Greece)-297(and)-296(Rome)-297(secured)-297(it)-297(to)-297(her)-297(in)-297(most)-296(cases)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-378(separation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60.778 3.959 Td [(556)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.379 -3.959 Td [(The)-378(wife)-379(thus)-378(possessed)-378(a)-378(guarantee)-379(against)]TJ -80.157 -13.549 Td [(ill-usage)-232(by)-231(her)-232(husband.)-244(She)-231(ceased)-232(to)-231(be)-232(his)-232(slave,)-235(and)-231(became)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-274(some)-275(degree)-274(a)-275(contracting)-274(party.)-646(Among)-275(the)-274(early)-274(Germans,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([278])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(a)-342(different)-341(and)-342(very)-342(remarkable)-341(custom)-342(existed.)-525(The)-342(bride)-341(did)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-225(bring)-225(any)-224(dowry)-225(to)-225(her)-225(husband,)-229(nor)-225(did)-225(the)-225(bridegroom)-224(give)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anything)-368(to)-367(the)-368(father)-368(of)-367(the)-368(bride;)-426(but)-368(he)-368(gave)-367(his)-368(gift)-368(to)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bride)-370(herself,)-400(on)-370(the)-370(morning)-370(after)-370(the)-370(first)-370(night)-370(of)-369(marriage,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-371(this,)-401(which)-371(was)-370(called)-371(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 141.851 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Morgengab,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.018 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.889 0 Td [(or)-371(morning)-371(gift,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 241.72 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 234.823 Td [(554)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Gen.)-250(xxix.,)-250(xxxiv.)-250(12;)-250(Deut.)-250(xxii.)-250(29;)-250(1)-250(Sam.)-250(xviii.)-250(25.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(555)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-274(history)-273(of)-274(dowries)-273(is)-274(briefly)-273(noticed)-274(by)-274(Grote,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 184.744 0 Td [(Hist.)-321(of)-273(Greece)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.379 0 Td [(,)-280(vol.)-320(ii.)]TJ -252.079 -10.959 Td [(pp.)-250(112-113;)-250(and)-250(more)-250(fully)-249(by)-250(Lord)-250(Kames,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(admirable)-249(chapter)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 252.495 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(On)-250(the)]TJ -256.476 -10.959 Td [(Progress)-231(of)-231(the)-231(Female)-231(Sex,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 99.678 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.052 0 Td [(in)-231(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 21.581 0 Td [(Sketches)-231(of)-231(the)-231(History)-231(of)-231(Man)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 109.468 0 Td [(,)-235(a)-231(book)-231(less)]TJ -236.779 -10.959 Td [(read)-276(than)-276(it)-276(deserves)-276(to)-277(be.)-328(M.)-276(Legouv\351)-276(has)-276(also)-276(devoted)-276(a)-277(chapter)-276(to)-276(it)-276(in)-276(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)-516(morale)-339(des)-339(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.123 0 Td [(.)-516(See,)-361(too,)-361(Legendre,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 81.567 0 Td [(Trait\351)-339(de)-339(l'Opinion)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.265 0 Td [(,)-361(tome)-339(ii.)]TJ -246.955 -10.958 Td [(pp.)-419(329-330.)-418(We)-306(find)-306(traces)-306(of)-307(the)-306(dowry,)-320(as)-306(well)-306(as)-306(of)-307(the)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 221.341 0 Td [(\025)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\264\275\261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 13.548 0 Td [(,)-320(in)-306(Homer.)]TJ -238.655 -10.959 Td [(Penelope)-329(had)-328(received)-329(a)-329(dowry)-328(from)-329(Icarus,)-348(her)-329(father.)-486(M.)-328(Michelet,)-348(in)-329(one)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-304(those)-304(fanciful)-305(books)-304(which)-304(he)-304(has)-304(recently)-305(published,)-317(maintains)-305(a)-304(view)-304(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-313(object)-314(of)-313(the)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 62.534 0 Td [(\025)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\264\275\261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.357 0 Td [(which)-313(I)-314(do)-313(not)-313(remember)-313(to)-314(have)-313(seen)-313(elsewhere,)-329(and)]TJ -82.657 -10.959 Td [(which)-326(I)-327(do)-326(not)-326(believe.)-479(He)-326(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 124.38 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ce)-326(prix)-327(n'est)-326(point)-326(un)-326(achat)-327(de)-326(la)-326(femme,)]TJ -128.361 -10.959 Td [(mais)-259(une)-259(indemnit\351)-259(qui)-259(d\351dommage)-259(la)-259(famille)-259(du)-259(p\350re)-259(pour)-259(les)-259(enfants)-259(futurs,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(qui)-254(ne)-254(profiteront)-254(pas)-254(\340)-254(cette)-254(famille)-254(mais)-253(\340)-254(celle)-254(o\371)-254(la)-254(femme)-254(va)-254(entrer.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 258.214 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(La)]TJ -271.162 -10.959 Td [(Femme)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 26.388 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(166.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -26.139 -7.394 Td [(556)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(In)-311(Rome,)-327(when)-312(the)-311(separation)-312(was)-312(due)-311(to)-312(the)-311(misconduct)-312(of)-311(the)-312(wife,)-327(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(dowry)-250(belonged)-250(to)-250(her)-250(husband.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1175 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1176 0 R /Resources 1174 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1178 0 R >> endobj 1177 0 obj << /D [1175 0 R /XYZ 204.921 342.036 null] >> endobj 1174 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F43 486 0 R /F42 485 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1181 0 obj << /Length 5379 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(274History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-250(the)-250(origin)-250(of)-250(the)-250(jointure.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 129.076 3.959 Td [(557)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -117.12 -18.27 Td [(Still)-419(more)-419(important)-418(than)-419(the)-419(foregoing)-419(was)-419(the)-418(institution)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(of)-524(monogamy,)-593(by)-524(which,)-592(from)-525(its)-524(earliest)-524(days,)-592(the)-524(Greek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilisation)-262(proclaimed)-262(its)-263(superiority)-262(to)-262(the)-262(Asiatic)-262(civilisations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-369(had)-368(preceded)-369(it.)-606(We)-369(may)-369(regard)-368(monogamy)-369(either)-369(in)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(light)-364(of)-364(our)-364(intuitive)-365(moral)-364(sentiment)-364(on)-364(the)-364(subject)-364(of)-364(purity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-455(in)-454(the)-455(light)-455(of)-454(the)-455(interests)-455(of)-454(society.)-864(In)-455(its)-455(Oriental)-454(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(polygamous)-358(stage,)-385(marriage)-359(is)-358(regarded)-358(almost)-358(exclusively,)-385(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(its)-439(lowest)-439(aspect,)-486(as)-440(a)-439(gratification)-439(of)-439(the)-439(passions;)-533(while)-439(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(European)-404(marriages)-404(the)-403(mutual)-404(attachment)-404(and)-404(respect)-404(of)-403(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contracting)-335(parties,)-357(the)-336(formation)-335(of)-335(a)-336(household,)-357(and)-335(the)-335(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(train)-407(of)-407(domestic)-406(feelings)-407(and)-407(duties)-407(that)-407(accompany)-406(it,)-446(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-312(their)-313(distinguished)-312(place)-312(among)-312(the)-313(motives)-312(of)-312(the)-312(contract,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-342(the)-343(lower)-342(element)-342(has)-343(comparatively)-342(little)-342(prominence.)-527(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-410(way)-411(it)-410(may)-410(be)-411(intelligibly)-410(said,)-450(without)-411(any)-410(reference)-410(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(utilitarian)-321(considerations,)-339(that)-321(monogamy)-322(is)-321(a)-321(higher)-321(state)-321(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(polygamy.)-910(The)-470(utilitarian)-470(arguments)-470(in)-470(its)-470(defence)-470(are)-470(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extremely)-278(powerful,)-285(and)-277(may)-278(be)-278(summed)-278(up)-278(in)-278(three)-277(sentences.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Nature,)-521(by)-467(making)-467(the)-467(number)-467(of)-467(males)-467(and)-467(females)-467(nearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equal,)-343(indicates)-324(it)-324(as)-324(natural.)-471(In)-324(no)-324(other)-324(form)-324(of)-324(marriage)-324(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-294(government)-293(of)-294(the)-294(family,)-304(which)-294(is)-293(one)-294(of)-294(the)-293(chief)-294(ends)-293(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage,)-283(be)-277(so)-276(happily)-277(sustained,)-566(and)-276(in)-277(no)-276(other)-277(does)-276(woman)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([279])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(assume)-250(the)-250(position)-250(of)-250(the)-250(equal)-250(of)-250(man.)]TJ 11.956 -14.312 Td [(Monogamy)-183(was)-183(the)-184(general)-183(system)-183(in)-183(Greece,)-197(though)-183(there)-183(are)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(said)-234(to)-234(have)-234(been)-234(slight)-234(and)-234(temporary)-234(deviations)-234(into)-234(the)-233(earlier)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system,)-186(after)-170(some)-170(great)-171(disasters,)-186(when)-170(an)-170(increase)-170(of)-170(population)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-296(ardently)-297(desired.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.411 3.958 Td [(558)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.697 -3.958 Td [(A)-296(broad)-297(line)-296(must,)-308(however,)-308(be)-296(drawn)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.804 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.908 Td [(557)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Dotem)-280(non)-279(uxor)-280(marito)-279(sed)-280(uxori)-279(maritus)-280(offert.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 175.183 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Tac.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.718 0 Td [(Germ.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.165 0 Td [(xviii.)-339(On)]TJ -247.951 -10.959 Td [(the)-283(Morgengab,)-291(see)-284(Canciani,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 110.402 0 Td [(Leges)-283(Barbarorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.826 0 Td [(\050Venetiis,)-291(1781\051,)-292(vol.)-349(i.)-349(pp.)]TJ -181.228 -10.959 Td [(102-104;)-328(ii.)-407(pp.)-407(230-231.)-407(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 133.771 0 Td [(Antich.)-407(Ital.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.706 0 Td [(diss.)-407(xx.)-407(Luitprand)-302(enacted)]TJ -180.477 -10.959 Td [(that)-405(no)-405(Longobard)-405(should)-404(give)-405(more)-405(than)-405(one-fourth)-405(of)-405(his)-404(substance)-405(as)-405(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Morgengab.)-458(In)-320(Gregory)-319(of)-320(Tours)-319(\050ix.)-458(20\051)-320(we)-319(have)-320(an)-319(example)-320(of)-319(the)-320(gift)-319(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(some)-250(cities)-250(as)-250(a)-250(Morgengab.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(558)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See,)-266(on)-263(this)-263(point,)-267(Aul.)-289(Gellius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 116.101 0 Td [(Noct.)-289(Att.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.837 0 Td [(xv.)-289(20.)-289(Euripides)-264(is)-263(said)-263(to)-263(have)]TJ -164.894 -10.959 Td [(had)-250(two)-250(wives.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1180 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1181 0 R /Resources 1179 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1178 0 R >> endobj 1182 0 obj << /D [1180 0 R /XYZ 246.323 232.88 null] >> endobj 1179 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1185 0 obj << /Length 4555 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(275)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(between)-281(the)-281(legendary)-281(or)-281(poetical)-281(period,)-289(as)-281(reflected)-281(in)-281(Homer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-254(perpetuated)-254(in)-254(the)-253(tragedians,)-255(and)-254(the)-254(later)-254(historical)-253(period.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-280(is)-280(one)-280(of)-279(the)-280(most)-280(remarkable,)-287(and)-280(to)-280(some)-280(writers)-280(one)-280(of)-279(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-399(perplexing,)-436(facts)-398(in)-399(the)-399(moral)-398(history)-399(of)-399(Greece,)-436(that)-398(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-242(former)-241(and)-242(ruder)-241(period)-242(women)-241(had)-241(undoubtedly)-242(the)-241(highest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(place,)-468(and)-424(their)-424(type)-424(exhibited)-424(the)-424(highest)-424(perfection.)-772(Moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas,)-521(in)-466(a)-467(thousand)-467(forms,)-520(have)-467(been)-467(sublimated,)-520(enlarged,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-279(changed,)-286(by)-280(advancing)-279(civilisation;)-293(but)-279(it)-279(may)-279(be)-279(fearlessly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(asserted)-260(that)-261(the)-260(types)-261(of)-260(female)-260(excellence)-261(which)-260(are)-260(contained)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-484(the)-483(Greek)-484(poems,)-542(while)-483(they)-484(are)-483(among)-484(the)-484(earliest,)-541(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-350(among)-350(the)-350(most)-350(perfect)-350(in)-350(the)-350(literature)-350(of)-350(mankind.)-550(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conjugal)-314(tenderness)-314(of)-315(Hector)-314(and)-314(Andromache;)-346(the)-314(unwearied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fidelity)-321(of)-322(Penelope,)-339(awaiting)-321(through)-321(the)-322(long)-321(revolving)-321(years)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-323(return)-323(of)-322(her)-323(storm-tossed)-323(husband,)-341(who)-323(looked)-323(forward)-322(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-242(as)-242(to)-241(the)-242(crown)-242(of)-242(all)-241(his)-242(labours;)-244(the)-242(heroic)-242(love)-242(of)-241(Alcestis,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(voluntarily)-287(dying)-288(that)-287(her)-287(husband)-287(might)-288(live;)-306(the)-287(filial)-287(piety)-287(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Antigone;)-413(the)-359(majestic)-359(grandeur)-359(of)-359(the)-359(death)-359(of)-359(Polyxena;)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-197(subdued)-198(and)-197(saintly)-197(resignation)-197(of)-197(Iphigenia,)-208(excusing)-197(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-349(last)-348(breath)-349(the)-348(father)-349(who)-349(had)-348(condemned)-349(her;)-398(the)-348(joyous,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(modest,)-284(and)-277(loving)-277(Nausicaa,)-284(whose)-277(figure)-277(shines)-277(like)-277(a)-277(perfect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(idyll)-266(among)-266(the)-267(tragedies)-266(of)-266(the)-266(Odyssey)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 179.825 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(all)-266(these)-266(are)-266(pictures)]TJ -190.734 -13.549 Td [(of)-454(perennial)-455(beauty,)-506(which)-454(Rome)-454(and)-455(Christendom,)-505(chivalry)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-316(modern)-316(civilisation,)-333(have)-316(neither)-316(eclipsed)-316(nor)-316(transcended.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Virgin)-300(modesty)-300(and)-300(conjugal)-300(fidelity,)-312(the)-600(graces)-300(as)-300(well)-300(as)-299(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([280])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(virtues)-329(of)-329(the)-329(most)-329(perfect)-329(womanhood,)-349(have)-329(never)-328(been)-329(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exquisitely)-171(pourtrayed.)-224(The)-170(female)-171(figures)-171(stand)-171(out)-171(in)-171(the)-170(canvas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-308(as)-307(prominently)-308(as)-307(the)-308(male)-307(ones,)-322(and)-307(are)-308(surrounded)-307(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-369(almost)-368(equal)-369(reverence.)-606(The)-369(whole)-369(history)-368(of)-369(the)-369(Siege)-368(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Troy)-273(is)-273(a)-274(history)-273(of)-273(the)-273(catastrophes)-274(that)-273(followed)-273(a)-273(violation)-273(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-248(nuptial)-248(tie.)-249(Yet,)-248(at)-248(the)-248(same)-248(time,)-248(the)-248(position)-248(of)-248(women)-247(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-211(some)-211(respects)-211(a)-211(degraded)-211(one.)-237(The)-211(custom)-211(of)-211(purchase-money)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(given)-461(to)-462(the)-461(father)-461(of)-461(the)-462(bride)-461(was)-461(general.)-884(The)-461(husbands)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appear)-263(to)-262(have)-263(indulged)-263(largely,)-265(and)-263(with)-263(little)-262(or)-263(no)-263(censure,)-265(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1184 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1185 0 R /Resources 1183 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1178 0 R >> endobj 1186 0 obj << /D [1184 0 R /XYZ 232.89 206.544 null] >> endobj 1183 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1189 0 obj << /Length 6015 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(276History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(concubines.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 51.808 3.959 Td [(559)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.926 -3.959 Td [(Female)-273(captives)-273(of)-272(the)-273(highest)-273(rank)-273(were)-272(treated)]TJ -67.734 -13.549 Td [(with)-443(great)-442(harshness.)-827(The)-443(inferiority)-442(of)-443(women)-442(to)-443(men)-442(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strongly)-308(asserted,)-322(and)-307(it)-308(was)-307(illustrated)-308(and)-308(defended)-307(by)-308(a)-307(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(curious)-218(physiological)-218(notion,)-225(that)-218(the)-218(generative)-218(power)-218(belonged)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(exclusively)-281(to)-280(men,)-289(women)-280(having)-281(only)-281(a)-280(very)-281(subordinate)-280(part)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-293(the)-294(production)-293(of)-293(their)-293(children.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 152.643 3.959 Td [(560)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.597 -3.959 Td [(The)-293(woman)-294(Pandora)-293(was)]TJ -169.24 -13.549 Td [(said)-250(to)-250(have)-250(been)-250(the)-250(author)-250(of)-250(all)-250(human)-250(ills.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(In)-336(the)-336(historical)-337(age)-336(of)-336(Greece,)-358(the)-336(legal)-336(position)-336(of)-336(women)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(had)-206(in)-206(some)-207(respects)-206(slightly)-206(improved,)-215(but)-206(their)-206(moral)-206(condition)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-287(undergone)-287(a)-287(marked)-286(deterioration.)-361(Virtuous)-287(women)-287(lived)-286(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-236(of)-236(perfect)-236(seclusion.)-245(The)-236(foremost)-236(and)-236(most)-236(dazzling)-236(type)-235(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ionic)-224(womanhood)-224(was)-224(the)-448(courtesan,)-230(while,)-229(among)-224(the)-224(men,)-229(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([281])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(latitude)-250(accorded)-250(by)-250(public)-250(opinion)-250(was)-250(almost)-250(unrestricted.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-266(facts)-267(in)-266(moral)-267(history,)-271(which)-266(it)-267(is)-266(at)-267(once)-266(most)-266(important)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(and)-241(most)-240(difficult)-241(to)-240(appreciate,)-242(are)-241(what)-240(may)-241(be)-240(called)-241(the)-240(facts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-241(feeling.)-248(It)-241(is)-241(much)-242(easier)-241(to)-242(show)-241(what)-242(men)-241(did)-242(or)-241(taught)-241(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-345(realise)-345(the)-345(state)-345(of)-345(mind)-345(that)-345(rendered)-345(possible)-345(such)-345(actions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-372(teaching;)-433(and)-372(in)-372(the)-372(case)-372(before)-372(us)-372(we)-372(have)-372(to)-372(deal)-372(with)-372(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-334(of)-334(feeling)-334(so)-334(extremely)-334(remote)-334(from)-334(that)-334(of)-334(our)-333(own)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(day,)-305(that)-294(the)-294(difficulty)-294(is)-294(preeminently)-294(great.)-382(Very)-294(sensual,)-305(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-287(the)-287(same)-286(time)-287(very)-287(brilliant)-287(societies,)-296(have)-287(indeed)-286(repeatedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existed,)-349(and)-329(the)-330(histories)-329(of)-329(both)-329(France)-330(and)-329(Italy)-329(afford)-329(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examples)-437(of)-438(an)-437(artistic)-437(and)-438(intellectual)-437(enthusiasm)-437(encircling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-288(who)-287(were)-288(morally)-288(most)-287(frail;)-307(but)-287(the)-288(peculiarity)-288(of)-287(Greek)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.64 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 190.743 Td [(559)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Aristotle)-259(said)-259(that)-259(Homer)-258(never)-259(gives)-259(a)-259(concubine)-259(to)-259(Menelaus,)-261(in)-259(order)-259(to)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(intimate)-250(his)-250(respect)-250(for)-250(Helen)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 106.082 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(though)-250(false.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 51.548 0 Td [(Athen\346us)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.87 0 Td [(,)-250(xiii.)-250(3.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -201.217 -7.394 Td [(560)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\306schylus)-260(has)-260(put)-260(this)-260(curious)-260(notion)-260(into)-260(the)-259(mouth)-260(of)-260(Apollo,)-263(in)-260(a)-260(speech)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(in)-369(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.543 0 Td [(Eumenides)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.344 0 Td [(.)-606(It)-368(has,)-399(however,)-398(been)-368(very)-369(widely)-369(diffused,)-398(and)-368(may)-369(be)]TJ -63.887 -10.959 Td [(found)-262(in)-261(Indian,)-265(Greek,)-265(Roman,)-264(and)-262(even)-262(Christian)-262(writers.)-285(M.)-261(Legouv\351,)-265(who)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has)-338(devoted)-338(a)-338(very)-338(curious)-338(chapter)-338(to)-338(the)-337(subject,)-360(quotes)-338(a)-338(passage)-338(from)-338(St.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Thomas)-203(Aquinas,)-212(accepting)-203(it,)-212(and)-203(arguing)-202(from)-203(it,)-212(that)-203(a)-203(father)-203(should)-202(be)-203(more)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(loved)-293(than)-294(a)-293(mother.)-380(M.)-293(Legouv\351)-293(says)-293(that)-294(when)-293(the)-293(male)-293(of)-294(one)-293(animal)-293(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-255(female)-254(of)-255(another)-254(are)-255(crossed,)-256(the)-254(type)-255(of)-254(the)-255(female)-254(usually)-255(predominates)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-276(the)-276(offspring.)-328(See)-276(Legouv\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 112.506 0 Td [(Hist.)-328(morale)-276(des)-276(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.309 0 Td [(,)-282(pp.)-328(216-228;)-289(Fustel)]TJ -204.815 -10.959 Td [(de)-257(Coulanges,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.178 0 Td [(La)-257(Cit\351)-256(antique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.915 0 Td [(,)-258(pp.)-270(39-40;)-260(and)-256(also)-257(a)-256(curious)-257(note)-257(by)-256(Boswell,)]TJ -109.093 -10.959 Td [(in)-250(Croker's)-250(edition)-250(of)-250(Boswell's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 115.057 0 Td [(Life)-250(of)-250(Johnson)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 57.537 0 Td [(\0501847\051,)-250(p.)-250(472.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1188 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1189 0 R /Resources 1187 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1178 0 R >> endobj 1190 0 obj << /D [1188 0 R /XYZ 209.969 369.134 null] >> endobj 1187 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1193 0 obj << /Length 4827 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(277)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sensuality)-281(is,)-288(that)-280(it)-281(grew)-280(up,)-289(for)-280(the)-281(most)-280(part,)-288(uncensured,)-288(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indeed)-405(even)-406(encouraged,)-444(under)-405(the)-405(eyes)-405(of)-406(some)-405(of)-405(the)-405(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(illustrious)-307(of)-307(moralists.)-422(If)-307(we)-307(can)-307(imagine)-307(Ninon)-307(de)-307(l'Enclos)-307(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-251(time)-250(when)-251(the)-251(rank)-250(and)-251(splendour)-251(of)-250(Parisian)-251(society)-250(thronged)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-219(drawing-rooms,)-226(reckoning)-219(a)-219(Bossuet)-219(or)-220(a)-219(F\351nelon)-219(among)-219(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followers)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 41.204 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(if)-390(we)-390(can)-389(imagine)-390(these)-390(prelates)-390(publicly)-389(advising)]TJ -52.113 -13.549 Td [(her)-215(about)-214(the)-215(duties)-215(of)-214(her)-215(profession,)-222(and)-214(the)-215(means)-215(of)-214(attaching)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-279(affections)-279(of)-279(her)-278(lovers)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 118.193 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(we)-279(shall)-279(have)-278(conceived)-279(a)-279(relation)]TJ -129.102 -13.549 Td [(scarcely)-286(more)-286(strange)-285(than)-286(that)-286(which)-286(existed)-286(between)-285(Socrates)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(the)-250(courtesan)-250(Theodota.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(In)-223(order)-224(to)-223(reconstruct,)-229(as)-223(far)-223(as)-224(possible,)-228(the)-224(modes)-223(of)-223(feeling)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-321(the)-321(Greek)-320(moralists,)-339(it)-321(will)-321(be)-320(necessary)-321(in)-321(the)-321(first)-321(place)-320(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(say)-294(a)-293(few)-294(words)-294(concerning)-294(one)-293(of)-294(the)-294(most)-293(delicate,)-305(but)-294(at)-293(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-361(time)-362(most)-361(important,)-390(problems)-361(with)-362(which)-361(the)-361(legislator)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(the)-250(moralist)-250(have)-250(to)-250(deal.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-517(was)-516(a)-517(favourite)-516(doctrine)-517(of)-516(the)-517(Christian)-516(Fathers,)-583(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(concupiscence,)-463(or)-421(the)-421(sensual)-421(passion,)-463(was)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 201.763 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-421(original)-420(sin)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 69.18 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.787 -13.549 Td [(of)-437(human)-436(nature;)-530(and)-436(it)-437(must)-436(be)-437(owned)-436(that)-437(the)-436(progress)-436(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge,)-407(which)-375(is)-375(usually)-375(extremely)-376(opposed)-375(to)-375(the)-375(ascetic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-237(of)-238(life,)-240(concurs)-237(with)-238(the)-237(theological)-237(view,)-240(in)-238(showing)-474(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([282])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(natural)-238(force)-238(of)-239(this)-238(appetite)-238(to)-238(be)-239(far)-238(greater)-238(than)-238(the)-238(well-being)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-264(man)-264(requires.)-293(The)-264(writings)-264(of)-264(Malthus)-264(have)-265(proved,)-267(what)-264(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-180(moralists)-180(appear)-180(in)-181(a)-180(considerable)-180(degree)-180(to)-180(have)-180(seen,)-194(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-220(normal)-219(and)-220(temperate)-220(exercise)-219(in)-220(the)-219(form)-220(of)-220(marriage,)-225(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(produce,)-203(if)-192(universal,)-203(the)-191(utmost)-192(calamities)-191(to)-191(the)-192(world,)-203(and)-191(that,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-295(nature)-295(seems)-295(in)-295(the)-295(most)-295(unequivocal)-295(manner)-295(to)-295(urge)-295(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(human)-186(race)-185(to)-186(early)-186(marriages,)-198(the)-186(first)-185(condition)-186(of)-186(an)-185(advancing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(civilisation)-238(in)-238(populous)-238(countries)-237(is)-238(to)-238(restrain)-238(or)-238(diminish)-237(them.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-412(no)-411(highly)-412(civilised)-412(society)-411(is)-412(marriage)-412(general)-411(on)-412(the)-411(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-497(of)-496(the)-496(passions,)-559(and)-496(the)-497(continual)-496(tendency)-496(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(increasing)-317(knowledge)-316(is)-317(to)-316(render)-316(such)-317(marriages)-316(more)-317(rare.)-449(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-395(also)-394(an)-395(undoubted)-394(truth)-395(that,)-431(however)-394(much)-395(moralists)-394(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enforce)-177(the)-177(obligation)-177(of)-178(extra-matrimonial)-177(purity,)-191(this)-177(obligation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-274(never)-275(been)-274(even)-274(approximately)-274(regarded;)-287(and)-274(in)-274(all)-274(nations,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1192 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1193 0 R /Resources 1191 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1178 0 R >> endobj 1194 0 obj << /D [1192 0 R /XYZ 311.481 255.831 null] >> endobj 1191 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1197 0 obj << /Length 4781 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(278History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(ages,)-581(and)-515(religions)-515(a)-515(vast)-515(mass)-515(of)-515(irregular)-515(indulgence)-515(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appeared,)-356(which)-336(has)-335(probably)-335(contributed)-335(more)-335(than)-335(any)-335(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(single)-250(cause)-250(to)-250(the)-250(misery)-250(and)-250(the)-250(degradation)-250(of)-250(man.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(There)-434(are)-433(two)-434(ends)-433(which)-434(a)-433(moralist,)-480(in)-433(dealing)-434(with)-433(this)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(question,)-314(will)-302(especially)-301(regard)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 138.162 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-301(natural)-302(duty)-301(of)-301(every)-302(man)]TJ -149.071 -13.55 Td [(doing)-329(something)-328(for)-329(the)-329(support)-328(of)-329(the)-329(child)-328(he)-329(has)-329(called)-328(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existence,)-264(and)-261(the)-261(preservation)-261(of)-261(the)-261(domestic)-261(circle)-261(unassailed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-364(unpolluted.)-592(The)-364(family)-364(is)-364(the)-364(centre)-364(and)-364(the)-364(archetype)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-281(State,)-288(and)-280(the)-281(happiness)-280(and)-281(goodness)-280(of)-280(society)-281(are)-280(always)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-390(a)-389(very)-390(great)-390(degree)-389(dependent)-390(upon)-390(the)-389(purity)-390(of)-389(domestic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(life.)-594(The)-364(essentially)-365(exclusive)-364(nature)-365(of)-365(marital)-364(affection,)-393(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-306(natural)-307(desire)-306(of)-306(every)-306(man)-307(to)-306(be)-306(certain)-307(of)-306(the)-306(paternity)-306(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-263(child)-262(he)-263(supports,)-266(render)-263(the)-262(incursions)-263(of)-263(irregular)-262(passions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(within)-336(the)-337(domestic)-336(circle)-336(a)-336(cause)-337(of)-336(extreme)-336(suffering.)-509(Yet)-336(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-323(appear)-323(as)-323(if)-323(the)-323(excessive)-323(force)-323(of)-323(these)-323(passions)-323(would)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(render)-250(such)-250(incursions)-250(both)-250(frequent)-250(and)-250(inevitable.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Under)-221(these)-221(circumstances,)-227(there)-222(has)-221(arisen)-221(in)-221(society)-221(a)-221(figure)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(which)-437(is)-438(certainly)-437(the)-438(most)-437(mournful,)-485(and)-437(in)-438(some)-874(respects)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([283])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-342(most)-342(awful,)-365(upon)-341(which)-342(the)-342(eye)-342(of)-342(the)-342(moralist)-342(can)-341(dwell.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(That)-272(unhappy)-273(being)-272(whose)-272(very)-273(name)-272(is)-272(a)-272(shame)-273(to)-272(speak;)-283(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(counterfeits)-419(with)-419(a)-419(cold)-419(heart)-419(the)-419(transports)-419(of)-419(affection,)-461(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(submits)-256(herself)-255(as)-256(the)-256(passive)-255(instrument)-256(of)-256(lust;)-258(who)-256(is)-255(scorned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-326(insulted)-326(as)-326(the)-326(vilest)-326(of)-326(her)-326(sex,)-345(and)-326(doomed,)-345(for)-326(the)-325(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part,)-518(to)-464(disease)-464(and)-464(abject)-465(wretchedness)-464(and)-464(an)-464(early)-464(death,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appears)-279(in)-278(every)-279(age)-279(as)-278(the)-279(perpetual)-279(symbol)-278(of)-279(the)-278(degradation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-261(the)-261(sinfulness)-261(of)-261(man.)-283(Herself)-261(the)-261(supreme)-262(type)-261(of)-261(vice,)-263(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-198(ultimately)-199(the)-198(most)-199(efficient)-198(guardian)-199(of)-198(virtue.)-233(But)-198(for)-199(her,)-208(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unchallenged)-178(purity)-177(of)-178(countless)-178(happy)-177(homes)-178(would)-178(be)-177(polluted,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-227(not)-226(a)-227(few)-226(who,)-231(in)-227(the)-226(pride)-227(of)-226(their)-227(untempted)-226(chastity,)-231(think)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(her)-291(with)-292(an)-291(indignant)-291(shudder,)-302(would)-291(have)-291(known)-291(the)-291(agony)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-373(remorse)-374(and)-373(of)-374(despair.)-620(On)-373(that)-373(one)-374(degraded)-373(and)-373(ignoble)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(form)-421(are)-420(concentrated)-421(the)-420(passions)-420(that)-421(might)-420(have)-421(filled)-420(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(world)-332(with)-332(shame.)-495(She)-332(remains,)-352(while)-332(creeds)-332(and)-331(civilisations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rise)-372(and)-373(fall,)-403(the)-372(eternal)-372(priestess)-373(of)-372(humanity,)-403(blasted)-372(for)-372(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1196 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1197 0 R /Resources 1195 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1178 0 R >> endobj 1198 0 obj << /D [1196 0 R /XYZ 334.263 282.929 null] >> endobj 1195 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1201 0 obj << /Length 4299 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(279)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sins)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -29.553 Td [(In)-365(dealing)-366(with)-365(this)-365(unhappy)-366(being,)-394(and)-365(with)-365(all)-366(of)-365(her)-365(sex)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(who)-225(have)-224(violated)-225(the)-225(law)-224(of)-225(chastity,)-230(the)-224(public)-225(opinion)-225(of)-224(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-346(countries)-347(pronounces)-346(a)-346(sentence)-347(of)-346(extreme)-346(severity.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(In)-248(the)-247(Anglo-Saxon)-248(nations)-247(especially,)-248(a)-248(single)-248(fault)-247(of)-248(this)-247(kind)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-383(sufficient,)-417(at)-383(least)-384(in)-383(the)-383(upper)-384(and)-383(middle)-383(classes,)-417(to)-383(affix)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-330(indelible)-330(brand)-330(which)-330(no)-330(time,)-350(no)-330(virtues,)-350(no)-330(penitence)-329(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wholly)-354(efface.)-563(This)-355(sentence)-354(is)-354(probably,)-381(in)-354(the)-354(first)-354(instance,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simply)-430(the)-429(expression)-430(of)-429(the)-430(rel)1(igious)-430(feeling)-429(on)-430(the)-429(subject,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-266(it)-266(is)-266(also)-266(sometimes)-266(defended)-266(by)-266(powerful)-266(arguments)-266(drawn)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-340(the)-340(interests)-341(of)-340(society.)-520(It)-341(is)-340(said)-340(that)-340(the)-340(preservation)-340(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(domestic)-260(purity)-260(is)-260(a)-260(matter)-260(of)-260(such)-260(transcendent)-260(importance)-259(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-293(is)-293(right)-294(that)-293(the)-293(most)-293(crushing)-294(penalties)-293(should)-293(be)-293(attached)-293(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-275(act)-275(which)-274(the)-275(imagination)-275(can)-275(easily)-275(transfigure,)-281(which)-274(legal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enactments)-287(can)-287(never)-286(efficiently)-287(control,)-296(and)-287(to)-287(which)-287(the)-286(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(violent)-350(passions)-351(may)-350(prompt.)-551(It)-350(is)-350(said,)-376(too,)-375(that)-350(an)-350(anathema)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-278(drives)-279(into)-278(obscurity)-278(all)-278(evidences)-278(of)-279(sensual)-278(passions)-556(is)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([284])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(peculiarly)-382(fitted)-382(to)-381(restrict)-382(their)-382(operation;)-447(for,)-415(more)-382(than)-381(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-289(passions,)-298(they)-288(are)-289(dependent)-289(on)-288(the)-289(imagination,)-298(which)-288(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(readily)-317(fired)-316(by)-317(the)-317(sight)-316(of)-317(evil.)-450(It)-316(is)-317(added,)-333(that)-317(the)-316(emphasis)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-452(which)-452(the)-452(vice)-452(is)-452(stigmatised)-452(produces)-452(a)-452(corresponding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(admiration)-260(for)-261(the)-260(opposite)-260(virtue,)-263(and)-261(that)-260(a)-260(feeling)-261(of)-260(the)-260(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(delicate)-235(and)-236(scrupulous)-235(honour)-235(is)-235(thus)-236(formed)-235(among)-235(the)-235(female)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(population,)-422(which)-388(not)-388(only)-388(preserves)-388(from)-388(gross)-387(sin,)-423(but)-387(also)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dignifies)-250(and)-250(ennobles)-250(the)-250(whole)-250(character.)]TJ 11.956 -29.553 Td [(In)-310(opposition)-309(to)-310(these)-310(views,)-324(several)-310(considerations)-310(of)-309(much)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(weight)-308(have)-307(been)-307(urged.)-423(It)-307(is)-308(argued)-307(that,)-322(however)-307(persistently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-488(may)-488(ignore)-487(this)-488(form)-488(of)-488(vice,)-547(it)-488(exists)-487(nevertheless,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-245(on)-246(the)-245(most)-246(gigantic)-245(scale,)-246(and)-246(that)-245(evil)-246(rarely)-245(assumes)-245(such)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inveterate)-151(and)-150(perverting)-151(forms)-151(as)-150(when)-151(it)-151(is)-150(shrouded)-151(in)-150(obscurity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-410(veiled)-410(by)-410(an)-410(hypocritical)-410(appearance)-410(of)-409(unconsciousness.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-217(existence)-218(in)-217(England)-217(of)-217(certainly)-217(not)-218(less)-217(than)-217(fifty)-217(thousand)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1200 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1201 0 R /Resources 1199 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1203 0 R >> endobj 1202 0 obj << /D [1200 0 R /XYZ 317.089 285.384 null] >> endobj 1199 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1206 0 obj << /Length 5572 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(280History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(unhappy)-310(women,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 75.795 3.959 Td [(561)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.998 -3.959 Td [(sunk)-310(in)-310(the)-310(very)-310(lowest)-309(depths)-310(of)-310(vice)-310(and)]TJ -91.793 -13.549 Td [(misery,)-390(shows)-361(sufficiently)-362(what)-362(an)-361(appalling)-362(amount)-362(of)-361(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evil)-494(is)-495(festering)-494(uncontrolled,)-556(undiscussed,)-555(and)-494(unalleviated,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-257(the)-257(fair)-256(surface)-257(of)-257(a)-256(decorous)-257(society.)-270(In)-257(the)-257(eyes)-257(of)-256(every)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(physician,)-453(and)-413(indeed)-413(in)-413(the)-412(eyes)-413(of)-413(most)-413(continental)-412(writers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-384(have)-383(adverted)-384(to)-383(the)-384(subject,)-416(no)-384(other)-383(feature)-384(of)-383(English)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-335(appears)-334(so)-335(infamous)-334(as)-335(the)-334(fact)-335(that)-335(an)-334(epidemic,)-356(which)-334(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-347(of)-346(the)-347(most)-346(dreadful)-347(now)-347(existing)-346(among)-347(mankind,)-370(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communicates)-459(itself)-459(from)-458(the)-459(guilty)-459(husband)-459(to)-459(the)-458(innocent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wife,)-266(and)-262(even)-263(transmits)-262(its)-263(taint)-263(to)-262(her)-263(offspring,)-265(and)-263(which)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(experience)-355(of)-355(other)-355(nations)-355(conclusively)-355(proves)-355(may)-355(be)-355(vastly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diminished,)-349(should)-329(be)-329(suffered)-329(to)-329(rage)-329(unchecked)-657(because)-329(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([285])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Legislature)-359(refuses)-358(to)-359(take)-359(official)-358(cognisance)-359(of)-359(its)-358(existence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-319(proper)-318(sanitary)-319(measures)-319(for)-319(its)-318(repression.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.145 3.958 Td [(562)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.43 -3.958 Td [(If)-319(the)-318(terrible)]TJ -221.575 -13.55 Td [(censure)-195(which)-195(English)-196(public)-195(opinion)-195(passes)-195(upon)-195(every)-195(instance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(female)-291(frailty)-292(in)-291(some)-291(degree)-291(diminishes)-292(the)-291(number,)-301(it)-291(does)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-268(prevent)-267(such)-268(instances)-268(from)-267(being)-268(extremely)-267(numerous,)-272(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-430(immeasurably)-430(aggravates)-430(the)-429(suffering)-430(they)-430(produce.)-789(Acts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-217(in)-218(other)-217(European)-217(countries)-217(would)-217(excite)-218(only)-217(a)-217(slight)-217(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(transient)-289(emotion,)-300(spread)-289(in)-289(England,)-300(over)-289(a)-289(wide)-290(circle,)-299(all)-289(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bitterness)-312(of)-313(unmitigated)-312(anguish.)-437(Acts)-312(which)-312(naturally)-312(neither)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imply)-498(nor)-497(produce)-498(a)-497(total)-497(subversion)-498(of)-497(the)-498(moral)-497(feelings,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-467(which,)-522(i)1(n)-468(other)-467(countries,)-521(are)-467(often)-467(followed)-467(by)-467(happy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtuous,)-468(and)-425(affectionate)-425(lives,)-468(in)-425(England)-425(almost)-424(invariably)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.64 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 190.743 Td [(561)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Dr.)-396(Vintras,)-311(in)-299(a)-298(remarkable)-299(pamphlet)-299(\050London,)-311(1867\051)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 201.557 0 Td [(On)-299(the)-298(Repression)]TJ -213.513 -10.959 Td [(of)-286(Prostitution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.394 0 Td [(,)-295(shows)-287(from)-286(the)-287(police)-286(statistics)-286(that)-287(the)-286(number)-286(of)-287(prostitutes)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -52.394 -10.958 Td [(known)-335(to)-335(the)-334(police)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.266 0 Td [(in)-335(England)-335(and)-334(Wales,)-356(in)-335(1864,)-356(was)-335(49,370;)-377(and)-335(this)-335(is)]TJ -75.266 -10.959 Td [(certainly)-277(much)-276(below)-277(the)-276(entire)-277(number.)-330(These,)-283(it)-277(will)-276(be)-277(observed,)-283(comprise)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(only)-250(the)-250(habitual,)-250(professional)-250(prostitutes.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(562)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Some)-186(measures)-186(have)-187(recently)-186(been)-186(taken)-187(in)-186(a)-186(few)-186(garrison)-187(towns.)-228(The)-187(moral)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(sentiment)-313(of)-312(the)-313(community,)-328(it)-312(appears,)-328(would)-313(be)-312(shocked)-313(if)-313(Liverpool)-312(were)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(treated)-267(on)-267(the)-266(same)-267(principles)-267(as)-267(Portsmouth.)-300(This)-267(very)-267(painful)-266(and)-267(revolting,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(but)-180(most)-180(important,)-194(subject)-180(has)-181(been)-180(treated)-180(with)-180(great)-180(knowledge,)-194(impartiality,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-261(ability,)-264(by)-262(Parent-Duch\342telet,)-264(in)-261(his)-261(famous)-261(work,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 197.371 0 Td [(La)-261(Prostitution)-261(dans)-262(la)]TJ -197.371 -10.959 Td [(ville)-211(de)-211(Paris)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.117 0 Td [(.)-237(The)-211(third)-211(edition)-211(contains)-211(very)-210(copious)-211(supplementary)-211(accounts,)]TJ -47.117 -10.959 Td [(furnished)-250(by)-250(different)-250(doctors)-250(in)-250(different)-250(countries.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1205 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1206 0 R /Resources 1204 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1203 0 R >> endobj 1207 0 obj << /D [1205 0 R /XYZ 319.138 369.134 null] >> endobj 1204 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1210 0 obj << /Length 6394 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(281)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(lead)-411(to)-411(absolute)-411(ruin.)-733(Infanticide)-411(is)-410(greatly)-411(multiplied,)-452(and)-410(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vast)-316(proportion)-315(of)-316(those)-315(whose)-316(reputat)1(ions)-316(and)-315(lives)-316(have)-315(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(blasted)-481(by)-481(one)-481(momentary)-481(sin,)-538(are)-481(hurled)-481(into)-481(the)-481(abyss)-480(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habitual)-289(prostitution)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 88.613 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-289(condition)-289(which,)-298(owing)-289(to)-289(the)-289(sentence)]TJ -99.522 -13.55 Td [(of)-369(public)-369(opinion)-369(and)-369(the)-368(neglect)-369(of)-369(legislators,)-399(is)-369(in)-369(no)-368(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(European)-250(country)-250(so)-250(hopelessly)-250(vicious)-250(or)-250(so)-250(irrevocable.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 252.076 3.959 Td [(563)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -240.12 -21.31 Td [(It)-432(is)-431(added,)-477(too,)-477(that)-432(the)-432(immense)-431(multitude)-432(who)-432(are)-431(thus)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(doomed)-164(to)-165(the)-164(extremity)-165(of)-164(life-long)-164(wretchedness)-165(are)-164(not)-164(always,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(perhaps)-183(not)-183(generally,)-196(of)-183(those)-183(whose)-183(dispositions)-183(seem)-183(naturally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(incapable)-251(of)-250(virtue.)-252(The)-250(victims)-251(of)-501(seduction)-251(are)-250(often)-251(led)-250(aside)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([286])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(quite)-478(as)-478(much)-477(by)-478(the)-478(ardour)-478(of)-477(their)-478(affections,)-535(and)-478(by)-477(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vivacity)-314(of)-314(their)-315(intelligence,)-330(as)-314(by)-314(any)-315(vicious)-314(propensities.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(564)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Even)-219(in)-219(the)-219(lowest)-220(grades,)-225(the)-219(most)-219(dispassionate)-219(observers)-219(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(detected)-301(remains)-300(of)-301(higher)-300(feelings,)-314(which,)-313(in)-300(a)-301(different)-300(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atmosphere,)-386(and)-358(under)-359(different)-358(moral)-358(husbandry,)-386(would)-358(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undoubtedly)-424(been)-424(developed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.951 3.959 Td [(565)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.866 -3.959 Td [(The)-424(statistics)-423(of)-424(prostitution)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 296.514 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 289.618 Td [(563)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Parent-Duch\342telet)-271(has)-270(given)-271(many)-271(statistics,)-276(showing)-270(the)-271(very)-271(large)-271(extent)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(to)-391(which)-391(the)-391(French)-391(system)-391(of)-391(supervision)-390(deters)-391(those)-391(who)-391(were)-391(about)-391(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(enter)-270(into)-270(prostitution,)-274(and)-270(reclaims)-270(those)-270(who)-270(had)-269(entered)-270(into)-270(it.)-309(He)-270(and)-270(Dr.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Vintras)-211(concur)-210(in)-211(representing)-211(English)-211(prostitution)-210(as)-211(about)-211(the)-210(most)-211(degraded,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(at)-250(the)-250(same)-250(time)-250(the)-250(most)-250(irrevocable.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(564)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Miss)-400(Mulock,)-438(in)-400(her)-401(amiable)-400(but)-400(rather)-400(feeble)-400(book,)-438(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 226.809 0 Td [(A)-400(Woman's)]TJ -238.765 -10.959 Td [(Thoughts)-298(about)-298(Women)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 86.038 0 Td [(,)-310(has)-297(some)-298(good)-298(remarks)-298(on)-298(this)-297(point)-298(\050pp.)-393(291-293\051,)]TJ -86.038 -10.959 Td [(which)-248(are)-247(all)-248(the)-248(more)-247(valuable,)-248(as)-248(the)-248(authoress)-247(has)-248(not)-248(the)-247(faintest)-248(sympathy)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-441(any)-442(opinions)-441(concerning)-442(the)-441(character)-441(and)-442(position)-441(of)-442(women)-441(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(are)-398(not)-398(strictly)-398(conventional.)-694(She)-397(notices)-398(the)-398(experience)-398(of)-398(Sunday)-398(school)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mistresses,)-231(that,)-230(of)-226(their)-226(pupils)-226(who)-225(are)-226(seduced,)-231(an)-226(extremely)-225(large)-226(proportion)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(are)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 13.19 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(very)-250(best,)-250(refined,)-250(intelligent,)-250(truthful,)-250(and)-250(affectionate.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 221.873 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -238.794 -7.395 Td [(565)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-487(the)-487(very)-487(singular)-488(and)-487(painful)-487(chapter)-487(in)-487(Parent-Duch\342telet,)-547(called)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(M)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 7.971 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.473 0 Td [(urs)-322(et)-322(Habitudes)-323(des)-322(Prostitu\351es.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 118.893 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.87 0 Td [(He)-322(observes)-322(that)-323(they)-322(are)-322(remarkable)]TJ -144.189 -10.959 Td [(for)-344(their)-343(kindness)-344(to)-343(one)-344(another)-344(in)-343(sickness)-344(or)-343(in)-344(distress;)-390(that)-344(they)-343(are)-344(not)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(unfrequently)-323(charitable)-323(to)-323(poor)-323(people)-323(who)-323(do)-323(not)-323(belong)-323(to)-323(their)-323(class;)-360(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(when)-211(one)-210(of)-211(them)-210(has)-211(a)-210(child,)-219(it)-210(becomes)-211(the)-210(object)-211(of)-210(very)-211(general)-211(interest)-210(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(affection;)-269(that)-263(most)-263(of)-263(them)-263(have)-263(lovers,)-266(to)-263(whom)-263(they)-263(are)-263(sincerely)-263(attached;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-216(they)-216(rarely)-217(fail)-216(to)-216(show)-216(in)-216(the)-216(hospitals)-217(a)-216(very)-216(real)-216(sense)-216(of)-216(shame;)-228(and)-216(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(many)-212(of)-212(them)-212(entered)-213(into)-212(their)-212(mode)-212(of)-212(life)-212(for)-212(the)-213(purpose)-212(of)-212(supporting)-212(aged)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(parents.)-243(One)-229(anecdote)-228(is)-229(worth)-229(giving)-228(in)-229(the)-229(words)-229(of)-228(the)-229(author:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 233.263 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Un)-229(m\351decin)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1209 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1210 0 R /Resources 1208 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1203 0 R >> endobj 1211 0 obj << /D [1209 0 R /XYZ 200.432 392.43 null] >> endobj 1208 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1214 0 obj << /Length 5930 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(282History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(show)-218(that)-218(a)-218(great)-219(proportion)-218(of)-218(those)-218(who)-218(have)-218(fallen)-218(into)-218(it)-218(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-329(impelled)-328(by)-329(the)-329(most)-328(extreme)-329(poverty,)-348(in)-329(many)-328(instances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(verging)-250(upon)-250(starvation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 106.353 3.959 Td [(566)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -94.397 -21.263 Td [(These)-483(opposing)-483(considerations,)-541(which)-483(I)-483(have)-483(very)-482(briefly)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(indicated,)-279(and)-273(which)-273(I)-273(do)-273(not)-273(propose)-273(to)-273(discuss)-273(or)-273(to)-546(estimate,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([287])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(will)-373(be)-373(sufficient)-373(to)-373(exhibit)-373(the)-373(magnitude)-373(of)-373(the)-373(problem.)-619(In)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-495(Greek)-496(civilisation,)-556(legislators)-496(and)-495(moralists)-495(endeavoured)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-389(meet)-390(it)-389(by)-389(the)-390(cordial)-389(recognition)-389(of)-390(two)-389(distinct)-389(orders)-389(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(womanhood)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 53.935 3.959 Td [(567)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 12.453 -3.959 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-365(wife,)-393(whose)-365(first)-365(duty)-365(was)-364(fidelity)-365(to)-365(her)]TJ -77.297 -13.549 Td [(husband;)-338(the)-309(het\346ra,)-323(or)-309(mistress,)-323(who)-309(subsisted)-309(by)-309(her)-308(fugitive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attachments.)-494(The)-331(wives)-332(of)-331(the)-331(Greeks)-332(lived)-331(in)-331(almost)-331(absolute)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seclusion.)-474(They)-325(were)-325(usually)-324(married)-325(when)-325(very)-324(young.)-474(Their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(occupations)-238(were)-237(to)-238(weave,)-240(to)-237(spin,)-240(to)-238(embroider,)-240(to)-237(superintend)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-191(household,)-202(to)-191(care)-191(for)-191(their)-190(sick)-191(slaves.)-230(They)-191(lived)-191(in)-191(a)-190(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-364(retired)-364(part)-364(of)-364(the)-364(house.)-592(The)-364(more)-364(wealthy)-364(seldom)-364(went)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abroad,)-289(and)-281(never)-281(except)-282(when)-281(accompanied)-281(by)-281(a)-281(female)-281(slave;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(never)-342(attended)-343(the)-342(public)-343(spectacles;)-388(received)-343(no)-342(male)-342(visitors)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(except)-168(in)-169(the)-168(presence)-168(of)-168(their)-168(husbands,)-185(and)-168(had)-169(not)-168(even)-168(a)-168(seat)-168(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-224(own)-225(tables)-224(when)-225(male)-224(guests)-224(were)-225(there.)-241(Their)-224(pre-eminent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtue)-315(was)-314(fidelity,)-331(and)-314(it)-315(is)-315(probable)-314(that)-315(this)-314(was)-315(very)-314(strictly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-387(very)-387(generally)-387(observed.)-661(Their)-387(remarkable)-387(freedom)-386(from)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 228.879 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 220.055 Td [(n'entrant)-311(jamais)-310(dans)-311(leurs)-310(salles)-311(sans)-310(\364ter)-311(l\351g\350rement)-310(son)-311(chapeau,)-326(par)-310(cette)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(seule)-314(politesse)-315(il)-314(sut)-314(tellement)-314(conqu\351rir)-315(leur)-314(confiance)-314(qu'il)-315(leur)-314(faisait)-314(faire)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(tout)-287(ce)-286(qu'il)-287(voulait.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 72.341 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.551 0 Td [(This)-287(writer,)-295(I)-287(may)-287(observe,)-296(is)-286(not)-287(a)-286(romance)-287(writer)-287(or)-286(a)]TJ -78.892 -10.959 Td [(theorist)-266(of)-265(any)-266(description.)-296(He)-266(is)-266(simply)-265(a)-266(physician)-265(who)-266(describes)-265(the)-266(results)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(a)-250(very)-250(large)-250(official)-250(experience.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(566)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Parent-Duch\342telet)-281(atteste)-281(que)-281(sur)-280(trois)-281(mille)-281(cr\351atures)-281(perdues)-281(trente)-281(cinq)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(seulement)-245(avaient)-245(un)-246(\351tat)-245(qui)-245(pouvait)-245(les)-245(nourrir,)-246(et)-246(que)-245(quatorze)-245(cents)-245(avaient)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\351t\351)-352(pr\351cipit\351es)-353(dans)-352(cette)-353(horrible)-352(vie)-352(par)-353(la)-352(mis\350re.)-557(Une)-353(d'elles,)-378(quand)-352(elle)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(s'y)-268(r\351solut,)-271(n'avait)-268(pas)-268(mang\351)-267(depuis)-268(trois)-267(jours.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 171.976 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Legouv\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.053 0 Td [(Hist.)-303(morale)-267(des)]TJ -220.976 -10.959 Td [(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.876 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(322-323.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -29.627 -7.394 Td [(567)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Concerning)-380(the)-380(position)-380(and)-380(character)-381(of)-380(Greek)-380(women,)-412(the)-381(reader)-380(may)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(obtain)-494(ample)-495(information)-494(by)-494(consulting)-494(Becker's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 190.083 0 Td [(Charicles)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.302 0 Td [(\050translated)-494(by)]TJ -229.385 -10.959 Td [(Metcalfe,)-376(1845\051;)-402(Rainneville,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 111.457 0 Td [(La)-351(Femme)-351(dans)-351(l'Antiquit\351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 102.678 0 Td [(\050Paris,)-376(1865\051;)-402(and)]TJ -214.135 -10.959 Td [(an)-255(article)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 35.437 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(On)-255(Female)-254(Society)-255(in)-254(Greece,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 107.985 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.264 0 Td [(in)-255(the)-254(twenty-second)-255(volume)-254(of)-255(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -153.667 -10.959 Td [(Quarterly)-250(Review)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.5 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1213 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1214 0 R /Resources 1212 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1203 0 R >> endobj 1215 0 obj << /D [1213 0 R /XYZ 332.107 460.224 null] >> endobj 1212 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1218 0 obj << /Length 4524 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(283)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(temptations,)-299(the)-288(public)-289(opinion)-289(which)-289(strongly)-289(discouraged)-288(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attempt)-225(to)-225(seduce)-225(them,)-231(and)-225(the)-225(ample)-225(sphere)-225(for)-225(illicit)-225(pleasures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-317(was)-318(accorded)-317(to)-317(the)-317(other)-317(sex,)-335(all)-317(contributed)-317(to)-317(protect)-317(it.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-242(the)-241(other)-242(hand,)-243(living,)-243(as)-242(they)-241(did,)-243(almost)-242(exclusively)-241(among)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-232(female)-232(slaves,)-236(being)-232(deprived)-232(of)-232(all)-232(the)-231(educating)-232(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-318(male)-319(society,)-335(and)-319(having)-318(no)-319(place)-318(at)-319(those)-318(public)-318(spectacles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-413(were)-413(the)-413(chief)-413(means)-413(of)-413(Athenian)-413(culture,)-453(their)-413(minds)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-268(necessarily)-269(have)-268(been)-269(exceedingly)-268(contracted.)-305(Thucydides)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doubtless)-294(expressed)-295(the)-294(prevailing)-294(sentiment)-295(of)-294(his)-294(countrymen)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(when)-231(he)-231(said)-231(that)-231(the)-232(highest)-231(merit)-231(of)-231(woman)-231(is)-231(not)-231(to)-231(be)-231(spoken)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-330(either)-331(for)-330(good)-331(or)-330(for)-661(evil;)-371(and)-330(Phidias)-331(illustrated)-330(the)-330(same)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([288])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(feeling)-422(when)-422(he)-421(represented)-422(the)-422(heavenly)-422(Aphrodite)-421(standing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-373(a)-372(tortoise,)-403(typifying)-373(thereby)-372(the)-373(secluded)-372(life)-373(of)-372(a)-372(virtuous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(woman.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 34.844 3.958 Td [(568)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -22.888 -22.544 Td [(In)-379(their)-379(own)-379(restricted)-379(sphere)-379(their)-379(lives)-379(were)-379(probably)-379(not)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(unhappy.)-586(Education)-361(and)-362(custom)-362(rendered)-362(the)-362(purely)-361(domestic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-366(that)-366(was)-366(assigned)-366(to)-366(them)-366(a)-366(second)-366(nature,)-395(and)-366(it)-366(must)-366(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-406(instances)-405(have)-406(reconciled)-406(them)-405(to)-406(the)-405(extra-matrimonial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(connections)-433(in)-433(which)-434(their)-433(husbands)-433(too)-433(frequently)-433(indulged.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-294(prevailing)-294(manners)-294(were)-294(very)-294(gentle.)-382(Domestic)-294(oppression)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-468(scarcely)-467(ever)-468(spoken)-467(of;)-577(the)-467(husband)-468(lived)-467(chiefly)-468(in)-467(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-277(place;)-290(causes)-277(of)-277(jealousy)-277(and)-277(of)-277(dissension)-277(could)-276(seldom)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(occur;)-511(and)-424(a)-424(feeling)-424(of)-423(warm)-424(affection,)-468(though)-424(not)-424(a)-423(feeling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-402(equality,)-440(must)-402(doubtless)-402(have)-402(in)-402(most)-402(cases)-401(spontaneously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arisen.)-301(In)-267(the)-266(writings)-267(of)-267(Xenophon)-267(we)-267(have)-267(a)-267(charming)-266(picture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-301(a)-302(husband)-301(who)-302(had)-301(received)-302(into)-301(his)-302(arms)-301(his)-302(young)-301(wife)-301(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fifteen,)-438(absolutely)-400(ignorant)-400(of)-400(the)-400(world)-401(and)-400(of)-400(its)-400(ways.)-700(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(speaks)-383(to)-384(her)-383(with)-383(extreme)-384(kindness,)-416(but)-384(in)-383(the)-383(language)-383(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(would)-250(be)-251(used)-250(to)-250(a)-250(little)-251(child.)-250(Her)-251(task,)-250(he)-250(tells)-250(her,)-251(is)-250(to)-250(be)-250(like)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-362(queen)-362(bee,)-389(dwelling)-362(continually)-362(at)-362(home)-362(and)-361(superintending)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-325(work)-325(of)-326(her)-325(slaves.)-475(She)-326(must)-325(distribute)-325(to)-325(each)-325(their)-325(tasks,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-281(economise)-281(the)-280(family)-281(income,)-288(and)-281(must)-281(take)-281(especial)-280(care)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(568)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Conj.)-250(Pr\346c.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1217 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1218 0 R /Resources 1216 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1203 0 R >> endobj 1219 0 obj << /D [1217 0 R /XYZ 158.673 382.683 null] >> endobj 1216 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1222 0 obj << /Length 5540 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(284History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-377(the)-378(house)-377(is)-378(strictly)-377(orderly)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 144.817 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-377(shoes,)-410(the)-377(pots,)-409(and)-378(the)]TJ -155.726 -13.549 Td [(clothes)-240(always)-240(in)-240(their)-239(places.)-247(It)-240(is)-240(also,)-241(he)-240(tells)-240(her,)-242(a)-240(part)-240(of)-239(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duty)-333(to)-332(tend)-333(her)-332(sick)-333(slaves;)-374(but)-332(here)-333(his)-332(wife)-333(interrupted)-332(him,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exclaiming,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 56.057 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Nay,)-444(but)-406(that)-406(will)-405(indeed)-406(be)-406(the)-405(most)-406(agreeable)]TJ -60.901 -13.55 Td [(of)-364(my)-363(offices,)-393(if)-363(such)-364(as)-364(I)-363(treat)-364(with)-364(kindness)-363(are)-364(likely)-364(to)-363(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grateful,)-328(and)-313(to)-312(love)-313(me)-312(more)-313(than)-312(before.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 188.84 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.253 0 Td [(With)-313(a)-312(very)-313(tender)]TJ -197.093 -13.549 Td [(and)-263(delicate)-263(care)-263(to)-263(avoid)-263(everything)-263(resembling)-263(a)-263(reproach,)-266(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(husband)-434(persuades)-434(his)-434(wife)-434(to)-434(give)-434(up)-434(the)-434(habits)-434(of)-433(wearing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(high-heeled)-330(boots,)-350(in)-330(order)-330(to)-330(appear)-330(tall,)-350(and)-330(of)-330(colouring)-330(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(face)-293(with)-294(vermilion)-293(and)-293(white)-293(lead.)-380(He)-293(promises)-294(her)-293(that)-293(if)-293(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(faithfully)-728(performs)-364(her)-365(duties)-364(he)-364(will)-364(himself)-364(be)-364(the)-364(first)-364(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([289])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(most)-304(devoted)-304(of)-304(her)-304(slaves.)-411(He)-304(assured)-304(Socrates)-304(that)-304(when)-303(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(domestic)-321(dispute)-322(arose)-321(he)-322(could)-321(extricate)-322(himself)-321(admirably,)-339(if)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-296(was)-296(in)-296(the)-296(right;)-320(but)-296(that,)-307(whenever)-296(he)-297(was)-296(in)-296(the)-296(wrong,)-307(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(found)-228(it)-228(impossible)-228(to)-228(convince)-227(his)-228(wife)-228(that)-228(it)-228(was)-228(otherwise.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(569)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -256.221 -18.853 Td [(We)-258(have)-258(another)-258(picture)-258(of)-258(Greek)-258(married)-258(life)-258(in)-258(the)-257(writings)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-383(Plutarch,)-417(but)-383(it)-384(represents)-383(the)-383(condition)-384(of)-383(the)-383(Greek)-383(mind)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-316(a)-316(later)-316(period)-316(than)-316(that)-316(of)-316(Xenophon.)-448(In)-316(Plutarch)-316(the)-316(wi)1(fe)-316(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(represented)-251(not)-251(as)-251(the)-251(mere)-251(housekeeper,)-251(or)-251(as)-251(the)-251(chief)-251(slave)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-316(husband,)-333(but)-317(as)-316(his)-316(equal)-317(and)-316(his)-316(companion.)-449(He)-316(enforces,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-228(the)-228(strongest)-228(terms,)-232(reciprocity)-228(of)-228(obligations,)-233(and)-228(desi)1(res)-228(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-239(minds)-239(of)-239(women)-239(should)-238(be)-239(cultivated)-239(to)-239(the)-239(highest)-239(point.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(570)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(His)-212(precepts)-213(of)-212(marriage,)-220(indeed,)-220(fall)-212(little)-212(if)-212(at)-213(all)-212(below)-212(any)-212(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-332(appeared)-331(in)-332(modern)-331(days.)-495(His)-331(letter)-332(of)-331(consolation)-332(to)-331(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wife,)-243(on)-241(the)-241(death)-241(of)-241(their)-241(child,)-243(breathes)-241(a)-241(spirit)-241(of)-241(the)-241(tenderest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affection.)-578(It)-359(is)-360(recorded)-359(of)-359(him)-360(that,)-386(having)-360(had)-359(some)-359(dispute)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-215(the)-215(relations)-215(of)-216(his)-215(wife,)-222(she)-215(feared)-215(that)-215(it)-215(might)-215(impair)-215(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(domestic)-251(happiness,)-251(and)-251(she)-251(accordingly)-251(persuaded)-251(her)-251(husband)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-231(accompany)-231(her)-231(on)-230(a)-231(pilgrimage)-231(to)-231(Mount)-231(Helicon,)-235(where)-230(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(offered)-411(up)-411(together)-410(a)-411(sacrifice)-411(to)-411(Love,)-451(and)-411(prayed)-411(that)-410(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affection)-250(for)-250(one)-250(another)-250(might)-250(never)-250(be)-250(diminished.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 99.009 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.113 Td [(569)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Xenophon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.837 0 Td [(Econ.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -76.453 -7.394 Td [(570)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plut.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 24.059 0 Td [(Conj.)-821(Pr\346c.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.165 0 Td [(There)-440(is)-441(also)-440(an)-441(extremely)-440(beautiful)-441(picture)-440(of)-441(the)]TJ -88.18 -10.959 Td [(character)-250(of)-250(a)-250(good)-250(wife)-250(in)-250(Aristotle.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 137.446 0 Td [(Economics)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.344 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(i.)-250(cap.)-250(vii.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1221 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1222 0 R /Resources 1220 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1203 0 R >> endobj 1223 0 obj << /D [1221 0 R /XYZ 138.119 382.683 null] >> endobj 1220 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1226 0 obj << /Length 5069 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(285)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(In)-191(general,)-203(however,)-203(the)-191(position)-192(of)-191(the)-191(virtuous)-191(Greek)-191(woman)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-275(a)-274(very)-275(low)-275(one.)-323(She)-275(was)-275(under)-274(a)-275(perpetual)-275(tutelage:)-299(first)-274(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-219(to)-220(her)-219(parents,)-226(who)-219(disposed)-220(of)-219(her)-220(hand,)-225(then)-220(to)-219(her)-219(husband,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-209(in)-209(her)-209(days)-209(of)-209(widowhood)-209(to)-209(her)-209(sons.)-236(In)-209(cases)-209(of)-209(inheritance)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-192(male)-191(relations)-192(were)-192(preferred)-191(to)-192(her.)-231(The)-191(privilege)-192(of)-191(divorce,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which,)-260(in)-257(Athens,)-260(at)-257(least,)-260(she)-257(possessed)-258(as)-258(well)-257(as)-258(her)-257(husband,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appears)-275(to)-275(have)-275(been)-275(practically)-275(almost)-275(nugatory,)-281(on)-275(account)-274(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-769(shock)-384(which)-385(public)-384(declarations)-384(in)-385(the)-384(law)-385(court)-384(gave)-384(to)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([290])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-291(habits)-291(which)-291(education)-290(and)-291(public)-291(opinion)-291(had)-291(formed.)-372(She)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(brought)-185(with)-185(her,)-198(however,)-197(a)-185(dowry,)-198(and)-185(the)-185(recognised)-184(necessity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-312(endowing)-312(daughters)-312(was)-312(one)-312(of)-312(the)-312(causes)-312(of)-312(those)-311(frequent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expositions)-403(which)-404(were)-403(perpetrated)-403(with)-404(so)-403(little)-403(blame.)-710(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Athenian)-334(law)-335(was)-334(also)-334(peculiarly)-334(careful)-335(and)-334(tender)-334(in)-334(dealing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-369(the)-369(interests)-369(of)-369(female)-369(orphans.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 165.251 3.958 Td [(571)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.074 -3.958 Td [(Plato)-369(had)-369(argued)-369(that)]TJ -184.325 -13.55 Td [(women)-388(were)-389(equal)-388(to)-388(men;)-458(but)-388(the)-388(habits)-389(of)-388(the)-388(people)-388(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(totally)-276(opposed)-276(to)-276(this)-275(theory.)-328(Marriage)-276(was)-276(regarded)-276(chiefly)-275(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-259(civic)-260(light,)-261(as)-260(the)-259(means)-259(of)-260(producing)-259(citizens,)-262(and)-259(in)-259(Sparta)-259(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-245(ordered)-245(that)-245(old)-245(or)-245(infirm)-245(husbands)-245(should)-245(cede)-245(their)-245(young)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wives)-443(to)-442(stronger)-443(men,)-490(who)-443(could)-442(produce)-443(vigorous)-442(soldiers)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-365(the)-364(State.)-593(The)-365(Laced\346monian)-364(treatment)-365(of)-364(women,)-393(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(differed)-267(in)-268(many)-267(respects)-268(from)-267(that)-268(which)-267(prevailed)-268(in)-267(the)-267(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-455(States,)-506(while)-455(it)-455(was)-455(utterly)-455(destructive)-455(of)-455(all)-454(delicacy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-413(feeling)-413(or)-413(action,)-454(had)-413(undoubtedly)-413(the)-413(effect)-412(of)-413(producing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-324(fierce)-324(and)-324(masculine)-324(patriotism;)-361(and)-324(many)-324(fine)-324(examples)-323(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(recorded)-317(of)-318(Spartan)-317(mothers)-317(devoting)-318(their)-317(sons)-317(on)-318(the)-317(altar)-317(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-330(country,)-349(rejoicing)-330(over)-329(their)-330(deaths)-330(when)-329(nobly)-330(won,)-349(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infusing)-229(their)-229(own)-229(heroic)-229(spirit)-229(into)-229(the)-229(armies)-229(of)-229(the)-228(people.)-243(For)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-365(most)-364(part,)-393(however,)-394(the)-364(names)-365(of)-364(virtuous)-365(women)-364(seldom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appear)-231(in)-231(Greek)-231(history.)-243(The)-231(simple)-231(modesty)-231(which)-231(was)-230(evinced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-268(Phocion's)-269(wife,)-272(in)-269(the)-268(period)-268(when)-269(her)-268(husband)-268(occupied)-268(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(foremost)-289(position)-290(in)-289(Athens,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.531 3.959 Td [(572)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.717 -3.959 Td [(and)-289(a)-290(few)-289(instances)-289(of)-290(conjugal)]TJ -141.248 -13.549 Td [(and)-300(filial)-300(affection,)-312(have)-300(been)-300(recorded;)-325(but)-300(in)-300(general)-300(the)-299(only)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 88.05 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.154 Td [(571)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Alexander's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 59.877 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(Women)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.49 0 Td [(\050London,)-250(1783\051,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(201.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -139.073 -7.394 Td [(572)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Phocion)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.885 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1225 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1226 0 R /Resources 1224 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1228 0 R >> endobj 1227 0 obj << /D [1225 0 R /XYZ 64.296 423.331 null] >> endobj 1224 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1231 0 obj << /Length 5397 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(286History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(women)-292(who)-293(attracted)-292(the)-293(notice)-292(of)-293(the)-292(people)-293(were)-292(the)-292(het\346r\346,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-250(courtesans.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60.589 3.959 Td [(573)]TJ -133.344 -3.959 Td [([291])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -15.162 Td [(In)-305(order)-304(to)-305(understand)-305(the)-305(position)-304(which)-305(these)-305(last)-304(assumed)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-209(Greek)-210(life,)-217(we)-209(must)-210(transport)-209(ourselves)-209(in)-210(thought)-209(into)-209(a)-209(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(latitude)-251(totally)-250(different)-251(from)-251(our)-250(own.)-252(The)-251(Greek)-251(conception)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellence)-285(was)-285(the)-285(full)-284(and)-285(perfect)-285(development)-285(of)-285(humanity)-284(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(all)-250(its)-251(organs)-250(and)-251(functions,)-250(and)-251(without)-250(any)-251(tinge)-250(of)-250(asceticism.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Some)-452(parts)-451(of)-452(human)-451(nature)-451(were)-452(recognised)-451(as)-452(higher)-451(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(others;)-414(and)-359(to)-360(suffer)-359(any)-359(of)-360(the)-359(lower)-359(appetites)-360(to)-359(obscure)-359(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind,)-502(restrain)-452(the)-451(will)-452(and)-452(engross)-451(the)-452(energies)-452(of)-451(life,)-502(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(acknowledged)-229(to)-229(be)-230(disgraceful;)-236(but)-229(the)-229(systematic)-229(repression)-229(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-237(natural)-237(appetite)-236(was)-237(totally)-237(foreign)-236(to)-237(Greek)-237(modes)-237(of)-236(thought.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legislators,)-598(moralists,)-598(and)-529(the)-528(general)-529(voice)-528(of)-529(the)-528(people,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appear)-517(to)-517(have)-517(applied)-517(these)-517(principles)-517(almost)-516(unreservedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-431(intercourse)-431(between)-430(the)-431(sexes,)-476(and)-431(the)-431(most)-431(virtuous)-430(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habitually)-223(and)-223(openly)-223(entered)-222(into)-223(relations)-223(which)-223(would)-223(now)-222(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(almost)-250(universally)-250(censured.)]TJ 11.956 -15.161 Td [(The)-597(experience,)-685(however,)-684(of)-598(many)-597(societies)-598(has)-597(shown)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(that)-604(a)-605(public)-604(opinion)-604(may)-604(accord,)-693(in)-604(this)-605(respect,)-692(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unlimited)-204(licence)-205(to)-204(one)-204(sex,)-214(without)-204(showing)-204(any)-204(corresponding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indulgence)-266(to)-267(the)-266(other.)-299(But,)-271(in)-266(Greece,)-270(a)-267(concurrence)-266(of)-266(causes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-445(conspired)-445(to)-445(bring)-446(a)-445(certain)-445(section)-445(of)-445(courtesans)-445(into)-445(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-301(they)-301(have)-301(in)-300(no)-301(other)-301(society)-301(attained.)-403(The)-300(voluptuous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(worship)-323(of)-323(Aphrodite)-322(gave)-323(a)-323(kind)-322(of)-323(religious)-323(sanction)-323(to)-322(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profession.)-415(Courtesans)-305(were)-304(the)-305(priestesses)-305(in)-305(her)-305(temples,)-318(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-301(of)-301(Corinth)-301(were)-300(believed)-301(by)-301(their)-301(prayers)-301(to)-301(have)-300(averted)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.518 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.622 Td [(573)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Our)-330(information)-330(concerning)-331(the)-330(Greek)-330(courtesans)-330(is)-330(chiefly)-330(derived)-331(from)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-375(thirteenth)-376(book)-375(of)-376(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 98.515 0 Td [(Deipnosophists)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.662 0 Td [(of)-375(Athen\346us,)-407(from)-376(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 87.709 0 Td [(Letters)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.275 0 Td [(of)]TJ -273.161 -10.959 Td [(Alciphron,)-298(from)-289(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 74.833 0 Td [(Dialogues)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.447 0 Td [(of)-288(Lucian)-289(on)-288(courtesans,)-298(and)-289(from)-288(the)-289(oration)]TJ -114.28 -10.958 Td [(of)-246(Demosthenes)-246(against)-245(Ne\346ra.)-249(See,)-246(too,)-247(Xenophon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 190.784 0 Td [(Memorabilia)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.822 0 Td [(,)-247(iii.)-248(11;)-247(and)]TJ -237.606 -10.959 Td [(among)-265(modern)-266(books,)-269(Becker's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 115.509 0 Td [(Charicles)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.87 0 Td [(.)-296(Athen\346us)-266(was)-265(an)-265(Egyptian,)-270(whose)]TJ -150.379 -10.959 Td [(exact)-290(date)-289(is)-290(unknown)-290(but)-289(who)-290(appears)-289(to)-290(have)-290(survived)-289(Ulpian,)-300(who)-289(died)-290(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.108 0 Td [(228.)-334(He)-277(had)-278(access)-278(to,)-285(and)-278(gave)-277(extracts)-278(from,)-285(many)-278(works)-278(on)-278(this)]TJ -37.708 -10.959 Td [(subject,)-236(which)-232(have)-233(now)-232(perished.)-244(Alciphron)-233(is)-232(believed)-232(to)-233(have)-232(lived)-233(near)-232(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(time)-250(of)-250(Lucian.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1230 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1231 0 R /Resources 1229 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1228 0 R >> endobj 1232 0 obj << /D [1230 0 R /XYZ 93.543 504.528 null] >> endobj 1229 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1235 0 obj << /Length 5297 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(287)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(calamities)-200(from)-200(their)-199(city.)-234(Prostitution)-199(is)-200(said)-200(to)-200(have)-200(entered)-199(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-309(religious)-308(rites)-309(of)-308(Babylon,)-323(Biblis,)-324(Cyprus,)-323(and)-308(Corinth,)-323(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-291(as)-290(well)-291(as)-290(Miletus,)-301(Tenedos,)-301(Lesbos,)-300(and)-291(Abydos)-290(became)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(famous)-184(for)-184(their)-184(schools)-183(of)-184(vice,)-197(which)-184(grew)-184(up)-184(under)-184(the)-183(shadow)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(temples.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 64.539 3.959 Td [(574)]TJ 226.485 -3.959 Td [([292])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.999 Td [(In)-158(the)-157(next)-158(place,)-176(the)-158(intense)-157(\346sthetic)-158(enthusiasm)-158(that)-158(prevai)1(led)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-310(eminently)-310(fitted)-311(to)-310(raise)-310(the)-310(most)-310(beautiful)-311(to)-310(honour.)-430(In)-310(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(land)-362(and)-362(beneath)-362(a)-362(sky)-362(where)-362(natural)-362(beauty)-362(developed)-362(to)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(highest)-362(point,)-389(there)-362(arose)-361(a)-362(school)-361(of)-362(matchless)-361(artists)-362(both)-361(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(painting)-353(and)-353(in)-352(sculpture,)-379(and)-352(public)-353(games)-353(and)-353(contests)-352(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(celebrated,)-357(in)-336(which)-335(supreme)-336(physical)-335(perfection)-336(was)-335(crowned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-483(an)-483(assembled)-484(people.)-949(In)-483(no)-484(other)-483(period)-483(of)-483(the)-483(world's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history)-202(was)-203(the)-202(admiration)-203(of)-202(beauty)-202(in)-203(all)-202(its)-203(forms)-202(so)-202(passionate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-420(so)-419(universal.)-759(It)-419(coloured)-420(the)-419(whole)-420(moral)-419(teaching)-420(of)-419(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time,)-356(and)-334(led)-334(the)-335(chief)-334(moralists)-334(to)-335(regard)-334(virtue)-335(simply)-334(as)-334(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(highest)-258(kind)-258(of)-259(supersensual)-258(beauty.)-275(It)-258(appeared)-258(in)-258(all)-258(literature,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(where)-352(the)-351(beauty)-352(of)-352(form)-351(and)-352(style)-352(was)-351(the)-352(first)-352(of)-351(studies.)-555(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supplied)-402(at)-402(once)-402(the)-403(inspiration)-402(and)-402(the)-402(rule)-402(of)-402(all)-402(Greek)-402(art.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-366(led)-367(the)-366(Greek)-366(wife)-367(to)-366(pray,)-396(before)-366(all)-366(other)-367(prayers,)-395(for)-366(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty)-392(of)-392(her)-392(children.)-676(It)-392(surrounded)-392(the)-392(most)-392(beautiful)-391(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-476(aureole)-476(of)-476(admiring)-476(reverence.)-928(The)-476(courtesan)-476(was)-476(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-498(queen)-499(of)-498(beauty.)-995(She)-498(was)-499(the)-498(model)-498(of)-499(the)-498(statues)-498(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Aphrodite,)-233(that)-228(commanded)-229(the)-229(admiration)-228(of)-229(Greece.)-242(Praxiteles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-228(accustomed)-228(to)-229(reproduce)-228(the)-228(form)-228(of)-228(Phryne,)-233(and)-228(her)-228(statue,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(carved)-200(in)-199(gold,)-210(stood)-199(in)-200(the)-199(temple)-200(of)-199(Apollo)-200(at)-200(Delphi;)-216(and)-199(when)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(she)-217(was)-217(accused)-217(of)-217(corrupting)-216(the)-217(youth)-217(of)-217(Athens,)-224(her)-216(advocate,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Hyperides,)-539(procured)-480(her)-481(acquittal)-481(by)-481(suddenly)-481(unveiling)-480(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charms)-231(before)-231(the)-231(dazzled)-231(eyes)-231(of)-232(the)-231(assembled)-231(judges.)-243(Apelles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-399(at)-399(once)-399(the)-399(painter)-399(and)-399(the)-399(lover)-398(of)-399(La\357s,)-437(and)-398(Alexander)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gave)-331(him,)-351(as)-330(the)-331(choicest)-331(gift,)-351(his)-330(own)-331(favourite)-331(concubine,)-350(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(whom)-227(the)-226(painter)-227(had)-227(become)-226(enamoured)-227(while)-227(pourtraying)-226(her.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.765 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(574)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(According)-448(to)-447(some)-448(writers)-447(the)-448(word)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 142.115 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(venerari)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.374 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.994 0 Td [(comes)-448(from)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 48.367 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Venerem)]TJ -247.768 -10.959 Td [(exercere,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 32.602 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.827 0 Td [(on)-317(account)-318(of)-317(the)-317(devotions)-318(in)-317(the)-317(temple)-318(of)-317(Venus.)-452(See)-318(Vossius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -39.429 -10.959 Td [(Etymologicon)-250(Lingu\346)-250(Latin\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 106.118 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(veneror;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.876 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(also)-250(La)-250(Mothe)-250(le)-250(Vayer,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 89.144 0 Td [(Lettre)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.662 0 Td [(xc.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1234 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1235 0 R /Resources 1233 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1228 0 R >> endobj 1236 0 obj << /D [1234 0 R /XYZ 46.771 461.611 null] >> endobj 1233 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1239 0 obj << /Length 5311 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(288History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-327(chief)-327(flower-painter)-328(of)-327(antiquity)-327(acquired)-327(his)-327(skill)-327(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-253(love)-254(of)-253(the)-254(flower-girl)-253(Glycera,)-255(whom)-253(he)-254(was)-253(accustomed)-253(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paint)-217(among)-218(her)-217(garlands.)-239(Pindar)-217(and)-218(Simonides)-217(sang)-217(the)-217(praises)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-251(courtesans,)-250(and)-502(grave)-250(philosophers)-251(made)-250(pilgrimages)-251(to)-250(visit)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([293])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(them,)-250(and)-250(their)-250(names)-250(were)-250(known)-250(in)-250(every)-250(city.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 212.684 3.959 Td [(575)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -200.728 -18.27 Td [(It)-548(is)-548(not)-548(surprising)-548(that,)-622(in)-548(such)-548(a)-548(state)-548(of)-548(thought)-547(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(feeling,)-331(many)-315(of)-314(the)-315(more)-314(ambitious)-315(and)-315(accomplished)-314(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(should)-291(have)-292(betaken)-291(themselves)-291(to)-292(this)-291(career,)-302(nor)-291(yet)-291(that)-291(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(should)-508(have)-507(attained)-508(the)-507(social)-508(position)-507(which)-508(the)-507(secluded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existence)-402(and)-403(the)-402(enforced)-403(ignorance)-402(of)-402(the)-403(Greek)-402(wives)-402(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(left)-334(vacant.)-503(The)-334(courtesan)-334(was)-334(the)-334(one)-334(free)-334(woman)-334(of)-334(Athens,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-274(she)-274(often)-273(availed)-274(herself)-274(of)-274(her)-273(freedom)-274(to)-274(acquire)-274(a)-273(degree)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-445(knowledge)-446(which)-445(enabled)-445(her)-445(to)-445(add)-446(to)-445(her)-445(other)-445(charms)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-455(intense)-454(intellectual)-455(fascinat)1(ion.)-864(Gathering)-454(around)-455(her)-454(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-448(brilliant)-448(artists,)-498(poets,)-498(historians,)-498(and)-448(philosophers,)-497(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(flung)-541(herself)-540(unreservedly)-541(into)-540(the)-540(intellectual)-541(and)-540(\346sthetic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enthusiasms)-225(of)-225(her)-225(time,)-230(and)-225(soon)-225(became)-225(the)-225(centre)-225(of)-225(a)-225(literary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-392(of)-391(matchless)-392(splendour.)-674(Aspasia,)-427(who)-391(was)-392(as)-391(famous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-433(her)-434(genius)-433(as)-434(for)-433(her)-434(beauty,)-479(won)-433(the)-434(passionate)-433(love)-433(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pericles.)-578(She)-359(is)-359(said)-360(to)-359(have)-359(instructed)-359(him)-360(in)-359(eloquence,)-386(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-356(have)-356(composed)-357(some)-356(of)-356(his)-356(most)-357(famous)-356(orations;)-409(she)-356(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continually)-251(consulted)-250(on)-251(affairs)-251(of)-250(state;)-251(and)-251(Socrates,)-251(like)-250(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophers,)-537(attended)-480(her)-479(assemblies.)-939(Socrates)-480(himself)-479(has)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(owned)-420(his)-421(deep)-420(obligations)-420(to)-420(the)-421(instructions)-420(of)-420(a)-420(courtesan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(named)-331(Diotima.)-493(The)-331(courtesan)-331(Leontium)-331(was)-331(among)-331(the)-331(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ardent)-250(disciples)-250(of)-250(Epicurus.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 124.222 3.959 Td [(576)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -112.266 -18.27 Td [(Another)-217(cause)-218(probably)-217(contributed)-217(indirectly)-218(to)-217(the)-217(elevation)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.804 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.908 Td [(575)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(On)-247(the)-247(connection)-247(of)-247(the)-247(courtesans)-248(with)-247(the)-247(artistic)-247(enthusiasm,)-248(see)-247(Raoul)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Rochette,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.586 0 Td [(Cours)-359(d'Arch\351ologie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.376 0 Td [(,)-387(pp.)-578(278-279.)-579(See,)-387(too,)-386(Athen\346us,)-387(xiii.)-579(59;)]TJ -112.962 -10.959 Td [(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.421 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.869 0 Td [(xxxv.)-250(40.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -60.041 -7.394 Td [(576)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-775(the)-775(very)-775(curious)-775(little)-775(work)-775(of)-775(M\351nage,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 196.468 0 Td [(Historia)-775(Mulierum)]TJ -208.424 -10.959 Td [(Philosopharum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.184 0 Td [(\050Lugduni,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 39.914 0 Td [(MDXC)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.911 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.617 0 Td [(\051;)-434(also)-433(Rainneville,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 75.585 0 Td [(La)-434(Femme)-433(dans)]TJ -220.06 -10.959 Td [(l'Antiquite)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.292 0 Td [(,)-560(p.)-994(244.)-994(At)-498(a)-499(much)-498(later)-498(date)-498(Lucian)-498(described)-498(the)-498(beauty,)]TJ -37.292 -10.959 Td [(accomplishments,)-382(generosity,)-381(and)-355(even)-355(modesty,)-382(of)-355(Panthea)-355(of)-356(Smyrna,)-381(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(favourite)-250(mistress)-250(of)-250(Lucius)-250(Verus.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1238 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1239 0 R /Resources 1237 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1228 0 R >> endobj 1240 0 obj << /D [1238 0 R /XYZ 175.36 477.528 null] >> endobj 1237 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1243 0 obj << /Length 6786 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(289)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-384(this)-384(class,)-418(to)-384(which)-384(it)-384(is)-384(extremely)-384(difficult)-384(to)-384(allude)-384(in)-384(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(English)-216(book,)-223(but)-216(which)-216(it)-216(is)-216(impossible)-216(altogether)-433(to)-216(omit,)-222(even)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([294])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(in)-377(the)-377(most)-377(cursory)-377(survey)-377(of)-377(Greek)-377(morals.)-631(Irregular)-377(female)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(connections)-362(were)-362(looked)-362(upon)-362(as)-362(ordinary)-362(and)-362(not)-362(disgraceful)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(incidents)-428(in)-429(the)-428(life)-429(of)-428(a)-429(good)-428(man,)-473(for)-429(they)-428(were)-428(compared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-313(that)-313(lower)-313(abyss)-313(of)-313(unnatural)-313(love,)-329(which)-313(was)-313(t)1(he)-313(deepest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-283(strangest)-282(taint)-283(of)-283(Greek)-282(civilisation.)-348(This)-283(vice,)-291(which)-282(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appears)-371(in)-371(the)-370(writings)-371(of)-371(Homer)-371(and)-371(Hesiod,)-401(doubtless)-370(arose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-414(the)-414(influence)-415(of)-414(the)-414(public)-414(games,)-455(which,)-455(accustoming)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(men)-324(to)-325(the)-324(contemplation)-325(of)-324(absolutely)-324(nude)-325(figures,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 235.962 3.959 Td [(577)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.195 -3.959 Td [(awoke)]TJ -252.157 -13.549 Td [(an)-233(unnatural)-232(passion,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 92.03 3.959 Td [(578)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.029 -3.959 Td [(totally)-233(remote)-232(from)-233(all)-232(modern)-233(feelings,)]TJ -107.059 -13.549 Td [(but)-517(which)-517(in)-518(Greece)-517(it)-517(was)-517(regarded)-517(as)-518(heroic)-517(to)-517(resist.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(579)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-446(popular)-446(religion)-446(in)-447(this,)-495(as)-446(in)-446(other)-446(cases,)-495(was)-446(made)-446(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bend)-548(to)-548(the)-547(new)-548(vice.)-1143(Hebe,)-622(the)-548(cup-bearer)-548(of)-548(the)-547(gods,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-346(replaced)-346(by)-346(Ganymede,)-369(and)-346(the)-346(worst)-346(vices)-346(of)-346(earth)-345(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transported)-300(to)-300(Olympus.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 106.846 3.959 Td [(580)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.82 -3.959 Td [(Artists)-300(sought)-300(to)-300(reflect)-300(the)-300(passion)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 296.758 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 289.862 Td [(577)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 16.142 0 Td [(\266)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 3.578 0 Td [(\366)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 6.276 0 Td [(\274\261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.54 0 Td [(,)-246(which)-246(was)-245(at)-245(first)-246(in)-245(use,)-246(was)-245(discarded)-246(by)-245(the)-245(Laced\346monians,)]TJ -47.492 -10.959 Td [(and)-308(afterwards)-308(by)-308(the)-307(other)-308(Greeks.)-424(There)-308(are)-308(three)-307(curious)-308(memoirs)-308(tracing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-259(history)-259(of)-258(the)-259(change,)-261(by)-259(M.)-258(Burette,)-261(in)-259(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 170.914 0 Td [(Hist.)-276(de)-259(l'Acad\351mie)-259(royale)-258(des)]TJ -170.914 -10.958 Td [(Inscriptions)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.842 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(i.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -42.592 -7.395 Td [(578)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(On)-352(the)-352(causes)-352(of)-352(paiderastia)-352(in)-352(Greece,)-378(see)-352(the)-352(remarks)-352(of)-352(Mr.)-557(Grote)-352(in)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-262(review)-262(of)-261(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 63.169 0 Td [(Symposium)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.842 0 Td [(,)-265(in)-261(his)-262(great)-262(work)-262(on)-261(Plato.)-286(The)-261(whole)-262(subject)-262(is)]TJ -104.011 -10.959 Td [(very)-271(ably)-272(treated)-271(by)-271(M.)-272(Maury,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 115.739 0 Td [(Hist.)-314(des)-271(Religions)-271(de)-272(la)-271(Gr\351ce)-271(antique)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 142.237 0 Td [(,)-277(tome)]TJ -257.976 -10.958 Td [(iii.)-353(pp.)-354(35-39.)-353(Many)-284(facts)-285(connected)-284(with)-285(it)-284(are)-285(collected)-284(by)-285(D\366llinger,)-293(in)-284(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Jew)-314(and)-313(Gentile)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.411 0 Td [(,)-329(and)-314(by)-313(Chateaubriand,)-330(in)-313(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 113.278 0 Td [(\311tudes)-314(historiques)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 67.073 0 Td [(.)-440(The)-314(chief)]TJ -239.762 -10.959 Td [(original)-322(authority)-322(is)-323(the)-322(thirteenth)-322(book)-322(of)-322(Athen\346us,)-340(a)-323(book)-322(of)-322(very)-322(painful)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(interest)-250(in)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of)-250(morals.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(579)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)-629(in)-554(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 65.137 0 Td [(Life)-554(of)-553(Agesilaus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.725 0 Td [(,)-630(dwells)-553(on)-554(the)-553(intense)-554(self-control)]TJ -142.818 -10.959 Td [(manifested)-489(by)-490(that)-489(great)-489(man,)-549(in)-490(refraining)-489(from)-489(gratifying)-489(a)-490(passion)-489(he)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(had)-479(conceived)-480(for)-479(a)-480(boy)-479(named)-480(Megabetes,)-536(and)-480(Maximus)-479(Tyrius)-480(says)-479(it)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(deserved)-317(greater)-318(praise)-317(than)-318(the)-317(heroism)-318(of)-317(Leonidas.)-452(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 203.002 0 Td [(Diss.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.03 0 Td [(xxv.\051)-452(Diogenes)]TJ -224.032 -10.959 Td [(La\353rtius,)-334(in)-318(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 57.753 0 Td [(Life)-317(of)-318(Zeno)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.552 0 Td [(,)-334(the)-318(founder)-317(of)-317(Stoicism,)-335(the)-317(most)-317(austere)-318(of)-317(all)]TJ -102.305 -10.959 Td [(ancient)-266(sects,)-269(praises)-265(that)-266(philosopher)-265(for)-266(being)-266(but)-265(little)-266(addicted)-265(to)-266(this)-265(vice.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Sophocles)-250(is)-250(said)-250(to)-250(have)-250(been)-250(much)-250(addicted)-250(to)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(580)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Some)-292(examples)-293(of)-292(the)-292(ascription)-293(of)-292(this)-292(vice)-293(to)-292(the)-293(divinities)-292(are)-292(given)-293(by)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Clem.)-509(Alex.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 50.47 0 Td [(Admonitio)-336(ad)-337(Gentes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.26 0 Td [(.)-509(Socrates)-336(is)-336(said)-337(to)-336(have)-336(maintained)-337(that)]TJ -127.73 -10.959 Td [(Jupiter)-260(loved)-260(Ganymede)-260(for)-261(his)-260(wisdom,)-262(as)-260(his)-261(name)-260(is)-260(derived)-260(from)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 250.396 0 Td [(\263)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.259 0 Td [(q)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.707 0 Td [(\275\305\274\261\271)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1242 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1243 0 R /Resources 1241 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1228 0 R >> endobj 1244 0 obj << /D [1242 0 R /XYZ 268.437 504.626 null] >> endobj 1241 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1247 0 obj << /Length 5719 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(290History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-258(their)-516(statues)-257(of)-258(the)-258(Hermaphrodite,)-260(of)-258(Bacchus,)-260(and)-258(the)-257(more)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([295])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(effeminate)-228(Apollo;)-235(moralists)-227(were)-228(known)-227(to)-228(praise)-228(it)-227(as)-228(the)-227(bond)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-324(friendship,)-342(and)-323(it)-324(was)-323(spoken)-324(of)-324(as)-323(the)-324(inspiring)-323(enthusiasm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-448(the)-447(heroic)-448(Theban)-448(legion)-447(of)-448(Epaminondas.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 210.176 3.958 Td [(581)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.65 -3.958 Td [(In)-448(general,)]TJ -231.826 -13.55 Td [(however,)-510(it)-458(was)-458(stigmatised)-458(as)-458(unquestionably)-458(a)-458(vice,)-510(but)-458(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-311(treated)-310(with)-311(a)-310(levity)-311(we)-310(can)-311(now)-311(hardly)-310(conceive.)-432(We)-310(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scarcely)-345(have)-345(a)-345(better)-346(illustration)-345(of)-345(the)-345(extent)-345(to)-345(which)-345(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas)-300(and)-300(feelings)-300(have)-300(changed,)-313(than)-300(the)-300(fact)-300(that)-300(the)-300(first)-300(two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greeks)-310(who)-309(were)-310(considered)-309(worthy)-310(of)-310(statues)-309(by)-310(their)-309(fellow-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(countrymen)-303(are)-303(said)-303(to)-303(have)-303(been)-303(Harmodius)-303(and)-302(Aristogeiton,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-280(were)-281(united)-280(by)-280(an)-281(impure)-280(love,)-288(and)-280(who)-281(were)-280(glorified)-280(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-250(political)-250(assassination.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 105.753 3.959 Td [(582)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -93.797 -21.072 Td [(It)-458(is)-457(probable)-458(that)-457(this)-458(cause)-457(conspired)-458(with)-457(the)-458(others)-457(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(dissociate)-501(the)-501(class)-501(of)-500(courtesans)-501(from)-501(the)-501(idea)-501(of)-500(supreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depravity)-398(with)-398(which)-398(they)-398(have)-398(usually)-398(been)-398(connected.)-693(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-522(majority,)-590(however,)-590(were)-521(sunk)-522(in)-522(this,)-590(as)-522(in)-522(all)-521(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ages,)-417(in)-383(abject)-383(degradation;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 124.093 3.959 Td [(583)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.361 -3.959 Td [(comparatively)-383(few)-384(attained)-383(the)]TJ -141.454 -13.549 Td [(condition)-389(of)-388(het\346r\346,)-424(and)-389(even)-388(of)-389(these)-389(it)-388(is)-389(probable)-389(that)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greater)-404(number)-404(exhibited)-403(the)-404(characteristics)-404(which)-404(in)-404(all)-403(ages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-437(attached)-437(to)-437(their)-437(class.)-811(Faithlessness,)-483(extreme)-437(rapacity,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-457(extravagant)-457(luxury,)-509(were)-457(common)-457(among)-457(them;)-560(but)-457(yet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-520(is)-520(unquestionable)-520(that)-520(there)-520(were)-520(many)-520(exceptions.)-1060(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excommunication)-223(of)-223(society)-223(did)-222(not)-223(press)-223(upon)-223(or)-223(degrade)-222(them;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-340(though)-340(they)-339(were)-340(never)-340(regarded)-339(with)-340(the)-340(same)-340(honour)-339(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(married)-203(women,)-212(it)-202(seems)-203(generally)-202(to)-203(have)-203(been)-202(believed)-203(that)-202(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 175.127 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 165.505 Td [(and)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 15.337 0 Td [(\274)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.833 0 Td [(\306)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.788 0 Td [(\264\277\302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.418 0 Td [(,)-266(to)-267(be)-266(delighted)-267(with)-266(prudence.)-299(\050Xenophon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 161.735 0 Td [(Banquet)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.885 0 Td [(.\051)-299(The)-267(disaster)]TJ -228.996 -10.959 Td [(of)-348(Cann\346)-348(was)-349(ascribed)-348(to)-348(the)-348(jealousy)-348(of)-348(Juno)-348(because)-349(a)-348(beautiful)-348(boy)-348(was)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(introduced)-250(into)-250(the)-250(temple)-250(of)-250(Jupiter.)-250(\050Lactantius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 180.054 0 Td [(Inst.)-250(Div.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.364 0 Td [(ii.)-250(17.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -215.169 -7.395 Td [(581)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Athen\346us,)-295(xiii.)-359(78.)-358(See,)-295(too,)-296(the)-286(very)-286(revolting)-286(book)-286(on)-286(different)-286(kinds)-287(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(love,)-250(ascribed)-250(\050it)-250(is)-250(said)-250(falsely\051)-250(to)-250(Lucian.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(582)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.42 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.869 0 Td [(xxxiv.)-250(9.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -71.996 -7.394 Td [(583)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(There)-195(is)-196(ample)-196(evidence)-195(of)-196(this)-195(in)-196(Athen\346us,)-206(and)-196(in)-195(the)-196(Dialogues)-195(of)-196(Lucian)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(on)-352(the)-352(courtesans.)-556(See,)-377(too,)-377(Terence,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 141.461 0 Td [(The)-352(Eunuch)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.997 0 Td [(,)-377(act)-352(v.)-556(scene)-352(4,)-377(which)-352(is)]TJ -185.458 -10.959 Td [(copied)-286(from)-287(the)-286(Greek.)-359(The)-286(majority)-287(of)-286(the)-286(class)-287(were)-286(not)-286(called)-287(het\346r\346,)-295(but)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\300)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.717 0 Td [(y)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.465 0 Td [(\301\275\261\271)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.175 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1246 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1247 0 R /Resources 1245 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1228 0 R >> endobj 1248 0 obj << /D [1246 0 R /XYZ 127.653 518.175 null] >> endobj 1245 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1251 0 obj << /Length 5458 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(291)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(wife)-228(and)-227(the)-228(courtesan)-228(had)-228(each)-227(her)-228(place)-228(and)-227(her)-228(function)-228(in)-227(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world,)-341(and)-322(her)-323(own)-322(peculiar)-323(type)-322(of)-323(excellence.)-467(The)-322(courtesan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Le\346na,)-390(who)-362(was)-362(a)-361(friend)-362(of)-362(Harmodius,)-390(died)-362(in)-362(torture)-361(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-424(reveal)-849(the)-424(conspiracy)-424(of)-425(her)-424(friend,)-468(and)-424(the)-424(Athenians,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([296])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(in)-546(allusion)-546(to)-546(her)-546(name,)-620(caused)-546(the)-546(statue)-546(of)-546(a)-545(tongueless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lioness)-412(to)-411(be)-412(erected)-411(to)-412(commemorate)-412(her)-411(constancy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 243.198 3.959 Td [(584)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.469 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td [(gentle)-258(manners)-258(and)-258(disinterested)-258(affection)-258(of)-258(a)-258(courtesan)-258(named)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Bacchis)-450(were)-450(especially)-449(recorded,)-500(and)-450(a)-450(very)-450(touching)-449(letter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paints)-341(her)-341(character,)-364(and)-342(describes)-341(the)-341(regret)-341(that)-341(followed)-341(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-372(the)-372(tomb.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 55.091 3.959 Td [(585)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.173 -3.959 Td [(In)-372(one)-372(of)-372(the)-372(most)-372(remarkable)-372(of)-372(his)-372(pictures)]TJ -74.264 -13.549 Td [(of)-330(Greek)-329(life,)-349(Xenophon)-330(describes)-329(how)-330(Socrates,)-349(having)-329(heard)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-270(the)-269(beauty)-270(of)-269(the)-270(courtesan)-269(Theodota,)-275(went)-269(with)-270(his)-269(disciples)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-277(ascertain)-278(for)-277(himself)-277(whether)-277(the)-278(report)-277(was)-277(true;)-291(how)-277(with)-277(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(quiet)-295(humour)-295(he)-295(questioned)-295(her)-295(about)-295(the)-295(sources)-295(of)-295(the)-295(luxury)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-419(her)-418(dwelling,)-461(and)-419(how)-419(he)-418(proceeded)-419(to)-418(sketch)-419(for)-419(her)-418(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(qualities)-322(she)-322(should)-323(cultivate)-322(in)-322(order)-322(to)-322(attach)-323(her)-322(lovers.)-466(She)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ought,)-244(he)-243(tells)-243(her,)-245(to)-243(shut)-243(the)-243(door)-243(against)-243(the)-243(insolent,)-244(to)-243(watch)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-351(lovers)-351(in)-351(sickness,)-376(to)-351(rejoice)-351(greatly)-351(when)-351(they)-351(succeed)-351(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anything)-179(honourable,)-193(to)-179(love)-179(tenderly)-179(those)-179(who)-179(love)-179(her.)-226(Having)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(carried)-303(on)-303(a)-304(cheerful)-303(and)-303(perfectly)-303(unembarrassed)-303(conversation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-301(her,)-315(with)-301(no)-301(kind)-302(of)-301(reproach)-301(on)-302(his)-301(part,)-314(either)-301(expressed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-280(implied,)-288(and)-280(with)-280(no)-280(trace)-281(either)-280(of)-280(the)-280(timidity)-280(or)-280(effrontery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-320(conscious)-319(guilt)-320(upon)-320(hers,)-337(the)-319(best)-320(and)-320(wisest)-319(of)-320(the)-319(Greeks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(left)-250(his)-250(hostess)-250(with)-250(a)-250(graceful)-250(compliment)-250(to)-250(her)-250(beauty.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 249.665 3.959 Td [(586)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -237.709 -19.603 Td [(My)-361(task)-360(in)-361(describing)-360(this)-361(aspect)-361(of)-360(Greek)-361(life)-360(has)-361(been)-360(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(eminently)-181(unpleasing)-182(one,)-195(and)-181(I)-181(should)-182(certainly)-181(not)-181(have)-181(entered)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 165.007 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 158.111 Td [(584)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.593 0 Td [(De)-359(Garrulitate)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 54.527 0 Td [(;)-414(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.081 0 Td [(Hist.)-578(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.79 0 Td [(xxxiv.)-578(19.)-578(The)-359(feat)-359(of)-360(biting)]TJ -170.947 -10.959 Td [(out)-252(their)-252(tongues)-251(rather)-252(than)-252(reveal)-252(secrets,)-252(or)-252(yield)-252(to)-251(passion,)-253(is)-251(ascribed)-252(to)-252(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(suspiciously)-243(large)-244(number)-243(of)-243(persons.)-248(M\351nage)-243(cites)-244(five)-243(besides)-243(Le\346na.)-248(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 263.442 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ -263.442 -10.959 Td [(Mulier.)-250(Philos.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.291 0 Td [(pp.)-250(104-108.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -56.041 -7.394 Td [(585)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-318(upon)-304(Bacchis,)-318(several)-304(of)-304(the)-305(letters)-304(of)-304(Alciphron,)-318(especially)-304(the)-305(very)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(touching)-219(letter)-220(\050x.\051)-240(on)-219(her)-219(death,)-226(describing)-219(her)-219(kindness)-220(and)-219(disinterestedness.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Athen\346us)-278(\050xiii.)-333(66\051)-277(relates)-278(a)-277(curious)-278(anecdote)-278(illustrating)-277(these)-278(aspects)-277(of)-278(her)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(character.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(586)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Xenophon,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.837 0 Td [(Memorab.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.344 0 Td [(iii.)-250(11.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1250 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1251 0 R /Resources 1249 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1253 0 R >> endobj 1252 0 obj << /D [1250 0 R /XYZ 101.465 477.528 null] >> endobj 1249 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1256 0 obj << /Length 4600 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(292History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(upon)-223(even)-222(the)-223(baldest)-223(and)-222(most)-223(guarded)-223(disquisition)-222(on)-223(a)-222(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-450(difficult,)-500(painful,)-500(and)-450(delicate,)-500(had)-450(it)-450(not)-450(been)-449(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indispensable)-359(to)-359(a)-359(history)-359(of)-359(morals)-359(to)-359(give)-359(at)-359(least)-359(an)-358(outline)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-376(the)-375(progress)-376(that)-375(has)-752(been)-375(effected)-376(in)-375(this)-376(sphere.)-627(What)-375(I)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([297])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(have)-389(written)-389(will)-389(sufficiently)-389(explain)-389(why)-389(Greece,)-423(which)-389(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fertile,)-306(beyond)-294(all)-295(other)-295(lands,)-305(in)-295(great)-295(men,)-305(was)-295(so)-294(remarkably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barren)-321(of)-320(great)-320(women.)-462(It)-320(will)-321(show,)-338(too,)-338(that)-321(whil)1(e)-321(the)-320(Greek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moralists)-277(recognised,)-283(like)-276(ourselves,)-284(the)-276(distinction)-277(between)-276(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(higher)-460(and)-459(the)-460(lower)-459(sides)-460(of)-459(our)-460(nature,)-511(they)-460(differed)-459(very)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(widely)-389(from)-390(modern)-389(public)-390(opinion)-389(in)-389(the)-390(standard)-389(of)-389(morals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-196(enforced.)-232(The)-196(Christian)-196(doctrine,)-206(that)-196(it)-196(is)-196(criminal)-196(to)-195(gratify)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-383(powerful)-383(and)-383(a)-383(transient)-383(physical)-383(appetite,)-416(except)-383(under)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-289(of)-288(a)-288(lifelong)-289(contract,)-298(was)-289(altogether)-288(unknown.)-365(Strict)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duties)-256(were)-255(imposed)-256(upon)-256(Greek)-255(wives.)-267(Duties)-256(were)-256(imposed)-255(at)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-279(later)-280(period,)-287(though)-279(less)-280(strictly,)-286(upon)-280(the)-279(husband.)-338(Unnatural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(love)-389(was)-388(stigmatised,)-424(but)-389(with)-388(a)-389(levity)-389(of)-388(censure)-389(which)-389(to)-388(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-269(mind)-269(appears)-269(inexpressibly)-269(revolting.)-307(Some)-269(slight)-268(legal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disqualifications)-426(rested)-425(upon)-426(the)-426(whole)-425(class)-426(of)-426(het\346r\346,)-469(and,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(though)-226(more)-225(admired,)-231(they)-225(were)-226(less)-226(respected)-225(than)-226(women)-225(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-248(adopted)-247(a)-248(domestic)-247(life;)-248(but)-248(a)-247(combination)-248(of)-247(circumstances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-248(raised)-248(them,)-248(in)-248(actual)-248(worth)-248(and)-248(in)-247(popular)-248(estimation,)-249(to)-247(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unexampled)-248(elevation,)-248(and)-247(an)-248(aversion)-248(to)-247(marriage)-248(became)-247(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(general,)-446(and)-407(extra-matrimonial)-407(connections)-407(were)-407(formed)-406(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(most)-250(perfect)-250(frankness)-250(and)-250(publicity.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(If)-336(we)-335(now)-336(turn)-336(to)-335(the)-336(Roman)-335(civilisation,)-358(we)-335(shall)-336(find)-335(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(some)-439(important)-439(advances)-439(had)-439(been)-439(made)-439(in)-439(the)-439(condition)-438(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(women.)-925(The)-475(virtue)-475(of)-475(chastity)-475(has,)-531(as)-475(I)-475(have)-475(shown,)-531(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(regarded)-457(in)-456(two)-457(different)-457(ways.)-870(The)-456(utilitarian)-457(view,)-508(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commonly)-322(prevails)-321(in)-322(countries)-321(where)-321(a)-322(political)-321(spirit)-322(is)-321(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powerful)-401(than)-401(a)-401(religious)-401(spirit,)-439(regards)-401(marriage)-401(as)-400(the)-401(ideal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state,)-243(and)-242(to)-242(promote)-241(the)-242(happiness,)-243(sanctity,)-244(and)-241(security)-242(of)-241(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-370(is)-370(the)-370(main)-370(object)-370(of)-370(all)-370(its)-370(precepts.)-610(The)-370(mystical)-370(view)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-399(rests)-399(upon)-398(the)-399(natural)-399(feeling)-399(of)-399(shame,)-436(and)-398(which,)-436(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history)-194(proves,)-205(has)-194(prevailed)-193(especially)-194(where)-194(political)-193(sentiment)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1255 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1256 0 R /Resources 1254 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1253 0 R >> endobj 1257 0 obj << /D [1255 0 R /XYZ 204.314 477.528 null] >> endobj 1254 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1260 0 obj << /Length 4784 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(293)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(is)-196(very)-195(low,)-207(and)-195(religious)-196(sentiment)-196(very)-195(strong,)-207(regards)-195(virginity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-242(its)-242(supreme)-242(type,)-244(and)-242(marriage)-242(as)-242(simply)-242(the)-242(most)-242(pardonable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(declension)-345(from)-690(ideal)-346(purity.)-535(It)-345(is,)-369(I)-345(think,)-369(a)-345(very)-345(remarkable)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([298])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(fact,)-384(that)-357(at)-357(the)-357(head)-357(of)-357(the)-357(religious)-357(system)-357(of)-357(Rome)-357(we)-357(find)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(two)-300(sacerdotal)-299(bodies)-300(which)-299(appear)-300(respectively)-299(to)-300(typify)-299(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas.)-509(The)-336(Flamens)-336(of)-336(Jupiter)-336(and)-337(the)-336(Vestal)-336(Virgins)-336(were)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(two)-242(most)-242(sacred)-241(orders)-242(in)-242(Rome.)-247(The)-242(ministrations)-242(of)-242(each)-241(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(believed)-236(to)-235(be)-236(vitally)-236(important)-235(to)-236(the)-236(State.)-245(Each)-236(could)-235(officiate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-382(within)-383(the)-382(walls)-382(of)-382(Rome.)-647(Each)-383(was)-382(appointed)-382(with)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-348(imposing)-347(ceremonies.)-543(Each)-348(was)-348(honoured)-347(with)-348(the)-347(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profound)-290(reverence.)-369(But)-290(in)-289(one)-290(important)-290(respect)-290(they)-289(differed.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-246(Vestal)-245(was)-246(the)-245(type)-246(of)-245(virginity,)-246(and)-246(her)-245(purity)-246(was)-245(guarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-195(the)-194(most)-195(terrific)-195(penalties.)-231(The)-195(Flamen,)-206(on)-194(the)-195(other)-195(hand,)-205(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-297(representative)-297(of)-297(Roman)-297(marriage)-297(in)-297(its)-297(strictest)-297(and)-296(holiest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(form.)-350(He)-283(was)-283(necessarily)-284(married.)-350(His)-283(marriage)-283(was)-283(celebrated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-282(the)-283(most)-282(solemn)-282(rites.)-347(It)-282(could)-282(only)-283(be)-282(dissolved)-282(by)-282(death.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-250(his)-250(wife)-250(died,)-250(he)-250(was)-250(degraded)-250(from)-250(his)-250(office.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 214.789 3.959 Td [(587)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -202.833 -22.545 Td [(Of)-257(these)-257(two)-257(orders,)-258(there)-257(can)-257(be)-257(no)-257(question)-257(that)-257(the)-256(Flamen)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-296(the)-296(most)-296(faithful)-295(expression)-296(of)-296(the)-296(Roman)-296(sentiments.)-387(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-163(religion)-162(was)-163(essentially)-162(domestic,)-180(and)-163(it)-163(was)-162(a)-163(main)-162(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-217(the)-217(legislator)-217(to)-217(surround)-217(marriage)-217(with)-217(every)-217(circumstance)-216(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dignity)-286(and)-285(solemnity.)-357(Monogamy)-285(was,)-295(from)-285(the)-286(earliest)-285(times,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(strictly)-325(enjoined;)-364(and)-325(it)-325(was)-326(one)-325(of)-326(the)-325(great)-326(benefits)-325(that)-325(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(resulted)-318(from)-319(the)-318(expansion)-318(of)-318(Roman)-318(power,)-336(that)-318(it)-318(made)-318(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(type)-263(dominant)-264(in)-263(Europe.)-290(In)-263(the)-264(legends)-263(of)-263(early)-264(Rome)-263(we)-263(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ample)-297(evidence)-296(both)-297(of)-297(the)-296(high)-297(moral)-297(estimate)-296(of)-297(women,)-308(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-230(their)-230(prominence)-230(in)-230(Roman)-230(life.)-243(The)-230(tragedies)-230(of)-230(Lucretia)-230(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-266(Virginia)-265(display)-266(a)-265(delicacy)-266(of)-265(honour,)-269(a)-266(sense)-265(of)-266(the)-265(supreme)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(excellence)-315(of)-314(unsullied)-315(purity,)-330(which)-315(no)-314(Christian)-315(nation)-314(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(surpass.)-361(The)-286(legends)-287(of)-287(the)-287(Sabine)-287(women)-287(interceding)-286(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-491(parents)-491(and)-490(their)-491(husbands,)-551(and)-491(thus)-491(saving)-491(the)-490(infant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(republic,)-566(and)-502(of)-503(the)-503(mother)-502(of)-503(Coriolanus)-1005(averting)-503(by)-502(her)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([299])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(587)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(Flamens,)-250(see)-250(Aulus)-250(Gell.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 118.544 0 Td [(Noct.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(x.)-250(15.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1259 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1260 0 R /Resources 1258 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1253 0 R >> endobj 1261 0 obj << /D [1259 0 R /XYZ 122.167 491.077 null] >> endobj 1262 0 obj << /D [1259 0 R /XYZ 250.363 93.114 null] >> endobj 1258 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1265 0 obj << /Length 5519 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(294History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(prayers)-287(the)-286(ruin)-287(impending)-287(over)-287(her)-286(country,)-296(entitled)-287(women)-286(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(claim)-327(their)-328(share)-327(in)-327(the)-328(patriotic)-327(glories)-327(of)-328(Rome.)-482(A)-327(temple)-327(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Venus)-356(Calva)-355(was)-356(associated)-355(with)-356(the)-356(legend)-355(of)-356(Roman)-355(ladies,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who,)-428(in)-393(an)-393(hour)-393(of)-392(danger,)-429(cut)-393(off)-392(their)-393(long)-393(tresses)-393(to)-392(make)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(bowstrings)-328(for)-328(the)-328(soldiers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.334 3.959 Td [(588)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.736 -3.959 Td [(Another)-328(temple)-328(preserved)-328(to)-328(all)]TJ -139.07 -13.549 Td [(posterity)-356(the)-356(memory)-356(of)-356(the)-356(filial)-356(piety)-356(of)-356(that)-356(Roman)-355(woman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who,)-373(when)-348(her)-348(mother)-349(was)-348(condemned)-348(to)-349(be)-348(starved)-348(to)-348(death,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obtained)-197(permission)-196(to)-197(visit)-197(her)-196(in)-197(her)-197(prison,)-207(and)-197(was)-196(discovered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feeding)-250(her)-250(from)-250(her)-250(breast.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.473 3.958 Td [(589)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -109.517 -26.414 Td [(The)-400(legal)-400(position,)-438(however,)-438(of)-400(the)-401(Roman)-400(wife)-400(was)-400(for)-400(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(long)-314(period)-315(extremely)-314(low.)-443(The)-314(Roman)-315(family)-314(was)-314(constituted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-351(the)-350(principle)-351(of)-351(the)-351(uncontrolled)-350(authority)-351(of)-351(its)-351(head,)-375(both)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(over)-320(his)-320(wife)-319(and)-320(over)-320(his)-320(children,)-337(and)-320(he)-320(could)-320(repudiate)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(former)-348(at)-347(will.)-543(Neither)-348(the)-348(custom)-347(of)-348(gifts)-348(to)-347(the)-348(father)-348(of)-347(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bride,)-476(nor)-430(the)-431(custom)-430(of)-431(dowries,)-475(appears)-431(to)-430(have)-431(existed)-430(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-429(earliest)-429(period)-429(of)-429(Roman)-428(history;)-519(but)-429(the)-429(father)-428(disposed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolutely)-467(of)-467(the)-466(hand)-467(of)-467(his)-467(daughter,)-521(and)-467(sometimes)-466(even)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possessed)-421(the)-420(power)-421(of)-421(breaking)-421(off)-420(marriages)-421(that)-421(had)-420(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(actually)-227(contracted.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 85.177 3.959 Td [(590)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.097 -3.959 Td [(In)-227(the)-227(forms)-227(of)-227(marriage,)-231(however,)-232(which)]TJ -100.274 -13.549 Td [(were)-362(usual)-362(in)-362(the)-361(earlier)-362(periods)-362(of)-362(Rome,)-390(the)-362(absolute)-361(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passed)-357(into)-357(the)-357(hands)-357(of)-357(the)-357(husband,)-384(and)-357(he)-357(had)-358(the)-357(right,)-383(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-307(cases,)-321(of)-307(putting)-307(her)-307(to)-307(death.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 157.795 3.958 Td [(591)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.043 -3.958 Td [(Law)-307(and)-307(public)-307(opinion)]TJ -174.838 -13.55 Td [(combined)-371(in)-372(making)-371(matrimonial)-372(purity)-371(most)-371(strict.)-615(For)-742(five)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([300])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(hundred)-316(and)-316(twenty)-315(years,)-333(it)-315(was)-316(said,)-332(there)-316(was)-316(no)-316(such)-315(thing)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 176.211 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 169.314 Td [(588)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Capitolinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.836 0 Td [(Maximinus)-250(Junior)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.499 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -123.042 -7.394 Td [(589)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.9 0 Td [(Hist.)-379(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.407 0 Td [(vii.)-379(36.)-378(There)-293(is)-293(\050as)-293(is)-293(well)-292(known\051)-293(a)-293(similar)-293(legend)-293(of)-293(a)]TJ -74.263 -10.959 Td [(daughter)-250(thus)-250(feeding)-250(her)-250(father.)-250(Val.)-250(Max.)-250(Lib.)-250(v.)-250(cap.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(590)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-239(appears)-238(from)-239(the)-238(first)-239(act)-239(of)-238(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 132.155 0 Td [(Stichus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.043 0 Td [(of)-239(Plautus.)-246(The)-238(power)-239(appears)]TJ -172.154 -10.959 Td [(to)-263(have)-262(become)-263(quite)-263(obsolete)-262(during)-263(the)-262(Empire)-263(but)-263(the)-262(first)-263(legal)-262(act)-263(\050which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-308(rather)-307(of)-308(the)-307(nature)-308(of)-307(an)-308(exhortation)-307(than)-308(of)-307(a)-308(command\051)-307(against)-308(it)-307(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(issued)-177(by)-178(Antoninus)-177(Pius,)-192(and)-178(it)-177(was)-177(only)-178(definitely)-177(abolished)-178(under)-177(Diocletian.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Laboulaye,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.677 0 Td [(Recherches)-371(sur)-372(la)-371(condition)-372(civile)-371(et)-372(politique)-371(des)-371(femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 216.901 0 Td [(,)-402(pp.)]TJ -263.578 -10.959 Td [(16-17.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(591)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Aul.)-250(Gell.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.856 0 Td [(Noct.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.42 0 Td [(x.)-250(23.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1264 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1265 0 R /Resources 1263 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1253 0 R >> endobj 1266 0 obj << /D [1264 0 R /XYZ 353.158 211.186 null] >> endobj 1263 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1269 0 obj << /Length 6180 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(295)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-263(a)-263(divorce)-263(in)-263(Rome.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 95.402 3.959 Td [(592)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.608 -3.959 Td [(Manners)-263(were)-263(so)-263(severe,)-266(that)-263(a)-264(senator)]TJ -111.01 -13.549 Td [(was)-362(censured)-362(for)-362(indecency)-362(because)-362(he)-362(had)-362(kissed)-362(his)-362(wife)-362(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(presence)-371(of)-371(their)-370(daughter.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.654 3.959 Td [(593)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.135 -3.959 Td [(It)-371(was)-371(considered)-370(in)-371(a)-371(high)]TJ -156.789 -13.549 Td [(degree)-379(disgraceful)-378(for)-379(a)-379(Roman)-378(mother)-379(to)-379(delegate)-378(to)-379(a)-378(nurse)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-234(duty)-233(of)-234(suckling)-233(her)-234(child.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 130.001 3.959 Td [(594)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.121 -3.959 Td [(Sumptuary)-234(laws)-233(regulated)-234(with)]TJ -145.122 -13.549 Td [(the)-253(most)-253(minute)-254(severity)-253(all)-253(the)-253(details)-253(of)-254(domestic)-253(economy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(595)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-412(courtesan)-412(class,)-452(though)-412(probably)-412(numerous)-412(and)-411(certainly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(uncontrolled,)-300(were)-290(regarded)-290(with)-290(much)-290(contempt.)-370(The)-289(disgrace)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-376(publicly)-375(professing)-376(themselves)-376(members)-375(of)-376(it)-376(was)-375(believed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-421(be)-421(a)-420(sufficient)-421(punishment;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.14 3.959 Td [(596)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.975 -3.959 Td [(and)-421(an)-421(old)-420(law,)-464(which)-421(was)]TJ -155.115 -13.549 Td [(probably)-298(intended)-298(to)-297(teach)-298(in)-298(symbol)-297(the)-298(duties)-298(of)-298(married)-297(life,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enjoined)-328(that)-328(no)-328(such)-328(person)-328(should)-328(touch)-328(the)-328(altar)-328(of)-328(Juno.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(597)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(It)-298(was)-299(related)-298(of)-298(a)-298(certain)-299(\346dile,)-310(that)-298(he)-299(failed)-298(to)-298(obtain)-298(redress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-359(an)-360(assault)-359(which)-359(had)-359(been)-360(made)-359(upon)-359(him,)-387(because)-359(it)-359(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(occurred)-459(in)-460(a)-459(house)-460(of)-459(ill-fame,)-512(in)-459(which)-460(it)-459(was)-459(disgraceful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-324(a)-325(Roman)-324(magistrate)-325(to)-324(be)-324(found.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 162.725 3.959 Td [(598)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.616 -3.959 Td [(The)-324(sanctity)-325(of)-324(female)]TJ -180.341 -13.549 Td [(purity)-240(was)-240(believed)-240(to)-240(be)-239(attested)-240(by)-240(all)-240(nature.)-247(The)-240(most)-239(savage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animals)-241(became)-241(tame)-240(before)-241(a)-241(virgin.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 163.088 3.959 Td [(599)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.147 -3.959 Td [(When)-241(a)-240(woman)-241(walked)]TJ -178.235 -13.549 Td [(naked)-377(round)-377(a)-377(field,)-408(caterpillars)-377(and)-377(all)-377(loathsome)-377(insects)-376(fell)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dead)-403(before)-404(her.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 73.915 3.959 Td [(600)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.195 -3.959 Td [(It)-403(was)-404(said)-403(that)-403(drowned)-403(men)-403(floated)-404(on)]TJ -94.11 -13.549 Td [(their)-285(backs,)-294(and)-286(drowned)-285(women)-285(on)-286(their)-285(faces;)-303(and)-285(this,)-294(in)-285(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinion)-307(of)-308(Roman)-307(naturalists,)-322(was)-307(due)-307(to)-308(the)-307(superior)-307(purity)-307(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 210.226 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 203.329 Td [(592)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Val.)-250(Maximus,)-250(ii.)-250(1,)-250(\247)-250(4;)-250(Aul.)-250(Gellius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 138.485 0 Td [(Noct.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(iv.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -171.612 -7.394 Td [(593)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ammianus)-250(Marcellinus,)-250(xxviii.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(594)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tacitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.88 0 Td [(De)-250(Oratoribus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.552 0 Td [(,)-250(xxviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -95.138 -7.395 Td [(595)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Aulus)-250(Gellius,)-250(Noct.)-250(ii.)-250(24.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(596)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(More)-227(inter)-227(veteres)-227(recepto,)-232(qui)-227(satis)-227(p)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 134.022 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(narum)-227(adversum)-227(impudicas)-227(in)-227(ipsa)]TJ -156.432 -10.959 Td [(professione)-250(flagitii)-250(credebant.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 106.825 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Tacitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.881 0 Td [(Annal.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.903 0 Td [(ii.)-250(85.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -176.307 -7.394 Td [(597)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Aul.)-250(Gell.)-250(iv.)-250(3.)-250(Juno)-250(was)-250(the)-250(goddess)-250(of)-250(marriage.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(598)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iv.)-250(14.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.395 Td [(599)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-334(well-known)-335(superstition)-334(about)-335(the)-334(lion,)-355(&c.,)-356(becoming)-334(docile)-335(before)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(a)-453(virgin)-453(is,)-503(I)-453(believe,)-503(as)-453(old)-453(as)-453(Roman)-452(times.)-859(St.)-858(Isidore)-453(mentions)-453(that)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(rhinoceroses)-264(were)-263(said)-264(to)-264(be)-264(captured)-263(by)-264(young)-264(girls)-263(being)-264(put)-264(in)-264(their)-263(way)-264(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fascinate)-250(them.)-250(\050Legendre,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 97.85 0 Td [(Trait\351)-250(de)-250(l'Opinion)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.673 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(35.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -166.274 -7.311 Td [(600)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.42 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.87 0 Td [(xxviii.)-250(23.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1268 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1269 0 R /Resources 1267 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1253 0 R >> endobj 1267 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1272 0 obj << /Length 5202 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(296History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-250(latter.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 41.204 3.959 Td [(601)]TJ -113.959 -3.959 Td [([301])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -22.494 Td [(It)-242(was)-242(a)-241(remark)-242(of)-242(Aristotle,)-243(that)-242(the)-242(superiority)-242(of)-242(the)-241(Greeks)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-409(the)-410(barbarians)-409(was)-409(shown,)-449(among)-410(other)-409(things,)-449(in)-409(the)-409(fact)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-388(the)-388(Greeks)-388(did)-389(not,)-422(like)-388(other)-389(nations,)-422(regard)-388(their)-388(wives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-411(slaves,)-451(but)-411(treated)-411(them)-411(as)-411(helpmates)-411(and)-411(companions.)-733(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-245(writer)-245(has)-245(appealed,)-246(on)-245(the)-245(whole)-245(with)-245(greater)-245(justice,)-245(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-320(treatment)-319(of)-320(wives)-320(by)-320(his)-319(fellow)-320(countrymen,)-337(as)-320(a)-320(proof)-319(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-266(superiority)-265(of)-266(Roman)-266(to)-265(Greek)-266(civilisation.)-297(He)-266(has)-265(observed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-405(while)-404(the)-405(Greeks)-405(kept)-404(their)-405(wives)-405(in)-404(a)-405(special)-405(quarter)-404(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-359(interior)-359(of)-359(their)-359(houses,)-387(and)-359(never)-359(permitted)-359(them)-359(to)-359(sit)-359(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(banquets)-240(except)-241(with)-240(their)-241(relatives,)-242(or)-240(to)-241(see)-240(any)-241(male)-240(except)-240(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(presence)-334(of)-335(a)-335(relative,)-355(no)-335(Roman)-335(ever)-334(hesitated)-335(to)-335(lead)-334(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wife)-309(with)-309(him)-309(to)-310(the)-309(feast,)-324(or)-309(to)-309(place)-309(the)-309(mother)-309(of)-309(the)-309(family)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-330(the)-330(head)-330(of)-330(his)-330(table.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 105.556 3.959 Td [(602)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.799 -3.959 Td [(Whether,)-350(in)-330(the)-330(period)-330(when)-330(wives)]TJ -123.355 -13.549 Td [(were)-449(completely)-449(subject)-449(to)-448(the)-449(rule)-449(of)-449(their)-449(husbands,)-498(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(domestic)-376(oppression)-377(occurred,)-407(it)-377(is)-376(now)-376(impossible)-376(to)-377(say.)-628(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temple)-301(dedicated)-301(to)-302(a)-301(goddess)-301(named)-301(Viriplaca,)-314(whose)-301(mission)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-244(to)-245(appease)-244(husbands,)-246(was)-244(worshipped)-244(by)-245(Roman)-244(women)-244(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-322(Palatine;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 55.021 3.959 Td [(603)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.352 -3.959 Td [(and)-322(a)-321(strange)-322(and)-321(improbable,)-340(if)-321(not)-322(incredible)]TJ -71.373 -13.549 Td [(story,)-229(is)-224(related)-224(by)-223(Livy,)-229(of)-224(the)-224(discovery)-224(during)-224(the)-223(Republic,)-229(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-303(vast)-302(conspiracy)-303(by)-303(Roman)-302(wives)-303(to)-303(poison)-302(their)-303(husbands.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(604)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(On)-196(the)-195(whole,)-206(however,)-207(it)-195(is)-196(probable)-195(that)-196(the)-195(Roman)-196(matron)-195(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-311(the)-311(earliest)-312(period)-311(a)-311(name)-311(of)-312(honour;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.181 3.958 Td [(605)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.182 -3.958 Td [(that)-311(the)-311(beautiful)]TJ -205.363 -13.55 Td [(sentence)-197(of)-197(a)-197(jurisconsult)-197(of)-197(the)-197(Empire,)-208(who)-196(defined)-197(marriage)-197(as)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 176.12 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 169.308 Td [(601)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(vii.)-250(18.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(602)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quem)-346(enim)-345(Romanorum)-346(pudet)-345(uxorem)-346(ducere)-346(in)-345(convivium?)-537(aut)-346(cujus)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(materfamilias)-325(non)-324(primum)-325(locum)-325(tenet)-325(\346dium,)-343(atque)-325(in)-324(celebritate)-325(versatur?)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(quod)-438(multo)-438(fit)-439(aliter)-438(in)-438(Gr\346cia.)-815(Nam)-438(neque)-438(in)-439(convivium)-438(adhibetur,)-485(nisi)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(propinquorum,)-538(neque)-481(sedet)-480(nisi)-481(in)-481(interiore)-480(parte)-481(\346dium)-480(qu\346)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 240.281 0 Td [(gyn\346contis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -240.281 -10.959 Td [(appellatur,)-305(quo)-294(nemo)-294(accedit,)-305(nisi)-294(propinqua)-294(cognatione)-294(conjunctus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 247.508 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Corn.)]TJ -260.456 -10.958 Td [(Nepos.)-250(pr\346fat.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(603)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Val.)-250(Max.)-250(ii.)-250(1,)-250(\247)-250(6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(604)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Liv.)-250(viii.)-250(18.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(605)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Val.)-250(Max.)-250(ii.)-250(1.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1271 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1272 0 R /Resources 1270 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1253 0 R >> endobj 1273 0 obj << /D [1271 0 R /XYZ 93.543 518.077 null] >> endobj 1270 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1276 0 obj << /Length 5060 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(297)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(a)-203(lifelong)-203(fellowship)-203(of)-203(all)-203(divine)-203(and)-203(human)-203(rights,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 222.846 3.959 Td [(606)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.77 -3.959 Td [(expressed)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td [(most)-245(faithfully)-246(the)-491(feelings)-245(of)-245(the)-246(people,)-246(and)-246(that)-245(female)-245(virtue)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([302])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(had)-250(in)-250(every)-250(age)-250(a)-250(considerable)-250(place)-250(in)-250(Roman)-250(biographies.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 264.785 3.959 Td [(607)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -252.829 -20.035 Td [(I)-330(have)-330(already)-330(enumerated)-330(the)-330(chief)-330(causes)-330(of)-330(that)-329(complete)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(dissolution)-528(of)-529(Roman)-528(morals)-528(which)-529(began)-528(shortly)-528(after)-528(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Punic)-275(wars,)-281(which)-274(contributed)-275(very)-275(largely)-274(to)-275(the)-275(destruction)-274(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-362(Republic,)-389(and)-362(which)-361(attained)-362(its)-362(climax)-361(under)-362(the)-361(C\346sars.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-439(are)-439(few)-440(examples)-439(in)-439(history)-439(of)-439(a)-439(revolution)-439(pervading)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-375(completely)-374(every)-375(sphere)-374(of)-375(religious,)-405(domestic,)-406(social,)-405(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(political)-504(life.)-1012(Philosophical)-504(scepticism)-504(corroded)-504(the)-504(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religions.)-510(An)-337(inundation)-336(of)-337(Eastern)-337(luxury)-336(and)-337(Eastern)-336(morals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(submerged)-230(all)-229(the)-230(old)-230(habits)-229(of)-230(austere)-230(simplicity.)-243(The)-230(civil)-229(wars)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-389(the)-389(Empire)-390(degraded)-389(the)-389(character)-389(of)-389(the)-389(people,)-424(and)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exaggerated)-251(prudery)-251(of)-252(republican)-251(manners)-251(only)-251(served)-251(to)-251(make)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-262(rebound)-262(into)-262(vice)-263(the)-262(more)-262(irresistible.)-286(In)-262(the)-262(fierce)-262(outburst)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-376(ungovernable)-376(and)-375(almost)-376(frantic)-376(depravity)-376(that)-376(marked)-375(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evil)-483(period,)-541(the)-483(violations)-483(of)-483(female)-483(virtue)-483(were)-483(infamously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prominent.)-436(The)-312(vast)-312(multiplication)-313(of)-312(slaves,)-327(which)-312(is)-312(in)-312(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age)-170(peculiarly)-170(fatal)-170(to)-170(moral)-170(purity;)-197(the)-170(fact)-170(that)-170(a)-169(great)-170(proportion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-241(those)-242(slaves)-241(were)-242(chosen)-241(from)-241(the)-242(most)-241(voluptuous)-241(provinces)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-440(the)-440(Empire;)-534(the)-440(games)-440(of)-439(Flora,)-488(in)-439(which)-440(races)-440(of)-439(naked)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(courtesans)-272(were)-273(exhibited;)-283(the)-273(pantomimes,)-278(which)-272(derived)-272(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charms)-439(chiefly)-438(from)-439(the)-438(audacious)-439(indecencies)-438(of)-439(the)-438(actors;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(influx)-334(of)-334(the)-335(Greek)-334(and)-334(Asiatic)-334(het\346r\346)-334(who)-334(were)-334(attracted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-329(the)-330(wealth)-329(of)-329(the)-330(metropolis;)-369(the)-329(licentious)-329(paintings)-329(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(began)-403(to)-403(adorn)-403(every)-403(house;)-480(the)-403(rise)-403(of)-403(Bai\346,)-441(which)-403(rivalled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-495(luxury)-496(and)-495(surpassed)-495(the)-495(beauty)-495(of)-496(the)-495(chief)-495(centres)-495(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Asiatic)-422(vice,)-466(combining)-422(with)-422(the)-423(intoxication)-422(of)-422(great)-422(wealth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suddenly)-406(acquired,)-445(with)-407(the)-406(disruption,)-445(through)-406(many)-406(causes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-379(all)-379(the)-379(ancient)-379(habits)-379(and)-379(beliefs,)-411(and)-379(with)-379(the)-379(tendency)-378(to)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 109.801 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 102.988 Td [(606)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Nupti\346)-252(sunt)-252(conjunctio)-251(maris)-252(et)-252(femin\346,)-252(et)-252(consortium)-252(omnis)-251(vit\346,)-253(divini)]TJ -15.937 -10.958 Td [(et)-250(humani)-250(juris)-250(communicatio.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 109.588 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Modestinus.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -122.285 -7.311 Td [(607)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Livy,)-316(xxxiv.)-409(5.)-409(There)-303(is)-303(a)-303(fine)-303(collection)-303(of)-303(legends)-303(or)-303(histories)-303(of)-303(heroic)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(women)-250(\050but)-250(chiefly)-250(Greek\051)-250(in)-250(Clem.)-250(Alexand.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 167.591 0 Td [(Strom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(iv.)-250(19.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1275 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1276 0 R /Resources 1274 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1278 0 R >> endobj 1277 0 obj << /D [1275 0 R /XYZ 129.956 504.626 null] >> endobj 1274 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1281 0 obj << /Length 4773 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(298History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(pleasure)-340(which)-340(the)-341(closing)-340(of)-340(the)-340(paths)-340(of)-340(honourable)-340(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ambition)-407(by)-408(the)-407(imperial)-815(despotism,)-446(naturally)-408(produced,)-446(had)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([303])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(all)-294(their)-293(part)-294(in)-293(preparing)-294(those)-294(orgies)-293(of)-294(vice)-293(which)-294(the)-293(writers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-399(the)-400(Empire)-399(reveal.)-698(Most)-400(scholars)-399(will,)-437(I)-399(suppose,)-437(retain)-399(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vivid)-234(recollection)-234(of)-233(the)-234(new)-234(insight)-233(into)-234(the)-234(extent)-234(and)-233(wildness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-482(human)-482(guilt)-482(which)-482(they)-482(obtained)-482(when)-482(they)-482(first)-482(opened)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-388(pages)-388(of)-388(Suetonius)-388(or)-388(Lampridius;)-457(and)-388(the)-388(sixth)-388(Satire)-387(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Juvenal)-383(paints)-383(with)-382(a)-383(fierce)-383(energy,)-416(though)-383(probably)-383(with)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-281(exaggeration)-281(of)-280(a)-281(satirist,)-288(the)-281(extent)-281(to)-281(which)-280(corruption)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-372(spread)-371(among)-372(the)-372(women.)-615(It)-372(was)-372(found)-371(necessary,)-402(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tiberius,)-401(to)-371(make)-370(a)-371(special)-371(law)-370(prohibiting)-371(members)-371(of)-370(noble)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(houses)-260(from)-259(enrolling)-260(themselves)-259(as)-260(prostitutes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 210.204 3.959 Td [(608)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.493 -3.959 Td [(The)-260(extreme)]TJ -225.697 -13.549 Td [(coarseness)-318(of)-318(the)-319(Roman)-318(disposition)-318(prevented)-318(sensuality)-318(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assuming)-206(that)-207(\346sthetic)-206(character)-206(which)-207(had)-206(made)-206(it)-207(in)-206(Greece)-206(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(parent)-350(of)-350(Art,)-374(and)-350(had)-350(very)-350(profoundly)-350(modified)-350(its)-349(influence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-241(the)-242(passion)-241(for)-241(gladiatorial)-241(shows)-242(often)-241(allied)-241(it)-241(somewhat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unnaturally)-194(with)-195(cruelty.)-231(There)-194(have)-195(certainly)-194(been)-194(many)-194(periods)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-258(history)-258(when)-257(virtue)-258(was)-258(more)-258(rare)-257(than)-258(under)-258(the)-258(C\346sars;)-261(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-429(has)-429(probably)-428(never)-429(been)-429(a)-428(period)-429(when)-429(vice)-429(was)-428(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(extravagant)-372(or)-372(uncontrolled.)-617(Young)-372(emperors)-372(especially,)-402(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-219(surrounded)-220(by)-219(swarms)-219(of)-220(sycophants)-219(and)-220(panders,)-225(and)-219(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(often)-449(lived)-449(in)-450(continual)-449(dread)-449(of)-449(assassination,)-499(plunged)-449(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(most)-322(reckless)-322(and)-321(feverish)-322(excitement)-322(into)-322(every)-322(variety)-321(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abnormal)-422(lust.)-768(The)-422(reticence)-422(which)-423(has)-422(always)-423(more)-422(or)-422(less)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(characterised)-251(modern)-251(society)-252(and)-251(modern)-251(writers)-251(was)-251(unknown,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-375(the)-375(unblushing,)-406(undisguised)-375(obscenity)-375(of)-375(the)-375(Epigrams)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Martial,)-209(of)-198(the)-199(Romances)-198(of)-199(Apuleius)-198(and)-199(Petronius,)-208(and)-199(of)-198(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-270(the)-269(Dialogues)-270(of)-269(Lucian,)-275(reflected)-269(but)-270(too)-269(faithfully)-270(the)-269(spirit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(their)-250(time.)]TJ 11.956 -13.93 Td [(There)-484(had)-484(arisen,)-543(too,)-543(partly)-484(through)-484(vicious)-485(causes,)-542(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(partly,)-552(I)-492(suppose,)-552(through)-491(the)-492(unfavourable)-492(influence)-491(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(attraction)-371(of)-371(the)-370(public)-371(institutions)-371(exercised)-371(on)-371(domestic)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([304])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 80.91 Td [(608)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tacitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.636 0 Td [(Annal.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.598 0 Td [(ii.)-239(85.)-238(This)-216(decree)-216(was)-216(on)-216(account)-216(of)-216(a)-216(patrician)-216(lady)-216(named)]TJ -68.19 -10.959 Td [(Vistilia)-250(having)-250(so)-250(enrolled)-250(herself.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1280 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1281 0 R /Resources 1279 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1278 0 R >> endobj 1282 0 obj << /D [1280 0 R /XYZ 210.711 504.626 null] >> endobj 1283 0 obj << /D [1280 0 R /XYZ 374.173 97.77 null] >> endobj 1279 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1286 0 obj << /Length 6236 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(299)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(life,)-357(a)-336(great)-336(and)-336(general)-336(indisposition)-335(towards)-336(marriage,)-357(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Augustus)-209(attempted)-209(in)-209(vain)-208(to)-209(arrest)-209(by)-209(his)-209(laws)-209(against)-208(celibacy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-575(by)-575(conferring)-575(many)-575(privileges)-575(on)-575(the)-575(fathers)-575(of)-574(three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(children.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 38.477 3.958 Td [(609)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.093 -3.958 Td [(A)-430(singularly)-431(curious)-431(speech)-430(is)-431(preserved,)-476(which)]TJ -59.57 -13.55 Td [(is)-427(said)-426(to)-427(have)-427(been)-427(delivered)-426(on)-427(this)-427(subject,)-471(shortly)-426(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-356(close)-357(of)-356(the)-357(Republic,)-382(by)-357(Metellus)-356(Numidicus,)-383(in)-357(order,)-382(if)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possible,)-307(to)-295(overcome)-295(this)-295(indisposition.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 182.076 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(If,)-307(Romans,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 51.824 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.065 0 Td [(he)-295(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -246.808 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(we)-275(could)-276(live)-275(without)-275(wives,)-282(we)-275(should)-275(all)-276(keep)-275(free)-275(from)-275(that)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(source)-383(of)-383(trouble;)-450(but)-383(since)-382(nature)-383(has)-383(ordained)-383(that)-383(men)-383(can)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(neither)-281(live)-280(sufficiently)-281(agreeably)-281(with)-280(wives,)-289(nor)-280(at)-281(all)-280(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them,)-309(let)-297(us)-297(consider)-297(the)-297(perpetual)-297(endurance)-297(of)-297(our)-297(race)-297(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-250(our)-250(own)-250(brief)-250(enjoyment.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 132.404 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(610)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -125.292 -18.413 Td [(In)-325(the)-325(midst)-326(of)-325(this)-325(torrent)-325(of)-326(corruption)-325(a)-325(great)-325(change)-325(was)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(passing)-327(over)-327(the)-326(legal)-327(position)-327(of)-327(Roman)-326(women.)-481(They)-327(had)-326(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-291(been)-290(in)-291(a)-290(condition)-291(of)-291(absolute)-290(subjection)-291(or)-290(subordination)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-373(their)-372(relations.)-618(They)-373(arrived,)-403(during)-373(the)-373(Empire,)-403(at)-373(a)-372(point)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-317(freedom)-316(and)-317(dignity)-317(which)-316(they)-317(subsequently)-316(lost,)-334(and)-316(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(never)-300(altogether)-300(regained.)-401(The)-300(Romans)-300(recognised)-300(two)-300(distinct)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classes)-384(of)-384(marriages:)-518(the)-384(stricter,)-417(and,)-418(in)-384(the)-384(eyes)-383(of)-384(the)-384(law,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-254(honourable,)-254(forms,)-255(which)-254(placed)-253(the)-254(woman)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 222.381 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(in)-254(the)-253(hand)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 48.562 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(of)-306(her)-306(husband)-306(and)-307(gave)-306(him)-306(an)-306(almost)-306(absolute)-306(authority)-306(over)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-359(person)-360(and)-359(her)-360(property;)-414(and)-359(a)-359(less)-360(strict)-359(form,)-387(which)-359(left)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-605(legal)-303(position)-303(unchanged.)-408(The)-302(former,)-316(which)-303(were)-302(general)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([305])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 208.431 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 201.619 Td [(609)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Dion)-250(Cassius,)-250(liv.)-250(16,)-250(lvi.)-250(10.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(610)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Si)-429(sine)-429(uxore)-429(possemus,)-474(Quirites,)-474(esse,)-474(omnes)-429(ea)-429(molestia)-430(careremus;)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(sed)-472(quoniam)-472(ita)-471(natura)-472(tradidit,)-527(ut)-472(nec)-472(cum)-472(illis)-472(satis)-471(commode)-472(nec)-472(sine)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(illis)-563(ullo)-564(modo)-563(vivi)-563(possit,)-642(saluti)-563(perpetu\346)-564(potius)-563(quam)-564(brevi)-563(voluptati)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(consulendum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 50.059 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Aulus)-530(Gellius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 59.688 0 Td [(Noct.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.927 0 Td [(i.)-1088(6.)-1089(Some)-529(of)-530(the)-529(audience,)-600(we)]TJ -146.621 -10.959 Td [(are)-408(told,)-447(thought)-408(that,)-448(in)-408(exhorting)-408(to)-408(matrimony,)-447(the)-408(speaker)-408(should)-408(have)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(concealed)-425(its)-424(undoubted)-425(evils.)-774(It)-425(was)-425(decided,)-468(however,)-469(that)-424(it)-425(was)-425(more)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(honourable)-204(to)-204(tell)-204(the)-204(whole)-204(truth.)-234(Stob\346us)-204(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 157.281 0 Td [(Sententi\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.87 0 Td [(\051)-204(has)-204(preserved)-204(a)-204(number)]TJ -192.151 -10.959 Td [(of)-254(harsh)-255(and)-254(often)-255(heartless)-254(sayings)-254(about)-255(wives,)-255(that)-255(were)-254(popular)-255(among)-254(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Greeks.)-265(It)-255(was)-255(a)-256(saying)-255(of)-255(a)-255(Greek)-255(poet,)-256(that)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 161.911 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(marriage)-255(brings)-255(only)-255(two)-255(happy)]TJ -165.892 -10.959 Td [(days)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 16.435 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(the)-242(day)-242(when)-241(the)-242(husband)-242(first)-241(clasps)-242(his)-242(wife)-242(to)-241(his)-242(breast,)-244(and)-241(the)-242(day)]TJ -25.401 -10.959 Td [(when)-225(he)-226(lays)-225(her)-226(in)-225(the)-225(tomb;)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 104.767 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.002 0 Td [(and)-225(in)-226(Rome)-225(it)-226(became)-225(a)-225(proverbial)-226(saying,)-230(that)]TJ -110.769 -10.959 Td [(a)-250(wife)-250(was)-250(only)-250(good)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 78.94 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(in)-250(thalamo)-250(vel)-250(in)-250(tumulo.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 90.417 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1285 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1286 0 R /Resources 1284 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1278 0 R >> endobj 1287 0 obj << /D [1285 0 R /XYZ 64.004 219.188 null] >> endobj 1284 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1290 0 obj << /Length 5824 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(300History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(during)-408(the)-409(Republic,)-447(were)-409(of)-408(three)-408(kinds)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 186.82 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 17.785 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(confarreatio,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 55.429 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(which)-328(was)-329(celebrated)-328(and)-328(could)-329(only)-328(be)-328(dissolved)-329(by)-328(the)-328(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(solemn)-481(religious)-480(ceremonies,)-539(and)-480(was)-481(jealously)-481(restricted)-480(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patricians;)-327(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.64 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(coemptio,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 43.33 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.134 0 Td [(which)-302(was)-301(purely)-302(civil,)-314(and)-302(derived)]TJ -121.948 -13.55 Td [(its)-433(name)-433(from)-433(a)-433(symbolical)-433(sale;)-525(and)-433(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 195.745 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(usus,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 22.124 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.568 0 Td [(which)-433(was)]TJ -232.28 -13.549 Td [(effected)-517(by)-518(the)-517(mere)-518(cohabitation)-517(of)-518(a)-517(woman)-518(with)-517(a)-517(man)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-306(interruption)-306(for)-307(the)-306(space)-306(of)-306(a)-306(year.)-419(Under)-306(the)-306(Empire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(however,)-180(these)-161(kinds)-162(of)-162(marriage)-162(became)-162(almost)-162(wholly)-161(obsolete;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-330(laxer)-329(form,)-349(resting)-330(upon)-330(a)-329(simple)-330(mutual)-329(agreement,)-349(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(any)-232(religious)-233(or)-232(civil)-232(ceremony,)-236(was)-232(general,)-236(and)-233(it)-232(had)-232(this)-232(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(important)-257(consequence,)-260(that)-257(the)-257(woman)-258(so)-257(married)-257(remained,)-259(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(eyes)-335(of)-335(the)-335(law,)-356(in)-335(the)-335(family)-335(of)-335(her)-335(father,)-356(and)-335(was)-335(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-433(guardianship,)-478(not)-432(under)-433(the)-432(guardianship)-433(of)-432(her)-432(husband.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-434(the)-435(old)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 57.254 0 Td [(patria)-434(potestas)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 71.911 0 Td [(had)-434(become)-435(completely)-434(obsolete,)]TJ -129.165 -13.55 Td [(and)-344(the)-344(practical)-345(effect)-344(of)-344(the)-344(general)-345(adoption)-344(of)-344(this)-344(form)-344(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage)-276(was)-276(the)-276(absolute)-276(legal)-276(independence)-276(of)-276(the)-276(wife.)-328(With)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-305(exception)-305(of)-305(her)-305(dowry,)-319(which)-305(passed)-305(into)-305(the)-305(hands)-304(of)-305(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(husband,)-217(she)-208(held)-208(her)-208(property)-208(in)-209(her)-208(own)-208(right;)-222(she)-208(inherited)-208(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(share)-330(of)-330(the)-330(wealth)-329(of)-330(her)-330(father,)-350(and)-330(she)-330(retained)-330(it)-329(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(independently)-359(of)-359(her)-359(husband.)-577(A)-359(very)-359(considerable)-359(portion)-359(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-362(wealth)-361(thus)-362(passed)-361(into)-362(the)-361(uncontrolled)-362(possession)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(women.)-265(The)-255(private)-254(man)-255(of)-255(business)-255(of)-255(the)-255(wife)-255(was)-255(a)-254(favourite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character)-275(with)-275(the)-275(comedians,)-281(and)-275(the)-275(tyranny)-275(exercised)-275(by)-275(rich)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wives)-328(over)-327(their)-328(husbands)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 116.154 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(to)-327(whom)-328(it)-327(is)-328(said)-327(they)-328(sometimes)]TJ -127.064 -13.55 Td [(lent)-250(money)-250(at)-250(high)-250(interest)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 116.356 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-250(continual)-250(theme)-250(of)-250(satirists.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 128.171 3.959 Td [(611)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -243.481 -22.324 Td [(A)-329(complete)-329(revolution)-328(had)-329(thus)-329(passed)-329(over)-329(the)-329(constitution)]TJ -7.429 -13.549 Td [(of)-415(the)-415(family.)-744(Instead)-415(of)-415(being)-415(constructed)-415(on)-415(the)-415(principle)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -77.282 0 Td [([306])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(of)-473(autocracy,)-529(it)-473(was)-473(constructed)-473(on)-473(the)-473(principle)-473(of)-473(coequal)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 131.558 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 124.746 Td [(611)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Friedl\344nder,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 47.514 0 Td [(Hist.)-704(des)-401(M)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 46.52 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(urs)-401(romaines)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 48.43 0 Td [(,)-439(tome)-402(i.)-704(pp.)-704(360-364.)-704(On)-401(the)]TJ -160.401 -10.959 Td [(great)-214(influence)-214(exercised)-214(by)-214(Roman)-214(ladies)-213(on)-214(political)-214(affairs)-214(some)-214(remarkable)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(passages)-305(are)-306(collected)-305(in)-306(Denis,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 118.642 0 Td [(Hist.)-416(des)-306(Id\351es)-305(Morales)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.154 0 Td [(,)-319(tome)-306(ii.)-416(pp.)-416(98-99.)]TJ -205.796 -10.959 Td [(This)-245(author)-246(is)-245(particularly)-246(valuable)-245(in)-245(all)-246(that)-245(relates)-246(to)-245(the)-245(history)-246(of)-245(domestic)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(morals.)-387(The)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.712 0 Td [(Asinaria)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.54 0 Td [(of)-296(Plautus,)-307(and)-295(some)-296(of)-296(the)-295(epigrams)-296(of)-296(Martial,)-307(throw)]TJ -80.252 -10.959 Td [(much)-250(light)-250(upon)-250(this)-250(subject.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1289 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1290 0 R /Resources 1288 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1278 0 R >> endobj 1291 0 obj << /D [1289 0 R /XYZ 93.543 161.08 null] >> endobj 1288 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1294 0 obj << /Length 5473 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(301)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(partnership.)-843(The)-447(legal)-448(position)-448(of)-447(the)-448(wife)-447(had)-448(become)-447(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-423(complete)-422(independence,)-466(while)-422(her)-423(social)-422(position)-423(was)-422(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-370(great)-370(dignity.)-611(The)-370(more)-370(conservative)-370(spirits)-370(were)-370(naturally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alarmed)-368(at)-367(the)-368(change,)-396(and)-368(two)-367(measures)-368(were)-367(taken)-368(to)-367(arrest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it.)-981(The)-493(Oppian)-494(law)-493(was)-494(designed)-493(to)-494(restrain)-493(the)-494(luxury)-493(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(women;)-500(but,)-459(in)-417(spite)-417(of)-417(the)-417(strenuous)-417(exertions)-417(of)-417(Cato,)-458(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(law)-356(was)-356(speedily)-356(repealed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 120.407 3.959 Td [(612)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.653 -3.959 Td [(A)-356(more)-356(important)-356(measure)-356(was)]TJ -139.06 -13.549 Td [(the)-409(Voconian)-409(law,)-449(which)-409(restricted)-409(within)-409(very)-408(narrow)-409(limits)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-446(property)-447(which)-446(women)-447(might)-446(inherit;)-545(but)-446(public)-446(opinion)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(never)-286(fully)-286(acquiesced)-286(in)-286(it,)-295(and)-286(by)-286(several)-286(legal)-286(subterfuges)-285(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(operation)-250(was)-250(partially)-250(evaded.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 136.331 3.959 Td [(613)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -124.375 -26.522 Td [(Another)-225(and)-225(a)-225(still)-225(more)-225(important)-225(consequence)-225(resulted)-224(from)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-327(changed)-327(form)-327(of)-327(marriage.)-481(Being)-327(looked)-327(upon)-327(merely)-327(as)-327(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civil)-341(contract,)-363(entered)-341(into)-341(for)-341(the)-341(happiness)-341(of)-341(the)-340(contracting)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(parties,)-375(its)-349(continuance)-350(depended)-350(upon)-350(mutual)-349(consent.)-549(Either)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(party)-421(might)-421(dissolve)-421(it)-421(at)-420(will,)-464(and)-421(the)-421(dissolution)-421(gave)-420(both)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parties)-323(a)-324(right)-323(to)-323(remarry.)-470(There)-323(can)-323(be)-324(no)-323(question)-323(that)-323(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-198(system)-199(the)-198(obligations)-198(of)-198(marriage)-199(were)-198(treated)-198(with)-198(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(levity.)-626(We)-376(find)-375(Cicero)-375(repudiating)-376(his)-375(wife)-376(Terentia,)-406(because)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-365(desired)-364(a)-365(new)-365(dowry;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.641 3.959 Td [(614)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.058 -3.959 Td [(Augustus)-365(compelling)-364(the)-365(husband)]TJ -128.699 -13.549 Td [(of)-373(Livia)-373(to)-372(repudiate)-373(her)-373(when)-373(she)-372(was)-373(already)-373(pregnant,)-403(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-354(might)-353(marry)-354(her)-353(himself;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.929 3.959 Td [(615)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.874 -3.959 Td [(Cato)-354(ceding)-353(his)-354(wife,)-379(with)-354(the)]TJ -143.803 -13.549 Td [(consent)-261(of)-262(her)-261(father,)-264(to)-261(his)-262(friend)-261(Hortensius,)-264(and)-261(resuming)-261(her)]TJ 3.797 -13.549 Td [(after)-348(his)-348(death;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 66.972 3.958 Td [(616)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.785 -3.958 Td [(M\346cenas)-348(continually)-348(changing)-348(his)-348(wife;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 180.623 3.958 Td [(617)]TJ 22.847 -3.958 Td [([307])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 175.959 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 169.147 Td [(612)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-344(the)-344(very)-344(remarkable)-344(discussion)-344(about)-344(this)-344(repeal)-344(in)-344(Livy,)-368(lib.)-532(xxxiv.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(cap.)-250(1-8.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(613)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Legouv\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.388 0 Td [(Hist.)-392(Morale)-298(des)-297(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 94.264 0 Td [(,)-309(pp.)-392(23-26.)-393(St.)-392(Augustine)-297(denounced)]TJ -142.607 -10.958 Td [(this)-296(law)-296(as)-296(the)-296(most)-296(unjust)-296(that)-296(could)-296(be)-297(mentioned)-296(or)-296(even)-296(conceived.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 261.71 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Qua)]TJ -265.692 -10.959 Td [(lege)-268(quid)-267(iniquius)-268(dici)-268(aut)-267(cogitari)-268(possit,)-272(ignoro.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 177.237 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(St.)-303(Aug.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.833 0 Td [(De)-268(Civ.)-302(Dei)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.213 0 Td [(,)-272(iii.)]TJ -266.229 -10.959 Td [(21)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(a)-220(curious)-219(illustration)-220(of)-220(the)-219(difference)-220(between)-220(the)-219(habits)-220(of)-220(thought)-219(of)-220(his)]TJ -17.932 -10.959 Td [(time)-270(and)-269(those)-270(of)-270(the)-269(middle)-270(ages,)-274(when)-270(daughters)-270(were)-269(habitually)-270(sacrificed,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(without)-250(a)-250(protest,)-250(by)-250(the)-250(feudal)-250(laws.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(614)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Cicero)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.406 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -70.48 -7.394 Td [(615)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(Ann.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.928 0 Td [(i.)-250(10.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1293 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1294 0 R /Resources 1292 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1278 0 R >> endobj 1295 0 obj << /D [1293 0 R /XYZ 46.771 197.529 null] >> endobj 1292 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1298 0 obj << /Length 5910 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(302History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Sempronius)-301(Sophus)-301(repudiating)-302(his)-301(wife,)-314(because)-301(she)-301(had)-301(once)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-495(to)-495(the)-496(public)-495(games)-495(without)-495(his)-495(knowledge;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 232.343 3.959 Td [(618)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.193 -3.959 Td [(Paulus)]TJ -251.536 -13.549 Td [(\306milius)-262(taking)-263(the)-262(same)-263(step)-262(without)-262(assigning)-263(any)-262(reason,)-265(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defending)-234(himself)-233(by)-234(saying,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 128.707 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(My)-234(shoes)-233(are)-234(new)-234(and)-234(well)-233(made,)]TJ -133.551 -13.55 Td [(but)-187(no)-187(one)-188(knows)-187(where)-187(they)-187(pinch)-187(me.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 169.115 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(619)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.495 -3.959 Td [(Nor)-187(did)-187(women)-187(show)]TJ -188.454 -13.549 Td [(less)-380(alacrity)-381(in)-380(repudiating)-381(their)-380(husbands.)-641(Seneca)-380(denounced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-181(evil)-182(with)-181(especial)-181(vehemence,)-195(declaring)-182(that)-181(divorce)-181(in)-181(Rome)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-240(longer)-241(brought)-240(with)-240(it)-241(any)-240(shame,)-242(and)-241(that)-240(there)-240(were)-240(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-356(reckoned)-357(their)-356(years)-356(rather)-357(by)-356(their)-356(husbands)-357(than)-356(by)-356(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(consuls.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 35.455 3.959 Td [(620)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.42 -3.959 Td [(Christians)-349(and)-349(Pagans)-349(echoed)-349(the)-349(same)-349(complaint.)]TJ -53.875 -13.549 Td [(According)-402(to)-402(Tertullian,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 113.862 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(divorce)-402(is)-402(the)-402(fruit)-402(of)-403(marriage.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 144.627 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(621)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Martial)-269(speaks)-268(of)-269(a)-268(woman)-268(who)-269(had)-268(already)-269(arrived)-268(at)-269(her)-268(tenth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(husband;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 39.393 3.959 Td [(622)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.884 -3.959 Td [(Juvenal,)-304(of)-293(a)-293(woman)-293(having)-293(eight)-292(husbands)-293(in)-293(five)]TJ -55.277 -13.549 Td [(years.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.746 3.958 Td [(623)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.012 -3.958 Td [(But)-367(the)-367(most)-367(extraordinary)-367(recorded)-367(instance)-368(of)-367(this)]TJ -44.758 -13.55 Td [(kind)-231(is)-230(related)-231(by)-230(St.)-244(Jerome,)-234(who)-231(assures)-230(us)-231(that)-230(there)-231(existed)-230(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Rome)-281(a)-280(wife)-280(who)-281(was)-280(married)-281(to)-280(her)-281(twenty-third)-280(husband,)-288(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(herself)-250(being)-250(his)-250(twenty-first)-250(wife.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 150.578 3.959 Td [(624)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -138.622 -20.407 Td [(These)-333(are,)-353(no)-333(doubt,)-353(extreme)-333(cases;)-374(but)-332(it)-333(is)-332(unquestionable)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(that)-304(the)-303(stability)-304(of)-304(married)-304(life)-303(was)-304(very)-304(seriously)-303(impaired.)-411(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-406(be)-406(easy,)-445(however,)-445(to)-406(exaggerate)-406(the)-406(influence)-406(of)-405(legal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(changes)-447(in)-447(affecting)-447(it.)-842(In)-447(a)-447(purer)-447(state)-447(of)-447(public)-447(opinion)-447(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(very)-260(wide)-260(latitude)-260(of)-260(divorce)-260(might)-260(probably)-260(have)-260(been)-260(allowed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-342(both)-342(parties,)-365(without)-341(any)-342(serious)-342(consequence.)-526(The)-342(right)-341(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(repudiation,)-374(which)-349(the)-349(husband)-349(had)-349(always)-350(possessed,)-374(was,)-373(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-253(have)-253(seen,)-253(in)-253(the)-253(Republic)-253(never)-253(or)-253(very)-253(rarely)-253(exercised.)-258(Of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 176.679 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 169.867 Td [(616)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Cato)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.439 0 Td [(;)-250(Lucan,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.625 0 Td [(Pharsal)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.396 0 Td [(.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -123.535 -7.311 Td [(617)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Senec.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 25.894 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxiv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -52.046 -7.31 Td [(618)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Val.)-250(Max.)-250(vi.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(619)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.284 0 Td [(Paul.)-246(\306mil.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.193 0 Td [(It)-238(is)-239(not)-238(quite)-238(clear)-238(whether)-239(this)-238(remark)-238(was)-238(made)-239(by)]TJ -91.433 -10.959 Td [(Paulus)-250(himself.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(620)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Sen.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 17.932 0 Td [(De)-250(Benef.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.596 0 Td [(iii.)-250(16.)-250(See,)-250(too,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 58.784 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(xcv.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 17.43 0 Td [(Ad)-250(Helv.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.615 0 Td [(xvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -191.509 -7.31 Td [(621)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Apol.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -33.127 -7.311 Td [(622)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Epig.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(vi.)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -33.127 -7.31 Td [(623)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Juv.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 16.938 0 Td [(Sat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.942 0 Td [(vi.)-250(230.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -44.586 -7.311 Td [(624)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(2.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1297 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1298 0 R /Resources 1296 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1278 0 R >> endobj 1296 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1301 0 obj << /Length 4771 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(303)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(those)-240(who)-240(scandalised)-239(good)-240(men)-240(by)-239(the)-240(rapid)-240(recurrence)-240(of)-239(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriages,)-427(probably)-782(most,)-427(if)-391(marriage)-391(had)-391(been)-391(indissoluble,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([308])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(would)-473(have)-473(refrained)-473(from)-473(entering)-473(into)-473(it,)-529(and)-473(woul)1(d)-473(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contented)-447(themselves)-447(with)-447(many)-447(informal)-447(connections,)-496(or,)-496(if)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-319(had)-318(married,)-336(would)-318(have)-319(gratified)-318(their)-319(love)-318(of)-319(change)-318(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simple)-299(adultery.)-398(A)-299(vast)-299(wave)-299(of)-299(corruption)-299(had)-299(flowed)-299(in)-299(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Rome,)-209(and)-199(under)-200(any)-199(system)-199(of)-199(law)-199(it)-199(would)-199(have)-199(penetrated)-199(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(domestic)-326(life.)-477(Laws)-326(prohibiting)-325(all)-326(divorce)-326(have)-326(never)-325(secured)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-399(purity)-399(of)-398(married)-399(life)-399(in)-399(ages)-398(of)-399(great)-399(corruption,)-436(nor)-398(did)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-353(latitude)-352(which)-353(was)-352(accorded)-353(in)-353(imperial)-352(Rome)-353(prevent)-352(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existence)-250(of)-250(a)-250(very)-250(large)-250(amount)-250(of)-250(female)-250(virtue.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(I)-279(have)-278(observed,)-286(in)-279(a)-279(former)-278(chapter,)-286(that)-279(the)-279(moral)-278(contrasts)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(shown)-225(in)-225(ancient)-225(life)-225(surpass)-225(those)-225(of)-225(modern)-225(societies,)-230(in)-225(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-317(very)-318(rarely)-317(find)-317(clusters)-318(of)-317(heroic)-317(or)-318(illustrious)-317(men)-317(arising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-379(nations)-379(that)-378(are)-379(in)-379(general)-379(very)-379(ignorant)-378(or)-379(very)-379(corrupt.)-636(I)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-362(endeavoured)-362(to)-362(account)-361(for)-362(this)-362(fact)-362(by)-362(showing)-362(that)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(moral)-273(agencies)-273(of)-273(antiquity)-273(were)-273(in)-273(general)-273(much)-273(more)-273(fitted)-272(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(develop)-367(virtue)-367(than)-368(to)-367(repress)-367(vice,)-397(and)-367(that)-367(they)-367(raised)-367(noble)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natures)-393(to)-393(almost)-394(the)-393(highest)-393(conceivable)-393(point)-393(of)-393(excellence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-245(they)-246(entirely)-245(failed)-245(to)-245(coerce)-245(or)-246(to)-245(attenuate)-245(the)-245(corruption)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-366(the)-366(depraved.)-598(In)-366(the)-366(female)-366(life)-366(of)-366(Imperial)-366(Rome)-366(we)-366(find)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(these)-286(contrasts)-286(vividly)-286(displayed.)-357(There)-286(can)-286(be)-286(no)-286(question)-285(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-296(moral)-296(tone)-295(of)-296(the)-296(sex)-296(was)-295(extremely)-296(low)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 197.293 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(lower,)-307(probably,)]TJ -208.202 -13.549 Td [(than)-476(in)-475(France)-476(under)-475(the)-476(Regency,)-532(or)-476(in)-475(England)-476(under)-475(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Restoration)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 50.302 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-501(it)-500(is)-501(also)-501(certain)-500(that)-501(frightful)-501(excesses)-500(of)]TJ -61.211 -13.549 Td [(unnatural)-335(passion,)-356(of)-334(which)-335(the)-335(most)-334(corrupt)-335(of)-335(modern)-334(courts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(present)-275(no)-274(parallel,)-281(were)-274(perpetrated)-275(with)-274(but)-275(little)-274(concealment)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(on)-507(the)-508(Palatine.)-1022(Yet)-507(there)-508(is)-507(probably)-507(no)-508(period)-507(in)-507(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examples)-161(of)-160(conjugal)-161(heroism)-161(and)-160(fidelity)-161(appear)-161(more)-160(frequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-357(in)-357(this)-357(very)-358(age,)-384(in)-357(which)-357(marriage)-357(was)-357(most)-357(free)-357(and)-357(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-342(corruption)-343(was)-342(so)-342(general.)-527(Much)-342(simplicity)-342(of)-342(manners)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continued)-346(to)-347(co-exist)-346(with)-346(the)-346(excesses)-347(of)-346(an)-346(almost)-346(unbridled)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(luxury.)-458(Augustus,)-337(we)-319(are)-319(told,)-337(used)-319(to)-320(make)-319(his)-319(daughters)-319(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(granddaughters)-702(weave)-351(and)-351(spin,)-376(and)-351(his)-351(wife)-351(and)-351(sister)-351(made)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([309])]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1300 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1301 0 R /Resources 1299 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1304 0 R >> endobj 1302 0 obj << /D [1300 0 R /XYZ 140.216 504.626 null] >> endobj 1303 0 obj << /D [1300 0 R /XYZ 117.855 66.142 null] >> endobj 1299 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1307 0 obj << /Length 5923 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(304History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(most)-325(of)-325(the)-325(clothes)-325(he)-325(wore.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 127.097 3.959 Td [(625)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.633 -3.959 Td [(The)-325(skill)-325(of)-325(wives)-325(in)-325(domestic)]TJ -144.73 -13.549 Td [(economy,)-506(and)-454(especially)-455(in)-454(spinning,)-506(was)-454(frequently)-454(noticed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-507(their)-506(epitaphs.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.623 3.959 Td [(626)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.576 -3.959 Td [(Intellectual)-507(culture)-506(was)-507(much)-506(diffused)]TJ -102.199 -13.549 Td [(among)-332(them,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 57.864 3.958 Td [(627)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.302 -3.958 Td [(and)-332(we)-332(meet)-333(with)-332(several)-332(noble)-332(specimens,)-353(in)]TJ -74.166 -13.55 Td [(the)-416(sex,)-457(of)-416(large)-416(and)-415(accomplished)-416(minds)-416(united)-416(with)-416(all)-415(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gracefulness)-359(of)-359(intense)-358(womanhood,)-386(and)-359(all)-359(the)-359(fidelity)-359(of)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(truest)-327(love.)-481(Such)-328(were)-327(Cornelia,)-346(the)-327(brilliant)-327(and)-327(devoted)-327(wife)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-428(Pompey,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 52.246 3.959 Td [(628)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.61 -3.959 Td [(Marcia,)-473(the)-428(friend,)-473(and)-428(Helvia,)-473(the)-428(mother)-428(of)]TJ -69.856 -13.549 Td [(Seneca.)-243(The)-231(Northern)-230(Italian)-230(cities)-231(had)-230(in)-230(a)-231(great)-230(degree)-230(escaped)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-443(contamination)-443(of)-443(the)-443(times,)-491(and)-443(Padua)-443(and)-443(Brescia)-442(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(especially)-329(noted)-330(for)-329(the)-330(virtue)-329(of)-330(their)-329(women.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 208.453 3.959 Td [(629)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.781 -3.959 Td [(In)-329(an)-330(age)-329(of)]TJ -226.234 -13.549 Td [(extravagant)-373(sensuality)-373(a)-373(noble)-373(lady,)-404(named)-373(Mallonia,)-403(plunged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-455(dagger)-456(in)-455(her)-456(heart)-455(rather)-455(than)-456(yield)-455(to)-456(the)-455(embraces)-455(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tiberius.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 39.088 3.958 Td [(630)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.102 -3.958 Td [(To)-278(the)-278(period)-278(when)-279(the)-278(legal)-278(bond)-278(of)-278(marriage)-278(was)]TJ -55.19 -13.55 Td [(most)-278(relaxed)-279(must)-278(be)-278(assigned)-278(most)-278(of)-279(those)-278(noble)-278(examples)-278(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-367(constancy)-367(of)-368(Roman)-367(wives,)-396(which)-368(have)-367(been)-367(for)-367(so)-367(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(generations)-292(household)-293(tales)-292(among)-292(mankind.)-377(Who)-292(has)-292(not)-292(read)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-287(emotion)-286(of)-287(the)-286(tenderness)-287(and)-287(heroism)-286(of)-287(Porcia,)-295(claiming)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-405(right)-405(to)-405(share)-404(in)-405(the)-405(trouble)-405(which)-405(clouded)-405(her)-404(husband's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(brow;)-425(how,)-396(doubting)-367(her)-366(own)-367(courage,)-396(she)-366(did)-367(not)-367(venture)-366(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ask)-395(Brutus)-394(to)-395(reveal)-394(to)-395(her)-394(his)-394(enterprise)-395(till)-394(she)-395(had)-394(secretly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tried)-274(her)-273(power)-274(of)-273(endurance)-274(by)-273(piercing)-273(her)-274(thigh)-273(with)-274(a)-273(knife;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-313(once,)-330(and)-313(but)-314(once)-313(in)-313(his)-314(presence,)-329(her)-314(noble)-313(spirit)-313(failed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when,)-353(as)-332(she)-332(was)-332(about)-332(to)-333(separate)-332(from)-332(him)-332(for)-332(the)-332(last)-332(time,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-344(eye)-344(chanced)-345(to)-344(fall)-344(upon)-344(a)-345(picture)-344(of)-344(the)-344(parting)-344(interview)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-386(Hector)-386(and)-385(Andromache?)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 128.34 3.959 Td [(631)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.625 -3.959 Td [(Paulina,)-840(the)-385(wife)-386(of)-386(Seneca,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -220.72 0 Td [([310])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 165.483 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 158.587 Td [(625)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Sueton.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.431 0 Td [(Aug.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.942 0 Td [(Charlemagne,)-391(in)-363(like)-363(manner,)-392(made)-363(his)-363(daughters)-363(work)-363(in)]TJ -64.329 -10.959 Td [(wool.)-250(\050Eginhardus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 70.727 0 Td [(Vit.)-250(Car.)-250(Mag.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 54.3 0 Td [(xix.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -124.778 -7.311 Td [(626)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Friedl\344nder,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 47.642 0 Td [(M)]TJ/F41 8.9664 Tf 7.469 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 5.981 0 Td [(urs)-413(romaines)-413(du)-412(r\350gne)-413(d'Auguste)-413(\340)-413(la)-413(fin)-412(des)-413(Antonins)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -73.048 -10.959 Td [(\050trad.)-250(fran\347.\051,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(414.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(627)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Much)-250(evidence)-250(of)-250(this)-250(is)-250(collected)-250(by)-250(Friedl\344nder,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(387-395.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(628)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Pompeius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 35.363 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -81.438 -7.311 Td [(629)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Martial,)-250(xi.)-250(16.)-250(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 79.208 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(i.)-250(14.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -105.36 -7.31 Td [(630)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Suet.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 20.426 0 Td [(Tiberius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.894 0 Td [(,)-250(xlv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -62.026 -7.311 Td [(631)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.369 0 Td [(Brutus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.913 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1306 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1307 0 R /Resources 1305 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1304 0 R >> endobj 1308 0 obj << /D [1306 0 R /XYZ 281.542 179.445 null] >> endobj 1305 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F41 204 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1311 0 obj << /Length 6070 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(305)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(opened)-412(her)-412(own)-412(veins)-411(in)-412(order)-412(to)-412(accompany)-412(her)-412(husband)-411(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-274(grave;)-286(when)-274(much)-274(blood)-274(had)-274(already)-274(flowed,)-280(her)-274(slaves)-274(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(freedmen)-407(bound)-407(her)-406(wounds,)-446(and)-407(thus)-407(compelled)-407(her)-407(to)-406(live;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-372(the)-371(Romans)-372(ever)-371(after)-371(observed)-372(with)-371(reverence)-372(the)-371(sacred)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pallor)-367(of)-368(her)-367(countenance)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 115.013 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-367(memorial)-368(of)-367(her)-367(act.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 109.638 3.959 Td [(632)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.019 -3.959 Td [(When)]TJ -254.579 -13.549 Td [(P\346tus)-280(was)-280(condemned)-280(to)-280(die)-280(by)-280(his)-280(own)-280(hand,)-287(those)-280(who)-280(knew)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-325(love)-325(which)-324(his)-325(wife)-325(Arria)-325(bore)-325(him,)-343(and)-325(the)-325(heroic)-324(fervour)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-283(her)-283(character,)-292(predicted)-283(that)-283(she)-284(would)-283(not)-283(long)-283(survive)-283(him.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Thrasea,)-216(who)-207(had)-208(married)-207(her)-208(daughter,)-216(endeavoured)-207(to)-207(dissuade)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(her)-296(from)-296(suicide)-296(by)-296(saying,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 124.435 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If)-296(I)-296(am)-296(ever)-296(called)-296(upon)-296(to)-296(perish,)]TJ -129.278 -13.549 Td [(would)-309(you)-309(wish)-309(your)-309(daughter)-309(to)-309(die)-309(with)-309(me?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 208.762 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.214 0 Td [(She)-309(answered,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -216.976 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Yes,)-247(if)-246(she)-246(will)-246(have)-246(then)-246(lived)-246(with)-246(you)-246(as)-246(long)-246(and)-246(as)-246(happily)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(as)-332(I)-332(with)-331(P\346tus.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 71.774 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.463 0 Td [(Her)-332(friends)-332(attempted,)-352(by)-332(carefully)-331(watching)]TJ -80.237 -13.549 Td [(her,)-224(to)-217(secure)-217(her)-218(safety,)-224(but)-217(she)-217(dashed)-217(her)-218(head)-217(against)-217(the)-217(wall)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-350(such)-349(force)-350(that)-349(she)-350(fell)-349(upon)-350(the)-349(ground,)-375(and)-349(then,)-374(rising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(up,)-428(she)-392(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 62.091 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(I)-392(told)-392(you)-392(I)-392(would)-393(find)-392(a)-392(hard)-392(way)-392(to)-393(death)-392(if)]TJ -66.935 -13.549 Td [(you)-347(refuse)-347(me)-346(an)-347(easy)-347(way.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 125.846 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.626 0 Td [(All)-347(attempts)-347(to)-346(restrain)-347(her)-347(were)]TJ -134.472 -13.549 Td [(then)-259(abandoned,)-261(and)-259(her)-259(death)-258(was)-259(perhaps)-259(the)-259(most)-259(majestic)-258(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(antiquity.)-327(P\346tus)-276(for)-276(a)-275(moment)-276(hesitated)-276(to)-275(strike)-276(the)-276(fatal)-275(blow;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-321(his)-320(wife,)-338(taking)-321(the)-320(dagger,)-338(plunged)-321(it)-320(deeply)-321(into)-320(her)-320(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(breast,)-285(and)-277(then,)-285(drawing)-278(it)-277(out,)-285(gave)-278(it,)-284(all)-278(reeking)-277(as)-278(it)-278(was,)-284(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-331(husband,)-351(exclaiming,)-351(with)-331(her)-331(dying)-331(breath,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 218.327 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(My)-331(P\346tus,)-351(it)]TJ -223.171 -13.549 Td [(does)-250(not)-250(pain.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 60.906 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(633)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -53.793 -18.856 Td [(The)-239(form)-238(of)-239(the)-238(elder)-239(Arria)-238(towers)-239(grandly)-238(above)-239(her)-238(fellows,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(but)-227(many)-228(other)-227(Roman)-227(wives)-227(in)-228(the)-227(days)-227(of)-228(the)-227(early)-227(C\346sars)-227(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-158(Domitian)-159(exhibited)-158(a)-159(very)-158(similar)-159(fidelity.)-219(Over)-159(the)-158(dark)-158(waters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-219(the)-219(Euxine,)-225(into)-219(those)-219(unknown)-219(and)-219(inhospitable)-219(regions)-218(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-372(the)-373(Roman)-372(imagination)-372(recoiled)-373(with)-372(a)-372(peculiar)-372(horror,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-207(noble)-207(ladies)-206(freely)-207(followed)-207(their)-207(husbands,)-215(and)-207(there)-206(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-255(wives)-255(who)-510(refused)-255(to)-255(survive)-255(them.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 183.992 3.958 Td [(634)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.344 -3.958 Td [(The)-255(younger)-255(Arria)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 91.688 0 Td [([311])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(was)-225(the)-226(faithful)-225(companion)-225(of)-225(Thrasea)-226(during)-225(his)-225(heroic)-225(life,)-230(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 99.003 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 92.19 Td [(632)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(Annal.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(xv.)-250(63,)-250(64.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -60.519 -7.31 Td [(633)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(P\346te,)-250(non)-250(dolet.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 57.788 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 18.937 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(iii.)-250(16;)-250(Martial,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 56.542 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(i.)-250(14.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -190.791 -7.311 Td [(634)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(Annal.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(xvi.)-250(10-11;)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 41.595 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.43 0 Td [(i.)-250(3.)-250(See,)-250(too,)-250(Friedl\344nder,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(406.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1310 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1311 0 R /Resources 1309 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1304 0 R >> endobj 1312 0 obj << /D [1310 0 R /XYZ 122.382 123.9 null] >> endobj 1309 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1315 0 obj << /Length 5727 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(306History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(when)-218(he)-218(died)-218(she)-218(was)-218(only)-218(persuaded)-218(to)-218(live)-218(that)-218(she)-218(might)-218(bring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(up)-257(their)-256(daughters.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 81.646 3.959 Td [(635)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.397 -3.959 Td [(She)-257(spent)-256(the)-257(closing)-256(days)-257(of)-257(her)-256(life)-257(with)]TJ -97.043 -13.549 Td [(Domitian)-214(in)-215(exile;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.621 3.959 Td [(636)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.922 -3.959 Td [(while)-214(her)-215(daughter,)-221(who)-215(was)-214(as)-215(remarkable)]TJ -93.543 -13.549 Td [(for)-166(the)-165(gentleness)-166(as)-166(for)-166(the)-165(dignity)-166(of)-166(her)-166(character,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 219.541 3.958 Td [(637)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.445 -3.958 Td [(went)-166(twice)]TJ -233.986 -13.55 Td [(into)-332(exile)-331(with)-332(her)-332(husband)-331(Helvidius,)-352(and)-332(was)-332(once)-331(banished,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(after)-291(his)-291(death,)-301(for)-292(defending)-291(his)-291(memory.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.4 3.959 Td [(638)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.524 -3.959 Td [(Incidental)-291(notices)]TJ -202.924 -13.549 Td [(in)-419(historians,)-461(and)-419(a)-418(few)-419(inscriptions)-419(which)-419(have)-419(happened)-418(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remain,)-386(show)-359(us)-359(that)-358(such)-359(instances)-359(were)-359(not)-358(uncommon,)-386(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-290(Roman)-289(epitaphs)-290(no)-290(feature)-289(is)-290(more)-290(remarkable)-289(than)-290(the)-289(deep)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-493(passionate)-493(expressions)-492(of)-493(conjugal)-493(love)-493(that)-492(continually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occur.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 26.957 3.959 Td [(639)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.237 -3.959 Td [(It)-282(would)-283(be)-282(difficult)-282(to)-283(find)-282(a)-282(more)-282(touching)-283(image)-282(of)]TJ -43.194 -13.549 Td [(that)-245(love,)-246(than)-245(the)-246(medallion)-245(which)-245(is)-245(so)-245(common)-245(on)-245(the)-245(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sarcophagi,)-251(in)-252(which)-251(husband)-251(and)-251(wife)-251(are)-251(represented)-251(together,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-306(with)-306(an)-307(arm)-306(thrown)-306(fondly)-306(over)-307(the)-306(shoulder)-306(of)-306(the)-306(other,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(united)-313(in)-314(death)-313(as)-313(they)-313(had)-314(been)-313(in)-313(life,)-329(and)-314(meeting)-313(it)-313(with)-313(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aspect)-413(of)-413(perfect)-414(calm,)-454(because)-413(they)-413(were)-413(companions)-413(in)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tomb.)]TJ 11.956 -21.246 Td [(In)-347(the)-346(latter)-347(days)-347(of)-347(the)-346(Pagan)-347(Empire)-347(some)-347(measures)-346(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(taken)-311(to)-311(repress)-312(the)-311(profligacy)-311(that)-311(was)-312(so)-311(prevalent.)-433(Domitian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enforced)-620(the)-619(old)-620(Scantinian)-619(law)-620(against)-619(unnatural)-620(love.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(640)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Vespasian)-329(moderated)-330(the)-329(luxury)-329(of)-330(the)-329(court;)-369(Macrinus)-329(caused)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-184(who)-184(had)-184(committed)-183(adultery)-184(to)-184(be)-184(bound)-184(together)-184(and)-183(burnt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alive.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 23.935 3.958 Td [(641)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.575 -3.958 Td [(A)-384(practice)-384(of)-385(men)-384(and)-384(women)-384(bathing)-385(together)-384(was)]TJ -43.51 -13.55 Td [(condemned)-339(by)-340(Hadrian,)-362(and)-339(afterwards)-340(by)-339(Alexander)-339(Severus,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-442(was)-442(only)-442(finally)-443(suppressed)-884(by)-442(Constantine.)-826(Alexander)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([312])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 165.483 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 158.587 Td [(635)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(Ann.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.928 0 Td [(xvi.)-250(34.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -53.544 -7.311 Td [(636)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Pliny)-250(mentions)-250(her)-250(return)-250(after)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of)-250(the)-250(tyrant)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 196.229 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(iii.)-250(11\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -222.38 -7.311 Td [(637)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quod)-254(paucis)-255(datum)-254(est,)-256(non)-255(minus)-254(amabilis)-255(quam)-254(veneranda.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 220.484 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 19.058 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -268.427 -10.959 Td [(vii.)-250(19.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(638)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-186(Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.364 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 13.874 0 Td [(vii.)-229(19.)-229(Dion)-186(Cassius)-186(and)-187(Tacitus)-186(relate)-186(the)-187(exiles)-186(of)-186(Helvidius,)]TJ -59.194 -10.959 Td [(who)-250(appears)-250(to)-250(have)-250(been)-250(rather)-250(intemperate)-250(and)-250(unreasonable.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(639)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Friedl\344nder)-250(gives)-250(many)-250(and)-250(most)-250(touching)-250(examples,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(410-414.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(640)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Suet.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(Dom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.914 0 Td [(viii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -54.046 -7.311 Td [(641)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Capitolinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.836 0 Td [(Macrinus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1314 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1315 0 R /Resources 1313 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1304 0 R >> endobj 1316 0 obj << /D [1314 0 R /XYZ 244.315 185.297 null] >> endobj 1313 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1319 0 obj << /Length 5484 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(307)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Severus)-334(and)-334(Philip)-334(waged)-334(an)-334(energetic)-334(war)-334(against)-334(panders.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(642)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-388(extreme)-389(excesses)-388(of)-389(this,)-423(as)-388(of)-388(most)-389(forms)-388(of)-388(vice,)-423(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probably)-272(much)-271(diminished)-272(after)-271(the)-272(accession)-271(of)-272(the)-271(Antonines;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-473(Rome)-473(continued)-473(to)-473(be)-473(a)-473(centre)-473(of)-473(very)-473(great)-472(corruption)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(till)-575(the)-575(influence)-574(of)-575(Christianity,)-656(the)-575(removal)-575(of)-575(the)-574(court)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-450(Constantinople,)-499(and)-450(the)-450(impoverishment)-449(that)-450(followed)-449(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarian)-250(conquests,)-250(in)-250(a)-250(measure)-250(corrected)-250(the)-250(evil.)]TJ 11.956 -15.651 Td [(Among)-397(the)-397(moralists,)-434(however,)-434(some)-397(important)-397(steps)-397(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(taken.)-233(One)-199(of)-200(the)-199(most)-199(important)-199(was)-199(a)-200(very)-199(clear)-199(assertion)-199(of)-199(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reciprocity)-256(of)-256(that)-256(obligation)-256(to)-256(fidelity)-256(in)-256(marriage)-256(which)-256(in)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(early)-186(stages)-186(of)-186(society)-185(had)-186(been)-186(imposed)-186(almost)-186(exclusively)-185(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wives.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 28.179 3.959 Td [(643)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.105 -3.959 Td [(The)-278(legends)-279(of)-278(Clytemnestra)-278(and)-278(of)-279(Medea)-278(reveal)-278(the)]TJ -44.284 -13.549 Td [(feelings)-382(of)-382(fierce)-383(resentment)-382(which)-382(were)-382(sometimes)-382(produced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(among)-229(Greek)-229(wives)-229(by)-229(the)-229(almost)-229(unlimited)-229(indulgence)-229(that)-228(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accorded)-302(to)-302(their)-302(husbands;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.374 3.958 Td [(644)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.032 -3.958 Td [(and)-302(it)-302(is)-302(told)-302(of)-302(Andromache,)-315(as)]TJ -137.406 -13.55 Td [(the)-239(supreme)-239(instance)-239(of)-239(her)-239(love)-239(of)-239(Hector,)-241(that)-239(she)-239(cared)-239(for)-239(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(illegitimate)-290(children)-289(as)-290(much)-290(as)-289(for)-290(her)-290(own.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 198.148 3.959 Td [(645)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.479 -3.959 Td [(In)-290(early)-289(Rome,)]TJ -214.627 -13.549 Td [(the)-401(obligations)-401(of)-401(husbands)-402(were)-401(never,)-439(I)-401(imagine,)-438(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unfelt;)-222(but)-209(they)-209(were)-208(rarely)-209(or)-209(never)-209(enforced,)-216(nor)-209(were)-209(they)-208(ever)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-284(as)-284(bearing)-284(any)-284(kind)-284(of)-284(equality)-284(to)-284(those)-284(imposed)-283(upon)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-233(wife.)-244(The)-233(term)-232(adultery,)-236(and)-233(all)-233(the)-232(legal)-233(penalties)-232(connected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-262(it,)-265(were)-262(restricted)-261(to)-262(the)-262(infractions)-262(by)-262(a)-262(wife)-262(of)-262(the)-261(nuptial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tie.)-827(Among)-442(the)-442(many)-442(instances)-443(of)-442(magnanimity)-442(recorded)-442(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-234(wives,)-237(few)-233(are)-234(more)-233(touching)-234(than)-234(that)-233(of)-234(Tertia)-233(\306milia,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-271(faithful)-272(wife)-271(of)-272(Scipio.)-314(She)-271(discovered)-271(that)-272(her)-271(husband)-271(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(become)-608(enamoured)-304(of)-304(one)-304(of)-304(her)-304(slaves;)-331(but)-304(she)-304(bore)-304(her)-304(pain)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([313])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 165.001 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 158.188 Td [(642)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lampridius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.827 0 Td [(A.)-250(Severus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.847 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -95.38 -7.311 Td [(643)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(In)-310(the)-309(oration)-310(against)-310(Ne\346ra,)-325(which)-309(is)-310(ascribed)-310(to)-310(Demosthenes,)-324(but)-310(is)-310(of)]TJ -11.955 -10.958 Td [(doubtful)-203(genuineness,)-212(the)-203(licence)-203(accorded)-202(to)-203(husbands)-203(is)-203(spoken)-203(of)-202(as)-203(a)-203(matter)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-408(course:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 42.098 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(We)-408(keep)-408(mistresses)-408(for)-408(our)-408(pleasures,)-448(concubines)-408(for)-408(constant)]TJ -46.079 -10.959 Td [(attendance,)-414(and)-381(wives)-381(to)-381(bear)-380(us)-381(legitimate)-381(children,)-414(and)-381(to)-381(be)-381(our)-381(faithful)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(housekeepers.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 50.543 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -50.294 -7.311 Td [(644)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(There)-229(is)-229(a)-228(remarkable)-229(passage)-229(on)-229(the)-228(feelings)-229(of)-229(wives,)-233(in)-229(different)-229(nations,)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(upon)-250(this)-250(point,)-250(in)-250(Athen\346us,)-250(xiii.)-250(3.)-250(See,)-250(too,)-250(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 201.008 0 Td [(Conj.)-250(Pr\346c.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -200.759 -7.394 Td [(645)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Euripid.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 31.382 0 Td [(Andromache)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.818 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1318 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1319 0 R /Resources 1317 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1304 0 R >> endobj 1320 0 obj << /D [1318 0 R /XYZ 84.015 177.343 null] >> endobj 1317 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1323 0 obj << /Length 7036 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(308History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-286(silence,)-295(and)-287(when)-286(he)-286(died)-286(she)-286(gave)-287(liberty)-286(to)-286(her)-286(captive,)-295(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-243(could)-243(not)-243(bear)-243(that)-243(she)-243(should)-243(remain)-243(in)-243(servitude)-243(whom)-242(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dear)-250(lord)-250(had)-250(loved.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 87.251 3.959 Td [(646)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -75.295 -20.124 Td [(Aristotle)-255(had)-256(clearly)-255(asserted)-256(the)-255(duty)-256(of)-255(husbands)-256(to)-255(observe)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-162(marriage)-161(the)-162(same)-161(fidelity)-162(as)-162(they)-161(expected)-162(from)-161(their)-162(wives,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(647)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(and)-243(at)-243(a)-243(later)-244(period)-243(both)-243(Plutarch)-243(and)-243(Seneca)-243(enforced)-243(this)-243(duty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-268(the)-268(strongest)-268(and)-268(most)-268(unequivocal)-268(manner.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.49 3.958 Td [(648)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.769 -3.958 Td [(The)-268(degree)-268(to)]TJ -220.259 -13.55 Td [(which,)-294(in)-285(theory)-285(at)-286(least,)-294(it)-285(won)-285(its)-285(way)-286(in)-285(Roman)-285(life)-285(is)-285(shown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-425(its)-426(recognition)-425(as)-425(a)-426(legal)-425(maxim)-426(by)-425(Ulpian,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 216.807 3.959 Td [(649)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.572 -3.959 Td [(and)-425(by)-426(its)]TJ -234.379 -13.549 Td [(appearance)-265(in)-265(a)-266(formal)-265(judgment)-265(of)-265(Antoninus)-265(Pius,)-269(who,)-269(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(issuing,)-241(at)-239(the)-240(request)-239(of)-239(a)-239(husband,)-241(a)-239(condemnation)-239(for)-239(adultery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-323(a)-322(guilty)-323(wife,)-341(appended)-322(to)-323(it)-322(this)-323(remarkable)-322(condition:)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Provided)-263(always)-263(it)-263(is)-264(established)-263(that)-263(by)-263(your)-263(life)-263(you)-263(gave)-263(her)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(an)-267(example)-268(of)-267(fidelity.)-303(It)-267(would)-267(be)-268(unjust)-267(that)-268(a)-267(husband)-267(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exact)-250(a)-250(fidelity)-250(he)-250(does)-250(not)-250(himself)-250(keep.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 178.756 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(650)]TJ -256.356 -3.959 Td [([314])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -16.164 Td [(Another)-409(change,)-448(which)-408(may)-409(be)-408(dimly)-409(descried)-408(in)-409(the)-409(later)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 296.668 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 289.856 Td [(646)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Valer.)-300(Max.)-301(vi.)-300(7,)-271(\247)-267(1.)-301(Some)-267(very)-266(scandalous)-267(instances)-267(of)-267(cynicism)-267(on)-267(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(part)-313(of)-314(Roman)-313(husbands)-313(are)-313(recorded.)-440(Thus,)-329(Augustus)-314(had)-313(many)-313(mistresses,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Qu\346)-294([virgines])-294(sibi)-294(undique)-294(etiam)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 126.754 0 Td [(ab)-294(uxore)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.657 0 Td [(conquirerentur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 55.026 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Sueton.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.578 0 Td [(Aug.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -263.944 -10.959 Td [(lxxi.)-392(When)-297(the)-297(wife)-298(of)-297(Verus,)-309(the)-297(colleague)-297(of)-298(Marcus)-297(Aurelius,)-309(complained)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-334(the)-335(tastes)-334(of)-334(her)-334(husband,)-356(he)-334(answered,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 158.311 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Uxor)-334(enim)-335(dignitatis)-334(nomen)-334(est,)]TJ -162.292 -10.959 Td [(non)-250(voluptatis.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 53.305 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Spartian.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Verus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -121.291 -7.31 Td [(647)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Aristotle,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.865 0 Td [(Econom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.866 0 Td [(i.)-250(4-8-9.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -81.438 -7.311 Td [(648)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch)-219(enforces)-219(the)-220(duty)-219(at)-219(length,)-225(in)-220(his)-219(very)-219(beautiful)-219(work)-220(on)-219(marriage.)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(In)-193(case)-194(husbands)-193(are)-194(guilty)-193(of)-193(infidelity,)-205(he)-193(recommends)-194(their)-193(wives)-194(to)-193(preserve)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-222(prudent)-221(blindness,)-227(reflecting)-222(that)-222(it)-221(is)-222(out)-221(of)-222(respect)-222(for)-221(them)-222(that)-221(they)-222(choose)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(another)-170(woman)-169(as)-170(the)-170(companion)-169(of)-170(their)-170(intemperance.)-223(Seneca)-169(touches)-170(briefly,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(but)-182(unequivocally,)-196(on)-182(the)-182(subject:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 120.91 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Scis)-182(improbum)-182(esse)-182(qui)-182(ab)-182(uxore)-182(pudicitiam)]TJ -124.891 -10.959 Td [(exigit,)-273(ipse)-269(alienarum)-269(corruptor)-268(uxorum.)-307(Scis)-268(ut)-269(illi)-269(nil)-268(cum)-269(adultero,)-273(sic)-269(nihil)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(tibi)-301(esse)-300(debere)-301(cum)-301(pellice.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 103.164 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.899 0 Td [(xciv.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 21.286 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Sciet)-301(in)-300(uxorem)-301(gravissimum)-301(esse)]TJ -156.278 -10.959 Td [(genus)-250(injuri\346,)-250(habere)-250(pellicem.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 112.313 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(xcv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -139.456 -7.311 Td [(649)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Periniquum)-374(enim)-374(videtur)-374(esse,)-405(ut)-373(pudicitiam)-374(vir)-374(ab)-374(uxore)-374(exigat,)-405(quam)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(ipse)-250(non)-250(exhibeat.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 64.997 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Cod.)-250(Just.)-250(Dig.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.291 0 Td [(xlviii.)-250(5-13.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -133.987 -7.394 Td [(650)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Quoted)-364(by)-363(St.)-591(Augustine,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 99.517 0 Td [(De)-364(Conj.)-590(Adult.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.624 0 Td [(ii.)-591(19.)-590(Plautus,)-392(long)-364(before,)]TJ -175.096 -10.959 Td [(had)-361(made)-361(one)-361(of)-361(his)-361(characters)-361(complain)-361(of)-361(the)-361(injustice)-361(of)-361(the)-361(laws)-361(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(punished)-255(unchaste)-254(wives)-255(but)-254(not)-255(unchaste)-255(husbands,)-255(and)-255(ask)-255(why,)-255(since)-255(every)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(honest)-245(woman)-245(is)-245(contented)-245(with)-245(one)-245(husband,)-245(every)-245(honest)-245(man)-245(should)-245(not)-245(be)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1322 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1323 0 R /Resources 1321 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1304 0 R >> endobj 1324 0 obj << /D [1322 0 R /XYZ 93.543 323.493 null] >> endobj 1321 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1327 0 obj << /Length 5859 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(309)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Pagan)-525(society,)-593(was)-524(a)-525(tendency)-524(to)-525(regard)-524(purity)-524(rather)-525(in)-524(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mystical)-233(point)-233(of)-233(view,)-236(as)-233(essentially)-233(good,)-237(than)-233(in)-233(the)-232(utilitarian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(point)-302(of)-302(view.)-405(This)-302(change)-302(resulted)-301(chiefly)-302(from)-302(the)-302(rise)-302(of)-301(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Neoplatonic)-309(and)-309(Pythagorean)-308(philosophies,)-324(which)-309(concurred)-308(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(regarding)-410(the)-410(body,)-450(with)-410(its)-410(passions,)-450(as)-410(essentially)-410(evil,)-449(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-443(representing)-442(all)-443(virtue)-442(as)-443(a)-442(purification)-443(from)-442(its)-443(taint.)-827(Its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-397(important)-396(consequence)-397(was)-397(a)-396(somewhat)-397(stricter)-397(view)-396(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pre-nuptial)-476(unchastity,)-532(which)-476(in)-476(the)-476(case)-475(of)-476(men,)-533(and)-475(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-456(was)-455(not)-455(excessive,)-507(and)-456(did)-455(not)-456(take)-455(the)-456(form)-455(of)-455(adultery,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-443(previously)-443(been)-443(uncensured,)-491(or)-443(was)-443(looked)-443(upon)-443(with)-442(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disapprobation)-331(so)-332(slight)-331(as)-331(scarcely)-332(to)-331(amount)-331(to)-332(censure.)-493(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elder)-364(Cato)-364(had)-364(expressly)-364(justified)-364(it;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 164.083 3.959 Td [(651)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.046 -3.959 Td [(and)-364(Cicero)-364(has)-364(left)-364(us)]TJ -181.129 -13.549 Td [(an)-341(extremely)-340(curious)-341(judgment)-341(on)-340(the)-341(subject,)-363(which)-341(shows)-340(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-288(glance)-287(the)-288(feelings)-288(of)-287(the)-288(people,)-297(and)-288(the)-287(vast)-288(revolution)-287(that,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(under)-242(the)-242(influence)-242(of)-243(Christianity,)-243(has)-242(been)-243(effected)-242(in,)-243(at)-242(least,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-240(professions)-240(of)-240(mankind.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 123.559 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(If)-240(there)-240(be)-240(any)-240(one,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 84.071 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.46 0 Td [(he)-240(says,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 37.067 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(who)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(thinks)-315(that)-316(young)-315(men)-316(should)-315(be)-315(altogether)-316(restrained)-315(from)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(love)-226(of)-226(courtesans,)-231(he)-225(is)-226(indeed)-226(very)-226(severe.)-242(I)-226(am)-226(not)-226(prepared)-225(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deny)-255(his)-255(position;)-257(but)-255(he)-255(differs)-254(not)-255(only)-255(from)-255(the)-255(licence)-255(of)-254(our)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(age,)-278(but)-272(also)-273(from)-272(the)-273(customs)-272(and)-272(allowances)-273(of)-272(our)-272(ancestors.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(When,)-313(indeed,)-313(was)-300(this)-300(not)-301(done?)-401(When)-300(was)-300(it)-301(blamed?)-400(When)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-394(it)-393(not)-394(allowed?)-680(When)-394(was)-394(that)-393(which)-394(is)-393(now)-394(lawful)-393(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lawful?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 32.717 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(652)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.666 -3.959 Td [(Epictetus,)-212(who)-203(on)-203(most)-203(subjects)-203(was)-202(among)-203(the)-203(most)]TJ -52.226 -13.549 Td [(austere)-318(of)-317(the)-318(Stoics,)-335(recommends)-317(his)-318(disciples)-318(to)-317(abstain,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 266.699 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(as)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 19.481 0 Td [([315])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(far)-278(as)-278(possible,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.746 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.874 0 Td [(from)-278(pre-nuptial)-278(connections,)-284(and)-278(at)-278(least)-278(from)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 178.013 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 165.261 Td [(contented)-250(with)-250(one)-250(wife?)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 95.618 0 Td [(Mercator)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.866 0 Td [(,)-250(Act)-250(iv.)-250(scene)-250(5.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -129.234 -7.394 Td [(651)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Horace,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.369 0 Td [(Sat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.942 0 Td [(i.)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -58.017 -7.395 Td [(652)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Verum)-404(si)-403(quis)-404(est)-403(qui)-404(etiam)-404(meretriciis)-403(amoribus)-404(interdictum)-404(juventuti)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(putet,)-434(est)-397(ille)-397(quidem)-397(valde)-397(severus;)-471(negare)-397(non)-397(possum;)-471(sed)-397(abhorret)-397(non)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(modo)-385(ab)-385(hujus)-385(s\346culi)-385(licentia,)-419(verum)-385(etiam)-385(a)-385(majorum)-385(consuetudine)-385(atque)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(concessis.)-378(Quando)-292(enim)-293(hoc)-292(factum)-293(non)-292(est?)-378(Quando)-292(reprehensum?)-378(Quando)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(non)-404(permissum?)-711(Quando)-404(denique)-403(fuit)-404(ut)-404(quod)-403(licet)-404(non)-404(liceret?)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 241.536 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Cicero,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -254.483 -10.959 Td [(Pro)-406(C\346lio)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.519 0 Td [(,)-445(cap.)-718(xx.)-718(The)-405(whole)-406(speech)-406(is)-406(well)-406(worthy)-406(of)-406(the)-406(attention)-406(of)]TJ -38.519 -10.959 Td [(those)-233(who)-233(would)-233(understand)-232(Roman)-233(feelings)-233(on)-233(these)-233(matters;)-238(but)-233(it)-233(should)-233(be)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(remembered)-250(that)-250(it)-250(is)-250(the)-250(speech)-250(of)-250(a)-250(lawyer)-250(defending)-250(a)-250(dissolute)-250(client.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1326 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1327 0 R /Resources 1325 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1329 0 R >> endobj 1328 0 obj << /D [1326 0 R /XYZ 309.82 206.544 null] >> endobj 1325 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1332 0 obj << /Length 9308 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(310History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(those)-443(which)-443(were)-442(adulterous)-443(and)-443(unlawful,)-491(but)-443(not)-443(to)-442(blame)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-435(who)-436(were)-435(less)-436(strict.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 122.92 3.959 Td [(653)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.248 -3.959 Td [(The)-435(feeling)-436(of)-435(the)-436(Romans)-435(is)]TJ -144.168 -13.549 Td [(curiously)-295(exemplified)-294(in)-295(the)-294(life)-295(of)-294(Alexander)-295(Severus,)-306(who,)-305(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-293(the)-292(emperors,)-304(was)-292(probably)-293(the)-293(most)-292(energetic)-293(in)-292(legislating)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(against)-392(vice.)-674(When)-392(appointing)-392(a)-391(provincial)-392(governor,)-427(he)-391(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accustomed)-304(to)-303(provide)-303(him)-304(with)-303(horses)-304(and)-303(servants,)-317(and,)-317(if)-303(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-411(unmarried,)-452(with)-411(a)-411(concubine,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 159.634 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(because,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 37.254 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.329 0 Td [(as)-411(the)-411(historian)]TJ -211.061 -13.549 Td [(very)-413(gravely)-413(observes,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 106.952 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(it)-413(was)-412(impossible)-413(that)-413(he)-413(could)-412(exist)]TJ -111.796 -13.549 Td [(without)-250(one.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 54.546 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.958 Td [(654)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -47.433 -21.252 Td [(What)-385(was)-385(written)-384(among)-385(the)-385(Pagans)-385(in)-385(opposition)-385(to)-384(these)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(views)-364(was)-364(not)-363(much,)-393(but)-363(it)-364(is)-364(worthy)-364(of)-363(notice,)-393(as)-363(illustrating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-639(tendency)-640(that)-639(had)-639(arisen.)-1418(Musonius)-639(Rufus)-639(distinctly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-538(emphatically)-537(asserted)-538(that)-538(no)-538(union)-537(of)-538(the)-538(sexes)-537(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-459(marriage)-458(was)-459(permissible.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 142.558 3.959 Td [(655)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.008 -3.959 Td [(Dion)-459(Chrysostom)-458(desired)]TJ -164.566 -13.549 Td [(prostitution)-327(to)-327(be)-326(suppressed)-327(by)-327(law.)-480(The)-327(ascetic)-327(notion)-327(of)-326(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impurity)-296(even)-296(of)-296(marriage)-296(may)-296(be)-296(faintly)-296(traced.)-388(Apollonius)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tyana)-182(lived,)-196(on)-182(this)-182(ground,)-196(a)-182(life)-182(of)-182(celibacy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 195.855 3.959 Td [(656)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.934 -3.959 Td [(Zenobia)-182(refused)]TJ -210.789 -13.549 Td [(to)-300(cohabit)-300(with)-301(her)-300(husband,)-312(except)-301(so)-300(far)-300(as)-300(was)-300(necessary)-300(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-235(production)-235(of)-235(an)-235(heir.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 109.931 3.958 Td [(657)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.126 -3.958 Td [(Hypatia)-235(is)-235(said,)-238(like)-235(many)-235(Christian)]TJ -125.057 -13.55 Td [(saints,)-596(to)-526(have)-526(maintained)-527(the)-526(position)-527(of)-526(a)-526(virgin)-527(wife.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(658)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 242.453 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 235.557 Td [(653)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\240\265\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 13.691 0 Td [(w)-323(\000)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 10.239 0 Td [(\306\301\277\264)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 18.767 0 Td [(w)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(\303\271\261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.629 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 5.301 0 Td [(\265)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(0)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(\302)-323(\264)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 10.848 0 Td [({)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(\275\261\274\271\275)-323(\300\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 33.166 0 Td [(x)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 7.361 0 Td [(\263)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.259 0 Td [(q)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.707 0 Td [(\274\277\305)-323(\272\261\270\261\301\265\305\304)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 51.655 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.765 0 Td [(\277\275)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.012 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 6.445 0 Td [(\001)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.707 0 Td [(\300\304\277\274)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 17.87 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\275)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(\363)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 9.172 0 Td [(\264)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.295 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 5.301 0 Td [(b)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 6.276 0 Td [(\275)]TJ -276.084 -10.959 Td [(\275\277\274\271\274)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 21.313 0 Td [(y)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.466 0 Td [(\275)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 7.056 0 Td [(\020)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\303\304\271)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 10.778 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.819 0 Td [(\274\265\304\261\273\267\300\304)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 35.256 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\277\275)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.011 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.82 0 Td [(\274)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.832 0 Td [(t)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 7.299 0 Td [(\274)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.833 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\275)-280(\304\277\271)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 20.524 0 Td [(\020)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\300\261\307\270)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 18.256 0 Td [(t)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.788 0 Td [(\302)-280(\263)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 10.427 0 Td [(w)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(\275\277\305)-280(\304\277)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 24.389 0 Td [(\326)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(\302)-280(\307\301\311\274)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 25.922 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.765 0 Td [(\275\277\271\302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.306 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.752 0 Td [(\274\267\264)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 13.916 0 Td [(r)]TJ -276.864 -10.959 Td [(\020)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\273\265\263\272\304\271\272)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 28.397 0 Td [(y)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.465 0 Td [(\302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.658 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.024 0 Td [(\274\267\264)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 13.916 0 Td [(r)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 5.548 0 Td [(\300\277\273\273\261\307\277)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 32.18 0 Td [(\346)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 6.328 0 Td [(\304)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 3.856 0 Td [(y)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 4.465 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.116 0 Td [(M)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 7.612 0 Td [(\304\271)-199(\261)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 12.981 0 Td [(P)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(\304)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 3.856 0 Td [(x)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.465 0 Td [(\302)-199(\277)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 9.905 0 Td [(P)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 6.328 0 Td [(\307\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 8.644 0 Td [(\307)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 4.788 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.024 0 Td [(\300\261\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 13.709 0 Td [(q)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.707 0 Td [(\306\265\301\265)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.539 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Enchir.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.43 0 Td [(xxxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -257.212 -7.394 Td [(654)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Et)-370(si)-371(uxores)-370(non)-371(haberent,)-400(singulas)-371(concubinas,)-400(quod)-371(sine)-370(his)-370(esse)-371(non)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(possent.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 29.141 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Lampridius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 48.648 0 Td [(A.)-502(Severus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.103 0 Td [(.)-1005(We)-502(have)-501(an)-502(amusing)-502(picture)-501(of)-502(the)]TJ -130.839 -10.959 Td [(common)-209(tone)-210(of)-209(people)-210(of)-209(the)-210(world)-209(on)-209(this)-210(matter,)-217(in)-210(the)-209(speech)-210(Apuleius)-209(puts)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(into)-254(the)-255(mouth)-254(of)-254(the)-254(gods,)-256(remonstrating)-254(with)-254(Venus)-254(for)-255(being)-254(angry)-254(because)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(her)-250(son)-250(formed)-250(a)-250(connection)-250(with)-250(Psyche.)-250(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 155.387 0 Td [(Metam.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.383 0 Td [(lib.)-250(v.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -184.521 -7.394 Td [(655)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Preserved)-247(by)-247(Stob\346us.)-249(See)-247(Denis,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 124.163 0 Td [(Hist.)-249(des)-247(Id\351es)-247(morales)-247(dans)-247(l'Antiquit\351)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 142.27 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(tome)-250(ii.)-250(pp.)-250(134-136,)-250(149-150.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(656)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Philos.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.637 0 Td [(Apol.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.664 0 Td [(i.)-331(13.)-332(When)-277(a)-277(saying)-277(of)-277(Pythagoras,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 132.728 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(that)-277(a)-277(man)-277(should)-277(only)]TJ -197.965 -10.958 Td [(have)-329(commerce)-330(with)-329(his)-329(own)-329(wife,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 129.056 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.934 0 Td [(was)-329(quoted,)-349(he)-330(said)-329(that)-329(this)-329(concerned)]TJ -135.99 -10.959 Td [(others.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(657)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Trebellius)-250(Pollio,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 64.513 0 Td [(Zenobia)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.392 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -105.611 -7.394 Td [(658)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-331(is)-331(asserted)-331(by)-331(an)-331(anonymous)-330(writer)-331(quoted)-331(by)-331(Suidas.)-493(See)-331(M\351nage,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -11.955 -10.959 Td [(Hist.)-250(Mulierum)-250(Philosopharum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 112.331 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(58.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1331 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1332 0 R /Resources 1330 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1329 0 R >> endobj 1330 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1335 0 obj << /Length 5179 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(311)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-389(belief)-777(in)-389(the)-389(impurity)-388(of)-389(all)-389(corporeal)-389(things,)-423(and)-389(in)-388(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([316])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(duty)-313(of)-313(rising)-312(above)-313(them,)-329(was)-312(in)-313(the)-313(third)-313(century)-312(strenuously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enforced.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 40.888 3.959 Td [(659)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.14 -3.959 Td [(Marcus)-371(Aurelius)-371(and)-371(Julian)-371(were)-371(both)-371(admirable)]TJ -60.028 -13.549 Td [(representatives)-378(of)-378(the)-378(best)-378(Pagan)-377(spirit)-378(of)-378(their)-378(time.)-634(Each)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-199(lost)-199(his)-200(wife)-199(early,)-209(each)-199(was)-200(eulogised)-199(by)-199(his)-199(biographer)-199(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-208(virtue)-208(he)-208(manifested)-208(after)-207(her)-208(death;)-222(but)-208(there)-208(is)-208(a)-208(curious)-207(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(characteristic)-255(difference)-254(in)-255(the)-254(forms)-255(which)-254(that)-255(virtue)-254(assumed.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-202(Aurelius,)-212(we)-203(are)-202(told,)-212(did)-203(not)-202(wish)-203(to)-202(bring)-203(into)-202(his)-202(house)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-362(stepmother)-362(to)-361(rule)-362(over)-362(his)-362(children,)-389(and)-362(accordingly)-362(took)-361(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(concubine.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.564 3.959 Td [(660)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.181 -3.959 Td [(Julian)-250(ever)-250(after)-250(lived)-250(in)-250(perfect)-250(continence.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 191.759 3.959 Td [(661)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -242.548 -19.861 Td [(The)-198(foregoing)-199(facts,)-209(which)-198(I)-198(have)-199(given)-198(in)-199(the)-198(most)-198(condensed)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(form,)-377(and)-352(almost)-351(unaccompanied)-352(by)-352(criticism)-351(or)-352(by)-351(comment,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(will)-362(be)-361(sufficient,)-390(I)-361(hope,)-390(to)-361(exhibit)-362(the)-361(state)-362(of)-361(feeling)-362(of)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Romans)-432(on)-432(this)-432(subject,)-477(and)-432(also)-432(the)-432(direction)-432(in)-432(which)-431(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feeling)-367(was)-366(being)-367(modified.)-600(Those)-367(who)-366(are)-367(familiar)-367(with)-366(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order)-345(of)-345(studies)-344(will)-345(readily)-345(understand)-345(that)-344(it)-345(is)-345(impossible)-344(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mark)-377(out)-377(with)-377(precision)-377(the)-377(chronology)-377(of)-377(a)-377(moral)-377(sentiment;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-261(there)-261(can)-261(be)-261(no)-262(question)-261(that)-261(in)-261(the)-261(latter)-261(days)-261(of)-261(the)-261(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Empire)-445(the)-445(perceptions)-446(of)-445(men)-445(on)-445(this)-445(subject)-445(became)-445(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subtle)-473(and)-473(more)-473(refined)-473(than)-473(they)-473(had)-473(previously)-473(been,)-528(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-433(is)-432(equally)-433(certain)-432(that)-433(the)-433(Oriental)-432(philosophies)-433(which)-432(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superseded)-282(Stoicism)-282(largely)-282(influenced)-282(the)-282(change.)-345(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soon)-266(constituted)-266(itself)-265(the)-266(representative)-266(of)-266(the)-265(new)-266(tendency.)-297(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(regarded)-179(purity)-178(as)-178(the)-179(most)-178(important)-179(of)-178(all)-179(virtues,)-193(and)-178(it)-178(strained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-396(the)-396(utmost)-396(all)-396(the)-396(vast)-397(agencies)-396(it)-396(possessed,)-432(to)-396(enforce)-396(it.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-345(the)-345(legislation)-345(of)-345(the)-345(first)-345(Christian)-345(emperors)-345(we)-345(find)-344(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(traces)-309(of)-308(a)-309(fiery)-309(zeal.)-426(Panders)-309(were)-308(condemned)-309(to)-309(have)-308(molten)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lead)-391(poured)-391(down)-391(their)-391(throats.)-673(In)-391(the)-391(case)-391(of)-391(rape,)-426(not)-391(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-268(ravisher,)-271(but)-268(even)-267(the)-268(injured)-268(person,)-271(if)-268(she)-267(consented)-268(to)-267(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(act,)-301(was)-290(put)-291(to)-290(death.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.981 3.959 Td [(662)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.505 -3.959 Td [(A)-290(great)-291(service)-581(was)-290(done)-291(to)-290(the)-291(cause)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 180.538 0 Td [([317])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 110.206 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.31 Td [(659)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-250(e.g.,)-250(Plotinus,)-250(1st)-250(Eun.)-250(vi.)-250(6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(660)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Capitolinus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.836 0 Td [(M.)-250(Aurelius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.339 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -99.881 -7.31 Td [(661)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Amm.)-250(Marcell.)-250(xxv.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(662)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ix.)-250(tit.)-250(24.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1334 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1335 0 R /Resources 1333 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1329 0 R >> endobj 1336 0 obj << /D [1334 0 R /XYZ 97.056 518.175 null] >> endobj 1337 0 obj << /D [1334 0 R /XYZ 227.34 122.895 null] >> endobj 1333 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1340 0 obj << /Length 5514 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(312History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(both)-389(of)-388(purity)-389(and)-389(of)-388(philanthropy,)-424(by)-388(a)-389(law)-389(which)-388(permitted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(actresses,)-520(on)-465(receiving)-466(baptism,)-519(to)-466(abandon)-466(their)-465(profession,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-414(had)-413(been)-414(made)-414(a)-413(form)-414(of)-414(slavery,)-454(and)-414(was)-414(virtually)-413(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slavery)-302(to)-302(vice.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 67.482 3.958 Td [(663)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.878 -3.958 Td [(Certain)-302(musical)-302(girls,)-315(who)-302(were)-301(accustomed)]TJ -84.36 -13.55 Td [(to)-212(sing)-211(or)-212(play)-211(at)-212(the)-212(banquets)-211(of)-212(the)-211(rich,)-220(and)-211(who)-212(were)-211(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-256(extreme)-256(horror)-256(by)-257(the)-256(Fathers,)-257(were)-257(suppressed,)-257(and)-256(a)-256(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stringent)-250(law)-250(forbade)-250(the)-250(revival)-250(of)-250(the)-250(class.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 196.32 3.959 Td [(664)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -184.364 -17.559 Td [(Side)-157(by)-157(side)-158(with)-157(the)-157(civil)-157(legislation,)-176(the)-157(penitential)-157(legislation)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-526(the)-526(Church)-526(was)-526(exerted)-526(in)-526(the)-526(same)-526(direction.)-1078(Sins)-525(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unchastity)-433(probably)-433(occupy)-433(a)-433(larger)-433(place)-433(than)-433(any)-433(others)-432(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-431(enactments.)-792(The)-431(cases)-431(of)-431(unnatural)-431(love,)-476(and)-431(of)-430(mothers)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-450(had)-449(made)-450(their)-449(daughters)-450(courtesans,)-499(were)-450(punished)-449(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perpetual)-443(exclusion)-442(from)-443(communion,)-491(and)-442(a)-443(crowd)-443(of)-442(minor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offences)-233(were)-232(severely)-232(visited.)-245(The)-232(ascetic)-233(passion)-232(increased)-232(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prominence)-219(of)-220(this)-219(branch)-220(of)-219(ethics,)-226(and)-219(the)-220(imaginations)-219(of)-219(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-268(soon)-269(fascinated)-268(by)-269(the)-268(pure)-268(and)-269(noble)-268(figures)-269(of)-268(the)-268(virgin)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(martyrs)-405(of)-405(the)-405(Church,)-444(who)-405(on)-405(more)-405(than)-405(one)-405(occasion)-405(fully)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(equalled)-206(the)-207(courage)-206(of)-207(men,)-215(while)-206(they)-207(sometimes)-206(mingled)-206(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-386(heroism)-386(traits)-386(of)-386(the)-386(most)-386(exquisite)-386(feminine)-385(gentleness.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(For)-473(the)-474(patient)-473(endurance)-473(of)-474(excruciating)-473(physical)-473(suffering,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-233(produced)-233(no)-232(more)-233(sublime)-233(figure)-233(than)-232(Blandina,)-236(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poor)-341(servant-girl)-340(who)-341(was)-340(martyred)-341(at)-340(Lyons;)-386(and)-340(it)-341(would)-340(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(difficult)-288(to)-289(find)-288(in)-288(all)-289(history)-288(a)-288(more)-289(touching)-288(picture)-288(of)-288(natural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purity)-245(than)-245(is)-245(contained)-244(in)-245(one)-245(simple)-245(incident)-245(of)-245(the)-244(martyrdom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-235(St.)-245(Perpetua.)-245(It)-235(is)-235(related)-235(of)-235(that)-235(saint)-235(that)-235(she)-235(was)-234(condemned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-290(be)-289(slaughtered)-290(by)-289(a)-290(wild)-290(bull,)-299(and,)-300(as)-289(she)-290(fell)-289(half)-290(dead)-289(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-301(horns)-301(upon)-301(the)-300(sand)-301(of)-301(the)-602(arena,)-313(it)-301(was)-301(observed)-301(that)-300(even)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([318])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(in)-291(that)-291(awful)-292(moment)-291(her)-291(virgin)-291(modesty)-292(was)-291(supreme,)-301(and)-291(her)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 142.678 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 135.865 Td [(663)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Cod.)-250(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.329 0 Td [(lib.)-250(xv.)-250(tit.)-250(7.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -58.036 -7.31 Td [(664)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Fidicinam)-287(nulli)-287(liceat)-287(vel)-286(emere)-287(vel)-287(docere)-287(vel)-287(vendere,)-296(vel)-287(conviviis)-287(aut)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(spectaculis)-272(adhibere.)-317(Nec)-272(cuiquam)-272(aut)-272(delectationis)-273(desiderio)-272(erudita)-272(feminea)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(aut)-263(music\346)-262(artis)-263(studio)-262(liceat)-263(habere)-263(mancipia.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 168.277 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Cod.)-288(Theod.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.781 0 Td [(xv.)-288(7,)-265(10.)-288(This)]TJ -228.005 -10.959 Td [(curious)-233(law)-233(was)-233(issued)-233(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.124 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.242 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.706 0 Td [(385.)-244(St.)-245(Jerome)-233(said)-233(these)-233(musicians)-232(were)]TJ -130.43 -10.959 Td [(the)-235(chorus)-235(of)-235(the)-235(devil,)-238(and)-235(quite)-235(as)-235(dangerous)-235(as)-235(the)-235(sirens.)-245(See)-235(the)-235(comments)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(on)-250(the)-250(law.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1339 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1340 0 R /Resources 1338 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1329 0 R >> endobj 1341 0 obj << /D [1339 0 R /XYZ 228.628 165.845 null] >> endobj 1338 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F32 122 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1344 0 obj << /Length 7097 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(313)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(first)-232(instinctive)-232(movement)-231(was)-232(to)-232(draw)-232(together)-231(her)-232(dress,)-235(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-250(been)-250(torn)-250(in)-250(the)-250(assault.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.8 3.959 Td [(665)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -109.844 -21.451 Td [(A)-339(crowd)-340(of)-340(very)-339(curious)-340(popular)-339(legends)-340(also)-340(arose,)-361(which,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(though)-618(they)-617(are)-618(for)-618(the)-618(most)-617(part)-618(without)-618(much)-617(intrinsic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellence,)-512(have)-460(their)-460(importance)-460(in)-460(history,)-513(as)-460(showing)-459(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(force)-378(with)-379(which)-378(the)-378(imaginations)-379(of)-378(men)-378(were)-379(turned)-378(in)-378(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(direction,)-273(and)-269(the)-269(manner)-269(in)-268(which)-269(Christianity)-269(was)-269(regarded)-268(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-327(great)-327(enemy)-327(of)-327(the)-326(passions)-327(of)-327(the)-327(flesh.)-481(Thus,)-346(St.)-480(Jerome)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relates)-393(an)-394(incredible)-393(story)-394(of)-393(a)-393(young)-394(Christian,)-429(being,)-429(in)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Diocletian)-328(persecution,)-348(bound)-329(with)-328(ribands)-329(of)-328(silk)-329(in)-328(the)-328(midst)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-329(a)-329(lovely)-329(garden,)-348(surrounded)-329(by)-329(everything)-329(that)-329(could)-328(charm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-416(ear)-416(and)-416(the)-416(eye,)-458(while)-416(a)-416(beautiful)-416(courtesan)-416(assailed)-416(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-335(her)-335(blandishments,)-356(against)-334(which)-335(he)-335(protected)-335(himself)-334(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(biting)-435(out)-436(his)-435(tongue)-435(and)-435(spitting)-435(it)-436(in)-435(her)-435(face.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 222.427 3.959 Td [(666)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.243 -3.959 Td [(Legends)]TJ -243.67 -13.549 Td [(are)-362(recounted)-362(of)-361(young)-724(Christian)-361(men)-362(assuming)-362(the)-362(garb)-361(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([319])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(manners)-311(of)-310(libertines,)-326(that)-311(they)-310(might)-311(obtain)-310(access)-311(to)-310(maidens)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 296.186 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 289.29 Td [(665)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ruinart,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.461 0 Td [(Act.)-539(S.)-346(Perpetu\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 63.225 0 Td [(.)-539(These)-346(acts,)-371(are,)-370(I)-346(believe,)-371(generally)-346(regarded)]TJ -107.642 -10.959 Td [(as)-393(authentic.)-677(There)-393(is)-392(nothing)-393(more)-393(instructive)-392(in)-393(history)-392(than)-393(to)-392(trace)-393(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(same)-254(moral)-254(feelings)-254(through)-254(different)-254(ages)-254(and)-254(religions;)-255(and)-254(I)-254(am)-254(able)-254(in)-254(this)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(case)-382(to)-381(present)-382(the)-381(reader)-382(with)-381(an)-382(illustration)-381(of)-382(their)-381(permanence,)-415(which)-381(I)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(think)-341(somewhat)-341(remarkable.)-523(The)-341(younger)-341(Pliny)-341(gives)-341(in)-341(one)-341(of)-341(his)-341(letters)-341(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pathetic)-303(account)-304(of)-303(the)-304(execution)-303(of)-304(Cornelia,)-316(a)-304(vestal)-303(virgin,)-317(by)-303(the)-304(order)-303(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Domitian.)-376(She)-292(was)-292(buried)-292(alive)-293(for)-292(incest;)-313(but)-292(her)-292(innocence)-292(appears)-292(to)-292(have)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(been)-385(generally)-385(believed;)-452(and)-385(she)-385(had)-384(been)-385(condemned)-385(unheard,)-418(and)-385(in)-385(her)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(absence.)-512(As)-337(she)-338(was)-337(being)-338(lowered)-337(into)-337(the)-338(subterranean)-337(cell)-337(her)-338(dress)-337(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(caught)-289(and)-290(deranged)-289(in)-289(the)-289(descent.)-368(She)-289(turned)-290(round)-289(and)-289(drew)-289(it)-290(to)-289(her,)-299(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(when)-269(the)-268(executioner)-269(stretched)-269(out)-269(his)-268(hand)-269(to)-269(assist)-269(her,)-273(she)-269(started)-268(back)-269(lest)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-194(should)-193(touch)-194(her,)-205(for)-194(this,)-205(according)-194(to)-193(the)-194(received)-194(opinion,)-205(was)-193(a)-194(pollution;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-318(even)-319(in)-318(the)-318(supreme)-318(moment)-318(of)-319(her)-318(agony)-318(her)-318(vestal)-319(purity)-318(shrank)-318(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-292(unholy)-293(contact.)-376(\050Plin.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 95.68 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.823 0 Td [(iv.)-377(11.\051)-376(If)-293(we)-292(now)-292(pass)-292(back)-293(several)-292(centuries,)]TJ -110.503 -10.959 Td [(we)-238(find)-238(Euripides)-238(attributing)-238(to)-238(Polyxena)-238(a)-238(trait)-238(precisely)-238(similar)-238(to)-238(that)-238(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-254(attributed)-253(to)-254(Perpetua.)-260(As)-254(she)-253(fell)-254(beneath)-253(the)-254(sword)-254(of)-253(the)-254(executioner,)-254(it)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-250(observed)-250(that)-250(her)-250(last)-250(care)-250(was)-250(that)-250(she)-250(might)-250(fall)-250(with)-250(decency.)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.959 Td [(!)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 7.029 0 Td [(\264)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 4.295 0 Td [(r)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 6.008 0 Td [(\272\261\271)-250(\270\275)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 23.178 0 Td [(u)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.788 0 Td [(\303\272\277\305\303)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 22.156 0 Td [(\275)-250(E)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 8.383 0 Td [(\274\311\302)-250(\300\277\273\273)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 35.659 0 Td [(t)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.788 0 Td [(\275)-250(\300\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 15.79 0 Td [(y)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.465 0 Td [(\275\277\271\261\275)-250(\265)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 26.908 0 Td [(6)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.637 0 Td [(\307\265\275)-250(\265)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 18.677 0 Td [(P)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.545 0 Td [(\303\307)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 8.644 0 Td [(u)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.788 0 Td [(\274\311\302)-250(\300\265\303\265)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 33.543 0 Td [(\326)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 2.636 0 Td [(\275)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf -255.419 -10.958 Td [(\272\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 8.859 0 Td [({)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(\300\304\277\305\303)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 21.869 0 Td [(\275)-250(\002)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 10.867 0 Td [(\272\301)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 8.859 0 Td [({)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(\300\304\265\271\275)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 21.761 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.466 0 Td [(\274\274\261\304)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 18.228 0 Td [(\275)-250(\000)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 8.626 0 Td [(\301\303)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 8.572 0 Td [(s)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 3.766 0 Td [(\275\311\275)-250(\307\301\265)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 30.019 0 Td [(})]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 6.276 0 Td [(\275)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 4.546 0 Td [(.)]TJ -153.85 -10.959 Td [(Euripides,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.851 0 Td [(Hec.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.919 0 Td [(566-68.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -69.477 -7.311 Td [(666)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Vita)-250(Pauli.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1343 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1344 0 R /Resources 1342 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1329 0 R >> endobj 1345 0 obj << /D [1343 0 R /XYZ 155.251 324.544 null] >> endobj 1342 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F43 486 0 R /F42 485 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1348 0 obj << /Length 6910 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(314History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(who)-203(had)-204(been)-203(condemned)-204(to)-203(vice,)-213(exchanging)-204(dresses)-203(with)-203(them,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-258(thus)-257(enabling)-258(them)-257(to)-258(escape.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 147.665 3.959 Td [(667)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.429 -3.959 Td [(St.)-273(Agnes)-257(was)-258(said)-258(to)-257(have)]TJ -163.094 -13.549 Td [(been)-231(stripped)-231(naked)-231(before)-231(the)-231(people,)-235(who)-231(all)-231(turned)-231(away)-231(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eyes)-244(except)-243(one)-244(young)-243(man,)-245(who)-244(instantly)-243(became)-244(blind.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.509 3.958 Td [(668)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.157 -3.958 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.55 Td [(sister)-392(of)-391(St.)-675(Gregory)-392(of)-392(Nyssa)-391(was)-392(afflicted)-392(with)-391(a)-392(cancer)-391(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-331(breast,)-350(but)-331(could)-330(not)-331(bear)-330(that)-331(a)-330(surgeon)-331(should)-330(see)-331(it,)-350(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-315(rewarded)-316(for)-315(her)-315(modesty)-316(by)-315(a)-315(miraculous)-316(cure.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 234.421 3.959 Td [(669)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.318 -3.959 Td [(To)-315(the)]TJ -251.739 -13.549 Td [(fabled)-359(zone)-358(of)-359(beauty)-359(the)-359(Christian)-358(saints)-359(opposed)-359(their)-358(zones)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-423(chastity,)-467(which)-423(extinguished)-423(the)-423(passion)-424(of)-423(the)-423(wearer,)-466(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(would)-404(only)-405(meet)-404(around)-404(the)-404(pure.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 155.665 3.959 Td [(670)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.229 -3.959 Td [(D\346mons)-404(were)-405(said)-404(not)]TJ -175.894 -13.549 Td [(unfrequently)-266(to)-266(have)-266(entered)-265(into)-266(the)-266(profligate.)-298(The)-266(garment)-265(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-278(girl)-277(who)-278(was)-277(possessed)-278(was)-278(brought)-277(to)-278(St.)-332(Pachomius,)-285(and)-277(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discovered)-292(from)-292(it)-293(t)1(hat)-293(she)-292(had)-292(a)-292(lover.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 173.489 3.959 Td [(671)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.56 -3.959 Td [(A)-292(courtesan)-292(accused)]TJ -190.049 -13.549 Td [(St.)-274(Gregory)-258(Thaumaturgus)-258(of)-258(having)-258(been)-258(her)-258(lover,)-260(and)-258(having)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(refused)-311(to)-310(pay)-311(her)-310(what)-310(he)-311(had)-310(promised.)-432(He)-310(paid)-311(the)-310(required)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sum,)-349(but)-329(she)-329(was)-330(immediately)-329(possessed)-329(by)-329(a)-329(daemon.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.894 3.959 Td [(672)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.772 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(efforts)-309(of)-309(the)-308(saints)-309(to)-309(reclaim)-309(courtesans)-308(from)-309(the)-309(path)-309(of)-308(vice)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(created)-543(a)-271(large)-272(class)-271(of)-272(legends.)-314(St.)-314(Mary)-271(Magdalene,)-277(St.)-314(Mary)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([320])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(of)-366(Egypt,)-394(St.)-597(Afra,)-395(St.)-597(Pelagia,)-394(St.)-597(Thais,)-395(and)-365(St.)-597(Theodota,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 263.868 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 257.056 Td [(667)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-314(Ambrose)-271(relates)-272(an)-271(instance)-271(of)-271(this,)-277(which)-271(he)-272(says)-271(occurred)-271(at)-272(Antioch)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(De)-315(Virginibus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.145 0 Td [(,)-331(lib.)-446(ii.)-445(cap.)-445(iv.\051.)-445(When)-315(the)-316(Christian)-315(youth)-315(was)-315(being)-315(led)-315(to)]TJ -54.131 -10.959 Td [(execution,)-224(the)-217(girl)-218(whom)-217(he)-218(had)-217(saved)-217(reappeared)-218(and)-217(died)-218(with)-217(him.)-239(Eusebius)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(tells)-250(a)-250(very)-250(similar)-250(story,)-250(but)-250(places)-250(the)-250(scene)-250(at)-250(Alexandria.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(668)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Ceillier,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.571 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(des)-250(Auteurs)-250(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 90.148 0 Td [(tome)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(523.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -148.426 -7.311 Td [(669)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(tome)-250(viii.)-250(pp.)-250(204-207.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(670)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Among)-233(the)-233(Irish)-233(saints)-232(St.)-245(Colman)-233(is)-232(said)-233(to)-233(have)-233(had)-233(a)-233(girdle)-233(which)-233(would)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(only)-218(meet)-218(around)-218(the)-217(chaste,)-225(and)-217(which)-218(was)-218(long)-218(preserved)-218(in)-218(Ireland)-217(as)-218(a)-218(relic)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(\050Colgan,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.345 0 Td [(Acta)-337(Sanctorum)-336(Hiberni\346)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.2 0 Td [(,)-358(Louvain,)-359(1645,)-358(vol.)-510(i.)-510(p.)-510(246\051;)-380(and)-337(St.)]TJ -129.545 -10.959 Td [(Furs\346us)-206(a)-207(girdle)-206(that)-206(extinguished)-206(lust.)-236(\050Ibid.)-235(p.)-236(292.\051)-235(The)-206(girdle)-206(of)-207(St.)-235(Thomas)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Aquinas)-293(seems)-294(to)-293(have)-293(had)-294(some)-293(miraculous)-294(properties)-293(of)-293(this)-294(kind.)-380(\050See)-293(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.435 0 Td [(in)-277(the)-277(Bollandists,)-284(Sept.)-331(29.\051)-330(Among)-277(both)-277(the)-277(Greeks)-277(and)-277(Romans)-277(it)-277(was)]TJ -16.435 -10.959 Td [(customary)-237(for)-237(the)-237(bride)-237(to)-237(be)-237(girt)-237(with)-236(a)-237(girdle)-237(which)-237(the)-237(bridegroom)-237(unloosed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-248(the)-247(nuptial)-248(bed,)-248(and)-247(hence)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 105.207 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(zonam)-248(solvere)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 52.019 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.2 0 Td [(became)-248(a)-247(proverbial)-248(expression)]TJ -167.407 -10.959 Td [(for)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 13.248 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(pudicitiam)-312(mulieris)-311(imminuere.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 114.43 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.774 0 Td [(\050Nieupoort,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.518 0 Td [(De)-311(Ritibus)-312(Romanorum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 85.781 0 Td [(,)-327(p.)]TJ -268.732 -10.959 Td [(479;)-250(Alexander's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 62.873 0 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(Women)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 65.248 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(300.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -127.872 -7.31 Td [(671)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Vit.)-250(St.)-250(Pachom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.272 0 Td [(\050Rosweyde\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -71.978 -7.311 Td [(672)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 27.895 0 Td [(Life)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 13.951 0 Td [(,)-250(by)-250(Gregory)-250(of)-250(Nyssa.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1347 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1348 0 R /Resources 1346 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1329 0 R >> endobj 1349 0 obj << /D [1347 0 R /XYZ 127.999 287.839 null] >> endobj 1346 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1352 0 obj << /Length 5341 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(315)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-333(the)-333(early)-332(Church,)-354(as)-333(well)-332(as)-333(St.)-498(Marguerite)-333(of)-333(Cortona,)-353(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Clara)-429(of)-428(Rimini,)-474(in)-428(the)-429(middle)-428(ages,)-474(had)-428(been)-429(courtesans.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(673)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(St.)-497(Vitalius,)-354(it)-332(is)-333(said,)-353(was)-332(accustomed)-333(every)-332(night)-333(to)-332(visit)-332(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dens)-356(of)-356(vice)-356(in)-356(his)-356(neighbourhood,)-383(to)-356(give)-356(the)-356(inmates)-356(money)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-307(remain)-307(without)-308(sin)-307(for)-307(that)-307(night,)-322(and)-307(to)-307(offer)-307(up)-307(prayers)-307(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-413(conversion.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 75.099 3.959 Td [(674)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.516 -3.959 Td [(It)-413(is)-413(related)-413(of)-413(St.)-739(Serapion,)-454(that,)-454(as)-413(he)]TJ -95.615 -13.549 Td [(was)-371(passing)-371(through)-370(a)-371(village)-371(in)-371(Egypt,)-401(a)-371(courtesan)-370(beckoned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-321(him.)-461(He)-321(promised)-320(at)-321(a)-320(certain)-321(hour)-321(to)-320(visit)-321(her.)-461(He)-321(kept)-320(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appointment,)-288(but)-281(declared)-280(that)-281(there)-280(was)-281(a)-280(duty)-280(which)-281(his)-280(order)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(imposed)-255(on)-254(him.)-265(He)-254(fell)-255(down)-255(on)-255(his)-254(knees)-255(and)-255(began)-254(repeating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-222(Psalter,)-228(concluding)-222(every)-223(psalm)-222(with)-222(a)-223(prayer)-222(for)-222(his)-222(hostess.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-295(strangeness)-295(of)-295(the)-295(scene,)-306(and)-295(the)-295(solemnity)-295(of)-295(his)-295(tone)-295(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manner,)-251(overawed)-252(and)-251(fascinated)-251(her.)-253(Gradually)-251(her)-251(tears)-251(began)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-318(flow.)-453(She)-318(knelt)-318(beside)-317(him)-318(and)-318(began)-317(to)-318(join)-318(in)-318(his)-317(prayers.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(He)-374(heeded)-374(her)-374(not,)-406(but)-374(hour)-374(after)-374(hour)-374(continued)-374(in)-374(the)-374(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stern)-253(and)-254(solemn)-253(voice,)-254(without)-253(rest)-254(and)-253(without)-253(interruption,)-254(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(repeat)-208(his)-209(alternate)-208(prayers)-209(and)-208(psalms,)-217(till)-208(her)-209(repentance)-208(rose)-208(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-287(paroxysm)-287(of)-287(terror,)-296(and,)-296(as)-287(the)-287(grey)-287(morning)-287(streaks)-287(began)-286(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(illumine)-237(the)-238(horizon,)-239(she)-238(fell)-237(half)-237(dead)-238(at)-237(his)-237(feet,)-240(imploring)-237(him)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-279(broken)-278(sobs)-279(to)-278(lead)-279(her)-278(anywhere)-279(where)-278(she)-279(might)-278(expiate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(sins)-250(of)-250(her)-250(past.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 84.535 3.959 Td [(675)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -72.579 -24.375 Td [(But)-434(the)-435(services)-434(rendered)-435(by)-434(the)-434(ascetics)-435(in)-434(imprinting)-434(on)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-412(minds)-411(of)-412(men)-412(a)-411(profound)-412(and)-412(enduring)-411(conviction)-412(of)-411(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(importance)-303(of)-303(chastity,)-317(though)-303(extremely)-303(great,)-316(were)-606(seriously)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([321])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(counterbalanced)-257(by)-257(their)-257(noxious)-257(influence)-257(upon)-257(marriage.)-271(Two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-217(three)-216(beautiful)-217(descriptions)-216(of)-217(this)-217(institution)-216(have)-217(been)-216(culled)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 153.881 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 147.068 Td [(673)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(A)-339(little)-340(book)-339(has)-339(been)-340(written)-339(on)-339(these)-340(legends)-339(by)-340(M.)-339(Charles)-339(de)-340(Bussy,)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.812 0 Td [(Les)-268(Courtisanes)-267(saintes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 85.506 0 Td [(.)-303(There)-268(is)-267(said)-268(to)-268(be)-267(some)-268(doubt)-267(about)-268(St.)-303(Afra,)]TJ -109.318 -10.959 Td [(for,)-231(while)-226(her)-227(acts)-226(represent)-226(her)-227(as)-226(a)-226(reformed)-227(courtesan,)-231(St.)-242(Fortunatus,)-231(in)-226(two)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(lines)-268(he)-268(has)-267(devoted)-268(to)-268(her,)-272(calls)-268(her)-268(a)-268(virgin.)-303(\050Ozanam,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 203.855 0 Td [(\311tudes)-268(german.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.842 0 Td [(tome)]TJ -262.697 -10.959 Td [(ii.)-250(p.)-250(8.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(674)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.387 0 Td [(Vit.)-250(Sancti)-250(Joannis)-250(Eleemosynarii)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 123.781 0 Td [(\050Rosweyde\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -163.874 -7.394 Td [(675)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tillemont,)-233(tome)-229(x.)-243(pp.)-243(61-62.)-244(There)-229(is)-229(also)-229(a)-229(very)-229(picturesque)-229(legend)-230(of)-229(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(manner)-250(in)-250(which)-250(St.)-250(Paphnutius)-250(converted)-250(the)-250(courtesan)-250(Thais.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1351 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1352 0 R /Resources 1350 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1354 0 R >> endobj 1353 0 obj << /D [1351 0 R /XYZ 284.702 199.676 null] >> endobj 1350 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1357 0 obj << /Length 6432 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(316History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(out)-436(of)-436(the)-436(immense)-436(mass)-436(of)-436(the)-436(patristic)-436(writings;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 231.985 3.959 Td [(676)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.225 -3.959 Td [(but,)-483(in)]TJ -250.21 -13.549 Td [(general,)-334(it)-316(would)-317(be)-317(difficult)-317(to)-317(conceive)-317(anything)-317(more)-316(coarse)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-284(more)-284(repulsive)-283(than)-284(the)-284(manner)-284(in)-284(which)-283(they)-284(regarded)-284(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(677)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-267(relation)-268(which)-267(nature)-268(has)-267(designed)-268(for)-267(the)-268(noble)-267(purpose)-267(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(repairing)-196(the)-196(ravages)-195(of)-196(death,)-207(and)-196(which,)-206(as)-196(Linn\346us)-196(has)-195(shown,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extends)-188(even)-188(through)-187(the)-188(world)-188(of)-188(flowers,)-200(was)-188(invariably)-187(treated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-215(a)-215(consequence)-215(of)-215(the)-215(fall)-215(of)-215(Adam,)-222(and)-215(marriage)-215(was)-215(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-336(exclusively)-337(in)-336(its)-336(lowest)-337(aspect.)-509(The)-336(tender)-336(love)-336(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-264(elicits,)-267(the)-264(holy)-264(and)-263(beautiful)-264(domestic)-264(qualities)-264(that)-264(follow)-263(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(its)-312(train,)-326(were)-312(almost)-311(absolutely)-312(omitted)-311(from)-312(consideration.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(678)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-255(object)-255(of)-254(the)-255(ascetic)-255(was)-255(to)-255(attract)-254(men)-255(to)-255(a)-255(life)-255(of)-254(virginity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and,)-467(as)-424(a)-424(necessary)-423(consequence,)-468(marriage)-423(was)-424(treated)-424(as)-423(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inferior)-352(state.)-557(It)-353(was)-352(regarded)-352(as)-352(being)-353(necessary,)-378(indeed,)-377(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(therefore)-359(justifiable,)-386(for)-359(the)-359(propagation)-359(of)-359(the)-359(species,)-386(and)-359(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(free)-196(men)-196(from)-196(greater)-196(evils;)-214(but)-196(still)-196(as)-196(a)-196(condition)-196(of)-195(degradation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-310(which)-311(all)-310(who)-310(aspired)-310(to)-311(real)-310(sanctity)-310(should)-310(fly.)-431(To)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 262.456 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(cut)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(down)-377(by)-376(the)-377(axe)-376(of)-377(Virginity)-376(the)-377(wood)-376(of)-377(Marriage,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 239.048 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.951 0 Td [(was,)-408(in)]TJ -247.999 -13.549 Td [(the)-384(energetic)-384(language)-384(of)-384(St.)-653(Jerome,)-417(the)-385(end)-384(of)-384(the)-384(saint;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(679)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(and)-335(if)-335(he)-669(consented)-335(to)-335(praise)-334(marriage,)-356(it)-335(was)-335(merely)-334(because)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([322])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 241.629 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 234.817 Td [(676)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-355(especially,)-381(Tertullian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 98.668 0 Td [(Ad)-355(Uxorem)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.024 0 Td [(.)-565(It)-355(was)-355(beautifully)-355(said,)-381(at)-355(a)-355(later)]TJ -152.648 -10.959 Td [(period,)-453(that)-413(woman)-413(was)-412(not)-413(taken)-413(from)-413(the)-412(head)-413(of)-413(man,)-453(for)-413(she)-412(was)-413(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(intended)-309(to)-309(be)-308(his)-309(ruler,)-323(nor)-309(from)-309(his)-309(feet,)-323(for)-309(she)-308(was)-309(not)-309(intended)-309(to)-308(be)-309(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(slave,)-408(but)-376(from)-376(his)-376(side,)-408(for)-376(she)-376(was)-376(to)-376(be)-376(his)-377(companion)-376(and)-376(his)-376(comfort.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Peter)-250(Lombard,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 61.008 0 Td [(Senten.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 28.387 0 Td [(lib.)-250(ii.)-250(dis.)-250(18.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -89.146 -7.31 Td [(677)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-316(reader)-317(may)-317(find)-316(many)-317(passages)-316(on)-317(this)-316(subject)-317(in)-316(Barbeyrac,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 242.277 0 Td [(Morale)]TJ -254.233 -10.959 Td [(des)-250(P\350res)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.611 0 Td [(,)-250(ii.)-250(\247)-250(7;)-250(iii.)-250(\247)-250(8;)-250(iv.)-250(\247)-250(31-35;)-250(vi.)-250(\247)-250(31;)-250(xiii.)-250(\247)-250(2-8.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -34.362 -7.311 Td [(678)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(It)-279(is)-278(remarkable)-279(how)-279(rarely,)-286(if)-279(ever)-278(\050I)-279(cannot)-279(call)-278(to)-279(mind)-279(an)-279(instance\051,)-286(in)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(the)-277(discussions)-277(of)-277(the)-277(comparative)-277(merits)-277(of)-277(marriage)-277(and)-277(celibacy,)-284(the)-277(social)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(advantages)-351(appear)-351(to)-351(have)-352(occurred)-351(to)-351(the)-351(mind....)-553(It)-352(is)-351(always)-351(argued)-351(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(relation)-372(to)-371(the)-372(interests)-372(and)-372(the)-371(perfection)-372(of)-372(the)-372(individual)-371(soul;)-433(and,)-402(even)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-295(regard)-295(to)-295(that,)-307(the)-295(writers)-295(seem)-295(almost)-295(unconscious)-295(of)-295(the)-295(softening)-295(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(humanising)-315(effect)-315(of)-315(the)-315(natural)-315(affections,)-332(the)-315(beauty)-315(of)-315(parental)-315(tenderness)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(and)-250(filial)-250(love.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 52.05 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.74 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.497 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(196.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -171.986 -7.311 Td [(679)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Tempus)-204(breve)-205(est,)-213(et)-204(jam)-205(securis)-204(ad)-204(radices)-204(arborum)-205(posita)-204(est,)-213(qu\346)-205(silvam)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(legis)-250(et)-250(nuptiarum)-250(evangelica)-250(castitate)-250(succidat.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 170.828 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxxiii.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1356 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1357 0 R /Resources 1355 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1354 0 R >> endobj 1358 0 obj << /D [1356 0 R /XYZ 137.215 274.29 null] >> endobj 1355 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1361 0 obj << /Length 5899 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(317)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(it)-351(produced)-352(virgins.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 87.357 3.959 Td [(680)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.498 -3.959 Td [(Even)-351(when)-352(the)-351(bond)-351(had)-352(been)-351(formed,)]TJ -105.855 -13.549 Td [(the)-448(ascetic)-447(passion)-448(retained)-448(its)-447(sting.)-843(We)-448(have)-448(already)-447(seen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-440(it)-440(embittered)-439(other)-440(relations)-440(of)-440(domestic)-439(life.)-820(Into)-439(this,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-319(holiest)-318(of)-319(all,)-335(it)-319(infused)-318(a)-319(tenfold)-318(bitterness.)-456(Whenever)-318(any)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(strong)-344(religious)-345(fervour)-344(fell)-344(upon)-345(a)-344(husband)-344(or)-345(a)-344(wife,)-368(its)-344(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effect)-206(was)-206(to)-206(make)-206(a)-206(happy)-206(union)-206(impossible.)-235(The)-206(more)-206(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(partner)-300(immediately)-300(desired)-300(to)-300(live)-300(a)-300(life)-300(of)-300(solitary)-300(asceticism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-346(at)-346(least,)-370(if)-345(no)-346(ostensible)-346(separation)-346(took)-346(place,)-370(an)-345(unnatural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-412(of)-413(separation)-412(in)-412(marriage.)-737(The)-413(immense)-412(place)-412(this)-412(order)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-367(ideas)-367(occupies)-367(in)-367(the)-368(hortatory)-367(writings)-367(of)-367(the)-367(Fathers,)-396(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-384(the)-384(legends)-385(of)-384(the)-384(saints,)-418(must)-384(be)-384(familiar)-384(to)-384(all)-384(who)-384(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-342(knowledge)-343(of)-342(this)-342(department)-342(of)-342(literature.)-527(Thus)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 238.715 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-342(give)]TJ -249.624 -13.549 Td [(but)-328(a)-327(very)-328(few)-328(examples)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 110.026 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(St.)-483(Nilus,)-347(when)-328(he)-327(had)-328(already)-328(two)]TJ -120.934 -13.549 Td [(children,)-228(was)-222(seized)-222(with)-223(a)-222(longing)-222(for)-223(the)-222(prevailing)-222(asceticism,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-457(his)-457(wife)-457(was)-457(persuaded,)-509(after)-457(many)-457(tears,)-509(to)-457(consent)-457(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-359(separation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 71.477 3.959 Td [(681)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.752 -3.959 Td [(St.)-577(Ammon,)-387(on)-359(the)-359(night)-359(of)-359(his)-359(marriage,)]TJ -90.229 -13.549 Td [(proceeded)-412(to)-412(greet)-411(his)-412(bride)-412(with)-412(an)-412(harangue)-412(upon)-412(the)-411(evils)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-357(the)-357(married)-356(state,)-384(and)-357(they)-357(agreed,)-383(in)-357(consequence,)-384(at)-356(once)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-484(separate.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 52.233 3.958 Td [(682)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.841 -3.958 Td [(St.)-952(Melania)-484(laboured)-484(long)-484(and)-485(earnestly)-484(to)]TJ -75.074 -13.55 Td [(induce)-419(her)-418(husband)-419(to)-418(allow)-419(her)-418(to)-419(desert)-419(his)-418(bed,)-461(before)-418(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-320(consent.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 66.814 3.959 Td [(683)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.462 -3.959 Td [(St.)-459(Abraham)-320(ran)-320(away)-319(from)-320(his)-320(wife)-319(on)-320(the)]TJ -84.276 -13.549 Td [(night)-349(of)-348(his)-349(marriage.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.157 3.959 Td [(684)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.411 -3.959 Td [(St.)-546(Alexis,)-374(according)-348(to)-349(a)-349(somewhat)]TJ -115.568 -13.549 Td [(later)-330(legend,)-350(took)-330(the)-331(same)-330(step,)-350(but)-330(many)-330(years)-330(after)-330(returned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-284(Jerusalem)-284(to)-283(his)-284(father's)-284(house,)-292(in)-284(which)-284(his)-284(wife)-284(was)-283(still)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lamenting)-389(her)-389(desertion,)-424(begged)-389(and)-389(received)-388(a)-389(lodging)-389(as)-389(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(act)-401(of)-401(charity,)-438(and)-401(lived)-401(there)-401(unrecognised)-401(and)-401(unknown)-400(till)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-348(death.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.889 3.959 Td [(685)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.405 -3.959 Td [(St.)-546(Gregory)-348(of)-349(Nyssa)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 97.48 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(who)-349(was)-697(so)-348(unfortunate)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.34 0 Td [([323])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 154.363 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 147.551 Td [(680)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Laudo)-305(nuptias,)-319(laudo)-305(conjugium,)-319(sed)-305(quia)-305(mihi)-305(virgines)-305(generant.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 239.543 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -268.427 -10.959 Td [(xxii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(681)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Ceillier,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 46.571 0 Td [(Auteurs)-250(eccl\351s.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.524 0 Td [(xiii.)-250(p.)-250(147.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -114.801 -7.311 Td [(682)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Socrates,)-250(iv.)-250(23.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(683)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Palladius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.363 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Laus.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.352 0 Td [(cxix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -90.421 -7.311 Td [(684)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Vit.)-250(S.)-250(Abr.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.846 0 Td [(\050Rosweyde\051,)-250(cap.)-250(i.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -53.552 -7.394 Td [(685)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(I)-295(do)-296(not)-295(know)-295(when)-296(this)-295(legend)-295(first)-296(appeared.)-386(M.)-295(Littr\351)-295(mentions)-296(having)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(found)-369(it)-369(in)-369(a)-369(French)-369(MS.)-369(of)-369(the)-369(eleventh)-369(century)-369(\050Littr\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 214.468 0 Td [(Les)-369(Barbares)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.136 0 Td [(,)-399(pp.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1360 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1361 0 R /Resources 1359 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1354 0 R >> endobj 1362 0 obj << /D [1360 0 R /XYZ 259.808 165.896 null] >> endobj 1359 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1365 0 obj << /Length 5226 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(318History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-378(to)-378(be)-378(married)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 74.166 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(wrote)-378(a)-378(glowing)-378(eulogy)-377(of)-378(virginity,)-410(in)-378(the)]TJ -85.075 -13.549 Td [(course)-217(of)-216(which)-217(he)-217(mournfully)-217(observed)-216(that)-217(this)-217(privileged)-216(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-279(never)-280(be)-279(his.)-338(He)-279(resembled,)-287(he)-279(assures)-279(us,)-287(an)-279(ox)-279(that)-279(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ploughing)-331(a)-331(field,)-351(the)-332(fruit)-331(of)-331(which)-331(he)-331(must)-331(never)-331(enjoy;)-371(or)-331(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thirsty)-276(man,)-282(who)-275(was)-276(gazing)-275(on)-276(a)-276(stream)-275(of)-276(which)-275(he)-276(never)-275(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(drink;)-407(or)-354(a)-355(poor)-354(man,)-381(whose)-355(poverty)-354(seems)-355(the)-354(more)-355(bitter)-354(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-265(contemplates)-266(the)-265(wealth)-266(of)-265(his)-266(neighbours;)-273(and)-265(he)-265(proceeded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-346(descant)-346(in)-346(feeling)-346(terms)-345(upon)-346(the)-346(troubles)-346(of)-346(matrimony.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(686)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Nominal)-419(marriages,)-461(in)-419(which)-419(the)-419(partners)-419(agreed)-419(to)-419(shun)-418(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(marriage)-332(bed,)-353(became)-332(not)-332(uncommon.)-497(The)-332(emperor)-332(Henry)-332(II.,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Edward)-308(the)-307(Confessor,)-322(of)-308(England,)-322(and)-307(Alphonso)-308(II.,)-322(of)-307(Spain,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gave)-463(examples)-463(of)-463(it.)-888(A)-463(very)-463(famous)-463(and)-463(rather)-462(picturesque)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history)-248(of)-248(this)-248(kind)-248(is)-248(related)-248(by)-248(Gregory)-248(of)-248(Tours.)-249(A)-248(rich)-248(young)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gaul,)-272(named)-267(Injuriosus,)-271(led)-268(to)-267(his)-267(home)-267(a)-268(young)-267(bride)-267(to)-267(whom)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-290(was)-290(passionately)-290(attached.)-370(That)-290(night,)-300(she)-290(confessed)-290(to)-290(him,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-246(tears,)-246(that)-246(she)-246(had)-246(vowed)-245(to)-246(keep)-246(her)-245(virginity,)-247(and)-246(that)-245(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regretted)-334(bitterly)-334(the)-334(marriage)-334(into)-334(which)-334(her)-334(love)-334(for)-334(him)-334(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(betrayed)-231(her.)-244(He)-232(told)-231(her)-231(that)-232(they)-231(should)-232(remain)-231(united,)-235(but)-231(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-354(should)-353(still)-354(observe)-353(her)-354(vow;)-405(and)-354(he)-353(fulfilled)-354(his)-353(promise.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(When,)-235(after)-232(several)-232(years,)-236(she)-231(died,)-236(her)-232(husband,)-235(in)-232(laying)-232(her)-231(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-284(tomb,)-293(declared,)-293(with)-284(great)-284(solemnity,)-293(that)-284(he)-284(restored)-284(her)-284(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(God)-209(as)-209(immaculate)-209(as)-209(he)-209(had)-208(received)-209(her;)-223(and)-209(then)-209(a)-209(smile)-209(lit)-208(up)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-261(face)-261(of)-261(the)-260(dead)-261(woman,)-264(and)-261(she)-261(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 185.619 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Why)-261(do)-261(you)-261(tell)-260(that)]TJ -190.462 -13.549 Td [(which)-356(no)-356(one)-356(asked)-355(you?)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 114.898 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.725 0 Td [(The)-356(husband)-356(soon)-356(afterwards)-355(died,)]TJ -123.623 -13.549 Td [(and)-351(his)-351(corpse,)-376(which)-351(had)-350(been)-351(laid)-351(in)-351(a)-351(distinct)-350(compartment)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-248(that)-249(of)-248(his)-248(wife)-248(in)-249(the)-248(tomb,)-249(was)-248(placed)-248(side)-249(by)-248(side)-248(with)-248(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(the)-250(angels.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60.295 3.959 Td [(687)]TJ -133.051 -3.959 Td [([324])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -17.314 Td [(The)-575(extreme)-574(disorders)-575(which)-575(such)-574(teaching)-575(produced)-575(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 134.01 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 121.258 Td [(123-124\051;)-329(and)-303(it)-302(also)-303(forms)-302(the)-303(subject)-303(of)-302(a)-303(very)-302(curious)-303(fresco,)-316(I)-302(imagine)-303(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-324(somewhat)-324(earlier)-324(date,)-343(which)-324(was)-324(discovered,)-342(within)-324(the)-324(last)-324(few)-324(years,)-343(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-276(subterranean)-276(church)-276(of)-276(St.)-328(Clement)-276(at)-277(Rome.)-328(An)-276(account)-276(of)-276(it)-276(is)-276(given)-276(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Father)-250(Mullooly,)-250(in)-250(his)-250(interesting)-250(little)-250(book)-250(about)-250(that)-250(Church.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(686)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Virgin.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.097 0 Td [(cap.)-250(iii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -51.804 -7.311 Td [(687)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(i.)-250(42.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1364 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1365 0 R /Resources 1363 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1354 0 R >> endobj 1366 0 obj << /D [1364 0 R /XYZ 93.543 163.518 null] >> endobj 1363 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1369 0 obj << /Length 5208 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(319)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(domestic)-269(life,)-273(and)-269(also)-269(the)-269(extravagances)-269(which)-269(grew)-269(up)-268(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-355(heretics,)-382(naturally)-355(alarmed)-355(the)-356(more)-355(judicious)-355(leaders)-355(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-431(Church,)-476(and)-431(it)-430(was)-431(ordained)-431(that)-431(married)-431(persons)-430(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-312(enter)-311(into)-312(an)-311(ascetic)-312(life,)-327(except)-311(by)-312(mutual)-311(consent.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 246.472 3.958 Td [(688)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.195 -3.958 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.55 Td [(ascetic)-374(ideal,)-404(however,)-405(remained)-374(unchanged.)-621(To)-374(abstain)-373(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage,)-416(or)-383(in)-384(marriage)-383(to)-383(abstain)-383(from)-383(a)-383(perfect)-383(union,)-416(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-310(as)-310(a)-310(proof)-310(of)-310(sanctity,)-325(and)-310(marriage)-310(was)-310(viewed)-310(in)-310(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(coarsest)-402(and)-402(most)-402(degraded)-402(form.)-706(The)-402(notion)-402(of)-402(its)-401(impurity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(took)-232(many)-232(forms,)-236(and)-232(exercised)-232(for)-232(some)-232(centuries)-231(an)-232(extremely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wide)-273(influence)-273(over)-273(the)-274(Church.)-319(Thus,)-279(it)-273(was)-273(the)-273(custom)-273(during)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-434(middle)-434(ages)-434(to)-434(abstain)-434(from)-434(the)-434(marriage)-434(bed)-434(during)-433(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(night)-303(after)-302(the)-303(ceremony,)-315(in)-303(honour)-303(of)-302(the)-303(sacrament.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 236.8 3.959 Td [(689)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.901 -3.959 Td [(It)-303(was)]TJ -253.7 -13.549 Td [(expressly)-272(enjoined)-271(that)-272(no)-271(married)-272(persons)-271(should)-272(participate)-271(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-395(of)-394(the)-395(great)-394(Church)-395(festivals)-394(if)-395(the)-395(night)-394(before)-395(they)-394(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lain)-357(together,)-385(and)-357(St.)-572(Gregory)-358(the)-357(Great)-358(tells)-357(of)-358(a)-357(young)-357(wife)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-248(was)-248(possessed)-249(by)-248(a)-248(d\346mon,)-249(because)-248(she)-248(had)-249(taken)-248(part)-248(in)-248(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(procession)-301(of)-301(St.)-402(Sebastian,)-314(without)-301(fulfilling)-301(this)-301(condition.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.176 3.959 Td [(690)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.176 -17.508 Td [(The)-405(extent)-404(to)-405(which)-405(the)-404(feeling)-405(on)-405(the)-404(subject)-405(was)-405(carried)-404(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shown)-255(by)-256(the)-255(famous)-255(vision)-256(of)-255(Alberic)-256(in)-255(the)-255(twelfth)-256(century,)-256(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-280(a)-280(special)-281(place)-280(of)-280(torture,)-288(consisting)-280(of)-281(a)-280(lake)-280(of)-280(mingled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lead,)-411(pitch,)-410(and)-379(resin)-378(is)-379(represented)-379(as)-378(existing)-379(in)-378(hell)-379(for)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(punishment)-285(of)-284(married)-285(people)-284(who)-285(had)-285(lain)-284(together)-285(on)-284(Church)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(festivals)-250(or)-250(fast)-250(days.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 92.105 3.959 Td [(691)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -80.15 -19.897 Td [(Two)-385(other)-385(consequences)-385(of)-385(this)-385(way)-385(of)-385(regarding)-385(marriage)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(were)-292(a)-291(very)-292(strong)-291(disapproval)-292(of)-292(second)-291(marriages,)-302(and)-292(a)-291(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strong)-494(desire)-493(to)-494(secure)-494(celibacy)-493(in)-494(the)-494(clergy.)-981(The)-494(first)-493(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-330(notions)-330(had)-330(existed,)-350(though)-330(in)-330(a)-330(very)-330(different)-329(form,)-350(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(connected)-222(with)-223(very)-222(different)-222(motives,)-228(among)-223(the)-222(early)-222(Romans,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-246(were)-246(accustomed,)-246(we)-246(are)-246(told,)-247(to)-246(honour)-246(with)-492(the)-245(crown)-246(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([325])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(modesty)-180(those)-180(who)-180(were)-180(content)-180(with)-180(one)-180(marriage,)-193(and)-180(to)-180(regard)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 110.122 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.31 Td [(688)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-250(regulations)-250(on)-250(this)-250(point)-250(are)-250(given)-250(at)-250(length)-250(in)-250(Bingham.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(689)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Muratori,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.358 0 Td [(Antich.)-250(Ital.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.832 0 Td [(diss.)-250(xx.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -92.896 -7.31 Td [(690)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(St.)-250(Greg.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Dial.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.425 0 Td [(i.)-250(10.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -66.499 -7.311 Td [(691)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Delepierre,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.321 0 Td [(L'Enfer)-250(d\351crit)-250(par)-250(ceux)-250(qui)-250(l'ont)-250(vu)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 125.87 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(44-56.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1368 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1369 0 R /Resources 1367 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1354 0 R >> endobj 1370 0 obj << /D [1368 0 R /XYZ 269.674 136.408 null] >> endobj 1367 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1373 0 obj << /Length 6305 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(320History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(many)-317(marriages)-317(as)-317(a)-317(sign)-317(of)-317(illegitimate)-317(intemperance.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 243.861 3.959 Td [(692)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.373 -3.959 Td [(This)]TJ -261.234 -13.549 Td [(opinion)-248(appears)-248(to)-249(have)-248(chiefly)-248(grown)-248(out)-249(of)-248(a)-248(very)-248(delicate)-248(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(touching)-270(feeling)-270(which)-270(had)-270(taken)-270(deep)-270(root)-270(in)-270(the)-270(Roman)-269(mind,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-354(the)-354(affection)-355(a)-354(wife)-354(owes)-354(her)-355(husband)-354(is)-354(so)-354(profound)-354(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(so)-277(pure)-277(that)-277(it)-277(must)-277(not)-277(cease)-277(even)-277(with)-277(his)-277(death;)-290(that)-277(it)-277(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(guide)-378(and)-378(consecrate)-378(all)-379(her)-378(subsequent)-378(life,)-410(and)-378(that)-378(it)-378(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can)-391(be)-392(transferred)-391(to)-392(another)-391(object.)-675(Virgil,)-427(in)-391(very)-391(beautiful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lines,)-276(puts)-270(this)-271(sentiment)-271(into)-270(the)-271(mouth)-271(of)-270(Dido;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 215.512 3.959 Td [(693)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.518 -3.959 Td [(and)-271(several)]TJ -231.03 -13.549 Td [(examples)-257(are)-257(recorded)-256(of)-257(Roman)-257(wives,)-258(sometimes)-257(in)-257(the)-256(prime)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-272(youth)-271(and)-272(beauty,)-277(upon)-272(the)-271(death)-272(of)-272(their)-271(husbands,)-277(devoting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-309(remainder)-308(of)-309(their)-309(lives)-308(to)-309(retirement)-309(and)-308(to)-309(the)-309(memory)-308(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-376(dead.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 40.761 3.959 Td [(694)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.316 -3.959 Td [(Tacitus)-376(held)-377(up)-376(the)-377(Germans)-376(as)-376(in)-377(this)-376(respect)-376(a)]TJ -60.077 -13.549 Td [(model)-264(to)-263(his)-264(countrymen,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.961 3.959 Td [(695)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.367 -3.959 Td [(and)-264(the)-263(epithet)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 67.408 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(univir\346)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 33.338 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.72 0 Td [(inscribed)]TJ -240.637 -13.549 Td [(on)-315(many)-315(Roman)-316(tombs)-315(shows)-315(how)-315(this)-315(devotion)-315(was)-315(practised)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-278(valued.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.598 3.959 Td [(696)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.099 -3.959 Td [(The)-278(family)-278(of)-278(Camillus)-278(was)-278(especially)-279(honoured)]TJ -66.697 -13.549 Td [(for)-258(the)-258(absence)-258(of)-258(second)-258(marriages)-259(among)-258(its)-258(members.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.221 3.959 Td [(697)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 15.445 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(To)]TJ -268.51 -13.549 Td [(love)-374(a)-374(wife)-375(when)-374(living,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 111.163 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.926 0 Td [(said)-374(one)-374(of)-375(the)-374(latest)-374(Roman)-374(poets,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -120.089 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(is)-344(a)-343(pleasure;)-391(to)-344(love)-344(her)-343(when)-344(dead)-344(is)-344(an)-343(act)-344(of)-344(religion.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 258.489 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(698)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-454(the)-454(case)-454(of)-454(men,)-505(the)-454(propriety)-454(of)-454(abstaining)-454(from)-453(second)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(marriages)-410(was)-409(probably)-410(not)-410(felt)-409(so)-410(strongly)-410(as)-409(in)-410(the)-410(case)-409(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(women,)-275(and)-269(what)-270(feeling)-270(on)-269(the)-270(subject)-269(existed)-270(was)-270(chiefly)-269(due)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-251(another)-251(motive)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 76.98 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(affection)-251(for)-251(the)-250(children,)-251(whose)-251(interests,)-251(it)]TJ -87.889 -13.549 Td [(was)-250(thought,)-250(might)-250(be)-250(injured)-250(by)-250(a)-250(stepmother.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 205.745 3.959 Td [(699)]TJ -278.501 -3.959 Td [([326])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 209.479 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 202.667 Td [(692)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Val.)-250(Max.)-250(ii.)-250(1.)-250(\247)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(693)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ille)-250(meos,)-250(primus)-250(qui)-250(me)-250(sibi)-250(junxit,)-250(amores)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(Abstulit;)-250(ille)-250(habeat)-250(secum,)-250(servetque)-250(sepulchro.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 174.074 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -162.118 -10.959 Td [(\306n.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.937 0 Td [(iv.)-250(28.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -28.644 -7.31 Td [(694)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(E.g.,)-250(the)-250(wives)-250(of)-250(Lucan,)-250(Drusus,)-250(and)-250(Pompey.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.395 Td [(695)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(German.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 33.866 0 Td [(xix.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -68.482 -7.31 Td [(696)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Friedl\344nder,)-250(tome)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(411.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(697)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hieron.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 29.382 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(liv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -55.534 -7.311 Td [(698)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 13.948 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Uxorem)-250(vivam)-250(amare)-250(voluptas;)]TJ -18.178 -10.959 Td [(Defunctam)-250(religio.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.732 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -55.777 -10.958 Td [(Statius.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 28.899 0 Td [(Sylv.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.421 0 Td [(v.)-250(in)-250(pro)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 30.136 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(mio.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -96.636 -7.311 Td [(699)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(By)-311(one)-312(of)-311(the)-311(laws)-312(of)-311(Charondas)-311(it)-312(was)-311(ordained)-311(that)-312(those)-311(who)-311(cared)-312(so)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(little)-350(for)-350(the)-351(happiness)-350(of)-350(their)-350(children)-351(as)-350(to)-350(place)-350(a)-351(stepmother)-350(over)-350(them,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1372 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1373 0 R /Resources 1371 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1354 0 R >> endobj 1374 0 obj << /D [1372 0 R /XYZ 93.543 217.715 null] >> endobj 1371 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1377 0 obj << /Length 5847 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(321)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-455(sentiment)-456(which)-455(thus)-456(recoiled)-455(from)-456(second)-455(marriages)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(passed)-275(with)-275(a)-275(vastly)-275(increased)-275(strength)-275(into)-275(ascetic)-274(Christianity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-300(it)-301(was)-300(based)-301(upon)-300(altogether)-300(different)-301(grounds.)-401(We)-300(find,)-313(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-281(first)-281(place,)-289(that)-281(an)-281(affectionate)-281(remembrance)-281(of)-281(the)-281(husband)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-321(altogether)-322(vanished)-321(from)-321(the)-322(motives)-321(of)-321(the)-322(abstinence.)-463(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-288(next)-288(place,)-297(we)-288(may)-288(remark)-288(that)-287(the)-288(ecclesiastical)-288(writers,)-297(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perfect)-376(conformity)-376(with)-376(the)-376(extreme)-376(coarseness)-376(of)-376(their)-376(views)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(about)-517(the)-516(sexes,)-583(almost)-517(invariably)-516(assumed)-517(that)-516(the)-516(motive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-415(second)-414(or)-415(third)-415(marriages)-414(must)-415(be)-415(simply)-414(the)-415(force)-415(of)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(animal)-337(passions.)-510(The)-337(Montanists)-337(and)-337(the)-337(Novatians)-336(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condemned)-517(second)-516(marriages.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.598 3.959 Td [(700)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.904 -3.959 Td [(The)-517(orthodox)-516(pronounced)]TJ -161.502 -13.549 Td [(them)-330(lawful,)-350(on)-330(account)-330(of)-330(the)-330(weakness)-330(of)-330(human)-330(nature,)-350(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-264(viewed)-263(them)-264(with)-264(the)-263(most)-264(emphatic)-264(disapproval,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 239.812 3.959 Td [(701)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.367 -3.959 Td [(partly)]TJ -255.179 -13.549 Td [(because)-402(they)-402(considered)-401(them)-402(manifest)-402(signs)-402(of)-401(incontinence,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-522(partly)-521(because)-522(they)-522(regarded)-521(them)-522(as)-522(inconsistent)-521(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-556(doctrine)-556(that)-556(marriage)-557(is)-556(an)-556(emblem)-556(of)-556(the)-556(union)-556(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christ)-584(with)-584(the)-583(Church.)-1252(The)-583(language)-584(of)-584(the)-584(Fathers)-583(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-560(subject)-559(appears)-560(to)-560(a)-559(modern)-560(mind)-560(most)-559(extraordinary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and,)-596(but)-527(for)-527(their)-527(distinct)-527(and)-527(reiterated)-527(assertion)-527(that)-526(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(considered)-562(these)-562(marriages)-561(permissible,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 184.107 3.959 Td [(702)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.433 -3.959 Td [(would)-562(appear)-562(to)]TJ -203.54 -13.549 Td [(amount)-522(to)-522(a)-522(peremptory)-522(condemnation.)-1066(Thus)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 217.117 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-522(give)-522(but)]TJ -228.026 -13.549 Td [(a)-414(few)-415(samples)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.385 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(digamy,)-455(or)-415(second)-414(marriage,)-455(is)-415(described)-414(by)]TJ -76.294 -13.549 Td [(Athenagoras)-256(as)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 69.804 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(a)-256(decent)-256(adultery.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 77.374 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(703)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 15.244 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Fornication,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.029 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.635 0 Td [(according)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td [(to)-389(Clement)-389(of)-389(Alexandria,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 123.09 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(is)-389(a)-389(lapse)-389(from)-389(one)-388(marriage)-389(into)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 189.126 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 176.374 Td [(should)-250(be)-250(excluded)-250(from)-250(the)-250(councils)-250(of)-250(the)-250(State.)-250(\050Diod.)-250(Sic.)-250(xii.)-250(12.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(700)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tertullian)-250(expounded)-250(the)-250(Montanist)-250(view)-250(in)-250(his)-250(treatise,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 202.971 0 Td [(De)-250(Monogamia)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.031 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -270.708 -7.31 Td [(701)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(A)-343(full)-344(collection)-344(of)-343(the)-344(statements)-343(of)-344(the)-344(Fathers)-343(on)-344(this)-343(subject)-344(is)-344(given)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(by)-297(Perrone,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 44.533 0 Td [(De)-297(Matrimonio)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.962 0 Td [(,)-309(lib.)-392(iii.)-393(Sect.)-392(I.;)-321(and)-297(by)-297(Natalis)-298(Alexander,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 162.947 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ -263.442 -10.959 Td [(Eccles.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 27.886 0 Td [(S\346c.)-250(II.)-250(dissert.)-250(18.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -27.636 -7.311 Td [(702)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Thus,)-466(to)-422(give)-423(but)-422(a)-423(single)-422(instance,)-466(St.)-768(Jerome,)-465(who)-423(was)-423(one)-422(of)-423(their)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(strongest)-437(opponents,)-483(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 103.246 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quid)-437(igitur?)-809(damnamus)-437(secunda)-436(matrimonia?)]TJ -107.227 -10.959 Td [(Minime,)-457(sed)-415(prima)-415(laudamus.)-746(Abjicimus)-416(de)-415(ecclesia)-415(digamos?)-746(absit;)-498(sed)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(monogamos)-287(ad)-287(continentiam)-286(provocamus.)-361(In)-286(arca)-287(Noe)-287(non)-287(solum)-286(munda)-287(sed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(et)-250(immunda)-250(fuerunt)-250(animalia.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 106.091 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -133.233 -7.311 Td [(703)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(In)-250(Legat.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1376 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1377 0 R /Resources 1375 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1378 0 R >> endobj 1375 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1381 0 obj << /Length 6876 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(322History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(many.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 26.968 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(704)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 16.586 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-379(first)-379(Adam,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.192 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.976 0 Td [(said)-379(St.)-636(Jerome,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 79.19 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(had)-379(one)-379(wife;)]TJ -218.442 -13.549 Td [(the)-345(second)-344(Adam)-689(had)-345(no)-344(wife.)-534(They)-345(who)-344(approve)-345(of)-344(digamy)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([327])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(hold)-388(forth)-388(a)-388(third)-389(Adam,)-422(who)-388(was)-389(twice)-388(married,)-422(whom)-388(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(follow.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 31.211 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(705)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 16.332 -3.958 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Consider,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 42.12 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.723 0 Td [(he)-356(again)-355(says,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 67.366 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(that)-356(she)-355(who)-356(has)-355(been)]TJ -180.284 -13.55 Td [(twice)-434(married,)-480(though)-434(she)-435(be)-434(an)-434(old,)-480(and)-434(decrepit,)-480(and)-434(poor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(woman,)-546(is)-486(not)-486(deemed)-487(worthy)-486(to)-487(receive)-486(the)-487(charity)-486(of)-486(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church.)-287(But)-262(if)-262(the)-262(bread)-262(of)-262(charity)-263(is)-262(taken)-262(from)-262(her,)-265(how)-262(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-287(that)-286(bread)-287(which)-286(descends)-287(from)-286(heaven!)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 203.545 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(706)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 15.579 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Digamists,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.974 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(according)-236(to)-237(Origen,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 92.288 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(are)-236(saved)-237(in)-236(the)-236(name)-237(of)-236(Christ,)-239(but)-236(are)-237(by)]TJ -97.132 -13.55 Td [(no)-297(means)-296(crowned)-296(by)-297(him.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 119.891 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(707)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 15.688 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(By)-296(this)-297(text,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 54.054 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.078 0 Td [(said)-296(St.)-390(Gregory)]TJ -207.398 -13.549 Td [(Nazianzen,)-265(speaking)-262(of)-261(St.)-286(Paul's)-261(comparison)-262(of)-262(marriage)-262(to)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(union)-178(of)-179(Christ)-178(with)-179(the)-178(Church,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 140.019 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(second)-178(marriages)-179(seem)-178(to)-179(me)-178(to)]TJ -144.863 -13.549 Td [(be)-259(reproved.)-278(If)-259(there)-259(are)-259(two)-260(Christs)-259(there)-259(may)-259(be)-259(two)-259(husbands)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-250(two)-251(wives.)-251(If)-251(there)-250(is)-250(but)-251(one)-250(Christ,)-251(one)-250(Head)-251(of)-250(the)-250(Church,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(there)-304(is)-304(but)-304(one)-304(flesh)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 93.252 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-304(second)-304(is)-304(repelled.)-412(But)-304(if)-304(he)-304(forbids)-304(a)]TJ -104.161 -13.549 Td [(second,)-348(what)-328(is)-329(to)-328(be)-329(said)-328(of)-329(third)-328(marriages?)-485(The)-329(first)-328(is)-328(law,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-367(second)-366(is)-367(pardon)-366(and)-367(indulgence,)-396(the)-366(third)-367(is)-367(iniquity;)-424(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-250(who)-250(exceeds)-251(this)-250(number)-250(is)-250(manifestly)-251(bestial.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 216.356 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(708)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.183 -3.959 Td [(Digamists)]TJ -236.383 -13.549 Td [(were)-397(excluded)-396(from)-397(the)-396(priesthood)-397(and)-396(from)-397(the)-396(distributions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-378(Church)-377(charity;)-442(a)-377(period)-378(of)-378(penance)-377(was)-378(imposed)-378(on)-377(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(before)-378(they)-378(were)-379(admitted)-378(to)-378(communion,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.994 3.959 Td [(709)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.929 -3.959 Td [(and)-378(two)-378(English)]TJ -206.923 -13.549 Td [(statutes)-295(of)-295(the)-295(Middle)-295(Ages)-295(withheld)-295(the)-295(benefit)-295(of)-295(clergy)-295(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-402(prisoner)-402(who)-401(had)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 103.572 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(married)-402(two)-402(wives)-401(or)-402(one)-402(widow.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 154.918 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(710)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-305(Council)-304(of)-305(Illiberis,)-318(in)-305(the)-305(beginning)-304(of)-305(the)-305(fourth)-304(century,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-256(in)-257(general)-256(condemning)-257(baptism)-256(by)-257(laymen,)-258(permitted)-256(it)-256(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(case)-372(of)-373(extreme)-372(necessity;)-434(but)-372(provided)-373(that)-372(even)-373(in)-372(that)-372(case)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 165.483 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 158.67 Td [(704)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Strom.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.903 0 Td [(lib.)-250(iii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -37.61 -7.394 Td [(705)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Contra)-250(Jovin.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.556 0 Td [(i.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -63.263 -7.311 Td [(706)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(See,)-250(too,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 52.3 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -78.452 -7.31 Td [(707)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hom.)-250(xvii.)-250(in)-250(Luc.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(708)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Orat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.421 0 Td [(xxxi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -33.127 -7.311 Td [(709)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Perrone,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.169 0 Td [(De)-222(Matr.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.613 0 Td [(iii.)-241(\247)-222(1,)-228(art.)-240(1;)-232(Natalis)-222(Alexander,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 119.052 0 Td [(Hist.)-241(Eccles.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.983 0 Td [(II.)-222(dissert.)]TJ -244.772 -10.958 Td [(18.)-269(The)-256(penances)-257(are)-256(said)-256(not)-257(to)-256(imply)-256(that)-257(the)-256(second)-256(marriage)-256(was)-257(a)-256(sin,)-258(but)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(condition)-250(that)-250(made)-250(it)-250(necessary)-250(was)-250(a)-250(bad)-250(one.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(710)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Stephen's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 51.423 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(of)-250(English)-250(Criminal)-250(Law)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 108.367 0 Td [(,)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(461.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1380 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1381 0 R /Resources 1379 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1378 0 R >> endobj 1382 0 obj << /D [1380 0 R /XYZ 175.107 504.626 null] >> endobj 1379 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1385 0 obj << /Length 6328 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(323)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-384(officiating)-384(layman)-385(must)-384(not)-384(have)-384(been)-384(twice)-384(married.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 261.059 3.959 Td [(711)]TJ 29.965 -3.959 Td [([328])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Among)-365(the)-365(Greeks)-366(fourth)-365(marriages)-365(were)-365(at)-365(one)-365(time)-365(deemed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolutely)-342(unlawful,)-364(and)-342(much)-342(controversy)-341(was)-342(excited)-342(by)-341(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Emperor)-279(Leo)-279(the)-280(Wise,)-286(who,)-286(having)-280(had)-279(three)-279(wives,)-286(had)-279(taken)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-228(mistress,)-232(but)-227(afterwards,)-233(in)-227(defiance)-228(of)-228(the)-227(religious)-228(feelings)-227(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-250(people,)-250(determined)-250(to)-250(raise)-250(her)-250(to)-250(the)-250(position)-250(of)-250(a)-250(wife.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 259.658 3.959 Td [(712)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -247.702 -19.133 Td [(The)-553(subject)-553(of)-553(the)-553(celibacy)-553(of)-553(the)-553(clergy,)-629(in)-553(which)-552(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(ecclesiastical)-429(feelings)-430(about)-429(marriage)-430(were)-429(also)-430(shown,)-474(is)-429(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extremely)-203(large)-202(one,)-212(and)-203(I)-203(shall)-202(not)-203(attempt)-202(to)-203(deal)-203(with)-202(it,)-212(except)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-425(a)-425(most)-424(cursory)-425(manner.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.246 3.959 Td [(713)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.902 -3.959 Td [(There)-425(are)-425(two)-424(facts)-425(connected)]TJ -142.148 -13.549 Td [(with)-278(it)-277(which)-278(every)-277(candid)-278(student)-277(must)-278(admit.)-332(The)-278(first)-277(is,)-284(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-384(the)-383(earliest)-384(period)-383(of)-384(the)-383(Church,)-417(the)-383(privilege)-384(of)-383(marriage)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-321(accorded)-320(to)-321(the)-321(clergy.)-462(The)-321(second)-320(is,)-339(that)-320(a)-321(notion)-321(of)-320(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impurity)-268(of)-268(marriage)-267(existed,)-273(and)-268(that)-267(it)-268(was)-268(felt)-268(that)-268(the)-267(clergy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-383(pre-eminently)-383(the)-382(holy)-383(class,)-416(should)-383(have)-383(less)-383(licence)-382(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laymen.)-592(The)-364(first)-363(form)-364(this)-364(feeling)-364(took)-364(appears)-364(in)-364(the)-363(strong)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conviction)-275(that)-276(a)-275(second)-276(marriage)-275(of)-276(a)-275(priest,)-282(or)-276(the)-275(marriage)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-253(priest)-252(with)-253(a)-252(widow,)-253(was)-253(unlawful)-252(and)-253(criminal.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 218.376 3.959 Td [(714)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.263 -3.959 Td [(This)-253(belief)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 274.506 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 267.693 Td [(711)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Conc.)-249(Illib.)-249(can.)-248(xxxviii.)-249(Bingham)-246(thinks)-247(the)-246(feeling)-246(of)-247(the)-246(Council)-246(to)-247(have)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(been,)-238(that)-234(if)-235(baptism)-234(was)-234(not)-235(administered)-234(by)-235(a)-234(priest,)-238(it)-234(should)-235(at)-234(all)-235(events)-234(be)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(administered)-250(by)-250(one)-250(who)-250(might)-250(have)-250(been)-250(a)-250(priest.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(712)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Perrone,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 32.368 0 Td [(De)-250(Matrimonio)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 55.538 0 Td [(,)-250(tome)-250(iii.)-250(p.)-250(102.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -99.612 -7.311 Td [(713)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-376(subject)-376(has)-376(recently)-377(been)-376(treated)-376(with)-376(very)-376(great)-376(learning)-376(and)-377(with)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(admirable)-191(impartiality)-192(by)-191(an)-191(American)-191(author,)-203(Mr.)-231(Henry)-191(C.)-191(Lea,)-203(in)-192(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 253.731 0 Td [(History)]TJ -253.731 -10.958 Td [(of)-218(Sacerdotal)-218(Celibacy)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 83.57 0 Td [(\050Philadelphia,)-225(1867\051,)-224(which)-218(is)-218(certainly)-218(one)-218(of)-219(the)-218(most)]TJ -83.57 -10.959 Td [(valuable)-350(works)-351(that)-350(America)-351(has)-350(produced.)-551(Since)-351(the)-350(great)-350(history)-351(of)-350(Dean)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Milman,)-243(I)-242(know)-241(no)-242(work)-241(in)-242(English)-241(which)-242(has)-241(thrown)-242(more)-241(light)-242(on)-242(the)-241(moral)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(condition)-250(of)-249(the)-250(middle)-250(ages,)-249(and)-250(none)-250(which)-249(is)-250(more)-250(fitted)-249(to)-250(dispel)-249(the)-250(gross)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(illusions)-247(concerning)-247(that)-247(period)-248(which)-247(High)-247(Church)-247(writers,)-248(and)-247(writers)-247(of)-247(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(positive)-250(school,)-250(have)-250(conspired)-250(to)-250(sustain.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(714)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-293(Lea,)-304(p.)-380(36.)-379(The)-293(command)-293(of)-293(St.)-380(Paul,)-304(that)-293(a)-293(bishop)-293(or)-293(deacon)-294(should)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(be)-288(the)-288(husband)-288(of)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.101 0 Td [(one)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.529 0 Td [(wife)-288(\0501)-288(Tim.)-363(iii.)-364(2-12\051)-288(was)-288(believed)-288(by)-288(all)-288(ancient)-288(and)]TJ -82.63 -10.959 Td [(by)-379(many)-380(modern)-379(commentators)-379(to)-380(be)-379(prohibitory)-379(of)-380(second)-379(marriages;)-444(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(this)-241(view)-242(is)-241(somewhat)-241(confirmed)-241(by)-241(the)-242(widows)-241(who)-241(were)-241(to)-242(be)-241(honoured)-241(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(supported)-281(by)-282(the)-281(Church,)-289(being)-281(only)-281(those)-282(who)-281(had)-281(been)-281(but)-282(once)-281(married)-281(\0501)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Tim.)-308(v.)-307(9\051.)-308(See)-269(Pressens\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 96.82 0 Td [(Hist.)-308(des)-269(trois)-269(premiers)-269(Si\350cles)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 114.774 0 Td [(\0501)]TJ 7.469 4.035 Td [(re)]TJ 9.381 -4.035 Td [(s\351rie\051,)-274(tome)-269(ii.)]TJ -228.444 -10.959 Td [(p.)-245(233.)-244(Among)-233(the)-234(Jews)-233(it)-234(was)-233(ordained)-233(that)-234(the)-233(high)-233(priest)-234(should)-233(not)-234(marry)-233(a)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1384 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1385 0 R /Resources 1383 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1378 0 R >> endobj 1386 0 obj << /D [1384 0 R /XYZ 327.401 518.175 null] >> endobj 1383 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1389 0 obj << /Length 5058 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(324History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(seems)-206(to)-412(have)-206(existed)-205(from)-206(the)-206(earliest)-206(period)-206(of)-206(the)-206(Church,)-214(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([329])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(was)-397(retained)-396(with)-397(great)-396(tenacity)-397(and)-396(unanimity)-397(through)-396(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries.)-633(In)-378(the)-378(next)-377(place,)-410(we)-378(find)-377(from)-378(an)-378(extremely)-377(early)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(date)-393(an)-392(opinion,)-428(that)-393(it)-392(was)-393(an)-392(act)-392(of)-393(virtue,)-428(at)-393(a)-392(later)-392(period)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-316(it)-317(was)-316(an)-316(act)-316(of)-316(duty,)-333(for)-317(priests)-316(after)-316(ordination)-316(to)-316(abstain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-228(cohabiting)-227(with)-228(their)-227(wives.)-242(The)-228(Council)-227(of)-228(Nice)-227(refrained,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-473(the)-473(advice)-472(of)-473(Paphnutius,)-528(who)-473(was)-473(himself)-473(a)-472(scrupulous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(celibate,)-257(from)-256(imposing)-255(this)-256(last)-256(rule)-255(as)-256(a)-256(matter)-255(of)-256(necessity;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(715)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(but)-496(in)-495(the)-496(course)-495(of)-496(the)-496(fourth)-495(century)-496(it)-495(was)-496(a)-495(recognised)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(principle)-529(that)-529(clerical)-528(marriages)-529(were)-529(criminal.)-1087(They)-528(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(celebrated,)-448(however,)-449(habitually,)-448(and)-409(usually)-408(with)-409(the)-408(greatest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(openness.)-660(The)-386(various)-386(attitudes)-387(assumed)-386(by)-387(the)-386(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(authorities)-210(in)-211(dealing)-210(with)-211(this)-210(subject)-210(form)-211(an)-210(extremely)-210(curious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(page)-443(of)-443(the)-443(hist)1(ory)-443(of)-443(morals,)-491(and)-443(supply)-443(the)-443(most)-442(crushing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(evidence)-223(of)-223(the)-223(evils)-223(which)-223(have)-223(been)-223(produced)-223(by)-223(the)-223(system)-222(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(celibacy.)-437(I)-313(can)-312(at)-312(present,)-328(however,)-328(only)-313(refer)-312(to)-313(the)-312(vast)-312(mass)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-413(evidence)-413(which)-413(has)-413(been)-413(collected)-413(on)-414(the)-413(subject,)-453(derived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-373(the)-373(writings)-373(of)-372(Catholic)-373(divines)-373(and)-373(from)-373(the)-373(decrees)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholic)-458(Councils)-457(during)-458(the)-457(space)-457(of)-458(many)-457(centuries.)-873(It)-457(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-355(popular)-355(illusion,)-381(which)-355(is)-355(especially)-355(common)-355(among)-354(writers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-400(have)-399(little)-400(direct)-399(knowledge)-400(of)-400(the)-399(middle)-400(ages,)-437(that)-399(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atrocious)-369(immorality)-368(of)-369(monasteries,)-398(in)-369(the)-368(century)-369(before)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Reformation,)-251(was)-251(a)-250(new)-251(fact,)-251(and)-250(that)-251(the)-251(ages)-250(when)-251(the)-251(faith)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-255(was)-254(undisturbed,)-256(were)-255(ages)-255(of)-254(great)-255(moral)-255(purity.)-264(In)-255(fact,)-255(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appears,)-222(from)-216(the)-215(uniform)-215(testimony)-216(of)-215(the)-215(ecclesiastical)-215(writers,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-334(ecclesiastical)-334(immorality)-334(in)-334(the)-334(eighth)-334(and)-334(three)-333(following)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries)-410(was)-409(little)-410(if)-409(at)-410(all)-410(less)-409(outrageous)-410(than)-409(in)-410(any)-409(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period,)-350(while)-330(the)-330(Papacy,)-349(during)-330(almost)-330(the)-330(whole)-330(of)-330(the)-329(tenth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century,)-239(was)-237(held)-237(by)-237(men)-237(of)-473(infamous)-237(lives.)-246(Simony)-237(was)-236(nearly)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([330])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 119.046 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 110.222 Td [(widow.)-250(\050Levit.)-250(xxi.)-250(13-14.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(715)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Socrates,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.535 0 Td [(H.)-310(E.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.998 0 Td [(i.)-431(11.)-430(The)-310(Council)-310(of)-311(Illiberis)-310(\050can.)-430(xxxiii.\051)-431(had)-310(ordained)]TJ -69.489 -10.959 Td [(this,)-235(but)-232(both)-231(the)-232(precepts)-231(and)-231(the)-232(practice)-231(of)-232(divines)-231(varied)-232(greatly.)-244(A)-231(brilliant)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(summary)-267(of)-267(the)-267(chief)-266(facts)-267(is)-267(given)-267(in)-267(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 174.562 0 Td [(History)-267(of)-267(Early)-267(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 103.826 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(vol.)-250(iii.)-250(pp.)-250(277-282.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1388 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1389 0 R /Resources 1387 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1378 0 R >> endobj 1390 0 obj << /D [1388 0 R /XYZ 133.184 518.175 null] >> endobj 1391 0 obj << /D [1388 0 R /XYZ 219.047 138.798 null] >> endobj 1387 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1394 0 obj << /Length 5221 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(325)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(universal.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.72 3.959 Td [(716)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.306 -3.959 Td [(Barbarian)-346(chieftains)-345(married)-346(at)-345(an)-346(early)-345(age,)-369(and)]TJ -61.026 -13.549 Td [(totally)-348(incapable)-349(of)-348(restraint,)-373(occupied)-348(the)-348(leading)-348(positions)-348(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-228(Church,)-232(and)-228(gross)-228(irregularities)-227(speedily)-228(became)-228(general.)-242(An)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Italian)-174(bishop)-175(of)-174(the)-175(tenth)-174(century)-175(epigrammatically)-174(described)-174(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(morals)-286(of)-287(his)-286(time,)-295(when)-286(he)-287(declared,)-295(that)-286(if)-287(he)-286(were)-286(to)-286(enforce)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-325(canons)-326(against)-325(unchaste)-325(people)-325(administering)-325(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rites,)-362(no)-340(one)-340(would)-340(be)-339(left)-340(in)-340(the)-340(Church)-339(except)-340(the)-340(boys;)-384(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(if)-427(he)-427(were)-427(to)-427(observe)-427(the)-427(canons)-426(against)-427(bastards,)-472(these)-426(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-349(be)-349(excluded.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 81.236 3.958 Td [(717)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.414 -3.958 Td [(The)-349(evil)-349(acquired)-348(such)-349(magnitude)-349(that)-349(a)]TJ -99.65 -13.55 Td [(great)-194(feudal)-195(clergy,)-205(bequeathing)-194(the)-195(ecclesiastical)-194(benefices)-194(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(father)-301(to)-300(son,)-314(appeared)-301(more)-300(than)-301(once)-301(likely)-300(to)-301(arise.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 239.303 3.959 Td [(718)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.84 -3.959 Td [(A)-301(tax)]TJ -256.143 -13.549 Td [(called)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 30.539 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Culagium,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 45.763 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.332 0 Td [(which)-411(was)-412(in)-411(fact)-411(a)-412(licence)-411(to)-412(clergymen)]TJ -90.478 -13.549 Td [(to)-282(keep)-281(concubines,)-290(was)-282(during)-281(several)-282(centuries)-281(systematically)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(levied)-297(by)-297(princes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.284 3.958 Td [(719)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.719 -3.958 Td [(Sometimes)-297(the)-297(evil,)-309(by)-297(its)-297(very)-297(extension,)]TJ -95.003 -13.55 Td [(corrected)-292(itself.)-378(Priestly)-292(marriages)-293(were)-292(looked)-293(upon)-292(as)-292(normal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(events)-208(not)-208(implying)-208(any)-208(guilt,)-216(and)-208(in)-208(the)-208(eleventh)-208(century)-208(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instances)-340(are)-340(recorded)-340(in)-340(which)-340(they)-340(were)-340(not)-340(regarded)-340(as)-339(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impediment)-323(to)-324(the)-323(power)-323(of)-324(working)-323(miracles.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 207.503 3.959 Td [(720)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.581 -3.959 Td [(But)-323(this)-324(was)]TJ -225.084 -13.549 Td [(a)-327(rare)-327(exception.)-481(From)-327(the)-327(earliest)-327(period)-327(a)-327(long)-327(succession)-327(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Councils)-320(as)-319(well)-320(as)-319(such)-320(men)-319(as)-320(St.)-458(Boniface,)-337(St.)-459(Gregory)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Great,)-317(St.)-412(Peter)-304(Damiani,)-318(St.)-412(Dunstan,)-317(St.)-412(Anselm,)-317(Hildebrand)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-247(his)-248(successors)-247(in)-247(the)-247(Popedom,)-248(denounced)-247(priestly)-247(marriage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-235(concubinage)-236(as)-235(an)-235(atrocious)-236(crime,)-238(and)-235(the)-236(habitual)-235(life)-235(of)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priests)-330(was,)-351(in)-330(theory)-331(at)-330(least,)-351(generally)-330(recognised)-330(as)-331(a)-330(life)-330(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sin.)]TJ 11.956 -14.504 Td [(It)-352(is)-352(not)-353(surprising)-352(that,)-377(having)-353(once)-352(broken)-352(their)-352(vows)-352(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(begun)-251(to)-250(live)-250(what)-251(they)-250(deemed)-251(a)-250(life)-251(of)-250(habitual)-251(sin,)-501(the)-250(clergy)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([331])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 154.119 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 147.306 Td [(716)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-431(on)-396(the)-395(state)-395(of)-395(things)-396(in)-395(the)-395(tenth)-395(and)-395(eleventh)-396(centuries,)-431(Lea,)-432(pp.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(162-192.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(717)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ratherius,)-250(quoted)-250(by)-250(Lea,)-250(p.)-250(151.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(718)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-479(some)-479(curious)-479(evidence)-479(of)-479(the)-479(extent)-479(to)-479(which)-479(the)-480(practice)-479(of)-479(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(hereditary)-310(transmission)-310(of)-310(ecclesiastical)-310(offices)-310(was)-310(carried,)-325(in)-310(Lea,)-325(pp.)-430(149,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(150,)-250(266,)-250(299,)-250(339.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(719)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lea,)-250(pp.)-250(271,)-250(292,)-250(422.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(720)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(pp.)-250(186-187.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1393 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1394 0 R /Resources 1392 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1378 0 R >> endobj 1395 0 obj << /D [1393 0 R /XYZ 281.342 164.942 null] >> endobj 1392 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1398 0 obj << /Length 4999 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(326History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(should)-284(soon)-284(have)-285(sunk)-284(far)-284(below)-284(the)-284(level)-284(of)-285(the)-284(laity.)-352(We)-284(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-373(lay)-373(much)-372(stress)-373(on)-373(such)-372(isolated)-373(instances)-373(of)-373(depravity)-372(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-410(of)-410(Pope)-410(John)-409(XXIII.,)-450(who)-410(was)-410(condemned)-410(among)-409(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-373(crimes)-373(for)-373(incest,)-404(and)-373(for)-373(adultery;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 184.409 3.958 Td [(721)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.194 -3.958 Td [(or)-373(the)-373(abbot-elect)]TJ -201.603 -13.55 Td [(of)-394(St.)-682(Augustine,)-431(at)-394(Canterbury,)-430(who)-394(in)-394(1171)-394(was)-394(found,)-430(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(investigation,)-289(to)-280(have)-281(seventeen)-281(illegitimate)-281(children)-281(in)-281(a)-280(single)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(village;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 32.728 3.959 Td [(722)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.68 -3.959 Td [(or)-403(an)-403(abbot)-402(of)-403(St.)-708(Pelayo,)-441(in)-403(Spain,)-441(who)-403(in)-403(1130)]TJ -50.408 -13.549 Td [(was)-423(proved)-423(to)-424(have)-423(kept)-423(no)-423(less)-423(than)-424(seventy)-423(concubines;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(723)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(or)-376(Henry)-376(III.,)-408(Bishop)-376(of)-377(Li\350ge,)-407(who)-377(was)-376(deposed)-376(in)-376(1274)-376(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(having)-286(sixty-five)-286(illegitimate)-285(children;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 169.345 3.959 Td [(724)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.765 -3.959 Td [(but)-286(it)-286(is)-285(impossible)-286(to)]TJ -185.11 -13.549 Td [(resist)-251(the)-251(evidence)-250(of)-251(a)-251(long)-250(chain)-251(of)-251(Councils)-251(and)-250(ecclesiastical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(writers,)-341(who)-323(conspire)-323(in)-322(depicting)-323(far)-323(greater)-323(evils)-323(than)-322(simple)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concubinage.)-844(It)-448(was)-448(observed)-448(that)-448(when)-448(the)-448(priests)-447(actually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(took)-404(wives)-403(the)-404(knowledge)-403(that)-404(these)-403(connections)-404(were)-403(illegal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-389(peculiarly)-389(fatal)-389(to)-388(their)-389(fidelity,)-424(and)-389(bigamy)-389(and)-388(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mobility)-330(of)-330(attachments)-330(were)-330(especially)-330(common)-330(among)-330(them.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-284(writers)-283(of)-284(the)-283(middle)-284(ages)-284(are)-283(full)-284(of)-283(accounts)-284(of)-283(nunneries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-473(were)-473(like)-472(brothels,)-529(of)-472(the)-473(vast)-473(multitude)-473(of)-472(infanticides)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(within)-413(their)-413(walls,)-454(and)-413(of)-413(that)-413(inveterate)-413(prevalence)-412(of)-413(incest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(among)-317(the)-317(clergy,)-334(which)-317(rendered)-317(it)-317(necessary)-317(again)-317(and)-317(again)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-414(issue)-414(the)-414(most)-413(stringent)-414(enactments)-414(that)-414(priests)-414(should)-413(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-432(permitted)-432(to)-433(live)-432(with)-432(their)-432(mothers)-433(or)-432(sisters.)-796(Unnatural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(love,)-294(which)-285(it)-285(had)-285(been)-286(one)-285(of)-285(the)-285(great)-285(services)-285(of)-285(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-173(to)-173(eradicate)-173(from)-173(the)-173(world,)-188(is)-173(more)-173(than)-173(once)-173(spoken)-173(of)-172(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lingering)-184(in)-184(the)-183(monasteries;)-206(and,)-197(shortly)-184(before)-184(the)-183(Reformation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(complaints)-291(became)-291(loud)-291(and)-290(frequent)-291(of)-291(the)-291(employment)-291(of)-290(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(confessional)-353(for)-352(the)-353(purposes)-352(of)-353(debauchery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.691 3.959 Td [(725)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.537 -3.959 Td [(The)-353(measures)]TJ -219.228 -13.549 Td [(taken)-353(on)-352(the)-353(subject)-352(were)-353(very)-352(numerous)-353(and)-352(severe.)-558(At)-352(first,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 132.285 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 125.472 Td [(721)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Lea,)-250(p.)-250(358.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(722)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(p.)-250(296.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(723)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(p.)-250(322.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(724)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(p.)-250(349.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(725)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-225(reader)-225(may)-225(find)-225(the)-225(most)-225(ample)-226(evidence)-225(of)-225(these)-225(positions)-225(in)-225(Lea.)-242(See)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(especially)-250(pp.)-250(138,)-250(141,)-250(153,)-250(155,)-250(260,)-250(344.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1397 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1398 0 R /Resources 1396 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1378 0 R >> endobj 1396 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1401 0 obj << /Length 5337 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(327)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-306(evil)-307(chiefly)-306(complained)-306(of)-307(was)-306(the)-306(clandestine)-613(marriage)-306(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([332])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(priests,)-373(and)-348(especially)-349(their)-348(intercourse)-348(with)-349(wives)-348(whom)-348(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-209(married)-209(previous)-209(to)-209(their)-209(ordination.)-236(Several)-209(Councils)-209(issued)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-216(anathemas)-216(against)-216(priests)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 134.861 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(who)-216(had)-216(improper)-216(relations)-216(with)]TJ -139.704 -13.55 Td [(their)-421(wives;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.068 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.43 0 Td [(and)-421(rules)-420(were)-421(made)-420(that)-420(priests)-421(should)-420(always)]TJ -62.498 -13.549 Td [(sleep)-238(in)-237(the)-238(presence)-238(of)-237(a)-238(subordinate)-238(clerk;)-241(and)-238(that)-238(they)-237(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-399(meet)-398(their)-399(wives)-399(in)-399(the)-398(open)-399(air)-399(and)-398(before)-399(at)-399(least)-398(two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(witnesses.)-879(Men)-459(were,)-512(however,)-512(by)-460(no)-459(means)-460(unanimous)-459(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-314(way)-314(of)-314(regarding)-314(this)-314(matter.)-442(Synesius,)-330(when)-314(elected)-314(to)-314(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(bishopric,)-248(at)-248(first)-247(declined,)-249(boldly)-247(alleging)-248(as)-248(one)-247(of)-248(his)-247(reasons,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-342(he)-341(had)-342(a)-342(wife)-342(whom)-341(he)-342(loved)-342(dearly,)-364(and)-342(who,)-365(he)-341(hoped,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-253(bear)-252(him)-253(many)-253(sons,)-253(and)-253(that)-253(he)-253(did)-252(not)-253(mean)-253(to)-252(separate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-381(her)-380(or)-381(visit)-381(her)-381(secretl)1(y)-381(as)-381(an)-381(adulterer.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.988 3.959 Td [(726)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.458 -3.959 Td [(A)-381(Bishop)-380(of)]TJ -224.446 -13.549 Td [(Laon,)-334(at)-316(a)-317(later)-317(date,)-333(who)-317(was)-317(married)-317(to)-317(a)-316(niece)-317(of)-317(St.)-450(R\351my,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-459(who)-459(remained)-459(with)-459(his)-458(wife)-459(till)-459(after)-459(he)-459(had)-459(a)-459(son)-458(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-409(daughter,)-449(quaintly)-409(expressed)-409(his)-409(penitence)-409(by)-409(naming)-408(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(respectively)-447(Latro)-448(and)-447(Vulpecula.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.302 3.959 Td [(727)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.642 -3.959 Td [(St.)-842(Gregory)-448(the)-447(Great)]TJ -175.944 -13.549 Td [(describes)-333(the)-332(virtue)-333(of)-332(a)-333(priest,)-353(who,)-353(through)-332(motives)-333(of)-332(piety,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-286(discarded)-285(his)-285(wife.)-357(As)-285(he)-286(lay)-285(dying,)-295(she)-285(hastened)-286(to)-285(him)-285(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(watch)-260(the)-260(bed)-260(which)-260(for)-260(forty)-260(years)-260(she)-260(had)-260(not)-260(been)-260(allowed)-259(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(share,)-251(and,)-251(bending)-251(over)-251(what)-250(seemed)-251(the)-251(inanimate)-251(form)-251(of)-250(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(husband,)-228(she)-222(tried)-223(to)-222(ascertain)-223(whether)-222(any)-223(breath)-222(still)-222(remained,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-424(the)-424(dying)-423(saint,)-468(collecting)-424(his)-423(last)-424(energies,)-467(exclaimed,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Woman,)-260(begone;)-262(take)-258(away)-258(the)-258(straw;)-262(there)-258(is)-258(fire)-258(yet.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 238.711 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(728)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.268 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td [(destruction)-194(of)-194(priestly)-194(marriage)-194(is)-194(chiefly)-194(due)-193(to)-194(Hildebrand,)-205(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pursued)-370(this)-369(object)-370(with)-369(the)-370(most)-369(untiring)-370(resolution.)-608(Finding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-334(his)-334(appeals)-334(to)-333(the)-334(ecclesiastical)-334(authorities)-334(and)-334(to)-334(the)-333(civil)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rulers)-248(were)-247(insufficient,)-248(he)-248(boldly)-248(turned)-247(to)-248(the)-247(people,)-248(exhorted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them,)-496(in)-446(defiance)-447(of)-446(all)-446(Church)-447(traditions,)-496(to)-446(withdraw)-446(their)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 120.921 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 114.108 Td [(726)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Synesius,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 36.367 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cv.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -62.518 -7.311 Td [(727)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Lea,)-226(p.)-241(122.)-240(St.)-240(Augustine)-220(had)-221(named)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 135.951 0 Td [(his)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.441 0 Td [(illegitimate)-220(son)-221(Adeodatus,)-226(or)-221(the)]TJ -160.348 -10.958 Td [(Gift)-277(of)-277(God,)-284(and)-277(had)-277(made)-277(him)-277(a)-277(principal)-277(interlocutor)-277(in)-277(one)-277(of)-277(his)-277(religious)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(dialogues.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(728)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Dialog.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.391 0 Td [(iv.)-250(11.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1400 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1401 0 R /Resources 1399 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1403 0 R >> endobj 1402 0 obj << /D [1400 0 R /XYZ 272.859 518.175 null] >> endobj 1399 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1406 0 obj << /Length 5666 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(328History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(obedience)-455(from)-455(married)-455(priests,)-506(and)-910(kindled)-455(among)-455(them)-454(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([333])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(fierce)-226(fanaticism)-227(of)-226(asceticism,)-231(which)-226(speedily)-227(produced)-226(a)-226(fierce)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persecution)-343(of)-342(the)-343(offending)-343(pastors.)-528(Their)-343(wives,)-366(in)-342(immense)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numbers,)-206(were)-195(driven)-195(forth)-195(with)-195(hatred)-195(and)-195(with)-195(scorn;)-213(and)-195(many)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(crimes,)-279(and)-273(much)-273(intolerable)-273(suffering,)-278(followed)-273(the)-273(disruption.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-482(priests)-481(sometimes)-482(strenuously)-481(resisted.)-945(At)-482(Cambrai,)-539(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.754 0 Td [(.)-542(1077,)-615(they)-542(burnt)-542(alive)-542(as)-542(a)-542(heretic)-542(a)-542(zealot)-542(who)-542(was)]TJ -14.236 -13.549 Td [(maintaining)-451(the)-451(doctrines)-451(of)-451(Hildebrand.)-854(In)-451(England,)-501(half)-451(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century)-467(later,)-521(they)-467(succeeded)-467(in)-467(surprising)-467(a)-467(Papal)-467(legate)-467(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-385(arms)-384(of)-385(a)-385(courtesan,)-418(a)-385(few)-384(hours)-385(after)-385(he)-384(had)-385(delivered)-384(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fierce)-185(denunciation)-185(of)-184(clerical)-185(unchastity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 178.016 3.959 Td [(729)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.943 -3.959 Td [(But)-185(Papal)-185(resolution)]TJ -192.959 -13.549 Td [(supported)-353(by)-354(popular)-353(fanaticism)-353(won)-354(the)-353(victory.)-560(Pope)-353(Urban)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(II.)-438(gave)-437(licence)-438(to)-437(the)-438(nobles)-438(to)-437(reduce)-438(to)-437(slavery)-438(the)-437(wives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-407(priests)-407(had)-407(obstinately)-407(refused)-407(to)-406(abandon,)-447(and)-407(after)-406(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(few)-428(more)-428(acts)-429(of)-428(severity)-428(priestly)-428(marriage)-428(became)-428(obsolete.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-269(extent,)-273(however,)-273(of)-269(the)-268(disorders)-269(that)-268(still)-269(existed,)-273(is)-268(shown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-463(the)-463(mournful)-463(confessions)-463(of)-463(ecclesiastical)-462(writers,)-517(by)-462(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(uniform)-278(and)-278(indignant)-279(testimony)-278(of)-278(the)-278(poets)-278(and)-278(prose)-278(satirists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-412(preceded)-411(the)-412(Reformation,)-452(by)-412(the)-412(atrocious)-411(immoralities)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(disclosed)-242(in)-242(the)-242(monasteries)-242(at)-242(the)-242(time)-242(of)-242(their)-242(suppression,)-243(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-401(the)-401(significant)-401(prudence)-400(of)-401(many)-401(lay)-401(Catholics,)-439(who)-400(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accustomed)-251(to)-250(insist)-251(that)-250(their)-251(priest)-250(should)-251(take)-250(a)-251(concubine)-250(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(protection)-250(of)-250(the)-250(families)-250(of)-250(his)-250(parishioners.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 212.094 3.959 Td [(730)]TJ -284.849 -3.959 Td [([334])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 208.431 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.619 Td [(729)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-209(is)-208(mentioned)-209(by)-208(Henry)-209(of)-209(Huntingdon,)-217(who)-208(was)-209(a)-208(contemporary.)-237(\050Lea,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(p.)-250(293.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(730)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-404(first)-403(notice)-404(of)-404(this)-404(very)-403(remarkable)-404(precaution)-404(is)-404(in)-403(a)-404(canon)-404(of)-404(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Council)-247(of)-247(Palencia)-247(\050in)-247(Spain\051)-247(held)-247(in)-247(1322,)-248(which)-247(anathematises)-247(laymen)-247(who)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(compel)-288(their)-289(pastors)-288(to)-289(take)-288(concubines.)-366(\050Lea,)-298(p.)-365(324.\051)-365(Sleidan)-289(mentions)-288(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it)-318(was)-318(customary)-318(in)-318(some)-318(of)-318(the)-318(Swiss)-318(cantons)-318(for)-318(the)-318(parishioners)-318(to)-318(oblige)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-368(priest)-368(to)-368(select)-368(a)-368(concubine)-369(as)-368(a)-368(necessary)-368(precaution)-368(for)-368(the)-368(protection)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-326(his)-326(female)-327(parishioners.)-478(\050Ibid.)-479(p.)-479(355.\051)-478(Sarpi,)-346(in)-326(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 206.971 0 Td [(Hist.)-479(of)-326(the)-326(Council)]TJ -206.971 -10.959 Td [(of)-291(Trent)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.018 0 Td [(,)-302(mentions)-291(\050on)-291(the)-291(authority)-292(of)-291(Zuinglius\051)-291(this)-292(Swiss)-291(custom.)-374(Nicolas)]TJ -29.018 -10.959 Td [(of)-351(Clemangis,)-377(a)-351(leading)-351(member)-351(of)-352(the)-351(Council)-351(of)-351(Constance,)-377(declared)-351(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(this)-351(custom)-351(had)-351(become)-351(very)-351(common,)-376(that)-351(the)-351(laity)-351(were)-351(firmly)-351(persuaded)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-371(priests)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 43.509 0 Td [(never)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.238 0 Td [(lived)-371(a)-370(life)-371(of)-371(real)-370(celibacy,)-401(and)-371(that,)-401(where)-371(no)-370(proofs)-371(of)]TJ -66.747 -10.959 Td [(concubinage)-310(were)-309(found,)-325(they)-309(always)-310(assumed)-310(the)-309(existence)-310(of)-309(more)-310(serious)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1405 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1406 0 R /Resources 1404 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1403 0 R >> endobj 1407 0 obj << /D [1405 0 R /XYZ 265.239 518.175 null] >> endobj 1408 0 obj << /D [1405 0 R /XYZ 93.543 217.726 null] >> endobj 1404 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1411 0 obj << /Length 5112 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(329)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(It)-593(is)-593(scarcely)-593(possible)-593(to)-593(conceive)-593(a)-593(more)-592(demoralising)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(influence)-231(than)-230(a)-231(priesthood)-230(living)-231(such)-230(a)-231(life)-230(as)-230(I)-231(have)-230(described.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-264(Protestant)-265(countries,)-267(where)-265(the)-264(marriage)-264(of)-265(the)-264(clergy)-264(is)-264(fully)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recognised,)-386(it)-359(has,)-387(indeed,)-386(been)-359(productive)-359(of)-359(the)-359(greatest)-359(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-305(most)-305(unequivocal)-304(benefits.)-415(Nowhere,)-318(it)-305(may)-305(be)-304(confidently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(asserted,)-349(does)-328(Christianity)-329(assume)-329(a)-329(more)-329(beneficial)-329(or)-329(a)-328(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(winning)-445(form)-445(than)-445(in)-445(those)-445(gentle)-445(clerical)-445(households)-445(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stud)-450(our)-450(land,)-499(constituting,)-500(as)-450(Coleridge)-449(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 216.883 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-450(one)-449(idyll)]TJ -221.727 -13.549 Td [(of)-392(modern)-391(life,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 68.23 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.117 0 Td [(the)-392(most)-391(perfect)-392(type)-392(of)-391(domestic)-392(peace,)-427(the)]TJ -77.347 -13.55 Td [(centre)-380(of)-380(civilisation)-380(in)-380(the)-380(remotest)-380(village.)-640(Notwithstanding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-198(class)-198(narrowness)-199(and)-198(professional)-198(bigotry,)-208(notwithstanding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-236(unworthy,)-239(but)-236(half)-236(unconscious)-236(mannerism,)-239(which)-235(is)-236(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-328(unjustly)-328(stigmatised)-329(as)-328(hypocrisy,)-348(it)-328(would)-328(be)-328(difficult)-328(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(find)-406(in)-407(any)-406(other)-406(quarter)-406(so)-406(much)-407(happiness)-406(at)-406(once)-406(diffused)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-290(enjoyed,)-300(or)-290(so)-289(much)-290(virtue)-290(attained)-290(with)-290(so)-290(little)-290(tension)-289(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(struggle.)-526(Combining)-342(with)-342(his)-342(sacred)-342(calling)-342(a)-342(warm)-342(sympathy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-231(the)-231(intellectual,)-235(social,)-235(and)-231(political)-231(movements)-231(of)-230(his)-231(time,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possessing)-452(the)-451(enlarged)-452(practical)-451(knowledge)-452(of)-452(a)-451(father)-452(of)-451(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(family,)-369(and)-346(entering)-345(with)-346(a)-345(keen)-346(zest)-345(into)-346(the)-345(occupations)-345(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-207(amusements)-206(of)-207(his)-206(parishioners,)-215(a)-207(good)-206(clergyman)-207(will)-206(rarely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obtrude)-402(his)-402(religious)-402(convictions)-402(into)-402(secular)-402(spheres,)-440(but)-402(yet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-434(make)-435(them)-434(apparent)-434(in)-434(all.)-803(They)-434(will)-435(be)-434(revealed)-434(by)-434(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(higher)-373(and)-372(deeper)-373(moral)-372(tone,)-404(by)-372(a)-373(more)-372(scrupulous)-373(purity)-372(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(word)-320(and)-319(action,)-337(by)-320(an)-319(all-pervasive)-320(gentleness,)-337(which)-319(refines,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-398(softens,)-435(and)-398(mellows,)-434(and)-398(adds)-398(as)-398(much)-398(to)-398(the)-398(charm)-397(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-352(the)-352(excellence)-351(of)-352(the)-352(character)-703(in)-352(which)-352(it)-351(is)-352(displayed.)-555(In)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([335])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(visiting)-336(the)-336(sick,)-357(relieving)-336(the)-335(poor,)-358(instructing)-335(the)-336(young,)-357(and)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 144.648 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 131.895 Td [(vice.)-283(The)-261(passage)-261(\050which)-261(is)-261(quoted)-261(by)-260(Bayle\051)-261(is)-261(too)-261(remarkable)-261(to)-261(be)-261(omitted.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.958 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Taceo)-290(de)-290(fornicationibus)-290(et)-290(adulteriis)-290(a)-290(quibus)-291(qui)-290(alieni)-290(sunt)-290(probro)-290(c\346teris)]TJ -3.982 -10.959 Td [(ac)-332(ludibrio)-332(esse)-333(solent,)-352(spadonesque)-332(aut)-333(sodomit\346)-332(appellantur;)-373(denique)-332(laici)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(usque)-216(adeo)-216(persuasum)-217(habent)-216(nullos)-216(c\346libes)-216(esse,)-223(ut)-216(in)-217(plerisque)-216(parochiis)-216(non)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(aliter)-306(velint)-307(presbyterum)-306(tolerare)-307(nisi)-306(concubinam)-307(habeat,)-320(quo)-307(vel)-306(sic)-307(suis)-306(sit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(consultum)-286(uxoribus,)-294(qu\346)-286(nec)-285(sic)-286(quidem)-285(usquequaque)-286(sunt)-285(extra)-286(periculum.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(Nic.)-250(de)-250(Clem.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 52.05 0 Td [(De)-250(Pr\346sul.)-250(Simoniac.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 80.447 0 Td [(\050Lea,)-250(p.)-250(386.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1410 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1411 0 R /Resources 1409 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1403 0 R >> endobj 1412 0 obj << /D [1410 0 R /XYZ 200.038 179.445 null] >> endobj 1409 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1415 0 obj << /Length 4592 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(330History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(discharging)-240(a)-240(thousand)-241(delicate)-240(offices)-240(for)-240(which)-240(a)-240(woman's)-240(tact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-229(especially)-230(needed,)-233(his)-230(wife)-229(finds)-230(a)-229(sphere)-230(of)-229(labour)-230(which)-229(is)-229(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-245(intensely)-244(active)-244(and)-245(intensely)-244(feminine,)-246(and)-244(her)-245(example)-244(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-250(less)-250(beneficial)-250(than)-250(her)-250(ministrations.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Among)-267(the)-267(Catholic)-266(priesthood,)-271(on)-267(the)-267(other)-267(hand,)-271(where)-266(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(vow)-275(of)-276(celibacy)-275(is)-276(faithfully)-275(observed,)-282(a)-275(character)-276(of)-275(a)-275(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(type)-180(is)-180(formed,)-194(which)-179(with)-180(very)-180(grave)-180(and)-180(deadly)-180(faults)-179(combines)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-356(of)-355(the)-356(noblest)-355(excellences)-356(to)-356(which)-355(humanity)-356(can)-355(attain.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Separated)-275(from)-275(most)-275(of)-275(the)-276(ties)-275(and)-275(affections)-275(of)-275(earth,)-281(viewing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(life)-367(chiefly)-367(through)-367(the)-368(distorted)-367(medium)-367(of)-367(the)-367(casuist)-367(or)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(confessional,)-462(and)-419(deprived)-420(of)-419(those)-420(relationships)-419(which)-419(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-395(any)-395(others)-395(soften)-395(and)-395(expand)-395(the)-395(character,)-431(the)-395(Catholic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priests)-306(have)-307(been)-306(but)-306(too)-307(often)-306(conspicuous)-306(for)-307(their)-306(fierce)-306(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sanguinary)-315(fanaticism,)-331(and)-315(for)-315(their)-315(indifference)-315(to)-315(all)-314(interests)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(except)-388(those)-389(of)-388(their)-388(Church;)-458(while)-388(the)-388(narrow)-389(range)-388(of)-388(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sympathies,)-438(and)-400(the)-401(intellectual)-400(servitude)-401(they)-400(have)-400(accepted,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(render)-378(them)-377(peculiarly)-378(unfitted)-377(for)-377(the)-378(office)-377(of)-378(educating)-377(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(young,)-273(which)-269(they)-268(so)-269(persistently)-268(claim,)-274(and)-268(which,)-273(to)-269(the)-268(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(misfortune)-197(of)-197(the)-197(world,)-207(they)-197(were)-197(long)-197(permitted)-197(to)-196(monopolise.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But,)-182(on)-164(the)-165(other)-164(hand,)-182(no)-165(other)-164(body)-165(of)-164(men)-165(have)-164(ever)-165(exhibited)-164(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(more)-198(single-minded)-197(and)-198(unworldly)-198(zeal,)-208(refracted)-197(by)-198(no)-197(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interests,)-372(sacrificing)-347(to)-347(duty)-347(the)-347(dearest)-348(of)-347(earthly)-347(objects,)-371(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(confronting)-295(with)-294(undaunted)-295(heroism)-294(every)-295(form)-294(of)-295(hardship,)-305(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering,)-250(and)-250(of)-250(death.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(That)-273(the)-273(middle)-272(ages,)-279(even)-273(in)-272(their)-273(darkest)-273(periods,)-278(produced)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(many)-338(good)-339(and)-338(great)-339(men)-338(of)-338(the)-339(latter)-338(type)-338(it)-339(would)-338(be)-338(unjust)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-320(absurd)-319(to)-319(deny.)-459(It)-319(can)-320(hardly,)-337(however,)-337(be)-319(questioned)-319(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-390(extreme)-390(frequency)-389(of)-390(illicit)-390(connections)-390(among)-390(the)-389(clergy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tended)-322(during)-321(many)-322(centuries)-321(most)-322(actively)-322(to)-321(lower)-322(the)-321(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tone)-239(of)-239(the)-239(laity,)-241(and)-239(to)-239(counteract)-239(the)-239(great)-239(services)-239(in)-239(the)-238(cause)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-386(purity)-386(which)-387(Christian)-386(teaching)-772(had)-386(undoubtedly)-386(effected.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([336])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(The)-377(priestly)-378(connections)-377(were)-378(rarely)-377(so)-377(fully)-378(recognised)-377(as)-377(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enable)-470(the)-470(mistress)-470(to)-470(fill)-470(a)-470(position)-470(like)-470(that)-470(which)-470(is)-469(now)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occupied)-514(by)-514(the)-513(wife)-514(of)-514(a)-514(clergyman,)-579(and)-514(the)-514(spectacle)-513(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1414 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1415 0 R /Resources 1413 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1403 0 R >> endobj 1416 0 obj << /D [1414 0 R /XYZ 253.382 106.79 null] >> endobj 1413 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1419 0 obj << /Length 5857 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(331)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-334(chief)-334(teachers)-334(and)-334(exemplars)-334(of)-334(morals)-334(living)-334(habitually)-334(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-452(intercourse)-453(which)-452(was)-452(acknowledged)-453(to)-452(be)-452(ambiguous)-452(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wrong,)-248(must)-248(have)-248(acted)-247(most)-248(injuriously)-248(upon)-247(every)-248(class)-248(of)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(community.)-585(Asceticism,)-390(proclaiming)-361(war)-362(upon)-362(human)-361(nature,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(produced)-436(a)-436(revulsion)-436(towards)-436(its)-436(extreme)-436(opposite,)-482(and)-436(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-306(it)-306(was)-306(observed)-307(it)-306(was)-306(frequently)-306(detrimental)-306(to)-306(purity)-306(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind.)-781(The)-427(habit)-427(of)-427(continually)-427(looking)-427(upon)-427(marriage)-427(in)-427(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(coarsest)-253(light,)-255(and)-253(of)-254(regarding)-253(the)-254(propagation)-253(of)-254(the)-253(species)-253(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-198(one)-197(legitimate)-198(end,)-208(exercised)-198(a)-197(peculiarly)-198(perverting)-197(influence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(upon)-244(the)-244(imagination.)-248(The)-244(exuberant)-244(piety)-244(of)-244(wives)-244(who)-244(desired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-478(live)-479(apart)-478(from)-478(their)-479(husbands)-478(often)-478(drove)-479(the)-478(latter)-478(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(serious)-180(irregularities.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 91.345 3.959 Td [(731)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.927 -3.959 Td [(The)-180(notion)-181(of)-180(sin)-180(was)-180(introduced)-181(into)-180(the)]TJ -106.272 -13.549 Td [(dearest)-318(of)-318(relationships,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 105.398 3.959 Td [(732)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.105 -3.959 Td [(and)-318(the)-317(whole)-318(subject)-318(was)-318(distorted)]TJ -121.503 -13.549 Td [(and)-240(degraded.)-247(It)-239(is)-240(one)-240(of)-240(the)-240(great)-240(benefits)-240(of)-240(Protestantism)-239(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-324(did)-323(much)-324(to)-323(banish)-324(these)-324(modes)-323(of)-324(thought)-323(and)-324(feeling)-323(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-201(world,)-212(and)-201(to)-201(restore)-202(marriage)-201(to)-202(its)-201(simplicity)-202(and)-201(its)-201(dignity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(We)-315(have)-316(a)-315(gratifying)-315(illustration)-631(of)-315(the)-315(extent)-316(to)-315(which)-315(an)-315(old)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([337])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(superstition)-250(has)-251(declined,)-250(in)-250(the)-251(fact)-250(that)-250(when)-251(Goldsmith,)-250(in)-250(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-376(romance,)-407(desired)-375(to)-376(depict)-376(the)-375(harmless)-376(eccentricities)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-348(simple-minded)-349(and)-348(unworldly)-348(vicar,)-373(he)-349(represented)-348(him)-348(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(maintaining)-237(that)-236(opinion)-237(concerning)-237(the)-236(sinfulness)-237(of)-237(the)-236(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage)-223(of)-224(a)-223(clergyman)-223(which)-223(was)-224(for)-223(many)-223(centuries)-223(universal)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 219.39 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 212.577 Td [(731)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-510(was)-510(energetically)-510(noticed)-509(by)-510(Luther,)-575(in)-510(his)-510(famous)-510(sermon)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 254.238 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(De)]TJ -270.175 -10.958 Td [(Matrimonio,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 45.083 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.849 0 Td [(and)-208(some)-209(of)-208(the)-208(Catholic)-209(preachers)-208(of)-208(an)-209(earlier)-208(period)-208(had)-209(made)]TJ -50.932 -10.959 Td [(the)-239(same)-240(complaint.)-246(See)-239(a)-240(curious)-239(passage)-239(from)-239(a)-240(contemporary)-239(of)-239(Boccaccio,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(quoted)-364(by)-365(Meray,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 69.077 0 Td [(Les)-364(Libres)-365(pr\352cheurs)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.765 0 Td [(,)-393(p.)-593(155.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 38.822 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Vast)-364(numbers)-365(of)-364(laymen)]TJ -189.645 -10.959 Td [(separated)-225(from)-225(their)-224(wives)-225(under)-225(the)-224(influence)-225(of)-225(the)-225(ascetic)-224(enthusiasm)-225(which)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Hildebrand)-250(created.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 70.709 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Lea,)-250(p.)-250(254.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -83.408 -7.311 Td [(732)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Quando)-497(enim)-496(servata)-497(fide)-496(thori)-497(causa)-497(prolis)-496(conjuges)-497(conveniunt)-497(sic)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(excusatur)-204(coitus)-204(ut)-204(culpam)-205(non)-204(habeat.)-234(Quando)-205(vero)-204(deficiente)-204(bono)-204(prolis)-204(fide)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(tamen)-258(servata)-258(conveniunt)-258(causa)-258(incontinenti\346)-259(non)-258(sic)-258(excusatur)-258(ut)-258(non)-258(habeat)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(culpam,)-277(sed)-272(venialem....)-316(Item)-272(hoc)-272(quod)-271(conjugati)-272(victi)-272(concupiscentia)-272(utuntur)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(invicem,)-183(ultra)-165(necessitatem)-166(liberos)-165(procreandi,)-183(ponam)-166(in)-165(his)-166(pro)-165(quibus)-166(quotidie)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(dicimus)-305(Dimitte)-305(nobis)-305(debita)-304(nostra....)-415(Unde)-305(in)-304(sententiolis)-305(Sexti)-305(Pythagorici)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(legitur)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 25.494 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(omnis)-232(ardentior)-233(amator)-232(propri\346)-232(uxoris)-232(adulter)-233(est.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 179.101 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(Peter)-232(Lombard,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf -225.009 -10.959 Td [(Sentent.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.881 0 Td [(lib.)-250(iv.)-250(dist.)-250(31.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1418 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1419 0 R /Resources 1417 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1403 0 R >> endobj 1420 0 obj << /D [1418 0 R /XYZ 194.856 301.388 null] >> endobj 1417 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1423 0 obj << /Length 5340 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(332History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(Church.)]TJ 11.956 -16.802 Td [(Another)-268(injurious)-268(consequence,)-272(resulting,)-272(in)-268(a)-268(great)-267(measure,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(from)-450(asceticism,)-499(was)-450(a)-450(tendency)-449(to)-450(depreciate)-450(extremely)-449(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character)-322(and)-323(the)-322(position)-323(of)-322(women.)-467(In)-322(this)-323(tendency)-322(we)-322(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(detect)-179(in)-178(part)-179(the)-179(influence)-178(of)-179(the)-179(earlier)-178(Jewish)-179(writings,)-193(in)-178(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-396(impartial)-396(observer)-396(may)-395(find)-396(evident)-396(traces)-396(of)-396(the)-395(common)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Oriental)-535(depreciation)-535(of)-535(women.)-1104(The)-535(custom)-535(of)-534(purchase-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(money)-345(to)-346(the)-345(father)-346(of)-345(the)-345(bride)-346(was)-345(admitted.)-536(Polygamy)-345(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(authorised,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.175 3.958 Td [(733)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.963 -3.958 Td [(and)-307(practised)-308(by)-307(the)-308(wisest)-307(man)-307(on)-308(an)-307(enormous)]TJ -64.138 -13.55 Td [(scale.)-613(A)-370(woman)-371(was)-371(regarded)-371(as)-371(the)-370(origin)-371(of)-371(human)-371(ills.)-612(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-464(of)-464(purification)-464(was)-463(appointed)-464(after)-464(the)-464(birth)-464(of)-463(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(child;)-351(but,)-335(by)-317(a)-317(very)-318(significant)-317(provision,)-335(it)-317(was)-318(twice)-317(as)-317(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-421(the)-421(case)-421(of)-421(a)-421(female)-421(as)-421(of)-422(a)-421(male)-421(child.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 198.912 3.959 Td [(734)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 20.779 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-421(badness)]TJ -224.535 -13.549 Td [(of)-332(men,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 34.222 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.465 0 Td [(a)-332(Jewish)-332(writer)-332(emphatically)-332(declared,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 174.954 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(is)-332(better)-332(than)]TJ -222.485 -13.55 Td [(the)-466(goodness)-466(of)-466(women.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 113.116 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(735)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.536 -3.959 Td [(The)-466(types)-466(of)-466(female)-466(excellence)]TJ -135.496 -13.549 Td [(exhibited)-304(in)-303(the)-304(early)-304(period)-303(of)-304(Jewish)-304(history)-303(are)-304(in)-304(general)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-270(low)-271(order,)-275(and)-271(certainly)-270(far)-270(inferior)-271(to)-270(those)-271(of)-270(Roman)-270(history)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-413(Greek)-412(poetry;)-494(and)-412(the)-413(warmest)-412(eulogy)-413(of)-412(a)-413(woman)-412(in)-412(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Old)-365(Testament)-365(is)-365(probably)-364(that)-365(which)-365(was)-365(bestowed)-365(upon)-364(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who,)-325(with)-310(circumstances)-309(of)-310(the)-310(most)-310(aggravated)-310(treachery,)-324(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(murdered)-310(the)-309(sleeping)-310(fugitive)-309(who)-310(had)-310(taken)-309(refuge)-310(under)-309(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(roof.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([338])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -16.802 Td [(The)-366(combined)-367(influence)-366(of)-367(the)-366(Jewish)-366(writings,)-396(and)-366(of)-367(that)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(ascetic)-513(feeling)-514(which)-513(treated)-514(women)-513(as)-513(the)-514(chief)-513(source)-513(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temptation)-289(to)-288(man,)-298(was)-289(shown)-289(in)-288(those)-289(fierce)-288(invectives,)-298(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(form)-306(so)-306(conspicuous)-306(and)-306(so)-306(grotesque)-306(a)-306(portion)-306(of)-306(the)-306(writings)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-208(the)-208(Fathers,)-216(and)-208(which)-208(contrast)-208(so)-208(curiously)-208(with)-208(the)-208(adulation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bestowed)-459(upon)-459(particular)-459(members)-459(of)-459(the)-459(sex.)-877(Woman)-459(was)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 131.963 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 125.151 Td [(733)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Many)-386(wives,)-421(however,)-420(were)-386(forbidden.)-659(\050Deut.)-659(xvii.)-659(17.\051)-659(Polygamy)-387(is)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(said)-442(to)-442(have)-442(ceased)-442(among)-442(the)-442(Jews)-442(after)-442(the)-442(return)-442(from)-442(the)-442(Babylonish)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(captivity.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 33.624 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Whewell's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 39.712 0 Td [(Elements)-250(of)-250(Morality)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.712 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(iv.)-250(ch.)-250(v.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -157.766 -7.311 Td [(734)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Levit.)-250(xii.)-250(1-5.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(735)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ecclesiasticus,)-264(xiii.)-284(14.)-283(I)-262(believe,)-264(however,)-264(the)-261(passage)-261(has)-261(been)-262(translated)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Better)-250(the)-250(badness)-250(of)-250(a)-250(man)-250(than)-250(the)-250(blandishments)-250(of)-250(a)-250(woman.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 231.1 0 Td [(\035)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1422 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1423 0 R /Resources 1421 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1403 0 R >> endobj 1424 0 obj << /D [1422 0 R /XYZ 93.543 230.291 null] >> endobj 1421 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1427 0 obj << /Length 6471 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(333)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(represented)-310(as)-309(the)-309(door)-310(of)-309(hell,)-325(as)-309(the)-310(mother)-309(of)-310(all)-309(human)-309(ills.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(She)-267(should)-266(be)-267(ashamed)-267(at)-266(the)-267(very)-266(thought)-267(that)-267(she)-266(is)-267(a)-266(woman.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(She)-335(should)-334(live)-335(in)-335(continual)-334(penance,)-356(on)-335(account)-334(of)-335(the)-334(curses)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-302(has)-301(brought)-302(upon)-302(the)-302(world.)-405(She)-302(should)-301(be)-302(ashamed)-302(of)-301(her)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dress,)-265(for)-262(it)-262(is)-262(the)-263(memorial)-262(of)-262(her)-262(fall.)-286(She)-262(should)-262(be)-262(especially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ashamed)-364(of)-364(her)-364(beauty,)-393(for)-364(it)-364(i)1(s)-364(the)-364(most)-364(potent)-364(instrument)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-337(d\346mon.)-510(Physical)-336(beauty)-337(was)-337(indeed)-336(perpetually)-337(the)-336(theme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-407(ecclesiastical)-406(denunciations,)-446(though)-406(one)-407(singular)-406(exception)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seems)-485(to)-485(have)-485(been)-485(made;)-602(for)-485(it)-485(has)-485(been)-485(observed)-485(that)-484(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-303(middle)-303(ages)-303(the)-303(personal)-303(beauty)-303(of)-303(bishops)-303(was)-303(continually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(noticed)-373(upon)-372(their)-373(tombs.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 115.525 3.959 Td [(736)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.192 -3.959 Td [(Women)-373(were)-372(even)-373(forbidden)-372(by)]TJ -134.717 -13.549 Td [(a)-378(provincial)-377(Council,)-409(in)-378(the)-377(sixth)-378(century,)-409(on)-378(account)-377(of)-377(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impurity,)-196(to)-182(receive)-182(the)-182(Eucharist)-182(into)-182(their)-182(naked)-183(hands.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 242.067 3.959 Td [(737)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.934 -3.959 Td [(Their)]TJ -257.001 -13.549 Td [(essentially)-250(subordinate)-250(position)-250(was)-250(continually)-250(maintained.)]TJ 11.956 -14.316 Td [(It)-396(is)-397(probable)-396(that)-396(this)-397(teaching)-396(had)-396(its)-397(part)-396(in)-396(determining)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-481(principles)-481(of)-481(legislation)-482(concerning)-481(the)-481(sex.)-943(The)-481(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(laws)-542(during)-543(the)-542(Empire)-543(had)-542(been)-543(continually)-542(repealing)-542(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-530(disabilities)-530(of)-529(women,)-600(and)-530(the)-530(legislative)-530(movement)-529(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-453(favour)-454(continued)-453(with)-453(unabated)-454(force)-453(from)-453(Constantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-438(Justinian,)-486(and)-438(appeared)-438(also)-438(in)-438(some)-439(of)-438(the)-438(early)-438(laws)-438(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-359(barbarians.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 65.409 3.958 Td [(738)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.742 -3.958 Td [(But)-359(in)-359(the)-358(whole)-359(feudal)-359(legislation)-718(women)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 206.873 0 Td [([339])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(were)-374(placed)-375(in)-374(a)-374(much)-375(lower)-374(legal)-374(position)-375(than)-374(in)-374(the)-374(Pagan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 34.844 3.959 Td [(739)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.463 -3.959 Td [(In)-350(addition)-351(to)-350(the)-350(personal)-350(restrictions)-351(which)-350(grew)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 208.752 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 201.94 Td [(736)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-410(curious)-410(fact)-410(is)-410(noticed)-410(by)-410(Le)-410(Blant,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 158.028 0 Td [(Inscriptions)-410(chr\351tiennes)-410(de)-410(la)]TJ -169.984 -10.959 Td [(Gaule)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.914 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(xcvii.-xcviii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -21.664 -7.311 Td [(737)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(the)-250(decree)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Council)-250(of)-250(Auxerre)-250(\050)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 144.905 0 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(D)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.755 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F32 8.9664 Tf 2.241 0 Td [(f)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.608 0 Td [(FNS)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 16.859 0 Td [(578\051,)-250(can.)-250(36.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -194.07 -7.31 Td [(738)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-423(the)-423(last)-423(two)-423(chapters)-423(of)-423(Troplong,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 149.701 0 Td [(Influences)-423(du)-423(Christianisme)-423(sur)]TJ -161.656 -10.959 Td [(le)-393(Droit)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 32.959 0 Td [(\050a)-393(work,)-430(however,)-429(which)-394(is)-393(written)-393(much)-394(more)-393(in)-394(the)-393(spirit)-394(of)-393(an)]TJ -32.959 -10.959 Td [(apologist)-250(than)-250(in)-250(that)-250(of)-250(an)-250(historian\051,)-250(and)-250(Legouv\351,)-250(pp.)-250(27-29.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(739)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Even)-207(in)-207(matters)-207(not)-208(relating)-207(to)-207(property,)-216(the)-207(position)-207(of)-207(women)-207(in)-208(feudalism)]TJ -11.955 -10.958 Td [(was)-312(a)-313(low)-312(one.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 58.881 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Tout)-312(mari,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 38.415 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.781 0 Td [(says)-312(Beaumanoir,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 67.25 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(peut)-312(battre)-313(sa)-312(femme)-312(quand)]TJ -179.289 -10.959 Td [(elle)-231(ne)-232(veut)-231(pas)-232(ob\351ir)-231(\340)-231(son)-232(commandement,)-235(ou)-231(quand)-232(elle)-231(le)-231(maudit,)-236(ou)-231(quand)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(elle)-351(le)-350(d\351ment,)-376(pourvu)-351(que)-351(ce)-351(soit)-350(mod\351r\351ment)-351(et)-351(sans)-350(que)-351(mort)-351(s'ensuive,)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 276.648 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.648 -10.959 Td [(quoted)-332(by)-332(Legouv\351,)-352(p.)-495(148.)-496(Contrast)-331(with)-332(this)-332(the)-332(saying)-332(of)-331(the)-332(elder)-332(Cato:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(A)-242(man)-242(who)-243(beats)-242(his)-242(wife)-243(or)-242(his)-242(children)-242(lays)-243(impious)-242(hands)-242(on)-242(that)-243(which)-242(is)]TJ -3.981 -10.959 Td [(most)-250(holy)-250(and)-250(most)-250(sacred)-250(in)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 143.453 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(Marcus)-250(Cato)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.074 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1426 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1427 0 R /Resources 1425 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1429 0 R >> endobj 1428 0 obj << /D [1426 0 R /XYZ 291.371 246.424 null] >> endobj 1425 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F32 122 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1432 0 obj << /Length 5638 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(334History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(necessarily)-457(out)-458(of)-457(the)-457(Catholic)-458(doctrines)-457(concerning)-457(divorce,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-419(concerning)-419(the)-419(subordination)-419(of)-419(the)-419(weaker)-419(sex,)-461(we)-419(find)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numerous)-177(and)-178(stringent)-177(enactments,)-192(which)-177(rendered)-177(it)-177(impossible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-325(women)-325(to)-325(succeed)-325(to)-325(any)-325(considerable)-325(amount)-325(of)-324(property,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-256(which)-257(almost)-256(reduced)-256(them)-257(to)-256(the)-256(alternative)-257(of)-256(marriage)-256(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-207(nunnery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 45.58 3.959 Td [(740)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.025 -3.959 Td [(The)-207(complete)-207(inferiority)-207(of)-208(the)-207(sex)-207(was)-207(continually)]TJ -60.605 -13.549 Td [(maintained)-306(by)-306(the)-306(law;)-334(and)-306(that)-306(generous)-306(public)-306(opinion)-306(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-396(Rome)-395(had)-396(frequently)-395(revolted)-396(against)-396(the)-395(injustice)-396(done)-395(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(girls,)-458(in)-416(depriving)-416(them)-416(of)-415(the)-416(greater)-416(part)-416(of)-416(the)-416(inheritance)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-397(their)-398(fathers,)-434(totally)-397(disappeared.)-692(Wherever)-397(the)-397(canon)-397(law)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-427(been)-426(the)-427(basis)-427(of)-427(legislation,)-471(we)-426(find)-427(laws)-427(of)-426(succession)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sacrificing)-251(the)-250(interests)-250(of)-251(daughters)-250(and)-251(of)-250(wives,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 219.385 3.959 Td [(741)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.188 -3.959 Td [(and)-250(a)-251(state)]TJ -234.573 -13.549 Td [(of)-256(public)-257(opinion)-256(which)-256(has)-256(been)-256(formed)-257(and)-256(regulated)-256(by)-256(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laws;)-536(nor)-441(was)-441(any)-441(serious)-440(attempt)-441(made)-441(to)-441(abolish)-441(them)-440(till)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-573(close)-287(of)-287(the)-286(last)-287(century.)-360(The)-287(French)-287(revolutionists,)-295(though)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([340])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(rejecting)-198(the)-199(proposal)-198(of)-198(Si\351y\350s)-198(and)-199(Condorcet)-198(to)-198(accord)-198(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emancipation)-247(to)-247(women,)-248(established)-248(at)-247(least)-247(an)-247(equal)-247(succession)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-313(sons)-313(and)-313(daughters,)-329(and)-313(thus)-313(initiated)-313(a)-313(great)-312(reformation)-313(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(both)-367(law)-367(and)-367(opinion,)-397(which)-367(sooner)-367(or)-367(later)-367(must)-367(traverse)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(world.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(In)-369(their)-368(efforts)-369(to)-368(raise)-369(the)-368(standard)-369(of)-369(purity,)-398(the)-368(Christian)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(teachers)-411(derived)-410(much)-411(assistance)-411(from)-410(the)-411(incursions)-411(and)-410(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conquests)-311(of)-311(the)-311(barbarians.)-434(The)-311(dissolution)-311(of)-311(vast)-311(retinues)-311(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaves,)-444(the)-406(suspension)-405(of)-406(most)-406(public)-405(games,)-444(and)-406(the)-405(general)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 197.472 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 190.66 Td [(740)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Legouv\351,)-250(pp.)-250(29-38;)-250(Maine's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 120.4 0 Td [(Ancient)-250(Law)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.083 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(154-159.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -177.19 -7.311 Td [(741)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(No)-286(society)-285(which)-286(preserves)-285(any)-286(tincture)-285(of)-286(Christian)-286(institutions)-285(is)-286(likely)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(to)-391(restore)-391(to)-391(married)-391(women)-391(the)-392(personal)-391(liberty)-391(conferred)-391(on)-391(them)-391(by)-391(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(middle)-338(Roman)-338(law:)-426(but)-338(the)-338(proprietary)-338(disabilities)-338(of)-338(married)-338(females)-338(stand)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(on)-265(quite)-264(a)-265(different)-264(basis)-265(from)-264(their)-264(personal)-265(incapacities,)-268(and)-265(it)-264(is)-265(by)-264(keeping)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(alive)-331(and)-331(consolidating)-331(the)-330(former)-331(that)-331(the)-331(expositors)-331(of)-331(the)-330(canon)-331(law)-331(have)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(deeply)-398(injured)-398(civilisation.)-694(There)-398(are)-398(many)-398(vestiges)-398(of)-398(a)-398(struggle)-398(between)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-279(secular)-280(and)-279(ecclesiastical)-279(principles;)-294(but)-279(the)-279(canon)-280(law)-279(nearly)-279(everywhere)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prevailed.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 35.606 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Maine's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.237 0 Td [(Ancient)-248(Law)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.067 0 Td [(,)-249(p.)-249(158.)-249(I)-249(may)-248(observe)-248(that)-248(the)-248(Russian)-249(law)]TJ -123.857 -10.959 Td [(was)-318(early)-317(very)-318(favourable)-317(to)-318(the)-317(proprietary)-318(rights)-317(of)-318(married)-317(women.)-453(See)-317(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(remarkable)-358(letter)-359(in)-358(the)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 89.543 0 Td [(Memoirs)-358(of)-359(the)-358(Princess)-358(Daschkaw)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 134.108 0 Td [(\050edited)-358(by)-359(Mrs.)]TJ -223.651 -10.959 Td [(Bradford:)-250(London,)-250(1840\051,)-250(vol.)-250(ii.)-250(p.)-250(404.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1431 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1432 0 R /Resources 1430 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1429 0 R >> endobj 1433 0 obj << /D [1431 0 R /XYZ 110.002 328.486 null] >> endobj 1430 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1436 0 obj << /Length 4923 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(335)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(impoverishment)-243(that)-242(followed)-243(the)-243(invasions,)-244(were)-243(all)-242(favourable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-573(female)-574(virtue;)-735(and)-573(in)-573(this)-573(respect)-574(the)-573(various)-573(tribes)-573(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarians,)-447(however)-408(violent)-408(and)-408(lawless,)-448(were)-408(far)-408(superior)-407(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-300(more)-300(civilised)-299(community.)-400(Tacitus,)-312(in)-300(a)-300(very)-300(famous)-299(work,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-427(long)-426(before)-427(pourtrayed)-426(in)-427(the)-427(most)-426(flattering)-427(colours)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purity)-306(of)-306(the)-307(Germans.)-418(Adultery,)-320(he)-307(said,)-320(was)-306(very)-306(rare)-306(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them.)-230(The)-192(adulteress)-191(was)-191(driven)-191(from)-192(the)-191(house)-191(with)-191(shaven)-191(hair,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-212(beaten)-211(ignominiously)-212(through)-212(the)-211(village.)-237(Neither)-212(youth,)-219(nor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty,)-410(nor)-378(wealth)-378(could)-378(enable)-378(a)-378(woman)-378(who)-378(was)-378(known)-378(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-253(sinned)-253(to)-253(secure)-253(a)-252(husband.)-259(Polygamy)-253(was)-253(restricted)-253(to)-252(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(princes,)-203(who)-192(looked)-192(upon)-192(a)-192(plurality)-192(of)-191(wives)-192(rather)-192(as)-192(a)-192(badge)-191(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dignity)-211(than)-210(as)-211(a)-210(gratification)-211(of)-210(the)-211(passions.)-237(Mothers)-210(invariably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gave)-462(suck)-462(to)-462(their)-461(own)-462(children.)-886(Infanticide)-462(was)-461(forbidden.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Widows)-214(were)-215(not)-214(allowed)-215(to)-214(re-marry.)-238(The)-215(men)-214(feared)-214(captivity,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(much)-371(more)-370(for)-371(their)-370(wives)-371(than)-370(for)-371(themselves;)-431(they)-370(believed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-216(a)-216(sacred)-217(and)-216(prophetic)-216(gift)-216(resided)-217(in)-216(women;)-227(they)-216(consulted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-250(as)-250(oracles,)-250(and)-250(followed)-250(their)-250(counsels.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 195.72 3.959 Td [(742)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -183.764 -18.856 Td [(It)-181(is)-181(generally)-181(believed,)-195(and)-181(it)-181(is)-181(not)-181(improbable,)-195(that)-181(Tacitus)-181(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(this)-289(work)-290(intended)-289(to)-289(reprove)-290(the)-289(dissolute)-289(habits)-290(of)-289(his)-289(fellow-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(countrymen,)-453(and)-412(considerably)-412(over-coloured)-411(the)-412(virtue)-412(of)-412(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(barbarians.)-241(Of)-222(the)-222(substantial)-222(justice,)-228(however,)-456(of)-222(his)-222(picture)-222(we)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([341])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(have)-320(much)-319(evidence.)-459(Salvian,)-337(who,)-337(about)-319(three)-320(centuries)-319(later,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(witnessed)-279(and)-278(described)-279(the)-279(manners)-279(of)-278(the)-279(barbarians)-279(who)-278(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(triumphed)-213(over)-213(the)-212(Empire,)-221(attested)-212(in)-213(the)-213(strongest)-213(language)-212(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contrast)-223(which)-223(their)-223(chastity)-222(presented)-223(to)-223(the)-223(vice)-223(of)-223(those)-222(whom)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-327(had)-328(subdued.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 80.767 3.959 Td [(743)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.711 -3.959 Td [(The)-327(Scandinavian)-328(mythology)-327(abounds)-327(in)]TJ -98.478 -13.549 Td [(legends)-353(exhibiting)-352(the)-353(clear)-352(sentiment)-352(of)-353(the)-352(heathen)-353(tribes)-352(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-351(subject)-351(of)-351(purity,)-376(and)-351(the)-351(awful)-351(penalties)-351(threatened)-351(in)-350(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(next)-306(world)-306(against)-307(the)-306(seducers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 142.121 3.959 Td [(744)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.02 -3.959 Td [(The)-306(barbarian)-306(women)-307(were)]TJ -159.141 -13.549 Td [(accustomed)-402(to)-403(practise)-402(medicine)-403(and)-402(to)-403(interpret)-402(dreams,)-440(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(they)-303(also)-303(very)-303(frequently)-303(accompanied)-303(their)-303(husbands)-303(to)-302(battle,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 99.003 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 92.19 Td [(742)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Germania)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.358 0 Td [(,)-250(cap.)-250(ix.)-250(xviii.-xx.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -48.064 -7.31 Td [(743)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(De)-250(Gubernatione)-250(Dei.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(744)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-250(for)-250(these)-250(legends,)-250(Mallet's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 113.424 0 Td [(Northern)-250(Antiquities)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.982 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1435 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1436 0 R /Resources 1434 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1429 0 R >> endobj 1437 0 obj << /D [1435 0 R /XYZ 252.811 245.843 null] >> endobj 1434 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1440 0 obj << /Length 5350 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(336History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(rallied)-275(their)-275(broken)-275(forces,)-282(and)-275(even)-275(themselves)-275(took)-275(part)-275(in)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fight.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 23.335 3.959 Td [(745)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.732 -3.959 Td [(Augustus)-389(had)-389(discovered)-389(that)-389(it)-389(was)-389(useless)-390(to)-389(keep)]TJ -43.067 -13.549 Td [(barbarian)-351(chiefs)-351(as)-351(hostages,)-377(and)-351(that)-351(the)-351(one)-351(way)-351(of)-351(securing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-383(fidelity)-384(of)-383(traitors)-383(was)-384(by)-383(taking)-383(their)-384(wives,)-416(for)-384(these,)-416(at)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(least,)-448(were)-408(never)-408(sacrificed.)-725(Instances)-409(of)-408(female)-408(heroism)-408(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said)-425(to)-425(have)-425(occurred)-424(in)-425(the)-425(conquered)-425(nations,)-469(which)-424(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rival)-290(the)-289(most)-290(splendid)-290(in)-290(the)-289(Roman)-290(annals.)-369(When)-290(Marius)-289(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vanquished)-401(an)-401(army)-400(of)-401(the)-401(Teutons,)-438(their)-401(wives)-401(besought)-400(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conqueror)-328(to)-329(permit)-328(them)-329(to)-328(become)-329(the)-328(servants)-329(of)-328(the)-328(Vestal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Virgins,)-486(in)-440(order)-439(that)-439(their)-439(honour,)-487(at)-439(least,)-486(might)-439(be)-439(secure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-396(slavery.)-687(Their)-395(request)-396(was)-396(refused,)-432(and)-395(that)-396(night)-396(they)-395(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perished)-247(by)-247(their)-247(own)-247(hands.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.612 3.959 Td [(746)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.17 -3.959 Td [(A)-247(powerful)-247(noble)-247(once)-247(solicited)]TJ -140.782 -13.549 Td [(the)-287(hand)-287(of)-286(a)-287(Galatian)-287(lady)-287(named)-287(Camma,)-296(who,)-296(faithful)-287(to)-286(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(husband,)-390(resisted)-361(all)-362(his)-362(entreaties.)-585(Resolved)-361(at)-362(any)-362(hazard)-361(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(succeed,)-228(he)-222(caused)-222(her)-222(husband)-222(to)-222(be)-222(assassinated,)-227(and)-222(when)-222(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(took)-302(refuge)-303(in)-302(the)-302(temple)-302(of)-302(Diana,)-316(and)-302(enrolled)-302(herself)-302(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-283(priestesses,)-291(he)-282(sent)-283(noble)-283(after)-283(noble)-282(to)-283(induce)-283(her)-283(to)-282(relent.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(After)-237(a)-237(time,)-240(he)-237(ventured)-237(himself)-237(into)-237(her)-238(presence.)-245(She)-237(feigned)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([342])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(a)-229(willingness)-229(to)-229(yield,)-234(but)-229(told)-229(him)-229(it)-229(was)-229(first)-229(necessary)-229(to)-229(make)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-281(libation)-280(to)-281(the)-280(goddess.)-341(She)-281(appeared)-280(as)-281(a)-280(priestess)-281(before)-280(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(altar,)-230(bearing)-224(in)-224(her)-225(hand)-224(a)-224(cup)-225(of)-224(wine,)-229(which)-225(she)-224(had)-224(poisoned.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(She)-315(drank)-315(half)-315(of)-314(it)-315(herself,)-331(handed)-315(the)-315(remainder)-315(to)-315(her)-314(guilty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lover,)-328(and)-313(when)-313(he)-313(had)-312(drained)-313(the)-313(cup)-313(to)-313(the)-312(dregs,)-329(burst)-312(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-410(fierce)-410(thanksgiving,)-450(that)-410(she)-410(had)-410(been)-410(permitted)-410(to)-409(avenge,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-310(was)-309(soon)-310(to)-310(rejoin,)-324(her)-310(murdered)-309(husband.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 208.618 3.958 Td [(747)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.132 -3.958 Td [(Another)-310(and)]TJ -225.75 -13.55 Td [(still)-237(more)-237(remarkable)-237(instance)-237(of)-237(conjugal)-237(fidelity)-237(was)-236(furnished)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-451(a)-451(Gaulish)-451(woman)-451(named)-451(Epponina.)-853(Her)-451(husband,)-501(Julius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sabinus,)-533(had)-477(rebelled)-477(against)-477(Vespasian;)-590(he)-477(was)-476(conquered,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-329(might)-330(easily)-329(have)-329(escaped)-329(to)-330(Germany,)-349(but)-329(could)-329(not)-329(bear)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-401(abandon)-401(his)-402(young)-401(wife.)-703(He)-401(retired)-402(to)-401(a)-401(villa)-401(of)-401(his)-401(own,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 110.045 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 103.149 Td [(745)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tacitus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.872 0 Td [(Germ.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.889 0 Td [(9;)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 9.211 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.419 0 Td [(iv.)-250(18;)-249(Xiphilin.)-250(lxxi.)-249(3;)-249(Amm.)-250(Marcellinus,)-249(xv.)-250(12;)]TJ -96.347 -10.959 Td [(Vopiscus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 37.856 0 Td [(Aurelianus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.354 0 Td [(;)-250(Floras,)-250(iii.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -76.961 -7.31 Td [(746)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Valer.)-250(Max.)-250(vi.)-250(1;)-250(Hieron.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 95.375 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.445 0 Td [(cxxiii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -121.527 -7.311 Td [(747)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 34.368 0 Td [(De)-250(Mulier.)-250(Virt.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1439 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1440 0 R /Resources 1438 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1429 0 R >> endobj 1441 0 obj << /D [1439 0 R /XYZ 374.173 287.839 null] >> endobj 1438 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1444 0 obj << /Length 5236 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(337)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(concealed)-232(himself)-232(in)-232(subterranean)-232(cellars)-233(that)-232(were)-232(below)-232(it,)-235(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instructed)-240(a)-239(freedman)-240(to)-240(spread)-239(the)-240(report)-240(that)-239(he)-240(had)-239(committed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suicide,)-312(while,)-313(to)-299(account)-300(for)-300(the)-300(disappearance)-300(of)-299(his)-300(body,)-312(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(set)-329(fire)-328(to)-329(the)-329(villa.)-486(Epponina,)-348(hearing)-329(of)-329(the)-328(suicide,)-349(for)-328(three)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(days)-345(lay)-346(prostrate)-345(on)-345(the)-345(ground)-346(without)-345(eating.)-536(At)-345(length)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(freedman)-263(came)-263(to)-263(her,)-267(and)-263(told)-263(her)-263(that)-263(the)-263(suicide)-263(was)-263(feigned.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(She)-293(continued)-292(her)-293(lamentations)-292(by)-293(day,)-303(but)-292(visited)-293(her)-292(husband)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-386(night.)-657(She)-386(became)-386(with)-385(child,)-420(but)-386(owing,)-419(it)-386(is)-386(said,)-420(to)-385(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ointment,)-228(she)-223(succeeded)-222(in)-223(concealing)-222(her)-223(state)-222(from)-223(her)-222(friends.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(When)-211(the)-210(hour)-211(of)-210(parturition)-211(was)-210(at)-211(hand,)-218(she)-211(went)-210(alone)-211(into)-210(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cellar,)-390(and)-362(without)-363(any)-362(assistance)-362(or)-362(attendance)-362(was)-362(delivered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-401(twins,)-439(whom)-401(she)-401(brought)-401(up)-401(underground.)-703(For)-401(nine)-401(years)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(she)-439(fulfilled)-438(her)-439(task,)-486(when)-439(S)1(abinus)-439(was)-439(discovered,)-486(and,)-485(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-320(lasting)-319(disgrace)-319(of)-320(Vespasian,)-337(was)-319(executed,)-337(in)-320(spite)-319(of)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(supplications)-325(of)-324(his)-325(wife,)-343(who)-324(made)-325(it)-324(her)-325(last)-324(request)-325(that)-324(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-250(be)-250(permitted)-250(to)-250(die)-250(with)-250(him.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.855 3.959 Td [(748)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -142.899 -21.04 Td [(The)-352(moral)-352(purity)-353(of)-352(the)-352(barbarians)-352(was)-353(of)-352(a)-352(kind)-352(altogether)]TJ -8.229 -13.549 Td [(different)-342(from)-341(that)-342(which)-341(the)-342(ascetic)-341(movement)-342(inculcated.)-525(It)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 287.297 0 Td [([343])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(was)-393(concentrated)-393(exclusively)-392(upon)-393(marriage.)-679(It)-393(showed)-392(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-441(a)-442(noble)-441(conjugal)-442(fidelity;)-537(but)-441(it)-441(was)-442(little)-441(fitted)-442(for)-441(a)-441(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-419(celibacy,)-461(and)-419(di)1(d)-419(not,)-461(as)-419(we)-419(have)-419(seen,)-461(prevent)-418(excessive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disorders)-164(among)-163(the)-164(priesthood.)-221(The)-164(practice)-164(of)-164(polygamy)-163(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-347(barbarian)-347(kings)-347(was)-347(also)-347(for)-347(some)-347(centuries)-347(unchecked,)-371(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-359(least)-359(unsuppressed,)-386(by)-358(Christianity.)-577(The)-359(kings)-359(Caribert)-358(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chilperic)-394(had)-394(both)-394(many)-394(wives)-394(at)-394(the)-395(same)-394(time.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 225.584 3.959 Td [(749)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.896 -3.959 Td [(Clotaire)]TJ -245.48 -13.549 Td [(married)-445(the)-445(sister)-445(of)-445(his)-445(first)-445(wife)-445(during)-445(the)-444(lifetime)-445(of)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(latter,)-467(who,)-467(on)-423(the)-424(intention)-423(of)-424(the)-423(king)-424(being)-423(announced,)-467(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reported)-379(to)-379(have)-379(said,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 102.621 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Let)-379(my)-379(lord)-379(do)-379(what)-379(seemeth)-379(good)-379(in)]TJ -107.464 -13.55 Td [(his)-261(sight,)-264(only)-261(let)-261(thy)-261(servant)-261(live)-261(in)-261(thy)-261(favour.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 208.078 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(750)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.301 -3.959 Td [(Theodebert,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 121.004 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 114.192 Td [(748)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Plutarch,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.106 0 Td [(Amatorius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.362 0 Td [(;)-349(Xiphilin.)-447(lxvi.)-448(16;)-349(Tacit.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 101.239 0 Td [(Hist.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.021 0 Td [(iv.)-447(67.)-448(The)-316(name)-316(of)]TJ -205.684 -10.959 Td [(this)-250(heroic)-250(wife)-250(is)-250(given)-250(in)-250(three)-250(different)-250(forms.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(749)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(On)-323(the)-324(polygamy)-323(of)-324(the)-323(first,)-342(see)-323(Greg.)-471(Tur.)-470(iv.)-470(26;)-360(on)-324(the)-323(polygamy)-324(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Chilperic,)-250(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(iv.)-250(28;)-250(v.)-250(14.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(750)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Greg.)-250(Tur.)-250(iv.)-250(3.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1443 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1444 0 R /Resources 1442 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1429 0 R >> endobj 1445 0 obj << /D [1443 0 R /XYZ 46.771 284.306 null] >> endobj 1442 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1448 0 obj << /Length 5606 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(338History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(whose)-316(general)-315(goodness)-316(of)-316(character)-316(is)-315(warmly)-316(extolled)-316(by)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(episcopal)-377(historian,)-408(abandoned)-377(his)-377(first)-377(wife)-377(on)-377(account)-377(of)-376(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(atrocious)-489(crime)-488(which)-489(she)-489(had)-488(committed;)-608(took,)-549(during)-488(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lifetime,)-439(another,)-439(to)-401(whom)-400(he)-401(had)-401(previously)-401(been)-401(betrothed;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-312(upon)-312(the)-311(death)-312(of)-312(this)-312(second)-311(wife,)-327(and)-312(while)-312(the)-312(first)-311(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-387(living,)-421(took)-387(a)-387(third,)-421(whom,)-421(however,)-422(at)-387(a)-387(later)-387(peri)1(od)-387(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(murdered.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 44.531 3.959 Td [(751)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.046 -3.959 Td [(St.)-238(Columbanus)-213(was)-213(expelled)-212(from)-213(Gaul)-213(chiefly)-213(on)]TJ -59.577 -13.549 Td [(account)-198(of)-198(his)-198(denunciations)-198(of)-197(the)-198(polygamy)-198(of)-198(King)-198(Thierry.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(752)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Dagobert)-157(had)-157(three)-157(wives,)-175(as)-157(well)-157(as)-157(a)-157(multitude)-157(of)-157(concubines.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(753)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Charlemagne)-367(himself)-367(had)-367(at)-367(the)-368(same)-367(time)-367(two)-367(wives,)-396(and)-367(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indulged)-256(largely)-256(in)-256(concubines.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 137.146 3.959 Td [(754)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.373 -3.959 Td [(After)-256(this)-256(period)-256(examples)-256(of)]TJ -152.519 -13.549 Td [(this)-362(nature)-362(became)-362(rare.)-585(The)-362(Popes)-362(and)-362(the)-362(bishops)-361(exercised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-316(strict)-316(supervision)-316(over)-316(domestic)-316(morals,)-332(and)-316(strenuously,)-332(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-371(most)-370(cases)-371(successfully,)-401(opposed)-370(the)-371(attempts)-370(of)-371(kings)-370(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nobles)-250(to)-250(repudiate)-250(their)-250(wives.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([344])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -14.219 Td [(But,)-498(notwithstanding)-448(these)-449(startling)-448(facts,)-498(there)-449(can)-448(be)-448(no)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(doubt)-258(that)-258(the)-259(general)-258(purity)-258(of)-258(the)-259(barbarians)-258(was)-258(from)-258(the)-258(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superior)-325(to)-326(that)-325(of)-325(the)-326(later)-325(Romans,)-344(and)-325(it)-326(appears)-325(in)-325(many)-325(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-348(laws.)-543(It)-348(has)-348(been)-348(very)-347(happily)-348(observed,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 207.437 3.959 Td [(755)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.514 -3.959 Td [(that)-348(the)-348(high)]TJ -223.951 -13.549 Td [(value)-197(placed)-197(on)-197(this)-197(virtue)-197(is)-197(well)-197(illustrated)-197(by)-197(the)-197(fact)-197(that)-197(in)-196(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Salic)-299(code,)-311(while)-299(a)-299(charge)-299(of)-299(cowardice)-299(falsely)-299(brought)-299(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-430(man)-429(was)-430(only)-430(punished)-430(by)-429(a)-430(fine)-430(of)-429(three)-430(solidi,)-475(a)-429(charge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(unchastity)-290(falsely)-291(brought)-291(against)-291(a)-290(woman)-291(was)-291(punished)-290(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-410(fine)-411(of)-410(forty-five.)-731(The)-410(Teutonic)-410(sentiment)-411(was)-410(shown)-410(in)-410(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-251(stern)-250(legislation)-250(against)-251(adultery)-250(and)-251(rape,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 206.354 3.958 Td [(756)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.187 -3.958 Td [(and)-251(curiously)]TJ -221.541 -13.55 Td [(minute)-226(precautions)-227(were)-226(sometimes)-227(taken)-226(to)-227(guard)-226(against)-226(them.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-161(law)-161(of)-161(the)-161(Spanish)-161(Visigoths)-161(prohibited)-161(surgeons)-161(from)-160(bleeding)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 154.782 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 147.885 Td [(751)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(iii.)-250(25-27,)-250(36.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(752)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Fredegarius,)-250(xxxvi.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(753)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ibid.)-250(lx.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.395 Td [(754)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Eginhardus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 45.169 0 Td [(Vit.)-243(Kar.)-243(M)1(ag.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.976 0 Td [(xviii.)-243(Charlemagne)-228(had,)-233(according)-228(to)-228(Eginhard,)]TJ -111.101 -10.958 Td [(four)-250(wives,)-250(but,)-250(as)-250(far)-250(as)-250(I)-250(can)-250(understand,)-250(only)-250(two)-250(at)-250(the)-250(same)-250(time.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(755)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Smyth's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.763 0 Td [(Lectures)-250(on)-250(Modern)-250(History)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 101.858 0 Td [(,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(pp.)-250(61-62.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -144.328 -7.394 Td [(756)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Milman's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 35.922 0 Td [(Hist.)-311(of)-271(Latin)-270(Christianity)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.591 0 Td [(,)-276(vol.)-311(i.)-311(p.)-311(363;)-281(Legouv\351,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 92.785 0 Td [(Hist.)-311(Morale)]TJ -234.254 -10.959 Td [(des)-250(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 44.07 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(57.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1447 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1448 0 R /Resources 1446 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1429 0 R >> endobj 1449 0 obj << /D [1447 0 R /XYZ 93.543 326.119 null] >> endobj 1446 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1452 0 obj << /Length 4867 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(339)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(any)-350(free)-349(woman)-350(except)-350(in)-349(the)-350(presence)-350(of)-349(her)-350(husband,)-375(of)-349(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nearest)-302(relative,)-315(or)-301(at)-302(least)-302(of)-302(some)-302(properly)-302(appointed)-301(witness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-231(a)-232(Salic)-231(law)-231(imposed)-232(a)-231(fine)-231(of)-232(fifteen)-231(pieces)-231(of)-232(gold)-231(upon)-231(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-250(who)-250(improperly)-250(pressed)-250(her)-250(hand.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 167.237 3.958 Td [(757)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -155.281 -17.672 Td [(Under)-203(the)-203(influence)-203(of)-203(Christianity,)-212(assisted)-203(by)-203(the)-203(barbarians,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(a)-285(vast)-285(change)-285(passed)-285(gradually)-285(over)-285(the)-285(world.)-355(The)-285(vice)-285(we)-284(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(considering)-375(was)-375(probably)-375(more)-375(rare;)-437(it)-375(certainly)-375(assumed)-375(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extravagant)-376(forms,)-406(and)-376(it)-375(was)-376(screened)-375(from)-376(observation)-375(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-319(new)-319(modesty.)-456(The)-319(theory)-318(of)-319(morals)-319(had)-319(become)-319(clearer,)-335(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-393(practice)-393(was)-393(somewhat)-392(improved.)-679(The)-393(extreme)-392(grossness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-409(literature)-409(had)-409(disappeared,)-449(and)-409(the)-409(more)-409(glaring)-409(violations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-448(marriage)-449(were)-448(always)-448(censured)-449(and)-448(often)-448(repressed.)-845(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(penitential)-229(discipline,)-233(and)-228(the)-229(exhortations)-228(of)-229(the)-229(pulpit,)-232(diffused)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abroad)-211(an)-210(immeasurably)-211(higher)-211(sense)-211(of)-210(the)-211(importance)-211(of)-210(purity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-161(Pagan)-162(antiquity)-161(had)-162(known.)-220(St.)-221(Gregory)-161(the)-161(Great,)-179(following)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-365(the)-364(steps)-365(of)-365(some)-364(Pagan)-365(philosophers,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 184.766 3.959 Td [(758)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.745 -3.959 Td [(strenuously)-365(urged)]TJ -201.511 -13.549 Td [(upon)-766(mothers)-384(the)-383(duty)-383(of)-383(themselves)-383(suckling)-383(their)-383(children;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([345])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(and)-508(many)-508(minute)-507(and)-508(stringent)-508(precepts)-508(were)-508(made)-507(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extravagances)-343(of)-344(dress)-343(and)-343(manners.)-530(The)-343(religious)-343(institutions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-584(Greece)-585(and)-584(Asia)-584(Minor,)-668(which)-585(had)-584(almost)-584(consecrated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prostitution,)-488(were)-440(for)-441(ever)-440(abolished,)-488(and)-441(the)-440(courtesan)-440(sank)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-250(a)-250(lower)-250(stage)-250(of)-250(degradation.)]TJ 11.956 -13.714 Td [(Besides)-552(these)-552(changes,)-628(the)-553(duty)-552(of)-552(reciprocal)-552(fidelity)-552(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(marriage)-420(was)-421(enforced)-420(with)-421(a)-420(new)-421(earnestness.)-761(The)-420(contrast)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-399(the)-400(levity)-399(with)-400(which)-399(the)-399(frailty)-400(of)-399(men)-400(has)-399(in)-399(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ages)-232(been)-232(regarded,)-236(and)-232(the)-232(extreme)-232(severity)-232(with)-232(which)-232(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-329(have)-329(been)-328(guilty)-329(of)-329(the)-328(same)-329(offence)-329(have)-329(generally)-328(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(treated,)-566(forms)-503(one)-503(of)-502(the)-503(most)-503(singular)-503(anomalies)-503(in)-502(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history,)-407(and)-376(appears)-376(the)-375(more)-376(remarkable)-376(when)-376(we)-375(remember)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-445(the)-445(temptation)-444(usually)-445(springs)-445(from)-444(the)-445(sex)-445(which)-445(is)-444(so)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(readily)-205(pardoned;)-219(that)-205(the)-204(sex)-205(which)-204(is)-205(visited)-204(with)-205(such)-204(crushing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(penalties)-298(is)-298(proverbially)-297(the)-298(most)-298(weak;)-322(and)-297(that,)-310(in)-298(the)-298(case)-297(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 88.05 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.154 Td [(757)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-250(on)-250(these)-250(laws,)-250(Lord)-250(Kames)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 117.038 0 Td [(On)-250(Women)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.088 0 Td [(;)-250(Legouv\351,)-250(p.)-250(57.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -168.832 -7.394 Td [(758)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Favorinus)-250(had)-250(strongly)-250(urged)-250(it.)-250(\050Aul.)-250(Gell.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 157.898 0 Td [(Noct.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.42 0 Td [(xii.)-250(1.\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1451 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1452 0 R /Resources 1450 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1454 0 R >> endobj 1453 0 obj << /D [1451 0 R /XYZ 72.77 301.223 null] >> endobj 1450 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1457 0 obj << /Length 5701 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(340History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(women,)-210(but)-200(not)-199(in)-200(the)-200(case)-199(of)-200(men,)-210(the)-200(vice)-199(is)-200(very)-200(commonly)-199(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(result)-317(of)-318(the)-317(most)-318(abject)-317(misery)-318(and)-317(poverty.)-453(For)-317(this)-317(disparity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-281(censure)-282(several)-281(reasons)-282(have)-281(been)-281(assigned.)-345(The)-281(offence)-281(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-257(more)-257(surely)-257(and)-257(easily)-257(detected,)-259(and)-257(therefore)-257(more)-257(certainly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(punished,)-268(in)-264(the)-265(case)-264(of)-264(women)-265(than)-264(of)-264(men;)-272(and,)-268(as)-264(the)-264(duty)-264(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(providing)-287(for)-286(his)-287(children)-286(falls)-287(upon)-287(the)-286(father,)-296(the)-286(introduction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-436(the)-435(family)-436(of)-436(children)-435(who)-436(are)-435(not)-436(his)-436(own)-435(is)-436(a)-435(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(injury)-225(to)-225(him,)-229(while)-225(illegitimate)-225(children)-225(who)-224(do)-225(not)-225(spring)-224(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(adultery)-257(will)-257(probably,)-258(on)-257(account)-257(of)-257(their)-257(father)-257(having)-256(entered)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(into)-225(no)-225(compact)-226(to)-225(support)-225(them,)-230(ultimately)-225(become)-225(criminals)-225(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paupers,)-319(and)-305(therefore)-305(a)-304(burden)-305(to)-305(society.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 189.145 3.959 Td [(759)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.978 -3.959 Td [(It)-305(may)-305(be)-305(added,)]TJ -206.123 -13.549 Td [(I)-324(think,)-342(that)-324(several)-324(causes)-324(render)-324(the)-324(observance)-324(of)-324(this)-324(virtue)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-342(difficult)-342(for)-343(one)-342(sex)-342(than)-342(for)-343(the)-342(other;)-388(that)-342(its)-342(violation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-273(every)-272(allowance)-273(has)-273(been)-273(made)-272(for)-273(the)-273(moral)-272(degradation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-302(is)-303(a)-302(result)-302(of)-605(the)-303(existing)-302(condition)-302(of)-303(public)-302(opinion,)-315(is)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([346])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(naturally)-244(more)-244(profoundly)-244(prejudicial)-244(to)-244(the)-244(character)-244(of)-244(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-264(of)-264(men;)-270(and)-264(also)-264(that)-264(much)-263(of)-264(our)-264(feeling)-264(on)-264(these)-263(subjects)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-347(due)-346(to)-347(laws)-346(and)-346(moral)-347(systems)-346(which)-347(were)-346(formed)-347(by)-346(men,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(were)-250(in)-250(the)-250(first)-250(instance)-250(intended)-250(for)-250(their)-250(own)-250(protection.)]TJ 11.956 -15.784 Td [(The)-680(passages)-680(in)-680(the)-680(Fathers,)-788(asserting)-680(the)-680(equality)-680(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-672(obligation)-672(imposed)-672(upon)-673(both)-672(sexes,)-777(are)-672(exceedingly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unequivocal;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.357 3.959 Td [(760)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.49 -3.959 Td [(and)-636(although)-635(the)-636(doctrine)-635(itself)-636(had)-635(been)]TJ -77.847 -13.549 Td [(anticipated)-210(by)-210(Seneca)-210(and)-210(Plutarch,)-218(it)-210(had)-210(probably)-210(never)-209(before,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-434(it)-435(has)-434(never)-434(since,)-480(been)-435(so)-434(fully)-434(realised)-435(as)-434(in)-434(the)-434(early)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church.)-432(It)-310(cannot,)-326(however,)-326(be)-310(said)-311(that)-311(the)-310(conquest)-311(has)-310(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(retained.)-401(At)-301(the)-300(present)-300(day,)-313(although)-301(the)-300(standard)-301(of)-300(morals)-300(is)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.679 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.783 Td [(759)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(These)-250(are)-250(the)-250(reasons)-250(given)-250(by)-250(Malthus,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 146.42 0 Td [(On)-250(Population)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.054 0 Td [(,)-250(book)-250(iii.)-250(ch.)-250(ii.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -211.181 -7.311 Td [(760)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(St.)-291(Augustine)-263(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 54.534 0 Td [(De)-264(Conj.)-290(Adult.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 59.14 0 Td [(ii.)-291(19\051)-263(maintains)-264(that)-263(adultery)-264(is)-263(even)-264(more)]TJ -125.63 -10.959 Td [(criminal)-273(in)-272(the)-273(man)-273(than)-272(in)-273(the)-273(woman.)-318(St.)-317(Jerome)-273(has)-273(an)-272(impressive)-273(passage)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(on)-292(the)-292(subject:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 56.052 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ali\346)-292(sunt)-292(leges)-292(C\346sarum,)-303(ali\346)-292(Christi;)-313(aliud)-292(Papianus,)-303(aliud)]TJ -60.033 -10.959 Td [(Paulus)-393(nostri)-393(pr\346cepit.)-678(Apud)-393(illos)-393(viris)-393(impudiciti\346)-393(fr\346na)-392(laxantur)-393(et)-393(solo)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(stupro)-392(atque)-391(adulterio)-392(condemnato)-391(passim)-392(per)-391(lupanaria)-392(et)-391(ancillulas)-392(libido)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(permittitur,)-219(quasi)-211(culpam)-211(dignitas)-211(faciat)-211(non)-211(voluntas.)-237(Apud)-211(nos)-211(quod)-211(non)-211(licet)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(feminis)-230(\346que)-229(non)-230(licet)-229(viris;)-236(et)-230(eadem)-229(servitus)-230(pari)-230(conditione)-229(censetur.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 255.479 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Ep.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -268.427 -10.959 Td [(lxxvii.)-250(St.)-250(Chrysostom)-250(writes)-250(in)-250(a)-250(similar)-250(strain.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1456 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1457 0 R /Resources 1455 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1454 0 R >> endobj 1458 0 obj << /D [1456 0 R /XYZ 182.145 328.486 null] >> endobj 1455 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1461 0 obj << /Length 4674 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(341)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(far)-225(higher)-225(than)-225(in)-224(Pagan)-225(Rome,)-230(it)-225(may)-225(be)-225(questioned)-225(whether)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inequality)-284(of)-284(the)-284(censure)-284(which)-284(is)-284(bestowed)-284(upon)-284(the)-284(two)-283(sexes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-284(not)-284(as)-284(great)-283(as)-284(in)-284(the)-284(days)-284(of)-284(Paganism,)-292(and)-284(that)-284(inequality)-283(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continually)-250(the)-251(cause)-250(of)-251(the)-250(most)-251(shameful)-250(and)-251(the)-250(most)-250(pitiable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(injustice.)-530(In)-344(one)-343(respect,)-367(indeed,)-366(a)-344(great)-343(retrogression)-343(resulted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-273(chivalry,)-280(and)-273(long)-273(survived)-274(its)-273(decay.)-320(The)-274(character)-273(of)-273(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seducer,)-340(and)-321(especially)-322(of)-322(the)-321(passionless)-322(seducer)-322(who)-321(pursues)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-312(career)-312(simply)-312(as)-311(a)-312(kind)-312(of)-312(sport,)-327(and)-312(under)-312(the)-312(influence)-311(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-260(stronger)-261(motive)-260(than)-261(vanity)-260(or)-261(a)-260(spirit)-261(of)-260(adventure,)-263(has)-260(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(glorified)-327(and)-327(idealised)-327(in)-327(the)-327(popular)-327(literature)-327(of)-327(Christendom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-260(a)-261(manner)-260(to)-261(which)-260(we)-260(can)-261(find)-260(no)-261(parallel)-260(in)-260(antiquity.)-281(When)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-207(reflect)-207(that)-206(the)-207(object)-207(of)-207(such)-207(a)-207(man)-206(is)-207(by)-207(the)-207(coldest)-207(and)-206(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deliberate)-261(treachery)-262(to)-261(blast)-261(the)-523(lives)-261(of)-261(innocent)-262(women;)-266(when)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([347])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(we)-312(compare)-312(the)-311(levity)-312(of)-312(his)-311(motive)-312(with)-312(the)-312(irreparable)-311(injury)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-277(inflicts;)-291(and)-277(when)-278(we)-277(remember)-277(that)-277(he)-278(can)-277(only)-277(deceive)-277(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(victim)-307(by)-307(persuading)-307(her)-307(to)-308(love)-307(him,)-321(and)-307(can)-307(only)-307(ruin)-307(her)-307(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persuading)-339(her)-338(to)-339(trust)-339(him,)-361(it)-338(must)-339(be)-339(owned)-338(that)-339(it)-339(would)-338(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difficult)-300(to)-301(conceive)-300(a)-300(cruelty)-300(more)-301(wanton)-300(and)-300(more)-300(heartless,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-205(a)-204(character)-205(combining)-204(more)-205(numerous)-205(elements)-204(of)-205(infamy)-204(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-337(dishonour.)-509(That)-337(such)-337(a)-336(character)-337(should)-336(for)-337(many)-336(centuries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-187(been)-187(the)-187(popular)-187(ideal)-187(of)-187(a)-187(considerable)-187(section)-187(of)-187(literature,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-223(the)-222(boast)-223(of)-223(numbers)-222(who)-223(most)-223(plume)-222(themselves)-223(upon)-222(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(honour,)-352(is)-332(assuredly)-332(one)-331(of)-332(the)-332(most)-331(mournful)-332(facts)-332(in)-331(history,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-334(it)-334(represents)-334(a)-334(moral)-334(deflection)-334(certainly)-334(not)-334(less)-334(than)-334(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(revealed)-312(in)-312(ancient)-312(Greece)-311(by)-312(the)-312(position)-312(that)-312(was)-312(assigned)-311(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(courtesan.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(The)-466(fundamental)-467(truth,)-520(that)-466(the)-467(same)-466(act)-466(can)-467(never)-466(be)-466(at)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(once)-280(venial)-280(for)-280(a)-280(man)-280(to)-280(demand,)-288(and)-280(infamous)-280(for)-280(a)-280(woman)-280(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accord,)-364(though)-341(nobly)-342(enforced)-341(by)-341(the)-342(early)-341(Christians,)-364(has)-341(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passed)-264(into)-265(the)-264(popular)-264(sentiment)-264(of)-264(Christendom.)-293(The)-264(mystical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character,)-292(however,)-293(which)-283(the)-284(Church)-284(imparted)-284(to)-284(marriage)-283(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-273(extremely)-273(influential.)-320(Partly)-273(by)-274(raising)-273(it)-273(into)-273(a)-273(sacrament,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-235(partly)-235(by)-235(representing)-235(it)-235(as,)-238(in)-235(some)-235(mysterious)-235(and)-235(not)-235(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(definable)-202(sense,)-211(an)-202(image)-201(of)-202(the)-201(union)-202(of)-202(Christ)-201(with)-202(His)-201(Church,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1460 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1461 0 R /Resources 1459 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1454 0 R >> endobj 1462 0 obj << /D [1460 0 R /XYZ 187.045 355.585 null] >> endobj 1459 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1465 0 obj << /Length 4715 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(342History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(a)-292(feeling)-293(was)-292(fostered)-292(that)-292(a)-293(lifelong)-292(union)-292(of)-293(one)-292(man)-292(and)-292(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(woman)-202(is,)-212(under)-203(all)-202(circumstances,)-212(the)-202(single)-203(form)-202(of)-202(intercourse)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-294(the)-295(sexes)-294(which)-294(is)-294(not)-295(illegitimate;)-316(and)-294(this)-294(conviction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-250(acquired)-250(the)-250(force)-250(of)-250(a)-250(primal)-250(moral)-250(intuition.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(There)-294(can,)-305(I)-295(think,)-305(be)-294(little)-294(doubt)-295(that,)-305(in)-294(the)-294(stringency)-294(with)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(which)-252(it)-253(is)-252(usually)-253(laid)-252(down,)-253(it)-252(rests)-253(not)-252(upon)-252(the)-253(law)-252(of)-252(nature,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-250(upon)-251(positive)-250(law,)-251(although)-250(unassisted)-250(nature)-251(is)-250(sufficient)-250(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lead)-377(men)-376(many)-377(steps)-376(in)-377(its)-377(direction.)-629(Considering)-377(the)-376(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simply)-394(in)-394(the)-394(light)-394(of)-394(unaided)-394(reason,)-430(two)-394(rules)-394(comprise)-394(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-448(duty)-447(of)-448(man.)-842(He)-447(must)-448(abstain)-447(from)-448(whatever)-447(injures)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(happiness)-294(or)-293(degrades)-294(character.)-761(Under)-293(the)-294(first)-293(head,)-305(he)-293(must)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([348])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(include)-266(the)-267(more)-266(remote)-266(as)-266(well)-267(as)-266(the)-266(immediate)-266(consequences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-276(his)-277(act.)-329(He)-276(must)-276(consider)-277(how)-276(his)-276(partner)-277(will)-276(be)-276(affected)-276(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-206(union,)-214(the)-206(light)-206(in)-206(which)-206(society)-205(will)-206(view)-206(the)-206(connection,)-214(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probable)-315(position)-315(of)-315(the)-314(children)-315(to)-315(be)-315(born,)-331(the)-315(effect)-315(of)-314(these)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(births,)-403(and)-373(also)-372(the)-373(effect)-373(of)-372(his)-373(example)-372(upon)-373(the)-372(well-being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-419(society)-420(at)-419(large.)-759(Some)-419(of)-420(the)-419(elements)-420(of)-419(this)-419(calculation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vary)-318(in)-319(different)-318(stages)-319(of)-318(society.)-456(Thus,)-335(public)-319(opinion)-318(in)-318(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age)-311(will)-311(reprobate,)-327(and)-311(therefore)-311(punish,)-327(connections)-311(which,)-326(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(another)-348(age,)-372(are)-347(fully)-348(sanctioned;)-396(and)-348(the)-347(probable)-348(position)-347(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-259(children,)-262(as)-260(well)-259(as)-259(the)-260(effect)-259(of)-260(the)-259(births)-259(upon)-260(society,)-261(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depend)-250(greatly)-250(upon)-250(particular)-250(and)-250(national)-250(circumstances.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Under)-465(the)-466(second)-465(head)-466(is)-465(comprised)-465(the)-466(influence)-465(of)-465(this)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(intercourse)-679(in)-680(clouding)-679(or)-679(developing)-680(the)-679(moral)-679(feelings,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lowering)-299(or)-299(elevating)-299(the)-299(tone)-299(of)-298(character,)-312(exciting)-299(or)-298(allaying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(aberrations)-335(of)-335(the)-335(imagination,)-356(incapacitating)-335(men)-335(for)-335(pure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affections)-203(or)-202(extending)-203(their)-202(range,)-212(making)-203(the)-203(animal)-202(part)-203(of)-202(our)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nature)-309(more)-310(or)-309(less)-310(predominant.)-428(We)-309(know,)-324(by)-310(the)-309(intuition)-309(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(our)-320(moral)-320(nature,)-337(that)-320(this)-320(predominance)-320(is)-320(always)-320(a)-319(degraded,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(though)-204(it)-204(is)-203(not)-204(always)-204(an)-204(unhappy,)-213(condition.)-234(We)-204(also)-204(know)-203(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-332(is)-332(a)-332(law)-332(of)-332(our)-333(being,)-352(that)-332(powerful)-332(and)-332(beautiful)-332(affections,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-449(had)-449(before)-450(been)-449(latent,)-499(are)-449(evoked)-449(in)-449(some)-449(particular)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(forms)-297(of)-296(union,)-309(while)-296(other)-297(forms)-297(of)-296(union)-297(are)-297(peculiarly)-296(fitted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(deaden)-250(the)-250(affections)-250(and)-250(to)-250(pervert)-250(the)-250(character.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1464 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1465 0 R /Resources 1463 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1454 0 R >> endobj 1466 0 obj << /D [1464 0 R /XYZ 240.884 380.228 null] >> endobj 1463 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1469 0 obj << /Length 4648 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(343)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(In)-162(these)-163(considerations)-162(we)-163(have)-162(ample)-163(grounds)-162(for)-163(maint)1(aining)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(that)-389(the)-390(lifelong)-389(union)-389(of)-390(one)-389(man)-389(and)-390(of)-389(one)-389(woman)-389(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-507(the)-507(normal)-507(or)-507(dominant)-507(type)-507(of)-507(intercourse)-507(between)-506(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sexes.)-726(We)-408(can)-409(prove)-408(that)-409(it)-409(is)-408(on)-409(the)-408(whole)-409(most)-408(conducive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-313(the)-314(happiness,)-329(and)-313(also)-313(to)-313(the)-314(moral)-313(elevation,)-329(of)-313(all)-313(parties.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-425(beyond)-425(this)-425(poi)1(nt)-425(it)-425(would,)-469(I)-424(conceive,)-469(be)-425(impossible)-424(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advance,)-495(except)-446(by)-446(the)-445(assistance)-446(of)-446(a)-446(special)-446(revelation.)-837(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-345(no)-345(means)-345(follows)-344(that)-345(because)-345(this)-345(should)-345(be)-345(the)-344(dominant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(type)-349(it)-349(should)-349(be)-349(the)-349(only)-349(one,)-748(or)-349(that)-349(the)-349(interests)-349(of)-349(society)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([349])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(demand)-281(that)-281(all)-281(connections)-282(should)-281(be)-281(forced)-281(into)-281(the)-281(same)-281(die.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Connections,)-248(which)-248(were)-248(confessedly)-248(only)-248(for)-248(a)-247(few)-248(years,)-248(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(always)-414(subsisted)-414(side)-414(by)-414(side)-414(with)-414(permanent)-414(marriages;)-496(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-345(periods)-345(when)-345(public)-344(opinion,)-369(acquiescing)-345(in)-345(their)-344(propriety,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inflicts)-202(no)-203(excommunication)-202(on)-203(one)-202(or)-202(both)-203(of)-202(the)-203(partners,)-211(when)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(these)-266(partners)-266(are)-267(not)-266(living)-266(the)-266(demoralising)-266(and)-266(degrading)-266(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-261(accompanies)-261(the)-261(consciousness)-261(of)-261(guilt,)-264(and)-261(when)-260(proper)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provision)-317(is)-317(made)-317(for)-318(the)-317(children)-317(who)-317(are)-317(born,)-334(it)-317(would)-318(be,)-333(I)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(believe,)-195(impossible)-181(to)-180(prove,)-195(by)-181(the)-181(light)-181(of)-181(simple)-181(and)-180(unassisted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reason,)-207(that)-197(such)-196(connections)-196(should)-197(be)-196(invariably)-196(condemned.)-232(It)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-264(extremely)-264(important,)-268(both)-264(for)-264(the)-264(happiness)-264(and)-264(for)-264(the)-264(moral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well-being)-359(of)-358(men,)-386(that)-359(lifelong)-359(unions)-358(should)-359(not)-359(be)-358(effected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simply)-250(under)-251(the)-250(imperious)-251(prompting)-250(of)-250(a)-251(blind)-250(appetite.)-251(There)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-220(always)-219(multitudes)-220(who,)-226(in)-219(the)-220(period)-220(of)-219(their)-220(lives)-220(when)-219(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passions)-244(are)-245(most)-244(strong,)-246(are)-244(incapable)-244(of)-245(supporting)-244(children)-244(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-237(own)-236(social)-237(rank,)-239(and)-237(who)-236(would)-237(therefore)-236(injure)-237(society)-236(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marrying)-245(in)-244(it,)-246(but)-245(are)-245(nevertheless)-244(perfectly)-245(capable)-245(of)-244(securing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-303(honourable)-304(career)-303(for)-304(their)-303(illegitimate)-303(children)-304(in)-303(the)-303(lower)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-296(sphere)-296(to)-296(which)-296(these)-296(would)-296(naturally)-296(belong.)-388(Under)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conditions)-215(I)-215(have)-215(mentioned,)-222(these)-215(connections)-215(are)-215(not)-215(injurious,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-268(beneficial,)-273(to)-268(the)-268(weaker)-268(partner;)-277(they)-268(soften)-268(the)-268(differences)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-378(rank,)-409(they)-377(stimulate)-378(social)-377(habits,)-410(and)-377(they)-378(do)-377(not)-377(produce)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-275(character)-275(the)-276(degrading)-275(effect)-275(of)-275(promiscuous)-275(intercourse,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-226(upon)-225(society)-226(the)-225(injurious)-226(effects)-225(of)-226(imprudent)-225(marriages,)-230(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-263(other)-263(of)-264(which)-263(will)-263(multiply)-263(in)-263(their)-264(absence.)-289(In)-263(the)-263(immense)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1468 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1469 0 R /Resources 1467 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1454 0 R >> endobj 1470 0 obj << /D [1468 0 R /XYZ 189.149 409.782 null] >> endobj 1467 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1473 0 obj << /Length 5156 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(344History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(variety)-198(of)-198(circumstances)-198(and)-198(characters,)-208(cases)-198(will)-198(always)-198(appear)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(which,)-250(on)-250(utilitarian)-250(grounds,)-250(they)-250(might)-250(seem)-250(advisable.)]TJ 11.956 -14.541 Td [(It)-309(is)-309(necessary)-309(to)-309(dwell)-309(upon)-309(such)-309(considerations)-309(as)-309(these,)-323(if)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(we)-278(would)-279(understand)-278(the)-278(legislation)-279(of)-278(the)-278(Pagan)-279(Empire)-278(or)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(changes)-387(that)-387(were)-387(effected)-386(by)-387(Christianity.)-661(The)-387(legislators)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-345(Empire)-346(distinctly)-345(recognised)-346(these)-345(connections,)-739(and)-345(made)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([350])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(it)-368(a)-368(main)-369(object)-368(to)-368(authorise,)-398(dignify,)-397(and)-369(regulate)-368(them.)-604(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unlimited)-258(licence)-258(of)-257(divorce)-258(practically)-258(included)-258(them)-258(under)-257(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(name)-284(of)-284(marriage,)-292(while)-284(that)-283(name)-284(sheltered)-284(them)-284(from)-283(stigma,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-263(prevented)-263(many)-263(of)-263(the)-263(gravest)-263(evils)-263(of)-263(unauthorised)-263(unions.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-335(word)-334(concubine)-335(also,)-356(which)-334(in)-335(the)-335(Republic)-334(had)-335(the)-334(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(signification)-389(as)-389(among)-389(ourselves,)-423(represented)-389(in)-389(the)-389(Empire)-388(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strictly)-438(legal)-438(union)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 85.921 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(an)-438(innovation)-438(which)-438(was)-438(chiefly)-438(due)-438(to)]TJ -96.83 -13.549 Td [(Augustus,)-333(and)-317(was)-316(doubtless)-317(intended)-316(as)-317(part)-316(of)-317(the)-316(legislation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-459(celibacy,)-511(and)-458(also,)-511(it)-459(may)-459(be,)-511(as)-458(a)-459(corrective)-459(of)-458(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(licentious)-281(habits)-281(that)-280(were)-281(general.)-342(This)-281(union)-281(was)-281(in)-280(essentials)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(merely)-423(a)-423(form)-422(of)-423(marriage,)-466(for)-423(he)-423(who,)-466(having)-423(a)-422(concubine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(took)-318(to)-319(himself)-318(either)-319(a)-318(wife)-319(or)-318(another)-318(concubine,)-336(was)-318(legally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(guilty)-426(of)-426(adultery.)-777(Like)-426(the)-425(commonest)-426(form)-426(of)-426(marriage,)-469(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-268(consummated)-267(without)-268(any)-267(ceremony,)-272(and)-267(was)-268(dissoluble)-267(at)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(will.)-247(Its)-242(peculiarities)-242(were)-242(that)-242(it)-242(was)-242(contracted)-242(between)-242(men)-241(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(patrician)-329(rank)-329(and)-329(freedwomen,)-349(who)-329(were)-329(forbidden)-329(by)-329(law)-329(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intermarry;)-228(that)-218(the)-217(concubine,)-224(though)-217(her)-218(position)-217(was)-217(perfectly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recognised)-234(and)-234(honourable,)-237(did)-234(not)-234(share)-234(the)-234(rank)-234(of)-234(her)-233(partner,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-362(she)-362(brought)-361(no)-362(dowry,)-390(and)-361(that)-362(her)-362(children)-362(followed)-361(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rank,)-410(and)-379(were)-378(excluded)-378(from)-379(the)-378(rank)-378(and)-379(the)-378(inheritance)-378(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-250(father.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.891 3.959 Td [(761)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -38.935 -18.5 Td [(Against)-606(these)-606(notions)-606(Christianity)-606(declared)-606(a)-606(direct)-606(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(implacable)-268(warfare,)-273(which)-267(was)-268(imperfectly)-268(reflected)-268(in)-268(the)-268(civil)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legislation,)-465(but)-423(appeared)-422(unequivocally)-422(in)-423(the)-422(writings)-422(of)-422(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fathers,)-246(and)-245(in)-245(most)-245(of)-245(the)-245(decrees)-245(of)-244(the)-245(Councils.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 223.422 3.959 Td [(762)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.871 -3.959 Td [(It)-245(taught,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -314.048 0 Td [([351])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.842 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.03 Td [(761)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Troplong,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.045 0 Td [(Influence)-250(du)-250(Christianisme)-250(sur)-250(le)-250(Droit)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 141.22 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(239-251.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -205.972 -7.311 Td [(762)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(We)-245(find,)-247(however,)-246(traces)-246(of)-245(a)-246(toleration)-245(of)-246(the)-246(Roman)-245(type)-246(of)-245(concubine)-246(in)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Christianity)-216(for)-215(some)-216(time.)-238(Thus,)-223(a)-215(Council)-216(of)-216(Toledo)-215(decreed:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 225.459 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Si)-216(quis)-215(habens)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1472 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1473 0 R /Resources 1471 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1454 0 R >> endobj 1474 0 obj << /D [1472 0 R /XYZ 326.994 449.437 null] >> endobj 1475 0 obj << /D [1472 0 R /XYZ 332.127 109.716 null] >> endobj 1471 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1478 0 obj << /Length 5566 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(345)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(as)-158(a)-158(religious)-158(dogma,)-177(invariable,)-177(inflexible,)-176(and)-158(independent)-158(of)-158(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(utilitarian)-248(calculations,)-248(that)-247(all)-248(forms)-247(of)-248(intercourse)-247(of)-248(the)-247(sexes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-347(than)-347(lifelong)-346(unions,)-371(were)-347(criminal.)-540(By)-347(teaching)-347(men)-346(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regard)-268(this)-268(doctrine)-268(as)-268(axiomatic,)-272(and)-268(therefore)-268(inflicting)-267(severe)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(social)-330(penalties)-331(and)-330(deep)-330(degradation)-331(on)-330(transient)-330(connections,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-293(has)-292(profoundly)-293(modified)-293(even)-292(their)-293(utilitarian)-293(aspect,)-303(and)-292(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rendered)-387(them)-387(in)-386(most)-387(countries)-387(furtive)-386(and)-387(disguised.)-660(There)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-294(probably)-293(no)-294(other)-293(branch)-294(of)-294(ethics)-293(which)-294(has)-293(been)-294(so)-293(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(determined)-483(by)-483(special)-483(dogmatic)-483(theology,)-541(and)-483(there)-483(is)-483(none)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-250(would)-250(be)-250(so)-250(deeply)-250(affected)-250(by)-250(its)-250(decay.)]TJ 11.956 -19.416 Td [(As)-379(a)-380(part)-380(of)-379(the)-380(same)-379(movement,)-412(the)-379(purely)-380(civil)-379(marriage)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-365(the)-365(later)-365(Pagan)-365(Empire)-365(was)-365(gradually)-365(replaced)-365(by)-365(religious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriages.)-646(There)-381(is)-382(a)-382(manifest)-382(propriety)-382(in)-382(invoking)-382(a)-381(divine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(benediction)-451(upon)-452(an)-451(act)-451(which)-451(forms)-452(so)-451(important)-451(an)-451(epoch)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-394(life,)-430(and)-394(the)-395(mingling)-394(of)-394(a)-394(religious)-394(ceremony)-394(impresses)-394(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deeper)-372(sense)-372(of)-372(the)-371(solemnity)-372(of)-372(the)-372(contract.)-616(The)-371(essentially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-223(and)-223(even)-223(mystical)-223(character)-223(imparted)-223(by)-223(Christianity)-222(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage)-248(rendered)-247(the)-248(consecration)-248(peculiarly)-247(natural,)-248(but)-248(it)-247(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-258(very)-258(gradually)-258(that)-258(it)-258(came)-258(to)-258(be)-258(looked)-258(upon)-258(as)-258(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(necessary.)-793(As)-431(I)-431(have)-431(already)-430(noticed,)-477(it)-431(was)-431(long)-430(dispensed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-284(in)-284(the)-284(marriage)-284(of)-284(slaves;)-301(and)-284(even)-284(in)-284(the)-284(case)-284(of)-284(freemen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(though)-244(generally)-245(performed,)-245(it)-244(was)-244(not)-245(made)-244(compulsory)-244(till)-244(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 210.401 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 197.649 Td [(uxorem)-226(fidelis)-225(concubinam)-226(habeat)-226(non)-225(communicet.)-242(C\346terum)-226(is)-226(qui)-225(non)-226(habet)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(uxorem)-282(et)-283(pro)-282(uxore)-282(concubinam)-283(habet)-282(a)-282(communione)-282(non)-283(repellatur,)-290(tantum)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ut)-375(unius)-375(mulieris,)-406(aut)-375(uxoris)-376(aut)-375(concubin\346)-375(ut)-375(ei)-375(placuerit,)-406(sit)-375(conjunctione)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(contentus.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 36.61 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(1)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 7.003 0 Td [(Can.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 19.709 0 Td [(17.)-343(St.)-343(Isidore)-281(said:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 74.238 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Christiano)-281(non)-281(dicam)-281(plurimas)-281(sed)]TJ -154.489 -10.959 Td [(nec)-236(duas)-237(simul)-236(habere)-237(licitum)-236(est,)-239(nisi)-237(unam)-236(tantum)-237(aut)-236(uxorem,)-239(aut)-237(certo)-236(loco)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(uxoris,)-320(si)-306(conjux)-307(deest,)-320(concubinam.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 133.014 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Apud)-306(Gratianum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 61.026 0 Td [(,)-320(diss.)-419(4.)-418(Quoted)-306(by)]TJ -206.987 -10.959 Td [(Natalis)-266(Alexander,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 69.792 0 Td [(Hist.)-298(Eccles.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.885 0 Td [(S\346c.)-298(I.)-266(diss.)-297(29.)-298(Mr.)-297(Lea)-266(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 94.885 0 Td [(Hist.)-298(of)-265(Sacerdotal)]TJ -212.562 -10.958 Td [(Celibacy)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.876 0 Td [(,)-223(pp.)-239(203-205\051)-217(has)-217(devoted)-217(an)-217(extremely)-217(interesting)-216(note)-217(to)-217(tracing)-217(the)]TJ -31.876 -10.959 Td [(history)-239(of)-238(the)-239(word)-238(concubine)-238(through)-239(the)-238(middle)-239(ages.)-246(He)-239(shows)-238(that)-239(even)-238(up)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-197(the)-197(thirteenth)-197(century)-197(a)-197(concubine)-197(was)-196(not)-197(necessarily)-197(an)-197(abandoned)-197(woman.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(The)-224(term)-224(was)-224(applied)-224(to)-224(marriages)-224(that)-225(were)-224(real,)-229(but)-224(not)-224(officially)-224(recognised.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Coleridge)-192(notices)-192(a)-192(remarkable)-192(instance)-192(of)-192(the)-192(revival)-192(of)-192(this)-192(custom)-192(in)-192(German)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(history.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 27.151 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Notes)-250(on)-250(English)-250(Divines)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.152 0 Td [(\050ed.)-250(1853\051,)-250(vol.)-250(i.)-250(p.)-250(221.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1477 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1478 0 R /Resources 1476 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1479 0 R >> endobj 1476 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1482 0 obj << /Length 5377 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(346History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(tenth)-283(century.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 60.349 3.959 Td [(763)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.26 -3.959 Td [(In)-283(addition)-283(to)-283(its)-283(primary)-283(object)-283(of)-283(sanctifying)]TJ -76.609 -13.549 Td [(marriage,)-342(it)-324(became)-324(in)-324(time)-323(a)-324(powerful)-648(instrument)-324(in)-323(securing)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([352])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(the)-356(authority)-357(of)-356(the)-356(priesthood,)-383(who)-356(were)-357(able)-356(to)-356(compel)-356(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-268(submit)-268(to)-268(the)-267(conditions)-268(they)-268(imposed)-268(in)-268(the)-268(formation)-268(of)-267(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-271(important)-271(contract)-271(of)-271(life;)-281(and)-271(the)-271(modern)-271(authorisation)-271(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civil)-225(marriages,)-231(by)-225(diminishing)-225(greatly)-225(the)-226(power)-225(of)-225(the)-225(Catholic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priesthood)-329(over)-330(domestic)-329(life,)-349(has)-329(been)-329(one)-330(of)-329(the)-329(most)-329(severe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(blows)-250(ecclesiastical)-250(influence)-250(has)-250(undergone.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-508(absolute)-509(sinfulness)-508(of)-509(divorce)-508(was)-509(at)-508(the)-509(same)-508(time)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(strenuously)-446(maintained)-446(by)-446(the)-447(Councils,)-495(which)-446(in)-446(this,)-495(as)-446(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-152(other)-151(points,)-171(differed)-152(widely)-152(from)-151(the)-152(civil)-151(law.)-217(Constantine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restricted)-199(it)-198(to)-199(three)-198(cases)-199(of)-198(crime)-199(on)-198(the)-199(part)-199(of)-198(the)-199(husband,)-208(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-214(on)-214(the)-214(part)-214(of)-214(the)-214(wife;)-226(but)-214(the)-214(habits)-214(of)-214(the)-214(people)-213(were)-214(too)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strong)-157(for)-158(his)-157(enactments,)-176(and,)-176(after)-157(one)-157(or)-157(two)-158(changes)-157(in)-157(the)-157(law,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-242(full)-242(latitude)-241(of)-242(divorce)-242(reappeared)-242(in)-242(the)-241(Justinian)-242(Code.)-247(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fathers,)-215(on)-206(the)-206(other)-205(hand,)-215(though)-206(they)-206(hesitated)-206(a)-206(little)-206(about)-205(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(case)-223(of)-223(a)-223(divorce)-223(which)-223(followed)-223(an)-223(act)-223(of)-223(adultery)-223(on)-223(the)-222(part)-223(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-271(wife,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 38.405 3.959 Td [(764)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.472 -3.959 Td [(had)-271(no)-272(hesitation)-271(whatever)-272(in)-271(pronouncing)-271(all)-272(other)]TJ -53.877 -13.549 Td [(divorces)-456(to)-456(be)-456(criminal,)-507(and)-456(periods)-456(of)-456(penitential)-456(discipline)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-403(imposed)-404(upon)-403(Christians)-404(who)-403(availed)-404(themselves)-403(of)-403(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(privileges)-379(of)-379(the)-379(civil)-379(law.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 119.854 3.959 Td [(765)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.399 -3.959 Td [(For)-379(many)-379(centuries)-379(this)-379(duality)]TJ -139.253 -13.549 Td [(of)-350(legislation)-349(continued.)-549(The)-350(barbarian)-349(laws)-350(restricted)-349(divorce)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-337(imposing)-337(severe)-337(fines)-337(on)-337(those)-337(who)-337(repudiated)-337(their)-337(wives.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charlemagne)-436(pronounced)-436(divorce)-436(to)-436(be)-435(criminal,)-483(but)-436(did)-435(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(venture)-387(to)-386(make)-387(it)-387(penal,)-421(and)-386(he)-387(practised)-387(it)-387(himself.)-660(On)-386(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-351(hand,)-376(the)-351(Church)-351(threatened)-351(with)-350(excommunication,)-376(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-293(some)-292(cases)-293(actually)-293(launched)-292(its)-293(thunders)-293(against,)-303(those)-292(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-415(guilty)-415(of)-415(it.)-745(It)-415(was)-415(only)-415(in)-415(the)-415(twelfth)-415(century)-415(that)-415(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 142.922 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 136.11 Td [(763)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Legouv\351,)-250(p.)-250(199.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(764)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-343(some)-344(curious)-343(passages)-343(in)-344(Troplong,)-366(pp.)-530(222-223.)-530(The)-343(Fathers)-344(seem)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(to)-437(have)-437(thought)-438(dissolution)-437(of)-437(marriage)-437(was)-437(not)-437(lawful)-438(on)-437(account)-437(of)-437(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(adultery)-350(of)-349(the)-350(husband,)-374(but)-350(that)-349(it)-350(was)-349(not)-350(absolutely)-349(unlawful,)-375(though)-349(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(commendable,)-250(for)-250(a)-250(husband)-250(whose)-250(wife)-250(had)-250(committed)-250(adultery)-250(to)-250(re-marry.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(765)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Some)-410(of)-411(the)-410(great)-411(charities)-410(of)-411(Fabiola)-410(were)-411(performed)-410(as)-411(penances,)-451(on)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(account)-204(of)-203(her)-204(crime)-203(in)-204(availing)-204(herself)-203(of)-204(the)-203(legislative)-204(permission)-203(of)-204(divorce.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1481 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1482 0 R /Resources 1480 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1479 0 R >> endobj 1483 0 obj << /D [1481 0 R /XYZ 271.46 504.626 null] >> endobj 1480 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1486 0 obj << /Length 4854 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(347)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(victory)-282(was)-565(definitely)-282(achieved,)-291(and)-282(the)-282(civil)-283(law,)-290(adopting)-282(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([353])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(principle)-250(of)-250(the)-250(canon)-250(law,)-250(prohibited)-250(all)-250(divorce.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 216.022 3.959 Td [(766)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -204.066 -17.71 Td [(I)-289(do)-289(not)-288(propose)-289(in)-289(the)-289(present)-289(work)-288(to)-289(examine)-289(how)-289(far)-289(this)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(total)-351(prohibition)-350(has)-351(been)-350(for)-351(the)-350(happiness)-351(or)-350(the)-351(moral)-350(well-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(being)-281(of)-282(men.)-344(I)-281(will)-282(simply)-281(observe)-282(that,)-289(though)-281(it)-282(is)-281(now)-281(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defended,)-486(it)-439(was)-439(not)-439(originally)-439(imposed)-439(in)-439(Christian)-438(nations,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-402(utilitarian)-402(grounds,)-441(but)-402(was)-402(based)-402(upon)-402(the)-402(sacramental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character)-220(of)-220(marriage,)-226(upon)-219(the)-220(belief)-220(that)-220(marriage)-220(is)-220(the)-219(special)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(symbol)-361(of)-362(the)-361(perpetual)-362(union)-361(of)-362(Christ)-361(with)-362(His)-361(Church,)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-352(a)-351(well-known)-352(passage)-351(in)-352(the)-352(Gospels.)-554(The)-352(stringency)-351(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-288(Catholic)-287(doctrine,)-297(which)-288(forbids)-288(the)-287(dissolution)-288(of)-287(marriage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-346(in)-346(the)-345(case)-346(of)-346(adultery,)-369(has)-346(been)-346(considerably)-346(relaxed)-345(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-387(legislation,)-422(and)-387(there)-388(can,)-421(I)-388(think,)-421(be)-388(little)-387(doubt)-387(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(further)-259(steps)-260(will)-259(yet)-259(be)-260(taken)-259(in)-259(the)-260(same)-259(direction;)-264(but)-259(the)-259(vast)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(change)-362(that)-362(was)-362(effected)-362(in)-362(both)-362(practice)-362(and)-362(theory)-362(since)-362(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unlimited)-250(licence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Pagan)-250(Empire)-250(must)-250(be)-250(manifest)-250(to)-250(all.)]TJ 11.956 -13.751 Td [(It)-254(was)-254(essential,)-256(or)-254(at)-254(least)-254(very)-255(important,)-255(that)-254(a)-254(union)-254(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(was)-356(so)-356(solemn)-356(and)-355(so)-356(irrevocable)-356(should)-356(be)-356(freely)-355(contracted.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-384(sentiment)-384(of)-384(the)-383(Roman)-384(patriots)-384(towards)-384(the)-384(close)-384(of)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Republic)-373(was)-373(that)-373(marriage)-373(should)-373(be)-373(regarded)-373(as)-373(a)-373(means)-373(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(providing)-351(children)-351(for)-351(the)-350(State,)-376(and)-351(should)-351(be)-351(entered)-351(into)-350(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-339(matter)-339(of)-339(duty)-338(with)-339(that)-339(view,)-361(and)-339(the)-339(laws)-339(of)-339(Augustus)-338(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(imposed)-421(many)-421(disqualifications)-422(on)-421(those)-421(who)-421(abstained)-421(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)-631(Both)-376(of)-377(these)-377(inducements)-377(to)-377(marriage)-377(passed)-377(away)-376(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-242(influence)-242(of)-243(Christianity.)-247(The)-242(popular)-242(sentiment)-242(disappeared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-262(the)-263(decline)-262(of)-262(civic)-262(virtues.)-287(The)-263(laws)-262(were)-262(rescinded)-262(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-291(influence)-291(of)-291(the)-291(ascetic)-291(enthusiasm)-291(which)-291(made)-291(men)-291(regard)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(state)-250(of)-250(celibacy)-250(as)-250(pre-eminently)-250(holy.)]TJ 11.956 -13.751 Td [(There)-219(was)-218(still)-219(one)-219(other)-218(important)-219(condition)-219(to)-218(be)-219(attained)-218(by)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(theologians)-209(in)-209(order)-209(to)-209(realise)-209(their)-209(ideal)-209(type)-209(of)-418(marriage.)-236(It)-209(was)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([354])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(to)-316(prevent)-315(the)-316(members)-315(of)-316(the)-315(Church)-315(from)-316(intermarrying)-315(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(those)-309(whose)-309(religious)-309(opinions)-308(differed)-309(from)-309(their)-309(own.)-426(Mixed)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 80.91 Td [(766)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Laboulaye,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 42.12 0 Td [(Recherches)-221(sur)-220(la)-221(Condition)-221(civile)-220(et)-221(politique)-221(des)-221(Femmes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 211.073 0 Td [(,)-227(pp.)]TJ -265.149 -10.959 Td [(152-158.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1485 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1486 0 R /Resources 1484 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1479 0 R >> endobj 1487 0 obj << /D [1485 0 R /XYZ 100.8 518.175 null] >> endobj 1488 0 obj << /D [1485 0 R /XYZ 255.136 124.642 null] >> endobj 1484 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1491 0 obj << /Length 4547 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(348History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(marriages,)-320(it)-306(has)-306(been)-306(truly)-306(said,)-320(may)-306(do)-306(more)-306(than)-306(almost)-306(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-293(influence)-292(to)-293(assuage)-292(the)-293(rancour)-292(and)-293(the)-292(asperity)-293(of)-292(sects,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-379(it)-378(must)-379(be)-378(added)-379(that)-378(a)-379(considerable)-378(measure)-379(of)-378(tolerance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-238(have)-237(been)-238(already)-238(attained)-237(before)-238(they)-238(become)-238(possible.)-245(In)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-238(union)-238(in)-238(which)-239(each)-238(partner)-238(believes)-238(and)-238(realises)-238(that)-238(the)-238(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-207(doomed)-206(to)-207(an)-207(eternity)-206(of)-207(misery)-206(there)-207(can)-207(be)-206(no)-207(real)-206(happiness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-336(sympathy,)-357(no)-336(trust;)-378(and)-336(a)-336(domestic)-335(agreement)-336(that)-336(some)-335(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-288(children)-289(should)-288(be)-289(educated)-288(in)-288(one)-289(religion)-288(and)-289(some)-288(in)-288(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-253(would)-253(be)-253(impossible)-254(when)-253(each)-253(parent)-253(believed)-253(it)-253(to)-253(be)-253(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(agreement)-250(that)-250(some)-250(children)-250(should)-250(be)-250(doomed)-250(to)-250(hell.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(The)-329(domestic)-328(unhappiness)-329(arising)-329(from)-328(differences)-329(of)-328(belief)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(was)-633(probably)-632(almost)-633(or)-632(altogether)-633(unknown)-632(in)-633(the)-632(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(before)-265(the)-265(introduction)-265(of)-266(Christianity;)-272(for,)-269(although)-265(differences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-571(opinion)-570(may)-571(have)-570(before)-571(existed,)-650(the)-571(same)-570(momentous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consequences)-554(were)-554(not)-553(attached)-554(to)-554(them.)-1161(It)-554(has)-554(been)-553(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(especial)-521(bane)-521(of)-522(periods)-521(of)-521(great)-521(religious)-521(change,)-589(such)-521(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-411(conversion)-412(of)-411(the)-412(Roman)-411(Empire,)-452(or)-411(the)-412(Reformation,)-451(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(our)-301(own)-300(day)-301(when)-301(far)-300(more)-301(serious)-301(questions)-300(than)-301(those)-300(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agitated)-371(the)-371(sixteenth)-372(century)-371(are)-371(occupying)-371(the)-371(attention)-371(of)-371(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(large)-413(proportion)-413(of)-413(thinkers)-413(and)-413(scholars,)-454(and)-413(when)-412(the)-413(deep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-466(widening)-466(chasm)-465(between)-466(the)-466(religious)-466(opinions)-466(of)-465(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(highly)-245(educated)-244(men,)-246(and)-245(of)-245(the)-244(immense)-245(majority)-245(of)-245(women,)-245(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(painfully)-328(apparent.)-483(While)-328(a)-328(multitude)-328(of)-328(scientific)-327(discoveries,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(critical)-328(and)-328(historical)-328(researches,)-347(and)-328(educational)-328(reforms)-328(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(brought)-556(thinking)-556(men)-557(face)-556(to)-556(face)-556(with)-556(religious)-556(problems)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-481(extreme)-481(importance,)-538(women)-481(have)-481(been)-481(almost)-480(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excluded)-238(from)-237(their)-238(influence.)-246(Their)-237(minds)-238(are)-237(usually)-238(by)-237(nature)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(less)-448(capable)-448(than)-449(those)-448(of)-448(men)-448(of)-448(impartiality)-448(and)-448(suspense,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-466(the)-466(almost)-466(complete)-466(omission)-466(from)-466(female)-466(education)-465(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-313(studies)-313(which)-313(most)-313(discipline)-313(and)-313(strengthen)-313(the)-312(intellect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(increases)-429(the)-428(difference,)-473(while)-429(at)-857(the)-428(same)-429(time)-428(it)-429(has)-428(been)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([355])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(usually)-208(made)-207(a)-208(main)-207(object)-207(to)-208(imbue)-207(them)-208(with)-207(a)-208(passionate)-207(faith)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-407(traditional)-406(opinions,)-446(and)-407(to)-407(preserve)-406(them)-407(from)-407(all)-406(contact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-325(opposing)-324(views.)-475(But)-324(contracted)-325(knowledge)-325(and)-324(imperfect)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1490 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1491 0 R /Resources 1489 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1479 0 R >> endobj 1492 0 obj << /D [1490 0 R /XYZ 249.775 106.79 null] >> endobj 1489 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1495 0 obj << /Length 4672 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(349)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(sympathy)-289(are)-289(not)-289(the)-289(sole)-288(fruits)-289(of)-289(this)-289(education.)-367(It)-289(has)-288(always)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-240(the)-239(peculiarity)-240(of)-240(a)-239(certain)-240(kind)-240(of)-239(theological)-240(teaching)-239(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-335(inverts)-334(all)-334(the)-335(normal)-334(principles)-335(of)-334(judgment,)-356(and)-334(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(destroys)-247(intellectual)-248(diffidence.)-249(On)-247(other)-248(subjects)-247(we)-247(find,)-248(if)-247(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-210(respect)-209(for)-209(honest)-210(conviction,)-218(at)-209(least)-210(some)-209(sense)-209(of)-210(the)-209(amount)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-192(knowledge)-193(that)-192(is)-192(requisite)-193(to)-192(entitle)-192(men)-193(to)-192(express)-192(an)-192(opinion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-387(grave)-387(controversies.)-661(A)-387(complete)-387(ignorance)-387(of)-387(the)-386(subject-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(matter)-205(of)-205(a)-204(dispute)-205(restrains)-205(the)-204(confidence)-205(of)-205(dogmatism;)-220(and)-204(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ignorant)-193(person,)-204(who)-193(is)-193(aware)-192(that,)-204(by)-193(much)-193(reading)-193(and)-192(thinking)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-302(spheres)-302(of)-302(which)-303(he)-302(has)-302(himself)-302(no)-302(knowledge,)-315(his)-302(educated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(neighbour)-251(has)-250(modified)-251(or)-251(rejected)-250(opinions)-251(which)-251(that)-250(ignorant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(person)-312(had)-312(been)-311(taught,)-327(will,)-328(at)-311(least)-312(if)-312(he)-312(is)-311(a)-312(man)-312(of)-312(sense)-311(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modesty,)-279(abstain)-272(from)-273(compassionating)-273(the)-273(benighted)-272(condition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-316(his)-316(more)-316(instructed)-316(friend.)-448(But)-316(on)-316(theological)-316(questions)-315(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-364(never)-364(been)-364(so.)-592(Unfaltering)-364(belief)-364(being)-364(taught)-364(as)-364(the)-364(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-407(duties,)-445(and)-407(all)-406(doubt)-407(being)-406(usually)-407(stigmatised)-406(as)-406(criminal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-416(damnable,)-458(a)-416(state)-416(of)-416(mind)-416(is)-415(formed)-416(to)-416(which)-416(we)-416(find)-416(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parallel)-406(in)-406(other)-406(fields.)-718(Many)-406(men)-406(and)-406(most)-406(women,)-444(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(completely)-317(ignorant)-316(of)-317(the)-316(very)-317(rudiments)-316(of)-317(biblical)-316(criticism,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(historical)-388(research,)-423(or)-388(scientific)-388(discoveries,)-422(though)-388(they)-388(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(never)-329(read)-330(a)-329(single)-329(page,)-349(or)-329(understood)-330(a)-329(single)-329(proposition)-329(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(writings)-298(of)-299(those)-298(whom)-299(they)-299(condemn,)-310(and)-299(have)-298(absolutely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-390(rational)-389(knowledge)-390(either)-389(of)-390(the)-390(arguments)-389(by)-390(which)-389(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(faith)-367(is)-366(defended,)-396(or)-366(of)-367(those)-367(by)-366(which)-367(it)-366(has)-367(been)-366(impugned,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(will)-429(nevertheless)-430(adjudicate)-429(with)-429(the)-430(utmost)-429(confidence)-429(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-332(polemical)-332(question;)-373(denounce,)-353(hate,)-352(pity,)-352(or)-332(pray)-332(for)-332(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conversion)-284(of)-284(all)-284(who)-284(dissent)-284(from)-284(what)-284(they)-284(have)-284(been)-283(taught;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assume,)-257(as)-256(a)-255(matter)-256(beyond)-256(the)-255(faintest)-256(possibility)-256(of)-255(doubt,)-257(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-326(opinions)-325(they)-326(have)-325(received)-326(without)-325(enquiry)-651(must)-326(be)-325(true,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([356])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-373(that)-373(the)-373(opinions)-372(which)-373(others)-373(have)-373(arrived)-373(at)-373(by)-372(enquiry)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(must)-313(be)-314(false,)-329(and)-313(make)-313(it)-314(a)-313(main)-313(object)-313(of)-314(their)-313(lives)-313(to)-313(assail)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-394(they)-394(call)-394(heresy)-394(in)-394(every)-394(way)-394(in)-394(their)-394(power,)-430(except)-393(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examining)-306(the)-306(grounds)-306(on)-306(which)-305(it)-306(rests.)-418(It)-306(is)-306(probable)-306(that)-305(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-178(majority)-179(of)-178(voices)-179(that)-178(swell)-179(the)-178(clamour)-179(against)-178(every)-178(book)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1494 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1495 0 R /Resources 1493 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1479 0 R >> endobj 1496 0 obj << /D [1494 0 R /XYZ 265.54 138.798 null] >> endobj 1493 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1499 0 obj << /Length 5667 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(350History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(which)-243(is)-243(regarded)-244(as)-243(heretical)-243(are)-243(the)-244(voices)-243(of)-243(those)-243(who)-243(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deem)-227(it)-226(criminal)-227(even)-226(to)-227(open)-227(that)-226(book,)-231(or)-227(to)-227(enter)-226(into)-227(any)-226(real,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(searching,)-318(and)-305(impartial)-304(investigation)-305(of)-304(the)-305(subject)-304(to)-305(which)-304(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relates.)-641(Innumerable)-381(pulpits)-380(support)-381(this)-380(tone)-381(of)-380(thought,)-413(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(represent,)-343(with)-324(a)-324(fervid)-324(rhetoric)-323(well)-324(fitted)-324(to)-324(excite)-324(the)-324(nerves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-257(imaginations)-256(of)-257(women,)-258(the)-256(deplorable)-257(condition)-256(of)-257(all)-256(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deviate)-325(from)-326(a)-325(certain)-325(type)-326(of)-325(opinions)-325(or)-326(of)-325(emotions;)-363(a)-325(blind)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(propagandism)-247(or)-247(a)-248(secret)-247(wretchedness)-247(penetrates)-247(into)-247(countless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(households,)-275(poisoning)-270(the)-270(peace)-270(of)-270(families,)-275(chilling)-270(the)-270(mutual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(confidence)-409(of)-409(husband)-409(and)-409(wife,)-449(adding)-409(immeasurably)-409(to)-409(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difficulties)-245(which)-244(every)-245(searcher)-244(into)-245(truth)-245(has)-244(to)-245(encounter,)-245(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diffusing)-411(far)-410(and)-411(wide)-410(intellectual)-411(timidity,)-450(disingenuousness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(hypocrisy.)]TJ 11.956 -15.148 Td [(These)-274(domestic)-273(divisions)-274(became)-273(very)-274(apparent)-273(in)-274(the)-273(period)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-399(the)-399(conversion)-398(of)-399(the)-399(Roman)-399(Empire;)-473(and)-399(a)-399(natural)-398(desire)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-374(guard)-374(intact)-374(the)-374(orthodoxy)-374(and)-374(zeal)-374(of)-374(the)-374(converts,)-405(and)-374(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevent)-321(a)-322(continual)-321(discordance,)-340(stimulated)-321(the)-322(Fathers)-321(in)-321(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-337(vehement)-337(denunciations)-337(of)-336(all)-337(mixed)-337(marriages.)-511(We)-336(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-351(trace)-350(in)-351(these)-351(denunciations)-350(the)-351(outline)-351(of)-350(a)-351(very)-350(singular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doctrine,)-411(which)-379(was)-379(afterwards)-379(suffered)-379(to)-379(fall)-379(into)-378(obscurity,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-315(was)-316(revived)-315(in)-315(the)-315(last)-316(century)-315(in)-315(England)-316(in)-315(a)-315(curious)-315(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(learned)-344(work)-343(of)-344(the)-344(nonjuror)-344(Dodwell.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 173.559 3.959 Td [(767)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.248 -3.959 Td [(The)-344(union)-343(of)-344(Christ)]TJ -191.807 -13.549 Td [(and)-359(His)-360(Church)-719(had)-359(been)-360(represented)-359(as)-359(a)-360(marriage;)-414(and)-359(this)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([357])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(image)-286(was)-286(not)-286(regarded)-286(as)-286(a)-286(mere)-286(metaphor)-286(or)-286(comparison,)-295(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-303(intimating)-302(a)-303(mysterious)-302(unity,)-316(which,)-315(though)-303(not)-302(susceptible)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-399(any)-399(very)-398(clear)-399(definition,)-436(was)-399(not)-398(on)-399(that)-399(account)-399(the)-398(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(real.)-807(Christians)-436(were)-435(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.913 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(limbs)-436(of)-435(Christ,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.243 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.595 0 Td [(and)-436(for)-435(them)-436(to)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.663 Td [(767)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(A)-177(discourse)-178(concerning)-177(the)-177(obligation)-178(to)-177(marry)-178(within)-177(the)-177(true)-178(communion,)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(following)-209(from)-210(their)-209(style)-209(\050)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 96.167 0 Td [(sic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.961 0 Td [(\051)-209(of)-210(being)-209(called)-209(a)-210(holy)-209(seed.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 101.149 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.858 0 Td [(This)-209(rare)-210(discourse)]TJ -213.135 -10.958 Td [(is)-298(appended)-298(to)-298(a)-298(sermon)-298(against)-298(mixed)-298(marriages)-298(by)-298(Leslie.)-394(\050London,)-310(1702.\051)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(The)-221(reader)-222(may)-221(find)-222(something)-221(about)-222(Dodwell)-221(in)-222(Macaulay's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 219.695 0 Td [(Hist.)-241(of)-221(England)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 58.694 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(ch.)-943(xiv.;)-597(but)-481(Macaulay,)-539(who)-481(does)-481(not)-482(appear)-481(to)-481(have)-481(known)-481(Dodwell's)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(masterpiece)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 42.824 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(his)-415(dissertation)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 59.246 0 Td [(De)-415(Paucitate)-414(Marturum)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 89.121 0 Td [(,)-456(which)-415(is)-414(one)-415(of)-415(the)]TJ -200.157 -10.959 Td [(finest)-224(specimens)-224(of)-225(criticism)-224(of)-224(his)-224(time)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 142.064 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(and)-224(who)-224(only)-225(knew)-224(the)-224(discourse)-224(on)]TJ -151.03 -10.959 Td [(marriages)-250(by)-250(extracts,)-250(has,)-250(I)-250(think,)-250(done)-250(him)-250(considerable)-250(injustice.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1498 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1499 0 R /Resources 1497 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1479 0 R >> endobj 1500 0 obj << /D [1498 0 R /XYZ 168.328 218.494 null] >> endobj 1497 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1503 0 obj << /Length 5590 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(351)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(join)-451(themselves)-450(in)-451(marriage)-450(with)-451(those)-450(who)-451(were)-450(not)-451(of)-450(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-296(fold)-297(was)-296(literally,)-308(it)-297(was)-296(said,)-308(a)-296(species)-297(of)-296(adultery)-296(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fornication.)-383(The)-294(intermarriage)-294(of)-294(the)-295(Israelites,)-305(the)-294(chosen)-294(seed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-362(the)-362(ancient)-361(world,)-390(with)-362(the)-362(Gentil)1(es,)-390(had)-362(been)-362(described)-361(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-238(Old)-239(Testament)-238(as)-238(an)-238(act)-239(of)-238(impurity;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 175.143 3.959 Td [(768)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.095 -3.959 Td [(and)-238(in)-238(the)-239(opinion)-238(of)]TJ -190.238 -13.549 Td [(some,)-251(at)-250(least,)-251(of)-250(the)-251(Fathers,)-250(the)-251(Christian)-250(community)-250(occupied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(towards)-340(the)-340(unbelievers)-340(a)-340(position)-340(analogous)-340(to)-340(that)-340(which)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Jews)-260(had)-260(occupied)-259(towards)-260(the)-260(Gentiles.)-279(St.)-280(Cyprian)-259(denounced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-208(crime)-207(of)-208(those)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 79.342 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(who)-207(prostitute)-208(the)-207(limbs)-208(of)-207(Christ)-208(in)-207(marriage)]TJ -84.185 -13.55 Td [(with)-528(the)-529(Gentiles.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 83.344 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(769)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.219 -3.959 Td [(Tertullian)-528(described)-529(the)-528(intermarriage)]TJ -106.407 -13.549 Td [(as)-527(fornication;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 65.734 3.959 Td [(770)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.709 -3.959 Td [(and)-527(after)-526(the)-527(triumph)-527(of)-527(the)-526(Church,)-596(the)]TJ -85.443 -13.549 Td [(intermarriage)-220(of)-220(Jews)-220(and)-221(Christians)-220(was)-220(made)-220(a)-220(capital)-220(offence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-394(was)-393(stigmatised)-394(by)-394(the)-394(law)-393(as)-394(adultery.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.041 3.959 Td [(771)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.885 -3.959 Td [(The)-394(civil)-393(law)]TJ -219.926 -13.549 Td [(did)-323(not)-324(prohibit)-323(the)-324(orthodox)-323(from)-324(intermarrying)-323(with)-323(heretics,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-272(many)-272(councils)-273(in)-272(strong)-272(terms)-273(denounced)-272(such)-272(marriages)-272(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(criminal.)]TJ 11.955 -15.682 Td [(The)-544(extreme)-544(sanctity)-544(attributed)-543(to)-544(virginity,)-618(the)-544(absolute)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(condemnation)-542(of)-543(all)-542(forms)-543(of)-542(sexual)-543(connection)-542(other)-542(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marriage,)-651(and)-571(the)-570(formation)-571(and)-571(gradual)-571(realisation)-571(of)-570(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Christian)-228(conception)-228(of)-228(marriage)-228(as)-228(a)-228(permanent)-228(union)-228(of)-227(a)-456(man)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([358])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(and)-156(woman)-156(of)-156(the)-156(same)-156(religious)-156(opinions,)-174(consecrated)-156(by)-156(solemn)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-251(services,)-250(carrying)-251(with)-251(it)-250(a)-251(deep)-251(religious)-250(signification,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-383(dissoluble)-383(only)-383(by)-383(death,)-417(were)-383(the)-383(most)-383(obvious)-383(signs)-383(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-411(influence)-411(in)-412(the)-411(sphere)-411(of)-412(ethics)-411(we)-411(are)-411(examining.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Another)-351(very)-350(important)-351(result)-351(of)-350(the)-351(new)-350(religion)-351(was)-351(to)-350(raise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-324(a)-324(far)-324(greater)-324(honour)-323(than)-324(they)-324(had)-324(previously)-324(possessed,)-342(the)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 164.917 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 158.104 Td [(768)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Dodwell)-378(relies)-379(mainly)-378(upon)-379(this)-378(fact,)-411(and)-378(especially)-379(upon)-378(Ezra's)-379(having)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(treated)-250(these)-250(marriages)-250(as)-250(essentially)-250(null.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(769)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Jungere)-604(cum)-605(infidelibus)-604(vinculum)-605(matrimonii,)-693(prostituere)-605(gentilibus)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(membra)-250(Christi.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 58.282 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Cyprian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 33.373 0 Td [(De)-250(Lapsis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.117 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -140.469 -7.311 Td [(770)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(H\346c)-238(cum)-238(ita)-238(sint,)-241(fideles)-238(Gentilium)-238(matrimonia)-238(subeuntes)-238(stupri)-239(reos)-238(esse)]TJ -15.936 -10.959 Td [(constat,)-328(et)-312(arcendos)-312(ab)-312(omni)-312(communicatione)-312(fraternitatis.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 213.161 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(Tert.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 21.093 0 Td [(Ad)-312(Uxor.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -247.201 -10.958 Td [(ii.)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(771)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-277(on)-277(this)-277(law,)-284(and)-277(on)-277(the)-277(many)-277(councils)-277(which)-277(condemned)-277(the)-277(marriage)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(orthodox)-250(with)-250(heretics,)-250(Bingham,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 132.245 0 Td [(Antiq.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.913 0 Td [(xxii.)-250(2,)-250(\247\247)-250(1-2.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1502 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1503 0 R /Resources 1501 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1505 0 R >> endobj 1504 0 obj << /D [1502 0 R /XYZ 306.129 258.607 null] >> endobj 1501 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1508 0 obj << /Length 4672 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(352History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(qualities)-250(in)-250(which)-250(women)-250(peculiarly)-250(excel.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(There)-503(are)-502(few)-503(more)-502(curious)-503(subjects)-503(of)-502(enquiry)-503(than)-502(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(distinctive)-456(differences)-457(between)-456(the)-456(sexes,)-508(and)-457(the)-456(manner)-456(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-230(those)-229(differences)-230(have)-229(affected)-230(the)-230(ideal)-229(types)-230(of)-229(different)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ages,)-586(nations,)-586(philosophies,)-586(and)-519(religions.)-1056(Physically,)-586(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-490(the)-489(indisputable)-490(superiority)-489(in)-490(strength,)-549(and)-490(women)-489(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beauty.)-334(Intellectually,)-285(a)-278(certain)-278(inferiority)-278(of)-278(the)-278(female)-277(sex)-278(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hardly)-223(be)-223(denied)-223(when)-223(we)-223(remember)-223(how)-223(almost)-223(exclusively)-223(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foremost)-349(places)-349(in)-349(every)-349(department)-350(of)-349(science,)-374(literature,)-373(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(art)-269(have)-270(been)-269(occupied)-270(by)-269(men,)-275(how)-269(infinitesimally)-270(small)-269(is)-269(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(number)-238(of)-238(women)-238(who)-238(have)-238(shown)-238(in)-238(any)-238(form)-238(the)-238(very)-237(highest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order)-362(of)-362(genius,)-390(how)-362(many)-362(of)-362(the)-362(greatest)-362(men)-362(have)-361(achieved)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-380(greatness)-379(in)-380(defiance)-379(of)-380(the)-379(most)-380(adverse)-379(circumstances,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-402(how)-402(completely)-402(women)-401(have)-402(failed)-402(in)-402(obtaining)-402(the)-401(first)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(position,)-297(even)-287(in)-287(music)-288(or)-287(painting,)-297(for)-287(the)-288(cultivation)-287(of)-287(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-520(circumstances)-520(would)-520(appear)-520(most)-520(propitious.)-1060(It)-520(is)-519(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impossible)-350(to)-349(find)-350(a)-350(female)-349(Raphael,)-375(or)-350(a)-349(female)-350(Handel,)-375(as)-349(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(female)-337(Shakspeare)-338(or)-337(Newton.)-512(Women)-338(are)-337(intellectually)-337(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(desultory)-376(and)-377(volatile)-376(than)-376(men;)-440(they)-376(are)-377(more)-376(occupied)-376(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(particular)-499(instances)-499(than)-499(with)-499(general)-499(principles;)-623(they)-499(judge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rather)-383(by)-383(intuitive)-382(perceptions)-383(than)-383(by)-383(deliberate)-383(reasoning)-382(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(past)-407(experience.)-721(They)-407(are,)-446(however,)-446(usually)-407(superior)-407(to)-406(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-316(nimbleness)-316(and)-316(rapidity)-316(of)-316(thought,)-333(and)-316(in)-316(the)-316(gift)-316(of)-316(tact)-316(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-303(power)-303(of)-304(seizing)-303(speedily)-303(and)-303(faithfully)-303(the)-303(finer)-303(inflexions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-461(feeling,)-514(and)-462(they)-461(have)-461(therefore)-462(often)-461(attained)-461(very)-461(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eminence)-318(in)-317(conversation,)-335(as)-318(letter-writers,)-334(as)-318(actresses,)-335(and)-317(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(novelists.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([359])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -13.549 Td [(Morally,)-171(the)-152(general)-152(superiority)-152(of)-151(women)-152(over)-152(men,)-171(is,)-172(I)-151(think,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(unquestionable.)-344(If)-282(we)-281(take)-282(the)-281(somewhat)-282(coarse)-281(and)-281(inadequate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(criterion)-393(of)-394(police)-393(statistics,)-429(we)-394(find)-393(that,)-429(while)-394(the)-393(male)-393(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(female)-371(populations)-371(are)-371(nearly)-371(the)-371(same)-370(in)-371(number,)-402(the)-370(crimes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(committed)-395(by)-395(men)-395(are)-395(usually)-395(rather)-395(more)-395(than)-395(five)-395(times)-395(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numerous)-218(as)-218(those)-218(committed)-218(by)-218(women;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 179.761 3.959 Td [(772)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.948 -3.959 Td [(and)-218(although)-218(it)-218(may)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(772)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Many)-277(curious)-277(statistics)-278(illustrating)-277(this)-277(fact)-277(are)-278(given)-277(by)-277(M.)-277(Bonneville)-278(de)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1507 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1508 0 R /Resources 1506 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1505 0 R >> endobj 1509 0 obj << /D [1507 0 R /XYZ 93.543 165.754 null] >> endobj 1506 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1512 0 obj << /Length 5173 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(353)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(be)-212(justly)-212(observed)-213(that)-212(men,)-220(as)-212(the)-212(stronger)-212(sex,)-220(and)-212(the)-212(sex)-212(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-259(the)-258(burden)-259(of)-259(supporting)-258(the)-259(family)-258(is)-259(thrown,)-261(have)-258(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temptations)-347(than)-347(women,)-371(it)-347(must)-347(be)-347(remembered,)-371(on)-347(the)-347(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hand,)-240(that)-238(extreme)-238(poverty)-238(which)-238(verges)-238(upon)-238(starvation)-238(is)-238(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(common)-389(among)-388(women,)-423(whose)-389(means)-389(of)-388(livelihood)-389(are)-388(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restricted,)-260(and)-257(whose)-258(earnings)-258(are)-257(smallest)-258(and)-258(most)-257(precarious.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Self-sacrifice)-272(is)-273(the)-272(most)-272(conspicuous)-272(element)-273(of)-272(a)-272(virtuous)-272(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-365(character,)-393(and)-365(it)-365(is)-365(certainly)-365(far)-365(less)-365(common)-364(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-359(than)-358(among)-359(women,)-386(whose)-359(whole)-358(lives)-359(are)-359(usually)-358(spent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-348(yielding)-347(to)-348(the)-348(will)-347(and)-348(consulting)-348(the)-347(pleasures)-348(of)-347(another.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-430(are)-429(two)-430(great)-429(departments)-430(of)-429(virtue:)-609(the)-430(impulsive,)-474(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-414(which)-414(springs)-413(spontaneously)-414(from)-414(the)-414(emotions;)-496(and)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deliberative,)-221(or)-214(that)-214(which)-214(is)-214(performed)-214(in)-214(obedience)-214(to)-214(the)-213(sense)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-344(duty;)-391(and)-343(in)-344(both)-344(of)-344(these)-344(I)-343(imagine)-344(women)-344(are)-344(superior)-343(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(men.)-551(Their)-350(sensibility)-350(is)-351(greater,)-375(they)-350(are)-351(more)-350(chaste)-350(both)-350(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought)-295(and)-294(act,)-306(more)-294(tender)-295(to)-295(the)-294(erring,)-306(more)-294(compassionate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-405(the)-404(suffering,)-444(more)-405(affectionate)-404(to)-405(all)-405(about)-405(them.)-714(On)-404(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-384(hand,)-418(those)-384(who)-384(have)-384(traced)-384(the)-384(course)-384(of)-384(the)-384(wives)-384(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-357(poor,)-383(and)-356(of)-357(many)-356(who,)-384(though)-356(in)-357(narrow)-356(circumstances,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([360])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(can)-330(hardly)-329(be)-330(called)-329(poor,)-349(will)-330(probably)-329(admit)-330(that)-329(in)-330(no)-329(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-379(do)-379(we)-380(so)-379(often)-379(find)-379(entire)-380(lives)-379(spent)-379(in)-379(daily)-379(persistent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(self-denial,)-430(in)-394(the)-394(patient)-394(endurance)-394(of)-394(countless)-394(trials,)-430(in)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ceaseless)-254(and)-254(deliberate)-254(sacrifice)-254(of)-254(their)-254(own)-254(enjoyments)-254(to)-254(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well-being)-269(or)-269(the)-270(prospects)-269(of)-269(others.)-308(Women,)-273(however,)-274(though)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(less)-231(prone)-231(than)-231(men)-231(to)-231(intemperance)-231(and)-231(brutality,)-235(are)-231(in)-230(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-199(addicted)-199(to)-199(the)-199(petty)-198(forms)-199(of)-199(vanity,)-209(jealousy,)-209(spitefulness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-217(ambition,)-224(and)-217(they)-218(are)-217(also)-217(inferior)-217(to)-218(men)-217(in)-217(active)-217(courage.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 151.678 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 142.854 Td [(Marsangy)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 35.857 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(a)-314(Portuguese)-313(writer)-314(who)-314(was)-314(counsellor)-313(of)-314(the)-314(Imperial)-313(Court)-314(at)]TJ -44.823 -10.959 Td [(Paris)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 17.933 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(in)-361(his)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 23.922 0 Td [(\311tude)-361(sur)-362(la)-361(Moralit\351)-362(compar\351e)-361(de)-362(la)-361(Femme)-362(et)-361(de)-362(l'Homme)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 227.567 0 Td [(.)]TJ -278.389 -10.958 Td [(\050Paris,)-391(1862.\051)-589(The)-363(writer)-363(would)-363(have)-363(done)-362(better)-363(if)-363(he)-363(had)-363(not)-363(maintained,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-372(lawyer)-372(fashion,)-403(that)-372(the)-373(statistics)-372(of)-372(crime)-372(are)-372(absolutely)-373(decisive)-372(on)-372(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(question)-414(of)-415(the)-414(comparative)-415(morality)-414(of)-414(the)-415(sexes,)-455(and)-414(also,)-456(if)-414(he)-415(had)-414(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(thought)-287(it)-288(due)-287(to)-287(his)-287(official)-288(position)-287(to)-287(talk)-288(in)-287(a)-287(rather)-287(grotesque)-288(strain)-287(about)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-428(regeneration)-428(and)-428(glorification)-428(of)-428(the)-429(sex)-428(in)-428(the)-428(person)-428(of)-428(the)-428(Empress)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Eug\351nie.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1511 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1512 0 R /Resources 1510 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1505 0 R >> endobj 1513 0 obj << /D [1511 0 R /XYZ 327.401 274.29 null] >> endobj 1510 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1516 0 obj << /Length 4780 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(354History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(In)-383(t)1(he)-383(courage)-382(of)-383(endurance)-382(they)-383(are)-382(commonly)-383(superior;)-448(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-328(passive)-329(courage)-328(is)-329(not)-328(so)-329(much)-328(fortitude)-329(which)-328(bears)-328(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defies,)-404(as)-373(resignation)-373(which)-373(bears)-373(and)-373(bends.)-619(In)-373(the)-373(ethics)-373(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellect)-347(they)-347(are)-346(decidedly)-347(inferior.)-540(To)-347(repeat)-347(an)-347(expression)-346(I)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-369(already)-368(employed,)-398(women)-369(very)-368(rarely)-369(love)-368(truth,)-398(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-198(love)-198(passionately)-197(what)-198(they)-198(call)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 160.194 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-198(truth,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 38.822 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.001 0 Td [(or)-198(opinions)-198(they)]TJ -210.861 -13.549 Td [(have)-220(received)-219(from)-219(others,)-226(and)-220(hate)-219(vehemently)-219(those)-220(who)-219(differ)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-345(them.)-537(They)-345(are)-345(little)-346(capable)-345(of)-345(impartiality)-346(or)-345(of)-345(doubt;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-239(thinking)-239(is)-239(chiefly)-239(a)-239(mode)-239(of)-240(feeling;)-242(though)-239(very)-239(generous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-244(their)-243(acts,)-245(they)-243(are)-244(rarely)-243(generous)-244(in)-243(their)-244(opinions)-243(or)-244(in)-243(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judgments.)-245(They)-236(persuade)-235(rather)-236(than)-236(convince,)-238(and)-236(value)-235(belief)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rather)-384(as)-384(a)-384(source)-385(of)-384(consolation)-384(than)-384(as)-384(a)-384(faithful)-384(expression)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-460(the)-460(reality)-460(of)-460(things.)-880(They)-460(are)-460(less)-460(capable)-460(than)-460(men)-459(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perceiving)-309(qualifying)-309(circumstances,)-323(of)-309(admitting)-309(the)-308(existence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-359(elements)-359(of)-359(good)-359(in)-360(systems)-359(to)-359(which)-359(they)-359(are)-359(opposed,)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinguishing)-390(the)-389(personal)-390(character)-390(of)-389(an)-390(opponent)-390(from)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions)-407(he)-407(maintains.)-720(Men)-407(lean)-407(most)-407(to)-407(justice)-407(and)-406(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-470(mercy.)-912(Men)-470(excel)-471(in)-470(energy,)-526(self-reliance,)-525(perseverance,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-264(magnanimity;)-270(women)-264(in)-264(humility,)-267(gentleness,)-267(modesty,)-267(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(endurance.)-643(The)-382(realising)-381(imagination)-381(which)-381(causes)-381(us)-381(to)-381(pity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-443(to)-443(love)-443(is)-443(more)-443(sensitive)-443(in)-443(women)-443(than)-443(in)-443(men,)-491(and)-443(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-427(especially)-428(more)-427(capable)-428(of)-427(dwelling)-427(on)-428(the)-427(unseen.)-782(Their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-239(or)-239(devotional)-238(realisations)-239(are)-239(incontestably)-239(more)-238(vivid;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-237(it)-238(is)-237(probable)-238(that,)-239(while)-238(a)-237(father)-238(is)-237(most)-237(moved)-238(by)-237(the)-237(death)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-389(a)-389(child)-389(in)-389(his)-388(presence,)-424(a)-389(mother)-778(generally)-389(feels)-389(most)-388(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([361])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(death)-280(of)-279(a)-280(child)-279(in)-280(some)-280(distant)-279(land.)-339(But,)-287(though)-280(more)-279(intense,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-262(sympathies)-261(of)-262(women)-262(are)-261(commonly)-262(less)-262(wide)-261(than)-262(those)-261(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men.)-246(Their)-237(imaginations)-237(individualise)-237(more;)-241(their)-237(affections)-237(are,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-335(consequence,)-357(concentrated)-336(rather)-335(on)-335(leaders)-336(than)-335(on)-335(causes;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-457(if)-457(they)-457(care)-458(for)-457(a)-457(great)-457(cause,)-509(it)-457(is)-457(generally)-457(because)-457(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-476(represented)-475(by)-476(a)-476(great)-476(man,)-532(or)-475(connected)-476(with)-476(some)-475(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-307(they)-307(love.)-422(In)-307(politics,)-321(their)-307(enthusiasm)-307(is)-307(more)-307(naturally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loyalty)-312(than)-312(patriotism.)-437(In)-312(history,)-328(they)-312(are)-312(even)-312(more)-312(inclined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-410(men)-411(to)-410(dwell)-410(exclusively)-411(upon)-410(biographical)-410(incidents)-410(or)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1515 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1516 0 R /Resources 1514 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1505 0 R >> endobj 1517 0 obj << /D [1515 0 R /XYZ 261.465 192.994 null] >> endobj 1514 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1520 0 obj << /Length 4725 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(355)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(characteristics)-192(as)-192(distinguished)-192(from)-192(the)-192(march)-192(of)-192(general)-192(causes.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-214(benevolence,)-222(they)-214(excel)-215(in)-214(charity,)-222(which)-214(alleviates)-214(individual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering,)-455(rather)-414(than)-415(in)-414(philanthropy,)-455(which)-414(deals)-414(with)-414(large)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(masses)-346(and)-347(is)-346(more)-346(frequently)-346(employed)-347(in)-346(preventing)-346(than)-346(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(allaying)-250(calamity.)]TJ 11.956 -18.621 Td [(It)-391(was)-392(a)-391(remark)-392(of)-391(Winckelmann)-392(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 175.914 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-391(supreme)-392(beauty)]TJ -192.714 -13.549 Td [(of)-311(Greek)-311(art)-311(is)-311(rather)-310(male)-311(than)-311(female;)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 176.412 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.235 0 Td [(and)-311(the)-311(justice)-311(of)-310(this)]TJ -184.647 -13.549 Td [(remark)-335(has)-334(been)-335(amply)-334(corroborated)-335(by)-334(the)-335(greater)-334(knowledge)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(we)-225(have)-225(of)-226(late)-225(years)-225(attained)-225(of)-225(the)-226(works)-225(of)-225(the)-225(Phidian)-225(period,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-263(which)-262(art)-263(achieved)-263(its)-262(highest)-263(perfection,)-266(and)-262(in)-263(which,)-266(at)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-262(time,)-266(force)-262(and)-263(freedom,)-265(and)-262(masculine)-263(grandeur,)-265(were)-262(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pre-eminent)-269(characteristics.)-309(A)-269(similar)-269(observation)-270(may)-269(be)-269(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-195(the)-195(moral)-195(ideal)-195(of)-195(which)-195(ancient)-195(art)-195(was)-195(simply)-195(the)-195(expression.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(In)-457(antiquity)-458(the)-457(virtues)-458(that)-457(were)-457(most)-458(admired)-457(were)-457(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exclusively)-376(those)-375(which)-376(are)-376(distinctively)-375(masculine.)-627(Courage,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(self-assertion,)-259(magnanimity,)-260(and,)-259(above)-257(all,)-260(patriotism,)-259(were)-257(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leading)-398(features)-398(of)-398(the)-397(ideal)-398(type;)-472(and)-398(chastity,)-435(modesty,)-434(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-207(the)-196(gentler)-196(and)-196(the)-196(domestic)-196(virtues,)-207(which)-195(are)-196(especially)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(feminine,)-214(were)-204(greatly)-204(undervalued.)-235(With)-204(the)-205(single)-204(exception)-204(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conjugal)-214(fidelity,)-221(none)-214(of)-214(the)-213(virtues)-214(that)-214(were)-214(very)-214(highly)-213(prized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-325(virtues)-324(distinctively)-325(or)-324(pre-eminently)-325(feminine.)-474(With)-324(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exception,)-195(nearly)-181(all)-181(the)-181(most)-181(illustrious)-181(women)-181(of)-181(antiquity)-181(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(illustrious)-287(chiefly)-286(because)-287(they)-287(overcame)-286(the)-287(natural)-286(conditions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-304(their)-305(sex.)-826(It)-305(is)-304(a)-304(characteristic)-305(fact)-304(that)-305(the)-304(favourite)-304(female)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([362])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-403(of)-404(the)-403(artists)-403(appears)-403(to)-403(have)-404(been)-403(the)-403(Amazon.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 245.293 3.959 Td [(773)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.195 -3.959 Td [(We)]TJ -265.488 -13.549 Td [(may)-289(admire)-288(the)-289(Spartan)-289(mother,)-298(and)-289(the)-288(mother)-289(of)-289(the)-288(Gracchi,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(repressing)-211(every)-211(sign)-211(of)-211(grief)-211(when)-211(their)-211(children)-211(were)-211(sacrificed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-325(the)-324(altar)-325(of)-325(their)-325(country,)-343(we)-325(may)-324(wonder)-325(at)-325(the)-324(majestic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(courage)-422(of)-422(a)-423(Porcia)-422(and)-422(an)-422(Arria;)-509(but)-422(we)-422(extol)-422(them)-422(chiefly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(because,)-376(being)-351(women,)-377(they)-350(emancipated)-351(themselves)-351(from)-351(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(frailty)-443(of)-443(their)-443(sex,)-491(and)-443(displayed)-443(an)-443(heroic)-443(fortitude)-442(worthy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-409(the)-408(strongest)-409(and)-409(the)-408(bravest)-409(of)-409(men.)-726(We)-408(may)-409(bestow)-408(an)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(773)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Pliny,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 38.609 0 Td [(Hist.)-250(Nat.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.87 0 Td [(xxxiv.)-250(19.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1519 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1520 0 R /Resources 1518 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1505 0 R >> endobj 1521 0 obj << /D [1519 0 R /XYZ 104.273 201.471 null] >> endobj 1518 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1524 0 obj << /Length 5048 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(356History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(equal)-370(admiration)-370(upon)-370(the)-370(noble)-370(devotion)-370(and)-370(charity)-370(of)-370(a)-369(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Elizabeth)-337(of)-336(Hungary,)-359(or)-336(of)-337(a)-337(Mrs.)-510(Fry,)-358(but)-337(we)-336(do)-337(not)-336(admire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-349(because)-348(they)-348(displayed)-349(these)-348(virtues,)-374(alt)1(hough)-349(they)-348(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(women,)-271(for)-266(we)-267(feel)-266(that)-267(their)-266(virtues)-267(were)-266(of)-267(the)-266(kind)-267(which)-266(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(female)-373(nature)-374(is)-373(most)-373(fitted)-373(to)-374(produce.)-620(The)-373(change)-373(from)-373(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heroic)-215(to)-215(the)-215(saintly)-216(ideal,)-222(from)-215(the)-215(ideal)-215(of)-215(Paganism)-215(to)-215(the)-215(ideal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-275(Christianity,)-281(was)-275(a)-275(change)-275(from)-275(a)-275(type)-275(which)-275(was)-275(essentially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(male)-396(to)-397(one)-396(which)-397(was)-396(essentially)-396(feminine.)-689(Of)-397(all)-396(the)-396(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(schools)-241(of)-242(philosophy)-241(no)-241(other)-241(reflected)-242(so)-241(faithfully)-241(the)-241(Roman)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conception)-443(of)-443(moral)-442(excellence)-443(as)-443(Stoicism,)-491(and)-443(the)-442(greatest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-223(exponent)-222(of)-223(Stoicism)-223(summed)-222(up)-223(its)-223(character)-222(in)-223(a)-222(single)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sentence)-273(when)-274(he)-273(pronounced)-274(it)-273(to)-273(be)-274(beyond)-273(all)-274(other)-273(sects)-273(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-203(emphatically)-202(masculine.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 128.957 3.959 Td [(774)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.008 -3.959 Td [(On)-203(the)-202(other)-203(hand,)-212(an)-202(ideal)-203(type)]TJ -143.965 -13.549 Td [(in)-426(which)-425(meekness,)-470(gentleness,)-470(patience,)-469(humility,)-470(faith,)-469(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(love)-335(are)-334(the)-335(most)-334(prominent)-335(features,)-355(is)-335(not)-334(naturally)-335(male)-334(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(female.)-252(A)-251(reason)-251(probably)-251(deeper)-250(than)-251(the)-251(historical)-251(ones)-250(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-212(commonly)-212(alleged,)-219(why)-212(sculpture)-212(has)-212(always)-212(been)-211(peculiarly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pagan)-188(and)-188(painting)-189(peculiarly)-188(Christian,)-200(may)-189(be)-188(found)-188(in)-188(the)-188(fact,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-214(sculpture)-214(is)-213(especially)-214(suited)-214(to)-214(represent)-214(male)-214(beauty,)-221(or)-213(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(beauty)-282(of)-283(strength,)-290(and)-283(painting)-282(female)-283(beauty,)-290(or)-283(the)-282(beauty)-282(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(softness;)-485(and)-239(that)-238(Pagan)-239(sentiment)-239(was)-238(chiefly)-239(a)-239(glorification)-238(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([363])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-310(masculine)-309(qualities)-310(of)-309(strength,)-325(and)-309(courage,)-325(and)-309(conscious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtue,)-281(while)-274(Christian)-275(sentiment)-274(is)-275(chiefly)-274(a)-274(glorification)-275(of)-274(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(feminine)-215(qualities)-214(of)-215(gentleness,)-221(humility,)-222(and)-215(love.)-238(The)-214(painters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-223(the)-223(religious)-223(feeling)-222(of)-223(Christendom)-223(has)-223(recognised)-223(as)-222(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(most)-230(faithful)-230(exponents)-229(of)-230(Christian)-230(sentiment)-230(have)-230(always)-229(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-267(who)-268(infused)-267(a)-268(large)-267(measure)-268(of)-267(feminine)-268(beauty)-267(even)-267(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-327(male)-327(characters;)-365(and)-326(we)-327(never,)-346(or)-327(scarcely)-327(ever,)-346(find)-326(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(same)-271(artist)-272(has)-271(been)-272(conspicuously)-271(successful)-272(in)-271(delineating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(both)-288(Christian)-289(and)-288(Pagan)-289(types.)-365(Michael)-288(Angelo,)-298(whose)-288(genius)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(loved)-442(to)-442(expatiate)-442(on)-442(the)-442(sublimity)-442(of)-442(strength)-442(and)-441(defiance,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 98.681 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 91.869 Td [(774)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Tantum)-367(inter)-368(Stoicos,)-396(Serene,)-397(et)-368(ceteros)-367(sapientiam)-367(professos)-368(interesse,)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(quantum)-193(inter)-192(f)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 54.258 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(minas)-193(et)-192(mares)-193(non)-193(immerito)-192(dixerim.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 134.408 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 12.947 0 Td [(De)-193(Const.)-231(Sapientis)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.301 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(cap.)-250(i.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1523 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1524 0 R /Resources 1522 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1505 0 R >> endobj 1525 0 obj << /D [1523 0 R /XYZ 134.37 247.191 null] >> endobj 1522 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1528 0 obj << /Length 4950 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(357)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(failed)-318(signally)-317(in)-318(his)-318(representations)-318(of)-317(the)-318(Christian)-318(ideal;)-351(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Perugino)-320(was)-320(equally)-321(unsuccessful)-320(when)-320(he)-320(sought)-320(to)-320(pourtray)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-465(features)-465(of)-465(the)-465(heroes)-465(of)-464(antiquity.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 179.786 3.959 Td [(775)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.214 -3.959 Td [(The)-465(position)-465(that)]TJ -202 -13.549 Td [(was)-329(gradually)-329(assigned)-329(to)-328(the)-329(Virgin)-329(as)-329(the)-329(female)-329(ideal)-329(in)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(belief)-347(and)-347(the)-346(devotion)-347(of)-347(Christendom,)-371(was)-347(a)-347(consecration)-346(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-243(expression)-243(of)-243(the)-244(new)-243(value)-243(that)-243(was)-243(attached)-243(to)-243(the)-243(feminine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtues.)]TJ 11.956 -13.633 Td [(The)-347(general)-346(superiority)-347(of)-346(women)-347(to)-346(men)-347(in)-346(the)-347(strength)-346(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(their)-257(religious)-256(emotions,)-258(and)-257(their)-256(natural)-257(attraction)-256(to)-257(a)-256(religion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-288(made)-287(personal)-288(attachment)-287(to)-288(its)-288(Founder)-287(its)-288(central)-287(duty,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-362(which)-362(imparted)-363(an)-362(unprecedented)-362(dignity)-362(and)-362(afforded)-362(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unprecedented)-343(scope)-344(to)-343(their)-343(characteristic)-344(virtues,)-366(account)-343(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-453(very)-453(conspicuous)-454(position)-453(that)-453(female)-453(influence)-453(assumed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-366(the)-366(great)-366(work)-366(of)-365(the)-366(conversion)-366(of)-366(the)-366(Roman)-366(Empire.)-597(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-323(other)-322(important)-323(movement)-323(of)-322(thought)-323(was)-323(it)-322(so)-323(powerful)-322(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-412(acknowledged.)-738(In)-412(the)-412(ages)-413(of)-825(persecution)-412(female)-412(figures)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([364])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(occupy)-281(many)-282(of)-281(the)-281(foremost)-281(places)-281(in)-282(the)-281(ranks)-281(of)-281(martyrdom,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-433(Pagan)-432(and)-433(Christian)-433(writers)-433(alike)-432(attest)-433(the)-433(alacrity)-432(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-443(women)-443(flocked)-443(to)-443(the)-443(Church,)-491(and)-443(the)-443(influence)-442(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exercised)-287(in)-287(its)-287(favour)-286(over)-287(the)-287(male)-287(members)-287(of)-287(their)-286(families.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-363(mothers)-363(of)-363(St.)-588(Augustine,)-391(St.)-589(Chrysostom,)-391(St.)-588(Basil,)-391(St.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gregory)-272(Nazianzen,)-278(and)-272(Theodoret,)-277(had)-272(all)-272(a)-272(leading)-272(part)-272(in)-272(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conversion)-273(of)-274(their)-273(sons.)-321(St.)-320(Helena,)-279(the)-274(mother)-273(of)-273(Constantine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Flacilla,)-437(the)-399(wife)-400(of)-399(Theodosius)-399(the)-400(Great,)-437(St.)-698(Pulcheria,)-436(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sister)-371(of)-370(Theodosius)-370(the)-371(Younger,)-400(and)-371(Placidia,)-401(the)-370(mother)-370(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Valentinian)-258(III.,)-259(were)-258(among)-258(the)-257(most)-258(conspicuous)-258(defenders)-257(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-221(faith.)-240(In)-221(the)-220(heretical)-221(sects)-221(the)-221(same)-220(zeal)-221(was)-221(manifested,)-226(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Arius,)-254(Priscillian,)-255(and)-253(Montanus)-253(were)-254(all)-253(supported)-254(by)-253(troops)-253(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 142.601 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 135.704 Td [(775)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-175(is)-176(well)-175(illustrated,)-190(on)-175(the)-176(one)-175(side,)-190(by)-176(the)-175(most)-175(repulsive)-176(representations)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(of)-386(Christ,)-419(by)-385(Michael)-386(Angelo,)-419(in)-386(the)-385(great)-386(fresco)-385(in)-386(the)-385(Sistine)-386(Chapel)-385(\050so)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(inferior)-305(to)-306(the)-305(Christ)-305(of)-305(Orgagna,)-319(at)-306(Pisa,)-319(from)-305(which)-305(it)-306(was)-305(partly)-305(imitated\051,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-298(in)-299(marble)-298(in)-299(the)-298(Minerva)-298(Church)-299(at)-298(Rome;)-323(and,)-310(on)-298(the)-299(other)-298(side,)-311(by)-298(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(frescoes)-219(of)-219(Perugino,)-226(at)-219(Perugia,)-225(representing)-220(the)-219(great)-219(sages)-219(of)-219(Paganism.)-240(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(figure)-231(of)-231(Cato,)-235(in)-231(the)-231(latter,)-235(almost)-231(approaches,)-234(as)-231(well)-231(as)-231(I)-231(remember,)-235(the)-231(type)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(St.)-250(John.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1527 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1528 0 R /Resources 1526 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1530 0 R >> endobj 1529 0 obj << /D [1527 0 R /XYZ 203.635 314.854 null] >> endobj 1526 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1533 0 obj << /Length 6476 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(358History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(zealous)-225(female)-224(devotees.)-242(In)-224(the)-224(career)-225(of)-224(asceticism)-225(women)-224(took)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-384(part)-384(little)-385(i)1(f)-385(at)-384(all)-384(inferior)-384(to)-384(men,)-418(while)-384(in)-384(the)-384(organisation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-447(the)-448(great)-447(work)-448(of)-447(charity)-448(they)-447(were)-448(pre-eminent.)-842(For)-447(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-373(field)-373(of)-373(active)-373(labour)-373(are)-373(women)-373(so)-373(admirably)-373(suited)-372(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-307(this;)-336(and)-308(although)-307(we)-307(may)-308(trace)-307(from)-307(the)-308(earl)1(iest)-308(period,)-321(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-287(creeds)-287(and)-286(ages,)-296(individual)-287(instances)-287(of)-287(their)-287(influence)-286(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(allaying)-287(the)-287(sufferings)-288(of)-287(the)-287(distressed,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 175.944 3.959 Td [(776)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.688 -3.959 Td [(it)-287(may)-575(be)-287(truly)-287(said)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -264.387 0 Td [([365])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(that)-198(their)-197(instinct)-198(and)-198(genius)-197(of)-198(charity)-198(had)-197(never)-198(before)-198(the)-197(dawn)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-394(Christianity)-394(obtained)-394(full)-394(scope)-394(for)-394(action.)-682(Fabiola,)-430(Paula,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Melania,)-275(and)-271(a)-270(host)-270(of)-271(other)-270(noble)-270(ladies)-271(devoted)-270(their)-270(time)-270(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fortunes)-375(mainly)-376(to)-375(founding)-375(and)-376(extending)-375(vast)-375(institutions)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-371(some)-347(of)-347(them)-347(of)-346(a)-347(kind)-347(before)-347(unknown)-347(in)-347(the)-346(world.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-464(Empress)-463(Flacilla)-464(was)-463(accustomed)-464(to)-464(tend)-463(with)-464(her)-463(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hands)-337(the)-337(sick)-337(in)-337(the)-337(hospitals,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 138.077 3.958 Td [(777)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.367 -3.958 Td [(and)-337(a)-337(readiness)-337(to)-337(discharge)]TJ -154.444 -13.55 Td [(such)-378(offices)-378(was)-379(deemed)-378(the)-378(first)-378(duty)-378(of)-379(a)-378(Christian)-378(wife.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(778)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(From)-326(age)-325(to)-326(age)-325(the)-326(impulse)-325(thus)-326(communicated)-325(has)-326(been)-325(felt.)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 296.263 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 289.451 Td [(776)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(In)-220(that)-220(fine)-219(description)-220(of)-220(a)-220(virtuous)-220(woman)-220(which)-219(is)-220(ascribed)-220(to)-220(the)-220(mother)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(of)-318(King)-317(Lemuel,)-335(we)-317(read:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 98.412 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(She)-318(stretcheth)-317(out)-318(her)-318(hand)-317(to)-318(the)-317(poor;)-352(yea,)-334(she)]TJ -102.393 -10.959 Td [(reacheth)-351(forth)-351(her)-350(hands)-351(to)-351(the)-351(needy.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 140.625 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.126 0 Td [(\050Proverbs)-351(xxxi.)-552(20.\051)-552(I)-351(have)-351(already)]TJ -147.751 -10.959 Td [(quoted)-397(from)-397(Xenophon)-397(the)-397(beautiful)-397(description)-397(of)-397(the)-397(Greek)-397(wife)-397(tending)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(her)-305(sick)-306(slaves.)-416(So,)-319(too,)-319(Euripides)-305(represents)-306(the)-305(slaves)-305(of)-306(Alcestis)-305(gathering)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-264(tears)-264(around)-264(the)-264(bed)-264(of)-263(their)-264(dying)-264(mistress,)-268(who,)-267(even)-264(then,)-267(found)-264(some)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(kind)-250(word)-250(for)-250(each,)-250(and,)-250(when)-250(she)-250(died,)-249(lamenting)-250(her)-250(as)-250(their)-250(second)-250(mother.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(\050Eurip.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.377 0 Td [(Alcest.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.155 0 Td [(\051)-361(In)-361(the)-361(servile)-361(war)-361(which)-361(desolated)-361(Sicily)-360(at)-361(the)-361(time)-361(of)-361(the)]TJ -54.532 -10.959 Td [(Punic)-227(wars,)-231(we)-226(find)-227(a)-226(touching)-227(trait)-227(of)-226(the)-227(same)-226(kind.)-242(The)-227(revolt)-226(was)-227(provoked)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-361(the)-361(cruelties)-361(of)-361(a)-361(rich)-361(man,)-389(named)-361(Damophilus,)-388(and)-361(his)-361(wife,)-389(who)-361(were)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(massacred)-284(with)-285(circumstances)-284(of)-285(great)-284(atrocity;)-302(but)-284(the)-284(slaves)-285(preserved)-284(their)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(daughter)-212(entirely)-212(unharmed,)-220(for)-212(she)-213(had)-212(always)-212(made)-212(it)-212(her)-213(business)-212(to)-212(console)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(them)-349(in)-348(their)-349(sorrow,)-373(and)-349(she)-348(had)-349(won)-348(the)-349(love)-348(of)-349(all.)-546(\050Diodor.)-545(Sic.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 260.456 0 Td [(Frag.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -260.456 -10.959 Td [(xxxiv.\051)-243(So,)-232(too,)-232(Marcia,)-232(the)-227(wife)-228(of)-228(C)1(ato,)-233(used)-227(to)-228(suckle)-227(her)-228(young)-227(slaves)-228(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(her)-338(breast.)-512(\050Plut.)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 67.004 0 Td [(Marc.)-513(Cato)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.698 0 Td [(.\051)-513(I)-337(may)-338(add)-337(the)-338(well-known)-337(sentiment)-338(which)]TJ -110.702 -10.959 Td [(Virgil)-235(puts)-235(in)-236(the)-235(mouth)-235(of)-235(Dido:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 119.943 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Haud)-235(ignara)-235(mali)-236(miseris)-235(succurrere)-235(disco.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 152.725 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(There)-226(are,)-231(doubtless,)-231(many)-225(other)-226(touches)-226(of)-226(the)-226(same)-226(kind)-226(in)-226(ancient)-226(literature,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(some)-250(of)-250(which)-250(may)-250(occur)-250(to)-250(my)-250(readers.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(777)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Theodoret,)-250(v.)-250(19.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(778)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-303(the)-303(beautiful)-303(description)-303(of)-303(the)-302(functions)-303(of)-303(a)-303(Christian)-303(woman)-303(in)-303(the)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(second)-250(book)-250(of)-250(Tertullian,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 96.873 0 Td [(Ad)-250(Uxorem)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.084 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1532 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1533 0 R /Resources 1531 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1530 0 R >> endobj 1534 0 obj << /D [1532 0 R /XYZ 316.293 436.88 null] >> endobj 1531 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1537 0 obj << /Length 5292 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(359)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(There)-352(has)-351(been)-351(no)-352(period,)-377(however)-351(corrupt,)-377(there)-352(has)-351(been)-351(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Church,)-480(however)-433(superstitious,)-480(that)-434(has)-433(not)-434(been)-434(adorned)-433(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-334(Christian)-334(women)-333(devoting)-334(their)-334(entire)-334(lives)-334(to)-333(assuaging)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-287(sufferings)-288(of)-287(men;)-306(and)-288(the)-287(mission)-287(of)-288(charity)-287(thus)-287(instituted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-278(not)-279(been)-278(more)-278(efficacious)-278(in)-278(diminishing)-279(the)-278(sum)-278(of)-278(human)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wretchedness,)-363(than)-341(in)-340(promoting)-341(the)-340(moral)-341(dignity)-340(of)-341(those)-340(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-250(it)-250(was)-250(conducted.)]TJ 11.956 -17.035 Td [(Among)-263(the)-262(Collyridian)-263(heretics,)-265(women)-263(were)-262(admitted)-263(to)-262(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(priesthood.)-413(Among)-305(the)-304(orthodox,)-319(although)-304(this)-305(honour)-304(was)-304(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bestowed)-236(upon)-237(them,)-239(they)-236(received)-237(a)-236(religious)-236(consecration,)-239(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discharged)-319(some)-318(minor)-319(ecclesiastical)-318(functions)-318(under)-319(the)-318(name)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-384(deaconesses.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 69.32 3.958 Td [(779)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.574 -3.958 Td [(This)-384(order)-385(may)-384(be)-384(traced)-384(to)-385(the)-384(Apostolic)]TJ -88.894 -13.55 Td [(period.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 30.6 3.959 Td [(780)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.365 -3.959 Td [(It)-408(consisted)-409(of)-408(elderly)-409(virgins,)-447(who)-409(were)-408(set)-409(apart)]TJ -50.965 -13.549 Td [(by)-533(a)-533(formal)-533(ordination,)-603(and)-533(were)-533(employed)-533(in)-533(assisting)-532(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(catechists)-219(and)-219(attendants)-220(at)-219(the)-219(baptism)-219(of)-220(women,)-225(in)-219(visiting)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sick,)-383(ministering)-356(to)-356(martyrs)-713(in)-356(prison,)-383(preserving)-356(order)-356(in)-356(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([366])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(congregations,)-413(and)-380(accompanying)-380(and)-379(presenting)-380(women)-380(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(desired)-291(an)-292(interview)-291(with)-291(the)-292(bishop.)-374(It)-291(would)-291(appear,)-302(from)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evidence)-299(of)-298(some)-299(councils,)-311(that)-299(abuses)-298(gradually)-299(crept)-299(into)-298(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(institution,)-374(and)-350(the)-349(deaconesses)-350(at)-349(last)-350(faded)-349(into)-350(simple)-349(nuns,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-248(they)-248(were)-248(still)-249(in)-248(existence)-248(in)-248(the)-248(East)-248(in)-248(the)-248(twelfth)-248(century.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Besides)-350(these,)-375(widows,)-376(when)-350(they)-350(had)-350(been)-350(but)-350(once)-350(married,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-377(treated)-377(with)-378(peculiar)-377(honour,)-409(and)-377(were)-377(made)-377(the)-377(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recipients)-412(of)-413(the)-412(charity)-412(of)-413(the)-412(Church.)-737(Women)-412(advanced)-412(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years,)-412(who,)-412(either)-379(from)-380(their)-379(single)-380(life)-379(or)-380(from)-379(bereavement,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-405(been)-405(left)-406(without)-405(any)-405(male)-405(protector)-405(in)-405(the)-406(world,)-443(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(always)-350(been)-349(peculiarly)-350(deserving)-349(of)-349(commiseration.)-549(With)-349(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strength,)-254(and)-254(commonly)-253(with)-254(less)-253(means,)-254(and)-254(less)-253(knowledge)-253(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-169(world)-168(than)-169(men,)-185(they)-168(are)-169(liable)-169(to)-168(contract)-169(certain)-168(peculiarities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-351(mind)-350(and)-351(manner)-351(to)-350(which)-351(an)-351(excessive)-350(amount)-351(of)-350(ridicule)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 109.801 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 102.988 Td [(779)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-363(upon)-340(the)-341(deaconesses,)-363(Bingham's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 143.788 0 Td [(Christian)-340(Antiquities)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.797 0 Td [(,)-363(book)-340(ii.)-522(ch.)]TJ -231.541 -10.958 Td [(22,)-469(and)-426(Ludlow's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 68.99 0 Td [(Woman's)-426(Work)-425(in)-425(the)-426(Church)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 112.312 0 Td [(.)-776(The)-426(latter)-425(author)-426(argues)]TJ -181.302 -10.959 Td [(elaborately)-250(that)-250(the)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 70.969 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(widows)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 27.895 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(were)-250(not)-250(the)-250(same)-250(as)-250(the)-250(deaconesses.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.818 -7.311 Td [(780)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ph)]TJ/F37 8.9664 Tf 9.468 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.474 0 Td [(be)-250(\050Rom.)-250(xvi.)-250(1\051)-250(is)-250(described)-250(as)-250(a)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 122.023 0 Td [(\264\271)]TJ/F43 8.9664 Tf 6.931 0 Td [(q)]TJ/F42 8.9664 Tf 4.707 0 Td [(\272\277\275\277\302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.708 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1536 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1537 0 R /Resources 1535 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1530 0 R >> endobj 1538 0 obj << /D [1536 0 R /XYZ 174.424 311.452 null] >> endobj 1535 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F42 485 0 R /F43 486 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1541 0 obj << /Length 5532 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(360History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(has)-378(been)-378(attached,)-410(and)-378(age)-378(in)-378(most)-378(cases)-378(furnishes)-378(them)-378(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-243(little)-243(to)-243(compensate)-243(for)-243(the)-243(charms)-243(of)-243(which)-243(it)-243(has)-243(deprived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them.)-392(The)-297(weight)-298(and)-297(dignity)-297(of)-298(matured)-297(wisdom,)-309(which)-297(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(old)-371(age)-371(of)-371(one)-371(sex)-371(so)-371(venerable,)-401(are)-371(more)-371(rarely)-371(found)-370(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-225(of)-225(the)-225(other,)-230(and)-225(even)-225(physical)-225(beauty)-225(is)-225(more)-225(frequently)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(characteristic)-281(of)-280(an)-281(old)-280(man)-280(than)-281(of)-280(an)-281(old)-280(woman.)-342(The)-280(Church)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laboured)-312(steadily)-312(to)-312(cast)-312(a)-312(halo)-312(of)-312(reverence)-312(around)-312(this)-311(period)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-241(woman's)-241(life,)-242(and)-241(its)-241(religious)-241(exercises)-241(have)-241(done)-241(very)-240(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(console)-250(and)-250(to)-250(occupy)-250(it.)]TJ 11.956 -15.139 Td [(In)-582(accordance)-583(with)-582(these)-583(ideas,)-666(the)-582(Christian)-582(legislators)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(contributed)-494(largely)-493(to)-494(improve)-493(the)-494(legal)-493(position)-494(of)-493(widows)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-641(respect)-641(to)-641(property,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 108.531 3.959 Td [(781)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.511 -3.959 Td [(and)-641(Justinian)-641(gave)-641(mothers)-641(the)]TJ -129.042 -13.549 Td [(guardianship)-754(of)-376(their)-377(children,)-408(destroying)-377(the)-377(Pagan)-377(rule)-376(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([367])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(guardianship)-395(could)-395(only)-394(be)-395(legally)-395(exercised)-395(by)-395(men.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 243.747 3.959 Td [(782)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.919 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(usual)-470(subservience)-470(of)-469(the)-470(sex)-470(to)-470(ecclesiastical)-470(influence,)-524(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(numerous)-288(instances)-288(of)-287(rich)-288(widows)-288(devoting)-288(their)-287(fortunes,)-297(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mothers)-287(their)-288(sons,)-297(to)-287(the)-288(Church,)-297(had)-287(no)-288(doubt)-287(some)-287(influence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-253(securing)-253(the)-254(advocacy)-253(of)-253(the)-253(clergy;)-255(but)-253(these)-253(measures)-253(had)-253(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manifest)-167(importance)-168(in)-167(elevating)-167(the)-167(position)-168(of)-167(women)-167(who)-167(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had,)-290(in)-282(Christian)-282(lands,)-291(a)-282(great,)-290(though)-282(not,)-290(I)-282(think,)-290(altogether)-282(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beneficial)-250(influence,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(education)-250(of)-250(their)-250(sons.)]TJ 11.955 -15.139 Td [(Independently)-177(of)-177(all)-176(legal)-177(enactments,)-192(the)-176(simple)-177(change)-177(of)-177(the)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-167(type)-168(by)-167(bringing)-167(specially)-167(feminine)-168(virtues)-167(into)-167(the)-167(forefront)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-281(sufficient)-281(to)-281(elevate)-281(and)-281(ennoble)-281(the)-281(sex.)-343(The)-280(commanding)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(position)-329(of)-329(the)-328(medi\346val)-329(abbesses,)-348(the)-329(great)-329(number)-329(of)-328(female)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(saints,)-369(and)-345(especially)-345(the)-346(reverence)-345(bestowed)-345(upon)-345(the)-345(Virgin,)]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 93.543 164.595 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.783 Td [(781)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(A)-344(very)-345(able)-344(writer,)-368(who)-344(takes)-344(on)-345(the)-344(whole)-344(an)-345(unfavourable)-344(view)-344(of)-345(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(influence)-193(of)-193(Christianity)-193(on)-193(legislation,)-204(says:)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 160.422 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-193(provision)-193(for)-193(the)-193(widow)-193(was)]TJ -164.403 -10.959 Td [(attributable)-307(to)-306(the)-307(exertions)-306(of)-307(the)-306(Church,)-321(which)-306(never)-307(relaxed)-307(its)-306(solicitude)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(for)-328(the)-327(interests)-328(of)-328(wives)-328(surviving)-327(their)-328(husbands,)-347(winning,)-347(perhaps,)-347(one)-328(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-222(most)-221(arduous)-222(of)-222(its)-221(triumphs)-222(when,)-227(after)-222(exacting)-221(for)-222(two)-222(or)-221(three)-222(centuries)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(an)-289(express)-289(promise)-288(from)-289(the)-289(husband)-289(at)-289(marriage)-289(to)-288(endow)-289(his)-289(wife,)-298(it)-289(at)-289(last)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(succeeded)-377(in)-378(engrafting)-377(the)-377(principle)-377(of)-378(dower)-377(on)-377(the)-377(customary)-378(law)-377(of)-377(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Western)-250(Europe.)]TJ/F35 8.9664 Tf 60.254 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 12.948 0 Td [(Maine's)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 30.252 0 Td [(Ancient)-250(Law)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.083 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(224.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -148.288 -7.311 Td [(782)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Troplong,)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 53.045 0 Td [(Influence)-250(du)-250(Christianisme)-250(sur)-250(le)-250(Droit)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 141.22 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(308-310.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1540 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1541 0 R /Resources 1539 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1530 0 R >> endobj 1542 0 obj << /D [1540 0 R /XYZ 154.01 353.995 null] >> endobj 1539 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1545 0 obj << /Length 4598 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(361)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(had)-419(a)-420(similar)-419(effect.)-758(It)-419(is)-419(remarkable)-420(that)-419(the)-419(Jews,)-462(who,)-461(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-244(three)-245(great)-244(nations)-245(of)-244(antiquity,)-245(certainly)-245(produced)-244(in)-244(history)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-429(poetry)-429(the)-429(smallest)-428(number)-429(of)-429(illustrious)-429(women,)-473(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-345(furnished)-346(the)-345(world)-346(with)-345(its)-346(supreme)-345(female)-346(ideal,)-369(and)-345(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-350(also)-351(a)-350(striking)-350(illustration)-350(of)-350(the)-351(qualities)-350(which)-350(prove)-350(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attractive)-295(in)-295(woman)-295(that)-295(one)-295(of)-295(whom)-295(we)-295(know)-295(nothing)-295(except)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(her)-260(gentleness)-261(and)-260(her)-260(sorrow)-260(should)-261(have)-260(exercised)-260(a)-260(magnetic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-293(upon)-293(the)-292(world)-293(incomparably)-293(greater)-293(than)-293(was)-292(exercised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-414(the)-415(most)-414(majestic)-415(female)-414(patriots)-415(of)-414(Paganism.)-743(Whatever)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(may)-367(be)-367(thought)-367(of)-367(its)-367(theological)-367(propriety,)-396(there)-367(can)-367(be)-367(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doubt)-295(that)-295(the)-295(Catholic)-296(reverence)-295(for)-295(the)-295(Virgin)-295(has)-295(done)-295(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-463(elevate)-463(and)-463(purify)-463(the)-463(ideal)-463(of)-463(woman,)-516(and)-463(to)-463(soften)-462(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manners)-328(of)-327(men.)-483(It)-327(has)-328(had)-327(an)-327(influence)-328(which)-327(the)-328(worship)-327(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-413(Pagan)-413(goddesses)-413(could)-413(never)-413(possess,)-454(for)-413(these)-413(had)-412(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(almost)-318(destitute)-319(of)-318(moral)-318(beauty,)-335(and)-319(especially)-318(of)-318(that)-318(kind)-318(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-233(beauty)-234(which)-233(is)-234(peculiarly)-233(feminine.)-489(It)-233(supplied)-234(in)-233(a)-233(great)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([368])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(measure)-397(the)-396(redeeming)-397(and)-397(ennobling)-396(element)-397(in)-397(that)-396(strange)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amalgam)-243(of)-244(religious,)-244(licentious,)-245(and)-243(military)-244(feeling)-243(which)-243(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(formed)-443(around)-443(women)-443(in)-443(the)-444(age)-443(of)-443(chivalry,)-491(and)-443(which)-443(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(succeeding)-250(change)-250(of)-250(habit)-250(or)-250(belief)-250(has)-250(wholly)-250(destroyed.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(It)-264(can)-264(hardly,)-267(I)-264(think,)-267(be)-264(questioned)-264(that)-264(in)-264(the)-264(great)-263(religious)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(convulsions)-278(of)-279(the)-278(sixteenth)-279(century)-278(the)-279(feminine)-278(type)-278(followed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Catholicism,)-237(while)-234(Protestantism)-234(inclined)-234(more)-234(to)-234(the)-234(masculine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(type.)-560(Catholicism)-354(alone)-353(retained)-354(the)-353(Virgin)-354(worship,)-379(which)-353(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-463(reflected)-462(and)-463(sustained)-463(the)-462(first.)-888(The)-463(skill)-463(with)-462(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-372(acts)-372(upon)-372(the)-372(emotions)-372(by)-372(music,)-402(and)-372(painting,)-403(and)-371(solemn)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(architecture,)-349(and)-329(imposing)-330(pageantry,)-349(its)-329(tendency)-329(to)-329(appeal)-329(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-367(imagination)-367(rather)-367(than)-367(to)-368(the)-367(reason,)-396(and)-367(to)-367(foster)-367(modes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-264(feeling)-264(rather)-264(than)-264(modes)-264(of)-265(thought,)-267(its)-264(assertion)-264(of)-264(absolute)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-233(infallible)-234(certainty,)-236(above)-234(all,)-237(the)-233(manner)-233(in)-234(which)-233(it)-233(teaches)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-341(votary)-340(to)-341(throw)-340(himself)-341(perpetually)-340(on)-341(authority,)-363(all)-340(tended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-453(the)-452(same)-453(direction.)-857(It)-453(is)-452(the)-453(part)-452(of)-453(a)-452(woman)-453(to)-452(lean,)-503(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-395(the)-396(part)-395(of)-395(a)-395(man)-396(to)-395(stand.)-686(A)-395(religion)-395(which)-395(prescribes)-395(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-414(distracted)-414(mind)-413(unreasoning)-414(faith)-414(in)-414(an)-414(infallible)-413(Church,)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1544 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1545 0 R /Resources 1543 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1530 0 R >> endobj 1546 0 obj << /D [1544 0 R /XYZ 235.776 314.937 null] >> endobj 1543 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1549 0 obj << /Length 4584 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(362History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-312(to)-311(the)-312(troubled)-311(conscience)-312(an)-311(implicit)-312(trust)-311(in)-312(an)-311(absolving)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(priesthood,)-187(has)-171(ever)-172(had)-171(an)-172(especial)-171(attraction)-171(to)-172(a)-171(feminine)-171(mind.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-328(religion)-328(which)-327(recognises)-328(no)-328(authority)-328(between)-328(man)-328(and)-327(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Creator,)-242(which)-241(asserts)-240(at)-240(once)-241(the)-240(dignity)-240(and)-241(the)-240(duty)-240(of)-240(private)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(judgment,)-320(and)-307(which,)-320(while)-306(deepening)-307(immeasurably)-306(the)-306(sense)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-477(individual)-478(responsibility,)-534(denudes)-477(religion)-477(of)-477(meretricious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ornaments,)-238(and)-234(of)-234(most)-235(\346sthetic)-234(aids,)-237(is)-235(pre-eminently)-234(a)-234(religion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-275(men.)-327(Puritanism)-275(is)-275(the)-276(most)-275(masculine)-276(form)-275(that)-275(Christianity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-311(yet)-311(assumed.)-434(Its)-311(most)-311(illustrious)-311(teachers)-311(differed)-311(from)-311(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Catholic)-456(saints)-456(as)-456(much)-456(in)-456(the)-456(moral)-456(type)-456(they)-456(displayed)-455(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-414(the)-414(system)-414(of)-415(doctrines)-414(they)-414(held.)-742(Catholicism)-414(commonly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(softens,)-368(while)-344(Protestantism)-345(strengthens,)-368(the)-344(character;)-392(but)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(softness)-413(of)-413(the)-413(first)-413(often)-413(degenerates)-413(into)-413(weakness,)-453(and)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strength)-281(of)-281(the)-281(second)-281(into)-281(hardness.)-343(Sincerely)-281(Catholic)-281(nations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-958(distinguished)-479(for)-480(their)-479(reverence,)-536(for)-479(their)-479(habitual)-479(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([369])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(vivid)-431(perceptions)-430(of)-431(religious)-431(things,)-476(for)-430(the)-431(warmth)-431(of)-430(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emotions,)-393(for)-365(a)-364(certain)-365(amiability)-365(of)-364(disposition,)-393(and)-365(a)-364(certain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-237(courtesy)-237(and)-238(refinement)-237(of)-237(manner)-237(that)-237(are)-237(inexpressibly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(winning.)-326(Sincerely)-275(Protestant)-275(nations)-275(are)-275(distinguished)-275(for)-275(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(love)-348(of)-349(truth,)-372(for)-349(their)-348(firm)-348(sense)-349(of)-348(duty,)-373(for)-348(the)-348(strength)-348(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-337(dignity)-337(of)-337(their)-337(character.)-511(Loyalty)-337(and)-337(humility,)-358(which)-337(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(especially)-256(feminine,)-258(flourish)-257(chiefly)-256(in)-256(the)-256(first;)-260(liberty)-256(and)-256(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assertion)-278(in)-278(the)-279(second.)-334(The)-278(first)-279(are)-278(most)-278(prone)-278(to)-278(superstition,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-370(the)-369(second)-370(to)-370(fanaticism.)-609(Protestantism,)-399(by)-370(purifying)-369(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dignifying)-273(marriage,)-279(conferred)-273(a)-273(great)-273(benefit)-274(upon)-273(women;)-284(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-263(must)-263(be)-263(owned)-263(that)-263(neither)-263(in)-263(its)-263(ideal)-262(type,)-267(nor)-263(in)-263(the)-262(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tenor)-423(of)-423(its)-424(doctrines)-423(or)-423(devotions,)-466(is)-424(it)-423(as)-423(congenial)-423(to)-423(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature)-250(as)-250(the)-250(religion)-250(it)-250(superseded.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(Its)-325(complete)-326(suppression)-325(of)-326(the)-325(conventual)-326(system)-325(was)-325(also,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(I)-383(think,)-417(very)-383(far)-384(from)-383(a)-384(benefit)-383(to)-384(women)-383(or)-383(to)-384(the)-383(world.)-650(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-403(be)-404(impossible)-403(to)-403(conceive)-404(any)-403(institution)-403(more)-403(needed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-412(one)-412(which)-411(would)-412(furnish)-412(a)-411(shelter)-412(for)-412(the)-412(many)-411(women)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who,)-410(from)-377(poverty,)-410(or)-378(domestic)-377(unhappiness,)-410(or)-378(other)-377(causes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(find)-439(themselves)-439(cast)-439(alone)-439(and)-439(unprotected)-439(into)-439(the)-439(battle)-438(of)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1548 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1549 0 R /Resources 1547 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1530 0 R >> endobj 1550 0 obj << /D [1548 0 R /XYZ 112.09 328.486 null] >> endobj 1547 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1553 0 obj << /Length 4511 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(363)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(life,)-476(which)-431(would)-430(secure)-431(them)-431(from)-430(the)-431(temptations)-431(to)-430(gross)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vice,)-364(and)-342(from)-341(the)-342(extremities)-341(of)-341(suffering,)-365(and)-341(would)-341(convert)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-424(into)-424(agents)-423(of)-424(active,)-468(organised,)-467(and)-424(intelligent)-423(charity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Such)-420(an)-420(institution)-421(would)-420(be)-420(almost)-420(free)-420(from)-420(the)-420(objections)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-369(may)-368(justly)-368(be)-369(urged)-368(against)-369(monasteries,)-398(which)-368(withdraw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strong)-359(men)-358(from)-359(manual)-358(labour,)-386(and)-359(it)-358(would)-359(largely)-358(mitigate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-383(difficulty)-384(of)-383(providing)-383(labour)-383(and)-384(means)-383(of)-383(livelihood)-383(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(single)-226(women,)-232(which)-226(is)-226(one)-227(of)-226(the)-227(most)-226(pressing,)-231(in)-227(our)-226(own)-226(day)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-327(of)-327(the)-327(most)-326(appalling,)-346(of)-327(social)-327(problems.)-481(Most)-326(unhappily)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-266(mankind,)-269(this)-266(noble)-266(conception)-266(was)-265(from)-266(the)-266(first)-265(perverted.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Institutions)-421(that)-421(might)-422(have)-421(had)-421(an)-421(incalculable)-421(philanthropic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(value)-257(were)-257(based)-257(upon)-256(the)-257(principle)-257(of)-257(asceticism,)-259(which)-256(makes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-403(sacrifice,)-440(not)-403(the)-402(promotion,)-441(of)-403(earthly)-402(happiness)-403(its)-402(aim,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-642(binding)-321(vows)-322(produced)-321(much)-321(misery)-321(and)-321(not)-321(a)-321(little)-321(vice.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([370])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(The)-273(convent)-272(became)-273(the)-272(perpetual)-272(prison)-273(of)-272(the)-273(daughter)-272(whom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-282(father)-282(was)-282(disinclined)-282(to)-282(endow,)-290(or)-282(of)-282(young)-282(girls)-282(who,)-289(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-326(impulse)-327(of)-326(a)-327(transient)-326(enthusiasm,)-346(or)-326(of)-327(a)-326(transient)-326(sorrow,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(took)-237(a)-237(step)-236(which)-237(they)-237(never)-237(could)-236(retrace,)-240(and)-237(useless)-236(penances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-405(contemptible)-406(superstitions)-405(wasted)-405(the)-406(energies)-405(that)-405(might)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-321(been)-321(most)-321(beneficially)-321(employed.)-463(Still)-321(it)-321(is)-321(very)-321(doubtful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whether,)-467(even)-423(in)-423(the)-423(most)-423(degraded)-424(period,)-466(the)-423(convents)-423(did)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-351(prevent)-350(more)-351(misery)-351(than)-351(they)-350(inflicted,)-376(and)-351(in)-351(the)-350(Sisters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-424(Charity)-425(the)-424(religious)-424(orders)-425(of)-424(Catholicism)-424(have)-424(produced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-345(of)-344(the)-345(most)-344(perfect)-345(of)-344(all)-345(the)-345(types)-344(of)-345(womanhood.)-533(There)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is,)-378(as)-353(I)-353(conceive,)-378(no)-353(fact)-353(in)-353(modern)-352(history)-353(more)-353(deeply)-353(to)-352(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deplored)-383(than)-383(that)-382(the)-383(Reformers,)-416(who)-383(in)-383(matters)-383(of)-382(doctrinal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(innovations)-216(were)-217(often)-216(so)-217(timid,)-223(should)-216(have)-216(levelled)-217(to)-216(the)-216(dust,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instead)-219(of)-219(attempting)-218(to)-219(regenerate,)-225(the)-219(whole)-219(conventual)-218(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(Catholicism.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(The)-274(course)-275(of)-274(these)-275(observations)-274(has)-275(led)-274(me)-275(to)-274(transgress)-274(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(limits)-310(assigned)-311(to)-310(this)-310(history.)-431(It)-310(has)-311(been,)-325(however,)-325(my)-310(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-329(this)-328(entire)-329(work)-328(to)-329(exhibit)-329(not)-328(only)-329(the)-328(nature)-329(but)-328(also)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-302(significance)-303(of)-302(the)-302(moral)-303(facts)-302(I)-302(have)-303(recorded,)-315(by)-302(showing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(how)-248(they)-248(have)-248(affected)-248(the)-248(subsequent)-247(changes)-248(of)-248(society.)-250(I)-247(will)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1552 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1553 0 R /Resources 1551 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1555 0 R >> endobj 1554 0 obj << /D [1552 0 R /XYZ 66.027 342.036 null] >> endobj 1551 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1558 0 obj << /Length 4649 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(364History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(conclude)-253(this)-253(chapter,)-253(and)-253(this)-253(work,)-254(by)-253(observing)-253(that)-253(of)-253(all)-252(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(departments)-341(of)-341(ethics)-341(the)-341(questions)-341(concerning)-341(the)-341(relations)-341(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-319(sexes)-319(and)-318(the)-319(proper)-319(position)-319(of)-318(women)-319(are)-319(those)-319(upon)-318(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(future)-271(of)-271(which)-271(there)-270(rests)-271(the)-271(greatest)-271(uncertainty.)-313(History)-270(tells)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(us)-309(that,)-323(as)-309(civilisation)-309(advances,)-323(the)-309(charity)-309(of)-309(men)-309(becomes)-308(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-376(warmer)-375(and)-376(more)-375(expansive,)-407(their)-375(habitual)-376(conduct)-375(both)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-373(gentle)-372(and)-373(more)-373(temperate,)-403(and)-373(their)-372(love)-373(of)-373(truth)-372(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sincere;)-334(but)-306(it)-306(also)-306(warns)-306(us)-306(that)-306(in)-306(periods)-306(of)-306(great)-306(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enlightenment,)-406(and)-375(of)-375(great)-375(social)-375(refinement,)-406(the)-375(relations)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-359(sexes)-360(have)-359(often)-359(been)-359(most)-360(anarchical.)-578(It)-359(is)-359(impossible)-359(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deny)-328(that)-329(the)-328(form)-329(which)-328(these)-329(relations)-328(at)-329(present)-328(assume)-328(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-272(very)-272(largely)-272(affected)-272(by)-272(special)-544(religious)-272(teaching,)-277(which,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([371])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(for)-213(good)-213(or)-213(for)-212(ill,)-221(is)-212(rapidly)-213(waning)-213(in)-213(the)-213(sphere)-213(of)-212(government,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-348(also,)-373(that)-349(certain)-348(recent)-348(revolutions)-349(in)-348(economical)-348(opinion)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-266(industrial)-266(enterprise)-267(have)-266(a)-266(most)-266(profound)-266(bearing)-266(upon)-266(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subject.)-370(The)-290(belief)-290(that)-290(a)-290(rapid)-290(increase)-290(of)-290(population)-290(is)-289(always)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eminently)-329(beneficial,)-348(which)-329(was)-329(long)-329(accepted)-329(as)-329(an)-329(axiom)-328(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(both)-270(statesmen)-271(and)-270(moralists,)-275(and)-271(was)-270(made)-270(the)-271(basis)-270(of)-270(a)-270(large)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-417(of)-417(the)-417(legislation)-418(of)-417(the)-417(first)-417(and)-417(of)-417(the)-417(decisions)-417(of)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(second,)-243(has)-242(now)-241(been)-241(replaced)-242(by)-241(the)-242(directly)-241(opposite)-241(doctrine,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-369(the)-369(very)-369(highest)-369(interest)-369(of)-369(society)-369(is)-369(not)-369(to)-369(stimulate)-368(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-319(restrain)-320(multiplication,)-337(diminishing)-319(the)-320(number)-319(of)-319(marriages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-509(of)-509(children.)-1028(In)-509(consequence)-509(of)-509(this)-509(belief,)-574(and)-509(of)-509(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-354(factitious)-354(wants)-353(that)-354(accompany)-354(a)-354(luxurious)-353(civilisation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-462(very)-462(large)-462(and)-462(increasing)-462(proportion)-462(of)-462(women)-462(are)-462(left)-461(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-492(their)-492(way)-491(in)-492(life)-492(without)-492(any)-492(male)-491(protector,)-553(and)-491(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difficulties)-398(they)-398(have)-397(to)-398(encounter)-398(through)-398(physical)-397(weakness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-404(been)-403(most)-404(unnaturally)-404(and)-403(most)-404(fearfully)-404(aggravated)-403(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laws)-461(and)-460(customs)-461(which,)-513(resting)-460(on)-461(the)-460(old)-461(assumption)-460(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-340(woman)-340(should)-340(be)-340(a)-340(wife,)-363(habitually)-340(deprive)-340(them)-340(of)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pecuniary)-473(and)-474(educational)-473(advantages)-474(of)-473(men,)-529(exclude)-473(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absolutely)-365(from)-364(very)-365(many)-365(of)-365(the)-364(employments)-365(in)-365(which)-364(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-335(earn)-334(a)-335(subsistence,)-356(encumber)-335(their)-335(course)-334(in)-335(others)-335(by)-334(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heartless)-283(ridicule)-283(or)-282(by)-283(a)-283(steady)-283(disapprobation,)-291(and)-282(consign,)-291(in)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1557 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1558 0 R /Resources 1556 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1555 0 R >> endobj 1559 0 obj << /D [1557 0 R /XYZ 257.954 369.134 null] >> endobj 1556 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1562 0 obj << /Length 4266 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Position)-250(Of)-250(Women.)-9531(365)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(consequence,)-214(many)-204(thousands)-204(to)-205(the)-204(most)-205(extreme)-204(and)-204(agonising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poverty,)-353(and)-332(perhaps)-332(a)-332(still)-332(larger)-332(number)-332(to)-332(the)-332(paths)-332(of)-332(vice.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(At)-302(the)-302(same)-302(time)-302(a)-302(momentous)-302(revolution,)-315(the)-302(effects)-302(of)-302(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can)-384(as)-384(yet)-384(be)-384(but)-384(imperfectly)-385(descried,)-417(has)-384(taken)-384(place)-384(in)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(chief)-372(spheres)-372(of)-372(female)-372(industry)-372(that)-372(remain.)-616(The)-372(progress)-371(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(machinery)-287(has)-287(destroyed)-287(its)-287(domestic)-287(character.)-361(The)-287(distaff)-286(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fallen)-364(from)-365(the)-364(hand.)-593(The)-364(needle)-365(is)-364(being)-364(rapidly)-364(superseded,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-433(the)-434(work)-433(which,)-479(from)-434(the)-433(days)-433(of)-433(Homer)-434(to)-433(the)-433(present)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century,)-291(was)-282(accomplished)-283(in)-282(the)-283(centre)-282(of)-283(the)-282(family,)-291(has)-282(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(transferred)-250(to)-250(the)-250(crowded)-250(manufactory.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 175.397 3.959 Td [(783)]TJ 115.627 -3.959 Td [([372])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -13.549 Td [(The)-447(probable)-448(consequences)-447(of)-447(these)-448(things)-447(are)-447(among)-447(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(most)-420(important)-420(questions)-421(that)-420(can)-420(occupy)-420(the)-420(moralist)-420(or)-420(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philanthropist,)-430(but)-394(they)-394(do)-394(not)-394(fall)-394(within)-394(the)-394(province)-394(of)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(historian.)-1176(That)-559(the)-559(pursuits)-558(and)-559(education)-559(of)-559(women)-558(will)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-436(considerably)-436(altered,)-482(that)-436(these)-436(alterations)-436(will)-436(bring)-435(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-340(some)-340(modifications)-340(of)-340(the)-340(type)-341(of)-340(character,)-362(and)-340(that)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevailing)-167(moral)-168(notions)-167(concerning)-167(the)-167(relations)-168(of)-167(the)-167(sexes)-167(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-315(subjected)-314(in)-315(many)-314(quarters)-315(to)-314(a)-315(severe)-314(and)-315(hostile)-314(criticism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-331(safely)-332(be)-331(predicted.)-494(Many)-331(wild)-332(theories)-331(will)-331(doubtless)-331(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(propounded.)-240(Some)-221(real)-221(ethical)-221(changes)-221(may)-221(perhaps)-221(be)-221(effected,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-212(these,)-220(if)-212(I)-212(mistake)-213(not,)-219(can)-212(only)-213(be)-212(within)-212(definite)-212(and)-212(narrow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(limits.)-373(He)-291(who)-291(will)-291(seriously)-291(reflect)-291(upon)-291(our)-291(clear)-290(perceptions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-220(the)-219(difference)-220(between)-219(purity)-220(and)-219(impurity,)-226(upon)-219(the)-220(laws)-219(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(govern)-237(our)-236(affections,)-239(and)-237(upon)-237(the)-236(interests)-237(of)-236(the)-237(children)-236(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-259(born,)-262(may)-259(easily)-260(convince)-259(himself)-259(that)-260(in)-259(this,)-262(as)-259(in)-259(all)-259(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spheres,)-348(there)-329(are)-329(certain)-329(eternal)-328(moral)-329(landmarks)-329(which)-328(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can)-250(be)-250(removed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -27.414 Td [([373])]TJ 0 g 0 G ET q 1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm []0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S Q BT /F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(783)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-357(results)-356(of)-357(this)-357(change)-356(have)-357(been)-357(treated)-356(by)-357(Miss)-357(Parkes)-356(in)-357(her)-357(truly)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(admirable)-232(little)-231(book)-232(called)]TJ/F34 8.9664 Tf 99.953 0 Td [(Essays)-232(on)-231(Woman's)-232(Work)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 91.823 0 Td [(,)-235(better)-232(than)-231(by)-232(any)-232(other)]TJ -191.776 -10.959 Td [(writer)-250(with)-250(whom)-250(I)-250(am)-250(acquainted.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1561 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1562 0 R /Resources 1560 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1555 0 R >> endobj 1563 0 obj << /D [1561 0 R /XYZ 46.771 393.854 null] >> endobj 1564 0 obj << /D [1561 0 R /XYZ 46.771 138.481 null] >> endobj 1560 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1565 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index3) >> endobj 1568 0 obj (Index.) endobj 1582 0 obj << /Length 2145 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Index.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -37.715 Td [(Abortion,)-250(diversities)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgment)-250(respecting,)-250(i.)-250(92.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(20,)-250(24)]TJ -10.909 -24.297 Td [(Abraham)-250(the)-250(Hermit,)-250(St.,)-250(ii.)-250(110)]TJ 0 -24.297 Td [(Acacius,)-250(his)-250(ransom)-250(of)-250(Persian)-250(slaves,)-250(ii.)-250(72)]TJ 0 -24.297 Td [(Adultery,)-250(laws)-250(concerning,)-250(ii.)-250(313)]TJ 0 -24.296 Td [(\306schylus,)-250(his)-250(views)-250(of)-250(human)-250(nature,)-250(i.)-250(196.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(violation)-250(of)-250(dramatic)-250(probabilities,)-250(229)]TJ -10.909 -24.297 Td [(Affections,)-262(the,)-262(all)-260(forms)-260(of)-259(self-love,)-262(according)-260(to)-260(some)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Utilitarians,)-250(i.)-250(9.)]TJ -54.546 -13.55 Td [(Subjugation)-253(of)-254(the,)-254(to)-254(the)-253(reason,)-254(taught)-254(by)-253(the)-254(Stoics,)-254(&c.,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(177,)-250(187.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Considered)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Stoics)-250(as)-250(a)-250(disease,)-250(188.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Evil)-250(consequences)-250(of)-250(their)-250(suppression,)-250(191)]TJ -10.909 -24.297 Td [(Africa,)-250(sacrifices)-250(of)-250(children)-250(to)-250(Saturn)-250(in,)-250(ii.)-250(31.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-250(of)-250(the)-250(conquest)-250(of)-250(Genseric)-250(of,)-250(82)]TJ -10.909 -24.297 Td [(Agap\346,)-255(or)-254(love)-254(feasts,)-255(of)-254(the)-254(Christians,)-255(how)-254(regarded)-254(by)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(pagans,)-250(i.)-250(415;)-250(ii.)-250(79.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Excesses)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(and)-250(their)-250(suppression,)-250(150)]TJ -10.909 -24.297 Td [(Agnes,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(319)]TJ 0 -24.297 Td [(Agricultural)-250(pursuits,)-250(history)-250(of)-250(the)-250(decline)-250(of,)-250(in)-250(Italy,)-250(i.)-250(266.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Efforts)-250(to)-250(relieve)-250(the)-250(agriculturists,)-250(267)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1581 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1582 0 R /Resources 1580 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1555 0 R /Annots [ 1569 0 R 1570 0 R 1571 0 R 1572 0 R 1573 0 R 1574 0 R 1575 0 R 1576 0 R 1577 0 R 1578 0 R ] >> endobj 1569 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [231.096 425.679 242.005 435.399] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg020) >> >> endobj 1570 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [247.459 425.679 258.368 435.399] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg024) >> >> endobj 1571 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [218.081 402.244 234.445 411.102] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >> >> endobj 1572 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [274.732 377.947 285.641 386.805] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >> >> endobj 1573 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.947 352.788 242.31 362.508] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg313) >> >> endobj 1574 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.958 199.465 299.867 208.323] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >> >> endobj 1575 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [271.067 185.065 281.976 194.774] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >> >> endobj 1576 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.878 147.208 247.787 157.08] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >> >> endobj 1577 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.332 133.669 291.696 143.531] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg150) >> >> endobj 1578 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [202.023 109.362 218.387 119.082] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg319) >> >> endobj 1566 0 obj << /D [1581 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null] >> endobj 1580 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1599 0 obj << /Length 2356 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(367)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Albigenses,)-250(their)-250(slow)-250(suicides,)-250(ii.)-250(49)]TJ 0 -25.551 Td [(Alexander)-268(the)-268(Great:)-286(effect)-269(of)-268(his)-268(career)-268(on)-268(Greek)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(cosmopolitanism,)-250(i.)-250(229)]TJ -65.455 -25.552 Td [(Alexandria,)-250(foundation)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(230.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-254(of)-255(the)-254(increasing)-254(importance)-254(of,)-256(on)-254(Roman)-254(thought,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(319.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Decian)-250(persecution)-250(at,)-250(451.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Excesses)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christian)-250(sects)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(196,)-250(197,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 206.345 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -217.255 -25.552 Td [(Alexis,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(legend,)-250(ii.)-250(322)]TJ 0 -25.551 Td [(Alimentus,)-250(Cincius,)-250(his)-250(work)-250(written)-250(in)-250(Greek,)-250(i.)-250(230)]TJ 0 -25.551 Td [(Almsgiving,)-250(effects)-250(of)-250(indiscriminate,)-250(ii.)-250(90,)-250(91)]TJ 0 -25.551 Td [(Amafanius,)-256(wrote)-255(the)-255(first)-255(Latin)-255(work)-255(on)-255(philosophy,)-257(i.)-265(175,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -84.24 -25.552 Td [(Ambrose,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(miraculous)-250(dream,)-250(i.)-250(379.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-259(dissection)-259(of)-259(the)-259(pagan)-259(theory)-259(of)-259(the)-259(decline)-259(of)-259(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(empire,)-250(409.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(ransom)-250(of)-250(Italians)-250(from)-250(the)-250(Goths,)-250(ii.)-250(72.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(commendation)-250(of)-250(disobedience)-250(to)-250(parents,)-250(132)]TJ -10.91 -25.552 Td [(American)-250(Indians,)-250(suicide)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(54)]TJ 0 -25.551 Td [(Ammon,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(refusal)-250(to)-250(wash)-250(himself,)-250(ii.)-250(110.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Deserts)-250(his)-250(wife,)-250(322)]TJ -10.91 -25.551 Td [(Amour,)-260(William)-258(de)-258(St.,)-260(his)-259(denunciation)-258(of)-258(the)-258(mendicant)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(orders,)-250(ii.)-250(96)]TJ -65.455 -25.552 Td [(Amphitheatres,)-250(history)-250(and)-250(remains)-250(of)-250(Roman,)-250(i.)-250(273)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1598 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1599 0 R /Resources 1597 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1555 0 R /Annots [ 1579 0 R 1583 0 R 1584 0 R 1585 0 R 1586 0 R 1587 0 R 1588 0 R 1589 0 R 1590 0 R 1591 0 R 1592 0 R 1593 0 R ] >> endobj 1579 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [198.887 515.797 209.797 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >> >> endobj 1583 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [220.389 397.81 236.753 406.668] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg196) >> >> endobj 1584 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [242.207 397.81 258.571 406.668] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg197) >> >> endobj 1585 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [159.506 371.397 175.869 381.117] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg322) >> >> endobj 1586 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [226.76 320.295 237.669 330.015] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >> >> endobj 1587 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [243.124 320.295 254.033 330.015] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg091) >> >> endobj 1588 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [240.091 215.857 251 224.716] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >> >> endobj 1589 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.804 201.457 279.167 211.166] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg132) >> >> endobj 1590 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [205.837 176.757 216.746 185.768] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >> >> endobj 1591 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [239.196 151.206 255.56 160.064] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >> >> endobj 1592 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [133.422 137.657 149.786 146.515] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg322) >> >> endobj 1593 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [156.462 98.556 167.371 107.414] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >> >> endobj 1597 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1614 0 obj << /Length 2669 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(368History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G /F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -30.759 Td [([374])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -18.219 Td [(Anaxagoras,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of)-250(his)-250(son,)-250(i.)-250(191.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(his)-250(true)-250(country,)-250(201)]TJ -10.909 -27.645 Td [(Anchorites.)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 53.324 0 Td [(See)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.869 0 Td [(Ascetics;)-250(Monasticism)]TJ -71.193 -27.645 Td [(Angelo,)-250(Michael,)-250(in)-250(what)-250(he)-250(failed,)-250(ii.)-250(363)]TJ 0 -27.645 Td [(Anglo-Saxon)-250(nations,)-250(their)-250(virtues)-250(and)-250(vices,)-250(i.)-250(153)]TJ 0 -27.646 Td [(Animals,)-250(lower,)-250(Egyptian)-250(worship)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(166,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 197.564 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -205.44 -13.549 Td [(Humanity)-254(to)-254(animals)-254(probably)-254(first)-255(advocated)-254(by)-254(Plutarch,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(244.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Animals)-250(employed)-250(in)-250(the)-250(arena)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(280.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Instances)-250(of)-250(kindness)-250(to,)-250(288,)-250(307.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legends)-250(of)-251(the)-250(connection)-250(of)-250(the)-251(saints)-250(and)-250(the)-251(animal)-250(world,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(ii.)-250(161.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Pagan)-250(legends)-250(of)-250(the)-250(intelligence)-250(of)-250(animals,)-250(161,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legislative)-250(protection)-250(of)-250(them,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Views)-250(as)-250(to)-250(the)-250(souls)-250(of)-250(animals,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-250(duty)-250(of)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals)-250(taught)-250(by)-250(pagans,)-250(166.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Legends)-251(in)-251(the)-251(lives)-251(of)-251(the)-251(saints)-251(in)-251(connection)-251(with)-251(animals,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(168.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Progress)-250(in)-250(modern)-250(times)-250(of)-250(humanity)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(172)]TJ -10.909 -27.645 Td [(Antigonus)-250(of)-250(Socho,)-250(his)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(183,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 219.687 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -219.687 -27.645 Td [(Antioch,)-250(charities)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(80.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(extreme)-250(vice)-250(and)-250(asceticism,)-250(153)]TJ -10.909 -27.646 Td [(Antisthenes,)-250(his)-250(scepticism,)-250(i.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -27.645 Td [(Antoninus,)-250(the)-250(philosopher,)-250(his)-250(prediction,)-250(i.)-250(427)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1613 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1614 0 R /Resources 1612 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1555 0 R /Annots [ 1594 0 R 1595 0 R 1596 0 R 1600 0 R 1601 0 R 1602 0 R 1603 0 R 1604 0 R 1605 0 R 1606 0 R 1607 0 R 1608 0 R 1609 0 R ] >> endobj 1594 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [164.736 457.245 201.696 466.104] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Ascetics) >> >> endobj 1595 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [207.456 457.245 263.823 466.104] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Monastic) >> >> endobj 1596 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.307 428.739 278.67 438.459] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg363) >> >> endobj 1600 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.427 294.389 197.791 301.873] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >> >> endobj 1601 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [302.605 278.604 318.968 288.324] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >> >> endobj 1602 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [324.423 278.604 340.787 288.324] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >> >> endobj 1603 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [241.71 265.055 258.074 274.775] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >> >> endobj 1604 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [250.503 252.367 266.867 261.225] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >> >> endobj 1605 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [335.954 237.956 352.317 247.676] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg166) >> >> endobj 1606 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 213.094 186.271 220.578] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >> >> endobj 1607 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [324.75 197.309 341.114 207.029] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg172) >> >> endobj 1608 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.896 142.88 210.805 151.738] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg080) >> >> endobj 1609 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [246.238 129.331 262.601 138.342] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg153) >> >> endobj 1615 0 obj << /D [1613 0 R /XYZ 93.543 518.175 null] >> endobj 1612 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1627 0 obj << /Length 2627 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(369)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Antoninus)-250(the)-250(Pious,)-250(his)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(207.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(leniency)-250(towards)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(438,)-250(439.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Forged)-250(letter)-250(of,)-250(439,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 95.138 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -113.923 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(77)]TJ -10.91 -26.652 Td [(Antony,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(flight)-250(into)-250(the)-250(desert,)-250(ii.)-250(103.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(mode)-250(of)-250(life,)-250(110.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(dislike)-250(to)-250(knowledge,)-250(115.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legend)-250(of)-250(his)-250(visit)-250(to)-250(Paul)-250(the)-250(hermit,)-250(157,)-250(158)]TJ -10.91 -26.652 Td [(Aphrodite,)-250(the)-250(celestial)-250(and)-250(earthly,)-250(i.)-250(106)]TJ 0 -26.651 Td [(Apollonius)-253(of)-253(Tyana,)-253(his)-253(conversation)-253(with)-252(an)-253(Egyptian)-253(priest)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(respecting)-256(the)-257(Greek)-256(and)-256(Egyptian)-256(modes)-257(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(worshipping)-250(the)-250(deity,)-250(i.)-250(166,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 130.909 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -204.239 -13.549 Td [(Miracles)-250(attributed)-250(to)-250(him,)-250(372.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(humanity)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(165)]TJ -10.91 -26.652 Td [(Apollonius,)-250(the)-250(merchant,)-250(his)-250(dispensary)-250(for)-250(monks,)-250(ii.)-250(81)]TJ 0 -26.652 Td [(Apuleius,)-250(his)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(213.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(disquisition)-250(on)-250(the)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(d\346mons,)-250(323.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Practical)-250(form)-250(of)-250(his)-250(philosophy,)-250(329.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Miracles)-250(attributed)-250(to)-250(him,)-250(372.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(defence)-250(of)-250(tooth-powder,)-250(ii.)-250(148)]TJ -10.91 -26.652 Td [(Archytas)-253(of)-254(Tarentum,)-254(his)-253(speech)-253(on)-254(the)-253(evils)-253(of)-253(sensuality,)-254(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(200,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -87.273 -26.652 Td [(Argos,)-250(story)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sons)-250(of)-250(the)-250(priestess)-250(of)-250(Juno)-250(at,)-250(i.)-250(206)]TJ 0 -26.652 Td [(Arians,)-250(their)-250(charges)-250(against)-250(the)-250(Catholics,)-250(i.)-250(418,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 219.971 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -219.971 -26.651 Td [(Aristides,)-250(his)-250(gentleness,)-250(i.)-250(228)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1626 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1627 0 R /Resources 1625 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1628 0 R /Annots [ 1610 0 R 1611 0 R 1618 0 R 1619 0 R 1620 0 R 1621 0 R 1622 0 R 1623 0 R ] >> endobj 1610 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.844 448.498 239.207 458.218] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg103) >> >> endobj 1611 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [134.339 435.81 150.702 444.668] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >> >> endobj 1618 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [171.92 421.399 188.284 431.272] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg115) >> >> endobj 1619 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.255 407.85 241.618 417.723] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg157) >> >> endobj 1620 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [247.073 407.85 263.436 417.723] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >> >> endobj 1621 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.629 300.35 197.993 310.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg165) >> >> endobj 1622 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [289.182 273.698 300.091 283.418] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 1623 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.771 192.86 216.135 202.569] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg148) >> >> endobj 1625 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1650 0 obj << /Length 3446 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(370History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Aristotle,)-250(his)-250(admission)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(abortion,)-250(i.)-250(92.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Emphasis)-250(with)-250(which)-250(he)-250(dwelt)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(utility)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(124.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(patriotism,)-250(200.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(212.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(opinions)-250(as)-250(to)-250(the)-250(duties)-250(of)-250(Greeks)-250(to)-250(barbarians,)-250(229)]TJ -10.909 -25.37 Td [(Arius,)-250(death)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(196)]TJ 0 -25.371 Td [(Arnobius,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(miracles)-250(of)-250(Christ,)-250(i.)-250(375)]TJ 0 -25.37 Td [(Arrian,)-250(his)-250(humanity)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(164)]TJ 0 -25.371 Td [(Arsenius,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(penances,)-250(ii.)-250(107,)-250(114,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 177.567 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -185.444 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(anxiety)-250(to)-250(avoid)-250(distractions,)-250(125,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 168.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -179.389 -25.37 Td [(Ascetics,)-250(their)-250(estimate)-250(of)-250(the)-250(dreadful)-250(nature)-250(of)-250(sin,)-250(i.)-250(113.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Decline)-253(of)-252(asceticism)-253(and)-253(evanescence)-252(of)-253(the)-253(moral)-253(notions)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(which)-250(it)-250(was)-250(the)-250(expression,)-250(113.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Condition)-250(of)-250(society)-250(to)-250(which)-250(it)-250(belongs,)-250(130.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Decline)-253(of)-253(the)-252(ascetic)-253(and)-253(saintly)-253(qualities)-252(with)-253(civilisation,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(130.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ascetic)-250(movement,)-250(ii.)-250(102.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Its)-250(rapid)-250(extension,)-250(103-105.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Penances)-250(attributed)-250(to)-250(the)-250(saints)-250(of)-500(the)-250(desert,)-250(107-109.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.665 0 Td [([375])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 83.665 -13.549 Td [(Miseries)-250(and)-250(joys)-250(of)-250(the)-250(hermit)-250(life,)-250(113)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 177.862 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -177.862 -13.549 Td [(Dislike)-250(of)-250(the)-250(monks)-250(to)-250(knowledge,)-250(115.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(hallucinations,)-250(116.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Relations)-250(of)-250(female)-250(devotees)-250(with)-250(the)-250(anchorites,)-250(120.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Ways)-238(in)-238(which)-238(the)-239(ascetic)-238(life)-238(affected)-238(both)-238(the)-238(ideal)-238(type)-238(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(realised)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(morals,)-250(122,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 149.378 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -214.833 -13.549 Td [(Extreme)-253(animosity)-252(of)-253(the)-252(ascetics)-253(to)-252(everything)-253(pagan,)-253(136,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(137.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Decline)-250(of)-250(the)-250(civic)-250(virtues)-250(caused)-250(by)-250(asceticism,)-250(139.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Moral)-250(effects)-250(of)-250(asceticism)-250(on)-250(self-sacrifice,)-250(154,)-250(155.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-250(beauty)-250(of)-250(some)-250(of)-250(the)-250(legends)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ascetics,)-250(156.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1649 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1650 0 R /Resources 1648 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1628 0 R /Annots [ 1624 0 R 1629 0 R 1630 0 R 1631 0 R 1632 0 R 1633 0 R 1634 0 R 1635 0 R 1636 0 R 1637 0 R 1638 0 R 1639 0 R 1640 0 R 1641 0 R 1642 0 R 1643 0 R 1644 0 R 1645 0 R ] >> endobj 1624 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [175.656 437.091 192.02 445.95] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg196) >> >> endobj 1629 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [248.998 385.489 265.361 395.209] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg164) >> >> endobj 1630 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [227.474 360.129 243.838 369.838] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg107) >> >> endobj 1631 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [249.292 360.129 265.656 369.838] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg114) >> >> endobj 1632 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [261.401 240.765 277.765 249.623] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 1633 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [190.503 226.365 226.863 236.227] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg103) >> >> endobj 1634 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [309.27 213.667 345.63 222.525] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg107) >> >> endobj 1635 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [263.223 199.256 279.587 208.976] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg113) >> >> endobj 1636 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.929 185.707 279.292 195.579] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg115) >> >> endobj 1637 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [197.474 173.019 213.838 181.877] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg116) >> >> endobj 1638 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [321.99 159.47 338.354 168.328] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg120) >> >> endobj 1639 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [297.467 131.63 313.83 141.23] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >> >> endobj 1640 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [346.761 117.961 363.125 127.681] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg136) >> >> endobj 1641 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 106.648 186.271 114.131] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg137) >> >> endobj 1642 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [322.285 90.862 338.648 100.582] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg139) >> >> endobj 1643 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [301.056 78.175 317.419 87.186] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg154) >> >> endobj 1644 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [322.874 78.175 339.238 87.186] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg155) >> >> endobj 1645 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [334.405 63.764 350.768 73.637] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg156) >> >> endobj 1616 0 obj << /D [1649 0 R /XYZ 93.543 334.748 null] >> endobj 1651 0 obj << /D [1649 0 R /XYZ 258.979 215.183 null] >> endobj 1648 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1663 0 obj << /Length 2301 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(371)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Legends)-251(of)-252(the)-251(connection)-251(between)-252(the)-251(saints)-251(and)-252(the)-251(animal)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(world,)-250(161.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Practical)-250(form)-250(of)-250(asceticism)-250(in)-250(the)-250(West,)-250(177.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(asceticism)-250(on)-250(chastity,)-250(319,)-250(320.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(marriage,)-250(320.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(estimate)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(337)]TJ -10.91 -31.381 Td [(Asella,)-250(story)-250(of)-250(her)-250(asceticism,)-250(ii.)-250(133)]TJ 0 -31.381 Td [(Asia)-250(Minor,)-250(destruction)-250(of)-250(the)-250(churches)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(14)]TJ 0 -31.382 Td [(Aspasia,)-250(the)-250(Athenian)-250(courtesan,)-250(ii.)-250(293)]TJ 0 -31.381 Td [(Asses,)-250(feast)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(173)]TJ 0 -31.381 Td [(Association,)-250(Hartley's)-250(doctrine)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(22.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Partly)-250(anticipated)-250(by)-250(Hutcheson)-250(and)-250(Gay,)-250(23.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Illustrations)-250(of)-250(the)-250(system)-250(of)-250(association,)-250(26-30.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(theory,)-250(how)-250(far)-250(selfish,)-250(30.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-251(essential)-252(and)-251(characteristic)-251(feature)-252(of)-251(conscience)-252(wholly)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(unaccounted)-243(for)-242(by)-243(the)-243(association)-243(of)-242(ideas,)-244(66)]TJ -76.364 -31.381 Td [(Astrology,)-255(belief)-253(in,)-255(rapidly)-254(gaining)-253(ground)-254(in)-254(the)-254(time)-253(of)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(elder)-250(Pliny,)-250(i.)-250(171,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 101.814 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -167.269 -31.381 Td [(Atticus,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(215,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 137.575 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -137.575 -31.381 Td [(Augustine,)-250(St.,)-250(on)-250(original)-250(sin,)-250(i.)-250(209.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(contemporary)-250(miracles,)-250(378.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(decline)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(empire,)-250(410.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(virgin)-250(suicides,)-250(ii.)-250(47)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1662 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1663 0 R /Resources 1661 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1628 0 R /Annots [ 1646 0 R 1647 0 R 1652 0 R 1653 0 R 1654 0 R 1655 0 R 1656 0 R 1657 0 R 1658 0 R 1659 0 R 1660 0 R ] >> endobj 1646 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [154.04 503.11 170.404 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >> >> endobj 1647 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [237.647 489.56 254.011 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg177) >> >> endobj 1652 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [214.618 475.149 230.982 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg319) >> >> endobj 1653 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.437 475.149 252.8 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg320) >> >> endobj 1654 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [117.964 461.6 134.328 471.32] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg320) >> >> endobj 1655 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [178.269 448.913 194.633 457.771] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg337) >> >> endobj 1656 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [195.538 416.67 211.902 426.39] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg133) >> >> endobj 1657 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [248.862 386.15 259.771 395.008] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >> >> endobj 1658 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.32 353.918 220.684 363.627] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg293) >> >> endobj 1659 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [127.062 323.388 143.426 332.246] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg173) >> >> endobj 1660 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [232.826 75.058 243.735 84.778] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >> >> endobj 1661 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1668 0 obj << /Length 2682 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(372History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Augustus,)-255(his)-254(solemn)-254(degradation)-254(of)-254(the)-255(statue)-254(of)-254(Neptune,)-255(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(169.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(mode)-250(of)-250(discouraging)-250(celibacy,)-250(232.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Miraculous)-250(stories)-250(related)-250(of)-250(him,)-250(258.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(superstition,)-250(376.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Advice)-250(of)-250(M\346cenas)-250(to)-250(him,)-250(399.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(consideration)-250(for)-250(the)-250(religious)-250(customs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Jews,)-250(406)]TJ -10.909 -47.425 Td [(Aulus)-250(Gellius,)-250(his)-250(account)-250(of)-250(the)-250(rhetoricians,)-250(i.)-250(313.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Compared)-250(with)-250(Helv\351tius,)-250(313)]TJ -10.909 -47.424 Td [(Aurelius,)-250(Marcus,)-250(on)-250(a)-250(future)-250(state,)-250(i.)-250(184.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(posthumous)-250(fame,)-250(186.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Denied)-250(that)-250(all)-250(vices)-250(are)-250(the)-250(same,)-250(192,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 173.902 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -192.687 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(sacred)-250(spirit)-250(dwelling)-250(in)-250(man,)-250(198.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(submissive)-250(gratitude,)-250(199.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(practical)-250(application)-250(of)-250(the)-250(precepts)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(202.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(wavering)-250(views)-250(as)-250(to)-250(suicide,)-250(213.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(charity)-250(to)-250(the)-250(human)-250(race,)-250(241.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mild)-250(and)-250(more)-250(religious)-250(spirit)-250(of)-250(his)-250(stoicism,)-250(245.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(constant)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(self-examination,)-250(249.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(life)-250(and)-250(character,)-250(249-255.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Compared)-250(and)-250(contrasted)-250(with)-250(Plutarch,)-250(253.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(discouragement)-250(of)-250(the)-250(games)-250(of)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(286.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(humanity,)-250(308.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(disbelief)-250(of)-250(exorcism,)-250(384.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(law)-250(against)-250(religious)-250(terrorism,)-250(422.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(439,)-250(440.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(benevolence,)-250(ii.)-250(77.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(view)-250(of)-250(war,)-250(258)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1667 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1668 0 R /Resources 1666 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1628 0 R /Annots [ 1664 0 R 1665 0 R ] >> endobj 1664 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.83 96.629 204.74 105.487] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 1665 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [179.889 83.08 196.252 92.091] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg258) >> >> endobj 1666 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1678 0 obj << /Length 2933 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(373)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Austin,)-253(Mr.,)-253(his)-252(view)-252(of)-253(the)-252(foundation)-252(of)-252(the)-253(moral)-252(law,)-253(i.)-257(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -73.33 -13.549 Td [(His)-254(advocacy)-254(of)-253(the)-254(unselfish)-254(view)-254(of)-254(the)-253(love)-254(we)-254(ought)-254(to)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(bear)-250(to)-250(God,)-250(18,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 73.32 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -157.559 -13.55 Td [(Character)-250(of)-250(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.403 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Lectures)-250(on)-250(Jurisprudence,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 117.24 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.57 0 Td [(22,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 16.364 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -229.331 -24.84 Td [(Avarice,)-250(association)-250(of)-250(ideas)-250(to)-250(the)-250(passion)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(25)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Avitus,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(159)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -8.024 Td [([376])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -16.817 Td [(Babylas,)-250(St.,)-250(miracles)-250(performed)-250(by)-250(his)-250(bones,)-250(i.)-250(382,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 254.52 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -262.395 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(death,)-250(ii.)-250(9)]TJ -10.91 -24.84 Td [(Bacchus,)-250(suppression)-250(of)-250(the)-250(rites)-250(of,)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(401)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Bacon,)-253(Lord,)-253(great)-253(movement)-253(of)-252(modern)-253(thought)-252(caused)-253(by,)-253(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(125.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(objection)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Stoics')-250(view)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(202)]TJ -10.91 -24.841 Td [(Bacon,)-250(Roger,)-250(his)-250(life)-250(and)-250(works,)-250(ii.)-250(210)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Bain,)-250(Mr.,)-250(on)-250(pleasure,)-250(i.)-250(12,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 127.866 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -135.741 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(29,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.523 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -174.218 -24.841 Td [(Balbus,)-250(Cornelius,)-250(his)-250(elevation)-250(to)-250(the)-250(consulate,)-250(i.)-250(232)]TJ 0 -24.84 Td [(Baltus)-250(on)-250(the)-250(exorcists,)-250(i.)-250(381,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 134.847 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -153.633 -24.841 Td [(Baptism,)-250(Augustinian)-250(doctrine)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(96)]TJ 0 -24.84 Td [(Barbarians,)-250(causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(conversion)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(410)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Basil,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(hospital,)-250(ii.)-250(80.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(labours)-250(for)-250(monachism,)-250(106)]TJ -10.91 -24.841 Td [(Bassus,)-250(Ventidius,)-250(his)-250(elevation)-250(to)-250(the)-250(consulate,)-250(i.)-250(232)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1677 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1678 0 R /Resources 1676 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1628 0 R /Annots [ 1669 0 R 1670 0 R 1671 0 R 1672 0 R 1673 0 R ] >> endobj 1669 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [156.473 411.919 172.837 421.792] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >> >> endobj 1670 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [116.164 374.391 121.619 383.249] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg009) >> >> endobj 1671 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [207.058 271.909 223.422 281.629] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg210) >> >> endobj 1672 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.917 109.327 169.826 119.036] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg080) >> >> endobj 1673 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.608 96.628 197.971 105.487] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >> >> endobj 1679 0 obj << /D [1677 0 R /XYZ 46.771 406.273 null] >> endobj 1676 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1687 0 obj << /Length 2257 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(374History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Bathilda,)-250(Queen,)-250(her)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(245)]TJ 0 -43.121 Td [(Bear-gardens)-250(in)-250(England,)-250(ii.)-250(175,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 147.251 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -166.036 -43.122 Td [(Beauty,)-250(analogies)-250(between)-250(virtue)-250(and,)-250(i.)-250(77.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(difference,)-250(79.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Diversities)-241(existing)-241(in)-241(our)-241(judgments)-241(of)-241(virtue)-241(and)-241(beauty,)-242(79.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(these)-250(diversities,)-250(79.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Virtues)-253(to)-252(which)-253(we)-252(can,)-254(and)-252(to)-253(which)-252(we)-253(cannot,)-253(apply)-253(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(term)-250(beautiful,)-250(82,)-250(83.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Pleasure)-254(derived)-255(from)-254(beauty)-254(compared)-254(with)-255(that)-254(from)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(grotesque,)-250(or)-250(eccentric,)-250(85.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-252(prevailing)-252(cast)-252(of)-252(female)-252(beauty)-252(in)-252(the)-252(north,)-252(contrasted)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(with)-250(the)-250(southern)-250(type,)-250(144,)-250(145,)-250(152.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Admiration)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Greeks)-250(for)-250(beauty,)-250(ii.)-250(292)]TJ -10.909 -43.121 Td [(Bees,)-263(regarded)-261(by)-260(the)-261(ancients)-260(as)-260(emblems)-261(or)-260(models)-261(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(chastity,)-250(i.)-250(108,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 69.698 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -153.938 -43.121 Td [(Beggars,)-250(causes)-250(of)-250(vast)-250(numbers)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(94.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Old)-250(English)-250(laws)-250(for)-250(the)-250(suppression)-250(of)-250(mendicancy,)-250(96.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Enactments)-250(against)-250(them)-250(in)-250(various)-250(parts)-250(of)-250(Europe,)-250(98)]TJ -10.909 -43.122 Td [(Benedict,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(system,)-250(183)]TJ 0 -43.122 Td [(Benefices,)-250(military)-250(use)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(270)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1686 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1687 0 R /Resources 1685 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1628 0 R /Annots [ 1674 0 R 1675 0 R 1680 0 R 1681 0 R 1682 0 R 1683 0 R 1684 0 R ] >> endobj 1674 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [233.823 515.797 250.187 525.67] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 1675 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [218.976 472.675 235.339 482.548] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg175) >> >> endobj 1680 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [280.481 294.062 296.845 303.782] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg292) >> >> endobj 1681 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [264.423 194.27 275.332 203.99] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg094) >> >> endobj 1682 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [338.059 180.72 348.968 190.44] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >> >> endobj 1683 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [335.027 167.171 345.936 176.891] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 1684 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.619 80.928 238.983 90.648] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg270) >> >> endobj 1685 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1692 0 obj << /Length 3617 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(375)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Benevolence;)-252(Hutcheson's)-252(theory)-251(that)-251(all)-252(virtue)-251(is)-251(resolved)-252(into)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(benevolence,)-250(i.)-250(4.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Discussions)-257(in)-256(England,)-258(in)-257(the)-257(sixteenth)-256(and)-257(seventeenth)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(centuries,)-250(as)-250(to)-250(the)-250(existence)-250(of,)-250(20.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Various)-250(views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(source)-250(from)-250(which)-250(it)-250(springs,)-250(22.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Association)-250(of)-250(ideas)-250(producing)-250(the)-250(feeling)-250(of,)-250(26.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Hartley)-250(on)-250(benevolence)-250(quoted,)-250(27,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 157.843 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -176.628 -13.549 Td [(Impossibility)-239(of)-239(benevolence)-239(becoming)-239(a)-239(pleasure)-239(if)-239(practised)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(only)-250(with)-250(a)-250(view)-250(to)-250(that)-250(end,)-250(37.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Application)-250(to)-250(benevolence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(theory,)-250(that)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(unity)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(of)-252(different)-251(ages)-252(is)-251(a)-252(unity)-251(not)-252(of)-251(standard)-252(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(tendency,)-250(100.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Influenced)-250(by)-250(our)-250(imaginations,)-250(132,)-250(133.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Imperfectly)-250(recognised)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(188,)-250(192)]TJ -10.91 -23.864 Td [(Bentham,)-250(Jeremy,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(motives)-250(of)-250(human)-250(actions,)-250(i.)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 248.771 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -256.646 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(pleasures)-250(and)-250(pains)-250(of)-250(piety)-250(quoted,)-250(9,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 202.09 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -220.875 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(charity,)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 68.17 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -86.956 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(vice,)-250(13,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 56.05 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -74.836 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(sanctions)-250(of)-250(morality,)-250(19,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 164.53 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(,)-250(21.)]TJ -183.316 -13.549 Td [(Throws)-266(benevolence)-266(as)-266(much)-266(as)-266(possible)-266(into)-266(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(background,)-250(21.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Makes)-250(no)-250(use)-250(of)-250(the)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(association,)-250(25,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 211.177 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -229.963 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(29,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.523 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -163.308 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(interest)-250(and)-250(disinterestedness,)-250(32,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 165.13 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -183.916 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(value)-250(and)-250(purity)-250(of)-250(a)-250(pleasure,)-250(90,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 183.294 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -212.988 -23.863 Td [(Besarion,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(penances,)-250(ii.)-250(108)]TJ 0 -23.864 Td [(Biography,)-262(relative)-259(importance)-260(of,)-262(among)-259(Christians)-260(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(Pagans,)-250(i.)-250(174)]TJ -65.454 -23.863 Td [(Blandina,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(442)]TJ 0 -23.864 Td [(Blesilla,)-250(story)-250(of)-250(her)-250(slow)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(48)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1691 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1692 0 R /Resources 1690 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1693 0 R /Annots [ 1688 0 R 1689 0 R ] >> endobj 1688 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [180.702 156.449 197.066 166.159] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg108) >> >> endobj 1689 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [209.796 71.299 220.706 81.019] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg048) >> >> endobj 1690 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1705 0 obj << /Length 3122 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(376History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Blondel,)-261(his)-258(denunciation)-259(of)-259(the)-258(forgeries)-259(of)-259(the)-258(Sibylline)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(books,)-250(i.)-250(377)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -138.21 -6.628 Td [([377])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -17.145 Td [(Boadicea,)-250(her)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(53,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 126.949 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -126.949 -23.773 Td [(Bolingbroke's)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 63.48 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Reflections)-250(on)-250(Exile,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 91.811 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.57 0 Td [(i.)-250(201,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 30.306 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -198.011 -23.774 Td [(Bona)-250(Dea,)-250(story)-250(and)-250(worship)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(94,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 169.069 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -176.946 -13.549 Td [(Popularity)-250(of)-250(her)-250(worship)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(106,)-250(386)]TJ -10.909 -23.773 Td [(Boniface,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(missionary)-250(labours,)-250(ii.)-250(247)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Bonnet,)-250(his)-250(philosophy,)-250(i.)-250(71)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Bossuet,)-252(on)-251(the)-252(nature)-251(of)-252(the)-251(love)-252(we)-251(should)-252(bear)-251(to)-252(God,)-252(i.)-254(18,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -23.773 Td [(Brephotrophia,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(church,)-250(ii.)-250(32)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Brotherhood,)-250(effect)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(in)-250(promoting,)-250(ii.)-250(61)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Brown,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(motive)-250(for)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 228.753 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -236.629 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(theological)-250(Utilitarianism,)-250(16,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 149.695 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -160.604 -23.773 Td [(Brunehaut,)-251(Queen,)-250(her)-251(crimes,)-251(approved)-250(of)-251(by)-250(the)-251(Pope,)-250(ii.)-252(236,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(237.)]TJ -54.546 -13.55 Td [(Her)-250(end,)-250(237)]TJ -10.909 -23.773 Td [(Brutus,)-250(his)-250(extortionate)-250(usury,)-250(i.)-250(193,)-250(194)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Buckle,)-250(Thomas,)-250(his)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(morals,)-250(i.)-250(74,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 203.924 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -211.8 -13.549 Td [(On)-251(the)-250(difference)-251(between)-250(mental)-251(and)-250(physical)-251(pleasures,)-251(90,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -84.24 -13.549 Td [(His)-255(views)-255(of)-255(the)-255(comparative)-255(influence)-255(of)-255(intellectual)-255(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(moral)-250(agencies)-250(in)-250(civilisation,)-250(103,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 155.443 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -231.807 -23.773 Td [(Bull-baiting)-250(in)-250(England,)-250(ii.)-250(175,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 141.829 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1704 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1705 0 R /Resources 1703 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1693 0 R /Annots [ 1694 0 R 1695 0 R 1696 0 R 1697 0 R 1698 0 R 1699 0 R 1700 0 R 1701 0 R ] >> endobj 1694 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.129 479.336 215.038 488.347] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg053) >> >> endobj 1695 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [270.816 393.606 287.179 403.326] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg247) >> >> endobj 1696 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [260.485 308.737 271.394 318.457] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg032) >> >> endobj 1697 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [321.412 284.964 332.321 294.684] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg061) >> >> endobj 1698 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [353.268 223.869 369.631 233.589] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >> >> endobj 1699 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.998 212.556 175.362 220.039] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 1700 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.74 197.632 161.103 206.49] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 1701 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [213.554 71.254 229.918 81.127] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg175) >> >> endobj 1706 0 obj << /D [1704 0 R /XYZ 93.543 497.998 null] >> endobj 1703 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1714 0 obj << /Length 2843 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(377)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Bulgarians,)-250(their)-250(conversion)-250(to)-250(Christianity,)-250(ii.)-250(180)]TJ 0 -25.404 Td [(Butler,)-264(Bishop,)-265(maintains)-261(the)-262(reality)-262(of)-261(the)-262(existence)-261(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(benevolence)-250(in)-250(our)-250(nature,)-250(i.)-250(20,)-250(21,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 159.665 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -232.996 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(pleasure)-250(derived)-250(from)-250(virtue,)-250(32,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 177.839 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -196.625 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(analysis)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(76.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(83)]TJ -10.91 -25.403 Td [(Byzantine)-251(Empire,)-251(general)-251(sketch)-251(of)-250(the)-251(moral)-251(condition)-251(of)-251(the,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(ii.)-250(13,)-250(14.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-254(condition)-255(of)-254(the)-254(empire)-255(during)-254(the)-255(Christian)-254(period,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(147)]TJ -76.364 -25.404 Td [(C\346dmon,)-253(story)-252(of)-252(the)-252(origin)-252(of)-252(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 153.506 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Creation)-252(of)-252(the)-252(World,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 98.84 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.594 0 Td [(ii.)]TJ -199.329 -13.549 Td [(204)]TJ -65.455 -25.404 Td [(C\346sar,)-250(Julius,)-250(denies)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(i.)-250(182.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(213.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(colonial)-250(policy,)-250(233.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(multiplication)-250(of)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(273)]TJ -10.91 -25.403 Td [(Caligula,)-250(his)-250(intoxication)-250(with)-250(his)-250(imperial)-250(dignity,)-250(i.)-250(259.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(superstitious)-250(fears,)-250(367)]TJ -10.91 -25.404 Td [(Calvinists:)-251(tendency)-251(of)-250(the)-251(Supralapsarian)-250(to)-251(deny)-250(the)-251(existence)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(a)-250(moral)-250(sense,)-250(i.)-250(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 101.498 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -166.953 -25.404 Td [(Camma,)-250(conjugal)-250(fidelity)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(341)]TJ 0 -25.403 Td [(Capital)-250(punishment,)-250(aversion)-250(to,)-250(ii.)-250(39)]TJ 0 -25.404 Td [(Carlyle,)-250(Thomas,)-250(on)-250(self-sacrifice,)-250(i.)-250(57,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 178.451 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -186.326 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(conscience)-250(on)-250(the)-250(happiness)-250(of)-250(men,)-250(62)]TJ -10.91 -25.403 Td [(Carneades,)-250(his)-250(expulsion)-250(from)-250(Rome)-250(proposed)-250(by)-250(Cato,)-250(i.)-250(399)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1713 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1714 0 R /Resources 1712 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1693 0 R /Annots [ 1702 0 R 1707 0 R 1708 0 R 1709 0 R 1710 0 R 1711 0 R ] >> endobj 1702 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [252.527 515.797 268.891 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg180) >> >> endobj 1707 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.746 398.105 134.655 406.963] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg013) >> >> endobj 1708 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [140.11 398.105 151.019 406.963] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >> >> endobj 1709 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [112.226 333.428 128.59 340.912] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg204) >> >> endobj 1710 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [186.768 161.83 203.131 171.55] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg341) >> >> endobj 1711 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [202.531 136.437 213.44 146.146] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg039) >> >> endobj 1712 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1724 0 obj << /Length 2434 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(378History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Carpocrates,)-250(licentiousness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(followers)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(417)]TJ 0 -34.916 Td [(Carthage,)-260(effect)-258(of)-258(the)-258(destruction)-258(of,)-261(on)-258(the)-258(decadence)-258(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(169.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Decian)-250(persecution)-250(at,)-250(452)]TJ -10.909 -34.917 Td [(Carthaginians,)-262(the,)-263(amongst)-260(the)-260(most)-259(prominent)-260(of)-260(Latin)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(writers,)-250(i.)-250(235)]TJ -65.455 -34.916 Td [(Cassius,)-250(the)-250(tyrannicide,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(215)]TJ 0 -34.916 Td [(Castellio,)-251(his)-250(exposure)-251(of)-251(the)-250(forgeries)-251(of)-251(the)-250(Sibylline)-251(books,)-251(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(377)]TJ -65.455 -34.916 Td [(Catacombs,)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(453,)-250(455)]TJ 0 -34.917 Td [(Catholicism,)-261(Roman,)-260(the)-258(system)-259(of)-258(education)-259(adopt)1(ed)-259(by,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(contrasted)-260(with)-261(that)-260(of)-261(the)-260(English)-260(public)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(schools,)-250(i.)-250(114.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Conflict)-241(of)-241(the)-241(priests)-241(with)-241(political)-241(economists)-241(on)-241(the)-241(subject)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(early)-250(marriages,)-250(114,)-250(115.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(The)-248(teaching)-247(of,)-249(on)-247(many)-248(points)-248(the)-247(extreme)-248(antithesis)-248(of)-247(that)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(pagan)-250(philosophers,)-250(208.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(view)-250(of)-250(death,)-500(208,)-250(210.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.664 0 Td [([378])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 83.664 -13.549 Td [(Little)-250(done)-250(by)-250(it)-250(for)-250(humanity)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(173,)-250(177,)-250(188.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(on)-250(despotism,)-250(186.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Its)-250(total)-250(destruction)-250(of)-250(religious)-250(liberty,)-250(194-199.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-251(the)-250(indifference)-251(to)-250(truth)-250(manifested)-251(in)-250(its)-250(literature,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(241.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Protestantism)-250(contrasted)-250(with)-250(it,)-250(368)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1723 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1724 0 R /Resources 1722 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1693 0 R /Annots [ 1715 0 R 1716 0 R 1717 0 R 1718 0 R 1719 0 R 1720 0 R 1721 0 R ] >> endobj 1715 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [298.699 143.71 315.063 153.43] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg173) >> >> endobj 1716 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [320.517 143.71 336.881 153.43] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg177) >> >> endobj 1717 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [342.336 143.71 358.699 153.43] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >> >> endobj 1718 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [211.71 130.171 228.074 139.88] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg186) >> >> endobj 1719 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [278.081 116.611 314.441 126.331] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg194) >> >> endobj 1720 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 91.793 186.271 99.233] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg241) >> >> endobj 1721 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [247.787 76.826 264.15 85.684] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg368) >> >> endobj 1725 0 obj << /D [1723 0 R /XYZ 182.921 159.637 null] >> endobj 1722 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1736 0 obj << /Length 2925 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(379)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Cato,)-250(his)-250(refusal)-250(to)-250(consult)-250(the)-250(oracles,)-250(i.)-250(165,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 202.102 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -209.977 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(stoicism,)-250(185.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(inhumanity)-250(to)-250(his)-250(slaves,)-250(193.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-254(study)-253(of)-254(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.282 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Ph\346don)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 35.16 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.611 0 Td [(the)-254(night)-253(he)-254(committed)-254(suicide,)]TJ -54.443 -13.55 Td [(212.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(opposition)-250(to)-250(Greek)-250(philosophy,)-250(231.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(view)-250(of)-250(pre-nuptial)-250(chastity,)-250(ii.)-250(314)]TJ -10.91 -25.227 Td [(Cattle)-250(plague,)-250(theological)-250(notions)-250(respecting)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(356)]TJ 0 -25.226 Td [(Catullus,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of)-250(a)-250(sparrow,)-250(ii.)-250(165,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 191.193 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -191.193 -25.227 Td [(Cautinus,)-250(Bishop,)-250(his)-250(drunkenness,)-250(ii.)-250(236)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Celibacy)-250(among)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(i.)-250(106.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Catholic)-250(monastic)-250(system,)-250(107.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(discouraged)-250(by)-250(Augustus,)-250(232.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Celibacy)-251(the)-252(primal)-251(virtue)-252(of)-251(the)-252(Christians)-251(of)-251(the)-252(fourth)-251(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(fifth)-250(centuries,)-250(ii.)-250(122.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Effect)-250(of)-250(this)-250(upon)-250(moral)-250(teaching,)-250(122,)-250(123.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(celibacy)-250(of)-250(the)-250(clergy,)-250(328,)-250(336)]TJ -10.91 -25.226 Td [(Celsus)-250(calls)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(Sibyllists,)-250(i.)-250(376.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(And)-250(jugglers,)-250(384)]TJ -10.91 -25.226 Td [(Celts,)-250(Spanish,)-250(their)-250(worship)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(206,)-250(207.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(their)-250(passion)-250(for)-250(suicide,)-250(207,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 177.25 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -196.036 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(lamentations)-250(on)-250(the)-250(birth)-250(of)-250(men,)-250(207,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 195.741 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -206.65 -25.226 Td [(Censors,)-250(Roman,)-250(minute)-250(supervision)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(168)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Character,)-250(influence)-250(of,)-250(on)-250(opinion,)-250(i.)-250(172.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Governed)-250(in)-250(a)-250(great)-250(measure)-250(by)-250(national)-250(circumstances,)-250(172)]TJ -10.909 -25.227 Td [(Chariot)-250(races,)-250(passion)-250(for,)-250(at)-250(Constantinople,)-250(ii.)-250(37)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1735 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1736 0 R /Resources 1734 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1693 0 R /Annots [ 1726 0 R 1727 0 R 1728 0 R 1729 0 R 1730 0 R 1731 0 R 1732 0 R 1733 0 R ] >> endobj 1726 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.146 384.059 232.509 393.921] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg165) >> >> endobj 1727 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [214.357 358.833 230.72 368.542] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >> >> endobj 1728 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [201.004 280.26 217.368 289.118] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >> >> endobj 1729 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.502 265.849 228.866 275.569] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >> >> endobj 1730 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [234.32 265.849 250.684 275.569] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg123) >> >> endobj 1731 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [220.673 252.3 237.037 262.02] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg328) >> >> endobj 1732 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [242.491 252.3 258.855 262.02] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg336) >> >> endobj 1733 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [257.36 71.981 268.269 81.69] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg037) >> >> endobj 1734 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1766 0 obj << /Length 2624 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(380History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Charity,)-254(a)-253(form)-254(of)-253(self-love,)-254(according)-253(to)-253(the)-254(Utilitarians,)-254(i.)-260(9,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -91.811 -13.549 Td [(Impossibility)-250(of)-251(charity)-250(becoming)-251(a)-250(pleasure)-250(if)-251(practised)-250(only)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(with)-250(a)-250(view)-250(to)-250(that)-250(end,)-250(36.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Charity)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(191.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Cicero's)-250(emphatic)-250(assertion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(duty,)-250(240.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Exertions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(in)-250(the)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(75,)-250(79.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Inadequate)-250(place)-250(given)-250(to)-250(this)-250(movement)-250(in)-250(history,)-250(84,)-250(85.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-250(charity,)-250(in)-250(what)-250(it)-250(consists,)-250(73.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Laws)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(73.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Pagan)-250(examples)-250(of)-250(charity,)-250(78.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Noble)-234(enthusiasm)-233(of)-234(the)-233(Christians)-234(in)-233(the)-234(cause)-233(of)-234(charity,)-236(78,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(79.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Charity)-250(enjoined)-250(as)-250(a)-250(matter)-250(of)-250(justice,)-250(81.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Theological)-250(notions)-250(of)-250(charity,)-250(85,)-250(90,)-250(91.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Evils)-250(of)-250(Catholic)-250(charity,)-250(93-94.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legends)-250(respecting)-250(the)-250(virtue,)-250(245,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 174.513 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -185.422 -41.21 Td [(Charlemagne,)-250(his)-250(law)-250(respecting)-250(Sunday,)-250(ii.)-250(245.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Fascination)-253(exercised)-253(by)-253(him)-253(over)-253(the)-253(popular)-253(imagination,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(271,)-250(272.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(polygamy,)-250(343)]TJ -10.909 -41.21 Td [(Charles)-250(V.,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(law)-250(against)-250(beggars,)-250(ii.)-250(97)]TJ 0 -41.21 Td [(Charles)-250(Martel,)-251(his)-251(defeat)-250(of)-250(the)-251(Mohammedans,)-250(at)-251(Poictiers,)-250(ii.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(273)]TJ -65.455 -41.21 Td [(Charondas,)-250(law)-250(of,)-250(on)-250(second)-250(marriages,)-250(ii.)-250(325,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 213.6 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1765 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1766 0 R /Resources 1764 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1693 0 R /Annots [ 1737 0 R 1738 0 R 1739 0 R 1740 0 R 1741 0 R 1742 0 R 1743 0 R 1744 0 R 1745 0 R 1746 0 R 1747 0 R 1748 0 R 1749 0 R 1750 0 R 1751 0 R 1752 0 R 1753 0 R 1754 0 R 1755 0 R 1756 0 R 1757 0 R 1758 0 R ] >> endobj 1737 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [337.154 434.502 348.063 444.374] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg075) >> >> endobj 1738 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [353.517 434.502 364.426 444.374] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >> >> endobj 1739 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [333.216 420.953 344.125 430.825] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg084) >> >> endobj 1740 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [349.579 420.953 360.488 430.825] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg085) >> >> endobj 1741 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [266.878 407.403 277.787 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg073) >> >> endobj 1742 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.896 394.716 210.805 403.574] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg073) >> >> endobj 1743 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.336 380.305 236.245 390.025] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg078) >> >> endobj 1744 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [360.537 366.756 371.446 376.476] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg078) >> >> endobj 1745 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 355.345 180.816 362.927] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >> >> endobj 1746 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.943 339.657 286.852 349.377] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 1747 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [241.71 326.108 252.619 335.981] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg085) >> >> endobj 1748 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [258.074 326.108 268.983 335.981] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >> >> endobj 1749 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [274.438 326.108 285.347 335.981] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg091) >> >> endobj 1750 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.87 312.559 242.321 322.279] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg093) >> >> endobj 1751 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.667 299.01 255.03 308.882] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 1752 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.368 257.8 304.732 267.672] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 1753 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 231.563 186.271 240.421] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg271) >> >> endobj 1754 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [191.725 231.563 208.089 240.421] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg272) >> >> endobj 1755 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [171.423 217.152 187.787 226.872] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg343) >> >> endobj 1756 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [323.812 175.942 334.721 185.662] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >> >> endobj 1757 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.998 123.419 175.362 130.903] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg273) >> >> endobj 1758 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [285.325 79.972 301.688 89.845] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg325) >> >> endobj 1764 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1774 0 obj << /Length 1462 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(381)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Chastity,)-250(in)-250(Utilitarian)-250(systems,)-250(i.)-250(12,)-250(49.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Sketch)-250(of)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of,)-250(103-107.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Catholic)-250(monastic)-250(system,)-250(107.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Modern)-250(judgments)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(282,)-250(283.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Cato's)-250(views,)-250(314.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mystical)-250(views,)-250(315.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Services)-257(of)-256(the)-257(ascetics)-257(in)-257(enforcing)-256(the)-257(duty)-257(of)-257(chastity,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(318-320)]TJ -76.364 -65.298 Td [(Children,)-265(charge)-261(of)-262(murdering)-262(infants,)-264(among)-262(the)-262(early)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(417.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Abortion,)-250(ii.)-250(20-24.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Infanticide,)-250(24,)-250(26.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Exposed)-250(children,)-250(32.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Institutions)-250(of)-250(the)-500(Romans)-250(for)-250(the)-250(benefit)-250(of)-250(children,)-250(77)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 0 Td [([379])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -65.297 Td [(Chilon,)-250(his)-250(closing)-250(hours,)-250(i.)-250(207)]TJ 0 -65.298 Td [(Cholera,)-250(theological)-250(notions)-250(respecting)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(356)]TJ 0 -65.298 Td [(Christian)-250(and)-250(pagan)-250(virtues)-250(compared,)-250(i.)-250(190)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1773 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1774 0 R /Resources 1772 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1776 0 R /Annots [ 1759 0 R 1760 0 R 1761 0 R 1762 0 R 1763 0 R 1767 0 R 1768 0 R 1769 0 R 1770 0 R 1771 0 R ] >> endobj 1759 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.193 475.149 185.557 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg282) >> >> endobj 1760 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [191.011 475.149 207.375 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg283) >> >> endobj 1761 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [118.128 462.462 134.491 471.32] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg314) >> >> endobj 1762 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [129.495 448.051 145.859 457.924] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg315) >> >> endobj 1763 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 423.189 159.495 430.673] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg318) >> >> endobj 1767 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [114.048 329.418 139.499 338.277] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg020) >> >> endobj 1768 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [110.393 315.869 121.302 324.727] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg024) >> >> endobj 1769 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [126.757 315.869 137.666 324.727] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg026) >> >> endobj 1770 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [139.182 301.469 150.091 311.178] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg032) >> >> endobj 1771 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [296.142 288.771 307.051 297.629] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 1775 0 obj << /D [1773 0 R /XYZ 137.382 290.287 null] >> endobj 1772 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1779 0 obj << /Length 3236 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(382History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Christianity;)-262(distinctions)-259(between)-258(the)-258(pagan)-258(and)-258(Christian)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(conceptions)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(208.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(The)-258(importance)-257(of)-258(Christianity)-257(not)-258(recognised)-258(by)-257(pagan)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(writers,)-250(336.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(this,)-250(338.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Examination)-250(of)-251(the)-250(theory)-250(which)-250(ascribes)-251(part)-250(of)-250(the)-251(teaching)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of)-259(the)-260(later)-259(pagan)-259(moralists)-260(to)-259(Christian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence,)-250(340.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Theory)-250(which)-251(attributes)-250(the)-251(conversion)-250(of)-250(Rome)-251(to)-250(evidences)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(miracles,)-250(346.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Opinion)-253(of)-253(the)-254(pagans)-253(about)-253(the)-253(credulity)-253(of)-254(the)-253(Christians,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(347.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Incapacity)-253(of)-254(the)-253(Christians)-253(of)-254(the)-253(third)-253(century)-253(for)-254(judging)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(historic)-250(miracles,)-250(375.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(And)-250(for)-250(judging)-250(prophecies,)-250(376.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Contemporary)-252(miracles)-251(represented)-252(as)-251(existing)-252(among)-251(them,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(377.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-250(miracles)-251(had)-250(probably)-250(little)-250(weight)-251(with)-250(the)-250(pagans,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(385.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Progress)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(to)-250(what)-250(due,)-250(386,)-250(387.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Singular)-250(adaptation)-250(of)-250(it)-250(to)-250(the)-250(wants)-250(of)-250(the)-250(time,)-250(387.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Heroism)-250(it)-250(inspired,)-250(390.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Explanation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(conversion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(Empire,)-250(393.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Account)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(395.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Reasons)-254(why)-254(the)-253(Christians)-254(were)-254(more)-254(persecuted)-253(than)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Jews,)-250(403,)-250(406,)-250(407.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(first)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(406.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Charges)-250(of)-250(immorality)-250(brought)-250(against)-250(them,)-250(414.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Due)-250(in)-250(a)-250(great)-250(measure)-250(to)-250(Jews)-250(and)-250(heretics,)-250(416,)-250(417.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-265(disturbance)-265(of)-264(domestic)-265(life)-265(caused)-264(by)-265(female)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(conversions,)-250(418.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Antipathy)-254(of)-254(the)-254(Romans)-254(to)-254(every)-254(system)-254(which)-253(employed)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(religious)-250(terrorism,)-250(421.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Christian)-250(intolerance)-250(of)-250(pagan)-250(worship,)-250(423.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1778 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1779 0 R /Resources 1777 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1776 0 R >> endobj 1777 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1796 0 obj << /Length 3024 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(383)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(diversity)-250(of)-250(belief,)-250(424-427.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions,)-250(429.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nero's,)-250(429.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Domitian's,)-250(431.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Condition)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(under)-250(the)-250(Antonines,)-250(434.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Become)-250(profoundly)-250(obnoxious)-250(to)-250(the)-250(people,)-250(436.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-250(Aurelius,)-250(439,)-250(440.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Introduction)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(into)-250(France,)-250(442,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 217.865 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -236.65 -13.549 Td [(Attitude)-252(of)-252(the)-251(rulers)-252(towards)-252(it)-252(from)-251(M.)-252(Aurelius)-252(to)-252(Decius,)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(451,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -87.272 -13.549 Td [(Condition)-237(of)-236(the)-237(Church)-237(on)-237(the)-236(eve)-237(of)-237(the)-237(Decian)-236(persecution,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(448.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Gallus,)-250(454.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Valerian,)-250(454.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Gallienus,)-250(455.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Erection)-250(of)-250(churches)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Empire,)-250(457.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Persecutions)-250(of)-250(Diocletian)-250(and)-250(Galerius,)-250(458.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(End)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions,)-250(463.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Massacre)-250(of)-250(Christians)-250(in)-250(Phrygia,)-250(464.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Moral)-250(efficacy)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christian)-250(sense)-250(of)-250(sin,)-250(ii.)-250(3.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Dark)-237(views)-236(of)-237(human)-237(nature)-237(not)-236(common)-237(in)-237(the)-237(early)-236(Church,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(5.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(penitential)-250(system,)-250(6.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Empire)-261(Christianity)-262(attained)-261(in)-262(eliciting)-261(disinterested)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(enthusiasm,)-250(8.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Great)-250(purity)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians,)-250(10,)-250(11.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(promise)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church)-250(for)-250(many)-250(centuries)-250(falsified,)-250(12.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-257(first)-258(consequence)-257(of)-257(Christianity)-258(a)-257(new)-258(sense)-257(of)-257(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(sanctity)-250(of)-250(human)-250(life,)-250(17.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(in)-250(the)-250(protection)-250(of)-250(infant)-250(life,)-250(20-32.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(In)-250(the)-250(suppression)-250(of)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(34.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(effect)-250(upon)-250(persecutions,)-250(40,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 142.09 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -142.09 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(penal)-250(code)-250(not)-250(lightened)-250(by)-250(it,)-250(42.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(43.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1795 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1796 0 R /Resources 1794 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1776 0 R /Annots [ 1780 0 R 1781 0 R 1782 0 R 1783 0 R 1784 0 R 1785 0 R 1786 0 R 1787 0 R 1788 0 R 1789 0 R 1790 0 R 1791 0 R 1792 0 R ] >> endobj 1780 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [263.404 258.362 268.858 268.082] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg003) >> >> endobj 1781 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 233.5 128.59 241.137] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg005) >> >> endobj 1782 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [161.917 217.715 167.371 227.435] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg006) >> >> endobj 1783 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [177.68 191.478 183.135 200.336] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg008) >> >> endobj 1784 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [215.535 177.067 226.444 186.787] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg010) >> >> endobj 1785 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [231.898 177.067 242.807 186.787] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg011) >> >> endobj 1786 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [303.691 163.518 314.6 173.238] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg012) >> >> endobj 1787 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [224.033 136.419 234.942 146.139] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg017) >> >> endobj 1788 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.826 122.881 261.276 132.59] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg020) >> >> endobj 1789 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.753 109.321 247.662 119.041] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg034) >> >> endobj 1790 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [183.408 95.783 194.317 105.492] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg040) >> >> endobj 1791 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.208 82.223 223.117 91.943] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg042) >> >> endobj 1792 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [172.826 69.535 183.735 78.393] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg043) >> >> endobj 1794 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1828 0 obj << /Length 3198 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(384History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(Second)-259(consequence)-260(of)-259(Christianity)-260(Teaches)-259(universal)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(brotherhood,)-250(61.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Slavery,)-250(61-66.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ransom)-250(of)-250(captives,)-250(72.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Charity,)-250(73.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Exertions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(in)-250(the)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(charity,)-250(75,)-250(79.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(exertions)-250(when)-250(the)-250(Empire)-250(was)-500(subverted,)-250(81,)-250(82,)-250(88.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.664 0 Td [([380])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 83.664 -13.549 Td [(Theological)-250(notions)-250(concerning)-250(insanity,)-250(85-90.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Almsgiving,)-250(90-92.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Beneficial)-252(effect)-252(of)-252(Christianity)-253(in)-252(supplying)-252(pure)-252(images)-252(to)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(imagination,)-250(99.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Summary)-252(of)-253(the)-252(philanthropic)-252(achievements)-252(of)-253(Christianity,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(100.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Ways)-248(in)-248(which)-249(the)-248(ascetic)-248(mode)-248(of)-249(life)-248(affected)-248(both)-248(the)-248(ideal)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(type)-252(and)-252(realised)-252(condition)-252(of)-252(morals,)-253(122,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 189.539 0 Td [(et)]TJ -189.539 -13.549 Td [(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -13.549 Td [(History)-255(of)-255(the)-254(relations)-255(of)-255(Christianity)-255(to)-255(the)-254(civic)-255(virtues,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(140.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Improvements)-254(effected)-254(by)-254(Christianity)-254(in)-254(the)-254(morals)-254(of)-253(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(people,)-250(153.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Attitude)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(to)-250(the)-250(barbarians,)-250(178.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(it)-250(achieved)-250(their)-250(conversion,)-250(179-181.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tendency)-250(of)-250(the)-250(barbarians)-250(to)-250(adulterate)-250(it,)-250(181.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legends)-255(of)-256(the)-255(conflict)-255(between)-256(the)-255(old)-255(gods)-256(and)-255(the)-255(new)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(faith,)-250(181.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Fierce)-252(hatred)-252(of)-252(rival)-252(sects,)-252(and)-252(total)-252(destruction)-252(of)-252(religious)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(liberty,)-250(194,)-250(200.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Polytheistic)-252(and)-252(idolatrous)-252(form)-252(of)-252(Christianity)-252(in)-252(medi\346val)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(times,)-250(229.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(purgatory,)-250(232.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Benefits)-250(conferred)-250(by)-250(the)-250(monasteries,)-250(243-245.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(observance)-250(of)-250(Sunday,)-250(245.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(upon)-250(war,)-250(254,)-250(259.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Upon)-250(the)-250(consecration)-250(of)-250(secular)-250(rank,)-250(260,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 192.982 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1827 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1828 0 R /Resources 1826 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1776 0 R /Annots [ 1793 0 R 1797 0 R 1798 0 R 1799 0 R 1800 0 R 1801 0 R 1802 0 R 1803 0 R 1804 0 R 1805 0 R 1806 0 R 1807 0 R 1808 0 R 1809 0 R 1810 0 R 1811 0 R 1812 0 R 1813 0 R 1814 0 R 1815 0 R 1816 0 R 1817 0 R 1818 0 R 1819 0 R 1820 0 R 1821 0 R 1822 0 R 1823 0 R 1824 0 R ] >> endobj 1793 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [228.685 503.11 239.594 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg061) >> >> endobj 1797 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [143.234 488.699 168.685 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg061) >> >> endobj 1798 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [195.958 475.16 206.867 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >> >> endobj 1799 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [142.634 461.6 153.543 471.32] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg073) >> >> endobj 1800 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [325.634 448.051 336.543 457.924] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg075) >> >> endobj 1801 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [341.997 448.051 352.906 457.924] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >> >> endobj 1802 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [321.074 434.513 331.983 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 1803 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [337.438 434.513 348.347 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >> >> endobj 1804 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [353.801 434.513 364.71 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg088) >> >> endobj 1805 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [285.347 420.953 310.798 430.825] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg085) >> >> endobj 1806 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [161.431 407.403 186.881 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >> >> endobj 1807 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [243.543 380.305 254.452 390.025] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg099) >> >> endobj 1808 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 355.443 186.271 362.927] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >> >> endobj 1809 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [337.6 326.108 353.964 335.828] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >> >> endobj 1810 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 287.697 186.271 295.181] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg140) >> >> endobj 1811 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.445 258.373 220.809 268.235] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg153) >> >> endobj 1812 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [287.168 244.813 303.532 254.533] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg178) >> >> endobj 1813 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [254.725 232.126 291.085 240.984] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg179) >> >> endobj 1814 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [294.707 217.715 311.07 227.435] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg181) >> >> endobj 1815 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [195.358 191.478 211.721 200.336] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg181) >> >> endobj 1816 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [203.845 163.518 220.209 173.238] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg194) >> >> endobj 1817 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.663 163.518 242.027 173.238] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg200) >> >> endobj 1818 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.001 137.281 215.365 146.139] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg229) >> >> endobj 1819 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.303 122.87 238.667 132.59] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg232) >> >> endobj 1820 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.321 109.321 311.681 119.194] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg243) >> >> endobj 1821 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.936 95.772 242.3 105.645] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 1822 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [260.79 82.223 277.154 92.095] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg254) >> >> endobj 1823 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [282.608 82.223 298.972 92.095] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg259) >> >> endobj 1824 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.616 68.684 291.979 78.393] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg260) >> >> endobj 1829 0 obj << /D [1827 0 R /XYZ 270.478 436.88 null] >> endobj 1826 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1841 0 obj << /Length 3004 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(385)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Upon)-250(the)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(316,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 158.17 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -158.17 -13.549 Td [(Strong)-256(assertion)-255(of)-256(the)-255(equality)-256(of)-256(obligation)-255(in)-256(marriage,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(345,)-250(346.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Relation)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(to)-250(the)-250(female)-250(virtues,)-250(358,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 222.414 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -233.324 -28.793 Td [(Chrysippus)-250(on)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(i.)-250(183)]TJ 0 -28.792 Td [(Chrysostom,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(labours)-250(for)-250(monachism,)-250(ii.)-250(107.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(his)-250(mother,)-250(132)]TJ -10.91 -28.793 Td [(Cicero)-220(on)-220(the)-220(evidence)-220(of)-220(a)-220(Divine)-220(element)-220(within)-220(us,)-226(i.)-240(56,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 259.118 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -266.993 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(83.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(164.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(opinion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(popular)-250(beliefs,)-250(165.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Instance)-250(of)-250(his)-250(love)-250(of)-250(truth,)-250(176,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 147.556 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -166.341 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(desire)-250(for)-250(posthumous)-250(reputation,)-250(185,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 189.076 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -207.861 -13.549 Td [(His)-252(declaration)-252(as)-252(to)-252(virtue)-252(concealing)-252(itself)-252(from)-252(the)-252(world,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(185.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(204.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(view)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(205,)-250(206.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(complacency)-250(on)-250(the)-250(approach)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(207.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(213.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-255(maintenance)-255(of)-255(the)-255(doctrine)-255(of)-255(universal)-255(brotherhood,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(240.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(he)-250(regarded)-250(the)-250(games)-250(of)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(285.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(friendship)-250(with)-250(his)-250(freedman)-250(Tiro,)-250(323.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(79.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(rules)-250(respecting)-250(almsgiving,)-250(92)]TJ -10.909 -28.792 Td [(Circumcelliones,)-250(atrocities)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(41.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(custom)-250(of)-250(provoking)-250(martyrdom,)-250(49)]TJ -10.909 -28.792 Td [(Civic)-218(virtues,)-225(predominance)-219(accorded)-218(to,)-225(in)-219(ancient)-218(ethics,)-225(i.)-239(200)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1840 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1841 0 R /Resources 1839 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1776 0 R /Annots [ 1825 0 R 1830 0 R 1831 0 R 1832 0 R 1833 0 R 1834 0 R 1835 0 R 1836 0 R 1837 0 R 1838 0 R ] >> endobj 1825 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [194.033 515.808 210.397 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg316) >> >> endobj 1830 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 489.56 139.499 498.571] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg345) >> >> endobj 1831 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.953 489.56 161.317 498.571] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg346) >> >> endobj 1832 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [258.276 475.149 274.64 485.022] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg358) >> >> endobj 1833 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [255.266 417.565 271.629 427.285] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg107) >> >> endobj 1834 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [183.124 404.877 199.488 413.735] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg132) >> >> endobj 1835 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [174.331 158.436 185.24 168.156] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >> >> endobj 1836 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [201.004 144.887 211.913 154.607] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg092) >> >> endobj 1837 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [208.575 116.956 219.484 125.814] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg041) >> >> endobj 1838 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [231.604 102.545 242.513 112.265] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >> >> endobj 1839 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1851 0 obj << /Length 2852 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(386History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Civilisation,)-250(refining)-250(influence)-250(of,)-250(on)-250(taste,)-250(i.)-250(79.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Pleasures)-251(of)-252(a)-251(civilised)-252(and)-251(semi-civilised)-252(society)-251(compared,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(86.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Views)-254(of)-255(Mill)-254(and)-254(Buckle)-255(on)-254(the)-255(comparative)-254(influence)-254(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(intellectual)-250(and)-250(moral)-250(agencies)-250(in,)-250(102,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 173.912 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -258.153 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-256(of)-255(education)-256(in)-255(diminishing)-256(cruelty,)-257(and)-255(producing)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(charity,)-250(134.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-264(enthusiasm)-263(appropriate)-264(to)-264(different)-263(stages)-264(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(civilisation,)-250(136.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Increase)-250(of)-250(veracity)-250(with)-250(civilisation,)-250(137.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Each)-259(stage)-258(of)-259(civilisation)-258(specially)-258(appropriate)-259(to)-258(some)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(virtue,)-250(147)]TJ -76.364 -23.89 Td [(Clarke,)-250(on)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(i.)-250(77)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Classical)-250(literature,)-250(preservation)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(199.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Manner)-250(in)-250(which)-250(it)-250(was)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Church,)-250(200-204)]TJ -10.909 -23.89 Td [(Claudius,)-250(his)-250(delight)-250(in)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(i.)-250(280.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(decree)-250(as)-250(to)-250(slaves,)-250(307)]TJ -10.909 -23.89 Td [(Claver,)-250(Father,)-250(his)-250(remark)-250(on)-250(some)-250(persons)-250(who)-250(had)-250(delivered)-250(a)]TJ 68.182 -13.55 Td [(criminal)-250(into)-250(the)-250(hands)-250(of)-250(justice,)-250(i.)-250(41,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 173.629 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -314.567 0 Td [([381])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -23.89 Td [(Cleanthes,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(212)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Clemency,)-250(Seneca's)-250(distinction)-250(between)-250(it)-250(and)-250(pity,)-250(i.)-250(189)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Clement)-251(of)-251(Alexandria,)-251(on)-251(the)-251(two)-251(sources)-251(of)-250(all)-251(the)-251(wisdom)-251(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(antiquity,)-250(i.)-250(344.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(Sibylline)-250(books,)-250(376.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(wigs,)-250(ii.)-250(149)]TJ -10.909 -23.89 Td [(Clemens,)-250(Flavius,)-250(put)-250(to)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(433)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Cleombrotus,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(212,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 143.945 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1850 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1851 0 R /Resources 1849 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1776 0 R /Annots [ 1842 0 R 1843 0 R 1844 0 R ] >> endobj 1842 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [263.212 318.987 279.576 328.696] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg199) >> >> endobj 1843 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [318.347 305.427 354.707 315.147] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg200) >> >> endobj 1844 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.092 118.231 174.456 127.951] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg149) >> >> endobj 1852 0 obj << /D [1850 0 R /XYZ 158.998 232.926 null] >> endobj 1849 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1868 0 obj << /Length 2986 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(387)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Clergy,)-250(corruption)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(from)-250(the)-250(fourth)-250(century,)-250(ii.)-250(150,)-250(237.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Submission)-251(of)-251(the)-251(Eastern,)-252(but)-251(independence)-251(of)-251(the)-251(Western,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(clergy)-250(to)-250(the)-250(civil)-250(power,)-250(264-268.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(their)-250(celibacy,)-250(328)]TJ -10.91 -23.508 Td [(Climate,)-235(effects)-231(of,)-235(in)-232(stimulating)-231(or)-231(allaying)-231(the)-232(passions,)-235(i.)-243(144)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Clotaire,)-250(his)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(Queen)-250(Brunehaut,)-250(ii.)-250(237)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Clotilda,)-250(her)-250(conversion)-250(of)-250(her)-250(husband,)-250(i.)-250(410;)-250(ii.)-250(180)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Clovis,)-250(his)-250(conversion,)-250(i.)-250(410;)-250(ii.)-250(180.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Gregory)-250(of)-250(Tours')-250(account)-250(of)-250(his)-250(acts,)-250(240,)-250(241)]TJ -10.91 -23.507 Td [(Cock-fighting)-256(among)-255(the)-256(ancients)-255(and)-256(moderns,)-257(ii.)-267(164,)-257(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.55 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(,)-250(175,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 27.273 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -111.513 -23.507 Td [(Cock-throwing,)-250(ii.)-250(164,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 104.847 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(,)-250(175,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 27.273 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -150.906 -23.507 Td [(Coemgenus,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(111,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 153.938 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -153.938 -23.507 Td [(Coleridge,)-261(S.)-258(T.,)-260(his)-259(remarks)-258(on)-258(the)-259(practice)-258(of)-259(virtue)-258(as)-258(a)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(pleasure,)-250(i.)-250(28,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 66.654 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -139.985 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(admiration)-250(for)-250(Hartley,)-250(28,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 137.857 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -156.643 -13.55 Td [(On)-251(the)-251(binding)-251(ground)-251(of)-250(the)-251(belief)-251(of)-251(God)-251(and)-251(a)-251(hereafter,)-251(i.)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(55,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 16.364 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -92.728 -23.507 Td [(Colman,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(animal)-250(companions,)-250(ii.)-250(170.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(girdle,)-250(319,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 70.603 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -81.513 -23.507 Td [(Colonies,)-258(Roman,)-258(the)-257(cosmopolitan)-256(spirit)-257(forwarded)-256(by)-257(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(aggrandisement)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(233)]TJ -65.455 -23.507 Td [(Colosseum,)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(275.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(Games)-250(at)-250(the)-250(dedication)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(280)]TJ -10.91 -23.507 Td [(Columbanus,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(missionary)-250(labours,)-250(ii.)-250(246)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1867 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1868 0 R /Resources 1866 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1869 0 R /Annots [ 1845 0 R 1846 0 R 1847 0 R 1848 0 R 1853 0 R 1854 0 R 1855 0 R 1856 0 R 1857 0 R 1858 0 R 1859 0 R 1860 0 R 1861 0 R 1862 0 R 1863 0 R 1864 0 R 1865 0 R ] >> endobj 1845 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [279.767 515.797 296.131 525.67] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg150) >> >> endobj 1846 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [301.585 515.797 317.949 525.67] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 1847 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.237 488.699 271.597 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg264) >> >> endobj 1848 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.477 475.149 185.84 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg328) >> >> endobj 1853 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [252.2 428.582 268.564 437.855] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 1854 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [267.058 405.49 283.422 414.348] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg180) >> >> endobj 1855 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [191.633 381.983 207.996 390.841] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg180) >> >> endobj 1856 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.058 367.572 241.422 377.292] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg240) >> >> endobj 1857 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [246.877 367.572 263.24 377.292] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg241) >> >> endobj 1858 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [271.253 344.064 287.617 353.784] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg164) >> >> endobj 1859 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [136.466 331.377 152.83 340.388] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg175) >> >> endobj 1860 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [129.8 307.008 146.164 316.881] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg164) >> >> endobj 1861 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [175.858 307.008 192.222 316.881] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg175) >> >> endobj 1862 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [178.891 283.501 195.255 293.221] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg111) >> >> endobj 1863 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [221.633 182.301 237.996 192.01] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg170) >> >> endobj 1864 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [106.466 168.741 122.83 178.461] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg319) >> >> endobj 1865 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [239.818 71.121 256.182 80.841] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >> >> endobj 1866 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1883 0 obj << /Length 2793 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(388History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Comedy,)-250(Roman,)-250(short)-250(period)-250(during)-250(which)-250(it)-250(flourished,)-250(i.)-250(277)]TJ 0 -27.843 Td [(Comet,)-250(a)-250(temple)-250(erected)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(in)-250(honour)-250(of)-250(a,)-250(i.)-250(367)]TJ 0 -27.843 Td [(Commodus,)-250(his)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(443)]TJ 0 -27.843 Td [(Compassion,)-241(theory)-238(that)-239(it)-238(is)-239(the)-238(cause)-239(of)-238(our)-239(acts)-238(of)-239(barbarity,)-240(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(71,)-250(72)]TJ -65.455 -27.843 Td [(Concubines,)-250(Roman,)-250(ii.)-250(350)]TJ 0 -27.842 Td [(Concupiscence,)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Fathers)-250(respecting,)-250(ii.)-250(281)]TJ 0 -27.843 Td [(Condillac,)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(the)-250(attractiveness)-250(of)-250(utilitarianism)-250(to,)-250(i.)-250(71.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Connection)-250(with)-250(Locke,)-250(i.)-250(122,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 138.175 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -149.084 -27.842 Td [(Confessors,)-250(power)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church,)-250(i.)-250(390,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 252.687 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -252.687 -27.843 Td [(Congo,)-250(Helv\351tius,)-250(on)-250(a)-250(custom)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(102,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 241.8 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -241.8 -27.843 Td [(Conquerors,)-250(causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(admiration)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(94,)-250(95)]TJ 0 -27.843 Td [(Conscience,)-250(association)-250(of)-250(ideas)-250(generating,)-250(i.)-250(28.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Recognised)-250(by)-250(the)-250(disciples)-250(of)-250(Hartley,)-250(29.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Definitions)-250(of)-250(Hobbes,)-250(Locke,)-250(Bentham,)-250(and)-250(Bain,)-250(29,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 240.884 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -259.669 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(rewards)-250(and)-250(punishments)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(60-62.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Unique)-250(position)-250(of,)-250(in)-250(our)-250(nature,)-250(83.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(As)-250(defined)-250(by)-250(Cicero,)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(St.)-250(Paul,)-250(and)-250(Butler,)-250(83)]TJ -10.909 -27.843 Td [(Consequences,)-250(remote,)-251(weakness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(utilitarian)-250(doctrine)-251(of,)-250(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(42-44)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -27.843 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Consolations,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 59.705 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(literature)-250(of,)-250(leading)-250(topics)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(204)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1882 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1883 0 R /Resources 1881 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1869 0 R /Annots [ 1870 0 R 1871 0 R ] >> endobj 1870 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.001 391.738 215.365 400.749] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg350) >> >> endobj 1871 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [328.045 363.033 344.408 372.753] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg281) >> >> endobj 1881 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1894 0 obj << /Length 2947 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(389)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Constantine,)-254(the)-254(Emperor,)-254(his)-254(foundation)-253(of)-254(the)-253(empire)-253(of)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(East,)-250(ii.)-250(12.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(humane)-250(policy)-250(towards)-250(children,)-250(29,)-250(30.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(sanction)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(35.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(laws)-250(mitigating)-250(the)-250(severity)-250(of)-250(punishments,)-250(42.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(slaves,)-250(64.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(law)-500(respecting)-250(Sunday,)-250(244.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.665 0 Td [([382])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 83.665 -13.549 Td [(Magnificence)-250(of)-250(his)-250(court)-250(at)-250(Constantinople,)-250(265)]TJ -10.909 -23.576 Td [(Conventual)-251(system,)-251(effect)-251(of)-251(the)-251(suppression)-251(of)-250(the,)-252(on)-251(women,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(ii.)-250(369)]TJ -65.454 -23.577 Td [(Cordeilla,)-250(or)-250(Cordelia,)-250(her)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(53,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 181.799 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -181.799 -23.576 Td [(Corinth,)-251(effect)-251(of)-251(the)-251(conquest)-251(of,)-251(on)-251(the)-251(decadence)-251(of)-251(Rome,)-252(i.)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(169)]TJ -65.454 -23.576 Td [(Cornelia,)-250(a)-250(vestal)-250(virgin,)-250(incident)-250(of)-250(her)-250(execution,)-250(ii.)-250(318,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 257.846 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -257.846 -23.576 Td [(Cornelius,)-250(the)-250(bishop,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(454)]TJ 0 -23.576 Td [(Cornutus,)-250(his)-250(disbelief)-250(in)-250(a)-250(future)-250(state,)-250(i.)-250(183)]TJ 0 -23.576 Td [(Corporations,)-250(moral)-250(qualities)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(152)]TJ 0 -23.576 Td [(Councils)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church,)-250(character)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(197,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 213.599 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -213.599 -23.576 Td [(Courtesans,)-250(Greek,)-250(ii.)-250(287.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(their)-250(elevation,)-250(291-294.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(300)]TJ -10.909 -23.576 Td [(Cousin,)-250(Victor,)-250(his)-250(criticism)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Scotch)-250(moralists,)-250(i.)-250(74,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 256.668 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -264.544 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(objection)-250(against)-250(Locke,)-250(75,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 143.923 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -154.832 -23.576 Td [(Crantor,)-250(originates)-250(the)-250(literature)-250(of)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 154.516 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Consolations,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 59.706 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.57 0 Td [(i.)-250(204)]TJ -226.635 -23.576 Td [(Cremutius)-250(Cordus,)-250(trial)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(448,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 150.305 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1893 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1894 0 R /Resources 1892 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1869 0 R /Annots [ 1872 0 R 1873 0 R 1874 0 R 1875 0 R 1876 0 R 1877 0 R 1878 0 R 1879 0 R 1880 0 R 1884 0 R 1885 0 R 1886 0 R 1887 0 R 1888 0 R 1889 0 R ] >> endobj 1872 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [147.986 503.11 158.895 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg012) >> >> endobj 1873 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [221.295 488.699 232.204 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg029) >> >> endobj 1874 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [237.658 488.699 248.567 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg030) >> >> endobj 1875 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [227.666 475.149 238.575 485.022] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg035) >> >> endobj 1876 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [271.618 461.6 282.527 471.32] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg042) >> >> endobj 1877 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [163.422 448.913 174.331 457.771] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg064) >> >> endobj 1878 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [182.513 434.502 198.877 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg244) >> >> endobj 1879 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [254.927 420.953 271.291 430.825] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg265) >> >> endobj 1880 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.746 385.965 140.11 393.547] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg369) >> >> endobj 1884 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.207 361.113 223.117 370.124] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg053) >> >> endobj 1885 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [282.8 299.55 299.164 309.27] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg318) >> >> endobj 1886 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.553 206.107 254.916 214.966] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg197) >> >> endobj 1887 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.331 182.531 160.695 191.389] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg287) >> >> endobj 1888 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [171.299 168.982 207.658 177.84] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg291) >> >> endobj 1889 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.411 154.571 209.775 164.291] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg300) >> >> endobj 1895 0 obj << /D [1893 0 R /XYZ 94.04 436.88 null] >> endobj 1892 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1899 0 obj << /Length 2719 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(390History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Crime,)-242(value)-240(attached)-240(by)-240(the)-240(monks)-240(to)-240(pecuniary)-240(compensations)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(for,)-250(ii.)-250(213.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Catalogue)-250(of)-250(crimes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(seventh)-250(century,)-250(237-239)]TJ -10.909 -24.841 Td [(Criminals,)-250(causes)-250(of)-250(our)-250(indulgent)-250(judgment)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(135)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Critical)-250(spirit,)-250(the,)-250(destroyed)-250(by)-250(Neoplatonism,)-250(i.)-250(330)]TJ 0 -24.84 Td [(Cromaziano,)-250(his)-250(history)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(216,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 185.749 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -185.749 -24.841 Td [(Cruelty,)-250(origin)-250(and)-250(varieties)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(132,)-250(134.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Cruelty)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(utilitarian)-250(doctrine)-250(concerning,)-250(46,)-250(47)]TJ -10.909 -24.841 Td [(Crusius,)-260(his)-259(adherence)-258(to)-258(the)-258(opinion)-258(of)-259(Ockham)-258(as)-258(to)-258(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(foundation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(law,)-250(i.)-250(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 152.105 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -217.56 -24.84 Td [(Cudworth,)-250(his)-250(analysis)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(i.)-250(76)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Culagium,)-250(a)-250(tax)-250(levied)-250(on)-250(the)-250(clergy,)-250(ii.)-250(330)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Cumberland,)-250(Bishop,)-250(his)-250(unselfish)-250(view)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(19,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 244.843 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -244.843 -24.84 Td [(Cynics,)-250(account)-250(of)-250(the)-250(later,)-250(i.)-250(309)]TJ 0 -24.841 Td [(Cyprian,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(evasion)-250(of)-250(persecution)-250(by)-250(flight,)-250(i.)-250(452.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(exile)-250(and)-250(martyrdom,)-250(455)]TJ -10.909 -24.841 Td [(Cyzicus)-250(deprived)-250(of)-250(its)-250(freedom,)-250(i.)-250(259)]TJ 0 -24.84 Td [(D\346mons,)-250(Apuleius')-250(disquisition)-250(on)-250(the)-250(doctrine)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(323.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(doctrine)-250(supersedes)-250(the)-250(Stoical)-250(naturalism,)-250(i.)-250(331.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(d\346mons)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Greeks)-250(and)-250(Romans,)-250(380.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(382)]TJ -10.909 -24.841 Td [(Dale,)-262(Van,)-263(his)-259(denial)-260(of)-260(the)-260(supernatural)-260(character)-260(of)-260(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(oracles,)-250(i.)-250(374)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1898 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1899 0 R /Resources 1897 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1869 0 R /Annots [ 1890 0 R 1891 0 R 1896 0 R ] >> endobj 1890 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [188.692 503.11 205.056 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg213) >> >> endobj 1891 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [297.139 488.699 333.499 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 1896 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.983 287.716 285.347 297.436] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg330) >> >> endobj 1897 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1904 0 obj << /Length 2944 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(391)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Dead,)-250(Roman)-250(worship)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(168)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Death,)-260(calmness)-258(with)-259(which)-258(some)-258(men)-258(of)-258(dull)-258(and)-259(animal)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(natures)-250(can)-250(meet,)-250(i.)-250(89.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Frame)-259(of)-259(mind)-260(in)-259(which)-259(a)-259(man)-260(should)-259(approach)-259(death,)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(according)-250(to)-250(Epictetus,)-250(195.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Preparation)-251(for)-252(death)-251(one)-252(of)-251(the)-252(chief)-251(ends)-251(of)-252(the)-251(philosophy)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(202.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Bacon's)-250(objection)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Stoics')-250(view)-250(of,)-250(202.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Irish)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the)-250(islands)-250(of)-250(life)-250(and)-250(death,)-250(203.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(literature)-250(of)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 73.614 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Consolations,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 59.705 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(204.)]TJ -145.734 -13.549 Td [(Death)-250(not)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(philosophers)-250(as)-250(penal,)-250(205.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Popular)-250(terrors)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(205,)-250(206.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Instances)-250(of)-250(tranquil)-250(pagan)-250(deaths,)-250(207.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Distinctions)-251(between)-252(the)-252(pagan)-251(and)-252(Christian)-251(conceptions)-252(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(death,)-250(208)]TJ -76.363 -25.316 Td [(Decius,)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(under,)-250(i.)-250(449,)-250(450)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Defoe,)-250(Daniel,)-250(his)-250(tract)-250(against)-250(beggars,)-250(ii.)-250(98,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 223.592 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -223.592 -25.316 Td [(Delphi,)-250(oracle)-250(of,)-250(its)-250(description)-250(of)-250(the)-250(best)-250(religion,)-250(i.)-250(167)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Deogratias,)-250(his)-250(ransom)-250(of)-250(prisoners,)-250(ii.)-250(72)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 -8.262 Td [([383])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -17.055 Td [(Despotism,)-254(Helv\351tius')-254(remarks)-254(on)-253(the)-254(moral)-253(effects)-254(of,)-254(i.)-261(129,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.454 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.454 -25.316 Td [(Diagoras,)-250(his)-250(denial)-250(of)-250(the)-250(existence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gods,)-250(i.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Diodorus,)-250(the)-250(philosopher,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(215)]TJ 0 -25.317 Td [(Dion)-254(Chrysostom,)-256(his)-254(denunciation)-254(of)-254(images)-255(of)-254(the)-254(Deity,)-255(i.)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(166,)-250(167,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 43.636 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -116.967 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(life)-250(and)-250(works,)-250(312)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1903 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1904 0 R /Resources 1902 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1869 0 R /Annots [ 1900 0 R 1901 0 R ] >> endobj 1900 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.52 263.709 246.429 273.429] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 1901 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [218.567 213.076 229.477 222.796] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >> >> endobj 1905 0 obj << /D [1903 0 R /XYZ 46.771 207.193 null] >> endobj 1902 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1918 0 obj << /Length 2546 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(392History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Dionysius)-250(of)-250(Halicarnassus,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(creed)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(167)]TJ 0 -24.202 Td [(Disinterestedness,)-250(Bentham's)-250(remarks)-250(on,)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(32,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 244.363 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -244.363 -24.202 Td [(Disposition,)-263(what)-261(constitutes,)-263(according)-261(to)-260(the)-261(theory)-261(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(association,)-250(i.)-250(30)]TJ -65.455 -24.203 Td [(Divination,)-250(a)-250(favourite)-250(subject)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(ridicule,)-250(i.)-250(166.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Belief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancients)-250(in,)-250(363)]TJ -10.909 -24.202 Td [(Divorce,)-250(unbounded)-250(liberty)-250(of,)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(ii.)-250(306-308.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Condemned)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Church,)-250(350,)-250(351)]TJ -10.909 -24.202 Td [(Docet\346,)-250(their)-250(tenets,)-250(ii.)-250(102)]TJ 0 -24.203 Td [(Dog-star,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -24.202 Td [(Dolphin,)-250(legends)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(162,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 159.687 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -159.687 -24.202 Td [(Domestic)-250(laws,)-250(Roman,)-250(changes)-250(in,)-250(i.)-250(297,)-250(298)]TJ 0 -24.202 Td [(Domestic)-250(virtues,)-250(destruction)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(by)-250(the)-250(ascetics,)-250(ii.)-250(125)]TJ 0 -24.203 Td [(Domitian,)-250(his)-250(law)-250(respecting)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(219.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Anecdote)-250(of)-250(his)-250(cruelty,)-250(289.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(law)-250(as)-250(to)-250(slaves,)-250(307.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics)-250(and)-250(Christians,)-250(431,)-250(432)]TJ -10.909 -24.202 Td [(Domitilla,)-250(banishment)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(433)]TJ 0 -24.203 Td [(Domnina,)-250(her)-250(suicide)-250(with)-250(her)-250(daughters,)-250(ii.)-250(46)]TJ 0 -24.202 Td [(Donatists,)-250(their)-250(intolerance,)-250(ii.)-250(195)]TJ 0 -24.202 Td [(Dowry)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(rise)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(277)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 180.578 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -180.578 -24.202 Td [(Dreams,)-250(opinions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(concerning,)-250(i.)-250(366,)-250(367,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 252.098 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1917 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1918 0 R /Resources 1916 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1869 0 R /Annots [ 1906 0 R 1907 0 R 1908 0 R 1909 0 R 1910 0 R 1911 0 R 1912 0 R 1913 0 R 1914 0 R 1915 0 R ] >> endobj 1906 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [332.31 391.89 368.67 401.61] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg306) >> >> endobj 1907 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [227.169 378.34 243.532 388.213] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg350) >> >> endobj 1908 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [248.987 378.34 265.35 388.213] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg351) >> >> endobj 1909 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [197.474 355 213.838 363.858] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 1910 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [211.099 329.936 227.463 339.656] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >> >> endobj 1911 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.932 305.734 229.296 315.454] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >> >> endobj 1912 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [335.637 257.329 352.001 267.202] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg125) >> >> endobj 1913 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.063 144.075 298.972 153.795] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg046) >> >> endobj 1914 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [228.379 120.735 244.743 129.746] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg195) >> >> endobj 1915 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.55 95.671 252.914 105.391] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg277) >> >> endobj 1916 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1927 0 obj << /Length 2466 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(393)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Dumont,)-250(M.,)-250(on)-250(vengeance)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(41,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 181.495 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -181.495 -31.382 Td [(Duty,)-253(theory)-253(of)-252(morals)-253(must)-252(explain)-253(what)-253(is,)-253(and)-252(the)-253(notion)-252(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(there)-250(being)-250(such)-250(a)-250(thing)-250(as,)-250(i.)-250(5.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Paley)-250(on)-250(the)-250(difference)-250(between)-250(it)-250(and)-250(prudence,)-250(15,)-250(16,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 248.115 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -266.901 -13.549 Td [(Distinction)-259(between)-259(natural)-258(duties)-259(and)-259(those)-259(resting)-259(on)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(positive)-250(law,)-250(93.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Duty)-250(a)-250(distinct)-250(motive,)-250(180)]TJ -10.91 -31.383 Td [(Dwarfs,)-250(combats)-250(of,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(i.)-250(281)]TJ 0 -31.382 Td [(Earthquakes,)-250(how)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(i.)-250(369.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(Cause)-250(of)-250(persecutions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(408)]TJ -10.91 -31.382 Td [(Easter)-250(controversy,)-250(bitterness)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(198)]TJ 0 -31.383 Td [(Eclectic)-250(school)-250(of)-250(philosophy,)-250(rise)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(242.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(influence)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(245)]TJ -10.91 -31.383 Td [(Eclipses,)-250(opinions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancients)-250(concerning,)-250(i.)-250(366)]TJ 0 -31.382 Td [(Education,)-265(importance)-262(ascribed)-262(to,)-265(by)-262(the)-261(theory)-262(of)-262(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(association)-250(of)-250(ideas,)-250(i.)-250(30.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Contrast)-250(between)-250(that)-251(adopted)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Catholic)-250(priesthood)-250(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(that)-250(of)-250(the)-250(English)-250(public)-250(schools,)-250(114.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(influence)-250(on)-250(the)-250(benevolent)-250(feelings,)-250(133,)-250(134.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Two)-250(distinct)-250(theories)-250(of,)-250(187)]TJ -10.91 -31.383 Td [(Egypt,)-250(the)-250(cradle)-250(of)-250(monachism,)-250(ii.)-250(105.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Mohammedan)-250(conquest)-250(of,)-250(143.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Triumphs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Catholics)-250(in,)-250(196)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1926 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1927 0 R /Resources 1925 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1928 0 R /Annots [ 1919 0 R 1920 0 R 1921 0 R 1922 0 R ] >> endobj 1919 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [220.378 308.972 236.742 318.692] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg198) >> >> endobj 1920 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [202.815 102.146 219.178 112.019] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 1921 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.171 88.608 215.535 98.317] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg143) >> >> endobj 1922 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [188.589 75.059 204.953 84.768] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg196) >> >> endobj 1925 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1934 0 obj << /Length 2406 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(394History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Egyptians,)-250(their)-250(reverence)-250(for)-250(the)-250(vulture,)-250(i.)-250(108,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 215.105 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -222.982 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(289.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Contrast)-251(of)-251(the)-251(spirit)-251(of)-251(their)-250(religion)-251(with)-251(that)-251(of)-251(the)-251(Greeks,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(324.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Difference)-250(between)-250(the)-250(Stoical)-250(and)-250(Egyptian)-250(pantheism,)-250(325)]TJ -10.909 -41.037 Td [(Elephants,)-250(legends)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(161)]TJ 0 -41.037 Td [(Emperors,)-250(Roman,)-250(apotheosis)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(170,)-250(257)]TJ 0 -41.037 Td [(Endura,)-250(the)-250(Albigensian)-250(practice)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(49)]TJ 0 -41.037 Td [(England,)-250(national)-250(virtues)-250(and)-250(vices)-500(of,)-250(i.)-250(153.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([384])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 83.664 -13.549 Td [(Ancient)-250(amusements)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(174,)-250(175,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 163.626 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -174.535 -41.037 Td [(Ephrem,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(81)]TJ 0 -41.037 Td [(Epictetus,)-250(his)-250(disbelief)-250(in)-250(a)-250(future)-250(state,)-250(i.)-250(183.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(life)-250(and)-250(works,)-250(184,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 126.044 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -144.829 -13.549 Td [(On)-251(the)-250(frame)-251(of)-250(mind)-251(in)-250(which)-251(a)-250(man)-251(should)-251(approach)-250(death,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(195.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(natural)-250(virtue)-250(of)-250(man,)-250(198.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(suicide,)-250(214,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 74.237 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(,)-250(220.)]TJ -93.022 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(universal)-250(brotherhood,)-250(254.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-252(stoicism)-252(tempered)-252(by)-253(a)-252(milder)-252(and)-252(more)-252(religious)-252(spirit,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(245,)-250(246.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(national)-250(religious)-250(beliefs,)-250(405)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1933 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1934 0 R /Resources 1932 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1928 0 R /Annots [ 1923 0 R 1924 0 R 1929 0 R 1930 0 R 1931 0 R ] >> endobj 1923 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.139 420.563 220.503 430.283] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >> >> endobj 1924 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [265.328 338.489 276.238 348.209] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >> >> endobj 1929 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [224.441 284.765 240.805 293.776] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg174) >> >> endobj 1930 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [246.259 284.765 262.623 293.776] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg175) >> >> endobj 1931 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [213.543 242.866 224.452 252.586] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 1935 0 obj << /D [1933 0 R /XYZ 249.281 299.83 null] >> endobj 1932 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1942 0 obj << /Length 2688 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(395)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Epicureans,)-254(their)-254(faith)-253(preserved)-253(unchanged)-254(at)-253(Athens,)-254(i.)-260(128,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -91.81 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(scepticism,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(Epicureans,)-250(162,)-250(163.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Epicureanism)-252(the)-253(expression)-253(of)-252(a)-253(type)-252(of)-253(character)-252(different)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(from)-250(Stoicism,)-250(171,)-250(172.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(But)-250(never)-250(became)-250(a)-250(school)-250(of)-250(virtue)-250(in)-250(Rome,)-250(175.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Destructive)-250(nature)-250(of)-250(its)-250(functions,)-250(176.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Esteemed)-250(pleasure)-250(as)-250(the)-250(ultimate)-250(end)-250(of)-250(our)-250(actions,)-250(186.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Encouraged)-250(physical)-250(science,)-250(193.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(doctrine)-250(as)-250(to)-250(suicide,)-250(214,)-250(215,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 167.857 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -178.767 -28.339 Td [(Epicurus,)-250(the)-250(four)-250(canons)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(14.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Vast)-256(place)-255(occupied)-256(by)-256(his)-255(system)-256(in)-256(the)-255(moral)-256(history)-256(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(man,)-250(171.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(character,)-250(175,)-250(176,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 106.941 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -125.727 -13.549 Td [(Lucretius')-250(praise)-250(of)-250(him,)-250(197.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(view)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(205.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Discovery)-250(of)-250(one)-250(of)-250(his)-250(treatises)-250(at)-250(Herculaneum,)-250(205,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 240.25 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -251.16 -28.339 Td [(Epidemics,)-250(theological)-250(notions)-250(respecting,)-250(i.)-250(356)]TJ 0 -28.34 Td [(Epiphanius,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(miraculous)-250(stories,)-250(i.)-250(378.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(charges)-250(against)-250(the)-250(Gnostics,)-250(417.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legend)-250(of)-250(him)-250(and)-250(St.)-250(Hilarius,)-250(ii.)-250(159)]TJ -10.91 -28.339 Td [(Epponina,)-250(story)-250(of)-250(her)-250(conjugal)-250(fidelity,)-250(ii.)-250(342)]TJ 0 -28.339 Td [(Error,)-250(the)-250(notion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(guilt)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(190-193)]TJ 0 -28.339 Td [(Essenes,)-250(virginity)-250(their)-250(ideal)-250(of)-250(sanctity,)-250(i.)-250(109,)-250(ii.)-250(102)]TJ 0 -28.34 Td [(Euhemerus,)-250(his)-250(explanation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(legends,)-250(i.)-250(163)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1941 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1942 0 R /Resources 1940 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1928 0 R /Annots [ 1936 0 R 1937 0 R 1938 0 R ] >> endobj 1936 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.847 158.555 252.211 168.275] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg342) >> >> endobj 1937 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [198.582 130.215 234.942 139.935] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >> >> endobj 1938 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [266.764 101.876 283.127 111.596] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 1940 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1949 0 obj << /Length 2846 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(396History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Euphrates)-250(the)-250(Stoic,)-250(his)-250(answer)-250(to)-250(Pliny)-250(the)-250(Younger,)-250(i.)-250(202.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Has)-250(permission)-250(from)-250(Hadrian)-250(to)-250(commit)-250(suicide,)-250(218,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 237.556 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -248.465 -23.195 Td [(Euphraxia,)-250(St.,)-250(ii.)-250(110)]TJ 0 -23.195 Td [(Euripides,)-254(beauty)-253(of)-253(the)-253(gentler)-253(virtues)-253(inculcated)-253(in)-253(the)-253(plays)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of,)-250(i.)-250(228)]TJ -65.455 -23.195 Td [(Eusebius,)-259(on)-256(the)-257(allegorical)-257(and)-257(mythical)-256(interpretations)-257(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(paganism,)-250(i.)-250(163,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 77.574 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -150.906 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(account)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christian)-250(persecutions,)-250(i.)-250(463)]TJ -10.909 -23.195 Td [(Eusebius,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(penances,)-250(ii.)-250(108)]TJ 0 -23.195 Td [(Eustathius,)-250(condemnation)-250(of,)-250(by)-250(the)-250(council)-250(of)-250(Gangra,)-250(ii.)-250(131)]TJ 0 -23.195 Td [(Evagrius,)-250(his)-250(inhumanity)-250(to)-250(his)-250(parents,)-250(ii.)-250(125)]TJ 0 -23.195 Td [(Evil,)-255(views)-255(of)-254(Hobbes)-254(and)-255(the)-254(Utilitarians)-255(of)-254(the)-254(essence)-255(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(origin)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(8-10)]TJ -65.455 -23.195 Td [(Excellence,)-250(supreme,)-250(how)-250(far)-250(it)-250(is)-250(conducive)-250(to)-250(happiness,)-250(i.)-250(56)]TJ 0 -23.195 Td [(Excommunication,)-250(penalties)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(7)]TJ 0 -23.194 Td [(Executioners,)-250(always)-250(regarded)-250(as)-250(unholy,)-250(i.)-250(41)]TJ 0 -23.195 Td [(Exorcism,)-250(among)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(378,)-250(380.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Origin)-250(of)-250(the)-250(notions)-250(of)-250(possession)-250(and)-250(exorcism,)-250(380.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Jews)-250(the)-250(principal)-250(exorcists,)-250(380.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Belief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians)-250(in,)-250(382.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Contempt)-250(of)-250(the)-250(pagans)-250(for)-250(it,)-250(384.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ulpian's)-250(law)-250(against)-250(exorcists,)-250(384.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Probable)-250(explanation)-250(of)-250(possession)-250(and)-250(exorcism,)-250(385.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Speedy)-250(decline)-250(of)-250(exorcism,)-250(385.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-260(practice)-260(probably)-260(had)-260(no)-261(appreciable)-260(influence)-260(in)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(provoking)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(420)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1948 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1949 0 R /Resources 1947 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1928 0 R /Annots [ 1939 0 R 1943 0 R 1944 0 R 1945 0 R ] >> endobj 1939 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [172.634 479.064 188.998 488.773] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >> >> endobj 1943 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [228.085 368.832 244.448 378.541] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg108) >> >> endobj 1944 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [348.968 345.626 365.332 355.346] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg131) >> >> endobj 1945 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [280.819 322.431 297.183 332.304] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg125) >> >> endobj 1947 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1963 0 obj << /Length 2081 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(397)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Experience,)-260(general)-258(statement)-258(of)-258(the)-258(doctrine)-258(which)-258(bases)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(morals)-250(upon,)-250(i.)-250(5)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -138.21 -8.192 Td [([385])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -17.007 Td [(Fabianus,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(446)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fabiola,)-250(founded)-250(the)-250(first)-250(public)-250(hospital,)-250(ii.)-250(80)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fabius,)-250(his)-250(self-sacrifice,)-250(i.)-250(185)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fabius)-250(Pictor,)-250(his)-250(works)-250(written)-250(in)-250(Greek,)-250(i.)-250(230)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Faculty,)-250(moral,)-250(the)-250(term,)-250(i.)-250(75)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fairies,)-250(belief)-250(in,)-250(i.)-250(348,)-250(349)]TJ 0 -25.198 Td [(Fatalism,)-250(\306schylus)-250(the)-250(poet)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(196)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Felicitas,)-250(St.,)-250(her)-250(martyrdom,)-250(i.)-250(444.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(In)-250(prison,)-250(ii.)-250(9)]TJ -10.91 -25.198 Td [(F\351nelon,)-242(on)-240(the)-240(unselfish)-240(love)-240(we)-240(should)-241(bear)-240(to)-240(God,)-242(i.)-246(18,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 261.845 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -261.844 -25.199 Td [(Fetishism,)-250(latent,)-250(the)-250(root)-250(of)-250(a)-250(great)-250(part)-250(of)-250(our)-250(opinions,)-250(i.)-250(350)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fiden\346,)-250(accident)-250(at)-250(the)-250(amphitheatre)-250(at,)-250(i.)-250(275)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fights,)-250(sham,)-250(in)-250(Italy)-250(in)-250(the)-250(middle)-250(ages,)-250(ii.)-250(37,)-250(38)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Fire,)-251(regarded)-251(by)-251(the)-251(ancients)-251(as)-251(an)-251(emblem)-251(of)-251(virginity,)-251(i.)-253(108,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.454 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.454 -25.199 Td [(Fish,)-250(symbol)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(376)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Flamens)-250(of)-250(Jupiter,)-250(ii.)-250(298)]TJ 0 -25.199 Td [(Flora,)-250(games)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(276)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1962 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1963 0 R /Resources 1961 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1928 0 R /Annots [ 1946 0 R 1950 0 R 1951 0 R 1952 0 R ] >> endobj 1946 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [241.313 451.861 252.222 461.57] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg080) >> >> endobj 1950 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.596 186.312 249.505 196.032] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg037) >> >> endobj 1951 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [254.96 186.312 265.869 196.032] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg038) >> >> endobj 1952 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.953 97.177 161.317 106.886] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg298) >> >> endobj 1964 0 obj << /D [1962 0 R /XYZ 46.771 496.434 null] >> endobj 1961 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1973 0 obj << /Length 2689 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(398History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Forethought,)-252(brought)-251(into)-251(a)-251(new)-252(position)-251(by)-251(industrial)-251(habits,)-252(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(140)]TJ -65.455 -23.774 Td [(Foundlings,)-250(hospitals)-250(for,)-250(ii.)-250(23,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 142.135 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(,)-250(32.)]TJ -150.011 -13.549 Td [(In)-250(ancient)-250(times,)-250(28,)-250(29.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Adversaries)-250(of,)-250(98,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 104.215 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -115.124 -23.774 Td [(France,)-250(condition)-250(of,)-250(under)-250(the)-250(Merovingian)-250(kings,)-250(ii.)-250(236,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 258.763 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -258.763 -23.774 Td [(Francis)-250(of)-250(Assisi,)-250(St.,)-250(story)-250(of)-250(his)-250(death)-250(from)-250(asceticism,)-250(ii.)-250(49.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(172)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Franks,)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(their)-250(conversion,)-250(i.)-250(410)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Fr\351d\351gonde,)-250(Queen,)-250(her)-250(crimes,)-250(ii.)-250(236,)-250(237)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Freedmen,)-250(influence)-250(of,)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(233.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Condition)-250(of)-250(the)-250(freedmen)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(236)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Frenchmen,)-262(the)-260(chief)-260(national)-260(virtues)-260(and)-260(causes)-260(of)-260(their)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(influence)-250(in)-250(Europe,)-250(i.)-250(152.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Compared)-250(with)-250(Anglo-Saxon)-250(nations,)-250(153)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Friendship,)-250(Utilitarian)-250(view)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(10)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Galerius,)-250(his)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(458,)-250(461.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(illness,)-250(462.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Relents)-250(towards)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(462)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Galil\346ans,)-250(their)-250(indifference)-250(to)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(392,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 197.847 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -197.847 -23.774 Td [(Gall,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(182.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(missionary)-250(labours,)-250(247)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Gallienus,)-250(proclaims)-250(toleration)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(455,)-250(457)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Gallus,)-248(the)-247(Emperor,)-247(persecutions)-248(of)-247(the)-247(Christians)-247(under,)-247(i.)-249(454)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1972 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1973 0 R /Resources 1971 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1928 0 R /Annots [ 1953 0 R 1954 0 R 1955 0 R 1956 0 R 1957 0 R 1958 0 R 1959 0 R 1960 0 R 1965 0 R 1966 0 R 1967 0 R 1968 0 R ] >> endobj 1953 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [219.314 478.474 230.223 488.194] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >> >> endobj 1954 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [259.917 478.474 270.827 488.194] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg032) >> >> endobj 1955 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [179.594 465.786 190.503 474.645] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg028) >> >> endobj 1956 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [195.958 465.786 206.867 474.645] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg029) >> >> endobj 1957 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [173.823 452.237 184.732 461.095] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 1958 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [330.488 427.601 346.852 437.321] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >> >> endobj 1959 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [354.139 403.827 365.048 413.547] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >> >> endobj 1960 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [213.849 391.14 230.212 399.998] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg172) >> >> endobj 1965 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [247.143 342.73 263.507 352.45] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >> >> endobj 1966 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.961 342.73 285.325 352.45] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 1967 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [192.936 132.341 209.299 142.061] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg182) >> >> endobj 1968 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [210.51 118.791 226.874 128.511] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg247) >> >> endobj 1971 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1985 0 obj << /Length 2651 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(399)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Gambling-table,)-250(moral)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(148)]TJ 0 -26.695 Td [(Gaul,)-250(introduction)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(into,)-250(i.)-250(442.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(monastic)-250(system)-250(in,)-250(ii.)-250(106.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Long)-250(continuance)-250(of)-250(polygamy)-250(among)-250(the)-250(kings)-250(of,)-250(343)]TJ -10.91 -26.695 Td [(Gay,)-250(his)-250(view)-250(of)-250(the)-250(origin)-250(of)-250(human)-250(actions,)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 254.825 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -262.701 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(suggestion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(association,)-250(23,)-250(24)]TJ -10.91 -26.695 Td [(Genseric,)-250(effect)-250(of)-250(his)-250(conquest)-250(of)-250(Africa)-250(upon)-250(Italy,)-250(ii.)-250(82.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(capture)-250(of)-250(Rome,)-250(83)]TJ -10.91 -26.695 Td [(George)-250(of)-250(Cappadocia,)-250(his)-250(barbarity,)-250(ii.)-250(195)]TJ 0 -26.695 Td [(Germanicus,)-244(the)-241(Emperor,)-244(fury)-242(of)-242(the)-241(populace)-242(with)-242(the)-242(gods,)-243(in)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(consequence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(169)]TJ -65.455 -26.696 Td [(Germanus,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(245)]TJ 0 -26.695 Td [(Germany,)-250(conversion)-250(of,)-250(to)-250(Christianity,)-250(ii.)-250(246.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Marriage)-250(customs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Germans,)-250(278.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(chastity,)-250(340,)-250(341)]TJ -10.91 -26.696 Td [(Gervasius,)-250(St.,)-250(recovery)-250(of)-250(his)-250(remains,)-250(i.)-250(379.)]TJ 0 -26.695 Td [(Girdles)-250(of)-250(chastity,)-250(ii.)-250(319,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 119.389 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -119.389 -26.695 Td [(Gladiatorial)-251(shows,)-251(influence)-250(of)-251(Christianity)-251(on)-251(the)-250(suppression)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(of,)-250(i.)-250(34.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Reasons)-250(why)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(saw)-250(nothing)-250(criminal)-250(in)-250(them,)-250(101.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(and)-250(effect)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(of,)-250(271-283.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(moralists)-250(and)-250(historians,)-250(284.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(passion)-250(for)-251(them)-250(not)-250(inconsistent)-500(with)-250(humanity)-251(in)-250(other)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 0 Td [([386])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -214.66 -13.55 Td [(spheres,)-250(288.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1984 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1985 0 R /Resources 1983 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1987 0 R /Annots [ 1969 0 R 1970 0 R 1974 0 R 1975 0 R 1976 0 R 1977 0 R 1978 0 R 1979 0 R 1980 0 R 1981 0 R 1982 0 R ] >> endobj 1969 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.596 475.552 254.96 485.272] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >> >> endobj 1970 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [286.444 462.003 302.807 471.723] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg343) >> >> endobj 1974 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [291.255 395.063 302.164 404.783] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >> >> endobj 1975 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [153.724 381.525 164.633 391.234] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg083) >> >> endobj 1976 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.189 354.819 238.553 364.692] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg195) >> >> endobj 1977 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [177.069 287.879 193.433 297.752] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 1978 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [237.669 261.184 254.033 270.904] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >> >> endobj 1979 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.12 247.635 252.484 257.355] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg278) >> >> endobj 1980 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.43 234.085 139.793 243.805] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg340) >> >> endobj 1981 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [145.248 234.085 161.611 243.805] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg341) >> >> endobj 1982 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.342 180.695 160.706 190.415] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg319) >> >> endobj 1986 0 obj << /D [1984 0 R /XYZ 224.351 88.632 null] >> endobj 1983 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 1991 0 obj << /Length 2936 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(400History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Gnostics,)-250(accusations)-250(against)-250(the,)-250(by)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Fathers,)-250(i.)-250(417.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(tenets,)-250(ii.)-250(102)]TJ -10.909 -33.874 Td [(God,)-250(the)-250(Utilitarian)-250(view)-250(of)-250(the)-250(goodness)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(9,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 235.429 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -243.305 -13.549 Td [(Question)-252(of)-253(the)-252(disinterestedness)-252(of)-252(the)-252(love)-253(we)-252(should)-252(bear)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(to,)-250(18.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Our)-253(knowledge)-252(of)-253(Him)-253(derived)-252(from)-253(our)-253(own)-252(moral)-253(nature,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(55.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Early)-250(traces)-250(of)-250(an)-250(all-pervading)-250(soul)-250(of)-250(nature)-250(in)-250(Greece,)-250(161,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(162,)-250(170.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Philosophic)-250(definitions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(162,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 183.033 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -201.818 -13.55 Td [(Pantheistic)-250(conception)-250(of,)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Stoics)-250(and)-250(Platonists,)-250(163.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Recognition)-250(of)-250(Providence)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(moralists,)-250(196.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Two)-263(aspects)-263(under)-262(which)-263(the)-263(Stoics)-263(worshipped)-262(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Divinity)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 36.371 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(providence)-255(and)-254(moral)-255(goodness,)]TJ -47.28 -13.549 Td [(198)]TJ -76.364 -33.874 Td [(Gods,)-250(the,)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(i.)-250(161,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 146.651 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -135.742 -13.55 Td [(Euhemerus')-259(theory)-260(of)-259(the)-259(explanation)-260(of)-259(the)-259(prevailing)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(legends)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gods,)-250(163.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Views)-250(of)-250(Cicero)-250(of)-250(the)-250(popular)-250(beliefs,)-250(165.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Opinions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(of)-250(Ovid,)-250(and)-250(of)-250(Horace,)-250(166.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nature)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gods)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(167.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Decline)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(reverence)-250(for)-250(the)-250(gods,)-250(168,)-250(169)]TJ -10.909 -33.874 Td [(Good,)-252(pleasure)-252(equivalent)-251(to,)-252(according)-252(to)-251(the)-252(Utilitarians,)-252(i.)-255(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(,)-250(9)]TJ -84.24 -33.874 Td [(Gracchi,)-250(colonial)-250(policy)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(233)]TJ 0 -33.874 Td [(Grazers,)-250(sect)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(109)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 1990 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 1991 0 R /Resources 1989 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1987 0 R /Annots [ 1988 0 R ] >> endobj 1988 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [178.667 76.304 195.03 85.163] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg109) >> >> endobj 1989 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2006 0 obj << /Length 3114 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(401)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Greeks,)-250(ancient,)-250(their)-250(callous)-250(murder)-250(of)-250(children,)-250(i.)-250(45,)-250(46.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Low)-250(state)-250(of)-250(female)-250(morality)-250(among)-250(them.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(enforcement)-250(of)-250(monogamy,)-250(104.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Celibacy)-250(of)-250(some)-250(of)-250(their)-250(priests)-250(and)-250(priestesses,)-250(105.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Early)-250(traces)-250(of)-250(a)-250(religion)-250(of)-250(nature,)-250(161.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Universal)-250(providence)-250(attributed)-250(to)-250(Zeus,)-250(161.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Scepticism)-250(of)-250(the)-250(philosophers,)-250(161,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Importance)-250(of)-250(biography)-250(in)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(teaching)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(74.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Difference)-251(between)-252(the)-251(teaching)-252(of)-251(the)-252(Roman)-251(moralists)-252(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(Greek)-250(poets,)-250(195.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(death,)-250(and)-250(future)-250(punishment,)-250(205,)-250(206.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Greek)-250(suicides,)-250(212.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gentleness)-250(and)-250(humanity)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Greek)-250(character,)-250(227.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(on)-250(Roman)-250(character,)-250(227,)-250(228.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-235(Greek)-235(spirit)-236(at)-235(first)-235(as)-236(far)-235(removed)-235(from)-235(cosmopolitanism)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(that)-250(of)-250(Rome,)-250(228.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(Greek)-250(cosmopolitanism,)-250(229.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Extent)-250(of)-250(Greek)-250(influence)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(230.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gladiatorial)-250(shows)-250(among)-250(them,)-250(276.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Spirit)-252(of)-253(their)-252(religion)-253(contrasted)-252(with)-253(that)-252(of)-253(the)-252(Egyptians,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(324.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(intolerance)-250(of)-250(foreign)-250(religions,)-250(406.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Condition)-250(and)-250(fall)-250(of)-250(their)-250(empire)-250(of)-250(the)-250(East,)-250(ii.)-250(12-14.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(infanticide,)-250(25-27.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(animals,)-250(164.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(prisoners)-250(taken)-250(in)-250(war,)-250(257,)-250(258.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(marriage)-250(customs,)-250(277.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Women)-250(in)-250(the)-250(poetic)-250(age,)-250(278.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Peculiarity)-251(of)-252(Greek)-252(feelings)-251(on)-252(the)-251(position)-252(of)-251(women,)-252(280,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(281.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Unnatural)-250(forms)-250(assumed)-250(by)-250(vice)-250(amongst)-250(them,)-250(294)]TJ -10.91 -32.008 Td [(Gregory)-255(the)-255(Great,)-256(his)-255(contempt)-255(for)-254(Pagan)-255(literature,)-256(ii.)-265(201,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2005 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2006 0 R /Resources 2004 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1987 0 R /Annots [ 1992 0 R 1993 0 R 1994 0 R 1995 0 R 1996 0 R 1997 0 R 1998 0 R 1999 0 R 2000 0 R 2001 0 R 2002 0 R ] >> endobj 1992 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [270.996 217.726 296.447 227.435] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg012) >> >> endobj 1993 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [185.219 204.176 210.669 214.038] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >> >> endobj 1994 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [179.175 191.478 195.538 200.336] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg164) >> >> endobj 1995 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [241.88 177.078 258.244 186.94] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg257) >> >> endobj 1996 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [263.698 177.078 280.062 186.94] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg258) >> >> endobj 1997 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [166.749 163.518 183.113 173.238] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg277) >> >> endobj 1998 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [172.204 149.969 188.568 159.689] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg278) >> >> endobj 1999 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [303.255 136.419 319.619 146.139] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg280) >> >> endobj 2000 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 125.107 139.499 132.59] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg281) >> >> endobj 2001 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [274.018 109.321 290.382 119.041] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg294) >> >> endobj 2002 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [292.18 77.313 308.544 87.033] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg201) >> >> endobj 2004 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2017 0 obj << /Length 2925 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(402History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(His)-250(attitude)-250(towards)-250(Phocas,)-250(264)]TJ -10.909 -25.622 Td [(Gregory)-250(of)-250(Nyssa,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(eulogy)-250(of)-250(virginity,)-250(ii.)-250(322)]TJ 0 -25.622 Td [(Gregory)-258(of)-258(Tours,)-259(manner)-258(in)-258(which)-258(he)-258(regarded)-257(events,)-260(ii.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(240-242,)-250(261,)-250(277)]TJ -65.455 -25.622 Td [(Grotesque,)-255(or)-254(eccentric,)-255(pleasure)-254(derived)-254(from)-254(the,)-255(compared)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(with)-250(that)-250(from)-250(beauty,)-250(i.)-250(85)]TJ -65.455 -25.622 Td [(Gundebald,)-250(his)-250(murders)-250(approved)-250(of)-250(by)-250(his)-250(bishop,)-250(ii.)-250(237)]TJ 0 -25.623 Td [(Gunpowder,)-250(importance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(invention)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(126)]TJ 0 -25.622 Td [(Guy,)-262(Brother,)-262(his)-260(society)-260(for)-260(protection)-260(and)-259(education)-260(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(children,)-250(ii.)-250(33,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 87.567 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -225.777 -7.553 Td [([387])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -18.069 Td [(Hadrian,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(view)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(219.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Gives)-250(Euphrates)-250(permission)-250(to)-250(destroy)-250(himself,)-250(218,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 231.196 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -249.982 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(laws)-250(respecting)-250(slaves,)-250(307.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(leniency)-250(towards)-250(Christianity,)-250(438.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(benevolence,)-250(ii.)-250(77)]TJ -10.909 -25.622 Td [(Hair,)-250(false,)-250(opinions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Fathers)-250(on,)-250(ii.)-250(149)]TJ 0 -25.622 Td [(Hall,)-250(Robert,)-250(on)-250(theological)-250(Utilitarianism,)-250(i.)-250(15)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 212.422 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -212.422 -25.622 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Happiness,)-243(the)-241(greatest,)-243(for)-242(the)-241(greatest)-241(number,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 210.026 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.477 0 Td [(theory)-241(of)-242(the,)]TJ -156.892 -13.549 Td [(i.)-250(3.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(The)-252(sole)-251(end)-252(of)-252(human)-252(actions,)-252(according)-251(to)-252(the)-252(Utilitarians,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -95.149 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(best)-250(man)-250(seldom)-250(the)-250(happiest,)-250(69.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mental)-250(compared)-250(with)-250(physical)-250(happiness,)-250(87.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-254(of)-253(health)-254(and)-253(temperament)-254(on)-253(happiness,)-255(88,)-254(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2016 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2017 0 R /Resources 2015 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1987 0 R /Annots [ 2003 0 R 2007 0 R 2008 0 R 2009 0 R 2010 0 R 2011 0 R 2012 0 R 2013 0 R 2014 0 R ] >> endobj 2003 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [231.412 516.659 247.776 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg264) >> >> endobj 2007 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [308.081 490.175 324.445 499.895] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg322) >> >> endobj 2008 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.998 451.865 195.358 460.724] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg240) >> >> endobj 2009 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [200.812 451.865 217.176 460.724] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg261) >> >> endobj 2010 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.631 451.865 238.994 460.724] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg277) >> >> endobj 2011 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [331.099 386.21 347.463 395.93] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >> >> endobj 2012 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [211.721 322.279 222.63 331.137] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg033) >> >> endobj 2013 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.83 242.46 204.74 251.318] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 2014 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.343 215.987 291.707 225.696] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg149) >> >> endobj 2018 0 obj << /D [2016 0 R /XYZ 93.543 316.242 null] >> endobj 2015 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2032 0 obj << /Length 3092 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(403)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Hartley,)-250(his)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(association,)-250(i.)-250(22.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Coleridge's)-250(admiration)-250(for)-250(him,)-250(28,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 156.196 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -174.981 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(animal)-250(food,)-250(48,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 90.294 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -109.079 -13.549 Td [(His)-252(attempt)-251(to)-252(evade)-252(the)-251(conclusion)-252(to)-252(which)-251(his)-252(view)-252(leads,)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(quoted,)-250(67,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 51.513 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -135.752 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(82)]TJ -10.91 -24.373 Td [(Hegesias,)-250(the)-250(orator)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(215)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Heliogabalus,)-250(his)-250(blasphemous)-250(orgies,)-250(i.)-250(260)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Hell,)-250(monkish)-250(visions)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(221)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 161.826 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -169.701 -13.549 Td [(Glimpses)-237(of)-237(the)-237(infernal)-237(regions)-237(furnished)-237(by)-236(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 215.797 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Dialogues)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 44.237 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -199.423 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(St.)-250(Gregory,)-250(221.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Modern)-250(publications)-250(on)-250(this)-250(subject,)-250(223,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 183.632 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -194.541 -24.373 Td [(Helv\351tius,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(origin)-250(of)-250(human)-250(actions,)-250(i.)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 205.744 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -213.621 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(customs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people)-250(of)-250(Congo)-250(and)-250(Siam,)-250(102,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 226.046 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -244.832 -13.549 Td [(Compared)-250(with)-250(Aulus)-250(Gellius,)-250(313)]TJ -10.909 -24.373 Td [(Herbert,)-256(of)-256(Cherbury,)-256(Lord,)-256(his)-256(profession)-255(of)-255(the)-255(doctrine)-255(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(innate)-250(ideas,)-250(i.)-250(123)]TJ -65.454 -24.373 Td [(Hercules,)-250(meaning)-250(of,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(i.)-250(163)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Hereford,)-252(Nicholas)-251(of,)-251(his)-252(opposition)-251(to)-251(indiscriminate)-251(alms,)-252(ii.)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(96)]TJ -65.454 -24.374 Td [(Heresy,)-250(punishment)-250(of)-250(death)-250(for,)-250(i.)-250(98;)-250(ii.)-250(40)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Hermits.)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 40.603 0 Td [(See)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.869 0 Td [(Asceticism;)-250(Monasticism)]TJ -58.472 -24.373 Td [(Heroism,)-250(the)-250(Utilitarian)-250(theory)-250(unfavourable)-250(to,)-250(i.)-250(66.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(War,)-250(the)-250(school)-250(of)-250(heroism,)-250(173)]TJ -10.909 -24.373 Td [(Hilarius,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(him)-250(and)-250(St.)-250(Epiphanius,)-250(ii.)-250(159)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2031 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2032 0 R /Resources 2030 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1987 0 R /Annots [ 2019 0 R 2020 0 R 2021 0 R 2022 0 R 2023 0 R 2024 0 R 2025 0 R 2026 0 R ] >> endobj 2019 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [171.026 375.794 187.389 384.652] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg221) >> >> endobj 2020 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [191.306 347.833 207.669 357.553] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg221) >> >> endobj 2021 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [219.495 334.284 235.858 344.004] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg223) >> >> endobj 2022 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [112.226 184.733 123.135 192.315] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >> >> endobj 2023 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [229.782 158.222 240.691 167.942] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg040) >> >> endobj 2024 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [105.244 134.711 153.724 143.569] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Ascetics) >> >> endobj 2025 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [159.484 134.711 215.851 143.569] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Monastic) >> >> endobj 2026 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [267.08 71.554 283.444 81.427] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >> >> endobj 2030 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2041 0 obj << /Length 3256 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(404History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Hildebrand,)-250(his)-250(destruction)-250(of)-250(priestly)-250(marriage,)-250(ii.)-250(322)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Hippopotamus,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(161)]TJ 0 -25.226 Td [(Historical)-254(literature,)-255(scantiness)-253(of,)-255(after)-254(the)-254(fall)-254(of)-254(the)-253(Roman)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(empire,)-250(ii.)-250(235)]TJ -65.455 -25.227 Td [(Hobbes,)-260(Thomas,)-259(his)-258(opinions)-258(concerning)-258(the)-258(essence)-257(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(origin)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(7,)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 101.814 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -175.146 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(view)-250(of)-250(the)-250(origin)-250(of)-250(human)-250(actions,)-250(quoted,)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 225.131 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -243.916 -13.55 Td [(His)-254(remarks)-255(on)-254(the)-255(goodness)-254(which)-255(we)-254(apprehend)-255(in)-254(God,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(quoted,)-250(9,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 46.058 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -130.298 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(on)-250(reverence,)-250(9,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 93.906 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -112.691 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(charity,)-250(9,)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 79.08 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -97.866 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(pity,)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 54.851 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -73.637 -13.55 Td [(Review)-250(of)-250(the)-250(system)-250(of)-250(morals)-250(of)-250(his)-250(school,)-250(11.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gives)-251(the)-250(first)-251(great)-251(impulse)-251(to)-250(moral)-251(philosophy)-251(in)-250(England,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(19,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 16.364 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -100.604 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(denial)-250(of)-250(the)-250(reality)-250(of)-250(pure)-250(benevolence,)-250(20,)-250(21.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(29,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.524 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -163.309 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(compassion,)-250(72,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 133.626 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -144.535 -25.226 Td [(Holidays,)-250(importance)-250(of,)-250(to)-250(the)-250(servile)-250(classes,)-250(ii.)-250(244)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Homer,)-250(his)-250(views)-250(of)-250(human)-250(nature)-250(and)-250(man's)-250(will,)-250(i.)-250(196)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Horace,)-250(his)-250(ridicule)-250(of)-250(idols,)-250(i.)-250(166.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(description)-250(of)-250(the)-250(just)-250(man,)-250(197)]TJ -10.909 -25.226 Td [(Hospitality)-250(enjoined)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(ii.)-250(79)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Hospitals,)-250(foundation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(first,)-250(ii.)-250(80,)-250(81)]TJ 0 -25.227 Td [(Human)-250(life,)-250(its)-250(sanctity)-250(recognised)-250(by)-250(Christianity,)-250(ii.)-250(18.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Gradual)-250(acquirement)-250(of)-250(this)-250(sense,)-250(18)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2040 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2041 0 R /Resources 2039 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 1987 0 R /Annots [ 2027 0 R 2028 0 R 2029 0 R 2033 0 R 2034 0 R 2035 0 R 2036 0 R 2037 0 R 2038 0 R ] >> endobj 2027 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [317.757 515.797 334.121 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg322) >> >> endobj 2028 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [237.172 490.57 253.536 500.29] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >> >> endobj 2029 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [206.267 451.805 222.63 461.667] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg235) >> >> endobj 2033 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [311.092 225.202 327.456 234.922] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg244) >> >> endobj 2034 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [267.488 135.972 278.397 145.692] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >> >> endobj 2035 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [252.63 110.757 263.539 120.466] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg080) >> >> endobj 2036 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.994 110.757 279.903 120.466] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 2037 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [330.205 85.519 341.114 95.239] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg018) >> >> endobj 2038 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [258.358 71.981 269.267 81.69] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg018) >> >> endobj 2039 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2048 0 obj << /Length 3198 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(405)]TJ 0 g 0 G /F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 -30.759 Td [([388])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -15.722 Td [(Human)-250(nature,)-250(false)-250(estimate)-250(of,)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(i.)-250(192)]TJ 0 -22.63 Td [(Hume,)-250(David,)-250(his)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(4.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Misrepresented)-250(by)-250(many)-250(writers,)-250(4.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-254(recognition)-254(of)-254(the)-254(reality)-254(of)-253(benevolence)-254(in)-254(our)-254(nature,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(20,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 34.844 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -119.083 -13.55 Td [(His)-257(comment)-258(on)-257(French)-258(licentiousness)-257(in)-257(the)-258(eighteenth)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(century,)-250(50,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 54.535 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -138.774 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(analysis)-250(of)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(76.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Lays)-252(the)-252(foundation)-252(for)-251(a)-252(union)-252(of)-252(the)-252(schools)-252(of)-252(Clarke)-252(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(Shaftesbury,)-250(77)]TJ -76.364 -22.63 Td [(Humility,)-250(new)-250(value)-250(placed)-250(upon)-250(it)-250(by)-250(monachism,)-250(ii.)-250(185,)-250(187)]TJ 0 -22.63 Td [(Hutcheson,)-250(Francis,)-250(his)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(a)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 163.004 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(moral)-250(sense,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 54.535 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(i.)-250(4.)]TJ -219.043 -13.549 Td [(Establishes)-251(the)-252(reality)-252(of)-251(the)-252(existence)-251(of)-252(benevolence)-251(in)-252(our)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(nature,)-250(20.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(analysis)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(76)]TJ -10.91 -22.629 Td [(Hypatia,)-250(murder)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(196)]TJ 0 -22.63 Td [(Iamblichus,)-250(his)-250(philosophy,)-250(i.)-250(330)]TJ 0 -22.63 Td [(Ideas,)-261(confused)-259(association)-259(of.)-278(Question)-259(whether)-259(our,)-261(are)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(derived)-254(exclusively)-254(from)-254(sensation)-254(or)-253(whether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-250(spring)-250(in)-250(part)-250(from)-250(the)-250(mind)-250(itself,)-250(122.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(The)-257(latter)-258(theory)-257(represented)-258(by)-257(the)-258(Platonic)-257(doctrine)-258(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(pre-existence,)-250(122.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Doctrine)-250(of)-250(innate)-250(ideas,)-250(122)]TJ -10.91 -22.63 Td [(Idols)-250(and)-250(idolatry,)-250(views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(philosophers)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(166.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Discussion)-255(between)-254(Apollonius)-255(of)-255(Tyana)-255(and)-254(an)-255(Egyptian)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(priest)-250(respecting,)-250(166,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 99.076 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -183.316 -13.549 Td [(Idols)-250(forbidden)-250(by)-250(Numa,)-250(166,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 137.257 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -156.043 -13.549 Td [(Plutarch)-250(on)-250(the)-250(vanity)-250(of,)-250(166,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 135.141 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2047 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2048 0 R /Resources 2046 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2050 0 R /Annots [ 2042 0 R 2043 0 R 2044 0 R ] >> endobj 2042 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [284.338 346.422 300.702 356.294] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg185) >> >> endobj 2043 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [306.156 346.422 322.52 356.294] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg187) >> >> endobj 2044 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [147.059 260.514 163.422 270.234] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg196) >> >> endobj 2049 0 obj << /D [2047 0 R /XYZ 46.771 518.175 null] >> endobj 2046 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2062 0 obj << /Length 2726 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(406History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Ignatius,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(martyrdom,)-250(i.)-250(438)]TJ 0 -23.799 Td [(Ignis)-250(fatuus,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(224,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 152.411 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -152.411 -23.799 Td [(Imagination,)-250(sins)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(44.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Relation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(benevolent)-250(feelings)-250(to)-250(it,)-250(132,)-250(133.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Deficiency)-252(of)-253(imagination)-252(the)-253(cause)-252(of)-253(the)-252(great)-252(majority)-253(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(uncharitable)-250(judgments,)-250(134-136.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Feebleness)-251(of)-250(the)-251(imagination)-250(a)-251(source)-250(of)-251(legends)-250(and)-251(myths,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(347.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Beneficial)-251(effects)-251(of)-251(Christianity)-251(in)-251(supplying)-250(pure)-251(images)-251(to)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(imagination,)-250(299)]TJ -76.364 -23.799 Td [(Imperial)-242(system)-242(of)-242(the)-242(Romans,)-244(its)-242(effect)-242(on)-242(their)-242(morals,)-244(i.)-247(257.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Apotheosis)-250(of)-250(the)-250(emperors,)-250(257)]TJ -10.909 -23.8 Td [(India,)-250(ancient,)-250(admiration)-250(for)-250(the)-250(schools)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(229)]TJ 0 -23.799 Td [(Inductive,)-250(ambiguity)-250(of)-250(the)-250(term,)-250(as)-250(applied)-250(to)-250(morals,)-250(i.)-250(73)]TJ 0 -23.799 Td [(Industrial)-250(truth,)-250(characteristics)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(137.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-256(of)-256(the)-255(promotion)-256(of)-256(industrial)-256(life)-256(upon)-255(morals,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(139-140)]TJ -76.364 -23.8 Td [(Infanticide,)-250(history)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(24.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Efforts)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church)-250(to)-250(suppress)-250(it,)-250(29.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(laws)-250(relating)-250(to,)-250(31.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of,)-250(in)-250(England,)-250(285)]TJ -10.909 -23.8 Td [(Infants,)-251(Augustinian)-251(doctrine)-251(of)-251(the)-251(damnation)-251(of)-251(unbaptised,)-251(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(96.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Sacrament)-250(given)-250(to,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church,)-250(ii.)-250(6)]TJ -10.909 -23.799 Td [(Insanity,)-250(alleged)-250(increase)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(60.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Theological)-250(notions)-250(concerning,)-250(86.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(first)-250(lunatic)-250(asylums,)-250(88)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2061 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2062 0 R /Resources 2060 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2050 0 R /Annots [ 2045 0 R 2051 0 R 2052 0 R 2053 0 R 2054 0 R 2055 0 R 2056 0 R 2057 0 R 2058 0 R ] >> endobj 2045 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [224.136 491.998 240.499 501.718] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg224) >> >> endobj 2051 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [270.478 213.71 281.387 223.43] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg024) >> >> endobj 2052 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [263.223 200.172 274.132 209.881] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg029) >> >> endobj 2053 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [211.416 186.612 222.325 196.332] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >> >> endobj 2054 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [205.656 173.062 222.02 182.935] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg285) >> >> endobj 2055 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [314.725 122.165 320.179 131.885] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg006) >> >> endobj 2056 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [232.907 98.365 243.816 108.085] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg060) >> >> endobj 2057 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [248.07 84.816 258.979 94.536] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg086) >> >> endobj 2058 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [218.081 71.267 228.99 80.987] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg088) >> >> endobj 2060 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2066 0 obj << /Length 3305 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(407)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Insurance)-250(societies)-250(among)-250(the)-250(poor)-250(of)-250(Greece)-250(and)-250(Rome,)-250(ii.)-250(78)]TJ 0 -26.347 Td [(Intellectual)-250(progress,)-250(its)-250(relations)-250(to)-250(moral)-250(progress,)-250(i.)-250(149-151)]TJ 0 -26.347 Td [(Interest,)-266(self-,)-265(human)-263(actions)-262(governed)-262(exclusively)-263(by,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Utilitarians,)-250(i.)-250(7,)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 157.865 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -231.195 -13.549 Td [(Summary)-225(of)-225(the)-225(relations)-225(of)-225(virtue)-225(and)-225(public)-225(and)-225(private,)-230(117)]TJ -10.91 -26.347 Td [(Intuition,)-262(rival)-259(claims)-259(of,)-261(and)-260(utility)-259(to)-259(be)-259(regarded)-259(as)-259(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-250(regulator)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(distinctions,)-250(i.)-250(1,)-250(2.)]TJ -54.545 -13.55 Td [(Various)-219(names)-219(by)-219(which)-219(the)-219(theory)-218(of)-219(intuition)-219(is)-219(known,)-225(2,)-225(3.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(moralists)-250(of)-250(the)-250(school)-250(of,)-250(3.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Summary)-250(of)-250(their)-250(objections)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Utilitarian)-250(theory,)-250(i.)-250(69.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(intuitive)-250(school,)-250(74,)-250(75.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Doctrines)-250(of)-250(Butler,)-250(Adam)-500(Smith,)-250(and)-250(others,)-250(76-77.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 0 Td [([389])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -280.114 -13.55 Td [(Analogies)-250(of)-250(beauty)-250(and)-250(virtue,)-250(77.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Distinction)-251(between)-251(the)-251(higher)-251(and)-251(lower)-251(parts)-252(of)-251(our)-251(nature,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(83.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-250(judgments,)-250(and)-250(their)-250(alleged)-250(diversities,)-250(91.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(General)-250(moral)-250(principles)-250(alone)-250(revealed)-250(by)-250(intuition,)-250(99.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Intuitive)-250(morals)-250(not)-250(unprogressive,)-250(102,)-250(103.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Difficulty)-258(of)-258(both)-258(the)-258(intuitive)-258(and)-258(utilitarian)-258(schools)-258(in)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(finding)-247(a)-247(fixed)-247(frontier)-247(line)-247(between)-247(the)-246(lawful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(the)-250(illicit,)-250(116,)-250(117.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-259(intuitive)-260(and)-259(utilitarian)-260(schools)-259(each)-260(related)-259(to)-259(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(general)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(society,)-250(122.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(relations)-250(to)-250(metaphysical)-250(schools,)-250(123,)-250(124.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Baconian)-250(philosophy,)-250(125.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Contrasts)-234(between)-234(ancient)-234(and)-233(modern)-234(civilisations,)-237(126,)-237(127.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Practical)-255(consequences)-256(of)-255(the)-255(opposition)-255(between)-256(the)-255(two)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(schools,)-250(127)]TJ -76.364 -26.347 Td [(Inventions,)-253(the)-252(causes)-252(which)-253(accelerate)-252(the)-252(progress)-252(of)-253(society)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(in)-250(modern)-250(times,)-250(i.)-250(126)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2065 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2066 0 R /Resources 2064 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2050 0 R /Annots [ 2059 0 R ] >> endobj 2059 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [310.346 515.797 321.255 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg078) >> >> endobj 2067 0 obj << /D [2065 0 R /XYZ 176.753 330.741 null] >> endobj 2064 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2081 0 obj << /Length 2514 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(408History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Ireland,)-250(why)-250(handed)-250(over)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Pope)-250(to)-250(England,)-250(ii.)-250(217)]TJ 0 -26.694 Td [(Iren\346us,)-252(his)-251(belief)-252(that)-251(all)-252(Christians)-251(had)-252(the)-252(power)-251(of)-252(working)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(miracles,)-250(i.)-250(378)]TJ -65.455 -26.695 Td [(Irish,)-250(characteristics)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(138.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(early)-250(marriages)-250(and)-250(national)-250(improvidences,)-250(146.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Absence)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(scandals)-250(among)-250(the)-250(priesthood,)-250(146.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the)-250(islands)-250(of)-250(life)-250(and)-250(death,)-250(203.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(missionary)-250(labours,)-250(ii.)-250(246.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(perpendicular)-250(burials,)-250(253)]TJ -10.909 -26.694 Td [(Isidore,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(205)]TJ 0 -26.694 Td [(Isis,)-250(worship)-250(of,)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(387.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Suppression)-250(of)-250(the)-250(worship,)-250(402)]TJ -10.909 -26.695 Td [(Italians,)-250(characteristics)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(138,)-250(144)]TJ 0 -26.694 Td [(Italy,)-250(gigantic)-250(development)-250(of)-250(mendicancy)-250(in,)-250(ii.)-250(98.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Introduction)-250(of)-250(monachism)-250(into,)-250(106)]TJ -10.909 -26.694 Td [(James,)-250(the)-250(Apostle,)-250(Eusebius')-250(account)-250(of)-250(him,)-250(ii.)-250(105)]TJ 0 -26.695 Td [(James,)-250(St.,)-250(of)-250(Venice,)-250(his)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(172)]TJ 0 -26.694 Td [(Jenyns,)-253(Soame,)-253(his)-252(adherence)-253(to)-252(the)-253(opini)1(on)-253(of)-252(Ockham,)-253(i.)-257(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -26.694 Td [(Jerome,)-250(St.,)-250(on)-250(exorcism,)-250(i.)-250(382.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(clean)-250(and)-250(unclean)-250(animals)-250(in)-250(the)-250(ark,)-250(ii.)-250(104.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legend)-250(of,)-250(115.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Encouraged)-250(inhumanity)-250(of)-250(ascetics)-250(to)-250(their)-250(relations,)-250(134.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(SS.)-250(Paul)-250(and)-250(Antony,)-250(158)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2080 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2081 0 R /Resources 2079 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2050 0 R /Annots [ 2063 0 R 2068 0 R 2069 0 R 2070 0 R 2071 0 R 2072 0 R 2073 0 R 2074 0 R 2075 0 R 2076 0 R 2077 0 R 2078 0 R ] >> endobj 2063 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [326.539 515.797 342.903 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg217) >> >> endobj 2068 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [230.507 394.662 246.87 404.382] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >> >> endobj 2069 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [228.663 381.124 245.027 390.986] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg253) >> >> endobj 2070 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.445 354.419 220.809 364.292] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg205) >> >> endobj 2071 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [308.67 260.787 319.579 270.507] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 2072 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [248.387 248.1 264.75 256.958] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >> >> endobj 2073 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [307.612 220.554 323.976 230.416] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 2074 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [309.597 194.711 325.961 203.569] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg172) >> >> endobj 2075 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [312.292 114.224 328.656 123.082] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg104) >> >> endobj 2076 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [154.438 99.813 170.801 109.686] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg115) >> >> endobj 2077 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [337.143 86.264 353.507 95.984] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg134) >> >> endobj 2078 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.328 72.715 278.692 82.587] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >> >> endobj 2079 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2092 0 obj << /Length 2844 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(409)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Jews,)-251(their)-251(law)-251(regulating)-251(marri)1(age)-251(and)-251(permitting)-251(polygamy,)-251(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(103.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(suicides,)-250(218,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.523 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -163.308 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(their)-250(manners)-250(and)-250(creed)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(235,)-250(337.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Became)-250(the)-250(principal)-250(exorcists,)-250(380,)-250(381,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 183.305 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -202.09 -13.549 Td [(Spread)-250(of)-250(their)-250(creed)-250(in)-250(Rome,)-250(386.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Reasons)-253(why)-253(they)-253(were)-253(persecuted)-254(less)-253(than)-253(the)-253(Christians,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(402,)-250(407.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(How)-254(regarded)-255(by)-254(the)-255(pagans,)-255(and)-255(how)-254(the)-255(Christians)-254(were)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Jews,)-250(415.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Charges)-252(of)-253(immorality)-252(brought)-252(against)-253(the)-252(Christians)-252(by)-253(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(Jews,)-250(417.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Domitian's)-250(taxation)-250(of)-250(them,)-250(432.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(position)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(ii.)-250(337)]TJ -10.91 -26.533 Td [(Joffre,)-257(Juan)-256(Gilaberto,)-258(his)-256(foundation)-256(of)-256(a)-256(lunatic)-256(asylum)-256(in)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Valencia,)-250(ii.)-250(89)]TJ -65.455 -26.533 Td [(John,)-250(St.,)-250(at)-250(Patmos,)-250(i.)-250(433)]TJ 0 -26.532 Td [(John,)-250(St.,)-250(of)-250(Calama,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(128)]TJ 0 -26.533 Td [(John)-250(XXIII.,)-250(Pope,)-250(his)-250(crimes,)-250(ii.)-250(331)]TJ 0 -26.533 Td [(Johnson,)-256(Dr.,)-257(his)-255(adherence)-255(to)-255(the)-255(opinion)-255(of)-255(Ockham,)-257(i.)-265(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -26.533 Td [(Julian,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(tranquil)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(207,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 221.193 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -229.068 -13.549 Td [(Refuses)-250(the)-250(language)-250(of)-250(adulation,)-250(259.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(attempt)-250(to)-250(resuscitate)-250(paganism,)-250(331.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Attitude)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church)-250(towards)-250(him,)-250(ii.)-250(261.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Joy)-250(at)-250(his)-250(death,)-250(262)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 -8.87 Td [([390])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -17.663 Td [(Julien)-250(l'Hospitalier,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(84,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 179.235 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2091 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2092 0 R /Resources 2090 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2050 0 R /Annots [ 2082 0 R 2083 0 R 2084 0 R 2085 0 R 2086 0 R 2087 0 R 2088 0 R ] >> endobj 2082 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.88 339.668 255.244 349.377] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg337) >> >> endobj 2083 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [167.971 300.437 178.88 309.296] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg089) >> >> endobj 2084 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [191.317 246.51 207.68 256.23] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg128) >> >> endobj 2085 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.728 219.989 210.091 229.698] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg331) >> >> endobj 2086 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [230.098 113.577 246.462 122.436] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg261) >> >> endobj 2087 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [130.706 99.166 147.069 108.886] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg262) >> >> endobj 2088 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [209.644 72.634 220.553 82.354] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg084) >> >> endobj 2093 0 obj << /D [2091 0 R /XYZ 46.771 92.675 null] >> endobj 2090 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2102 0 obj << /Length 2778 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(410History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Jupiter)-255(Ammon,)-256(fountain)-255(of,)-256(deemed)-255(miraculous,)-256(i.)-264(366,)-256(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -24.66 Td [(Justinian,)-250(his)-250(laws)-250(respecting)-250(slavery,)-250(ii.)-250(65)]TJ 0 -24.66 Td [(Justin)-250(Martyr,)-250(his)-250(recognition)-250(of)-251(the)-250(excellence)-250(of)-250(many)-250(parts)-250(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(pagan)-250(writings,)-250(i.)-250(344.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 32.117 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(seminal)-250(logos,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 63.033 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(344.)]TJ -107.564 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(Sibylline)-250(books,)-250(376.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Cause)-250(of)-250(his)-250(conversion)-250(to)-250(Christianity,)-250(415.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(martyrdom,)-250(441)]TJ -10.909 -24.66 Td [(Juvenal,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(natural)-250(virtue)-250(of)-250(man,)-250(i.)-250(197)]TJ 0 -24.66 Td [(Kames,)-250(Lord,)-250(on)-250(our)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(i.)-250(77.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Notices)-258(the)-258(analogies)-258(between)-258(our)-258(moral)-258(and)-258(\346sthetical)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(judgments,)-250(77)]TJ -76.364 -24.66 Td [(King's)-250(evil,)-250(ceremony)-250(of)-250(touching)-250(for)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(363,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 215.574 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -215.574 -24.66 Td [(Labienus,)-250(his)-250(works)-250(destroyed,)-250(i.)-250(448,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 168.469 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -168.469 -24.66 Td [(Lactantius,)-250(character)-250(of)-250(his)-250(treatise,)-250(i.)-250(463)]TJ 0 -24.66 Td [(L\346torius,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(259)]TJ 0 -24.66 Td [(Laughing)-250(condemned)-250(by)-250(the)-250(monks)-250(of)-250(the)-250(desert,)-250(ii.)-250(115,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 251.793 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -251.793 -24.66 Td [(Law,)-250(Roman,)-250(its)-250(relation)-250(to)-250(Stoicism,)-250(i.)-250(294,)-250(295.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Its)-250(golden)-250(age)-250(not)-250(Christian,)-250(but)-250(pagan,)-250(ii.)-250(42)]TJ -10.909 -24.66 Td [(Lawyers,)-250(their)-250(position)-250(in)-250(literature,)-250(i.)-250(131,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 189.982 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -189.982 -24.66 Td [(Legacies)-250(forbidden)-250(to)-250(the)-250(clergy,)-250(ii.)-250(151.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Power)-263(of)-262(making)-263(bequests)-263(to)-262(the)-263(clergy)-263(enlarged)-262(by)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Constantine,)-250(215)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2101 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2102 0 R /Resources 2100 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2050 0 R /Annots [ 2089 0 R 2094 0 R 2095 0 R 2096 0 R 2097 0 R ] >> endobj 2089 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [272.016 477.588 282.925 487.46] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg065) >> >> endobj 2094 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [323.517 185.463 339.881 195.336] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg115) >> >> endobj 2095 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [290.201 147.254 301.11 156.974] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg042) >> >> endobj 2096 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [251.692 97.934 268.056 107.807] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg151) >> >> endobj 2097 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [227.485 71.697 243.849 80.708] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg215) >> >> endobj 2100 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2108 0 obj << /Length 3586 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(411)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Leibnitz,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(natural)-250(or)-250(innate)-250(powers)-250(of)-250(man,)-250(i.)-250(121,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 246.327 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -246.327 -22.905 Td [(Leo)-250(the)-250(Isaurian,)-250(Pope,)-250(his)-250(compact)-250(with)-250(Pepin,)-250(ii.)-250(266)]TJ 0 -22.905 Td [(Leonardo)-250(da)-250(Vinci,)-250(his)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(172,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 227.564 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -227.564 -22.905 Td [(Licentiousness,)-250(French,)-250(Hume's)-250(comments)-250(on,)-250(i.)-250(50,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 230.433 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -249.218 -22.905 Td [(Locke,)-250(John,)-250(his)-250(view)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(good)-250(and)-250(moral)-250(evil,)-250(i.)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 250.582 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -258.457 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(theological)-250(utilitarianism,)-250(16,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 149.094 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -167.879 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(view)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sanctions)-250(of)-250(morality,)-250(19.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(invention)-250(of)-250(the)-250(phrase)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 120.894 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(association)-250(of)-250(ideas,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 88.168 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.57 0 Td [(23.)]TJ -221.475 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(29,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.523 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -163.308 -13.549 Td [(Cousin's)-250(objections)-250(against)-250(him,)-250(75,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 159.85 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -178.635 -13.55 Td [(His)-253(refutation)-254(of)-253(the)-253(doctrine)-254(of)-253(a)-254(natural)-253(moral)-253(sense,)-255(123,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(124.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Rise)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sensual)-250(school)-250(out)-250(of)-250(his)-250(philosophy,)-250(123,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 235.755 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -254.541 -13.549 Td [(Famous)-250(formulary)-250(of)-250(his)-250(school,)-250(124)]TJ -10.91 -22.905 Td [(Lombard,)-250(Peter,)-250(character)-250(of)-250(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 143.291 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Sentences,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.352 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(ii.)-250(226.)]TJ -191.148 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(visions)-250(of)-250(heaven)-250(and)-250(hell,)-250(228)]TJ -10.91 -22.905 Td [(Longinus,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(219)]TJ 0 -22.905 Td [(Love)-250(terms)-250(Greek,)-250(in)-250(vogue)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(231,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 234.524 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -234.524 -22.905 Td [(Lucan,)-250(failure)-250(of)-250(his)-250(courage)-250(under)-250(torture,)-250(i.)-250(194.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(sycophancy,)-250(194.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(cosmopolitanism,)-250(240)]TJ -10.91 -22.906 Td [(Lucius,)-250(the)-250(bishop,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(454)]TJ 0 -22.905 Td [(Lucretius,)-250(his)-250(scepticism,)-250(i.)-250(162.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(disbelief)-250(in)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(i.)-250(182,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 221.519 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -240.304 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(praise)-250(of)-250(Epicurus,)-250(197.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(suicide,)-250(215.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(a)-250(bereaved)-250(cow,)-250(ii.)-250(165)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2107 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2108 0 R /Resources 2106 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2109 0 R /Annots [ 2098 0 R 2099 0 R 2103 0 R 2104 0 R ] >> endobj 2098 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [269.48 492.903 285.844 502.612] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg266) >> >> endobj 2099 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [252.516 470.848 268.88 479.707] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg172) >> >> endobj 2103 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [260.349 280.19 276.713 289.081] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg226) >> >> endobj 2104 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [194.938 266.641 211.302 275.499] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg228) >> >> endobj 2106 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2127 0 obj << /Length 2927 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(412History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Lunatic)-250(asylums,)-250(the)-250(first,)-250(ii.)-250(89)]TJ 0 -24.592 Td [(Luther's)-252(wife,)-253(her)-252(remark)-253(on)-252(the)-252(sensuous)-252(creed)-253(she)-252(had)-252(left,)-253(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(52)]TJ -65.455 -24.592 Td [(Lyons,)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(at,)-250(i.)-250(441)]TJ 0 -24.592 Td [(Macarius,)-250(St.,)-250(miracle)-250(attributed)-250(to,)-250(ii.)-250(40,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 185.138 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -193.015 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(penances,)-250(108,)-250(109.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legend)-250(of)-250(his)-250(visit)-250(to)-250(an)-250(enchanted)-250(garden,)-250(158.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Other)-250(legends)-250(of)-250(him,)-250(158,)-250(159,)-250(170,)-250(220)]TJ -10.909 -24.592 Td [(Macedonia,)-260(effect)-259(of)-258(the)-258(conquest)-258(of,)-261(on)-258(the)-258(decadence)-259(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(169)]TJ -65.455 -24.592 Td [(Mackintosh,)-250(Sir)-250(James,)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(morals)-250(advocated)-250(by,)-250(i.)-250(4.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Fascination)-514(of)-257(Hartley's)-257(doctrine)-257(of)-258(association)-257(over)-257(his)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.664 0 Td [([391])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 149.119 -13.549 Td [(mind,)-250(29)]TJ -76.364 -24.592 Td [(Macrianus,)-257(persuades)-255(the)-255(Emperor)-255(Valerian)-255(to)-256(persecute)-255(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(455)]TJ -65.455 -24.592 Td [(Macrina)-250(C\346lia,)-250(her)-250(benevolence)-250(to)-250(children,)-250(ii.)-250(77)]TJ 0 -24.592 Td [(Magdalen)-250(asylums,)-250(adversaries)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(98,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 200.269 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -200.269 -24.592 Td [(Mallonia,)-250(virtue)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(309)]TJ 0 -24.592 Td [(Malthus,)-250(on)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(92,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 118.484 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -118.484 -24.592 Td [(Mandeville,)-252(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 70.645 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Enquiry)-252(into)-251(the)-252(Origin)-252(of)-251(Moral)-252(Virtue.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 176.762 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.589 0 Td [(His)]TJ -194.385 -13.549 Td [(thesis)-224(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 46.108 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(private)-224(vices)-225(are)-224(public)-224(benefits,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 140.358 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.291 0 Td [(i.)-241(7.)]TJ -253.146 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(opposition)-250(to)-250(charity)-250(schools,)-250(ii.)-250(98)]TJ -10.909 -24.592 Td [(Manicheans,)-250(their)-250(tenets,)-250(ii.)-250(102.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(prohibition)-250(of)-250(animal)-250(food,)-250(167)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2126 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2127 0 R /Resources 2125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2109 0 R /Annots [ 2105 0 R 2110 0 R 2111 0 R 2112 0 R 2113 0 R 2114 0 R 2115 0 R 2116 0 R 2117 0 R 2118 0 R 2119 0 R 2120 0 R 2121 0 R 2122 0 R 2123 0 R 2124 0 R ] >> endobj 2105 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [221.419 515.797 232.328 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg089) >> >> endobj 2110 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.318 429.334 273.227 438.192] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg040) >> >> endobj 2111 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [167.769 414.934 184.132 424.643] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg108) >> >> endobj 2112 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [189.587 414.934 205.95 424.643] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg109) >> >> endobj 2113 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [295.023 401.374 311.387 411.246] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >> >> endobj 2114 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [202.318 387.824 218.681 397.697] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >> >> endobj 2115 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [224.136 387.824 240.499 397.697] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >> >> endobj 2116 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [245.954 387.824 262.318 397.697] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg170) >> >> endobj 2117 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [267.772 387.824 284.136 397.697] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg220) >> >> endobj 2118 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [301.383 236.122 312.292 244.98] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 2119 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [258.969 210.668 269.878 220.388] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 2120 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [192.63 186.938 208.994 195.796] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg309) >> >> endobj 2121 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [195.663 161.484 206.572 171.204] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg092) >> >> endobj 2122 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [265.067 109.794 275.976 119.514] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 2123 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.859 86.064 233.223 94.922] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 2124 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [251.714 71.663 268.078 81.372] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg167) >> >> endobj 2128 0 obj << /D [2126 0 R /XYZ 157.559 313.92 null] >> endobj 2125 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2140 0 obj << /Length 2706 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(413)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Manilius,)-250(his)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(i.)-250(163)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Manufactures,)-250(influence)-250(upon)-250(morals,)-250(i.)-250(139)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Marcellinus,)-250(Tullius,)-250(his)-250(self-destruction,)-250(i.)-250(222)]TJ 0 -25.317 Td [(Marcia,)-260(mistress)-258(of)-259(Commodus,)-260(her)-258(influence)-258(in)-258(behalf)-259(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(toleration)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(443)]TJ -65.455 -25.316 Td [(Marcian,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the)-250(visit)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Avitus)-250(to)-250(him,)-250(ii.)-250(159)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Marcus,)-250(St.,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(and)-250(his)-250(mother,)-250(ii.)-250(128)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Marriage,)-258(how)-257(regarded)-257(by)-257(the)-257(Jews,)-258(Greeks,)-258(Romans,)-259(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(Catholics,)-250(i.)-250(103,)-250(104.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Statius')-250(picture)-250(of)-250(the)-250(first)-250(night)-250(of)-250(marriage,)-250(107,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 218.606 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -237.392 -13.549 Td [(Reason)-256(why)-256(the)-255(ancient)-256(Jews)-256(attached)-256(a)-255(certain)-256(stigma)-256(to)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(virginity,)-250(109.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Conflict)-258(of)-257(views)-258(of)-258(the)-258(Catholic)-257(priest)-258(and)-258(the)-257(political)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(economist)-253(on)-254(the)-253(subject)-253(of)-254(early)-253(marriages,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(114.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Results)-258(in)-259(some)-258(countries)-258(of)-259(the)-258(difficulties)-259(with)-258(which)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(legislators)-250(surround)-250(marriage,)-250(144.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Early)-261(marriages)-262(the)-261(most)-261(conspicuous)-262(proofs)-261(of)-261(Irish)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(improvidence,)-250(144.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(asceticism)-250(on,)-250(ii.)-250(320.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Notions)-250(of)-250(its)-250(impurity,)-250(324.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Second)-250(marriages,)-250(324)]TJ -10.91 -25.316 Td [(Marseilles,)-250(law)-250(of,)-250(respecting)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(218,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 198.153 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -206.028 -13.55 Td [(Epidemic)-250(of)-250(suicide)-250(among)-250(the)-250(women)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(55)]TJ -10.91 -25.316 Td [(Martial,)-250(sycophancy)-250(of)-250(his)-250(epigrams,)-250(i.)-250(194)]TJ 0 -25.316 Td [(Martin)-250(of)-250(Tours,)-250(St.,)-250(establishes)-250(monachism)-250(in)-250(Gaul,)-250(ii.)-250(106)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2139 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2140 0 R /Resources 2138 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2109 0 R /Annots [ 2129 0 R 2130 0 R 2131 0 R 2132 0 R 2133 0 R 2134 0 R 2135 0 R ] >> endobj 2129 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [290.414 400.983 306.778 410.856] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >> >> endobj 2130 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [223.127 375.667 239.491 385.387] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg128) >> >> endobj 2131 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [189.473 188.622 205.837 197.48] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg320) >> >> endobj 2132 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [162.844 174.211 179.208 183.931] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg324) >> >> endobj 2133 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [140.993 160.662 157.357 170.382] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg324) >> >> endobj 2134 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [257.055 121.796 267.964 131.669] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg055) >> >> endobj 2135 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [291.615 72.026 307.978 80.884] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >> >> endobj 2138 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2150 0 obj << /Length 2522 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(414History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Martyrdom,)-250(glories)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(390.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Festivals)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Martyrs,)-250(390,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 131.204 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -149.989 -13.549 Td [(Passion)-250(for,)-250(391.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Dissipation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people)-250(at)-250(the)-250(festivals,)-250(ii.)-250(150)]TJ -10.909 -25.781 Td [(Mary,)-250(St.,)-250(of)-250(Egypt,)-250(ii.)-250(110)]TJ 0 -25.78 Td [(Mary,)-250(the)-250(Virgin,)-250(veneration)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(367,)-250(368,)-250(390)]TJ 0 -25.781 Td [(Massilians,)-250(wine)-250(forbidden)-250(to)-250(women)-250(by)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(96,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 224.531 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -224.531 -25.78 Td [(Maternal)-250(affection,)-250(strength)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(25,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 166.636 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -166.636 -25.781 Td [(Maurice,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(social)-250(penalties)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(i.)-250(60,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 231.164 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -231.164 -25.78 Td [(Mauricus,)-259(Junius,)-259(his)-257(refusal)-257(to)-257(allow)-257(gladiatorial)-257(shows)-257(at)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Vienna,)-250(i.)-250(286)]TJ -65.455 -25.781 Td [(Maxentius,)-250(instance)-250(of)-250(his)-250(tyranny,)-250(ii.)-250(46)]TJ 0 -25.78 Td [(Maximilianus,)-250(his)-250(martyrdom,)-250(ii.)-250(248)]TJ 0 -25.781 Td [(Maximinus,)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(446)]TJ 0 -25.78 Td [(Maximus)-250(of)-250(Tyre,)-250(account)-250(of)-250(him)-250(and)-250(his)-250(discourses,)-250(i.)-250(312.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(defence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancient)-250(creeds,)-250(323.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Practical)-250(form)-250(of)-250(his)-250(philosophy,)-250(329)]TJ -10.909 -25.781 Td [(Medicine,)-250(possible)-250(progress)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(158,)-250(159)]TJ 0 -25.78 Td [(Melania,)-250(St.,)-250(her)-250(bereavement,)-250(ii.)-250(10.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Her)-252(pilgrimage)-251(through)-252(the)-252(Syrian)-251(and)-252(Egyptian)-251(hermitages,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(120)]TJ -76.364 -25.78 Td [(Milesians,)-250(wine)-250(forbidden)-250(by)-250(the,)-250(to)-250(women,)-250(i.)-250(94,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 223.014 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2149 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2150 0 R /Resources 2148 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2109 0 R /Annots [ 2136 0 R 2137 0 R 2141 0 R 2142 0 R 2143 0 R 2144 0 R 2145 0 R 2146 0 R 2147 0 R ] >> endobj 2136 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [296.561 475.16 312.925 485.022] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg150) >> >> endobj 2137 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [194.758 449.369 211.121 459.089] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >> >> endobj 2141 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [247.459 423.588 263.823 433.308] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg367) >> >> endobj 2142 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [269.278 423.588 285.641 433.308] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg368) >> >> endobj 2143 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [291.096 423.588 307.459 433.308] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg390) >> >> endobj 2144 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [243.816 372.028 254.725 381.9] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >> >> endobj 2145 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [261.107 281.137 272.016 290.857] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg046) >> >> endobj 2146 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [240.521 255.357 256.885 265.077] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg248) >> >> endobj 2147 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [241.394 125.998 252.303 134.856] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg010) >> >> endobj 2148 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2158 0 obj << /Length 2563 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(415)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Military)-250(honour)-250(pre-eminent)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(172,)-250(173.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(decadence)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(military)-250(virtue,)-250(268)]TJ -10.91 -30.616 Td [(Mill,)-250(J.,)-250(on)-250(association,)-250(25,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 120.611 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 5.455 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -217.606 -10.792 Td [([392])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -19.825 Td [(Mill,)-250(J.)-250(S.,)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(29,)-250(47,)-250(90,)-250(102)]TJ 0 -30.616 Td [(Minerva,)-250(meaning)-250(of,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(i.)-250(163)]TJ 0 -30.616 Td [(Miracles,)-256(general)-255(incredulity)-254(on)-255(the)-255(subject)-254(of,)-256(at)-255(the)-255(present)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(time,)-250(i.)-250(346,)-250(348.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Miracles)-250(not)-250(impossible,)-250(347.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Established)-250(by)-250(much)-250(evidence,)-250(347.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(histories)-250(of)-250(them)-250(always)-250(decline)-250(with)-250(education,)-250(348.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Illustration)-250(of)-250(this)-250(in)-250(the)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(fairies,)-250(348.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Conceptions)-250(of)-250(savages,)-250(349.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legends,)-250(formation)-250(and)-250(decay)-250(of,)-250(350-352.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Common)-250(errors)-250(in)-250(reasoning)-250(about)-250(miracles,)-250(356.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Predisposition)-255(to)-255(the)-255(miraculous)-255(in)-254(some)-255(states)-255(of)-255(society,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(362.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Belief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(in)-250(miracles,)-250(363-367.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Incapacity)-253(of)-254(the)-253(Christians)-253(of)-253(the)-254(third)-253(century)-253(for)-254(judging)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(historic)-250(miracles,)-250(375.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Contemporary)-254(miracles)-253(believed)-254(in)-253(by)-254(the)-253(early)-254(Christians,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(378.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Exorcism,)-250(378.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Neither)-252(past)-253(nor)-252(contemporary)-253(Christian)-252(miracles)-253(had)-252(much)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(weight)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(pagans,)-250(378)]TJ -76.364 -30.616 Td [(Missionary)-250(labours,)-250(ii.)-250(246)]TJ 0 -30.616 Td [(Mithra,)-250(worship)-250(of,)-250(in)-250(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(386)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2157 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2158 0 R /Resources 2156 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2109 0 R /Annots [ 2151 0 R ] >> endobj 2151 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [147.68 105.281 164.044 115.001] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >> >> endobj 2159 0 obj << /D [2157 0 R /XYZ 46.771 463.218 null] >> endobj 2156 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2165 0 obj << /Length 2780 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(416History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Mohammedans,)-250(their)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(53.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(lunatic)-250(asylums,)-250(89.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(religion,)-250(251.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(their)-250(military)-250(triumphs)-250(on)-250(Christianity,)-250(252)]TJ -10.909 -28.663 Td [(Molinos,)-263(his)-260(opinion)-260(on)-260(the)-260(love)-260(we)-260(should)-260(bear)-260(to)-260(God,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(condemned,)-250(i.)-250(18,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 80.596 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -146.051 -28.663 Td [(Monastic)-219(system,)-225(results)-219(of)-218(the)-219(Catholic)-219(monastic)-219(system,)-225(i.)-239(107.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Suicide)-250(of)-250(monks,)-250(ii.)-250(52.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Exertions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(monks)-250(in)-250(the)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(charity,)-250(84.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(monastic)-250(movement,)-250(102.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(rapid)-250(propagation)-250(of)-250(it)-250(in)-250(the)-250(West,)-250(183.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(New)-250(value)-250(placed)-250(by)-250(it)-250(on)-250(obedience)-250(and)-250(humility,)-250(185,)-250(269.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Relation)-250(of)-250(it)-250(to)-250(the)-250(intellectual)-250(virtues,)-250(188.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(monasteries)-250(regarded)-250(as)-250(the)-250(receptacles)-250(of)-250(learning,)-250(199.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Fallacy)-253(of)-253(attributing)-252(to)-253(the)-253(monasteries)-253(the)-252(genius)-253(that)-253(was)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(displayed)-250(in)-250(theology,)-250(208.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Other)-261(fallacies)-262(concerning)-261(the)-261(services)-261(of)-262(the)-261(monks,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(208-212.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Value)-256(attached)-255(by)-256(monks)-256(to)-255(pecuniary)-256(compensations)-256(for)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(crime,)-250(213.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(their)-250(corruption,)-250(217.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Benefits)-250(conferred)-250(by)-250(the)-250(monasteries,)-250(243)]TJ -10.909 -28.663 Td [(Monica,)-250(St.,)-250(i.)-250(94,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 80.913 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -80.913 -28.662 Td [(Monogamy,)-250(establishment)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(372)]TJ 0 -28.663 Td [(Monophysites,)-253(the)-252(cause,)-253(to)-252(some)-252(extent,)-253(of)-252(the)-253(Mohammedan)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(conquest)-250(of)-250(Egypt,)-250(ii.)-250(143)]TJ -65.455 -28.663 Td [(Montanists,)-250(their)-250(tenets,)-250(ii.)-250(102)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2164 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2165 0 R /Resources 2163 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2109 0 R /Annots [ 2152 0 R 2153 0 R 2154 0 R 2155 0 R 2160 0 R 2161 0 R 2162 0 R ] >> endobj 2152 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [313.219 516.659 324.128 525.67] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg053) >> >> endobj 2153 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.445 502.248 215.354 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg089) >> >> endobj 2154 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [170.201 488.699 186.565 498.571] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg251) >> >> endobj 2155 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [322.023 475.149 338.386 485.022] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg252) >> >> endobj 2160 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.089 143.711 254.452 153.431] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg372) >> >> endobj 2161 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [255.358 101.5 271.721 111.22] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg143) >> >> endobj 2162 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.638 73.699 229.001 82.557] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 1617 0 obj << /D [2164 0 R /XYZ 93.543 418.686 null] >> endobj 2163 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2168 0 obj << /Length 3324 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(417)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Moral)-256(distinctions,)-258(rival)-256(claims)-256(of)-257(intuition)-256(and)-256(utility)-256(to)-256(be)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-250(as)-250(the)-250(supreme)-250(regulators)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(1)]TJ -65.455 -33.877 Td [(Moral)-250(judgments,)-250(alleged)-250(diversities)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(91.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Are)-250(frequently)-250(due)-250(to)-250(intellectual)-250(causes,)-250(92.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Instances)-250(of)-250(this)-250(in)-250(usury)-250(and)-250(abortion,)-250(92.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Distinction)-258(between)-258(natural)-257(duties)-258(and)-258(others)-258(resting)-257(on)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(positive)-250(law,)-250(93.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Ancient)-250(customs)-250(canonised)-250(by)-250(time,)-250(93.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Anomalies)-252(explained)-252(by)-252(a)-252(confused)-252(association)-252(of)-252(ideas,)-252(94,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(95.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Moral)-250(perceptions)-250(overridden)-250(by)-250(positive)-250(religions,)-250(95.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Instances)-255(of)-255(this)-255(in)-255(transubstantiation)-255(and)-254(the)-255(Augustinian)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(and)-246(Calvinistic)-245(doctrines)-246(of)-245(damnation,)-247(96,)-246(97.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(General)-250(moral)-250(principles)-250(alone)-250(revealed)-250(by)-250(intuition,)-250(99.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-252(moral)-252(unity)-253(of)-252(different)-252(ages)-252(a)-252(unity)-253(not)-252(of)-252(standard)-252(but)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(tendency,)-250(100.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Application)-250(of)-250(this)-250(theory)-250(to)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of)-250(benevolence,)-250(100.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Reasons)-261(why)-260(acts)-261(regarded)-261(in)-261(one)-260(age)-261(as)-261(criminal)-261(are)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(innocent)-250(in)-250(another,)-250(101.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Views)-254(of)-255(Mill)-254(and)-254(Buckle)-255(on)-254(the)-254(comparative)-255(influence)-254(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(intellectual)-251(and)-251(moral)-251(agencies)-251(in)-251(civilisation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(102,)-250(103,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 43.636 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -127.876 -13.549 Td [(Intuitive)-250(morals)-250(not)-250(unprogressive,)-250(102,)-250(103.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Answers)-254(to)-254(miscellaneous)-508(objections)-254(against)-254(the)-253(theory)-254(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 0 Td [([393])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -214.66 -13.549 Td [(natural)-250(moral)-250(perceptions,)-250(109.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-251(of)-251(the)-252(condition)-251(of)-251(society)-251(on)-252(the)-251(standard,)-251(but)-252(not)-251(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(essence,)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(110.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Occasional)-254(duty)-255(of)-254(sacrificing)-254(higher)-255(duties)-254(to)-255(lower)-254(ones,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(110,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -87.272 -13.549 Td [(Summary)-256(of)-255(the)-256(relations)-255(of)-256(virtue)-256(and)-255(public)-256(and)-255(private)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(interest,)-250(117.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Two)-250(senses)-250(of)-250(the)-250(word)-250(natural,)-250(119)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2167 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2168 0 R /Resources 2166 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2170 0 R >> endobj 2169 0 obj << /D [2167 0 R /XYZ 174.46 186.216 null] >> endobj 2166 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2174 0 obj << /Length 3333 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(418History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Moral)-256(law,)-258(foundation)-257(of)-256(the,)-258(according)-256(to)-256(Ockham)-257(and)-256(his)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(adherents,)-250(i.)-250(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 72.109 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -145.44 -13.549 Td [(Various)-250(views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sanctions)-250(of)-250(morality,)-250(19.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Utilitarian)-250(theological)-250(sanctions,)-250(53.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-257(reality)-258(of)-257(the)-258(moral)-257(nature)-258(the)-257(one)-258(great)-257(question)-257(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(natural)-250(theology,)-250(56.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Utilitarian)-250(secular)-250(sanctions,)-250(57.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Utilitarian)-250(theory)-250(subversive)-250(of)-250(morality,)-250(66.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Plausibility)-254(and)-253(danger)-253(of)-254(theories)-253(of)-254(unification)-253(in)-254(morals,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(72.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Our)-253(knowledge)-253(of)-253(the)-254(laws)-253(of)-253(moral)-253(progress)-253(nothing)-253(more)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(than)-250(approximate)-250(or)-250(general,)-250(136)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -76.364 -26.155 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Moral)-250(sense,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 55.745 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(Hutcheson's)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(a,)-250(i.)-250(4)]TJ -68.16 -26.156 Td [(Moral)-250(system,)-250(what)-250(it)-250(should)-250(be,)-250(to)-250(govern)-250(society,)-250(i.)-250(194)]TJ 0 -26.155 Td [(Morals,)-262(each)-260(of)-259(the)-260(two)-259(schools)-260(of,)-262(related)-259(to)-260(the)-259(general)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(condition)-250(of)-250(society,)-250(i.)-250(122.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(relations)-250(to)-250(metaphysical)-250(schools,)-250(123,)-250(124.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Baconian)-250(philosophy,)-250(125.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Contrast)-250(between)-250(ancient)-250(and)-250(modern)-250(civilisations,)-250(125-127.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-251(that)-250(lead)-251(societies)-250(to)-251(elevate)-250(their)-251(moral)-250(standard,)-251(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(determine)-252(their)-252(preference)-252(of)-252(some)-252(particular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kind)-250(of)-250(virtues,)-250(130.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(order)-250(in)-250(which)-250(moral)-250(feelings)-250(are)-250(developed,)-250(130.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Danger)-255(in)-255(proposing)-255(too)-255(absolutely)-255(a)-255(single)-256(character)-255(as)-255(a)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(model)-250(to)-250(which)-250(all)-250(men)-250(must)-250(conform,)-250(155.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Remarks)-250(on)-250(moral)-250(types,)-250(156.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Results)-234(to)-234(be)-234(expected)-234(from)-234(the)-234(study)-234(of)-234(the)-234(relations)-233(between)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(our)-250(physical)-250(and)-250(moral)-250(nature,)-250(158.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Little)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(Pagan)-250(religions)-250(on)-250(morals,)-250(161)]TJ -10.909 -26.156 Td [(More,)-250(Henry,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(motive)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(76)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2173 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2174 0 R /Resources 2172 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2170 0 R >> endobj 2172 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2184 0 obj << /Length 2590 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(419)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Musonius,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(220)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Mutius,)-250(history)-250(of)-250(him)-250(and)-250(his)-250(son,)-250(ii.)-250(125)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Mysticism)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(causes)-250(producing,)-250(i.)-250(318)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Myths,)-250(formation)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(351)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Naples,)-250(mania)-250(for)-250(suicide)-250(at,)-250(ii.)-250(55)]TJ 0 -23.508 Td [(Napoleon,)-252(the)-251(Emperor,)-251(his)-252(order)-251(of)-251(the)-252(day)-251(respecting)-251(suicide,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(i.)-250(219,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 30.305 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -95.76 -23.507 Td [(Nations,)-268(causes)-264(of)-264(the)-265(difficulties)-264(of)-264(effecting)-265(cordial)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(international)-250(friendships,)-250(i.)-250(156)]TJ -65.455 -23.507 Td [(Natural)-250(moral)-250(perceptions,)-250(objections)-250(to)-250(the)-250(theory)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(116.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Two)-250(senses)-250(of)-250(the)-250(word)-250(natural,)-250(118.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Reid,)-251(Sedgwick,)-251(and)-250(Leibnitz)-251(on)-250(the)-251(natural)-251(or)-250(innate)-251(powers)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(man,)-250(121,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 57.873 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -142.112 -13.549 Td [(Locke's)-254(refutation)-255(of)-254(the)-255(doctrine)-254(of)-254(a)-255(natural)-254(moral)-255(sense,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(124)]TJ -76.364 -23.507 Td [(Neoplatonism,)-250(account)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(325.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(destruction)-250(of)-250(the)-250(active)-250(duties)-250(and)-250(critical)-250(spirit,)-250(329)]TJ -10.91 -23.508 Td [(Neptune,)-250(views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics)-251(of)-250(the)-250(meaning)-250(of)-250(the)-250(legends)-250(of,)-250(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(163.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(statue)-250(solemnly)-250(degraded)-250(by)-250(Augustus,)-250(169)]TJ -10.91 -23.507 Td [(Nero,)-250(his)-250(singing)-250(and)-250(acting,)-250(i.)-250(259.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(law)-250(about)-250(slaves,)-250(307.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(429)]TJ -10.91 -23.507 Td [(Newman,)-250(Dr.,)-250(on)-250(venial)-250(sin,)-250(i.)-250(111,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 174.524 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.512 0 Td [(on)-250(pride,)-250(ii.)-250(188)]TJ -196.036 -23.507 Td [(Nicodemus,)-250(apocryphal)-250(gospel)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(221)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2183 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2184 0 R /Resources 2182 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2170 0 R /Annots [ 2171 0 R 2175 0 R 2176 0 R 2177 0 R ] >> endobj 2171 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [213.756 492.29 230.12 502.163] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg125) >> >> endobj 2175 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [185.84 421.779 196.749 431.641] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg055) >> >> endobj 2176 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [295.836 94.639 312.2 104.348] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >> >> endobj 2177 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [210.386 71.121 226.749 80.841] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg221) >> >> endobj 2182 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2194 0 obj << /Length 2886 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(420History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Nilus,)-250(St.,)-250(deserts)-250(his)-250(family,)-250(ii.)-250(322)]TJ 0 -23.689 Td [(Nitria,)-250(number)-250(of)-250(anchorites)-250(in)-250(the)-250(desert)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(105)]TJ 0 -23.69 Td [(Nolasco,)-250(Peter,)-250(his)-250(works)-250(of)-250(mercy,)-500(ii.)-250(73.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([394])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -280.115 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(participation)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Albigensian)-250(massacres,)-250(95)]TJ -10.909 -23.69 Td [(Novatians,)-250(their)-250(tenets,)-250(ii.)-250(102)]TJ 0 -23.689 Td [(Numa,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(his)-250(prohibition)-250(of)-250(idols,)-250(i.)-250(166,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 211.211 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -211.211 -23.69 Td [(Oath,)-250(sanctity)-250(of)-250(an,)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(168)]TJ 0 -23.689 Td [(Obedience,)-252(new)-252(value)-251(placed)-252(on)-252(it)-252(by)-251(monachism,)-252(ii.)-255(185,)-252(186,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(269)]TJ -65.455 -23.69 Td [(Obligation,)-250(nature)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(64,)-250(65)]TJ 0 -23.69 Td [(Ockham,)-253(his)-253(opinion)-253(of)-253(the)-252(foundation)-253(of)-253(the)-252(moral)-253(law,)-254(i.)-258(17,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -83.935 -23.689 Td [(Odin,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(53)]TJ 0 -23.69 Td [(O'Neale,)-250(Shane,)-250(his)-250(charity,)-250(ii.)-250(96)]TJ 0 -23.689 Td [(Opinion,)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(character)-250(on,)-250(i.)-250(171,)-250(172)]TJ 0 -23.69 Td [(Oracles,)-250(refuted)-250(and)-250(ridiculed)-250(by)-250(Cicero,)-250(i.)-250(165.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Plutarch's)-250(defence)-250(of)-250(their)-250(bad)-250(poetry,)-250(165,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 190.102 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -208.887 -13.549 Td [(Refusal)-250(of)-250(Cato)-250(and)-250(the)-250(Stoics)-250(to)-250(consult)-250(them,)-250(165.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ridiculed)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(wits,)-250(166.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Answer)-250(of)-250(the)-250(oracle)-250(of)-250(Delphi)-250(as)-250(to)-250(the)-250(best)-250(religion,)-250(167.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Theory)-252(of)-253(the)-252(oracles)-252(in)-252(the)-252('De)-253(Divinatione')-252(of)-252(Cicero,)-253(368,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -102.72 -13.549 Td [(Van)-250(Dale's)-250(denial)-250(of)-250(their)-250(supernatural)-250(character,)-250(374.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Books)-254(of)-253(oracles)-254(burnt)-254(under)-253(the)-254(republic)-254(and)-253(empire,)-255(447,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2193 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2194 0 R /Resources 2192 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2170 0 R /Annots [ 2178 0 R 2179 0 R 2180 0 R 2181 0 R 2185 0 R 2186 0 R 2187 0 R 2188 0 R 2189 0 R 2190 0 R ] >> endobj 2178 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [233.856 515.797 250.219 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg322) >> >> endobj 2179 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [301.994 492.969 318.357 501.98] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 2180 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [266.245 468.418 277.154 478.138] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg073) >> >> endobj 2181 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [312.608 454.869 323.517 464.741] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg095) >> >> endobj 2185 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [208.383 432.041 224.747 440.899] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 2186 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [327.656 360.111 344.019 369.983] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg185) >> >> endobj 2187 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [349.497 360.111 365.86 369.983] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg186) >> >> endobj 2188 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.998 348.7 175.362 356.281] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg269) >> >> endobj 2189 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [184.154 262.805 195.063 271.816] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg053) >> >> endobj 2190 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [229.121 238.254 240.03 247.974] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >> >> endobj 2195 0 obj << /D [2193 0 R /XYZ 251.998 470.796 null] >> endobj 2192 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2207 0 obj << /Length 2083 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(421)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Origen,)-250(his)-250(desire)-250(for)-250(martyrdom,)-250(i.)-250(391)]TJ 0 -32.179 Td [(Orphanotrophia,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church,)-250(ii.)-250(32)]TJ 0 -32.178 Td [(Otho,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(219.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Opinion)-250(of)-250(his)-250(contemporaries)-250(of)-250(his)-250(act,)-250(219,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 203.006 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -213.916 -32.179 Td [(Ovid,)-250(object)-250(of)-250(his)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 83.935 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Metamorphoses,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 72.415 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(i.)-250(166.)]TJ -157.854 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(213,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 170.89 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -189.676 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(humanity)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(165)]TJ -10.91 -32.179 Td [(Oxen,)-250(laws)-250(for)-250(the)-250(protection)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -32.179 Td [(Oxyrinchus,)-250(ascetic)-250(life)-250(in)-250(the)-250(city)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(105)]TJ 0 -32.178 Td [(Pachomius,)-250(St.,)-250(number)-250(of)-250(his)-250(monks,)-250(ii.)-250(105)]TJ 0 -32.179 Td [(P\346tus)-250(and)-250(Arria,)-250(history)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(310)]TJ 0 -32.178 Td [(Pagan)-250(religions,)-250(their)-250(feeble)-250(influence)-250(on)-250(morals,)-250(i.)-250(161)]TJ 0 -32.179 Td [(Pagan)-250(virtues,)-250(the,)-250(compared)-250(with)-250(Christian,)-250(i.)-250(190)]TJ 0 -32.179 Td [(Paiderastia,)-250(the,)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Greeks,)-250(ii.)-250(294)]TJ 0 -32.178 Td [(Pain,)-250(equivalent)-250(to)-250(evil,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Utilitarians,)-250(i.)-250(8,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 253.014 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -253.014 -32.179 Td [(Palestine,)-250(foundation)-250(of)-250(monachism)-250(in,)-250(ii.)-250(106.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Becomes)-250(a)-250(hot-bed)-250(of)-250(debauchery,)-250(152)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2206 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2207 0 R /Resources 2205 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2170 0 R /Annots [ 2191 0 R 2196 0 R 2197 0 R 2198 0 R 2199 0 R 2200 0 R 2201 0 R 2202 0 R ] >> endobj 2191 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.2 483.618 233.109 493.338] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg032) >> >> endobj 2196 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [203.109 346.446 219.473 356.155] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >> >> endobj 2197 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.233 314.256 241.596 324.129] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 2198 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [226.782 282.939 243.146 291.95] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 2199 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.618 249.899 197.982 259.619] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg310) >> >> endobj 2200 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [194.622 154.225 210.986 163.083] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg294) >> >> endobj 2201 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [231.92 89.868 248.284 98.726] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >> >> endobj 2202 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [211.575 75.457 227.938 85.329] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg152) >> >> endobj 2205 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2213 0 obj << /Length 3033 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(422History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Paley,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(obligation)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(14,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 173.934 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -181.811 -13.549 Td [(On)-254(the)-253(difference)-254(between)-254(an)-253(act)-254(of)-254(prudence)-253(and)-254(an)-253(act)-254(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(duty,)-250(16,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 41.214 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -125.455 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(love)-250(we)-250(ought)-250(to)-250(bear)-250(to)-250(God,)-250(18,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 181.189 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -199.975 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(religious)-250(sanctions)-250(of)-250(morality,)-250(19.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(association,)-250(25,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 152.706 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -171.491 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(flesh)-250(diet,)-250(49,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 78.175 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -96.96 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(health)-250(on)-250(happiness,)-250(88,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 195.12 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -213.905 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(difference)-250(in)-250(pleasures,)-250(90,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 152.684 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -163.593 -35.681 Td [(Pambos,)-250(St.,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(116,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 129.709 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -129.709 -35.68 Td [(Pammachus,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(hospital,)-250(ii.)-250(80)]TJ 0 -35.68 Td [(Pan\346tius,)-253(the)-253(founder)-252(of)-253(the)-252(Roman)-253(St)1(oics,)-254(his)-252(disbelief)-253(in)-252(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(i.)-250(183)]TJ -65.455 -35.68 Td [(Pandars,)-250(punishment)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(316)]TJ 0 -35.68 Td [(Parents,)-254(reason)-252(why)-253(some)-253(savages)-253(did)-253(not)-253(regard)-253(their)-252(murder)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(as)-250(criminal,)-250(i.)-250(101)]TJ -65.455 -35.68 Td [(Parthenon,)-250(the,)-250(at)-250(Athens,)-250(i.)-250(105)]TJ 0 -35.68 Td [(Pascal,)-236(his)-233(advocacy)-232(of)-233(piety)-233(as)-232(a)-233(matter)-232(of)-233(prudence,)-236(i.)-244(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 259.117 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -266.994 -13.549 Td [(His)-251(adherence)-251(to)-251(the)-251(opinion)-251(of)-251(Ockham)-252(as)-251(to)-251(the)-251(foundation)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(law,)-250(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 93.621 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -177.862 -13.549 Td [(His)-253(thought)-253(on)-253(the)-252(humiliation)-253(created)-253(by)-253(deriving)-253(pleasure)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(from)-250(certain)-250(amusements,)-250(i.)-250(86,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 140.585 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2212 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2213 0 R /Resources 2211 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2170 0 R /Annots [ 2203 0 R 2204 0 R 2208 0 R ] >> endobj 2203 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [201.434 371.723 217.798 381.443] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg116) >> >> endobj 2204 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.983 336.054 246.892 345.763] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg080) >> >> endobj 2208 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [213.238 251.144 229.601 260.853] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg316) >> >> endobj 2211 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2231 0 obj << /Length 2618 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(423)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Patriotism,)-250(period)-250(when)-250(it)-250(flourished,)-250(i.)-250(136.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Peculiar)-250(characteristic)-250(of)-250(the)-250(virtue,)-250(177,)-250(178.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-253(of)-252(the)-253(predominance)-253(occasionally)-252(accorded)-506(to)-252(civic)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.665 0 Td [([395])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 149.119 -13.549 Td [(virtues,)-250(200.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Neglect)-259(or)-258(discredit)-259(into)-259(which)-259(they)-258(have)-259(fallen)-259(among)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(modern)-250(teachers,)-250(201.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Cicero's)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(the)-250(duty)-250(of)-250(every)-250(good)-250(man,)-250(201.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Unfortunate)-250(relations)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(to)-250(patriotism,)-250(ii.)-250(140.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Repugnance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(theological)-250(to)-250(the)-250(patriotic)-250(spirit,)-250(145)]TJ -10.91 -23.774 Td [(Paul,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(i.)-250(83)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Paul,)-250(the)-250(hermit,)-250(his)-250(flight)-250(to)-250(the)-250(desert,)-250(ii.)-250(102.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Legend)-250(of)-250(the)-250(visit)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Antony)-250(to)-250(him,)-250(158)]TJ -10.91 -23.773 Td [(Paul,)-250(St.)-250(Vincent)-250(de,)-250(his)-250(foundling)-250(hospitals,)-250(ii.)-250(34)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Paula,)-250(story)-250(of)-250(her)-250(asceticism)-250(and)-250(inhumanity,)-250(ii.)-250(133,)-250(134)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Paulina,)-250(her)-250(devotion)-250(to)-250(her)-250(husband,)-250(ii.)-250(310)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Pelagia,)-250(St.,)-250(her)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(46.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Her)-250(flight)-250(to)-250(the)-250(desert,)-250(121,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.523 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -155.433 -23.773 Td [(Pelagius,)-250(ii.)-250(223)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Pelican,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(161)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Penances)-250(of)-250(the)-250(saints)-250(of)-250(the)-250(desert,)-250(ii.)-250(107,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 191.487 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -191.487 -23.773 Td [(Penitential)-250(system,)-250(the,)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(church,)-250(ii.)-250(6,)-250(7)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Pepin,)-250(his)-250(compact)-250(with)-250(Pope)-250(Leo,)-250(ii.)-250(267)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Peregrinus)-250(the)-250(Cynic,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(220)]TJ 0 -23.773 Td [(Pericles,)-250(his)-250(humanity,)-250(i.)-250(228)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2230 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2231 0 R /Resources 2229 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2233 0 R /Annots [ 2209 0 R 2210 0 R 2214 0 R 2215 0 R 2216 0 R 2217 0 R 2218 0 R 2219 0 R 2220 0 R 2221 0 R 2222 0 R 2223 0 R 2224 0 R 2225 0 R 2226 0 R 2227 0 R ] >> endobj 2209 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [291.92 420.953 308.284 430.673] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg140) >> >> endobj 2210 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [287.655 407.403 304.018 417.276] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg145) >> >> endobj 2214 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [233.742 359.857 250.105 369.577] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >> >> endobj 2215 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [237.986 346.308 254.349 356.181] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >> >> endobj 2216 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [255.571 322.535 266.48 332.255] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg034) >> >> endobj 2217 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.815 298.762 279.178 308.482] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg133) >> >> endobj 2218 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [284.633 298.762 300.996 308.482] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg134) >> >> endobj 2219 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [223.727 275.85 240.091 284.708] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg310) >> >> endobj 2220 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [166.16 251.215 177.069 260.935] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg046) >> >> endobj 2221 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [161.906 237.666 178.269 247.386] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg121) >> >> endobj 2222 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [100.717 213.893 117.08 223.613] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg223) >> >> endobj 2223 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [158.273 190.12 174.637 199.84] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >> >> endobj 2224 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.44 166.467 232.804 176.067] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg107) >> >> endobj 2225 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [249.778 142.573 255.233 152.293] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg006) >> >> endobj 2226 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [260.687 142.573 266.142 152.293] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg007) >> >> endobj 2227 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.829 118.811 229.193 128.52] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg267) >> >> endobj 2232 0 obj << /D [2230 0 R /XYZ 283.249 491.077 null] >> endobj 2229 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2236 0 obj << /Length 2581 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(424History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Perpetua,)-250(St.,)-250(her)-250(martyrdom,)-250(i.)-250(391,)-250(444;)-250(ii.)-250(317)]TJ 0 -26.445 Td [(Persecutions,)-250(Catholic)-250(doctrines)-250(justifying,)-250(i.)-250(98.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Why)-250(Christianity)-250(was)-250(not)-250(crushed)-250(by)-250(them,)-250(395.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Many)-250(causes)-250(of)-250(persecution,)-250(395-397.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Reasons)-254(why)-254(the)-253(Christians)-254(were)-254(more)-254(persecuted)-253(than)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Jews,)-250(403,)-250(406,)-250(407.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions,)-250(406,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 143.313 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -143.313 -13.55 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions,)-250(429.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nero,)-250(429.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Domitian,)-250(431.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Trajan,)-250(437.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-250(Aurelius,)-250(439,)-250(440.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(From)-250(M.)-250(Aurelius)-250(to)-250(Decius,)-250(442,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 150.6 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -150.6 -13.549 Td [(Gallus,)-250(454.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Valerian,)-250(454.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Diocletian)-250(and)-250(Galerius,)-250(458-463.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(End)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions,)-250(463.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(General)-250(considerations)-250(on)-250(their)-250(history,)-250(463-468)]TJ -10.909 -26.445 Td [(Petronian)-250(law,)-250(in)-250(favour)-250(of)-250(slaves,)-250(i.)-250(307)]TJ 0 -26.446 Td [(Petronius,)-250(his)-250(scepticism,)-250(i.)-250(162.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(suicide,)-250(215.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(show)-250(of)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(286)]TJ -10.909 -26.446 Td [(Philip)-250(the)-250(Arab,)-250(his)-250(favour)-250(to)-250(Christianity,)-250(i.)-250(445)]TJ 0 -26.445 Td [(Philosophers,)-253(efforts)-252(of)-252(some,)-252(to)-252(restore)-252(the)-252(moral)-252(influence)-253(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(religion)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(169.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(true)-250(moral)-250(teachers,)-250(171)]TJ -10.909 -26.445 Td [(Philosophical)-250(truth,)-250(characteristics)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(139,)-250(140.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Its)-250(growth)-250(retarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(opposition)-250(of)-250(theologians,)-250(140)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2235 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2236 0 R /Resources 2234 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2233 0 R /Annots [ 2228 0 R ] >> endobj 2228 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.99 515.797 305.354 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg317) >> >> endobj 2234 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2244 0 obj << /Length 2704 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(425)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Philosophy,)-252(causes)-252(of)-251(the)-252(practical)-252(character)-251(of)-252(most)-251(ancient,)-252(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(202.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(fusion)-250(with)-250(religion,)-250(352.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Opinions)-251(of)-252(the)-252(early)-251(Church)-252(concerning)-251(the)-252(pagan)-251(writings,)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(332.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Difference)-253(between)-253(the)-254(moral)-253(teaching)-253(of)-253(a)-254(philosophy)-253(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(that)-250(of)-250(a)-250(religion,)-250(ii.)-250(1.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(impotency)-250(to)-250(restrain)-250(vice,)-250(4)]TJ -10.91 -23.89 Td [(Phocas,)-250(attitude)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Church)-250(towards)-250(him,)-250(ii.)-250(263)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Phocion,)-250(his)-250(gentleness,)-250(i.)-250(228)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Physical)-250(science)-250(affects)-250(the)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(miracles,)-250(i.)-250(354,)-250(355)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Piety,)-254(utilitarian)-254(view)-253(of)-254(the)-253(causes)-254(of)-253(the)-254(pleasures)-253(and)-254(pains)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of,)-250(i.)-250(9,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 52.418 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -125.748 -13.55 Td [(A)-247(matter)-247(of)-246(prudence,)-248(according)-247(to)-247(theological)-246(Utilitarianism,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(16)]TJ -76.364 -23.89 Td [(Pilate,)-257(Pontius,)-258(story)-255(of)-256(his)-256(desire)-256(to)-256(enrol)-256(Christ)-255(among)-256(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(gods,)-250(i.)-250(429)]TJ -65.455 -23.89 Td [(Pilgrimages,)-250(evils)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(152)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Pior,)-250(St.,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(129)]TJ 0 -23.89 Td [(Pirates,)-250(destruction)-250(of,)-250(by)-250(Pompey,)-250(i.)-250(234)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -7.549 Td [([396])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -16.341 Td [(Pity,)-250(a)-250(form)-250(of)-250(self-love,)-251(according)-250(to)-250(some)-250(Utilitarians,)-250(i.)-250(9,)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.549 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -73.33 -13.549 Td [(Adam)-250(Smith's)-250(theory,)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 114.087 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -132.872 -13.55 Td [(Seneca's)-250(distinction)-250(between)-250(it)-250(and)-250(clemency,)-250(189.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Altar)-250(to)-250(Pity)-250(at)-250(Athens,)-250(228.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-254(of)-254(Marcus)-254(Aurelius')-255(altar)-254(to)-254(Beneficentia)-254(at)-254(Rome,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(228,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2243 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2244 0 R /Resources 2242 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2233 0 R /Annots [ 2237 0 R 2238 0 R 2239 0 R 2240 0 R 2241 0 R ] >> endobj 2237 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.524 434.502 217.978 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg001) >> >> endobj 2238 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [190.389 420.953 195.844 430.673] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >> >> endobj 2239 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [252.516 397.924 268.88 406.783] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg263) >> >> endobj 2240 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [153.746 223.416 170.109 233.288] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg152) >> >> endobj 2241 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [138.298 199.526 154.662 209.246] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg129) >> >> endobj 2245 0 obj << /D [2243 0 R /XYZ 46.771 170.465 null] >> endobj 2242 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2248 0 obj << /Length 2689 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(426History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Plato,)-250(his)-250(admission)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(abortion,)-250(i.)-250(92.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Basis)-250(of)-250(his)-250(moral)-250(system,)-250(105.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Cause)-252(of)-252(the)-251(banishment)-252(of)-252(the)-252(poets)-251(from)-252(his)-252(republic,)-252(161,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(162.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(theory)-251(that)-250(vice)-250(is)-251(to)-250(virtue)-251(what)-250(disease)-250(is)-251(to)-250(health,)-250(179,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -102.72 -13.549 Td [(Reason)-250(for)-250(his)-250(advocacy)-250(of)-250(community)-250(of)-250(wives,)-250(200.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(212,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 170.891 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -189.676 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(universal)-250(brotherhood,)-250(241.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(inculcation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(self-examination,)-250(248)]TJ -10.909 -52.984 Td [(Platonic)-250(school,)-250(its)-250(ideal,)-250(i.)-250(322)]TJ 0 -52.984 Td [(Platonists,)-238(their)-234(more)-235(or)-235(less)-235(pantheistic)-234(conception)-235(of)-235(the)-234(Deity,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(i.)-250(163.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Practical)-250(nature)-250(of)-250(their)-250(philosophy,)-250(329.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Platonic)-250(ethics)-250(ascendant)-250(in)-250(Rome,)-250(331)]TJ -10.909 -52.985 Td [(Pleasure)-250(the)-250(only)-250(good,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Utilitarians,)-250(i.)-250(7.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Illustrations)-253(of)-252(the)-253(distinction)-253(between)-252(the)-253(higher)-253(and)-252(lower)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(parts)-250(of)-250(our)-250(nature)-250(in)-250(our)-250(pleasures,)-250(83-85.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Pleasures)-267(of)-266(a)-267(civilised)-266(compared)-267(with)-266(those)-267(of)-266(a)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(semi-civilised)-250(society,)-250(86.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Comparison)-250(of)-250(mental)-250(and)-250(physical)-250(pleasures,)-250(87,)-250(88.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Distinction)-251(in)-252(kind)-251(of)-251(pleasure,)-252(and)-251(its)-252(importance)-251(in)-251(morals,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(89-91.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Neglected)-250(or)-250(denied)-250(by)-250(Utilitarian)-250(writers,)-250(89,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 203.902 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2247 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2248 0 R /Resources 2246 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2233 0 R >> endobj 2246 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2253 0 obj << /Length 3349 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(427)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Pliny,)-250(the)-250(elder,)-250(on)-251(the)-250(probable)-250(happiness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(lower)-250(animals,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(i.)-250(87,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 24.851 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -98.181 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(164.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(astrology,)-250(171,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 102.414 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(,)-250(164,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 27.273 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -167.257 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(disbelief)-250(in)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(182.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(advocacy)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(215.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Never)-250(mentions)-250(Christianity,)-250(336.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(opinion)-250(of)-250(earthquakes,)-250(369.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(comets,)-250(369.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(facility)-250(of)-250(belief,)-250(370.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(denunciation)-250(of)-250(finger)-250(rings,)-250(ii.)-250(148)]TJ -10.91 -24.218 Td [(Pliny,)-251(the)-251(younger,)-251(his)-250(desire)-251(for)-251(posthumous)-250(reputation,)-251(i.)-252(185,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.55 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -73.33 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(picture)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ideal)-250(of)-250(Stoicism,)-250(186.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(letter)-250(to)-250(Trajan)-250(respecting)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(437.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(benevolence,)-250(242;)-250(ii.)-250(77)]TJ -10.91 -24.219 Td [(Plotinus,)-250(his)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(214.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(philosophy,)-250(330)]TJ -10.91 -24.218 Td [(Plutarch,)-250(his)-250(defence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(bad)-250(poetry)-250(of)-250(the)-250(oracles,)-250(165,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 256.909 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -264.784 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(mode)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(teaching,)-250(175.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Basis)-250(of)-250(his)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(204.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(superstitious)-250(fear)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(206.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(letter)-250(on)-250(the)-250(death)-250(of)-250(his)-250(little)-250(daughter,)-250(242.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(May)-254(justly)-254(be)-254(regarded)-254(as)-254(the)-254(leader)-254(of)-254(the)-254(eclectic)-254(school,)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(243.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(His)-254(philosophy)-254(and)-254(works)-254(compared)-254(with)-254(those)-254(of)-254(Seneca,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(243.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(treatise)-250(on)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 65.748 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-250(Signs)-250(of)-250(Moral)-250(Progress,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 128.171 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(249.)]TJ -206.334 -13.549 Td [(Compared)-250(and)-250(contrasted)-250(with)-250(Marcus)-250(Aurelius,)-250(253.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(he)-250(regarded)-250(the)-250(games)-250(of)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(286.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(defence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancient)-250(creeds,)-250(322.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Practical)-250(nature)-250(of)-250(his)-250(philosophy,)-250(329.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2252 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2253 0 R /Resources 2251 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2233 0 R /Annots [ 2249 0 R 2250 0 R ] >> endobj 2249 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [214.029 380.305 230.393 390.025] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg148) >> >> endobj 2250 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.182 302.751 180.091 311.61] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 2251 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2268 0 obj << /Length 3097 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(428History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(Never)-250(mentions)-250(Christianity,)-250(336.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(the)-250(domestic)-250(system)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(419.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(165,)-250(166.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(picture)-250(of)-250(Greek)-250(married)-250(life,)-250(289)]TJ -10.909 -23.508 Td [(Pluto,)-250(meaning)-250(of,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(i.)-250(163)]TJ 0 -23.508 Td [(Po,)-250(miracle)-250(of)-250(the)-250(subsidence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(waters)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(382,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 250.865 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -250.865 -23.508 Td [(P)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 6.066 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(men,)-250(St.,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(and)-250(of)-250(his)-250(mother,)-250(ii.)-250(129.)]TJ -3.033 -13.55 Td [(Legend)-250(of)-250(him)-250(and)-250(the)-250(lion,)-250(169)]TJ -10.909 -23.508 Td [(Political)-261(economy,)-265(what)-261(it)-261(has)-262(accomplished)-261(respecting)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(almsgiving,)-250(ii.)-250(90)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -138.211 -7.357 Td [([397])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -16.151 Td [(Political)-252(judgments,)-251(moral)-252(standard)-251(of)-252(most)-251(men)-252(in,)-252(lower)-251(than)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(private)-250(judgments,)-250(i.)-250(151)]TJ -65.455 -23.508 Td [(Political)-253(truth,)-253(or)-253(habit)-253(of)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 113.498 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(fair)-253(play,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 39.412 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.602 0 Td [(the)-253(characteristic)-253(of)-253(free)]TJ -99.901 -13.549 Td [(communities,)-250(i.)-250(139.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Highly)-250(civilised)-250(form)-250(of)-250(society)-250(to)-250(which)-250(it)-250(belongs,)-250(139.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Its)-250(growth)-250(retarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(opposition)-250(of)-250(theologians,)-250(140)]TJ -10.909 -23.508 Td [(Polybius,)-255(his)-254(praise)-254(of)-254(the)-253(devotion)-254(and)-254(purity)-254(of)-254(creed)-254(of)-254(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(167)]TJ -65.455 -23.508 Td [(Polycarp,)-250(St.,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(441)]TJ 0 -23.508 Td [(Polygamy,)-230(long)-225(continuance)-225(of,)-230(among)-225(the)-225(kings)-225(of)-225(Gaul,)-230(ii.)-241(343)]TJ 0 -23.508 Td [(Pompeii,)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows)-250(at,)-250(i.)-250(276,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 167.88 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -167.88 -23.508 Td [(Pompey,)-250(his)-250(destruction)-250(of)-250(the)-250(pirates,)-250(i.)-250(234.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(multiplication)-250(of)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(273)]TJ -10.909 -23.508 Td [(Poor-law)-250(system,)-250(elaboration)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(96.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(pernicious)-250(results,)-250(97,)-250(99,)-250(105)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2267 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2268 0 R /Resources 2266 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2233 0 R /Annots [ 2254 0 R 2255 0 R 2256 0 R 2257 0 R 2258 0 R 2259 0 R 2260 0 R 2261 0 R 2262 0 R 2263 0 R 2264 0 R ] >> endobj 2254 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [223.547 489.56 239.91 498.571] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg165) >> >> endobj 2255 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [245.365 489.56 261.728 498.571] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg166) >> >> endobj 2256 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [253.198 475.16 269.561 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg289) >> >> endobj 2257 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [281.725 404.625 298.088 414.345] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg129) >> >> endobj 2258 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [228.379 391.076 244.743 400.796] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg169) >> >> endobj 2259 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [224.463 354.019 235.372 363.739] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >> >> endobj 2260 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [357.81 168.733 374.173 178.453] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg343) >> >> endobj 2261 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [265.95 84.66 276.859 94.38] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >> >> endobj 2262 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [200.201 71.121 211.11 80.983] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >> >> endobj 2263 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.565 71.121 227.474 80.983] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg099) >> >> endobj 2264 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [232.929 71.121 249.292 80.983] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 2269 0 obj << /D [2267 0 R /XYZ 93.543 349.04 null] >> endobj 2266 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2275 0 obj << /Length 2266 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(429)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Popp\346a,)-250(Empress,)-250(a)-250(Jewish)-250(proselyte,)-250(i.)-250(386)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Porcia,)-250(heroism)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(309)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Porphyry,)-250(his)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicides,)-250(i.)-250(214.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(description)-250(of)-250(philosophy,)-250(i.)-250(326.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(adoption)-250(of)-250(Neoplatonism,)-250(i.)-250(330)]TJ -10.91 -24.937 Td [(Possevin,)-250(his)-250(exposure)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Sibylline)-250(books,)-250(i.)-250(377)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Pothinus,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(442)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Power,)-250(origin)-250(of)-250(the)-250(desire)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(23,)-250(26)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Praise,)-262(association)-260(of)-260(ideas)-260(leading)-259(to)-260(the)-260(desire)-260(for)-259(even)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(posthumous,)-250(i.)-250(26)]TJ -65.455 -24.937 Td [(Prayer,)-243(reflex)-242(influence)-241(upon)-241(the)-242(minds)-241(of)-242(the)-241(worshippers,)-243(i.)-247(36)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Preachers,)-250(Stoic,)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(308,)-250(309)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Pride,)-250(contrasted)-250(with)-250(vanity,)-250(i.)-250(195.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(leading)-250(moral)-250(agent)-250(of)-250(Stoicism,)-250(i.)-250(195)]TJ -10.91 -24.937 Td [(Prometheus,)-250(cause)-250(of)-250(the)-250(admiration)-250(bestowed)-250(upon,)-250(i.)-250(35)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Prophecies,)-252(incapacity)-252(of)-251(the)-252(Christians)-252(of)-251(the)-252(third)-251(century)-252(for)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(judging)-250(prophecies,)-250(i.)-250(376)]TJ -65.455 -24.937 Td [(Prophecy,)-232(gift)-228(of,)-232(attributed)-227(to)-228(the)-227(vestal)-228(virgins)-227(of)-228(Rome,)-232(i.)-242(107.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(in)-250(India)-250(to)-250(virgins,)-250(107,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 126.665 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -137.575 -24.937 Td [(Prosperity,)-250(some)-250(crimes)-250(conducive)-250(to)-250(national,)-250(i.)-250(58)]TJ 0 -24.937 Td [(Prostitution,)-250(ii.)-250(282-286.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(314)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2274 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2275 0 R /Resources 2273 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2276 0 R /Annots [ 2265 0 R 2270 0 R 2271 0 R ] >> endobj 2265 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.037 491.722 160.4 500.58] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg309) >> >> endobj 2270 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [114.669 86.247 151.029 95.105] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg282) >> >> endobj 2271 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.411 71.836 209.775 81.556] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg314) >> >> endobj 2273 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2285 0 obj << /Length 2654 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(430History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Protagoras,)-250(his)-250(scepticism,)-250(i.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -26.73 Td [(Protasius,)-250(St.,)-250(miraculous)-250(discovery)-250(of)-250(his)-250(remains,)-250(i.)-250(379)]TJ 0 -26.731 Td [(Prudentius,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(vestal)-250(virgins)-250(at)-250(the)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(i.)-250(291)]TJ 0 -26.73 Td [(Purgatory,)-250(doctrine)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(232-235)]TJ 0 -26.73 Td [(Pythagoras,)-250(sayings)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(53.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Chastity)-250(the)-250(leading)-250(virtue)-250(of)-250(his)-250(school,)-250(106.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(fables)-250(of)-250(Hesiod)-250(and)-250(Homer,)-250(161.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(an)-250(all-pervading)-250(soul)-250(of)-250(nature,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(condemnation)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(212.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Tradition)-250(of)-250(his)-250(journey)-250(to)-250(India,)-250(229,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 167.564 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -186.349 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(inculcation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(self-examination,)-250(248.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(opinion)-250(of)-250(earthquakes,)-250(369.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(ii.)-250(165)]TJ -10.909 -26.73 Td [(Quakers,)-250(compared)-250(with)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians,)-250(ii.)-250(12,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 246.327 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -246.327 -26.731 Td [(Quintilian,)-250(his)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(i.)-250(164)]TJ 0 -26.73 Td [(Rank,)-250(secular,)-250(consecration)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(260,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 170.575 0 Td [(et)-250(seq)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -170.575 -26.73 Td [(Rape,)-250(punishment)-250(for,)-250(ii.)-250(316)]TJ 0 -26.731 Td [(Redbreast,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(224,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.829 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -144.829 -26.73 Td [(Regulus,)-250(the)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(212)]TJ 0 -26.73 Td [(Reid,)-250(basis)-250(of)-250(his)-250(ethics,)-250(i.)-250(76.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(His)-264(distinction)-264(between)-263(innate)-264(faculties)-264(evolved)-264(by)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(experience)-254(and)-508(innate)-254(ideas)-254(independent)-254(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -149.12 0 Td [([398])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 149.12 -13.549 Td [(experience,)-250(121,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 74.52 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2284 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2285 0 R /Resources 2283 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2276 0 R /Annots [ 2272 0 R 2277 0 R 2278 0 R 2279 0 R 2280 0 R ] >> endobj 2272 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [206.561 435.606 242.921 445.479] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg232) >> >> endobj 2277 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [305.027 273.752 315.936 283.471] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg012) >> >> endobj 2278 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [242.299 220.411 258.663 230.011] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg260) >> >> endobj 2279 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.75 193.571 221.114 203.28] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg316) >> >> endobj 2280 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.554 166.83 232.918 176.55] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg224) >> >> endobj 2286 0 obj << /D [2284 0 R /XYZ 238.448 88.649 null] >> endobj 2283 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2292 0 obj << /Length 2890 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(431)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Religion,)-250(theological)-250(utilitarianism)-250(subverts)-250(natural,)-250(i.)-250(54-56.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Answer)-250(of)-250(the)-250(oracle)-250(of)-250(Delphi)-250(as)-250(to)-250(the)-250(best,)-250(167.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Difference)-253(between)-253(the)-254(moral)-253(teaching)-253(of)-253(a)-254(philosophy)-253(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(that)-250(of)-250(a)-250(religion,)-250(ii.)-250(1.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Relations)-254(between)-254(positive)-255(religion)-254(and)-254(moral)-254(enthusiasm,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(141)]TJ -76.364 -23.507 Td [(Religions,)-250(pagan,)-250(their)-250(small)-250(influence)-250(on)-250(morals,)-250(i.)-250(161.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Oriental,)-250(passion)-250(for,)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(318)]TJ -10.91 -23.507 Td [(Religious)-250(liberty)-250(totally)-250(destroyed)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Catholics,)-250(ii.)-250(194-199)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Repentance)-257(for)-257(past)-257(sin,)-259(no)-258(place)-257(for,)-259(in)-257(the)-257(writings)-257(of)-257(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(ancients,)-250(i.)-250(195)]TJ -65.455 -23.507 Td [(Reputation,)-250(how)-250(valued)-250(among)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(185,)-250(186)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Resurrection)-250(of)-250(souls,)-250(belief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics)-250(in)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(164)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Revenge,)-250(Utilitarian)-250(notions)-250(as)-250(to)-250(the)-250(feeling)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(41,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 256.036 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -263.912 -13.549 Td [(Circumstances)-239(under)-240(which)-239(private)-239(vengeance)-240(is)-239(not)-239(regarded)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(criminal,)-250(i.)-250(101)]TJ -76.364 -23.508 Td [(Reverence,)-250(Utilitarian)-250(views)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(9,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 179.662 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -187.537 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-255(of)-255(the)-255(diminution)-254(of)-255(the)-255(spirit)-255(of,)-256(among)-255(mankind,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(141,)-250(142)]TJ -76.364 -23.507 Td [(Rhetoricians,)-250(Stoical,)-250(account)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(of)-250(Rome,)-250(i.)-250(310)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Ricci,)-250(his)-250(work)-250(on)-250(Mendicancy,)-250(ii.)-250(98)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Rochefoucauld)-250(La,)-250(on)-250(pity,)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 181.8 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -189.675 -13.55 Td [(And)-250(on)-250(friendship,)-250(10,)-250(11,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 117.567 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -128.477 -23.507 Td [(Rogantianus,)-250(his)-250(passive)-250(life,)-250(i.)-250(330)]TJ 0 -23.507 Td [(Roman)-250(law,)-250(its)-250(golden)-250(age)-250(not)-250(Christian,)-250(but)-250(pagan,)-250(ii.)-250(42)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2291 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2292 0 R /Resources 2290 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2276 0 R /Annots [ 2281 0 R 2282 0 R 2287 0 R 2288 0 R 2289 0 R ] >> endobj 2281 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [212.524 475.149 217.978 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg001) >> >> endobj 2282 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 450.429 139.499 457.771] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >> >> endobj 2287 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [286.171 387.487 322.531 397.207] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg194) >> >> endobj 2288 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [200.393 155.192 211.302 164.912] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >> >> endobj 2289 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [287.371 71.121 298.28 80.841] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg042) >> >> endobj 2290 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2295 0 obj << /Length 3391 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(432History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Romans,)-250(abortion)-250(how)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(92.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(law)-250(forbidding)-250(women)-250(to)-250(taste)-250(wine,)-250(93,)-250(94,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 221.793 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -240.578 -13.549 Td [(Reasons)-255(why)-254(they)-255(did)-255(not)-255(regard)-254(the)-255(gladiatorial)-255(shows)-254(as)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(criminal,)-250(101.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(law)-250(of)-250(marriage)-250(and)-250(ideal)-250(of)-250(female)-250(morality,)-250(104.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(religious)-250(reverence)-250(for)-250(domesticity,)-250(106.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sanctity)-250(of,)-250(and)-250(gifts)-250(attributed)-250(to,)-250(their)-250(vestal)-250(virgins,)-250(106.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Character)-250(of)-250(their)-250(cruelty,)-250(134.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Compared)-253(with)-253(the)-253(modern)-254(Italian)-253(character)-253(in)-253(this)-253(respect,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(134.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Scepticism)-250(of)-250(their)-250(philosophers,)-250(162-167.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-263(religion)-263(of)-263(the)-263(Romans)-262(never)-263(a)-263(source)-263(of)-263(moral)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(enthusiasm,)-250(167.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Its)-250(characteristics,)-250(168.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-251(of)-252(the)-251(disappearance)-251(of)-252(the)-251(religious)-252(reverence)-251(of)-251(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(people,)-250(169.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Efforts)-256(of)-257(some)-256(philosophers)-257(and)-256(emperors)-257(to)-256(restore)-256(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(moral)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(religion,)-250(169.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Consummation)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(degradation,)-250(170.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Belief)-250(in)-250(astrological)-250(fatalism,)-250(170,)-250(171.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-262(stoical)-263(t)1(ype)-263(of)-262(military)-262(and)-262(patriotic)-263(enthusiasm)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(pre-eminently)-250(Roman,)-250(172-174,)-250(178.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Importance)-250(of)-250(biography)-250(in)-250(their)-250(moral)-250(teaching,)-250(178.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Epicureanism)-252(never)-253(became)-252(a)-253(school)-252(of)-253(virtue)-252(among)-252(them,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(175.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Unselfish)-250(love)-250(of)-250(country)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(178.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Character)-258(of)-258(Stoicism)-258(in)-258(the)-258(worst)-259(period)-258(of)-258(the)-258(Roman)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Empire,)-250(181.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Main)-250(features)-250(of)-250(their)-250(philosophy,)-250(185,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 173.313 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -173.313 -13.549 Td [(Difference)-234(between)-233(the)-234(Roman)-234(moralists)-233(and)-234(the)-234(Greek)-233(poets,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(195.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-258(doctrine)-258(of)-258(suicide)-257(the)-258(culminating)-258(point)-258(of)-258(Roman)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Stoicism,)-250(222.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(type)-250(of)-250(excellence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(people,)-250(224,)-250(225.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2294 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2295 0 R /Resources 2293 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2276 0 R >> endobj 2293 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2298 0 obj << /Length 3413 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(433)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Contrast)-253(between)-254(the)-253(activity)-254(of)-253(Stoicism)-254(and)-253(the)-254(luxury)-253(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(society,)-250(225,)-250(226.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Growth)-253(of)-253(a)-254(gentler)-253(and)-253(more)-253(cosmopolitan)-253(spirit)-254(in)-253(Rome,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(227.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(this)-250(change,)-250(228,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 122.105 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -122.105 -13.549 Td [(Extent)-250(of)-250(Greek)-250(influence)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(228.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-237(cosmopolitan)-236(spirit)-237(strengthened)-237(by)-236(the)-237(destruction)-237(of)-236(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(power)-250(of)-250(the)-250(aristocracy,)-250(231,)-250(232.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(History)-500(of)-250(the)-250(influence)-250(of)-250(freedmen)-250(in)-250(the)-250(state,)-250(233.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 0 Td [([399])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -280.114 -13.55 Td [(Effect)-251(of)-250(the)-251(aggrandisement)-250(of)-251(the)-250(colonies,)-251(the)-251(attraction)-250(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(many)-254(foreigners)-253(to)-254(Rome,)-254(and)-253(the)-254(increased)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(facilities)-254(for)-254(travelling,)-254(on)-254(the)-254(cosmopolitan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spirit,)-250(233,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 49.702 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -115.156 -13.549 Td [(Foreigners)-250(among)-250(the)-250(most)-250(prominent)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(writers,)-250(235.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Results)-250(of)-250(the)-250(multitudes)-250(of)-250(emancipated)-250(slaves,)-250(235,)-250(236.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Endeavours)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(statesmen)-250(to)-250(consolidate)-250(the)-250(empire)-250(by)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(admitting)-254(the)-254(conquered)-254(to)-254(the)-254(privileges)-254(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(conquerors,)-250(238.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-257(Stoical)-257(philosophy)-257(quite)-256(capable)-257(of)-257(representing)-257(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(cosmopolitan)-250(spirit,)-250(239.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(eclectic)-250(philosophy)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(Stoics,)-250(244.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Life)-250(and)-250(character)-250(of)-250(Marcus)-250(Aurelius,)-250(249-255.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Corruption)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(people,)-250(255.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(their)-250(depravity,)-250(256.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Decadence)-250(of)-250(all)-250(the)-250(conditions)-250(of)-250(republican)-250(virtue,)-250(256.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Imperial)-250(system)-250(on)-250(morals,)-250(257-261.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Apotheosis)-250(of)-250(the)-250(emperors,)-250(257.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-250(consequences)-250(of)-250(slavery,)-250(262.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Increase)-250(of)-250(idleness)-250(and)-250(demoralising)-250(employments,)-250(262.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Increase)-250(also)-250(of)-250(sensuality,)-250(263.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Destruction)-250(of)-250(all)-250(public)-250(spirit,)-250(264.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-251(interaction)-252(of)-251(many)-251(states)-252(which)-251(in)-251(new)-252(nations)-251(sustains)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(national)-254(life)-254(prevented)-254(by)-255(universal)-254(empire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(264.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2297 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2298 0 R /Resources 2296 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2276 0 R >> endobj 2299 0 obj << /D [2297 0 R /XYZ 93.135 409.782 null] >> endobj 2296 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2307 0 obj << /Length 3297 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(434History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(The)-250(decline)-250(of)-250(agricultural)-250(pursuits,)-250(265.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(the)-250(military)-250(virtues,)-250(268.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(and)-250(effects)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(271.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Other)-250(Roman)-250(amusements,)-250(276.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(the)-250(arena)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(theatre,)-250(277.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nobles)-250(in)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(283.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(Stoicism)-250(on)-250(the)-250(corruption)-250(of)-250(society,)-250(291.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(law)-250(greatly)-250(extended)-250(by)-250(it,)-250(294.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Change)-250(in)-250(the)-250(relation)-250(of)-250(Romans)-250(to)-250(provincials,)-250(297.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Changes)-250(in)-250(domestic)-250(legislation,)-250(297.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(slavery,)-250(300-308.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Stoics)-250(as)-250(consolers,)-250(advisers,)-250(and)-250(preachers,)-250(308.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Cynics)-250(and)-250(rhetoricians,)-250(309,)-250(310.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Decadence)-250(of)-250(Stoicism)-250(in)-250(the)-250(empire,)-250(317.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(passion)-250(for)-250(Oriental)-250(religions,)-250(318-320.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Neoplatonism,)-250(325.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Review)-250(of)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(philosophy,)-250(332-335.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(conversion)-250(of)-250(Rome)-250(to)-250(Christianity,)-250(336.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(State)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(opinion)-250(on)-250(the)-250(subject)-250(of)-250(miracles,)-250(365.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Progress)-253(of)-253(the)-252(Jewish)-253(and)-253(Oriental)-253(religions)-252(in)-253(Rome,)-254(386,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(387.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(conversion)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Roman)-250(empire)-250(easily)-250(explicable,)-250(393.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Review)-250(of)-250(the)-250(religious)-250(policy)-250(of)-250(Rome,)-250(397.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Its)-247(division)-248(of)-247(religion)-247(into)-248(three)-247(parts,)-248(according)-247(to)-247(Eusebius,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(403.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Persecutions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(406,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 157.266 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -157.266 -13.549 Td [(Antipathy)-255(of)-256(the)-255(Romans)-255(to)-256(every)-255(religious)-255(system)-256(which)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(employed)-250(religious)-250(terrorism,)-250(420.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(History)-250(of)-250(the)-250(persecutions,)-250(429.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(General)-250(sketch)-250(of)-250(the)-250(moral)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Western)-250(Empire,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(ii.)-250(14.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Rise)-251(and)-251(progress)-251(of)-251(the)-251(government)-251(of)-251(the)-251(Church)-251(of)-251(Rome,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(14,)-250(15.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(infanticide,)-250(27.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2306 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2307 0 R /Resources 2305 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2276 0 R /Annots [ 2300 0 R 2301 0 R 2302 0 R 2303 0 R ] >> endobj 2300 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.427 111.601 192.336 119.041] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >> >> endobj 2301 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 83.084 180.816 92.095] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >> >> endobj 2302 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [186.271 83.084 197.18 92.095] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg015) >> >> endobj 2303 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [239.878 68.684 250.787 78.393] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg027) >> >> endobj 2305 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2326 0 obj << /Length 2459 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(435)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Relief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(indigent,)-250(73.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Distribution)-250(of)-250(corn,)-250(74.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Exertions)-253(of)-253(the)-253(Christians)-252(on)-253(the)-253(subversion)-253(of)-253(the)-253(empire,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(82.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Inadequate)-250(place)-250(given)-250(to)-250(this)-250(movement,)-250(85.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Horrors)-251(caused)-251(by)-251(the)-251(barbarian)-251(invasions)-250(prevented)-251(to)-251(some)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(extent)-250(by)-250(Christian)-250(charity,)-250(81-84.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-253(of)-253(Christianity)-253(in)-252(hastening)-253(the)-253(fall)-253(of)-253(the)-253(empire,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(140,)-250(141.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Roman)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(prisoners)-250(of)-250(war,)-250(256-258.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Despotism)-250(of)-250(the)-250(pagan)-250(empire,)-250(260.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Condition)-250(of)-250(women)-250(under)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(297.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(concubines,)-250(350)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 -8.839 Td [([400])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -19.354 Td [(Rome,)-239(an)-236(illustration)-237(of)-236(crimes)-236(conducive)-237(to)-236(national)-236(prosperity,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(i.)-250(58,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 24.851 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -98.181 -13.549 Td [(Conversion)-250(of,)-250(336.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Three)-250(popular)-250(errors)-250(concerning)-250(its)-250(conversion,)-250(339.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Capture)-250(of)-250(the)-250(city)-250(by)-250(the)-250(barbarians,)-250(ii.)-250(82)]TJ -10.91 -28.193 Td [(Romuald,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(his)-250(father,)-250(ii.)-250(135)]TJ 0 -28.194 Td [(Rope-dancing)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(291)]TJ 0 -28.193 Td [(Sabinus,)-250(Saint,)-250(his)-250(penances,)-250(ii.)-250(108)]TJ 0 -28.193 Td [(Sacrament,)-250(administration)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church,)-250(ii.)-250(6)]TJ 0 -28.193 Td [(Salamis,)-250(Brutus')-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(the)-250(citizens)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(194)]TJ 0 -28.193 Td [(Sallust,)-250(his)-250(stoicism)-250(and)-250(rapacity,)-250(i.)-250(194)]TJ 0 -28.194 Td [(Sanctuary,)-250(right)-250(of,)-250(accorded)-250(to)-250(Christian)-250(churches,)-250(ii.)-250(40)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2325 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2326 0 R /Resources 2324 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2328 0 R /Annots [ 2304 0 R 2308 0 R 2309 0 R 2310 0 R 2311 0 R 2312 0 R 2313 0 R 2314 0 R 2315 0 R 2316 0 R 2317 0 R 2318 0 R 2319 0 R 2320 0 R 2321 0 R 2322 0 R ] >> endobj 2304 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [156.157 515.797 167.066 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg073) >> >> endobj 2308 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [149.797 503.11 160.706 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg074) >> >> endobj 2309 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 477.386 134.044 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >> >> endobj 2310 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [242.197 461.6 253.106 471.473] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg085) >> >> endobj 2311 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [244.64 434.502 270.091 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 2312 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 408.265 139.499 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg140) >> >> endobj 2313 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [144.953 408.265 161.317 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >> >> endobj 2314 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [224.011 393.865 260.371 403.727] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg256) >> >> endobj 2315 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [199.477 380.305 215.84 390.025] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg260) >> >> endobj 2316 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.553 367.618 251.917 376.476] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg297) >> >> endobj 2317 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [138.571 354.068 154.935 363.079] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg350) >> >> endobj 2318 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [234.015 270.817 244.924 280.537] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >> >> endobj 2319 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.586 243.485 254.949 252.496] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg135) >> >> endobj 2320 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [187.073 186.248 203.437 195.957] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg108) >> >> endobj 2321 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [295.531 158.044 300.985 167.764] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg006) >> >> endobj 2322 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [285.516 73.464 296.425 83.184] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg040) >> >> endobj 2327 0 obj << /D [2325 0 R /XYZ 46.771 346.746 null] >> endobj 2324 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2334 0 obj << /Length 1919 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(436History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Savage,)-254(errors)-253(into)-253(which)-253(the)-254(deceptive)-253(appearances)-253(of)-253(nature)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(doom)-250(him,)-250(i.)-250(54.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(First)-250(conceptions)-250(formed)-250(of)-250(the)-250(universe,)-250(349.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(ethics)-250(of)-250(savages,)-250(120,)-250(121)]TJ -10.909 -40.914 Td [(Scepticism)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Greek)-250(and)-250(Roman)-250(philosophers,)-250(i.)-250(162-166.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Influence)-250(of,)-250(on)-250(intellectual)-250(progress,)-250(ii.)-250(193)]TJ -10.909 -40.914 Td [(Scholastica,)-250(St.,)-250(the)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(136,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 168.174 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -168.174 -40.914 Td [(Scifi,)-250(Clara,)-250(the)-250(first)-250(Franciscan)-250(nun,)-250(ii.)-250(135)]TJ 0 -40.914 Td [(Sectarian)-250(animosity,)-250(chief)-250(cause)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(134)]TJ 0 -40.914 Td [(Sedgwick,)-253(Professor,)-254(on)-253(the)-252(expansion)-253(of)-253(the)-253(natural)-253(or)-252(innate)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(powers)-250(of)-250(men,)-250(i.)-250(121,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 100.592 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -166.047 -40.914 Td [(Sejanus,)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(his)-250(daughter)-250(by)-250(the)-250(senate,)-250(i.)-250(107,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 244.211 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -244.211 -40.914 Td [(Self-denial,)-250(the)-250(Utilitarian)-250(theory)-250(unfavourable)-250(to,)-250(i.)-250(66)]TJ 0 -40.914 Td [(Self-examination,)-250(history)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(247-249)]TJ 0 -40.914 Td [(Self-sacrifice,)-250(asceticism)-250(the)-250(great)-250(school)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(155)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2333 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2334 0 R /Resources 2332 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2328 0 R /Annots [ 2323 0 R 2329 0 R 2330 0 R 2331 0 R ] >> endobj 2323 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [281.692 420.686 298.056 430.406] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg193) >> >> endobj 2329 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [239.899 379.772 256.263 389.492] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg136) >> >> endobj 2330 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.372 339.72 284.736 348.731] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg135) >> >> endobj 2331 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [303.194 79.824 319.557 89.697] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg155) >> >> endobj 2332 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2339 0 obj << /Length 3202 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(437)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Seneca,)-250(his)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(i.)-250(163,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 190.276 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(,)-250(164.)]TJ -198.152 -13.549 Td [(His)-240(distinction)-240(between)-239(the)-240(affections)-240(and)-240(diseases,)-242(189,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 248.208 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -266.993 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(between)-250(clemency)-250(and)-250(pity,)-250(189.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(virtues)-250(and)-250(vices,)-250(i.)-250(194.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(natural)-250(virtue)-250(of)-250(man)-250(and)-250(power)-250(of)-250(his)-250(will,)-250(197.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(the)-250(Sacred)-250(Spirit)-250(dwelling)-250(in)-250(man,)-250(198.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(death,)-250(205.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(tranquil)-250(end,)-250(207.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Advocates)-250(suicide,)-250(213,)-250(220.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(description)-250(of)-250(the)-250(self-destruction)-250(of)-250(a)-250(friend,)-250(222.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(remarks)-250(on)-250(universal)-250(brotherhood,)-250(241.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(stoical)-250(hardness)-250(tempered)-250(by)-250(new)-250(doctrines,)-250(244.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(self-examination,)-250(248.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-252(philosophy)-253(and)-252(works)-253(compared)-252(with)-252(those)-253(of)-252(Plutarch,)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(243,)-250(244.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(How)-250(he)-250(regarded)-250(the)-250(games)-250(of)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(286.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(exhortations)-250(on)-250(the)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(slaves,)-250(306.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Never)-250(mentions)-250(Christianity,)-250(336.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Regarded)-250(in)-250(the)-250(middle)-250(ages)-250(as)-250(a)-250(Christian,)-250(340.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(On)-250(religious)-250(beliefs,)-250(405)]TJ -10.91 -32.008 Td [(Sensuality,)-262(why)-259(the)-259(Mohammedans)-259(people)-259(Paradise)-260(with)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(images)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(108.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Why)-250(some)-250(pagans)-250(deified)-250(it,)-250(108.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fallacy)-252(of)-253(judging)-252(the)-252(sensuality)-252(of)-253(a)-252(nation)-252(by)-253(the)-252(statistics)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(its)-250(illegitimate)-250(births,)-250(144.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(climate)-250(upon)-250(public)-250(morals,)-250(144.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Of)-250(large)-250(towns,)-250(145.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(early)-250(marriages,)-250(146.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Absence)-252(of)-253(moral)-252(scandals)-252(among)-253(the)-252(Irish)-252(priesthood,)-253(146,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(147.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Speech)-250(of)-250(Archytas)-250(of)-250(Tarentum)-250(on)-250(the)-250(evils)-250(of,)-250(200,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 234.501 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -253.286 -13.55 Td [(Increase)-250(of)-250(sensuality)-250(in)-250(Rome,)-250(263.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Abated)-250(by)-250(Christianity,)-250(ii.)-250(153.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2338 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2339 0 R /Resources 2337 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2328 0 R /Annots [ 2335 0 R ] >> endobj 2335 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [174.048 63.764 190.411 73.637] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg153) >> >> endobj 2337 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2350 0 obj << /Length 2605 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(438History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(The)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Fathers)-250(respecting)-250(concupiscence,)-250(281.)]TJ -10.909 -24.591 Td [(Serapion,)-250(the)-250(anthropomorphite,)-250(i.)-250(52.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Number)-250(of)-250(his)-250(monks,)-250(ii.)-250(105.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(interview)-250(with)-250(the)-250(courtesan,)-250(320)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.664 -7.038 Td [([401])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -17.553 Td [(Sertorius,)-250(his)-250(forgery)-250(of)-250(auspicious)-250(omens,)-250(i.)-250(166.)]TJ 0 -24.591 Td [(Severus,)-250(Alexander,)-250(refuses)-250(the)-250(language)-250(of)-250(adulation,)-250(i.)-250(259.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(efforts)-250(to)-250(restore)-250(agricultural)-250(pursuits,)-250(267.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Murder)-250(of,)-250(444.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(leniency)-250(towards)-250(Christianity,)-250(444.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(benevolence,)-250(ii.)-250(77)]TJ -10.909 -24.591 Td [(Severus,)-250(Cassius,)-250(exile)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(448,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 147.567 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -147.567 -24.591 Td [(Severus,)-250(Septimus,)-250(his)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(443)]TJ 0 -24.591 Td [(Sextius,)-250(his)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(self-examination,)-250(i.)-250(248)]TJ 0 -24.591 Td [(Shaftesbury,)-269(maintains)-265(the)-265(reality)-265(of)-265(the)-265(existence)-265(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(benevolence)-250(in)-250(our)-250(nature,)-250(i.)-250(20.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(virtue,)-250(76,)-250(77)]TJ -10.909 -24.591 Td [(Sibylline)-250(books,)-250(forged)-250(by)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(376,)-250(377)]TJ 0 -24.591 Td [(Silius)-258(Italicus,)-259(his)-258(lines)-257(commemorating)-258(the)-257(passion)-258(of)-257(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Spanish)-250(Celts)-250(for)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(207,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 144.545 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -217.876 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(self-destruction,)-250(221)]TJ -10.909 -24.591 Td [(Silvia,)-250(her)-250(filthiness,)-250(ii.)-250(110)]TJ 0 -24.591 Td [(Simeon,)-250(Bishop)-250(of)-250(Jerusalem,)-250(his)-250(martyrdom,)-250(i.)-250(438)]TJ 0 -24.592 Td [(Simeon)-250(Stylites,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(penance,)-250(ii.)-250(111.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(inhumanity)-250(to)-250(his)-250(parents,)-250(ii.)-250(130)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2349 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2350 0 R /Resources 2348 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2328 0 R /Annots [ 2336 0 R 2340 0 R 2341 0 R 2342 0 R 2343 0 R 2344 0 R 2345 0 R ] >> endobj 2336 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [341.965 515.797 358.328 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg281) >> >> endobj 2340 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.27 478.518 232.634 487.529] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >> >> endobj 2341 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [251.703 464.969 268.067 473.827] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg320) >> >> endobj 2342 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.83 361.59 204.74 370.449] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 2343 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [198.096 135.256 214.459 144.114] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >> >> endobj 2344 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [253.252 85.212 269.616 94.932] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg111) >> >> endobj 2345 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [249.914 71.663 266.278 81.383] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg130) >> >> endobj 2351 0 obj << /D [2349 0 R /XYZ 93.543 459.448 null] >> endobj 2348 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2363 0 obj << /Length 2899 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(439)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Sin,)-250(the)-250(theological)-250(doctrine)-250(on)-250(the)-250(subject,)-250(i.)-250(111,)-250(112.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Conception)-250(of)-250(sin)-250(by)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(195.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Original,)-250(taught)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Catholic)-250(Church,)-250(209,)-250(210.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Examination)-261(of)-262(the)-262(Utilitarian)-261(doctrine)-262(of)-261(the)-262(remote)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(consequences)-250(of)-250(secret)-250(sins,)-250(43,)-250(44)]TJ -76.364 -28.53 Td [(Sisoes,)-250(the)-250(abbot,)-250(stories)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(126,)-250(127)]TJ 0 -28.53 Td [(Sixtus,)-250(Bishop)-250(of)-250(Rome,)-250(his)-250(martyrdom,)-250(i.)-250(455)]TJ 0 -28.53 Td [(Sixtus)-250(V.,)-250(Pope,)-250(his)-250(efforts)-250(to)-250(suppress)-250(mendicancy,)-250(ii.)-250(97)]TJ 0 -28.53 Td [(Slavery,)-250(circumstances)-250(under)-250(which)-250(it)-250(has)-250(been)-250(justified,)-250(i.)-250(101.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Origin)-250(of)-250(the)-250(word)-250(servus,)-250(102,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 139.374 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -158.159 -13.549 Td [(Crusade)-250(of)-250(England)-250(against,)-250(153.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Character)-250(of)-250(that)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(235.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-250(consequence)-250(of)-250(slavery,)-250(262.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Three)-250(stages)-250(of)-250(slavery)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(300.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Review)-250(of)-250(the)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(slaves,)-250(300-306.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Opinion)-250(of)-250(philosophers)-250(as)-250(to)-250(slavery,)-250(306.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Laws)-250(enacted)-250(in)-250(favour)-250(of)-250(slaves,)-250(306.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(institution)-250(of)-250(slavery,)-250(ii.)-250(61.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Consecration)-250(of)-250(the)-250(servile)-250(virtue,)-250(68.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Impulse)-250(given)-250(to)-250(manumission,)-250(70.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Serfdom)-250(in)-250(Europe,)-250(70,)-250(71,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 121.199 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -139.985 -13.55 Td [(Extinction)-250(of)-250(slavery)-250(in)-250(Europe,)-250(71.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ransom)-250(of)-250(captives,)-250(72)]TJ -10.91 -28.53 Td [(Smith,)-250(Adam,)-250(his)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(pity,)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(10,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 203.945 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -211.821 -13.549 Td [(His)-222(recognition)-223(of)-222(the)-223(reality)-222(of)-222(benevolence)-223(in)-222(our)-222(nature,)-228(20.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(analysis)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgment,)-250(76)]TJ -10.91 -28.53 Td [(Smyrna,)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(at,)-250(i.)-250(441)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2362 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2363 0 R /Resources 2361 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2328 0 R /Annots [ 2346 0 R 2347 0 R 2352 0 R 2353 0 R 2354 0 R 2355 0 R 2356 0 R 2357 0 R 2358 0 R 2359 0 R ] >> endobj 2346 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [183.135 433.932 199.498 442.79] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg126) >> >> endobj 2347 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.953 433.932 221.316 442.79] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg127) >> >> endobj 2352 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [287.971 376.01 298.88 385.73] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >> >> endobj 2353 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [305.251 225.537 316.16 235.257] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg061) >> >> endobj 2354 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [208.564 212.85 219.473 221.708] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg068) >> >> endobj 2355 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [197.382 198.439 208.291 208.159] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg070) >> >> endobj 2356 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [146.153 184.9 157.062 194.609] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg070) >> >> endobj 2357 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [162.517 184.9 173.426 194.609] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg071) >> >> endobj 2358 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [200.088 171.34 210.997 181.06] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg071) >> >> endobj 2359 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [149.186 157.802 160.095 167.511] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >> >> endobj 2361 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2372 0 obj << /Length 2943 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(440History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Socrates,)-250(his)-250(view)-250(of)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(205.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(closing)-250(hours,)-250(207.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(advice)-250(to)-250(a)-250(courtesan,)-250(ii.)-250(296)]TJ -10.909 -25.226 Td [(Soul,)-261(the)-258(immortality)-259(of)-258(the,)-261(resolutely)-258(excluded)-259(from)-259(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(teaching)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(i.)-250(181.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Character)-250(of)-250(their)-250(first)-250(notions)-250(on)-250(the)-250(subject,)-250(182.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-251(belief)-252(in)-251(the)-252(reabsorption)-251(of)-252(the)-251(soul)-251(in)-252(the)-251(parent)-252(Spirit,)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(183.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Belief)-250(of)-250(Cicero)-250(and)-250(Plutarch)-250(in)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(204.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-250(never)-250(adopted)-250(as)-250(a)-250(motive)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(204.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Increasing)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(the,)-250(331.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Vague)-250(belief)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(in)-250(the,)-250(168)]TJ -10.909 -25.226 Td [(Sospitra,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(373)]TJ 0 -25.225 Td [(Spain,)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians)-250(in,)-250(i.)-250(461.)]TJ 10.909 -13.55 Td [(Almost)-250(complete)-250(absence)-250(of)-250(infanticide)-250(in,)-250(ii.)-250(25,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 217.854 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -236.64 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(first)-250(lunatic)-250(asylums)-250(in)-250(Europe)-250(established)-250(in,)-250(89,)-250(90)]TJ -10.909 -25.225 Td [(Spaniards,)-250(among)-250(the)-250(most)-250(prominent)-250(of)-250(Latin)-250(writers,)-250(i.)-250(235.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(suicides,)-250(ii.)-250(54)]TJ -10.909 -25.226 Td [(Spartans,)-250(their)-250(intense)-250(patriotism,)-250(i.)-250(178.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(legislature)-250(continually)-250(extolled)-250(as)-250(a)-250(model,)-250(201.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Condition)-250(of)-250(their)-250(women,)-250(ii.)-250(290)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.665 -7.355 Td [([402])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -17.871 Td [(Spinoza,)-250(his)-250(remark)-250(on)-250(death,)-250(i.)-250(203)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Anecdote)-250(of)-250(him,)-250(289)]TJ -10.909 -25.226 Td [(Sta\353l,)-250(Madame)-250(de,)-250(on)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(59)]TJ 0 -25.225 Td [(Statius,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(first)-250(night)-250(of)-250(marriage,)-250(i.)-250(107,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 196.658 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -196.658 -25.226 Td [(Stewart,)-250(Dugald,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(pleasures)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(i.)-250(32,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 216.938 0 Td [(note)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2371 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2372 0 R /Resources 2370 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2328 0 R /Annots [ 2360 0 R 2364 0 R 2365 0 R 2366 0 R 2367 0 R 2368 0 R 2369 0 R ] >> endobj 2360 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [231.096 489.56 247.459 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg296) >> >> endobj 2364 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [305.943 291.09 316.852 300.952] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >> >> endobj 2365 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [325.95 277.53 336.859 287.25] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg089) >> >> endobj 2366 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [342.314 277.53 353.223 287.25] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >> >> endobj 2367 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [182.932 239.617 193.841 248.628] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >> >> endobj 2368 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [234.456 187.293 250.819 196.151] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg290) >> >> endobj 2369 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.983 123.293 249.892 132.304] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg059) >> >> endobj 2373 0 obj << /D [2371 0 R /XYZ 93.543 181.455 null] >> endobj 2370 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2376 0 obj << /Length 3376 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(441)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Stilpo,)-250(his)-250(scepticism)-250(and)-250(banishment,)-250(i.)-250(162.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(remark)-250(on)-250(his)-250(ruin,)-250(191.)]TJ -10.91 -32.008 Td [(Stoics,)-250(their)-250(definition)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(i.)-250(83.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(view)-250(of)-250(the)-250(animation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(human)-250(f)]TJ/F37 10.9091 Tf 188.454 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(tus,)-250(92.)]TJ -196.33 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(system)-250(of)-250(ethics)-250(favourable)-250(to)-250(the)-250(heroic)-250(qualities,)-250(128.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Historical)-250(fact)-250(in)-250(favour)-250(of)-250(the)-250(system,)-250(128.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(an)-250(all-pervading)-250(soul)-250(of)-250(nature,)-250(162.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(pantheistic)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(163.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(conception)-250(and)-251(explanation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(prevailing)-250(legends)-251(of)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(gods,)-250(163.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Their)-255(opinion)-254(as)-255(to)-254(the)-255(final)-255(destruction)-254(of)-255(the)-254(universe)-255(by)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(fire,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(resuscitation)-250(of)-250(souls,)-250(164.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(refusal)-250(to)-250(consult)-250(the)-250(oracles,)-250(165.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Stoicism)-252(the)-252(expression)-252(of)-251(a)-252(type)-252(of)-252(character)-252(different)-252(from)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(Epicureanism,)-250(172.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Rome)-250(pre-eminently)-250(the)-250(home)-250(of)-250(Stoicism,)-250(172.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Account)-250(of)-250(the)-250(philosophy)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(177.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Its)-251(two)-252(essentials)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 74.573 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-251(unselfish)-252(ideal)-251(and)-252(the)-251(subjugation)-252(of)]TJ -20.028 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(affections)-250(to)-250(the)-250(reason,)-250(177.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-258(best)-258(example)-258(of)-258(the)-258(perfect)-259(severance)-258(of)-258(virtue)-258(and)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(interest,)-250(181.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(views)-250(concerning)-250(the)-250(immortality)-250(of)-250(the)-250(soul,)-250(182-184.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Taught)-255(men)-255(to)-256(sacrifice)-255(reputation,)-256(and)-256(do)-255(good)-255(in)-255(secret,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(186.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(distinguished)-250(the)-250(obligation)-250(from)-250(the)-251(attraction)-250(of)-250(virtue,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(186.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Taught)-256(also)-256(that)-255(the)-256(affections)-256(must)-256(be)-255(subordinate)-256(to)-256(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(reason,)-250(187-191.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(false)-250(estimate)-250(of)-250(human)-250(nature,)-250(192.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(love)-250(of)-250(paradox,)-250(192.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Imperfect)-250(lives)-250(of)-250(many)-250(eminent)-250(Stoics,)-250(193.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(retrospective)-250(tendencies,)-250(193.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(system)-250(unfitted)-250(for)-250(the)-250(majority)-250(of)-250(mankind,)-250(194.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2375 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2376 0 R /Resources 2374 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2377 0 R >> endobj 2374 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F37 108 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2380 0 obj << /Length 3334 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(442History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(Compared)-250(with)-250(the)-250(religious)-250(principle,)-250(195.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-255(central)-256(composition)-255(of)-255(this)-255(philosophy,)-257(the)-255(dignity)-255(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(man,)-250(195.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(High)-253(sense)-252(of)-253(the)-252(Stoics)-253(of)-252(the)-253(natural)-253(virtue)-252(of)-253(man,)-253(and)-252(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(power)-250(of)-250(his)-250(will,)-250(195,)-250(196.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(recognition)-250(of)-250(Providence,)-250(196.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(two)-250(aspects)-250(under)-250(which)-250(they)-250(worshipped)-250(God,)-250(198.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-255(Stoics)-254(secured)-255(from)-255(quietism)-255(by)-254(their)-255(habits)-255(of)-254(public)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(life,)-250(199-201.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(view)-250(of)-250(humanity,)-250(202.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(preparations)-250(for,)-250(and)-250(view)-250(of,)-250(death,)-250(202.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(teaching)-250(as)-250(to)-250(suicide,)-250(212,)-250(213,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 169.069 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -169.069 -13.549 Td [(Contrast)-250(between)-250(Stoicism)-250(and)-250(Roman)-250(luxury,)-250(225,)-250(226.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-257(Stoical)-257(philosophy)-257(quite)-257(capable)-256(of)-257(representing)-257(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(cosmopolitan)-250(spirit,)-250(239,)-250(240.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Stoicism)-251(not)-250(capable)-251(of)-251(representing)-250(the)-251(softening)-251(movement)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(civilisation,)-250(241.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(eclectic)-250(spirit)-250(on)-250(it,)-250(244.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Stoicism)-250(becomes)-250(more)-250(essentially)-250(religious,)-250(245.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Increasingly)-250(introspective)-250(character)-250(of)-250(later)-250(Stoicism,)-250(247.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marcus)-250(Aurelius)-250(the)-250(best)-250(example)-250(of)-250(later)-250(Stoicism,)-250(249-255.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-251(of)-250(Stoicism)-251(on)-251(the)-250(corruption)-251(of)-250(Roman)-251(Society,)-251(291,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(292.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(It)-250(raised)-250(up)-250(many)-250(good)-250(Emperors,)-250(292.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(It)-255(produced)-256(a)-255(noble)-255(opposition)-255(under)-256(the)-255(worst)-255(Emperors,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(293.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(It)-250(greatly)-250(extended)-250(Roman)-250(law,)-250(294.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-259(Stoics)-258(considered)-258(as)-259(the)-258(consolers)-259(of)-258(the)-259(suffering,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(advisers)-262(of)-263(the)-262(young,)-265(and)-262(as)-263(popular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preachers,)-250(308.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Rapid)-250(decadence)-250(of)-250(Stoicism,)-250(317,)-250(318.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Difference)-250(between)-250(the)-250(Stoical)-250(and)-250(Egyptian)-250(pantheism,)-250(324.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Stoical)-250(naturalism)-250(superseded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(d\346mons,)-250(331.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2379 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2380 0 R /Resources 2378 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2377 0 R >> endobj 2378 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2399 0 obj << /Length 3138 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(443)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Theory)-255(that)-256(the)-255(writings)-255(of)-256(the)-255(Stoics)-510(were)-256(influenced)-255(by)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.665 0 Td [([403])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 149.119 -13.549 Td [(Christianity)-250(examined,)-250(332.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Domitian's)-250(persecution)-250(of)-250(them,)-250(432)]TJ -10.91 -24.219 Td [(Strozzi,)-250(Philip,)-250(his)-250(suicide,)-250(ii.)-250(56)]TJ 0 -24.218 Td [(Suffering,)-250(a)-251(courageous)-250(endurance)-250(of,)-251(probably)-250(the)-250(first)-251(form)-250(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(virtue)-250(in)-250(savage)-250(life,)-250(i.)-250(130)]TJ -65.455 -24.218 Td [(Suicide,)-252(attitude)-251(adopted)-251(by)-251(Pagan)-252(philosophy)-251(and)-251(Catholicism)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(towards,)-250(i.)-250(211,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 70.298 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -124.843 -13.549 Td [(Eminent)-250(suicides,)-250(215.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Epidemic)-250(of)-250(suicides)-250(at)-250(Alexandria,)-250(216.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(girls)-250(at)-250(Miletus,)-250(216,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 126.665 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -145.45 -13.549 Td [(Grandeur)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoical)-250(ideal)-250(of)-250(suicide,)-250(216.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influences)-250(conspiring)-250(towards)-250(suicide,)-250(217.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Seneca)-250(on)-250(self-destruction,)-250(217,)-250(218,)-250(220.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Laws)-250(respecting)-250(it,)-250(218,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 107.258 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -126.043 -13.549 Td [(Eminent)-250(instances)-250(of)-250(self-destruction,)-250(219,)-250(221.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(conception)-250(of,)-250(as)-250(an)-250(euthanasia,)-250(221.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Neoplatonist)-250(doctrine)-250(concerning,)-250(331.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-255(of)-255(the)-255(Christian)-255(condemnation)-254(of)-255(the)-255(practice)-255(of,)-256(ii.)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(43-61.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Theological)-250(doctrine)-250(on,)-250(45,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 126.043 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -144.828 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(only)-250(form)-250(of,)-250(permitted)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church,)-250(47.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Slow)-250(suicides,)-250(48.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Circumcelliones,)-250(49.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(Albigenses,)-250(49.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Suicides)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Jews,)-250(50.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Treatment)-250(of)-250(corpses)-250(of)-250(suicides,)-250(50.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Authorities)-250(for)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of)-250(suicides,)-250(50,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 185.137 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -203.923 -13.549 Td [(Reaction)-250(against)-250(the)-250(medi\346val)-250(laws)-250(on)-250(the)-250(subject,)-250(51.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Later)-250(phases)-250(of)-250(its)-250(history,)-250(54.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Self-destruction)-250(of)-250(witches,)-250(54.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Epidemics)-250(of)-250(insane)-250(suicide,)-250(55.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2398 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2399 0 R /Resources 2397 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2377 0 R /Annots [ 2381 0 R 2382 0 R 2383 0 R 2384 0 R 2385 0 R 2386 0 R 2387 0 R 2388 0 R 2389 0 R 2390 0 R 2391 0 R 2392 0 R 2393 0 R 2394 0 R ] >> endobj 2381 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [177.997 464.491 188.906 474.353] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg056) >> >> endobj 2382 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 228.591 148.586 236.074] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg043) >> >> endobj 2383 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [167.36 212.805 178.269 222.678] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg045) >> >> endobj 2384 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [271.891 199.256 282.8 208.976] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >> >> endobj 2385 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.44 186.568 134.349 195.427] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg048) >> >> endobj 2386 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [154.335 173.019 165.244 181.877] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >> >> endobj 2387 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [131.306 158.608 142.215 168.328] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >> >> endobj 2388 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [151.913 145.921 162.822 154.932] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg050) >> >> endobj 2389 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [204.92 131.521 215.829 141.383] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg050) >> >> endobj 2390 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [226.455 117.961 237.364 127.833] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg050) >> >> endobj 2391 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [282.811 104.411 293.72 114.284] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg051) >> >> endobj 2392 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [175.848 90.862 186.757 100.735] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >> >> endobj 2393 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [180.691 78.175 191.6 87.186] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >> >> endobj 2394 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [185.24 63.775 196.149 73.637] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg055) >> >> endobj 2400 0 obj << /D [2398 0 R /XYZ 223.228 518.175 null] >> endobj 2397 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2410 0 obj << /Length 2436 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(444History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(Cases)-250(of)-250(legitimate)-250(suicide,)-250(55.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Suicide)-250(in)-250(England)-250(and)-250(France,)-250(58)]TJ -10.909 -24.777 Td [(Sunday,)-250(importance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sanctity)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(244.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Laws)-250(respecting)-250(it,)-250(245)]TJ -10.909 -24.777 Td [(Superstition,)-255(possibility)-253(of)-254(adding)-254(to)-254(the)-253(happiness)-254(of)-254(man)-253(by)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(diffusion)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(50-53.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(Natural)-250(causes)-250(which)-250(impel)-250(savages)-250(to)-250(superstition,)-250(i.)-250(55.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Signification)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Greek)-250(word)-250(for,)-250(205)]TJ -10.909 -24.777 Td [(Swan,)-250(the,)-250(consecrated)-250(to)-250(Apollo,)-250(i.)-250(206)]TJ 0 -24.777 Td [(Sweden,)-255(cause)-254(of)-254(the)-254(great)-254(number)-254(of)-254(illegitimate)-254(births)-254(in,)-255(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(144)]TJ -65.455 -24.777 Td [(Swinburne,)-250(Mr.,)-250(on)-250(annihilation,)-250(i.)-250(182,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 175.756 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -175.756 -24.777 Td [(Symmachus,)-250(his)-250(Saxon)-250(prisoners,)-250(i.)-250(287)]TJ 0 -24.777 Td [(Synesius,)-250(legend)-250(of)-250(him)-250(and)-250(Evagrius,)-250(ii.)-250(214.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Refuses)-250(to)-250(give)-250(up)-250(his)-250(wife,)-250(332)]TJ -10.909 -24.777 Td [(Syracuse,)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows)-250(at,)-250(i.)-250(275)]TJ 0 -24.776 Td [(Tacitus,)-256(his)-254(doubts)-255(about)-254(the)-255(existence)-254(of)-255(Providence,)-255(i.)-264(171,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 65.455 -13.55 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.455 -24.776 Td [(Telemachus,)-250(the)-250(monk,)-250(his)-250(death)-250(in)-250(the)-250(arena,)-250(ii.)-250(37)]TJ 0 -24.777 Td [(Telesphorus,)-250(martyrdom)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(446,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 154.833 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -154.833 -24.777 Td [(Tertia)-250(\306milia,)-250(story)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(313)]TJ 0 -24.777 Td [(Tertullian,)-250(his)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(d\346mons,)-250(i.)-250(382.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(challenge)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Pagans,)-250(383)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2409 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2410 0 R /Resources 2408 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2377 0 R /Annots [ 2395 0 R 2396 0 R 2401 0 R 2402 0 R 2403 0 R 2404 0 R 2405 0 R 2406 0 R ] >> endobj 2395 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [227.169 515.797 238.078 525.67] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg055) >> >> endobj 2396 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [243.827 502.248 254.736 512.12] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >> >> endobj 2401 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [290.19 477.471 306.554 487.191] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg244) >> >> endobj 2402 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [189.892 463.922 206.256 473.794] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 2403 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.354 261.064 291.717 270.784] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg214) >> >> endobj 2404 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [228.379 247.515 244.743 257.235] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg332) >> >> endobj 2405 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [307.754 160.497 318.663 169.355] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg037) >> >> endobj 2406 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [210.51 110.082 226.874 119.802] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg313) >> >> endobj 2408 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2422 0 obj << /Length 2412 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(445)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Testament,)-258(Old,)-258(supposed)-256(to)-256(have)-257(been)-256(the)-256(source)-257(of)-256(pagan)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(writings,)-250(i.)-250(344)]TJ -65.455 -24.062 Td [(Thalasius,)-250(his)-250(hospital)-250(for)-250(blind)-250(beggars,)-250(ii.)-250(81)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theatre,)-250(scepticism)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans)-250(extended)-250(by)-250(the,)-250(i.)-250(170.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows)-250(upon)-250(the,)-250(277)]TJ -10.91 -24.062 Td [(Theft,)-251(reasons)-251(why)-251(some)-251(savages)-251(do)-251(not)-251(regard)-250(it)-251(as)-251(criminal,)-251(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(102.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Spartan)-250(law)-250(legalising)-250(it,)-250(102)]TJ -10.91 -24.062 Td [(Theodebert,)-250(his)-250(polygamy,)-250(ii.)-250(343)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theodoric,)-250(his)-250(court)-250(at)-250(Ravenna,)-250(ii.)-250(201,)-250(202,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 200.28 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -200.28 -24.062 Td [(Theodorus,)-250(his)-250(denial)-250(of)-250(the)-250(existence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gods,)-250(i.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theodorus,)-250(St.,)-250(his)-250(inhumanity)-250(to)-250(his)-250(mother,)-250(ii.)-250(128)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theodosius)-259(the)-259(Emperor,)-261(his)-259(edict)-259(forbidding)-258(gladiatorial)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(shows,)-250(ii.)-250(36.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Denounced)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Ascetics,)-250(139.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-250(law)-250(respecting)-250(Sunday,)-250(245)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 280.114 -7.634 Td [([404])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -16.427 Td [(Theological)-250(utilitarianism,)-250(theories)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(14-17)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theology,)-250(sphere)-250(of)-250(inductive)-250(reasoning)-250(in,)-250(357)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theon,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(wild)-250(beasts,)-250(ii.)-250(168)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Theurgy)-250(rejected)-250(by)-250(Plotinus,)-250(i.)-250(330.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(All)-250(moral)-250(discipline)-250(resolved)-250(into,)-250(by)-250(Iamblichus,)-250(330)]TJ -10.909 -24.062 Td [(Thrace,)-250(celibacy)-250(of)-250(societies)-250(of)-250(men)-250(in,)-250(i.)-250(106)]TJ 0 -24.062 Td [(Thrasea,)-250(mildness)-250(of)-250(his)-250(Stoicism,)-250(i.)-250(245)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2421 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2422 0 R /Resources 2420 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2377 0 R /Annots [ 2407 0 R 2411 0 R 2412 0 R 2413 0 R 2414 0 R 2415 0 R 2416 0 R 2417 0 R 2418 0 R ] >> endobj 2407 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.28 478.186 249.189 487.906] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >> >> endobj 2411 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [177.975 365.352 194.338 375.072] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg343) >> >> endobj 2412 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [203.415 342.152 219.778 351.011] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg201) >> >> endobj 2413 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [225.233 342.152 241.597 351.011] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg202) >> >> endobj 2414 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [258.604 293.167 274.967 302.887] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg128) >> >> endobj 2415 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [156.473 256.417 167.382 265.276] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg036) >> >> endobj 2416 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [182.197 242.006 198.56 251.726] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg139) >> >> endobj 2417 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [179.786 228.457 196.149 238.33] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg245) >> >> endobj 2418 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [244.029 156.271 260.393 165.991] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >> >> endobj 2423 0 obj << /D [2421 0 R /XYZ 46.771 223.201 null] >> endobj 2420 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2435 0 obj << /Length 2607 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(446History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Thrasea)-250(and)-250(Aria,)-250(history)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(311)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Thriftiness)-250(created)-250(by)-250(the)-250(industrial)-250(spirit,)-250(i.)-250(140)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Tiberius)-261(the)-260(Emperor,)-263(his)-261(images)-261(invested)-260(with)-261(a)-260(sacred)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(character,)-250(i.)-250(260.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(superstitions,)-250(367,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 118.789 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -129.698 -23.774 Td [(Timagenes,)-250(exiled)-250(from)-250(the)-250(palace)-250(by)-250(Tiberius,)-250(i.)-250(448,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 239.051 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -239.051 -23.774 Td [(Titus,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(tranquil)-250(end,)-250(i.)-250(207.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Instance)-250(of)-250(his)-250(amiability,)-250(287)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Tooth-powder,)-250(Apuleius')-250(defence)-250(of,)-250(ii.)-250(148)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Torments,)-253(future,)-254(the)-253(doctrine)-252(of,)-254(made)-253(by)-252(the)-253(monks)-253(a)-253(means)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(extorting)-250(money,)-250(ii.)-250(216.)]TJ -54.546 -13.55 Td [(Monastic)-250(legends)-250(of,)-250(220)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Tragedy,)-259(effects)-257(of)-257(the)-257(gladiatorial)-256(shows)-257(upon,)-259(among)-257(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(277)]TJ -65.455 -23.774 Td [(Trajan,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(his)-250(gladiatorial)-250(shows,)-250(i.)-250(287.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Letter)-250(of)-250(Pliny)-250(to,)-250(respecting)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(437.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Trajan's)-250(answer,)-250(437.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(benevolence)-250(to)-250(children,)-250(ii.)-250(77.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legend)-250(of)-250(St.)-250(Gregory)-250(and)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(223)]TJ -10.909 -23.774 Td [(Transmigration)-250(of)-250(souls,)-250(doctrine)-250(of,)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancients,)-250(ii.)-250(166)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Travelling,)-250(increased)-250(facilities)-250(for,)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(i.)-250(234)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Trinitarian)-250(monks,)-250(their)-250(works)-250(of)-250(mercy,)-250(ii.)-250(73)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [(Troubadours,)-250(one)-250(of)-250(their)-250(services)-250(to)-250(mankind,)-250(ii.)-250(232)]TJ 0 -23.774 Td [('Truce)-250(of)-250(God,')-250(importance)-250(of)-250(the,)-250(ii.)-250(254)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2434 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2435 0 R /Resources 2433 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2377 0 R /Annots [ 2419 0 R 2424 0 R 2425 0 R 2426 0 R 2427 0 R 2428 0 R 2429 0 R 2430 0 R 2431 0 R ] >> endobj 2419 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [233.212 515.797 249.576 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg311) >> >> endobj 2424 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.198 356.29 284.561 366] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg148) >> >> endobj 2425 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [259.601 318.956 275.965 328.676] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg216) >> >> endobj 2426 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [243.521 204.524 254.43 213.382] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >> >> endobj 2427 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [283.503 190.113 299.867 199.833] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg223) >> >> endobj 2428 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [336.848 166.339 353.212 176.059] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg166) >> >> endobj 2429 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [285.641 118.791 296.55 128.511] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg073) >> >> endobj 2430 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [311.997 95.879 328.361 104.737] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg232) >> >> endobj 2431 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [255.619 71.254 271.983 81.116] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg254) >> >> endobj 2433 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2441 0 obj << /Length 2885 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(447)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Truth,)-243(possibility)-242(of)-242(adding)-242(to)-242(the)-241(happiness)-242(of)-242(men)-242(by)-241(diffusing)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(abroad,)-250(or)-250(sustaining,)-250(pleasing)-250(falsehoods,)-250(i.)-250(52.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Saying)-250(of)-250(Pythagoras,)-250(53.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Growth)-250(of,)-250(with)-250(civilisation,)-250(137.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Industrial,)-250(political,)-250(and)-250(philosophical,)-250(137-140.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Relation)-250(of)-250(monachism)-250(to)-250(the)-250(abstract)-250(love)-250(of)-250(truth,)-250(ii.)-250(189.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Causes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(medi\346val)-250(decline)-250(of)-250(the)-250(love)-250(of)-250(truth,)-250(212)]TJ -10.91 -24.373 Td [(Tucker,)-252(his)-252(adoption)-251(of)-252(the)-251(doctrine)-252(of)-252(the)-251(association)-252(of)-252(ideas,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(i.)-250(25,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 24.851 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -90.306 -24.373 Td [(Turks,)-250(their)-250(kindness)-250(to)-250(animals,)-250(i.)-250(289)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Types,)-250(moral,)-250(i.)-250(156.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(All)-250(characters)-250(cannot)-250(be)-250(moulded)-250(in)-250(one)-250(type,)-250(158)]TJ -10.91 -24.373 Td [(Ulpian)-250(on)-250(suicide,)-250(i.)-250(218,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 112.724 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -101.814 -13.549 Td [(Unselfishness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(i.)-250(177)]TJ -10.91 -24.373 Td [(Usury,)-250(diversities)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgment)-250(respecting,)-250(i.)-250(92)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Utilitarian)-250(school.)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 81.513 0 Td [(See)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.869 0 Td [(Morals;)-250(Virtue;)-250(Vice)]TJ -99.382 -24.373 Td [(Utility,)-261(rival)-259(claims)-258(of,)-261(and)-259(intuition)-258(to)-259(be)-259(regarded)-258(as)-259(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-250(regulators)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(distinctions,)-250(i.)-250(1,)-250(2.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Various)-250(names)-250(by)-250(which)-250(the)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(utility)-250(is)-250(known,)-250(3.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(moralists)-250(of)-250(the)-250(school)-250(of,)-250(3,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 185.737 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -196.647 -24.374 Td [(Valerian,)-250(his)-250(persecutions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christians,)-250(i.)-250(454)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Valerius)-250(Maximus,)-250(his)-250(mode)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(teaching,)-250(i.)-250(174)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Vandals,)-250(their)-250(conquest)-250(of)-250(Africa,)-250(ii.)-250(150)]TJ 0 -24.373 Td [(Varro,)-250(his)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-500(i.)-250(163.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([405])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -280.114 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(popular)-250(religious)-250(beliefs,)-250(167)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2440 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2441 0 R /Resources 2439 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2443 0 R /Annots [ 2432 0 R 2436 0 R 2437 0 R ] >> endobj 2432 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [297.058 448.913 313.422 457.771] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg189) >> >> endobj 2436 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [285.833 435.364 302.196 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg212) >> >> endobj 2437 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [208.858 109.487 225.222 119.349] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg150) >> >> endobj 2442 0 obj << /D [2440 0 R /XYZ 201.288 87.481 null] >> endobj 2439 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2451 0 obj << /Length 3147 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(448History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Venus,)-260(effect)-258(of)-258(the)-258(Greek)-258(worship)-258(of,)-260(on)-258(the)-258(condition)-258(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(women,)-250(ii.)-250(291,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 70.909 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -136.364 -35.38 Td [(Vespasian,)-250(his)-250(dying)-250(jest,)-250(i.)-250(259.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-250(of)-250(his)-250(frugality)-250(on)-250(the)-250(habits)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(292.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Miracle)-250(attributed)-250(to)-250(him,)-250(347.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(treatment)-250(of)-250(philosophers,)-250(448,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 156.655 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -167.564 -35.38 Td [(Vice,)-250(Mandeville's)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(origin)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(7.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 40.604 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(private)-250(vices)-250(were)-250(public)-250(benefits,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 149.356 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(7.)]TJ -202.375 -13.55 Td [(Views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Utilitarians)-250(as)-250(to,)-250(12.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-258(degrees)-259(of)-258(virtue)-258(and)-259(vice)-258(do)-258(not)-259(correspond)-258(to)-258(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(degrees)-250(of)-250(utility,)-250(or)-250(the)-250(reverse,)-250(40-42.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(The)-263(suffering)-263(caused)-263(by)-262(vice)-263(not)-263(proportioned)-263(to)-263(its)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(criminality,)-250(57-59.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Plato's)-250(ethical)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(virtue)-250(and)-250(vice,)-250(179.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Grote's)-250(summary)-250(of)-250(this)-250(theory,)-250(179,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 162.556 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -181.342 -13.549 Td [(Conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ancients)-250(of)-250(sin,)-250(195.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Moral)-250(efficacy)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Christian)-250(sense)-250(of)-250(sin,)-250(ii.)-250(3,)-250(4)]TJ -10.909 -35.38 Td [(Virgil,)-250(his)-250(conception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Deity,)-250(i.)-250(163.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(epicurean)-250(sentiment,)-250(193,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 132.709 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -151.495 -13.549 Td [(On)-250(suicide,)-250(213.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(interest)-250(in)-250(animal)-250(life,)-250(ii.)-250(165)]TJ -10.909 -35.38 Td [(Virginity,)-250(how)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Greeks,)-250(i.)-250(105.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(\306schylus')-250(prayer)-250(to)-250(Athene,)-250(105.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Bees)-250(and)-250(fire)-250(emblems)-250(of)-250(virginity,)-250(108,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 179.073 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -197.858 -13.549 Td [(Reason)-256(why)-256(the)-255(ancient)-256(Jews)-256(attached)-256(a)-256(certain)-255(stigma)-256(to)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(virginity,)-250(109.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Views)-250(of)-250(Essenes,)-250(109)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2450 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2451 0 R /Resources 2449 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2443 0 R /Annots [ 2438 0 R 2444 0 R 2445 0 R 2446 0 R ] >> endobj 2438 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [208.089 503.11 224.452 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg291) >> >> endobj 2444 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [310.176 255.349 315.63 265.069] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg003) >> >> endobj 2445 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [321.085 255.349 326.539 265.069] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >> >> endobj 2446 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [232.328 180.183 248.692 189.194] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg165) >> >> endobj 2449 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2454 0 obj << /Length 3302 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(449)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Virgins,)-253(Vestal,)-253(sanctity)-252(and)-252(gifts)-253(attributed)-252(to)-252(the,)-253(i.)-257(106,)-253(107,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -91.81 -13.549 Td [(Executions)-250(of,)-250(407,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 106.047 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -124.832 -13.549 Td [(Reasons)-250(for)-250(burying)-250(them)-250(alive,)-250(ii.)-250(41.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(How)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Romans,)-250(297)]TJ -10.91 -32.008 Td [(Virtue,)-255(Hume's)-255(theory)-254(of)-254(the)-255(criterion,)-255(essential)-254(element,)-256(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(object)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(4.)]TJ -54.545 -13.549 Td [(Motive)-241(to)-242(virtue)-241(according)-241(to)-242(the)-241(doctrine)-242(which)-241(bases)-241(morals)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(upon)-250(experience,)-250(6.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Mandeville's)-258(the)-258(lowest)-258(and)-258(most)-258(repulsive)-258(form)-258(of)-258(this)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(theory,)-250(6,)-250(7.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Views)-257(of)-257(the)-257(essence)-257(and)-257(origin)-256(of)-257(virtue)-257(adopted)-257(by)-257(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(school)-250(of)-250(Utilitarians,)-250(7-9.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Views)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Utilitarians)-250(of,)-250(12.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Association)-255(of)-254(ideas)-255(in)-255(which)-254(virtue)-255(becomes)-254(the)-255(supreme)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(object)-250(of)-250(our)-250(affections,)-250(27.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Impossibility)-256(of)-256(virtue)-255(bringing)-256(pleasure)-256(if)-256(practised)-256(only)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(with)-250(that)-250(end,)-250(35,)-250(36.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(utility)-250(of)-250(virtue)-250(not)-250(denied)-250(by)-250(intuitive)-250(moralists,)-250(39.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-258(degrees)-259(of)-258(virtue)-258(and)-259(vice)-258(do)-258(not)-259(correspond)-258(to)-258(the)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(degrees)-250(of)-250(utility,)-250(or)-250(the)-250(reverse,)-250(53.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(rewards)-250(and)-250(punishments)-250(of)-250(conscience,)-250(59,)-250(60.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(self-complacency)-250(of)-250(virtuous)-250(men,)-250(64,)-250(65,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 225.108 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(.)]TJ -243.894 -13.549 Td [(The)-255(motive)-255(to)-255(virtue,)-257(according)-255(to)-255(Shaftesbury)-255(and)-255(Henry)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(More,)-250(76.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Analogies)-250(of)-250(beauty)-250(and)-250(virtue,)-250(77.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Their)-250(difference,)-250(78.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Diversities)-241(existing)-241(in)-241(our)-241(judgments)-241(of)-241(virtue)-241(and)-241(beauty,)-242(79,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(80.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Virtues)-251(to)-251(which)-251(we)-251(can)-251(and)-251(cannot)-251(apply)-251(the)-251(term)-251(beautiful,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(82.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(The)-253(standard,)-254(though)-254(not)-253(the)-253(essence,)-254(of)-254(virtue,)-254(determined)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(the)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(society,)-250(109.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2453 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2454 0 R /Resources 2452 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2443 0 R /Annots [ 2447 0 R 2448 0 R ] >> endobj 2447 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [211.607 475.149 222.517 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg041) >> >> endobj 2448 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [193.411 461.6 209.775 471.32] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg297) >> >> endobj 2452 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2463 0 obj << /Length 3314 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(450History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.909 -30.759 Td [(Summary)-258(of)-257(the)-258(relations)-258(of)-258(virtue)-257(to)-258(public)-258(and)-258(private)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(interest,)-250(117.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Emphasis)-252(with)-252(which)-251(the)-252(utility)-252(of)-252(virtue)-251(was)-252(dwelt)-252(upon)-252(by)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Aristotle,)-250(124.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(Growth)-250(of)-250(the)-250(gentler)-250(virtues,)-250(132.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Forms)-262(of)-262(the)-263(virtue)-262(of)-262(truth,)-265(industrial,)-265(political,)-265(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(philosophical,)-250(137.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Each)-256(stage)-255(of)-256(civilisation)-255(is)-256(specially)-255(appropriate)-256(to)-255(some)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(virtue,)-250(147.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(National)-250(virtues,)-250(151.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Virtues,)-251(naturally)-250(grouped)-251(together)-250(according)-251(to)-251(princi)1(ples)-251(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(affinity)-250(or)-250(congruity,)-250(153.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Distinctive)-250(beauty)-250(of)-250(a)-250(moral)-250(type,)-250(154.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Rudimentary)-503(virtues)-251(differing)-252(in)-251(different)-252(ages,)-251(nations,)-252(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.664 0 Td [([406])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 149.119 -13.55 Td [(classes,)-250(154,)-250(155.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Four)-250(distinct)-250(motives)-250(leading)-250(men)-250(to)-250(virtue,)-250(178-180.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Plato's)-255(fundamental)-256(proposition)-255(that)-255(vice)-256(is)-255(to)-255(virtue)-255(what)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(disease)-250(is)-250(to)-250(health,)-250(179.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Stoicism)-253(the)-252(best)-253(example)-252(of)-253(the)-253(perfect)-252(severance)-253(of)-252(virtue)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(self-interest,)-250(181.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Teachings)-251(of)-251(the)-252(Stoics)-251(that)-251(virtue)-251(should)-251(conceal)-251(itself)-252(from)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(world,)-250(186.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(And)-257(that)-257(the)-256(obligation)-257(should)-257(be)-257(distinguished)-256(from)-257(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(attraction)-250(of)-250(virtue,)-250(186.)]TJ -65.455 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(eminent)-250(characteristics)-250(of)-250(pagan)-250(goodness,)-250(190.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(All)-250(virtues)-250(are)-250(the)-250(same,)-250(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Stoics,)-250(192.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Horace's)-250(description)-250(of)-250(a)-250(just)-250(man,)-250(197.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Interested)-251(and)-252(disinterested)-251(motives)-252(of)-251(Christianity)-252(to)-251(virtue,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(ii.)-250(3.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Decline)-250(of)-250(the)-250(civic)-250(virtues)-250(caused)-250(by)-250(asceticism,)-250(139.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Influence)-250(of)-250(this)-250(change)-250(on)-250(moral)-250(philosophy,)-250(146.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-247(importance)-248(of)-247(the)-248(civic)-247(virtues)-248(exaggerated)-247(by)-247(historians,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(147.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Intellectual)-250(virtues,)-250(188.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2462 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2463 0 R /Resources 2461 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2443 0 R /Annots [ 2455 0 R 2456 0 R 2457 0 R 2458 0 R 2459 0 R ] >> endobj 2455 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.427 138.656 186.881 146.139] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg003) >> >> endobj 2456 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [322.285 122.87 338.648 132.59] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg139) >> >> endobj 2457 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [308.059 109.321 324.423 119.041] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg146) >> >> endobj 2458 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 84.503 186.271 91.943] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg147) >> >> endobj 2459 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [191.409 69.535 207.772 78.393] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >> >> endobj 2464 0 obj << /D [2462 0 R /XYZ 164.163 342.036 null] >> endobj 2461 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2480 0 obj << /Length 2837 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(451)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Relation)-250(of)-250(monachism)-250(to)-250(these)-250(virtues,)-250(189,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 197.868 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -208.778 -26.694 Td [(Vitalius,)-250(St.,)-250(legend)-250(of,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(courtesan,)-250(ii.)-250(320)]TJ 0 -26.694 Td [(Vivisection,)-250(ii.)-250(176.)]TJ 10.91 -13.55 Td [(Approved)-250(by)-250(Bacon,)-250(176,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 115.134 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -126.044 -26.694 Td [(Volcanoes,)-250(how)-250(regarded)-250(by)-250(the)-250(early)-250(monks,)-250(ii.)-250(221)]TJ 0 -26.694 Td [(Vultures,)-255(why)-253(made)-254(an)-253(emblem)-254(of)-254(nature)-253(by)-254(the)-254(Egyptians,)-254(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(108,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -87.273 -26.695 Td [(War,)-250(its)-250(moral)-250(grandeur,)-250(i.)-250(95.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(school)-250(of)-250(the)-250(heroic)-250(virtues,)-250(173.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Difference)-250(between)-250(foreign)-250(and)-250(civil)-250(wars,)-250(232.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Antipathy)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Christians)-250(to)-250(a)-250(military)-250(life,)-250(ii.)-250(248.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Belief)-259(in)-258(battle)-259(being)-259(the)-259(special)-258(sphere)-259(of)-259(Providential)]TJ 65.454 -13.55 Td [(interposition,)-250(249.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(the)-250(military)-250(triumphs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Mohammedans,)-250(251.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influences)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(upon)-250(war)-250(considered,)-250(254.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Improved)-250(condition)-250(of)-250(captives)-250(taken)-250(in)-250(war,)-250(256)]TJ -10.91 -26.694 Td [(Warburton,)-250(on)-250(morals,)-250(i.)-250(15,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 126.349 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(,)-250(17,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -166.953 -26.695 Td [(Waterland,)-257(on)-255(the)-255(motives)-256(to)-255(virtue)-255(and)-255(cause)-256(of)-255(our)-255(love)-256(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(God,)-250(quoted,)-250(i.)-250(9,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 78.785 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(,)-250(15,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -184.844 -26.694 Td [(Wealth,)-250(origin)-250(of)-250(the)-250(desire)-250(to)-250(possess,)-250(i.)-250(23.)]TJ 10.91 -13.549 Td [(Associations)-250(leading)-250(to)-250(the)-250(desire)-250(for,)-250(for)-250(its)-250(own)-250(sake,)-250(25)]TJ -10.91 -26.695 Td [(Western)-242(Empire,)-244(general)-242(sketch)-242(of)-242(the)-242(moral)-242(condition)-242(of)-242(the,)-243(ii.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(14)]TJ -65.455 -26.694 Td [(Widows,)-250(care)-250(of)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church)-250(for,)-250(ii.)-250(366)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2479 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2480 0 R /Resources 2478 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2443 0 R /Annots [ 2460 0 R 2465 0 R 2466 0 R 2467 0 R 2468 0 R 2469 0 R 2470 0 R 2471 0 R 2472 0 R 2473 0 R 2474 0 R 2475 0 R ] >> endobj 2460 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [233.731 515.917 250.095 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg189) >> >> endobj 2465 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [243.724 489.103 260.087 498.823] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg320) >> >> endobj 2466 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [114.048 463.27 130.411 472.128] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg176) >> >> endobj 2467 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [150.997 448.859 167.36 458.579] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg176) >> >> endobj 2468 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [260.971 422.165 277.335 431.885] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg221) >> >> endobj 2469 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [291.004 314.58 307.367 324.3] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg248) >> >> endobj 2470 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [183.746 287.492 200.109 297.201] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg249) >> >> endobj 2471 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [298.564 273.932 314.927 283.805] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg251) >> >> endobj 2472 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.247 260.383 284.611 270.255] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg254) >> >> endobj 2473 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [256.433 246.844 272.797 256.706] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg256) >> >> endobj 2474 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [112.226 101.787 123.135 109.129] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >> >> endobj 2475 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [226.422 72.715 242.786 82.435] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg366) >> >> endobj 2478 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2497 0 obj << /Length 3240 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(452History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Will,)-258(freedom)-256(of)-256(the)-256(human,)-258(sustained)-256(and)-256(deepened)-256(by)-256(the)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(ascetic)-250(life,)-250(ii.)-250(123)]TJ -65.455 -24.939 Td [(Wine,)-250(forbidden)-250(to)-250(women,)-250(i.)-250(93,)-250(94,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 164.225 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -164.225 -24.938 Td [(Witchcraft,)-250(belief)-250(in)-250(the)-250(reality)-250(of,)-250(i.)-250(363.)]TJ 10.909 -13.549 Td [(Suicide)-250(common)-250(among)-250(witches,)-250(ii.)-250(54)]TJ -10.909 -24.939 Td [(Wollaston,)-250(his)-250(analysis)-250(of)-250(moral)-250(judgments,)-250(i.)-250(76)]TJ 0 -24.938 Td [(Women,)-252(law)-252(of)-252(the)-251(Romans)-252(forbidding)-252(women)-251(to)-252(taste)-252(wine,)-252(i.)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(93,)-250(94,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 32.727 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -106.058 -13.55 Td [(Standards)-260(of)-260(female)-259(morality)-260(of)-260(the)-260(Jews,)-262(Greeks,)-262(and)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(Romans,)-250(103,)-250(104.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Virtues)-254(and)-254(vices)-253(growing)-254(out)-254(of)-254(the)-254(relations)-254(of)-253(the)-254(sexes,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(143.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Female)-250(virtue,)-250(143.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Effects)-250(of)-250(climate)-250(on)-250(this)-250(virtue,)-250(144.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Of)-250(large)-250(towns,)-250(146.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(of)-250(early)-250(marriages,)-250(145.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Reason)-250(for)-250(Plato's)-250(advocacy)-250(of)-250(community)-250(of)-250(wives,)-250(200.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Plutarch's)-250(high)-250(sense)-250(of)-250(female)-250(excellence,)-250(244.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Female)-250(gladiators)-250(at)-250(Rome,)-250(281,)-250(and)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 163.015 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(.)]TJ -181.8 -13.549 Td [(Relations)-247(of)-247(female)-247(devotees)-248(with)-247(the)-247(anchorites,)-248(ii.)-249(120,)-247(128,)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(150.)]TJ -65.455 -13.549 Td [(Their)-250(condition)-250(in)-250(savage)-250(life,)-250(276.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Cessation)-500(of)-250(the)-250(sale)-250(of)-250(wives,)-250(276.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -83.665 0 Td [([407])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 83.665 -13.55 Td [(Rise)-250(of)-250(the)-250(dowry,)-250(277.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Establishment)-250(of)-250(monogamy,)-250(278.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Doctrine)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Fathers)-250(as)-250(to)-250(concupiscence,)-250(281.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nature)-250(of)-250(the)-250(problem)-250(of)-250(the)-250(relations)-250(of)-250(the)-250(sexes,)-250(282.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Prostitution,)-250(282-284.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Recognition)-269(in)-269(Greece)-269(of)-268(two)-269(distinct)-269(orders)-269(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.55 Td [(womanhood)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 53.934 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-250(wife)-250(and)-250(the)-250(het\346ra,)-250(287.)]TJ -130.298 -13.549 Td [(Condition)-250(of)-250(Roman)-250(women,)-250(297,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 151.822 0 Td [(et)-250(seq.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2496 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2497 0 R /Resources 2495 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2443 0 R /Annots [ 2476 0 R 2477 0 R 2481 0 R 2482 0 R 2483 0 R 2484 0 R 2485 0 R 2486 0 R 2487 0 R 2488 0 R 2489 0 R 2490 0 R 2491 0 R 2492 0 R ] >> endobj 2476 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [222.925 503.11 239.289 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg123) >> >> endobj 2477 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [263.539 438.822 274.448 448.694] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >> >> endobj 2481 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [333.289 213.667 349.653 222.525] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg120) >> >> endobj 2482 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [355.082 213.667 371.446 222.525] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg128) >> >> endobj 2483 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [169.907 201.492 186.271 209.129] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg150) >> >> endobj 2484 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.372 185.707 254.736 195.427] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg276) >> >> endobj 2485 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [242.616 173.019 258.979 181.877] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg276) >> >> endobj 2486 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [187.776 158.608 204.14 168.328] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg277) >> >> endobj 2487 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.361 145.059 251.725 154.779] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg278) >> >> endobj 2488 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [300.161 131.521 316.525 141.23] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg281) >> >> endobj 2489 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [328.95 117.972 345.314 127.681] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg282) >> >> endobj 2490 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [160.83 105.273 197.19 114.131] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg282) >> >> endobj 2491 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [341.998 78.175 358.361 87.033] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg287) >> >> endobj 2492 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [234.456 63.884 250.819 73.484] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg297) >> >> endobj 2498 0 obj << /D [2496 0 R /XYZ 149.605 174.536 null] >> endobj 2495 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2532 0 obj << /Length 2885 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(453)]TJ 0 g 0 G 10.91 -30.759 Td [(Legal)-250(emancipation)-250(of)-250(women)-250(in)-250(Rome,)-250(304.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Unbounded)-250(liberty)-250(of)-250(divorce,)-250(306.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Amount)-250(of)-250(female)-250(virtue)-250(in)-250(Imperial)-250(Rome,)-250(308-312.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Legislative)-250(measures)-250(to)-250(repress)-250(sensuality,)-250(312.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(To)-250(enforce)-250(the)-250(reciprocity)-250(of)-250(obligation)-250(in)-250(marriage,)-250(312.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-250(to)-250(censure)-250(prostitution,)-250(315.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Influence)-254(of)-254(Christianity)-253(on)-254(the)-254(position)-254(of)-254(women,)-254(316,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 249.166 0 Td [(et)]TJ -183.712 -13.549 Td [(seq.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Marriages,)-250(320.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Second)-250(marriages,)-250(324.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Low)-250(opinion)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(produced)-250(by)-250(asceticism,)-250(338.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-252(canon)-253(law)-252(unfavourable)-252(to)-253(their)-252(proprietary)-252(rights,)-253(338,)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(339.)]TJ -65.454 -13.549 Td [(Barbarian)-250(heroines)-250(and)-250(laws,)-250(341-344.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Doctrine)-250(of)-250(equality)-250(of)-250(obligation)-250(in)-250(marriage,)-250(346.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(duty)-250(of)-250(man)-250(towards)-250(woman,)-250(347.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Condemnation)-250(of)-250(transitory)-250(connections,)-250(350.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Roman)-250(concubines,)-250(351.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-236(sinfulness)-237(of)-236(divorce)-237(maintained)-236(by)-237(the)-236(Church,)-239(350-353.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Abolition)-250(of)-250(compulsory)-250(marriages,)-250(353.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Condemnation)-250(of)-250(mixed)-250(marriages,)-250(353,)-250(354.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Education)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(355.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Relation)-250(of)-250(Christianity)-250(to)-250(the)-250(female)-250(virtues,)-250(358.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Comparison)-250(of)-250(male)-250(and)-250(female)-250(characteristics,)-250(358.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-244(Pagan)-243(and)-244(Christian)-244(ideal)-243(of)-244(woman)-243(contrasted,)-245(361-363.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Conspicuous)-250(part)-250(of)-250(woman)-250(in)-250(the)-250(early)-250(Church,)-250(363-365.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Care)-250(of)-250(widows,)-250(367.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Worship)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Virgin,)-250(368,)-250(369.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Effect)-260(of)-261(the)-260(suppression)-261(of)-261(t)1(he)-261(conventual)-261(system)-260(on)]TJ 65.454 -13.549 Td [(women,)-250(369.)]TJ -65.454 -13.55 Td [(Revolution)-250(going)-250(on)-250(in)-250(the)-250(employments)-250(of)-250(women,)-250(373)]TJ -10.91 -33.877 Td [(Xenocrates,)-250(his)-250(tenderness,)-250(ii.)-250(163)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2531 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2532 0 R /Resources 2530 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2533 0 R /Annots [ 2493 0 R 2494 0 R 2499 0 R 2500 0 R 2501 0 R 2502 0 R 2503 0 R 2504 0 R 2505 0 R 2506 0 R 2507 0 R 2508 0 R 2509 0 R 2510 0 R 2511 0 R 2512 0 R 2513 0 R 2514 0 R 2515 0 R 2516 0 R 2517 0 R 2518 0 R 2519 0 R 2520 0 R 2521 0 R 2522 0 R 2523 0 R 2524 0 R 2525 0 R 2526 0 R 2527 0 R 2528 0 R ] >> endobj 2493 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.142 515.797 252.506 525.517] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg304) >> >> endobj 2494 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [192.506 502.248 208.869 511.968] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg306) >> >> endobj 2499 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [250.989 488.709 287.349 498.419] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg308) >> >> endobj 2500 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [246.135 475.149 262.498 484.869] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg312) >> >> endobj 2501 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.233 461.6 304.596 471.32] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg312) >> >> endobj 2502 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [182.218 448.062 198.582 457.924] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg315) >> >> endobj 2503 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [284.976 434.502 301.34 444.222] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg316) >> >> endobj 2504 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [107.36 407.403 123.724 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg320) >> >> endobj 2505 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [140.993 393.854 157.357 403.574] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg324) >> >> endobj 2506 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [273.713 380.305 290.077 390.025] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg338) >> >> endobj 2507 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [300.563 366.756 316.926 376.476] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg338) >> >> endobj 2508 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [123.135 355.345 139.499 362.927] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg339) >> >> endobj 2509 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [187.04 340.519 223.4 349.377] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg341) >> >> endobj 2510 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [262.498 326.108 278.862 335.828] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg346) >> >> endobj 2511 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [207.658 312.559 224.022 322.279] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg347) >> >> endobj 2512 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [238.575 299.01 254.938 308.882] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg350) >> >> endobj 2513 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [146.459 286.322 162.822 295.333] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg351) >> >> endobj 2514 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.314 271.911 324.674 281.784] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg350) >> >> endobj 2515 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [216.757 258.362 233.12 268.235] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg353) >> >> endobj 2516 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [214.935 244.813 231.298 254.686] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg353) >> >> endobj 2517 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.753 244.813 253.117 254.686] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg354) >> >> endobj 2518 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [154.029 232.126 170.393 241.137] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg355) >> >> endobj 2519 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [258.276 217.715 274.64 227.587] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg358) >> >> endobj 2520 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [268.237 204.176 284.6 214.038] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg358) >> >> endobj 2521 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.314 190.616 324.674 200.336] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg361) >> >> endobj 2522 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [272.502 177.067 308.862 186.94] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg363) >> >> endobj 2523 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [132.211 164.38 148.575 173.238] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg367) >> >> endobj 2524 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [159.789 149.969 176.153 159.689] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg368) >> >> endobj 2525 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [181.608 149.969 197.971 159.689] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg369) >> >> endobj 2526 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [160.706 123.732 177.07 132.59] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg369) >> >> endobj 2527 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [288.287 109.321 304.651 119.041] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg373) >> >> endobj 2528 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [179.775 76.306 196.138 85.164] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg163) >> >> endobj 2530 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2536 0 obj << /Length 1039 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(454History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(Xenophanes,)-250(his)-250(scepticism,)-250(i.)-250(162)]TJ 0 -24.458 Td [(Xenophon,)-250(his)-250(picture)-250(of)-250(Greek)-250(married)-250(life,)-250(ii.)-250(288)]TJ 0 -24.458 Td [(Zadok,)-250(the)-250(founder)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Sadducees,)-250(i.)-250(183,)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 195.72 0 Td [(note)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -195.72 -24.459 Td [(Zeno,)-252(vast)-251(place)-252(occupied)-251(by)-252(his)-251(system)-251(in)-252(the)-251(moral)-252(history)-251(of)]TJ 65.455 -13.549 Td [(man,)-250(i.)-250(171.)]TJ -54.546 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(suicide,)-250(212.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-250(inculcation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(practice)-250(of)-250(self-examination,)-250(248)]TJ -10.909 -24.459 Td [(Zeus,)-250(universal)-250(providence)-250(attributed)-250(by)-250(the)-250(Greeks)-250(to,)-250(i.)-250(161)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2535 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2536 0 R /Resources 2534 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2533 0 R /Annots [ 2529 0 R ] >> endobj 2529 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [302.288 491.35 318.652 501.059] /A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg288) >> >> endobj 2534 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2537 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index4) >> endobj 2540 0 obj (Footnotes) endobj 2543 0 obj << /Length 96 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Footnotes)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2542 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2543 0 R /Resources 2541 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2533 0 R >> endobj 2544 0 obj << /D [2542 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 2538 0 obj << /D [2542 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 2541 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2547 0 obj << /Length 32 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G endstream endobj 2546 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2547 0 R /Resources 2545 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2533 0 R >> endobj 2545 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF ] >> endobj 2550 0 obj << /Length 308 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td [(***END)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(PROJECT)-500(GUTENBERG)-500(EBOOK)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(HISTORY)-500(OF)-500(EUROPEAN)-500(MORALS)-500(FROM)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(AUGUSTUS)-500(TO)-500(CHARLEMAGNE)-500(\050VOL.)-500(2)-500(OF)-500(2\051***)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2549 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2550 0 R /Resources 2548 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2533 0 R >> endobj 2551 0 obj << /D [2549 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 2548 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2554 0 obj << /Length 32 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G endstream endobj 2553 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2554 0 R /Resources 2552 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2533 0 R >> endobj 2552 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF ] >> endobj 2555 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index5) >> endobj 2558 0 obj (Credits) endobj 2561 0 obj << /Length 450 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Credits)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -37.877 Td [(April)-250(15,)-250(2012)]TJ 43.637 -19.003 Td [(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(TEI)-250(edition)-250(1)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Produced)-687(by)-686(Delphine)-687(Lettau,)-796(David)-687(King,)-795(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-1012(Online)-1012(Distributed)-1012(Proofreading)-1012(Team)-1012(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2560 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2561 0 R /Resources 2559 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2562 0 R >> endobj 2556 0 obj << /D [2560 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 2559 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2565 0 obj << /Length 32 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G endstream endobj 2564 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2565 0 R /Resources 2563 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2562 0 R >> endobj 2563 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF ] >> endobj 2566 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index6) >> endobj 2569 0 obj (A Word from Project Gutenberg) endobj 2573 0 obj << /Length 3056 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(A)-250(Word)-250(from)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.422 Td [(This)-250(file)-250(should)-250(be)-250(named)-250(39535-pdf.pdf)-250(or)-250(39535-pdf.zip.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(This)-291(and)-291(all)-291(associated)-291(files)-291(of)-291(various)-291(formats)-291(will)-291(be)-290(found)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.64 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/5/3/39535/)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -23.368 Td [(Updated)-447(editions)-446(will)-447(replace)-447(the)-447(previous)-446(one)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 220.746 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.782 0 Td [(the)-447(old)]TJ -248.484 -13.549 Td [(editions)-250(will)-250(be)-250(renamed.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Creating)-308(the)-308(works)-308(from)-308(public)-308(domain)-308(print)-308(editions)-308(means)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(that)-220(no)-220(one)-219(owns)-220(a)-220(United)-220(States)-220(copyright)-219(in)-220(these)-220(works,)-226(so)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)-324(\050and)-325(you!\051)-473(can)-325(copy)-324(and)-325(distribute)-324(it)-325(in)-324(the)-324(United)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(States)-163(without)-163(permission)-163(and)-163(without)-163(paying)-163(copyright)-163(royalties.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Special)-298(rules,)-310(set)-299(forth)-298(in)-298(the)-298(General)-298(Terms)-299(of)-298(Use)-298(part)-298(of)-298(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(license,)-360(apply)-337(to)-338(copying)-338(and)-337(distributing)-338(Project)-337(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-247(works)-246(to)-247(protect)-246(the)-247(Project)-246(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 214.88 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.381 0 Td [(concept)-247(and)]TJ -228.261 -13.549 Td [(trademark.)-243(Project)-228(Gutenberg)-227(is)-228(a)-228(registered)-228(trademark,)-233(and)-227(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-394(be)-394(used)-394(if)-393(you)-394(charge)-394(for)-394(the)-394(eBooks,)-430(unless)-394(you)-393(receive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(specific)-377(permission.)-630(If)-377(you)-377(do)-377(not)-377(charge)-377(anything)-377(for)-376(copies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-468(this)-468(eBook,)-523(complying)-468(with)-468(the)-467(rules)-468(is)-468(very)-468(easy.)-904(You)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-329(use)-329(this)-329(eBook)-329(for)-329(nearly)-329(any)-329(purpose)-329(such)-329(as)-329(creation)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(derivative)-251(works,)-252(reports,)-251(performances)-251(and)-251(research.)-253(They)-251(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-152(modified)-152(and)-152(printed)-153(and)-152(given)-152(away)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 170.977 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.569 0 Td [(you)-152(may)-152(do)-152(practically)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf -183.546 -13.549 Td [(anything)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 41.786 0 Td [(with)-330(public)-331(domain)-330(eBooks.)-491(Redistribution)-331(is)-330(subject)]TJ -41.786 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(the)-250(trademark)-250(license,)-250(especially)-250(commercial)-250(redistribution.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2572 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2573 0 R /Resources 2571 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2562 0 R /Annots [ 2570 0 R ] >> endobj 2570 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [66.408 395.011 247.235 403.936] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/5/3/39535/) >> >> endobj 2567 0 obj << /D [2572 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 9 0 obj << /D [2572 0 R /XYZ 46.771 124.715 null] >> endobj 2571 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F34 49 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2575 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (index7) >> endobj 2578 0 obj (The Full Project Gutenberg License) endobj 2584 0 obj << /Length 3248 >> stream 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G BT /F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.684 Td [(Please)-250(read)-250(this)-250(before)-250(you)-250(distribute)-250(or)-250(use)-250(this)-250(work.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.55 Td [(To)-269(protect)-269(the)-268(Project)-269(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 144.428 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.623 0 Td [(mission)-269(of)-269(promoting)-268(the)]TJ -170.007 -13.549 Td [(free)-225(distribution)-225(of)-226(electronic)-225(works,)-230(by)-225(using)-225(or)-225(distributing)-225(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work)-304(\050or)-304(any)-303(other)-304(work)-304(associated)-304(in)-303(any)-304(way)-304(with)-304(the)-303(phrase)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Project)-270(Gutenberg)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 79.894 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(\051,)-275(you)-269(agree)-270(to)-270(comply)-269(with)-270(all)-269(the)-270(terms)-270(of)]TJ -89.582 -13.549 Td [(the)-268(Full)-269(Project)-268(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 116.649 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.618 0 Td [(License)-268(\050available)-268(with)-269(this)-268(file)-268(or)]TJ -130.267 -13.55 Td [(online)-250(at)-250(http://www.gutenberg.org/license\051.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -35.486 Td [(Section)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 15.58 -44.421 Td [(General)-255(Terms)-254(of)-255(Use)-255(&)-254(Redistributing)-255(Project)]TJ 45.013 -17.095 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 13.1507 Tf 55.509 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 16.415 0 Td [(electronic)-268(works)]TJ -132.517 -41.803 Td [(1.A.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -25.902 Td [(By)-583(reading)-583(or)-583(using)-583(any)-583(part)-583(of)-583(this)-583(Project)-583(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-405(work,)-443(you)-404(indicate)-405(that)-404(you)-405(have)-404(read,)-443(understand,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agree)-309(to)-309(and)-308(accept)-309(all)-309(the)-309(terms)-308(of)-309(this)-309(license)-309(and)-308(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(property)-331(\050trademark/copyright\051)-332(agreement.)-493(If)-332(you)-331(do)-331(not)-331(agree)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-239(abide)-238(by)-239(all)-239(the)-238(terms)-239(of)-239(this)-238(agreement,)-241(you)-239(must)-239(cease)-238(using)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-195(return)-194(or)-195(destroy)-194(all)-194(copies)-195(of)-194(Project)-195(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 224.803 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.813 0 Td [(electronic)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td [(works)-268(in)-269(your)-268(possession.)-305(If)-268(you)-269(paid)-268(a)-268(fee)-269(for)-268(obtaining)-268(a)-268(copy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-210(or)-209(access)-210(to)-210(a)-209(Project)-210(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 150.044 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.979 0 Td [(electronic)-210(work)-209(and)-210(you)-210(do)]TJ -163.023 -13.55 Td [(not)-307(agree)-307(to)-308(be)-307(bound)-307(by)-307(the)-307(terms)-307(of)-308(this)-307(agreement,)-321(you)-307(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obtain)-292(a)-292(refund)-292(from)-293(the)-292(person)-292(or)-292(entity)-292(to)-292(whom)-292(you)-292(paid)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fee)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.8.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2583 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2584 0 R /Resources 2582 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2562 0 R /Annots [ 2579 0 R 2580 0 R 2581 0 R ] >> endobj 2579 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [264.296 377.512 362.159 387.232] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense) >> >> endobj 2580 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [134.147 363.963 280.798 373.683] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >> >> endobj 2581 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [217.743 63.764 243.499 73.484] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >> >> endobj 2576 0 obj << /D [2583 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null] >> endobj 2585 0 obj << /D [2583 0 R /XYZ 93.543 363.963 null] >> endobj 2586 0 obj << /D [2583 0 R /XYZ 93.543 254.119 null] >> endobj 2582 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2592 0 obj << /Length 4377 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(463)]TJ 0 g 0 G /F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(1.B.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 0 -27.866 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Project)-352(Gutenberg)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 80.79 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.681 0 Td [(is)-352(a)-352(registered)-351(trademark.)-556(It)-351(may)-352(only)-352(be)]TJ -94.315 -13.549 Td [(used)-395(on)-394(or)-395(associated)-394(in)-395(any)-395(way)-394(with)-395(an)-394(electronic)-395(work)-394(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-347(who)-346(agree)-347(to)-346(be)-347(bound)-347(by)-346(the)-347(terms)-346(of)-347(this)-346(agreement.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(There)-531(are)-531(a)-531(few)-530(things)-531(that)-531(you)-531(can)-531(do)-531(with)-531(most)-530(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.674 0 Td [(electronic)-273(works)-274(even)-273(without)-274(complying)-273(with)-274(the)]TJ -59.722 -13.549 Td [(full)-229(terms)-228(of)-229(this)-228(agreement.)-243(See)-229(paragraph)-228(1.C)-229(below.)-243(There)-228(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-330(lot)-331(of)-330(things)-330(you)-331(can)-330(do)-330(with)-331(Project)-330(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 223.321 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.295 0 Td [(electronic)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td [(works)-193(if)-192(you)-193(follow)-192(the)-193(terms)-193(of)-192(this)-193(agreement)-192(and)-193(help)-192(preserve)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(free)-284(future)-283(access)-284(to)-283(Project)-284(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 171.772 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.784 0 Td [(electronic)-284(works.)-350(See)]TJ -185.556 -13.549 Td [(paragraph)-250(1.E)-250(below.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -43.303 Td [(1.C.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -27.866 Td [(The)-686(Project)-687(Gutenberg)-686(Literary)-687(Archive)-686(Foundation)-686(\050)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 262.456 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 49.702 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.901 0 Td [(or)-372(PGLAF\051,)-372(owns)-372(a)-372(compilation)-372(copyright)-372(in)-372(the)]TJ -58.603 -13.549 Td [(collection)-340(of)-339(Project)-340(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 140.176 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.395 0 Td [(electronic)-339(works.)-519(Nearly)-339(all)]TJ -154.571 -13.549 Td [(the)-233(individual)-232(works)-233(in)-233(the)-232(collection)-233(are)-233(in)-232(the)-233(public)-233(domain)-232(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-289(United)-288(States.)-367(If)-288(an)-289(individual)-289(work)-289(is)-288(in)-289(the)-289(public)-288(domain)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-253(the)-252(United)-253(States)-253(and)-253(you)-252(are)-253(located)-253(in)-253(the)-252(United)-253(States,)-253(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(do)-332(not)-331(claim)-332(a)-331(right)-332(to)-332(prevent)-331(you)-332(from)-331(copying,)-352(distributing,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(performing,)-231(displaying)-226(or)-226(creating)-226(derivative)-226(works)-226(based)-226(on)-225(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work)-232(as)-231(long)-232(as)-231(all)-232(references)-231(to)-232(Project)-231(Gutenberg)-232(are)-231(removed.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Of)-188(course,)-200(we)-187(hope)-188(that)-187(you)-187(will)-188(support)-187(the)-188(Project)-187(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td [(mission)-334(of)-334(promoting)-335(free)-334(access)-334(to)-334(electronic)-334(works)-334(by)-334(freely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sharing)-212(Project)-211(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 113.685 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.999 0 Td [(works)-212(in)-211(compliance)-212(with)-211(the)-212(terms)]TJ -126.684 -13.549 Td [(of)-441(this)-441(agreement)-441(for)-441(keeping)-441(the)-441(Project)-441(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 241.5 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.501 0 Td [(name)]TJ -257.001 -13.549 Td [(associated)-262(with)-262(the)-262(work.)-286(You)-262(can)-262(easily)-262(comply)-262(with)-262(the)-262(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-283(this)-284(agreement)-283(by)-283(keeping)-284(this)-283(work)-283(in)-284(the)-283(same)-283(format)-283(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(its)-287(attached)-287(full)-287(Project)-287(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 151.285 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.821 0 Td [(License)-287(when)-287(you)-287(share)-287(it)]TJ -165.106 -13.549 Td [(without)-250(charge)-250(with)-250(others.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2591 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2592 0 R /Resources 2590 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2562 0 R /Annots [ 2588 0 R 2589 0 R ] >> endobj 2588 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [236.157 420.185 251.616 429.905] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1C) >> >> endobj 2589 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [93.113 365.988 107.96 375.708] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E) >> >> endobj 2593 0 obj << /D [2591 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] >> endobj 2594 0 obj << /D [2591 0 R /XYZ 46.771 354.098 null] >> endobj 2595 0 obj << /D [2591 0 R /XYZ 46.771 66.142 null] >> endobj 2590 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F45 2574 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2602 0 obj << /Length 3416 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(464History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G /F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(1.D.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.35 Td [(The)-468(copyright)-467(laws)-468(of)-467(the)-468(place)-467(where)-468(you)-467(are)-468(located)-467(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(govern)-267(what)-268(you)-267(can)-267(do)-268(with)-267(this)-267(work.)-302(Copyright)-268(laws)-267(in)-267(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(countries)-366(are)-366(in)-366(a)-366(constant)-366(state)-366(of)-366(change.)-598(If)-366(you)-366(are)-366(outside)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-394(United)-394(States,)-430(check)-395(the)-394(laws)-394(of)-394(your)-394(country)-394(in)-394(addition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-439(the)-440(terms)-439(of)-439(this)-439(agreement)-440(before)-439(downloading,)-486(copying,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(displaying,)-243(performing,)-243(distributing)-241(or)-241(creating)-240(derivative)-241(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(based)-268(on)-269(this)-268(work)-269(or)-268(any)-269(other)-268(Project)-269(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 221.57 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.62 0 Td [(work.)-305(The)]TJ -235.19 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)-344(makes)-343(no)-344(representations)-343(concerning)-344(the)-343(copyright)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(status)-250(of)-250(any)-250(work)-250(in)-250(any)-250(country)-250(outside)-250(the)-250(United)-250(States.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -45.973 Td [(1.E.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.351 Td [(Unless)-250(you)-250(have)-250(removed)-250(all)-250(references)-250(to)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg:)]TJ 0 -27.168 Td [(1.E.1.)]TJ 0 -27.168 Td [(The)-259(following)-260(sentence,)-261(with)-260(active)-259(links)-259(to,)-262(or)-259(other)-259(immediate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(access)-465(to,)-520(the)-465(full)-466(Project)-465(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 170.488 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.769 0 Td [(License)-465(must)-466(appear)]TJ -186.257 -13.55 Td [(prominently)-274(whenever)-275(any)-274(copy)-274(of)-275(a)-274(Project)-274(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 244.529 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.683 0 Td [(work)]TJ -258.212 -13.549 Td [(\050any)-421(work)-422(on)-421(which)-421(the)-422(phrase)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 148.755 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Project)-421(Gutenberg)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 81.549 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.44 0 Td [(appears,)]TJ -244.587 -13.549 Td [(or)-347(with)-346(which)-347(the)-346(phrase)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 115.849 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Project)-346(Gutenberg)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 80.732 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.624 0 Td [(is)-346(associated\051)-347(is)]TJ -210.049 -13.549 Td [(accessed,)-250(displayed,)-250(performed,)-250(viewed,)-250(copied)-250(or)-250(distributed:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -25.35 Td [(This)-432(eBook)-432(is)-432(for)-432(the)-432(use)-433(of)-432(anyone)-432(anywhere)-432(at)-432(no)-432(cost)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(and)-345(with)-344(almost)-345(no)-344(restrictions)-345(whatsoever.)-534(You)-345(may)-344(copy)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it,)-437(give)-400(it)-400(away)-400(or)-400(re-use)-400(it)-400(under)-400(the)-399(terms)-400(of)-400(the)-400(Project)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Gutenberg)-476(License)-476(included)-476(with)-476(this)-475(eBook)-476(or)-476(online)-476(at)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -19.637 -40.246 Td [(1.E.2.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2601 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2602 0 R /Resources 2600 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2562 0 R /Annots [ 2597 0 R ] >> endobj 2597 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [113.18 104.237 215.636 113.025] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org) >> >> endobj 2596 0 obj << /D [2601 0 R /XYZ 93.543 364.976 null] >> endobj 2603 0 obj << /D [2601 0 R /XYZ 93.543 302.729 null] >> endobj 2604 0 obj << /D [2601 0 R /XYZ 93.543 91.16 null] >> endobj 2600 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2609 0 obj << /Length 3638 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(465)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(If)-295(an)-295(individual)-295(Project)-295(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 151.639 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.91 0 Td [(electronic)-295(work)-295(is)-295(derived)]TJ -165.549 -13.549 Td [(from)-228(the)-229(public)-228(domain)-228(\050does)-228(not)-228(contain)-229(a)-228(notice)-228(indicating)-228(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-184(is)-183(posted)-184(with)-183(permission)-184(of)-183(the)-184(copyright)-184(holder\051,)-196(the)-184(work)-183(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-256(copied)-256(and)-256(distributed)-256(to)-256(anyone)-256(in)-256(the)-256(United)-256(States)-255(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(paying)-230(any)-230(fees)-230(or)-230(charges.)-243(If)-230(you)-230(are)-230(redistributing)-230(or)-230(providing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(access)-248(to)-248(a)-248(work)-248(with)-248(the)-248(phrase)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 143.745 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Project)-248(Gutenberg)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 79.658 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.548 0 Td [(associated)]TJ -235.794 -13.549 Td [(with)-410(or)-411(appearing)-410(on)-410(the)-411(work,)-450(you)-410(must)-411(comply)-410(either)-410(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-424(requirements)-425(of)-424(paragraphs)-425(1.E.1)-424(through)-425(1.E.7)-424(or)-424(obtain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permission)-280(for)-281(the)-280(use)-281(of)-280(the)-281(work)-280(and)-281(the)-280(Project)-280(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td [(trademark)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(paragraphs)-250(1.E.8)-250(or)-250(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -38.607 Td [(1.E.3.)]TJ 0 -26.259 Td [(If)-344(an)-343(individual)-344(Project)-343(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 153.755 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.439 0 Td [(electronic)-344(work)-343(is)-344(posted)]TJ -168.194 -13.549 Td [(with)-551(the)-551(permission)-550(of)-551(the)-551(copyright)-551(holder,)-626(your)-551(use)-550(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-429(must)-429(comply)-429(with)-429(both)-429(paragraphs)-429(1.E.1)-428(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(1.E.7)-251(and)-250(any)-251(additional)-250(terms)-250(imposed)-251(by)-250(the)-251(copyright)-250(holder.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Additional)-524(terms)-524(will)-523(be)-524(linked)-524(to)-524(the)-524(Project)-523(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td [(License)-212(for)-211(all)-212(works)-212(posted)-211(with)-212(the)-212(permission)-211(of)-212(the)-211(copyright)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(holder)-250(found)-250(at)-250(the)-250(beginning)-250(of)-250(this)-250(work.)]TJ 0 -38.608 Td [(1.E.4.)]TJ 0 -26.258 Td [(Do)-275(not)-275(unlink)-275(or)-274(detach)-275(or)-275(remove)-275(the)-275(full)-275(Project)-274(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(License)-330(terms)-329(from)-330(this)-329(work,)-350(or)-329(any)-330(files)-330(containing)-329(a)-330(part)-329(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-185(work)-185(or)-185(any)-185(other)-185(work)-185(associated)-185(with)-185(Project)-185(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 267.212 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.691 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -38.608 Td [(1.E.5.)]TJ 0 -26.258 Td [(Do)-457(not)-457(copy,)-508(display,)-509(perform,)-508(distribute)-457(or)-457(redistribute)-456(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(electronic)-441(work,)-488(or)-441(any)-441(part)-441(of)-440(this)-441(electronic)-441(work,)-488(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prominently)-258(displaying)-257(the)-258(sentence)-258(set)-257(forth)-258(in)-258(paragraph)-257(1.E.1)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2608 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2609 0 R /Resources 2607 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2613 0 R /Annots [ 2598 0 R 2599 0 R 2605 0 R 2606 0 R ] >> endobj 2598 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [192.525 420.953 215.554 430.673] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> >> endobj 2599 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [206.12 393.854 229.149 403.574] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >> >> endobj 2605 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [265.755 301.89 288.784 311.61] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> >> endobj 2606 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [304.372 63.764 327.401 73.484] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> >> endobj 2610 0 obj << /D [2608 0 R /XYZ 46.771 381.505 null] >> endobj 2611 0 obj << /D [2608 0 R /XYZ 46.771 235.344 null] >> endobj 2612 0 obj << /D [2608 0 R /XYZ 46.771 143.379 null] >> endobj 2607 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2619 0 obj << /Length 3889 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(466History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(with)-394(active)-395(links)-394(or)-395(immediate)-394(access)-394(to)-395(the)-394(full)-395(terms)-394(of)-394(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 79.68 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(License.)]TJ -93.098 -34.591 Td [(1.E.6.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td [(You)-475(may)-476(convert)-475(to)-476(and)-475(distribute)-476(this)-475(work)-476(in)-475(any)-475(binary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(compressed,)-556(marked)-495(up,)-556(nonproprietary)-495(or)-495(proprietary)-494(form,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(including)-439(any)-439(word)-439(processing)-439(or)-439(hypertext)-439(form.)-817(However,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(if)-595(you)-595(provide)-595(access)-595(to)-595(or)-595(distribute)-595(copies)-595(of)-595(a)-595(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.484 0 Td [(work)-256(in)-256(a)-256(format)-256(other)-256(than)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 122.795 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Plain)-256(Vanilla)-256(ASCII)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 88.615 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(or)-253(other)-253(format)-253(used)-254(in)-253(the)-253(official)-253(version)-253(posted)-253(on)-253(the)-253(official)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-361(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 80.888 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.627 0 Td [(web)-361(site)-360(\050http://www.gutenberg.org\051,)-389(you)]TJ -95.515 -13.549 Td [(must,)-351(at)-331(no)-331(additional)-331(cost,)-351(fee)-331(or)-331(expense)-331(to)-330(the)-331(user,)-351(provide)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-357(copy,)-384(a)-358(means)-357(of)-357(exporting)-357(a)-357(copy,)-385(or)-357(a)-357(means)-357(of)-357(obtaining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-344(copy)-345(upon)-344(request,)-368(of)-344(the)-344(work)-344(in)-345(its)-344(original)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 217.486 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Plain)-344(Vanilla)]TJ -222.329 -13.549 Td [(ASCII)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 28.484 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.286 0 Td [(or)-224(other)-224(form.)-241(Any)-224(alternate)-224(format)-224(must)-224(include)-224(the)-224(full)]TJ -35.77 -13.549 Td [(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 79.68 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(License)-250(as)-250(specified)-250(in)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.1.)]TJ -93.098 -34.591 Td [(1.E.7.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td [(Do)-672(not)-672(charge)-672(a)-671(fee)-672(for)-672(access)-672(to,)-777(viewing,)-777(displaying,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(performing,)-516(copying)-463(or)-463(distributing)-463(any)-463(Project)-462(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(works)-250(unless)-250(you)-250(comply)-250(with)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.8)-250(or)-250(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -34.591 Td [(1.E.8.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td [(You)-440(may)-440(charge)-440(a)-439(reasonable)-440(fee)-440(for)-440(copies)-440(of)-440(or)-439(providing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(access)-361(to)-361(or)-361(distributing)-361(Project)-361(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 192.388 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.628 0 Td [(electronic)-361(works)]TJ -207.016 -13.549 Td [(provided)-250(that)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 12.546 -18.615 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.272 0 Td [(You)-218(pay)-218(a)-219(royalty)-218(fee)-218(of)-218(20%)-218(of)-219(the)-218(gross)-218(profits)-218(you)-218(derive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-212(the)-211(use)-212(of)-212(Project)-211(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 146.666 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13 0 Td [(works)-212(calculated)-211(using)]TJ -159.666 -13.549 Td [(the)-431(method)-432(you)-431(already)-432(use)-431(to)-432(calculate)-431(your)-431(applicable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taxes.)-1231(The)-577(fee)-577(is)-577(owed)-577(to)-577(the)-577(owner)-577(of)-577(the)-576(Project)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2618 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2619 0 R /Resources 2617 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2613 0 R /Annots [ 2614 0 R 2615 0 R ] >> endobj 2614 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [334.776 294.546 360.532 304.266] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> >> endobj 2615 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [275.943 208.786 298.972 218.506] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >> >> endobj 2620 0 obj << /D [2618 0 R /XYZ 93.543 491.727 null] >> endobj 2621 0 obj << /D [2618 0 R /XYZ 93.543 284.025 null] >> endobj 2587 0 obj << /D [2618 0 R /XYZ 93.543 198.265 null] >> endobj 2617 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2626 0 obj << /Length 4213 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(467)]TJ 0 g 0 G 21.819 -30.759 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.047 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.639 0 Td [(trademark,)-734(but)-637(he)-637(has)-637(agreed)-637(to)-636(donate)]TJ -63.686 -13.549 Td [(royalties)-501(under)-501(this)-501(paragraph)-501(to)-501(the)-500(Project)-501(Gutenberg)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Literary)-576(Archive)-576(Foundation.)-1228(Royalty)-575(payments)-576(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-538(paid)-537(within)-538(60)-537(days)-538(following)-538(each)-537(date)-538(on)-537(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(you)-605(prepare)-606(\050or)-605(are)-606(legally)-605(required)-606(to)-605(prepare\051)-605(your)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(periodic)-374(tax)-374(returns.)-622(Royalty)-374(payments)-374(should)-374(be)-374(clearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marked)-303(as)-304(such)-303(and)-303(sent)-303(to)-304(the)-303(Project)-303(Gutenberg)-303(Literary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Archive)-517(Foundation)-516(at)-517(the)-516(address)-517(specified)-517(in)-516(Section)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(4,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 12.486 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Information)-366(about)-365(donations)-366(to)-366(the)-365(Project)-366(Gutenberg)]TJ -17.329 -13.55 Td [(Literary)-250(Archive)-250(Foundation.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 128.159 0 Td [(\035)]TJ -137.432 -14.279 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.273 0 Td [(You)-425(provide)-425(a)-425(full)-424(refund)-425(of)-425(any)-425(money)-425(paid)-425(by)-425(a)-424(user)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-339(notifies)-339(you)-340(in)-339(writing)-339(\050or)-339(by)-340(e-mail\051)-339(within)-339(30)-339(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-343(receipt)-343(that)-343(s/he)-343(does)-344(not)-343(agree)-343(to)-343(the)-343(terms)-343(of)-343(the)-343(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-235(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 79.514 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.252 0 Td [(License.)-245(You)-235(must)-234(require)-235(such)-235(a)-235(user)]TJ -92.766 -13.549 Td [(to)-324(return)-324(or)-323(destroy)-324(all)-324(copies)-324(of)-323(the)-324(works)-324(possessed)-324(in)-323(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(physical)-322(medium)-321(and)-322(discontinue)-321(all)-322(use)-322(of)-321(and)-322(all)-321(access)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(other)-250(copies)-250(of)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 158.454 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(works.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -181.145 -14.279 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.273 0 Td [(You)-427(provide,)-472(in)-427(accordance)-428(with)-427(paragraph)-427(1.F.3,)-472(a)-427(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(refund)-215(of)-216(any)-215(money)-216(paid)-215(for)-216(a)-215(work)-216(or)-215(a)-216(replacement)-215(copy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(if)-245(a)-246(defect)-245(in)-245(the)-246(electronic)-245(work)-245(is)-246(discovered)-245(and)-245(reported)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(you)-250(within)-250(90)-250(days)-250(of)-250(receipt)-250(of)-250(the)-250(work.)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf -9.273 -14.279 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.273 0 Td [(You)-278(comply)-279(with)-278(all)-279(other)-278(terms)-279(of)-278(this)-279(agreement)-278(for)-278(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-250(of)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 144.534 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(works.)]TJ -179.77 -41.937 Td [(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -28.107 Td [(If)-316(you)-315(wish)-316(to)-316(charge)-315(a)-316(fee)-316(or)-315(distribute)-316(a)-316(Project)-315(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.938 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.938 -13.55 Td [(electronic)-233(work)-233(or)-233(group)-233(of)-234(works)-233(on)-233(different)-233(terms)-233(than)-233(are)-233(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forth)-346(in)-347(this)-346(agreement,)-371(you)-346(must)-346(obtain)-347(permission)-346(in)-346(writing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-161(both)-160(the)-161(Project)-160(Gutenberg)-161(Literary)-160(Archive)-161(Foundation)-160(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Michael)-287(Hart,)-297(the)-287(owner)-287(of)-287(the)-287(Project)-287(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 219.853 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.824 0 Td [(trademark.)]TJ -233.677 -13.549 Td [(Contact)-250(the)-250(Foundation)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(Section)-250(3)-250(below.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2625 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2626 0 R /Resources 2624 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2613 0 R /Annots [ 2616 0 R 2627 0 R 2628 0 R 2622 0 R 2623 0 R ] >> endobj 2616 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [294.674 420.963 327.401 430.673] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> >> endobj 2627 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [46.771 407.403 327.401 417.156] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> >> endobj 2628 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [46.771 393.854 201.593 403.607] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> >> endobj 2622 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [272.441 284.001 294.87 293.721] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >> >> endobj 2623 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [213.735 79.971 254.644 87.454] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense3) >> >> endobj 2629 0 obj << /D [2625 0 R /XYZ 46.771 201.696 null] >> endobj 2630 0 obj << /D [2625 0 R /XYZ 46.771 66.142 null] >> endobj 2624 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2637 0 obj << /Length 3569 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(468History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G /F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(1.F.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -43.517 Td [(1.F.1.)]TJ 0 -27.775 Td [(Project)-1179(Gutenberg)-1179(volunteers)-1179(and)-1179(employees)-1179(expend)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(considerable)-684(effort)-684(to)-684(identify,)-792(do)-684(copyright)-684(research)-684(on,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transcribe)-411(and)-410(proofread)-411(public)-411(domain)-410(works)-411(in)-411(creating)-410(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-395(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 81.258 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.997 0 Td [(collection.)-684(Despite)-395(these)-394(efforts,)-431(Project)]TJ -96.255 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(electronic)-344(works,)-368(and)-344(the)-344(medium)-344(on)-344(which)-344(they)]TJ -60.492 -13.55 Td [(may)-317(be)-316(stored,)-334(may)-317(contain)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 126.832 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Defects,)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 36.044 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.299 0 Td [(such)-317(as,)-333(but)-317(not)-316(limited)]TJ -176.018 -13.549 Td [(to,)-274(incomplete,)-275(inaccurate)-269(or)-270(corrupt)-269(data,)-275(transcription)-269(errors,)-274(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(copyright)-235(or)-235(other)-234(intellectual)-235(property)-235(infringement,)-238(a)-234(defective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-210(damaged)-210(disk)-210(or)-211(other)-210(medium,)-218(a)-210(computer)-210(virus,)-218(or)-210(computer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(codes)-250(that)-250(damage)-250(or)-250(cannot)-250(be)-250(read)-250(by)-250(your)-250(equipment.)]TJ 0 -41.336 Td [(1.F.2.)]TJ 0 -27.774 Td [(LIMITED)-451(WARRANTY,)-451(DISCLAIMER)-451(OF)-451(DAMAGES)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 269.721 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.721 -13.549 Td [(Except)-473(for)-473(the)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 71.832 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Right)-473(of)-473(Replacement)-474(or)-473(Refund)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 152.146 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.006 0 Td [(described)]TJ -238.827 -13.55 Td [(in)-550(paragraph)-550(1.F.3,)-625(the)-550(Project)-550(Gutenberg)-550(Literary)-549(Archive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Foundation,)-432(the)-395(owner)-396(of)-395(the)-396(Project)-395(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 218.673 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.004 0 Td [(trademark,)]TJ -233.677 -13.549 Td [(and)-805(any)-805(other)-806(party)-805(distributing)-805(a)-805(Project)-805(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-573(work)-572(under)-573(this)-572(agreement,)-653(disclaim)-573(all)-572(liability)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-662(you)-663(for)-662(damages,)-766(costs)-662(and)-663(expenses,)-765(including)-662(legal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fees.)-1105(YOU)-534(AGREE)-535(THAT)-535(YOU)-534(HAVE)-535(NO)-534(REMEDIES)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(FOR)-645(NEGLIGENCE,)-645(STRICT)-645(LIABILITY,)-646(BREACH)-644(OF)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(WARRANTY)-812(OR)-811(BREACH)-811(OF)-812(CONTRACT)-811(EXCEPT)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(THOSE)-504(PROVIDED)-504(IN)-504(PARAGRAPH)-503(F3.)-1013(YOU)-503(AGREE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(THAT)-423(THE)-424(FOUNDATION,)-424(THE)-423(TRADEMARK)-423(OWNER,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(AND)-590(ANY)-590(DISTRIBUTOR)-590(UNDER)-590(THIS)-589(AGREEMENT)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(WILL)-941(NOT)-941(BE)-942(LIABLE)-941(TO)-941(YOU)-941(FOR)-941(ACTUAL,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(DIRECT,)-592(INDIRECT,)-591(CONSEQUENTIAL,)-592(PUNITIVE)-591(OR)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2636 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2637 0 R /Resources 2635 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2613 0 R /Annots [ 2634 0 R ] >> endobj 2634 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [108.03 226.354 180.072 236.074] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >> >> endobj 2638 0 obj << /D [2636 0 R /XYZ 93.543 502.313 null] >> endobj 2639 0 obj << /D [2636 0 R /XYZ 93.543 309.001 null] >> endobj 2635 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2643 0 obj << /Length 3109 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(469)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(INCIDENTAL)-492(DAMAGES)-492(EVEN)-492(IF)-492(YOU)-492(GIVE)-491(NOTICE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(OF)-250(THE)-250(POSSIBILITY)-250(OF)-250(SUCH)-250(DAMAGE.)]TJ 0 -35.704 Td [(1.F.3.)]TJ 0 -24.646 Td [(LIMITED)-421(RIGHT)-421(OF)-422(REPLACEMENT)-421(OR)-421(REFUND)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 257.859 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.506 0 Td [(If)]TJ -273.365 -13.549 Td [(you)-434(discover)-434(a)-434(defect)-434(in)-434(this)-434(electronic)-434(work)-434(within)-434(90)-433(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(receiving)-334(it,)-356(you)-335(can)-335(receive)-334(a)-335(refund)-335(of)-334(the)-335(money)-335(\050if)-334(any\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(you)-369(paid)-369(for)-369(it)-370(by)-369(sending)-369(a)-369(written)-369(explanation)-369(to)-369(the)-369(person)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(you)-430(received)-430(the)-431(work)-430(from.)-790(If)-431(you)-430(received)-430(the)-430(work)-430(on)-430(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physical)-231(medium,)-236(you)-231(must)-231(return)-232(the)-231(medium)-232(with)-231(your)-231(written)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(explanation.)-706(The)-402(person)-402(or)-402(entity)-402(that)-402(provided)-402(you)-402(with)-401(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defective)-301(work)-301(may)-301(elect)-300(to)-301(provide)-301(a)-301(replacement)-301(copy)-301(in)-300(lieu)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-305(a)-305(refund.)-416(If)-305(you)-306(received)-305(the)-305(work)-305(electronically,)-319(the)-305(person)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-348(entity)-347(providing)-348(it)-347(to)-348(you)-347(may)-348(choose)-347(to)-348(give)-347(you)-348(a)-347(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opportunity)-226(to)-226(receive)-225(the)-226(work)-226(electronically)-225(in)-226(lieu)-226(of)-226(a)-225(refund.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-315(the)-315(second)-315(copy)-315(is)-315(also)-315(defective,)-331(you)-315(may)-315(demand)-315(a)-314(refund)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(writing)-250(without)-250(further)-250(opportunities)-250(to)-250(fix)-250(the)-250(problem.)]TJ 0 -35.704 Td [(1.F.4.)]TJ 0 -24.646 Td [(Except)-618(for)-618(the)-618(limited)-618(right)-618(of)-618(replacement)-618(or)-618(refund)-618(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forth)-485(in)-485(paragraph)-485(1.F.3,)-543(this)-485(work)-485(is)-485(provided)-485(to)-485(you)-484('AS-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(IS,')-610(WITH)-610(NO)-610(OTHER)-610(WARRANTIES)-610(OF)-610(ANY)-610(KIND,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(EXPRESS)-339(OR)-338(IMPLIED,)-339(INCLUDING)-339(BUT)-339(NOT)-338(LIMITED)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(TO)-401(WARRANTIES)-400(OF)-401(MERCHANTIBILITY)-401(OR)-400(FITNESS)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(FOR)-250(ANY)-250(PURPOSE.)]TJ 0 -35.704 Td [(1.F.5.)]TJ 0 -24.645 Td [(Some)-155(states)-155(do)-155(not)-155(allow)-155(disclaimers)-155(of)-155(certain)-155(implied)-154(warranties)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-541(the)-540(exclusion)-541(or)-541(limitation)-541(of)-540(certain)-541(types)-541(of)-540(damages.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-587(any)-587(disclaimer)-587(or)-587(limitation)-587(set)-587(forth)-587(in)-587(this)-586(agreement)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2642 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2643 0 R /Resources 2641 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2613 0 R /Annots [ 2640 0 R ] >> endobj 2640 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [87.045 205.409 158.378 215.129] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >> >> endobj 2632 0 obj << /D [2642 0 R /XYZ 46.771 493.425 null] >> endobj 2644 0 obj << /D [2642 0 R /XYZ 46.771 268.249 null] >> endobj 2645 0 obj << /D [2642 0 R /XYZ 46.771 142.39 null] >> endobj 2641 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2651 0 obj << /Length 3430 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(470History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(violates)-405(the)-405(law)-405(of)-405(the)-405(state)-405(applicable)-405(to)-406(this)-405(agreement,)-443(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agreement)-251(shall)-251(be)-250(interpreted)-251(to)-251(make)-251(the)-251(maximum)-250(disclaimer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-210(limitation)-211(permitted)-210(by)-211(the)-210(applicable)-211(state)-210(law.)-237(The)-210(invalidity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-297(unenforceability)-297(of)-297(any)-297(provision)-297(of)-297(this)-297(agreement)-297(shall)-296(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(void)-250(the)-250(remaining)-250(provisions.)]TJ 0 -34.869 Td [(1.F.6.)]TJ 0 -24.209 Td [(INDEMNITY)]TJ/F35 10.9091 Tf 69.759 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.872 0 Td [(You)-730(agree)-730(to)-730(indemnify)-730(and)-730(hold)-730(the)]TJ -88.631 -13.549 Td [(Foundation,)-504(the)-454(trademark)-453(owner,)-505(any)-453(agent)-454(or)-453(employee)-453(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-213(Foundation,)-220(anyone)-213(providing)-213(copies)-213(of)-213(Project)-212(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-436(works)-436(in)-437(accordance)-436(with)-436(this)-436(agreement,)-483(and)-436(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(volunteers)-691(associated)-690(with)-691(the)-691(production,)-801(promotion)-690(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-339(of)-338(Project)-339(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 147.433 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.384 0 Td [(electronic)-339(works,)-360(harmless)]TJ -161.817 -13.549 Td [(from)-330(all)-331(liability,)-350(costs)-330(and)-330(expenses,)-351(including)-330(legal)-330(fees,)-350(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(arise)-284(directly)-284(or)-284(indirectly)-284(from)-284(any)-284(of)-284(the)-284(following)-284(which)-283(you)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(do)-461(or)-461(cause)-461(to)-462(occur:)-672(\050a\051)-461(distribution)-461(of)-461(this)-461(or)-461(any)-461(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.236 0 Td [(work,)-344(\050b\051)-325(alteration,)-344(modification,)-343(or)-325(additions)-325(or)]TJ -60.284 -13.549 Td [(deletions)-319(to)-319(any)-319(Project)-320(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 154.511 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.172 0 Td [(work,)-336(and)-320(\050c\051)-319(any)-319(Defect)]TJ -168.683 -13.549 Td [(you)-250(cause.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -46.635 Td [(Section)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 32.422 -45.398 Td [(Information)-260(about)-259(the)-260(Mission)-260(of)-260(Project)]TJ 73.695 -17.096 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 13.1507 Tf 55.509 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -161.626 -26.391 Td [(Project)-400(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 81.319 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.057 0 Td [(is)-400(synonymous)-400(with)-401(the)-400(free)-400(distribution)]TJ -96.376 -13.549 Td [(of)-408(electronic)-409(works)-408(in)-408(formats)-408(readable)-409(by)-408(the)-408(widest)-408(variety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-514(computers)-513(including)-514(obsolete,)-580(old,)-579(middle-aged)-514(and)-513(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(computers.)-1070(It)-524(exists)-523(because)-523(of)-524(the)-523(efforts)-524(of)-523(hundreds)-523(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(volunteers)-250(and)-250(donations)-250(from)-250(people)-250(in)-250(all)-250(walks)-250(of)-250(life.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2650 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2651 0 R /Resources 2649 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2613 0 R >> endobj 2652 0 obj << /D [2650 0 R /XYZ 93.543 450.94 null] >> endobj 2653 0 obj << /D [2650 0 R /XYZ 93.543 242.82 null] >> endobj 2649 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F35 47 0 R /F45 2574 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2658 0 obj << /Length 3436 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(471)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Volunteers)-162(and)-163(financial)-162(support)-162(to)-163(provide)-162(volunteers)-162(with)-162(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(assistance)-198(they)-199(need,)-209(is)-198(critical)-198(to)-199(reaching)-198(Project)-198(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 263.732 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.691 0 Td [('s)]TJ -274.423 -13.549 Td [(goals)-309(and)-308(ensuring)-309(that)-309(the)-308(Project)-309(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 203.205 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.058 0 Td [(collection)-309(will)]TJ -217.263 -13.549 Td [(remain)-382(freely)-381(available)-382(for)-381(generations)-382(to)-382(come.)-644(In)-382(2001,)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Project)-350(Gutenberg)-351(Literary)-350(Archive)-350(Foundation)-351(was)-350(created)-350(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provide)-302(a)-303(secure)-302(and)-302(permanent)-303(future)-302(for)-302(Project)-302(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(and)-609(future)-609(generations.)-1327(To)-609(learn)-609(more)-609(about)-609(the)-609(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)-414(Literary)-414(Archive)-413(Foundation)-414(and)-414(how)-414(your)-413(efforts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-245(donations)-246(can)-245(help,)-246(see)-246(Sections)-245(3)-245(and)-246(4)-245(and)-245(the)-245(Foundation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(web)-250(page)-250(at)-250(http://www.pglaf.org.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -53.578 Td [(Section)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 10.376 -52.34 Td [(Information)-253(about)-253(the)-253(Project)-253(Gutenberg)-254(Literary)]TJ 76.986 -17.096 Td [(Archive)-276(Foundation)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -87.362 -30.22 Td [(The)-438(Project)-439(Gutenberg)-438(Literary)-438(Archive)-439(Foundation)-438(is)-438(a)-438(non)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profit)-176(501\050c\051\0503\051)-176(educational)-176(corporation)-176(organized)-176(under)-176(the)-175(laws)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-303(the)-304(state)-303(of)-304(Mississippi)-303(and)-303(granted)-304(tax)-303(exempt)-304(status)-303(by)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Internal)-319(Revenue)-319(Service.)-457(The)-319(Foundation's)-319(EIN)-319(or)-319(federal)-318(tax)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(identification)-179(number)-179(is)-178(64-6221541.)-227(Its)-178(501\050c\051\0503\051)-179(letter)-179(is)-178(posted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-549(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.)-1148(Contributions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-404(the)-403(Project)-404(Gutenberg)-404(Literary)-403(Archive)-404(Foundation)-404(are)-403(tax)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(deductible)-306(to)-306(the)-306(full)-307(extent)-306(permitted)-306(by)-306(U.S.)-306(federal)-306(laws)-306(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(your)-250(state's)-250(laws.)]TJ 11.956 -14.265 Td [(The)-214(Foundation's)-214(principal)-213(office)-214(is)-214(located)-214(at)-214(4557)-214(Melan)-213(Dr.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(S.)-297(Fairbanks,)-309(AK,)-298(99712.,)-309(but)-297(its)-298(volunteers)-297(and)-297(employees)-297(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scattered)-343(throughout)-343(numerous)-344(locations.)-529(Its)-343(business)-343(office)-343(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(located)-197(at)-197(809)-197(North)-197(1500)-197(West,)-208(Salt)-197(Lake)-197(City,)-208(UT)-197(84116,)-207(\050801\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(596-1887,)-225(email)-218(business@pglaf.org.)-239(Email)-219(contact)-218(links)-218(and)-218(up)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2657 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2658 0 R /Resources 2656 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2659 0 R /Annots [ 2646 0 R 2647 0 R 2648 0 R 2654 0 R ] >> endobj 2646 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [208.573 407.414 214.028 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense3) >> >> endobj 2647 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] /Rect [235.133 407.414 240.587 417.123] /A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> >> endobj 2648 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [101.6 393.854 193.717 403.574] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.pglaf.org) >> >> endobj 2654 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [60.641 172.873 252.139 182.593] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf) >> >> endobj 2633 0 obj << /D [2657 0 R /XYZ 46.771 380.081 null] >> endobj 2656 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2663 0 obj << /Length 3173 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(472History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-227(date)-227(contact)-227(information)-227(can)-227(be)-227(found)-227(at)-227(the)-227(Foundation's)-227(web)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(site)-250(and)-250(official)-250(page)-250(at)-250(http://www.pglaf.org)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(For)-250(additional)-250(contact)-250(information:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -22.095 Td [(Dr.)-250(Gregory)-250(B.)-250(Newby)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Chief)-250(Executive)-250(and)-250(Director)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(gbnewby@pglaf.org)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -19.637 -58.864 Td [(Section)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 26.999 -44.805 Td [(Information)-258(about)-258(Donations)-258(to)-258(the)-259(Project)]TJ 8.106 -17.096 Td [(Gutenberg)-261(Literary)-260(Archive)-261(Foundation)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -35.105 -26.095 Td [(Project)-329(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 80.543 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.28 0 Td [(depends)-329(upon)-329(and)-329(cannot)-329(survive)-329(without)]TJ -94.823 -13.549 Td [(wide)-217(spread)-217(public)-217(support)-217(and)-217(donations)-217(to)-217(carry)-217(out)-217(its)-217(mission)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-334(increasing)-334(the)-334(number)-334(of)-334(public)-334(domain)-334(and)-334(licensed)-334(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-192(can)-193(be)-192(freely)-193(distributed)-192(in)-192(machine)-193(readable)-192(form)-192(accessible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-261(the)-261(widest)-261(array)-261(of)-261(equipment)-261(including)-261(outdated)-261(equipment.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Many)-303(small)-302(donations)-303(\050$1)-303(to)-302($5,000\051)-303(are)-303(particularly)-302(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(maintaining)-250(tax)-250(exempt)-250(status)-250(with)-250(the)-250(IRS.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-460(Foundation)-461(is)-460(committed)-461(to)-460(complying)-461(with)-460(the)-460(laws)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(regulating)-353(charities)-352(and)-353(charitable)-352(donations)-352(in)-353(all)-352(50)-353(states)-352(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-430(United)-429(States.)-789(Compliance)-430(requirements)-429(are)-430(not)-429(uniform)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-389(it)-389(takes)-389(a)-389(considerable)-389(effort,)-424(much)-389(paperwork)-389(and)-389(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fees)-489(to)-489(meet)-489(and)-489(keep)-489(up)-489(with)-489(these)-489(requirements.)-967(We)-489(do)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-396(solicit)-395(donations)-396(in)-396(locations)-396(where)-395(we)-396(have)-396(not)-395(received)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(written)-234(confirmation)-233(of)-234(compliance.)-244(To)-233(SEND)-234(DONATIONS)-233(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(determine)-309(the)-310(status)-309(of)-310(compliance)-309(for)-309(any)-310(particular)-309(state)-309(visit)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(While)-305(we)-304(cannot)-305(and)-304(do)-305(not)-305(solicit)-304(contributions)-305(from)-304(states)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(where)-323(we)-323(have)-322(not)-323(met)-323(the)-323(solicitation)-323(requirements,)-341(we)-322(know)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2662 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2663 0 R /Resources 2661 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2659 0 R /Annots [ 2655 0 R 2660 0 R ] >> endobj 2655 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [198.063 502.248 290.179 511.968] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.pglaf.org) >> >> endobj 2660 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [93.543 90.862 291.707 100.582] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >> >> endobj 2631 0 obj << /D [2662 0 R /XYZ 93.543 420.153 null] >> endobj 2661 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2667 0 obj << /Length 3277 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(473)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-366(no)-365(prohibition)-366(against)-366(accepting)-365(unsolicited)-366(donations)-365(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(donors)-250(in)-250(such)-250(states)-250(who)-250(approach)-250(us)-250(with)-250(offers)-250(to)-250(donate.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(International)-237(donations)-237(are)-237(gratefully)-238(accepted,)-239(but)-237(we)-237(cannot)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(make)-533(any)-532(statements)-533(concerning)-533(tax)-532(treatment)-533(of)-532(donations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(received)-256(from)-255(outside)-256(the)-255(United)-256(States.)-267(U.S.)-255(laws)-256(alone)-255(swamp)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(our)-250(small)-250(staff.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(Please)-413(check)-413(the)-412(Project)-413(Gutenberg)-413(Web)-413(pages)-413(for)-412(current)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(donation)-467(methods)-467(and)-467(addresses.)-900(Donations)-467(are)-467(accepted)-466(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-517(number)-516(of)-517(other)-517(ways)-517(including)-516(checks,)-584(online)-516(payments)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-884(credit)-884(card)-885(donations.)-2152(To)-884(donate,)-1043(please)-884(visit:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -52.862 Td [(Section)-250(5.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 12.158 -51.624 Td [(General)-254(Information)-253(About)-254(Project)-254(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 13.1507 Tf 243.427 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -160.742 -17.096 Td [(electronic)-279(works.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -94.843 -29.823 Td [(Professor)-596(Michael)-597(S.)-596(Hart)-596(is)-596(the)-597(originator)-596(of)-596(the)-596(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.755 0 Td [(concept)-281(of)-281(a)-281(library)-281(of)-281(electronic)-281(works)-281(that)-281(could)]TJ -59.803 -13.549 Td [(be)-436(freely)-436(shared)-436(with)-436(anyone.)-807(For)-436(thirty)-436(years,)-483(he)-435(produced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-357(distributed)-357(Project)-358(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 151.064 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.588 0 Td [(eBooks)-357(with)-357(only)-358(a)-357(loose)]TJ -165.652 -13.549 Td [(network)-250(of)-250(volunteer)-250(support.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(Project)-379(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 81.091 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.829 0 Td [(eBooks)-379(are)-380(often)-379(created)-379(from)-380(several)]TJ -107.876 -13.549 Td [(printed)-248(editions,)-248(all)-248(of)-247(which)-248(are)-248(confirmed)-247(as)-248(Public)-248(Domain)-247(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-303(U.S.)-302(unless)-303(a)-303(copyright)-303(notice)-302(is)-303(included.)-408(Thus,)-316(we)-303(do)-302(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(necessarily)-216(keep)-217(eBooks)-216(in)-216(compliance)-217(with)-216(any)-216(particular)-216(paper)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(edition.)]TJ 11.956 -14.185 Td [(Each)-355(eBook)-356(is)-355(in)-356(a)-355(subdirectory)-356(of)-355(the)-356(same)-355(number)-356(as)-355(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(eBook's)-266(eBook)-266(number,)-269(often)-266(in)-266(several)-266(formats)-266(including)-265(plain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vanilla)-250(ASCII,)-250(compressed)-250(\050zipped\051,)-250(HTML)-250(and)-250(others.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2666 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2667 0 R /Resources 2665 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2659 0 R /Annots [ 2664 0 R ] >> endobj 2664 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [46.771 379.032 244.935 388.752] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >> >> endobj 2668 0 obj << /D [2666 0 R /XYZ 46.771 365.577 null] >> endobj 2665 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F45 2574 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2672 0 obj << /Length 1717 >> stream 0 g 0 G BT /F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(474History)-150(of)-150(European)-150(Morals)-150(From)-150(Augustus)-150(to)-150(Charlemagne)-150(\050Vol.)-217(2)-150(of)-150(2\051)]TJ 0 g 0 G 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Corrected)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 45.766 0 Td [(editions)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 37.301 0 Td [(of)-252(our)-252(eBooks)-253(replace)-252(the)-252(old)-253(fil)1(e)-253(and)-252(take)]TJ -95.023 -13.549 Td [(over)-285(the)-286(old)-285(filename)-286(and)-285(etext)-286(number.)-356(The)-286(replaced)-285(older)-285(file)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-367(renamed.)]TJ/F34 10.9091 Tf 58.126 0 Td [(Versions)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 42.185 0 Td [(based)-367(on)-367(separate)-367(sources)-367(are)-367(treated)-367(as)]TJ -100.311 -13.549 Td [(new)-250(eBooks)-250(receiving)-250(new)-250(filenames)-250(and)-250(etext)-250(numbers.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(Most)-416(people)-416(start)-416(at)-416(our)-416(Web)-416(site)-416(which)-416(has)-416(the)-416(main)-415(PG)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(search)-250(facility:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.64 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -23.367 Td [(This)-1077(Web)-1077(site)-1078(includes)-1077(information)-1077(about)-1077(Project)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F45 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.691 0 Td [(,)-418(including)-384(how)-384(to)-384(make)-385(donations)-384(to)-384(the)-384(Project)]TJ -56.739 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)-397(Literary)-396(Archive)-397(Foundation,)-433(how)-396(to)-397(help)-396(produce)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(our)-230(new)-230(eBooks,)-234(and)-230(how)-230(to)-230(subscribe)-230(to)-230(our)-230(email)-230(newsletter)-229(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hear)-250(about)-250(new)-250(eBooks.)]TJ 0 g 0 G 0 g 0 G ET endstream endobj 2671 0 obj << /Type /Page /Contents 2672 0 R /Resources 2670 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] /Parent 2659 0 R /Annots [ 2669 0 R ] >> endobj 2669 0 obj << /Type /Annot /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] /Rect [113.18 425.639 215.636 434.427] /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org) >> >> endobj 2670 0 obj << /Font << /F16 7 0 R /F34 49 0 R /F45 2574 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 2674 0 obj [980] endobj 2675 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Roman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [0 0 1000 0] /Ascent 0 /CapHeight 0 /Descent 0 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 450 >> endobj 2676 0 obj [525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 669 669 834 844 805 805 669 669 420 420 420 420 420 420 0 0 683 683 847 857 818 818 0 0 534 534 534 534 534 534 534 534 840 840 1005 1015 976 976 840 840 294 294 294 294 294 294 294 294 494 494 659 668 629 629 494 494 498 498 498 498 498 498 0 0 762 762 927 937 849 849 0 0 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 0 818 0 993 0 954 0 818 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 788 788 952 962 874 874 788 788 525 525 420 420 534 534 294 294 498 498 507 507 700 700 0 0 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 964 964 1129 1139 1100 1100 964 964 534 534 534 534 534 534 534 534 1135 1135 1300 1310 1270 1270 1135 1135 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 1083 1083 1247 1257 1218 1218 1083 1083 525 525 525 525 525 0 525 525 595 595 704 708 890 187 294 187 401 401 534 534 534 0 534 534 717 721 875 878 948 351 322 187 294 294 294 294 0 0 294 294 317 317 529 532 0 361 322 187 507 507 507 507 478 478 507 507 583 583 853 856 709 395 395 221 0 0 700 700 700 0 700] endobj 2677 0 obj << /Length1 12068 /Length 12068 >> stream  €POS/2pgéPÐVcmap‘¤@»+è:cvt †G@fpgm2MsfÜbglyfåÎ˄ĤheadÚ˜o{(6hhea J8`$hmtx­™1„ÈlocaTdNLhfmaxpLrL name¡aTl ~postüÿ(Å)ìûprep‹-\h¸,K¸ PX±ŽY¸ÿ…¸D¹ _^-¸, EiD°`-¸,¸*!-¸, F°%FRX#Y Š ŠIdŠ F had°%F hadRX#eŠY/ °SXi °TX!°@Yi °TX!°@eYY:-¸, F°%FRX#ŠY F jad°%F jadRX#ŠY/ý-¸,K °&PXQX°€D°@DY!! E°ÀPX°ÀD!YY-¸, EiD°` E}iD°`-¸,¸*-¸,K °&SX°€°@YŠŠ °&SX#!°ÀŠŠŠ#Y °&SX#!¸ŠŠŠ#Y °&SX#!¸@ŠŠŠ#Y ¸&SX°%E¸€PX#!¸€#!°%E#!#!Y!YD-¸ ,KSXED!!Y-*+Pn‚þ ¢ì9¸+º+º+¾L</"+¾G</"+¾€fP9"+¾xfP9"+º+¸ E}iDÿÿPÿáû& !gÿÿPÿáù& "gÿÿPÿá& #–ÿÿFÿá9û&$!&ÿÿFÿá&$%¹ÿÿ7þHØù&&"ÿÿFÿáCû&'!iÿÿÿÎÿáxÈ&'(iÿÿUÿâ®&)*×ÿÿUÿâ¸&)%áÿÿÿâq¢'+þ%ÿÿ7ÿá¿û&,!lÿÿZÿáA&-#„ÿÿPÿá& .¤ÿÿFÿá9&$/¥ÿÿFÿá9&$.cÿÿ7þHØ&&/ÿÿ7þHØ&&.ÌÿÿFÿáK&'.¦ÿÿUÿâ§&)/ÍÿÿUÿâ§&).‹ÿÿ7ÿá¿&,.©ÿÿZÿáA&-.j!DGûG»+Ašª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸/01'>76.#'>EYa'*,"7' 5A=$PEŠ=!&P.0$*   $-3ÿÿ7þHØQ&&0¾ÿÿ7þ ØQ&&'0¾1 ÿÿÿßÿá‰Q&'0™ÿÿ7ÿá¿Q&,0›ÿÿZþ AÆ&-1ÂÿÿZÿáAQ&-0\PÿáÀG¡» 4+¸ A  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]¸EX¸9/¹9 >Y¸EX¸E/¹E >Y¸EX¸'/¹'>Y¸EX¸//¹/>Y¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q¸9¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸¸и/º,'99º<'9901%2>7.#"3267#".'#".54>327>'>7¢'JB8ƒY&J:$2IŠ&>73 ?$Et* L§FhšrTvO/  ;@DpQ•Ž9o¦mlÇ—Z¦¥ I“:  !DGûG»+Ašª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸/01'>76.#'>EYa'*,"7' 5A=$PEŠ=!&P.0$*   $-32DTùK»+¸A&6FVfv† ]A•¥]¸/01&>76.4#378 /7/0'b]184.  ) %/1.F%!(r!:¨ "F» +¸ A  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]01'7>3'>76.#'>¨å $(& }þYa'*,"7' 5A=$L $þIEŠ=!&P.0$*   $-3Fÿá9ÀO»4+¸A&6FVfv† ]A•¥]º<49¸Y¸EX¸//¹/>Y»+¸¸C¹ üAy ‰ qA!  ( 8 H X h x ˆ ˜ ¨ ¸ È Ø è ø ]A  ( 8 H X h q¸/¹$üA!$$'$7$G$W$g$w$‡$—$§$·$Ç$×$ç$÷$]A$$'$7$G$W$g$qAv$†$qº9901#".#"3267.#"32>7#".54>7.54>3232>3,)$ 6HU(X["EhFD4,HmI%(Ga9#GLU03\blBL}Z16I*KV"8IOM!,H?7 ƒ!4$%SA<0`$6>#?0#5-@*'D]7+MA3aJ+J?2#  <× #S» +¸A&6FVfv† ]A•¥]¸ /¸/¸/01.'>77.'&>?. °,0/ýJ]b'0/7/ 873#< w  #±Sr(!%F.1/% )  .487þHØÀAà»+¸¸¸ и /¸¸Cܸ /¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸8/¹8 >Yº 9¸¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸2к? 9012'>54.#"'>54.'5>71>Öqb +V#'.'AM\7"G$';6$=:;!#b¼ÀŠ„ý\ŽiFITSÒ1T>#>nVþÇ#820 9=;Í4; (#0KH4ŽŽFÿáCÀ3»+¸¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y01%#".76.#5>73267C\~!#- >7A”B   K? mHD9Y<Ò4B&( )(ý—EP)  -ÿe2È1'¸(/¸0/¸/»-+¸-¸(¹ü01'>76&/>#".#"'>323267G UQ# AN 8B>3"À2=H'#?<;(B%51>G'&D<6&I"69r&% "-8+I„)J8"#-8)J9"#,;Uÿâ§À+¯¸,/¸-/¸ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸,¸ и /¹ üA  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]¸EX¸'/¹' >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸'¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q014.#"32>7#".54>321Pe3EcA4Sh4?_? ™!;Sbp;Z–k; ;Qcq=[–j:ÇOm@:eŠPOl?5bŠtBraF'H~®fB€saF(H®!<× #S» +¸ A  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]¸ /¸/¸/01.'>7'>76.#'> °,0/þnYa'*,"7' 5A=$< w  #’EŠ=!&P.0$*   $-3Fÿâs +¯¸,/¸-/¸ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸,¸"и"/¹ üA  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]¸EX¸'/¹' >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸'¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q014.#"32>7#".54>32×.CTd9Ya4=gŠMS‹e8œ)Kh}Lx¼DX˜Ív|½€AuE‡yhK+L‹ÆzpÈ—XEˆÊ–Z«—}Z2j²è~ˆöºnm´è7ÿá¿À;»+¸»,+¸º 9¸ /¹ üAš,ª,]A ,,),9,I,Y,i,y,‰, ]¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸7/¹7 >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¹%üA!%%'%7%G%W%g%w%‡%—%§%·%Ç%×%ç%÷%]A%%'%7%G%W%g%qAv%†%q01#".54>54.'5>732>56./>7¿"=WmH0fR570E|D !7G'-N@1"*B,152 4%_F•_8(^™q5[Z^7% ('bƒœRYR'-J_gf+=hP5 & 9ZyZÿáAÆUž»#+¸#»=-+¸=»G+¸Aš-ª-]A --)-9-I-Y-i-y-‰- ]º -=9º9A##&#6#F#V#f#v#†# ]A•#¥#]AšGªG]A GG)G9GIGYGiGyG‰G ]¸/¸Q/¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Yº 9º9¹(üA!(('(7(G(W(g(w(‡(—(§(·(Ç(×(ç(÷(]A(('(7(G(W(g(qAv(†(q¸BÐ01#".'#".54>732>74.'>71032>54.'>7ADj‚>8W?) 0HbBExZ4+NkA8K-/K`1%LE7 )Ic:2bM0;aDHxt> #j‚•(<¥ ¸ /¸/01.'>7] °,0/< w  #o:‘ ¸/01'7>3‘å $(& }L $þIFLð8'¸/¸ /¸/¸/¸¹ ü¸¹ü01#".#"'>323267ð2=H'#?<;(B%51>G'&D<6&I"6!)J8"#-8)J9"#,;ý·þ þŸÿ&»+¸¸ /¸EX¸/¹>Y01#"&54&'>7367þŸ;Q J  þh+5GRY|&/  $0<HS^jv‚Žš¦²¾ÊÖâîú]iy„œ¨à+yØ p>‰èþc y W š ¹ ×  RèXX°XX°fSIL ðÿþ!Zß5€>ÝSq_<õ¹¬!»„fûÙýž by ßýË- {ûÙü¿ b2Ã4P4P4P^F^FF7\F\ÿÎüUüUË7›Z4P^F^FF7F7\FüUüU7›Z!F7F7\ÿß7›Z›Z4P!2Ð!^F”F7\FÿeüU”!ÍF7›ZÍ(Æo6Fý·2°¤ n::HOh'v,« × é ü ƒ›¢© t° $ @ 2N € Nœ ê X $^ &‚ 8¨ à  æ  ô  Copyright (c) SIL International 2003. All rights reserved.ZXXNRP+GentiumRegularZXXNRP+SIL: Gentium: 2003ZXXNRP+GentiumVersion 1.01; 2003; initial SIL releaseZXXNRP+GentiumGentium is a trademark of SIL International.J. Victor Gaultneyhttp://www.sil.org/http://www.sil.org/~gaultneyThis font is the property of SIL International. It is distributed as copyrighted freeware. You may use this software without any charge and may distribute it, as is, to others. Commercial distribution of this software is restricted without prior written permission. If you wish to distribute this software commercially, contact SIL for details on obtaining a license. You may not rent or lease the software, nor may you modify, adapt, translate, reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the software. You may not make derivative fonts from this software. THE SOFTWARE AND RELATED FILES ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.GentiumRegularGentiumCopyright (c) SIL International 2003. All rights reserved.ZXXNRP+GentiumRegularZXXNRP+SIL: Gentium: 2003ZXXNRP+GentiumVersion 1.01; 2003; initial SIL releaseZXXNRP+GentiumGentium is a trademark of SIL International.J. Victor Gaultneyhttp://www.sil.org/http://www.sil.org/~gaultneyThis font is the property of SIL International. It is distributed as copyrighted freeware. You may use this software without any charge and may distribute it, as is, to others. Commercial distribution of this software is restricted without prior written permission. If you wish to distribute this software commercially, contact SIL for details on obtaining a license. You may not rent or lease the software, nor may you modify, adapt, translate, reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the software. You may not make derivative fonts from this software. THE SOFTWARE AND RELATED FILES ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.GentiumRegularGentiumÿÐ2      !"#$%&'()*+,-./01uni1F00uni1F01uni1F02uni1F10uni1F15uni1F21uni1F30uni1F36uni1F44uni1F45uni1F4Duni1F50uni1F62uni1F71uni1F72uni1F73uni1F74uni1F75uni1F77uni1F78uni1F79uni1F7Buni1F7Duni1FBDuni1FC6uni1FC7uni1FD6uni1FE6uni1FF3uni1FF6alphauni1FBFuni1FFEuni1FCDepsilonuni1FDEetaiotauni1FCFomicronuni1FCEOmicronupsilonomegauni1FFDuni1FEFuni1FC0uni037A  ðÿÿÿðÿÿ  endstream endobj 2678 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /ZXXNRP+Gentium /Flags 4 /FontBBox [-519 -297 1297 1059] /Ascent 858 /CapHeight 698 /Descent -275 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 280 /XHeight 454 /FontFile2 2677 0 R >> endobj 486 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /BaseFont /ZXXNRP+Gentium /FontDescriptor 2678 0 R /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 246 /Widths 2676 0 R >> endobj 2679 0 obj [578 595 806 648 516 600 629 522 0 519 550 583 654 615 688 632 317 583 525 420 534 294 507 525 498 475 479 420 399 534 499 294 510 528 539 507 438 498 526 478 408 478 430 507 638 486 660 700] endobj 2680 0 obj << /Length1 16740 /Length 16740 >> stream  €POS/2pgéP/ˆVcmap=P?B>(:cvt †G@fpgm2MsfÜbglyfsDžÄ,ŒheadÚ˜o{/à6hhea J!0$hmtxf_@0<lloca‚3a/P8maxp5r0¨ namex¡8Ü0È ~postÅmš£=Hßprep‹-\h¸,K¸ PX±ŽY¸ÿ…¸D¹ _^-¸, EiD°`-¸,¸*!-¸, F°%FRX#Y Š ŠIdŠ F had°%F hadRX#eŠY/ °SXi °TX!°@Yi °TX!°@eYY:-¸, F°%FRX#ŠY F jad°%F jadRX#ŠY/ý-¸,K °&PXQX°€D°@DY!! E°ÀPX°ÀD!YY-¸, EiD°` E}iD°`-¸,¸*-¸,K °&SX°€°@YŠŠ °&SX#!°ÀŠŠŠ#Y °&SX#!¸ŠŠŠ#Y °&SX#!¸@ŠŠŠ#Y ¸&SX°%E¸€PX#!¸€#!°%E#!#!Y!YD-¸ ,KSXED!!Y-*+Pn‚þ ¢ì9¸+º+º+¾L</"+¾G</"+¾€fP9"+¾xfP9"+º+¸ E}iD1ÿò–ì1U»-"+¸-¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸'/¹' >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y01%#"&' >.'5! 675>54&'5!–;w0-þ— 2'¤ 2(!þNß)/2û›DNJHÃDMHI% få  ++ þýà +%+! $++"ûå #+1Åì)l¸*/¸+/¸*¸и/¸+¸ܹü¸¹%ü¸EX¸ /¹ >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸ ¹ü0135>54&'5!!5>54.+1DNJH”EMIIþ=DM4M1¦/G/HI+! $++"ûå #++!î    ü #+PÿáÀG¡» 4+¸ A  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]¸EX¸9/¹9 >Y¸EX¸E/¹E >Y¸EX¸'/¹'>Y¸EX¸//¹/>Y¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q¸9¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸¸и/º,'99º<'9901%2>7.#"3267#".'#".54>327>'>7¢'JB8ƒY&J:$2IŠ&>73 ?$Et* L§FhšrTvO/  ;@DpQ•Ž9o¦mlÇ—Z¦¥ I“:  Œþ ¬!Q,»-:+¸-»H+¸H¸-¸Ðº H9¸ /Aš ª ]A  ) 9 I Y i y ‰ ]¹"üºM:"9¸SܸEX¸9/¹9>Y¸EX¸)/¹)>Y»B+¸B¸)¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q0132>54.+'>=4.#"#"&''4>32">FK$7W>!-]Ž`?iL* 5D$Y¸EX¸4/¹4 >Y¸EX¸ /¹ >Yº, %901.'>'.'.1'>72>7>7º1ie[#%Y! "6CIH'#:u.4=@=6&F7'*]& ¡kéòõu%pzs(  A‘~\ 1 º¿Ÿj ( ,?m“©¶ZZ­®´` dÿá†KM» =+¸ »'+¸'Ašª]A )9IYiy‰ ]A  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]º = 9¸ /¹3üº83'9¸'¸MܸEX¸./¹.>Y»B+¸B¸.¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q014.'32>#".#"#".54>7.54>32327â%>R,Eb?0Qj;$E5 ¤INShm-U€•€U!9MZc1^“d52]ƒQ0[G*4H)Dug\, yQ}n3Ti{CGŠlC+Lh“GJ%-%!Y¸EX¸//¹/>Y»+¸¸C¹ üAy ‰ qA!  ( 8 H X h x ˆ ˜ ¨ ¸ È Ø è ø ]A  ( 8 H X h q¸/¹$üA!$$'$7$G$W$g$w$‡$—$§$·$Ç$×$ç$÷$]A$$'$7$G$W$g$qAv$†$qº9901#".#"3267.#"32>7#".54>7.54>3232>3,)$ 6HU(X["EhFD4,HmI%(Ga9#GLU03\blBL}Z16I*KV"8IOM!,H?7 ƒ!4$%SA<0`$6>#?0#5-@*'D]7+MA3aJ+J?2#  Pþ&) Fä¸G/¸H/¸G¸#и#/¹üA&6FVfv† ]A•¥]¸H¸ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸¸DиD/º(#D9¸¸<иYº(:901&'>54.54>7#".'0.'>323267)JŽkM,/McgcM/;`HKA/NchcN/L‹Äx5aR>     + 4Ü¥ v7Œ¡±¶·WF[=%.G8%N^rI c…3+4!-MvXÿùôw  /?@ (' "7þHØÀAà»+¸¸¸ и /¸¸Cܸ /¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸8/¹8 >Yº 9¸¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸2к? 9012'>54.#"'>54.'5>71>Öqb +V#'.'AM\7"G$';6$=:;!#b¼ÀŠ„ý\ŽiFITSÒ1T>#>nVþÇ#820 9=;Í4; (#0KH4ŽŽ[ÿᤫ 1i¸2/¸3/¸2¸&и&/¹üA&6FVfv† ]A•¥]¸3¸ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸и/¸¸и/¸EX¸!/¹!>Y»-+¸-»+¸¸и/¸!¹ üA!  ' 7 G W g w ‡ — § · Ç × ç ÷ ]A  ' 7 G W g qAv † q¸¸и/01"67.2>'.#".5&>32ôD^;Œþy )B\ Hb:A‡…9'DaÕ@t£bb–d37M`o>f™f41EŠÎˆ rÉ•Vû*K“ÙŽwÓ\lšþòÉunÁšfÁ©Œe8tÉþóFÿáCÀ3»+¸¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y01%#".76.#5>73267C\~!#- >7A”B   K? mHD9Y<Ò4B&( )(ý—EP)  -7ÿáÀQî»!+¸¸.иEX¸-/¹- >Y¸EX¸6/¹6 >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y»B +¸Bº/-9¸¹JüA!JJ'J7JGJWJgJwJ‡J—J§J·JÇJ×JçJ÷J]AJJ'J7JGJWJgJqAvJ†Jq01%#".#"'>54.'5>7>3'3232>7)I>. 1.,-/.'- $'&&<7%KF>d™sUB5 /!8AR: 94211R)EhyhE/4KLB5BM(¥7> ( "þ€´yF$ 2W,M@EfyfE  ÿáEæ?3¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y»-$+¸-01%#".'.''>7.#"'>3232>7EKa",)*5B+&HHI%5841^YRG<!5-)#I12QA3(),8G.(HB< ! \9B@n¬ñ¢8dÄÊÕu!> ´Á¼°Jg}C"&33E*3a¥ó«”ö°a -=þ =ÀL»+¸»F8+¸F¸8¸ кF9¸¹.üº>F9¸F¸NܸEX¸(/¹( >Y¸EX¸A/¹A >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸ /¹ >Yº (9¸3ÜA33'373G3W3g3w3‡3—3§3·3Ç3 ]AÖ3æ3]º 39º(9º>(901%#".'#"&''4.'5>7032>74.'>73267=@<3 Q—:;r,'3371 '4/'A:5 /D*9?F( ,[) 3!R(!":L+ijQHo®†_²', (  ýÙ#RF0 !=4Í-,& 'I?þ]L  ÿáÀÀ-@¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸+/¹+ >Y¸EX¸/¹>Yº#901'.'.'.#"15>72>'>7À3T€^9(FC<. (&?j,< 8@@E[/.W(¡fÂÖùž  |åÁ–/#*&-9H'‰±ÏmaÑȲC Uÿâ§À+¯¸,/¸-/¸ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸,¸ и /¹ üA  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]¸EX¸'/¹' >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸'¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q014.#"32>7#".54>321Pe3EcA4Sh4?_? ™!;Sbp;Z–k; ;Qcq=[–j:ÇOm@:eŠPOl?5bŠtBraF'H~®fB€saF(H®ÿà"ÀK»@ +¸@Aš ª ]A  ) 9 I Y i y ‰ ]¸EX¸4/¹4 >Y¸EX¸9/¹9 >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸9¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸и/¸(и)Ð01%#".54>7.'.'>7#"'>3!267+32>73L;/#4# G‰R 9DC ( 3 2//89: y*H4i0A "$0"n+7 *MnE [~£irú€H{7  &DPi•ÏŽ $#<,HMQ¦N[‚T'  ,Œþ yÀ5˜¸6/¸7/¸6¸,и,/¹ ü¸Ð¸7¸ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸EX¸1/¹1 >Y¸EX¸(/¹(>Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q¸1¹ üAy ‰ qA!  ( 8 H X h x ˆ ˜ ¨ ¸ È Ø è ø ]A  ( 8 H X h qº901%32654.#"%#".'.'4>32",A6/hp*G]4%F6!W6GPU(-:H-.K* CpMV‚X-Ð ) ±§`˜k8-g©{kGŠ{hL* 2(LžŒm q‡ÏHJzžPþ$1ÀD/¸E/¸F/¸E¸2и2/¹üA&6FVfv† ]A•¥]¸F¸ܹ&üAš&ª&]A &&)&9&I&Y&i&y&‰& ]¸ /¸EX¸:/¹: >Y¹ üAy ‰ qA!  ( 8 H X h x ˆ ˜ ¨ ¸ È Ø è ø ]A  ( 8 H X h qº: 901#".#".'>54.'.54>7>3232631%&# )9H+*C3% >`B11M76|@ :;<"  }.(!*EY^[$8WF9-8H1P_i6 C‚.&7*(:Nd?Gƒv/-2   PÿáÔÀ>â¸?/¸@/¸$ܹüAšª]A )9IYiy‰ ]¸?¸0и0/¹ üA  & 6 F V f v † ]A• ¥ ]º0$9¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸7/¹7 >Y¸EX¸+/¹+>Y¸7¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸и+¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q¸¸и/¸и/014.'.#"32>#"&'#".54>3!2>7Ï-8(@9S6)Ji?@S0+%& W/ oc/EZnAR‹f99Ocr?2$|F~iT/Of7J˜|O7UjZ08P«n(be`K-L¦[=zo`G( ÿáqÀ3Œ»( +¸(A((&(6(F(V(f(v(†( ]A•(¥(]¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¸¹ üAy ‰ qA!  ( 8 H X h x ˆ ˜ ¨ ¸ È Ø è ø ]A  ( 8 H X h q¸ии"и"/¸%и%/¸¹-üA!--'-7-G-W-g-w-‡-—-§-·-Ç-×-ç-÷-]A--'-7-G-W-g-qAv-†-q01%#".547"&+"'>3!267#"&'32>79[MC *:&,))G26:> À2I3[4+B(#)2>(&;(/J]-s¢#8- AO„ÖU VL5-7ÿá¿À;»+¸»,+¸º 9¸ /¹ üAš,ª,]A ,,),9,I,Y,i,y,‰, ]¸EX¸/¹ >Y¸EX¸7/¹7 >Y¸EX¸/¹>Y¹%üA!%%'%7%G%W%g%w%‡%—%§%·%Ç%×%ç%÷%]A%%'%7%G%W%g%qAv%†%q01#".54>54.'5>732>56./>7¿"=WmH0fR570E|D !7G'-N@1"*B,152 4%_F•_8(^™q5[Z^7% ('bƒœRYR'-J_gf+=hP5 & 9ZyPþËÄT »F7+¸F» +¸»P+¸¸и/Aš ª ]A  ) 9 I Y i y ‰ ]¸¸и¸ и /AFF&F6FFFVFfFvF†F ]A•F¥F]¸P¸KиK/¸¸Vܸ/¸>/¸EX¸(/¹(>Y¸EX¸ /¹ >Y¸EX¸0/¹0>Y¸ ¹üA!'7GWgw‡—§·Ç×ç÷]A'7GWgqAv†q¸¹üAy‰qA!(8HXhxˆ˜¨¸ÈØèø]A(8HXhq¸¸KиK/01>54.#"2.'>7.54>7>74>ÐXŠ`2(EZ2."µIxV/L…¸l%Q' ]’nN0 "<^„Z SnB,V€T/RsÜ Xiw= =i•`B~c=?~o3äIu’J{É“Zþ„äÀGA¸/¸/¸EX¸)/¹) >Y¸EX¸8/¹8 >Yº )9º0)901#".''67.'.#"15>767>732>7ä/A.!$AGS59<:131wÃN9ZJ? #$844! !+7E,@k&/1/j¸T1XK=$ þþ%/ ;ÇŒ2y~7 "•5œœÒ‚= (*Ht©wƒ w !šþʨ„ËŠG -ZÿáAÆUž»#+¸#»=-+¸=»G+¸Aš-ª-]A --)-9-I-Y-i-y-‰- ]º -=9º9A##&#6#F#V#f#v#†# ]A•#¥#]AšGªG]A GG)G9GIGYGiGyG‰G ]¸/¸Q/¸EX¸/¹>Y¸EX¸/¹>Yº 9º9¹(üA!(('(7(G(W(g(w(‡(—(§(·(Ç(×(ç(÷(]A(('(7(G(W(g(qAv(†(q¸BÐ01#".'#".54>732>74.'>71032>54.'>7ADj‚>8W?) 0HbBExZ4+NkA8K-/K`1%LE7 )Ic:2bM0;aDHxt> #j‚•{í%*ÅÒ×¥ªõ Ü O F ¬  ¸ÑÇ"{FèXX°XX°fSIL ðÿþ!Zß5€)QF _<õ¹¬!»„fûÙýž by ßýË- {ûÙü¿ bà1 14PüŒÎÿöÖd^F3PF7ÿ[\F7;Q= üU6ÓŒEPÔPq7Pä›Z°¤ n::HOh'v,« × é ü ƒ›¢© t° $ @ 2N € Nœ ê X $^ &‚ 8¨ à  æ  ô  Copyright (c) SIL International 2003. All rights reserved.CMLVSM+GentiumRegularCMLVSM+SIL: Gentium: 2003CMLVSM+GentiumVersion 1.01; 2003; initial SIL releaseCMLVSM+GentiumGentium is a trademark of SIL International.J. Victor Gaultneyhttp://www.sil.org/http://www.sil.org/~gaultneyThis font is the property of SIL International. It is distributed as copyrighted freeware. You may use this software without any charge and may distribute it, as is, to others. Commercial distribution of this software is restricted without prior written permission. If you wish to distribute this software commercially, contact SIL for details on obtaining a license. You may not rent or lease the software, nor may you modify, adapt, translate, reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the software. You may not make derivative fonts from this software. THE SOFTWARE AND RELATED FILES ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.GentiumRegularGentiumCopyright (c) SIL International 2003. All rights reserved.CMLVSM+GentiumRegularCMLVSM+SIL: Gentium: 2003CMLVSM+GentiumVersion 1.01; 2003; initial SIL releaseCMLVSM+GentiumGentium is a trademark of SIL International.J. Victor Gaultneyhttp://www.sil.org/http://www.sil.org/~gaultneyThis font is the property of SIL International. It is distributed as copyrighted freeware. You may use this software without any charge and may distribute it, as is, to others. Commercial distribution of this software is restricted without prior written permission. If you wish to distribute this software commercially, contact SIL for details on obtaining a license. You may not rent or lease the software, nor may you modify, adapt, translate, reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the software. You may not make derivative fonts from this software. THE SOFTWARE AND RELATED FILES ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.GentiumRegularGentiumÿÐ     ›KappaPialphabetagammadeltaepsilonzetaetathetaiotakappalambdauni03BCnuomicronrhosigma1sigmatauupsilonphichiomega  ðÿÿÿðÿÿ  endstream endobj 2681 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CMLVSM+Gentium /Flags 4 /FontBBox [-519 -297 1297 1059] /Ascent 858 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -275 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 454 /FontFile2 2680 0 R >> endobj 485 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /BaseFont /CMLVSM+Gentium /FontDescriptor 2681 0 R /FirstChar 154 /LastChar 201 /Widths 2679 0 R >> endobj 2683 0 obj [944 667] endobj 2684 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Italic /Flags 98 /FontBBox [0 0 1000 0] /Ascent 0 /CapHeight 0 /Descent 0 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 441 >> endobj 2685 0 obj [500] endobj 2687 0 obj [889 0 0 0 333 333 333 0 556 556] endobj 2688 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Italic /Flags 98 /FontBBox [0 0 1000 0] /Ascent 0 /CapHeight 0 /Descent 0 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 441 >> endobj 2689 0 obj [513.9] endobj 2690 0 obj [722] endobj 2691 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Roman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [0 0 1000 0] /Ascent 0 /CapHeight 0 /Descent 0 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 450 >> endobj 2693 0 obj [214 333 333 500 675 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 675 675 675 500 920 611 611 667 722 611 611 722 722 333 444 667 556 833 667 722 611 722 611 500 556 722 611 833 611 556 556 389 278 389 422 500 333 500 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 278 278 444 278 722 500 500 500 500 389 389 278 500 444 667 444 444 389 400 0 400 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 389 500 500 500 500 275 500 333 760 276 500 675 0 760 0 400 675 300 300 333 0 523 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 500 611 611 611 611 611 611 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722 667 722 722 722 722 722 675 722 722 722 722 722 556 611 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278] endobj 2694 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Italic /Flags 98 /FontBBox [0 -207 1000 683] /Ascent 683 /CapHeight 661 /Descent -207 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 83 /XHeight 441 >> endobj 2695 0 obj [1000 0 0 0 333 333 333 0 444 444 444 0 500 500 350] endobj 2696 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Roman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [0 0 1000 0] /Ascent 0 /CapHeight 0 /Descent 0 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 450 >> endobj 2697 0 obj [333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 0 480 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 500 500 500 500 200 500 333 760 276 500 564 0 760 0 400 564 300 300 333 0 453 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 444 722 722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 564 722 722 722 722 722 722 556 500 444 444 444 444 444 444 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 564 500 500 500 500 500] endobj 2698 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times-Roman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [0 -218 1000 673] /Ascent 673 /CapHeight 673 /Descent -218 /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 83 /XHeight 450 >> endobj 2699 0 obj << /Length1 1407 /Length2 6031 /Length3 0 /Length 7438 >> stream %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSY10 003.002 %%Title: CMSY10 %Version: 003.002 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 %%Creator: David M. Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMSY10. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMSY10 known{/CMSY10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5096651 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /RMYWJC+CMSY10 def /FontBBox {-29 -960 1116 775 }readonly def /UniqueID 5096651 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.) readonly def /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def /UnderlinePosition -100 def /UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 102 /braceleft put readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec ÙÖoc;„j²„¼ø°Aw-åÍßᾉYň5t&× {hLšGÒqB`d­Ë—PØ©†ÑÖ|*îøÎx\ÁœÞ–HŸtEÅãBð-¡ÉùóÁgedogÏ7—‰ãï‘Q`[['“WÖü…7Â3ç®æ¤ý¾sçZ9ë m ¦ö!–tAž¾ë‹Y!$átÊY\Žr[˜uTIUÏý‹iŽ÷B¼Œùyã[Ž™ÊÝÝÈœÆÅ—3ò¢Kï6­†zJ!žË’Ç‘œJ·s&B5öC©•"¥m†&Þ`7ÞûӢƻ‘Ç3uµgNC O~̶u³o5Ö=žÂÞò_ä›Tù/ ¸’‰h,°—$B%¯döʘï¯3lŸÃ ³¾ÛÿMÓo§¨÷YLÚ¶Œ~ƒ3^æÐø`š‘12]•=l8Çà£B6PlpËfWÚü<• %PIN!jáuË#,.õ£Åi«X“nôè¸È¼Ê‡ðo$îÒX½šëÄê‘·I5öÔV*E6t±K×o¿_)žÓRŸžP»¾G;Z@9ØÐ"V3¡T×TLç˜N Y:…A€Ókî©®Ú¬6Ì =‚¸=•8€0~ÛÐðDQì±ã QÂù^brð/2^KŸ¾Zh`§N'Jt4i¶ëüèBYÒð7ÖÞŸBþU_¨~\ŸfûŽõçôµïŸXA³ˆZl‰”¿Òã_£Ì½ZÆŽ˜ÀÐìý'•çxHµúöðbÊG:Ç"„¥l«¶5ºCÝÆ‰U[ÆaL¼ô¸rÂÌf¶ôù 1[÷;4äp^èµNïpûªqBD 'Ø…93ã­M€&9{ ˆVD õ8 aе‚2Ön.hf¶ äl?KÚ¢ë[$‹¸Š³úGpðöÃݺ±/JÇzc÷¥‚F8ûvP3Üà/XO6ÈyAo¿±î~ëç]WqD‚M¹ˆY4ߧ󆸢YÕÌ¢XPEðLý2ã_2¹ ­¹©oH•{ 1xÒÉê'¿¼u|»o øöúWNRšE”ò¦í™¹Óôû&”ã˜lFÿ\LRh1®Fžbñ¦­Ï}+‡l Cø] ¦¥ÛÂ(„vfÕoƒ+fÏœMëí³}÷l?c*Þˆ"î­^R¬æ]ªm†äÔi§„KªOÉÒŽ!I Œ²Ó²ûçõRþ_tÓW;™¿Ìñ˜Çu@(#ªt*̧Ó U œ{|ãõõQ}a3åF¨l•¾ó8x¬¤Òt’HWA¨Â­â;³!ÚVÞÐþ CºÊƒVo³—Ûvºžì’?³”;”œ±=ËÜ>,„Æã§«¾\"«ù¶•šÑRívRC•Ø¥œQDh Ó@_,žÇËœ½kbflçAIøP^ª³™wÙš¦dIÉHzk(c÷3ƒxûŠÉìSÊUPI³f{KΩÍs… îÍY¯¼¡í/ìvÁÏ[¡¹ûظL%O¡@ë™Hƒ†“<ÞP'ŽJ£ËÛv‘Õ,Æ$´"hU§M?ô³ë?á“p*Ö„7v×=ÛP1s}ãG“@¤N’5^ð3•‰Tå³8fº† yQ¦‡ƒ¹O)„´ ¬07ÓæÒ%… „G ¤ú’Rz£óófé{‡Ð^DhÜô<ä¢{™™âB•ËêÖ}úÀÆÙžs2f'CóyÞâ°_ǮӮ@]c8“±n7q'ƒæKˆü4kO=íþ«@ÖU ’¨Ül,ÝPoE‹ÞækÔ™*7q[Ú!ì÷ú·ÎØèÓ\o»‚^×$·&Œåóò]8l•ä·s¹&„„Á/ââ^)š!TåÄ€a óá¬îÙгá½S"¡;è•üu^S‰ A5ò™6B=Û¢vnÛ™Tã­™±Ï¼"…Ñ÷©]/Í-}{ˆÑÆÉ@ŸÓ–+‹šiý©caÎpnÉÛã´ÓàÕ{ª N©‚ïh%sùªéðž ¹×áN¤‚äå¬VÚäÎǃ¿a©š]ôè?Õ, íòbt¡l“˜h6‘ÿOˆvÂ_§Ré̳9S ^Pí!Qp÷ Á÷¹r6÷¼Á;¥³Z–è¿ÆävØ9k y޵H’yp;DÉ×ã “jí1œÐ:ðR„]¬Ý›bzGC?"%‚|eÝ¥w!è±–Í6Ë¥RPè$æ·¹:ÿ½Ô)ɽŽE#Øè¥d'¬Ãå¿-¹¶ È2/Å %ñŽ}‡Ù¿ŒØÜ mË…¯ZüÄ¢L8ÏÀôÙcËóµÏoÙ¬Š›LH¥ÔºKÜôó¶ž)˜õqž+×ÛcYy•ÅÍ»¥Ÿ› _MÌŒý`-@³0Vý'ôœÏ±Ðö©tS¨É¤d?ݱX(ƒYƒ…Ä÷kNWµYÀíFØ<èB}³–ék³ÛÃßRí(ÚÕÏ^2Ø%0Aüýìm„»ŒÎél|mƒoÓÈì©4Q庭„¡y|“Úvï+~¤ŸÄ”EµcŽÔ²Ù’MÆë×/­öëtØ…üHeš†ÙPC´évNîç"G6} ¦ì ]µ1¡AÀŒ”+|ç°(ä¹VÕñߊG¨¬l7‚KfWzÞrŸ_í=ûG"{'ª4ˆXM ¦(¿Õ±†ïz/ܳ¶ÙzÒLÃZ„|¹‰DÆ4-ùá0Eíp¶ŠZSú¸óAÇᇬˆ³ÈáظA䔹Á½tl¾±ÎHý¡[TxsÎM¢…P‰*´ ee©¦f¦¾wkÚ‡øH1)7¨i"ÐÃï‚$0Øþ´«ÃV?i¿‰zóç8ÆÅ|¿¥>dÿjyTšÃµVmÇæ—áq§ÌgCÊ‘ó‘ïØÀºš9z»åTˆCÞ/Ät~º‘؆§o*í—9ŒÆrÏÕI‹¡oj¯UíKöxj¡º. ,Íø+b1°Ö²ñ ÃI›lDLïQZ3÷¶P-noô¼ò½'<ÐY½ße-ì1/øŒŸ7Œ*E5#—d‡ñ¤oŽ–{]Cª>$þF zg!Ј*£oºÓjŠÔ-Nûíͥͭoò8ÅKwQgÝpœ*1^‚.ÖŠˆÎÂë± LV‰~ôÈÿüøm laÎ ]%ì."¦`»©_®Q·iäpÀöÅŽÊs’5y.XƒÒÍ®)ñæ¢T¡í¦öd1KŸ¢k««ÌŠjÝ«¢n0zªG®áq‰·ëa©WQé%z„ÓJ²¹ØX¤¢Â3tIy0ľ£.Ó#‰Å[“#¤ƒD#EÔ‚’pp¯F*«¨õ±Þ˜vïrOÓdÎn7n ¤Òf9ƒ*¯ìX:õ¾ç>Ǽš:*ÍÞLfÍÃ9’&a’j;+{»0‡ )ÐÚA’gðK*êXKÂÛV¶'zÙZóÌAÚ) nîöÏ ³ÕT¼”ÙÛLÎßJëïòé^Di¨ý[¦ð:s<ܸ2Â!ñÞU‡ú|›–#ù5V„ëfÑUŠêqP}÷üÒ|=ÿŒš»¾GÂ5O|PÃèsš9ñ§Ž}äå“* +gpA€,°,Á=|j«25CÉ‚7›õÕ ’ï–¯µ—Ø.é/F¨ɹË0¢–tRœáºŠ."we h¿P€ eäÖmpòîJ‡o´@°±â–ÿ_ðêAÒ3§âQé¿BVô~$ð9E¢ºj= ‹]? «è{w¯_53÷¥FîgÓ¿³4B™èä›ìA¨«á½q²ÏðËßÀÞÑ4µŠ‡¤Ðî1®PfÔ ¬ó,ÖSÅŸ6ôã¼ r¤§[‘ÝÁv`à ¼µ±ûô¿x÷G$ÿŸ„¥êÏ.}¡¹Î Ì”·¨ÜϾFÍ™”c°±š‘‚=­Áf!*˽ª./çwĉR8º(@ÙÙ‹šz c¸½@ÃN&Im—žÝ£>X!Èm•eñÊ@ÎlWÿ"ÒVCHèø8ÔkÕ‘ŨÍÀj]´nó3X>J¡z?ÙDí€=Nø…½bn {qbY(>"Ù8*苾ÉÍk¨y3øoâŠøÜ €ó‰Hã Dwâ¹ø]¤€ ½ëd {E’ʥËwÙá™.$Váçhtœözk$kk$]4ë¯ðcf¸¡ú¯»CW–@òËóû3ö—plQ¯ “Q晉bá¨/póµó T“q¾FÑ8_þÕA’¿nëQÔÿ¢mKŽ{&z;<Õ¿žmòã[i7Ìϴ뜣ñ'*ýqX€Tnòt<ÕŒkò/?©2m)žËÏfô¹¯í•áâ¢øy#(ã¯`%Ú{ª§!¼Qœ/0&sßx¹ôfçB«+¬Õr‹ïEßï[tÑÚgOKQ£$ú$²=à‚ל?êd@3c)]3ª–êÕÕ%*M}HÙ饞;Cd£á˜Érp½°1jýŸF¿ˆc…st•íG'÷âC\–ºp)­)öþœ_š¢)±Õ(¹ú›¥µ MMº µ³„ qÆv&¶¯Ê÷Cßå3N¶LZs³wTPu{‘s¼ºÏ°øPž‹+-­©¡U‹—±FõUøP"»KΆ†+«¼ÒY¾e7?0«(•öidšL´;gk9Á(YI-Œl`®õî;`ÕçæAÐH:´® áYHb1“µâ»HÇ{¸wƒÇR^YÑš,  $F¨Ô–HDÙòV?pòyÑ—¹PÞ%F=»‚ÂÇÆB‡öÙö¡GKØPh³~N´[¸IÊ_ꈀCðTzÞÒf ç <Ó–”Œü`4|mƒE1ÖJ'¼ýáÝ$`}R ‚Ú\¨€âN2kf¢aóouJ73ê´òváê¿ôKÛW{œMÓÞ3?שMò]ù:W;v…˜Xâ;„B’ ‰§X.PáI;?Ÿ!T¤ˆ . ·sìöU]䮃’=ÑXŠþ ý’5´ÀŠ€r€Mt>y=¯†*ãbC¾~^ ½tÅAr±¡l'¶øÅ¦•üó\ô÷ØŸÉL냡P“&7ttöuGz;Kg4ÚóÑ;·u)"é³;úÜS•–Âv½ËðüõC~³?¿Jƒ»/’F"6U.°0>çô+ÜKQÓ„0"ÊÓ«Ñ=ëñséÞíƒxoJ]áת!Ìwü6OÝ.}‹ž€tëË5ð¢VâË©³+¬¥·¬­Àü7гUs‚š®Ö©ÆyçåÊÄ“TŸŒC5üGrgâUÄ5Ì$‡—Œ&|°µ¿Š~•ÝGªäØ8ž—ê ¡¯Mvåß(jt§ƒãß ñÏ¢nñí›]Î]ÅQÌW…OØ‘ˆm.Œ£Ž­ð R[¾ИoNÐngô IFç:?Ât”ØSUOÎcÆj2Cm[¥à«O7>kWúk¥¢©½ËX¯'ƒ²î¦œ ™#ñ–Ñt'X•d9+E7±ðNä™dŒ8{Å]òŒm¹/‡ Æñž»×Ž¥dv‹Y†Y–öþwopôé™!™EÄP7F?oÏÄjP9âò­"›Ág“BŠŒÎÅÙPîŽô;B^QO©“3ù¿*B 3³ƒun»$·ßIÆêÿŸ_Oeþ`Ô ˜$Àß`‚}-9Q/Ä¥åM³e€ž?ØÁÇÉêÒ°µìhä]Цbð¿ ýé»ê«_ê2<ÑøÍ–Æ+ìtª°[Ïœ±ˆJ¡þ©O@¤%M‘I‚Þé t¦µØvƒ†Õ\¹/bãÑÃòMVFÊ05ÿÎ+kIå2W9>f–}©· ÐøÄ¶ô3t‡¶«ÿº¡jª†¦Ã|"§´æôîÖ ŸÇÉ[ÓLŠhŸŽY³)Øo57kßþ“#%H’\,¬xÎ|ôs¯sxí¥HžÍ†|¶;`Å vû%øÚ¯T[ícÖ]ï‚eŠ"G—Ujß«„yŠðtvxÕ:udQ‘uZy_²Td"“ª£b+çÁO†]Øl¯xà'6wòã6X²C¿DKOÁ‡f›(g@w]f¦V™ËÂ[ê~ëŒ1Fùé^A3v¬ ÇâO›vÒ¯¶2v zúåT¸ÞúË0ÙÝb#ö›[›zyÏ’Õ$e1¬ÛkÕ5—dRAì`(Å…@{=yW>¿ðˆä>ú‘¯çy@æÅÿ¹Uáú;”œ±=ÃH;Çc{–ðÛ3û0´ü£^Õ®”)Õ™-{·O¹°OÖú2R¨Â´xÈèëˆQÅôwBgБâ¼ýSý»ž›"תl›bðöz;¹±˜IyÕ\E×ÁËê‰pr¨kM ·@@Âe&À 3•˜lÃʉtS÷æÄ%í)è/pRÇøÞÙÀª"2µu ˜Ee’5ø+ÄÙ°s§Zò'±¹§õ˜àçbˆQ²ôð°SlŸjÅö zvÞ€â~%.Kz\N¡Š„çüã÷Eê,ãeV2Ò=Mo)-JcÇVà¤:ÒUÙ2Ѹ>É1ˆ×È“"¿QWº ƒOýõÑ‘4*Ozûº.c¸ójc”«Y&üßÜØØÏìê=ë7”Y™´öøÈðê,A5nÊIßFŠ•/œ?üÌŠ™á ]as.´N*ç²Tº³ Ñ9ÿͶ?=TÒà"èmß ¬g rªòvdÝNxtÄä(h,DÞ›Â_¨Âèv Íyñá˜`+éÙW?od;€«®¶&žÈ«AIÃ`k±øônywx›îƒÅ¼5¿Ä¦Ó-ÔÑl°yþ˜ú øSZùé’ÚÇll·žõeæ°òöÓ3=ªåk6ŽÞ/ÂjXDýíÍùÆfõˆ±ç0x›Ž%B‘c½‰Æ»ps@·5isÂû«ýqà£#‹67 škN^‘Ò®Cˆž«§ÅÈÃg©E€ü•3ËÁdÅ‹T@¡Õ|Ú7ש]þtùTT¯à]íEšNÉ«Ó NIÑNµÝ_Ä×:¡êäRÜ –÷êum¶l<\ÉÄ”ØÉ j£z´™W´‹Â°21Ù4Î1àÍMnŸyŸ_ "@0ÛhëžͰ+Jš1t¦M\éUBŽ]g~¢ëg)/ÂñãÌØbpr©¶ ¤B;þ¨MÒøRYúv<í²•H[Òwý,“ÉØÄŠ´Ê!£Žvù›R4\ÛSo¤‘“åàÓÕÕñÏM,²·Ò Ç}(Ó&-·û uÄË endstream endobj 2700 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /RMYWJC+CMSY10 /Flags 4 /FontBBox [-29 -960 1116 775] /Ascent 750 /CapHeight 683 /Descent -194 /ItalicAngle -14 /StemV 40 /XHeight 431 /CharSet (/braceleft) /FontFile 2699 0 R >> endobj 2701 0 obj << /Length1 1399 /Length2 6026 /Length3 0 /Length 7425 >> stream %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSY9 003.002 %%Title: CMSY9 %Version: 003.002 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 %%Creator: David M. Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMSY9. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMSY9 known{/CMSY9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5096650 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /VLNUTF+CMSY9 def /FontBBox {-29 -958 1146 777 }readonly def /UniqueID 5096650 def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSY9.) readonly def /FullName (CMSY9) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def /UnderlinePosition -100 def /UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 102 /braceleft put readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec ÙÖoc;„j²„¼ø°Aw-åÍßᾉYň5t&× {hLšGÒqB`d­Ë—PØ©†ÑÖ|*îøÎx\ÁœÞ–HŸtEÅãBð-¡ÉùóÁgedogÏ7—‰ãï‘Q`[['“WÖü…7Â3ç®æ¤ý¾sçZ9ë m ¦ö!–tAž¾ë‹Y!$átÊY\Žr[˜uTIUÏý‹iŽ÷B¼Œùyã[Ž™ÊÝÝÈœÆÅ—3ò¢Kï6­†zJ!žË’Ç‘œJ·s&B5öC©•"¥m†&Þ`7ÞûӢƻ‘Ç3uµgNC O~̶u³lŠ›6.}o@ (·ÂÓ³'G”ª–v…Äò·UëF-¯ÿÉCàÊ\€:rüä’W˜%ñË$™LŸ),£O€ØÂ~.‰õàfÒöŸâ³ß/aø­w:¼gõáùáN4ð²’½ ¦¬×Ä:H·Š7L¦¹’–8·jاóîû-Ã܈FŽëBä·‘(ñê˜z{9`•ªB "N-°1 Ï]UßÊÎÓ¶yÓ^¯‹ÂÅßÙ·LÏä@UªËö²»OÌAòî43m˜•|+Ý»Çb8%1jy6|Í·ƒ°°ò¬Gß©)?s•›6¤ôîÛÃ1êua-SH ùª¬ßË¿íÇO´Å½fßôu빕̡ƒn°Œ– Lp²…xàlJM@¿¯¸{“ZzçW£&©; wzRžM÷Õóa:~z‹—Ã`t8Ù®…g‰üùåGyÅ¿ò¿¾ä £¶úiNŸp_z÷õ"•#Ÿ³S!›Ð˜ï¨`¨&™‹-?wÊgÊxñáßKóx|uÊñž•ëÐè‹×¨–ßñ#™ÑK‹(ýa?Ê©ý­½»`?Dk%µê&¯jŒÜŽÉ>kô¾P|í°×Ò‡[ص÷íÀÏul<ñ°Nõ ªÜ­®Y†T±pd´â-7dÿb“¼Ï‰¥Oæ[H\}^GÒë@}{%/`¬›l]ä›$†!-NÙÂtåUp|f|9±\,se©[I£C@åbc÷må•%9ö}Ô m±/ÆQˆ¡Ì<¸CèbVãÄZü/ÛAºÒ“EG‡Ê uE,ÀJÊ¿µ0•>Lee>ð´dƒ“' ,qðu7Û_ù6u4p“’ÑèPÑòÃ^Φ]á&×aŽ.å¡I›ëOC¹aÙ4J¥“P±¢^¬ºïlvÏ6Ô«¶?JƒA§ó@©‹·SýM1à›©c~Aåc“ÓøQŸ¡d °%JŒð—5“²Ó7r…ç#ΠðÞhÓ:¸¸¨3cÑÞ°V§ [®×$Æ]ëø×Ü })3SfbpyMÿÙãWÈ‹ü ”Ò(£G2V串*nðUªžŽ“JËÃŒ¾Ú¬ÎýšiD©ÒéZQýÂ^ê#ÛQTú4BY£¯‹U·i¨`·5²!¶,’ÀMzÆwÑ– Ù¬f ¨€ÃؽºM|¬tŠØåâ£I=óä,|Yˆ€R‘˜í…¸\(`B¸%àh·P,Lì#§ 2#×Ò®!=yžÇ:fÿá0,,˜¾Œ5]¸ñ ~ŸoF±l¦Zq¬Ç-nzˆ¨9¯wš nþ¤ZBÇy¦=þ®ÞõN½àbzÂKdN!þ›MU;‡TÝ]ùÑŸ•k,Y2%µa Óæcn‡ºo$ïêÍ¢ˆåÙåqæ±™ ‹¥õ”\ð÷¹!¸¤ €={Q·½¶C@l¤7¿W‹8ˆ¥V*ŒOísmžáàä®zŸy÷”}¥Ò;yGeÀ8kF~>vnò¡ÈvÝ6‘pq;µZ|s‡Ä$_–±•7Ãýg_8ëóÍ]ß}wišðÔRéºÆY~érI âò¥€vYÞü5ñyÑ\¨òßà|ìÂo—3\jÀäT5„œô./D£ÊR¨Ïráìy¾½ÈËßß"ÌÎÞú µULаYŸMD‰!¡¥[¡FÊmw_|6Þ7ƒƒ®>ìÌò‚JçèÈ~¬íXXƒU BB„¹¦¾PW øK¶J¨W™…5H#ôI9g±Ç"›p8¨ØŒzzå€IϨôóF¸bQ‹ÖhÙULɔރü˜ø©F9e|çÚP¨Î\)­$ßh=GÒën0´ââCrr®™ýŠ–c–ñx£mè™’ËõxIv¡AYë¶®C ¯}/i0s£É×L³m4ÂIäª:e[À¼™#F3Sí îÏ4·ú^r¨7޼€qá"PØ y?þÎÀº9«n0à 58²¼×àòÍõm£”ȱRUU´tÒùŠgÉ:ºSQ*† HNk87 %4šÈj:ä>0¤Tù—øòòÎ}šºŠó¤ ø€ªy(†t ¥[ѼÍy-ªhwŠuÏwœÛ#zÕ,ˆtΧ\>÷%õ«ÏÀV —UàŒkê¨F›lÖ¿ñÛ(¦_¸q<ÂR3}zDµ@:_u”°ç‘ãŠù$uºôÓ±~ñ~›-ÿ)²Èì†ÎÍ^x6kÅñ Zpl]Cè~•˜îÐ6w4ÂyW’úãµ€ äätn»ž™“iPþ±¡mlTŸa0Ф¤egœLäeŠhvüszUz •Q‡ËµxajŽ€=øjt¨Vã´À ™Þã4Jr%Ê®½˜dΆèIB C¯°·¬d¿íTîüx/Ý€MÚðÉDòŠp.4øÄÌŸ¨ ÐXUmÁJ¿fšVãó¾ CÀ ê© ½p6õˆÕTC명 òK}>lÉá_™ÿ’<³ãq俇K†ãèf$7ù{f¦dH"ÞXj>}5›Ž×°ó'Ac³–ïú‰“Ûšll`·µ¤#or,3õé3T‚-Q`´â»íá«ÞøVS‡Ò€JŸA %pí# ÁÙù_XŸ‚EÐ#wë4;sÎÓDG†‚ɉãy’ÈÊ„]o3ùtܶ˜…è5â±D"Ç*¤ ØùW#W½=“IËȽ’µpà pÐÓh¦ž‘Eæ  ? reÁÝq…ÀÀn–ÅŠ`Ÿw£›«vÊ…í7Ãðõ,ÜÚ©[šR£3õ™àŒ!dqœTûâä¸Pb˜kåv)ü„¢ tÊ@Îé«€ä^Vö½ÊX.äaGGê¬< rô |¢A¾ƒ_\äÅTeG®Û×ÍéÏçªG­wä¤gj¾®péEgÉ$¡I²øo¦ë¬zÏrñod$µ˜Ì㇢®W¦¡ZdZ!˜VµO~Yé³Û¥ùü½® ^­˜;MºhŒ"ZõG}æx Ñ—p¥DšJ™8IV§$kÚêÓ  íõÑÄ×:мFªè á\sdl¢XúÞá?Ùj±r[ö¥ði»Yìs”¿*?ᄌ|WJ@Wã Ù¢«¥¢GŽCð¤“ÄUG!É>v <é{bÆ´"`ÉLçQ(¢ù$jöÉL/xòR°ƒ¤`N„~~‹##3vQ÷f‚ýOЮב*õü¬Ï–ÎyÂU»>t,3ºoÞOµÊŒse¥¦Â„€ cäb²â:~Äq¦™ú,M08艰ɀñ?ÓJƟﻃþcõ—üøkà0ôsx>ÑàwÉ2b;¾`“þ8®Öwu[™-§{ Zìo”¯­ÞyŠ ¦û$nÖÏ=ˆxl½î‰»¤ÝRïÒS±ÄgÛòs’oU˜<Û1GÛLÈ'®ÆÍ0Mu6×{a× É ¤¥uÎý&«õì^{:j:W£Ÿ´hÂ:;ëèÓüæãÔ³™ßb§o±ùŽ®Scë”tÎ7þ3ôï?ãhrÑþcRðÿêï{³øŠá&ö€cJ×V1FM±åH–ü±+ô}…¼?7´?™ <pâØ”7#„„·ÿtpáö'­³ä6à©×À ÍA p×¶¦öµ6Ióœ ÇGŽÓO"{5]z?ûU¢b`ÿý H(ÖHøŽÊˆuê}ü…›Ÿ”©O°î‹Á:G3ä+RÛrBWT]uküщf2ïg$S {[hÚÕ¹kzÀ3‚9û£iŒÚ¤«ú>öA“ì0JðrÜ6•ôd{w»JÁB̤>½!ñGW·ºß:ªæuZé'ô ›q†Á rý»ÐUÓ$ÝyСG¤6@9Dãµ6qÉÆxÌuw½qœvcìmÖ¨ˆ(AîÓéøù´>I¶Z¹’£*7ù“„aP[“úþ e½ƒÂ†USxwïÞ ™ÞUÕAÑ-kéÃ>ãöò¦ IQ-§èœÒùcsðC“9æl£1´â%“ü(•¼N¼N^V×¼C¹Tñ4Æ)Än÷iðíhˆîÇ>n9€yI‘ëBt‡96VWBüìuXˆ¶uðyåƒ442AV ¿>T8 7¸gÃo$B²w-+5@ÕeS¬5`§>ö«˜ gØ}ehË—NVß'2ÂŒ7/9F†Oâˆ%-ó×yøœ{V Ù£H­eæ‘tÄgÜÏûPˆëCž©¼¢ô&UtË…ÅÓ·1³˜¼¾:ŸgÒÊÎ?.ýîÑ]jà)2g?éêºrï×Þlj8~ &·Â1(ÑÕ» ÄKaìé Ìv’I=Ez¸’Z÷=9"òëv÷~^W²ué‰ÎÄYì ìŒiÁ’8U‚6ÐÐêÀÆ¡Ž£¯ø1%F²ÝzÁô.”OD ú¹ðÑ´EªÂÞË íA/T¯èŒwbc³qr¨l;9ü,çUc÷¦Ž8 3ýGfýª;zp«%˜ã»[ ¶i(ÔâÌ®³d¹ƒ$·Æ´kç°Œ õ¦…d„•_ö(LcÛÖÿ„ªvèú³›Wo¥¹h ‰aLXpÄ[ÛÕù ôQ÷²™õ› R|«²¢~Êó¦!ølBÀQ¬ i8ßí™ûÕLD߸‘ºe1 ø+ïCŸ¾Ñ|Pòp%Å0R©É¶ý‰ƒNÓŸ1h cõî)”4¼ûÏqA™±&‹ PçL½?¶ñøK"i'ÿ[`Ô1…ìˆ˜Šƒ^[’ð·þÚ”‘àf'¤‰CR?xsKŽoLlxb$$çÀ«o47Y:öç(Œ©_H±0‰o%͈?(0-Õ—5C(x?Ó3ð­è\rqɪO5JðŠUêt2c-Ô&».fMÿ=‘¡wû(£OÅ3DÄí2ç¦ §>ƒëk0•°°C÷ê ûÈ8ÀÝÒ7‚’ϼd¯&§-\;«à¯dë¥ïX;‰+AY¦ˆ×¾wYtÍïlèZi8\4Q/§=6¿äkÚ&§öÚ³äai:ÑUQ‚î Óž7¸¢Œ­áÍaë­…ìÏÒo© š³PR¼Ã‹ÒoŠvŠŒ­T\Â¥µ¾kWŽ„õá¾ìp€ëU­T ×~© Íñ€†Šëí;}KŠ•é0ç_jsl¤g6EÄ§ÚøO¿™ššÀ^Ê0¥ZÙN½›I¿õE=Éó=’R ý]tø÷!lÄç—pC~ÿý®­$ÉÉ’|d÷YUg¥}û' k–’dÒôªæ-¡uíðô{Å:i!$í|ñÉüê’Îe‘°q÷í¼¥$‹ÚƒMk‚·£ÚU'桨£*ü#䞢@Üt<ŒåŒö”c­ŒBmÆók²sÚñÛÉØ¹‚ æ³â;Çû‘:Î!Åœ(k×FB@ `kúW+ßÛ4m4÷ÛwiÆÎ4ní¢44[¬éØhŶ]ÄÐ<ôïx²ë~@Þ³‘nêð€˜ÿm.¬Ë:¿¨71On­¬^ÎÏ¥ò©| î÷ £í½ ¼.˜9æioàêüß‘Ì l)“³tÿP(ºçÙèY1Û: ¬‹Sà ä¤ðÜ 5Š#làÌ(åâ èÀ®™}—¼ÀÑÇjŽ•™J¬Ǧó˜?7°Û€¼ƒžj›aL|è~•GÈßÁn—¦ °ÌÁ=ùí³fv‚s¯üö‡†%X9UïKÇeŠYÉ[G´Œ(üձ눞ñU³=(eìH-Bq¥ö׃[e¦Hk< ”Ìá;F9UGPI=•ª¹Ÿü«Õ_af¤¢ulÅl?x¹©Ñhm¼Ó™¨¾àˆ†p‚\cU8ÏÀ½ò›ÞÙu_ê¤ñŸ8ìï’ó(¥A‹¨o¢»"ò¨ôâi>FÊÞÕ endstream endobj 2702 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /VLNUTF+CMSY9 /Flags 4 /FontBBox [-29 -958 1146 777] /Ascent 750 /CapHeight 683 /Descent -194 /ItalicAngle -14 /StemV 43 /XHeight 431 /CharSet (/braceleft) /FontFile 2701 0 R >> endobj 2692 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [33/exclam 36/dollar/percent/ampersand/quotesingle/parenleft/parenright/asterisk 44/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/less 62/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft 93/bracketright 97/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z 167/section 198/AE 201/Eacute 224/agrave/aacute/acircumflex 228/adieresis 230/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave 238/icircumflex/idieresis 244/ocircumflex 246/odieresis 249/ugrave 252/udieresis] >> endobj 2682 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [82/OE/oe] >> endobj 2686 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [20/emdash 24/quoteleft/quoteright 28/quotedblleft/quotedblright 34/bullet] >> endobj 2673 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [34/trademark] >> endobj 169 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /RMYWJC+CMSY10 /FontDescriptor 2700 0 R /FirstChar 102 /LastChar 102 /Widths 2685 0 R >> endobj 122 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /VLNUTF+CMSY9 /FontDescriptor 2702 0 R /FirstChar 102 /LastChar 102 /Widths 2689 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Italic /FontDescriptor 2694 0 R /FirstChar 39 /LastChar 239 /Widths 2693 0 R /Encoding 2692 0 R >> endobj 204 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Italic /FontDescriptor 2684 0 R /FirstChar 82 /LastChar 83 /Widths 2683 0 R /Encoding 2682 0 R >> endobj 135 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Italic /FontDescriptor 2688 0 R /FirstChar 20 /LastChar 29 /Widths 2687 0 R /Encoding 2686 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /FontDescriptor 2698 0 R /FirstChar 33 /LastChar 252 /Widths 2697 0 R /Encoding 2692 0 R >> endobj 108 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /FontDescriptor 2691 0 R /FirstChar 83 /LastChar 83 /Widths 2690 0 R /Encoding 2682 0 R >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /FontDescriptor 2696 0 R /FirstChar 20 /LastChar 34 /Widths 2695 0 R /Encoding 2686 0 R >> endobj 2574 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /FontDescriptor 2675 0 R /FirstChar 34 /LastChar 34 /Widths 2674 0 R /Encoding 2673 0 R >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2703 0 R /Kids [4 0 R 11 0 R 14 0 R 17 0 R 20 0 R 28 0 R] >> endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2703 0 R /Kids [32 0 R 37 0 R 41 0 R 45 0 R 51 0 R 55 0 R] >> endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2703 0 R /Kids [59 0 R 64 0 R 68 0 R 72 0 R 76 0 R 80 0 R] >> endobj 87 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2703 0 R /Kids [84 0 R 89 0 R 93 0 R 97 0 R 101 0 R 105 0 R] >> endobj 113 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2703 0 R /Kids [110 0 R 115 0 R 119 0 R 124 0 R 129 0 R 132 0 R] >> endobj 141 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2703 0 R /Kids [137 0 R 143 0 R 146 0 R 150 0 R 154 0 R 158 0 R] >> endobj 165 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2704 0 R /Kids [162 0 R 167 0 R 172 0 R 176 0 R 180 0 R 184 0 R] >> endobj 191 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2704 0 R /Kids [188 0 R 193 0 R 197 0 R 201 0 R 206 0 R 210 0 R] >> endobj 217 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2704 0 R /Kids [214 0 R 219 0 R 223 0 R 228 0 R 231 0 R 235 0 R] >> endobj 242 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2704 0 R /Kids [239 0 R 244 0 R 248 0 R 252 0 R 256 0 R 260 0 R] >> endobj 267 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2704 0 R /Kids [264 0 R 269 0 R 273 0 R 277 0 R 281 0 R 285 0 R] >> endobj 292 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2704 0 R /Kids [290 0 R 294 0 R 298 0 R 302 0 R 306 0 R 310 0 R] >> endobj 318 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2705 0 R /Kids [315 0 R 320 0 R 324 0 R 327 0 R 331 0 R 335 0 R] >> endobj 343 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2705 0 R /Kids [340 0 R 345 0 R 349 0 R 352 0 R 356 0 R 360 0 R] >> endobj 368 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2705 0 R /Kids [364 0 R 370 0 R 374 0 R 378 0 R 382 0 R 386 0 R] >> endobj 393 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2705 0 R /Kids [390 0 R 395 0 R 399 0 R 403 0 R 407 0 R 411 0 R] >> endobj 418 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2705 0 R /Kids [415 0 R 420 0 R 424 0 R 428 0 R 432 0 R 436 0 R] >> endobj 443 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2705 0 R /Kids [440 0 R 445 0 R 449 0 R 453 0 R 457 0 R 461 0 R] >> endobj 468 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2706 0 R /Kids [465 0 R 470 0 R 474 0 R 478 0 R 482 0 R 488 0 R] >> endobj 495 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2706 0 R /Kids [492 0 R 497 0 R 501 0 R 505 0 R 509 0 R 513 0 R] >> endobj 520 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2706 0 R /Kids [517 0 R 522 0 R 526 0 R 530 0 R 534 0 R 538 0 R] >> endobj 545 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2706 0 R /Kids [542 0 R 547 0 R 551 0 R 555 0 R 559 0 R 563 0 R] >> endobj 570 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2706 0 R /Kids [567 0 R 572 0 R 576 0 R 580 0 R 584 0 R 588 0 R] >> endobj 595 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2706 0 R /Kids [592 0 R 597 0 R 601 0 R 605 0 R 609 0 R 614 0 R] >> endobj 621 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2707 0 R /Kids [618 0 R 623 0 R 627 0 R 631 0 R 635 0 R 639 0 R] >> endobj 646 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2707 0 R /Kids [643 0 R 648 0 R 652 0 R 656 0 R 660 0 R 664 0 R] >> endobj 671 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2707 0 R /Kids [668 0 R 673 0 R 677 0 R 681 0 R 685 0 R 689 0 R] >> endobj 696 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2707 0 R /Kids [693 0 R 698 0 R 702 0 R 706 0 R 710 0 R 714 0 R] >> endobj 721 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2707 0 R /Kids [718 0 R 723 0 R 727 0 R 731 0 R 735 0 R 739 0 R] >> endobj 746 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2707 0 R /Kids [744 0 R 748 0 R 752 0 R 757 0 R 761 0 R 765 0 R] >> endobj 772 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2708 0 R /Kids [769 0 R 774 0 R 778 0 R 782 0 R 786 0 R 790 0 R] >> endobj 797 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2708 0 R /Kids [794 0 R 799 0 R 803 0 R 807 0 R 811 0 R 815 0 R] >> endobj 822 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2708 0 R /Kids [819 0 R 824 0 R 828 0 R 832 0 R 836 0 R 840 0 R] >> endobj 847 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2708 0 R /Kids [844 0 R 849 0 R 853 0 R 857 0 R 861 0 R 865 0 R] >> endobj 872 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2708 0 R /Kids [869 0 R 874 0 R 878 0 R 882 0 R 886 0 R 890 0 R] >> endobj 898 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2708 0 R /Kids [895 0 R 900 0 R 904 0 R 908 0 R 912 0 R 916 0 R] >> endobj 923 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2709 0 R /Kids [920 0 R 925 0 R 929 0 R 933 0 R 937 0 R 941 0 R] >> endobj 948 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2709 0 R /Kids [945 0 R 950 0 R 954 0 R 958 0 R 962 0 R 966 0 R] >> endobj 973 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2709 0 R /Kids [970 0 R 975 0 R 979 0 R 983 0 R 987 0 R 991 0 R] >> endobj 998 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2709 0 R /Kids [995 0 R 1000 0 R 1004 0 R 1008 0 R 1012 0 R 1016 0 R] >> endobj 1023 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2709 0 R /Kids [1020 0 R 1025 0 R 1029 0 R 1033 0 R 1037 0 R 1041 0 R] >> endobj 1048 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2709 0 R /Kids [1045 0 R 1050 0 R 1054 0 R 1058 0 R 1062 0 R 1066 0 R] >> endobj 1073 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2710 0 R /Kids [1070 0 R 1075 0 R 1079 0 R 1083 0 R 1087 0 R 1091 0 R] >> endobj 1098 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2710 0 R /Kids [1095 0 R 1100 0 R 1104 0 R 1108 0 R 1112 0 R 1116 0 R] >> endobj 1123 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2710 0 R /Kids [1120 0 R 1125 0 R 1129 0 R 1134 0 R 1138 0 R 1142 0 R] >> endobj 1149 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2710 0 R /Kids [1146 0 R 1151 0 R 1155 0 R 1159 0 R 1167 0 R 1171 0 R] >> endobj 1178 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2710 0 R /Kids [1175 0 R 1180 0 R 1184 0 R 1188 0 R 1192 0 R 1196 0 R] >> endobj 1203 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2710 0 R /Kids [1200 0 R 1205 0 R 1209 0 R 1213 0 R 1217 0 R 1221 0 R] >> endobj 1228 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2711 0 R /Kids [1225 0 R 1230 0 R 1234 0 R 1238 0 R 1242 0 R 1246 0 R] >> endobj 1253 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2711 0 R /Kids [1250 0 R 1255 0 R 1259 0 R 1264 0 R 1268 0 R 1271 0 R] >> endobj 1278 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2711 0 R /Kids [1275 0 R 1280 0 R 1285 0 R 1289 0 R 1293 0 R 1297 0 R] >> endobj 1304 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2711 0 R /Kids [1300 0 R 1306 0 R 1310 0 R 1314 0 R 1318 0 R 1322 0 R] >> endobj 1329 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2711 0 R /Kids [1326 0 R 1331 0 R 1334 0 R 1339 0 R 1343 0 R 1347 0 R] >> endobj 1354 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2711 0 R /Kids [1351 0 R 1356 0 R 1360 0 R 1364 0 R 1368 0 R 1372 0 R] >> endobj 1378 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2712 0 R /Kids [1376 0 R 1380 0 R 1384 0 R 1388 0 R 1393 0 R 1397 0 R] >> endobj 1403 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2712 0 R /Kids [1400 0 R 1405 0 R 1410 0 R 1414 0 R 1418 0 R 1422 0 R] >> endobj 1429 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2712 0 R /Kids [1426 0 R 1431 0 R 1435 0 R 1439 0 R 1443 0 R 1447 0 R] >> endobj 1454 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2712 0 R /Kids [1451 0 R 1456 0 R 1460 0 R 1464 0 R 1468 0 R 1472 0 R] >> endobj 1479 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2712 0 R /Kids [1477 0 R 1481 0 R 1485 0 R 1490 0 R 1494 0 R 1498 0 R] >> endobj 1505 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2712 0 R /Kids [1502 0 R 1507 0 R 1511 0 R 1515 0 R 1519 0 R 1523 0 R] >> endobj 1530 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2713 0 R /Kids [1527 0 R 1532 0 R 1536 0 R 1540 0 R 1544 0 R 1548 0 R] >> endobj 1555 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2713 0 R /Kids [1552 0 R 1557 0 R 1561 0 R 1581 0 R 1598 0 R 1613 0 R] >> endobj 1628 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2713 0 R /Kids [1626 0 R 1649 0 R 1662 0 R 1667 0 R 1677 0 R 1686 0 R] >> endobj 1693 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2713 0 R /Kids [1691 0 R 1704 0 R 1713 0 R 1723 0 R 1735 0 R 1765 0 R] >> endobj 1776 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2713 0 R /Kids [1773 0 R 1778 0 R 1795 0 R 1827 0 R 1840 0 R 1850 0 R] >> endobj 1869 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2713 0 R /Kids [1867 0 R 1882 0 R 1893 0 R 1898 0 R 1903 0 R 1917 0 R] >> endobj 1928 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2714 0 R /Kids [1926 0 R 1933 0 R 1941 0 R 1948 0 R 1962 0 R 1972 0 R] >> endobj 1987 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2714 0 R /Kids [1984 0 R 1990 0 R 2005 0 R 2016 0 R 2031 0 R 2040 0 R] >> endobj 2050 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2714 0 R /Kids [2047 0 R 2061 0 R 2065 0 R 2080 0 R 2091 0 R 2101 0 R] >> endobj 2109 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2714 0 R /Kids [2107 0 R 2126 0 R 2139 0 R 2149 0 R 2157 0 R 2164 0 R] >> endobj 2170 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2714 0 R /Kids [2167 0 R 2173 0 R 2183 0 R 2193 0 R 2206 0 R 2212 0 R] >> endobj 2233 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2714 0 R /Kids [2230 0 R 2235 0 R 2243 0 R 2247 0 R 2252 0 R 2267 0 R] >> endobj 2276 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2715 0 R /Kids [2274 0 R 2284 0 R 2291 0 R 2294 0 R 2297 0 R 2306 0 R] >> endobj 2328 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2715 0 R /Kids [2325 0 R 2333 0 R 2338 0 R 2349 0 R 2362 0 R 2371 0 R] >> endobj 2377 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2715 0 R /Kids [2375 0 R 2379 0 R 2398 0 R 2409 0 R 2421 0 R 2434 0 R] >> endobj 2443 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2715 0 R /Kids [2440 0 R 2450 0 R 2453 0 R 2462 0 R 2479 0 R 2496 0 R] >> endobj 2533 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2715 0 R /Kids [2531 0 R 2535 0 R 2542 0 R 2546 0 R 2549 0 R 2553 0 R] >> endobj 2562 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2715 0 R /Kids [2560 0 R 2564 0 R 2572 0 R 2583 0 R 2591 0 R 2601 0 R] >> endobj 2613 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Parent 2716 0 R /Kids [2608 0 R 2618 0 R 2625 0 R 2636 0 R 2642 0 R 2650 0 R] >> endobj 2659 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 4 /Parent 2716 0 R /Kids [2657 0 R 2662 0 R 2666 0 R 2671 0 R] >> endobj 2703 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2717 0 R /Kids [8 0 R 35 0 R 62 0 R 87 0 R 113 0 R 141 0 R] >> endobj 2704 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2717 0 R /Kids [165 0 R 191 0 R 217 0 R 242 0 R 267 0 R 292 0 R] >> endobj 2705 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2717 0 R /Kids [318 0 R 343 0 R 368 0 R 393 0 R 418 0 R 443 0 R] >> endobj 2706 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2717 0 R /Kids [468 0 R 495 0 R 520 0 R 545 0 R 570 0 R 595 0 R] >> endobj 2707 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2717 0 R /Kids [621 0 R 646 0 R 671 0 R 696 0 R 721 0 R 746 0 R] >> endobj 2708 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2717 0 R /Kids [772 0 R 797 0 R 822 0 R 847 0 R 872 0 R 898 0 R] >> endobj 2709 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2718 0 R /Kids [923 0 R 948 0 R 973 0 R 998 0 R 1023 0 R 1048 0 R] >> endobj 2710 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2718 0 R /Kids [1073 0 R 1098 0 R 1123 0 R 1149 0 R 1178 0 R 1203 0 R] >> endobj 2711 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2718 0 R /Kids [1228 0 R 1253 0 R 1278 0 R 1304 0 R 1329 0 R 1354 0 R] >> endobj 2712 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2718 0 R /Kids [1378 0 R 1403 0 R 1429 0 R 1454 0 R 1479 0 R 1505 0 R] >> endobj 2713 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2718 0 R /Kids [1530 0 R 1555 0 R 1628 0 R 1693 0 R 1776 0 R 1869 0 R] >> endobj 2714 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2718 0 R /Kids [1928 0 R 1987 0 R 2050 0 R 2109 0 R 2170 0 R 2233 0 R] >> endobj 2715 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 36 /Parent 2719 0 R /Kids [2276 0 R 2328 0 R 2377 0 R 2443 0 R 2533 0 R 2562 0 R] >> endobj 2716 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 10 /Parent 2719 0 R /Kids [2613 0 R 2659 0 R] >> endobj 2717 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 216 /Parent 2720 0 R /Kids [2703 0 R 2704 0 R 2705 0 R 2706 0 R 2707 0 R 2708 0 R] >> endobj 2718 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 216 /Parent 2720 0 R /Kids [2709 0 R 2710 0 R 2711 0 R 2712 0 R 2713 0 R 2714 0 R] >> endobj 2719 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 46 /Parent 2720 0 R /Kids [2715 0 R 2716 0 R] >> endobj 2720 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 478 /Kids [2717 0 R 2718 0 R 2719 0 R] >> endobj 2721 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /First 25 0 R /Last 2577 0 R /Count 7 >> endobj 2577 0 obj << /Title 2578 0 R /A 2575 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Prev 2568 0 R >> endobj 2568 0 obj << /Title 2569 0 R /A 2566 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Prev 2557 0 R /Next 2577 0 R >> endobj 2557 0 obj << /Title 2558 0 R /A 2555 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Prev 2539 0 R /Next 2568 0 R >> endobj 2539 0 obj << /Title 2540 0 R /A 2537 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Prev 1567 0 R /Next 2557 0 R >> endobj 1567 0 obj << /Title 1568 0 R /A 1565 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Prev 1164 0 R /Next 2539 0 R >> endobj 1164 0 obj << /Title 1165 0 R /A 1162 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Prev 25 0 R /Next 1567 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Title 26 0 R /A 23 0 R /Parent 2721 0 R /Next 1164 0 R >> endobj 2722 0 obj << /Names [(Index-Ascetics) 1616 0 R (Index-Monastic) 1617 0 R (Pg001) 22 0 R (Pg002) 30 0 R (Pg003) 34 0 R (Pg004) 39 0 R] /Limits [(Index-Ascetics) (Pg004)] >> endobj 2723 0 obj << /Names [(Pg005) 43 0 R (Pg006) 48 0 R (Pg007) 53 0 R (Pg008) 57 0 R (Pg009) 61 0 R (Pg010) 66 0 R] /Limits [(Pg005) (Pg010)] >> endobj 2724 0 obj << /Names [(Pg011) 70 0 R (Pg012) 74 0 R (Pg013) 78 0 R (Pg014) 82 0 R (Pg015) 86 0 R (Pg016) 91 0 R] /Limits [(Pg011) (Pg016)] >> endobj 2725 0 obj << /Names [(Pg017) 95 0 R (Pg018) 99 0 R (Pg019) 103 0 R (Pg020) 107 0 R (Pg021) 112 0 R (Pg022) 117 0 R] /Limits [(Pg017) (Pg022)] >> endobj 2726 0 obj << /Names [(Pg023) 121 0 R (Pg024) 126 0 R (Pg025) 127 0 R (Pg026) 134 0 R (Pg027) 139 0 R (Pg028) 140 0 R] /Limits [(Pg023) (Pg028)] >> endobj 2727 0 obj << /Names [(Pg029) 148 0 R (Pg030) 152 0 R (Pg031) 156 0 R (Pg032) 160 0 R (Pg033) 164 0 R (Pg034) 170 0 R] /Limits [(Pg029) (Pg034)] >> endobj 2728 0 obj << /Names [(Pg035) 174 0 R (Pg036) 178 0 R (Pg037) 182 0 R (Pg038) 186 0 R (Pg039) 190 0 R (Pg040) 195 0 R] /Limits [(Pg035) (Pg040)] >> endobj 2729 0 obj << /Names [(Pg041) 199 0 R (Pg042) 203 0 R (Pg043) 208 0 R (Pg044) 212 0 R (Pg045) 216 0 R (Pg046) 221 0 R] /Limits [(Pg041) (Pg046)] >> endobj 2730 0 obj << /Names [(Pg047) 225 0 R (Pg048) 226 0 R (Pg049) 233 0 R (Pg050) 237 0 R (Pg051) 241 0 R (Pg052) 246 0 R] /Limits [(Pg047) (Pg052)] >> endobj 2731 0 obj << /Names [(Pg053) 250 0 R (Pg054) 254 0 R (Pg055) 258 0 R (Pg056) 262 0 R (Pg057) 266 0 R (Pg058) 271 0 R] /Limits [(Pg053) (Pg058)] >> endobj 2732 0 obj << /Names [(Pg059) 275 0 R (Pg060) 279 0 R (Pg061) 283 0 R (Pg062) 287 0 R (Pg063) 288 0 R (Pg064) 296 0 R] /Limits [(Pg059) (Pg064)] >> endobj 2733 0 obj << /Names [(Pg065) 300 0 R (Pg066) 304 0 R (Pg067) 308 0 R (Pg068) 312 0 R (Pg069) 313 0 R (Pg070) 317 0 R] /Limits [(Pg065) (Pg070)] >> endobj 2734 0 obj << /Names [(Pg071) 322 0 R (Pg072) 329 0 R (Pg073) 333 0 R (Pg074) 337 0 R (Pg075) 338 0 R (Pg076) 342 0 R] /Limits [(Pg071) (Pg076)] >> endobj 2735 0 obj << /Names [(Pg077) 347 0 R (Pg078) 354 0 R (Pg079) 358 0 R (Pg080) 362 0 R (Pg081) 366 0 R (Pg082) 367 0 R] /Limits [(Pg077) (Pg082)] >> endobj 2736 0 obj << /Names [(Pg083) 372 0 R (Pg084) 376 0 R (Pg085) 380 0 R (Pg086) 384 0 R (Pg087) 388 0 R (Pg088) 392 0 R] /Limits [(Pg083) (Pg088)] >> endobj 2737 0 obj << /Names [(Pg089) 397 0 R (Pg090) 401 0 R (Pg091) 405 0 R (Pg092) 409 0 R (Pg093) 413 0 R (Pg094) 417 0 R] /Limits [(Pg089) (Pg094)] >> endobj 2738 0 obj << /Names [(Pg095) 422 0 R (Pg096) 426 0 R (Pg097) 430 0 R (Pg098) 434 0 R (Pg099) 438 0 R (Pg100) 442 0 R] /Limits [(Pg095) (Pg100)] >> endobj 2739 0 obj << /Names [(Pg101) 447 0 R (Pg102) 451 0 R (Pg103) 455 0 R (Pg104) 459 0 R (Pg105) 463 0 R (Pg106) 467 0 R] /Limits [(Pg101) (Pg106)] >> endobj 2740 0 obj << /Names [(Pg107) 472 0 R (Pg108) 476 0 R (Pg109) 480 0 R (Pg110) 484 0 R (Pg111) 490 0 R (Pg112) 494 0 R] /Limits [(Pg107) (Pg112)] >> endobj 2741 0 obj << /Names [(Pg113) 499 0 R (Pg114) 503 0 R (Pg115) 507 0 R (Pg116) 511 0 R (Pg117) 515 0 R (Pg118) 519 0 R] /Limits [(Pg113) (Pg118)] >> endobj 2742 0 obj << /Names [(Pg119) 524 0 R (Pg120) 528 0 R (Pg121) 532 0 R (Pg122) 536 0 R (Pg123) 540 0 R (Pg124) 544 0 R] /Limits [(Pg119) (Pg124)] >> endobj 2743 0 obj << /Names [(Pg125) 549 0 R (Pg126) 553 0 R (Pg127) 557 0 R (Pg128) 561 0 R (Pg129) 565 0 R (Pg130) 569 0 R] /Limits [(Pg125) (Pg130)] >> endobj 2744 0 obj << /Names [(Pg131) 574 0 R (Pg132) 578 0 R (Pg133) 582 0 R (Pg134) 586 0 R (Pg135) 590 0 R (Pg136) 594 0 R] /Limits [(Pg131) (Pg136)] >> endobj 2745 0 obj << /Names [(Pg137) 599 0 R (Pg138) 603 0 R (Pg139) 607 0 R (Pg140) 611 0 R (Pg141) 612 0 R (Pg142) 616 0 R] /Limits [(Pg137) (Pg142)] >> endobj 2746 0 obj << /Names [(Pg143) 620 0 R (Pg144) 625 0 R (Pg145) 629 0 R (Pg146) 633 0 R (Pg147) 637 0 R (Pg148) 641 0 R] /Limits [(Pg143) (Pg148)] >> endobj 2747 0 obj << /Names [(Pg149) 645 0 R (Pg150) 650 0 R (Pg151) 654 0 R (Pg152) 658 0 R (Pg153) 662 0 R (Pg154) 666 0 R] /Limits [(Pg149) (Pg154)] >> endobj 2748 0 obj << /Names [(Pg155) 670 0 R (Pg156) 675 0 R (Pg157) 679 0 R (Pg158) 683 0 R (Pg159) 687 0 R (Pg160) 691 0 R] /Limits [(Pg155) (Pg160)] >> endobj 2749 0 obj << /Names [(Pg161) 695 0 R (Pg162) 700 0 R (Pg163) 704 0 R (Pg164) 708 0 R (Pg165) 712 0 R (Pg166) 716 0 R] /Limits [(Pg161) (Pg166)] >> endobj 2750 0 obj << /Names [(Pg167) 720 0 R (Pg168) 725 0 R (Pg169) 729 0 R (Pg170) 733 0 R (Pg171) 737 0 R (Pg172) 741 0 R] /Limits [(Pg167) (Pg172)] >> endobj 2751 0 obj << /Names [(Pg173) 742 0 R (Pg174) 750 0 R (Pg175) 754 0 R (Pg176) 755 0 R (Pg177) 759 0 R (Pg178) 763 0 R] /Limits [(Pg173) (Pg178)] >> endobj 2752 0 obj << /Names [(Pg179) 767 0 R (Pg180) 771 0 R (Pg181) 776 0 R (Pg182) 780 0 R (Pg183) 784 0 R (Pg184) 788 0 R] /Limits [(Pg179) (Pg184)] >> endobj 2753 0 obj << /Names [(Pg185) 792 0 R (Pg186) 796 0 R (Pg187) 801 0 R (Pg188) 805 0 R (Pg189) 809 0 R (Pg190) 813 0 R] /Limits [(Pg185) (Pg190)] >> endobj 2754 0 obj << /Names [(Pg191) 817 0 R (Pg192) 821 0 R (Pg193) 826 0 R (Pg194) 830 0 R (Pg195) 834 0 R (Pg196) 838 0 R] /Limits [(Pg191) (Pg196)] >> endobj 2755 0 obj << /Names [(Pg197) 842 0 R (Pg198) 846 0 R (Pg199) 851 0 R (Pg200) 855 0 R (Pg201) 859 0 R (Pg202) 863 0 R] /Limits [(Pg197) (Pg202)] >> endobj 2756 0 obj << /Names [(Pg203) 867 0 R (Pg204) 871 0 R (Pg205) 876 0 R (Pg206) 880 0 R (Pg207) 884 0 R (Pg208) 888 0 R] /Limits [(Pg203) (Pg208)] >> endobj 2757 0 obj << /Names [(Pg209) 892 0 R (Pg210) 893 0 R (Pg211) 897 0 R (Pg212) 902 0 R (Pg213) 906 0 R (Pg214) 910 0 R] /Limits [(Pg209) (Pg214)] >> endobj 2758 0 obj << /Names [(Pg215) 914 0 R (Pg216) 918 0 R (Pg217) 922 0 R (Pg218) 927 0 R (Pg219) 931 0 R (Pg220) 935 0 R] /Limits [(Pg215) (Pg220)] >> endobj 2759 0 obj << /Names [(Pg221) 939 0 R (Pg222) 943 0 R (Pg223) 947 0 R (Pg224) 952 0 R (Pg225) 956 0 R (Pg226) 960 0 R] /Limits [(Pg221) (Pg226)] >> endobj 2760 0 obj << /Names [(Pg227) 964 0 R (Pg228) 968 0 R (Pg229) 972 0 R (Pg230) 977 0 R (Pg231) 981 0 R (Pg232) 985 0 R] /Limits [(Pg227) (Pg232)] >> endobj 2761 0 obj << /Names [(Pg233) 989 0 R (Pg234) 993 0 R (Pg235) 997 0 R (Pg236) 1002 0 R (Pg237) 1006 0 R (Pg238) 1010 0 R] /Limits [(Pg233) (Pg238)] >> endobj 2762 0 obj << /Names [(Pg239) 1014 0 R (Pg240) 1018 0 R (Pg241) 1022 0 R (Pg242) 1027 0 R (Pg243) 1031 0 R (Pg244) 1035 0 R] /Limits [(Pg239) (Pg244)] >> endobj 2763 0 obj << /Names [(Pg245) 1039 0 R (Pg246) 1043 0 R (Pg247) 1047 0 R (Pg248) 1052 0 R (Pg249) 1056 0 R (Pg250) 1060 0 R] /Limits [(Pg245) (Pg250)] >> endobj 2764 0 obj << /Names [(Pg251) 1064 0 R (Pg252) 1068 0 R (Pg253) 1072 0 R (Pg254) 1077 0 R (Pg255) 1081 0 R (Pg256) 1085 0 R] /Limits [(Pg251) (Pg256)] >> endobj 2765 0 obj << /Names [(Pg257) 1089 0 R (Pg258) 1093 0 R (Pg259) 1097 0 R (Pg260) 1102 0 R (Pg261) 1106 0 R (Pg262) 1110 0 R] /Limits [(Pg257) (Pg262)] >> endobj 2766 0 obj << /Names [(Pg263) 1114 0 R (Pg264) 1118 0 R (Pg265) 1122 0 R (Pg266) 1127 0 R (Pg267) 1131 0 R (Pg268) 1132 0 R] /Limits [(Pg263) (Pg268)] >> endobj 2767 0 obj << /Names [(Pg269) 1136 0 R (Pg270) 1140 0 R (Pg271) 1144 0 R (Pg272) 1148 0 R (Pg273) 1153 0 R (Pg274) 1157 0 R] /Limits [(Pg269) (Pg274)] >> endobj 2768 0 obj << /Names [(Pg275) 1161 0 R (Pg276) 1169 0 R (Pg277) 1173 0 R (Pg278) 1177 0 R (Pg279) 1182 0 R (Pg280) 1186 0 R] /Limits [(Pg275) (Pg280)] >> endobj 2769 0 obj << /Names [(Pg281) 1190 0 R (Pg282) 1194 0 R (Pg283) 1198 0 R (Pg284) 1202 0 R (Pg285) 1207 0 R (Pg286) 1211 0 R] /Limits [(Pg281) (Pg286)] >> endobj 2770 0 obj << /Names [(Pg287) 1215 0 R (Pg288) 1219 0 R (Pg289) 1223 0 R (Pg290) 1227 0 R (Pg291) 1232 0 R (Pg292) 1236 0 R] /Limits [(Pg287) (Pg292)] >> endobj 2771 0 obj << /Names [(Pg293) 1240 0 R (Pg294) 1244 0 R (Pg295) 1248 0 R (Pg296) 1252 0 R (Pg297) 1257 0 R (Pg298) 1261 0 R] /Limits [(Pg293) (Pg298)] >> endobj 2772 0 obj << /Names [(Pg299) 1262 0 R (Pg300) 1266 0 R (Pg301) 1273 0 R (Pg302) 1277 0 R (Pg303) 1282 0 R (Pg304) 1283 0 R] /Limits [(Pg299) (Pg304)] >> endobj 2773 0 obj << /Names [(Pg305) 1287 0 R (Pg306) 1291 0 R (Pg307) 1295 0 R (Pg308) 1302 0 R (Pg309) 1303 0 R (Pg310) 1308 0 R] /Limits [(Pg305) (Pg310)] >> endobj 2774 0 obj << /Names [(Pg311) 1312 0 R (Pg312) 1316 0 R (Pg313) 1320 0 R (Pg314) 1324 0 R (Pg315) 1328 0 R (Pg316) 1336 0 R] /Limits [(Pg311) (Pg316)] >> endobj 2775 0 obj << /Names [(Pg317) 1337 0 R (Pg318) 1341 0 R (Pg319) 1345 0 R (Pg320) 1349 0 R (Pg321) 1353 0 R (Pg322) 1358 0 R] /Limits [(Pg317) (Pg322)] >> endobj 2776 0 obj << /Names [(Pg323) 1362 0 R (Pg324) 1366 0 R (Pg325) 1370 0 R (Pg326) 1374 0 R (Pg327) 1382 0 R (Pg328) 1386 0 R] /Limits [(Pg323) (Pg328)] >> endobj 2777 0 obj << /Names [(Pg329) 1390 0 R (Pg330) 1391 0 R (Pg331) 1395 0 R (Pg332) 1402 0 R (Pg333) 1407 0 R (Pg334) 1408 0 R] /Limits [(Pg329) (Pg334)] >> endobj 2778 0 obj << /Names [(Pg335) 1412 0 R (Pg336) 1416 0 R (Pg337) 1420 0 R (Pg338) 1424 0 R (Pg339) 1428 0 R (Pg340) 1433 0 R] /Limits [(Pg335) (Pg340)] >> endobj 2779 0 obj << /Names [(Pg341) 1437 0 R (Pg342) 1441 0 R (Pg343) 1445 0 R (Pg344) 1449 0 R (Pg345) 1453 0 R (Pg346) 1458 0 R] /Limits [(Pg341) (Pg346)] >> endobj 2780 0 obj << /Names [(Pg347) 1462 0 R (Pg348) 1466 0 R (Pg349) 1470 0 R (Pg350) 1474 0 R (Pg351) 1475 0 R (Pg352) 1483 0 R] /Limits [(Pg347) (Pg352)] >> endobj 2781 0 obj << /Names [(Pg353) 1487 0 R (Pg354) 1488 0 R (Pg355) 1492 0 R (Pg356) 1496 0 R (Pg357) 1500 0 R (Pg358) 1504 0 R] /Limits [(Pg353) (Pg358)] >> endobj 2782 0 obj << /Names [(Pg359) 1509 0 R (Pg360) 1513 0 R (Pg361) 1517 0 R (Pg362) 1521 0 R (Pg363) 1525 0 R (Pg364) 1529 0 R] /Limits [(Pg359) (Pg364)] >> endobj 2783 0 obj << /Names [(Pg365) 1534 0 R (Pg366) 1538 0 R (Pg367) 1542 0 R (Pg368) 1546 0 R (Pg369) 1550 0 R (Pg370) 1554 0 R] /Limits [(Pg365) (Pg370)] >> endobj 2784 0 obj << /Names [(Pg371) 1559 0 R (Pg372) 1563 0 R (Pg373) 1564 0 R (Pg374) 1615 0 R (Pg375) 1651 0 R (Pg376) 1679 0 R] /Limits [(Pg371) (Pg376)] >> endobj 2785 0 obj << /Names [(Pg377) 1706 0 R (Pg378) 1725 0 R (Pg379) 1775 0 R (Pg380) 1829 0 R (Pg381) 1852 0 R (Pg382) 1895 0 R] /Limits [(Pg377) (Pg382)] >> endobj 2786 0 obj << /Names [(Pg383) 1905 0 R (Pg384) 1935 0 R (Pg385) 1964 0 R (Pg386) 1986 0 R (Pg387) 2018 0 R (Pg388) 2049 0 R] /Limits [(Pg383) (Pg388)] >> endobj 2787 0 obj << /Names [(Pg389) 2067 0 R (Pg390) 2093 0 R (Pg391) 2128 0 R (Pg392) 2159 0 R (Pg393) 2169 0 R (Pg394) 2195 0 R] /Limits [(Pg389) (Pg394)] >> endobj 2788 0 obj << /Names [(Pg395) 2232 0 R (Pg396) 2245 0 R (Pg397) 2269 0 R (Pg398) 2286 0 R (Pg399) 2299 0 R (Pg400) 2327 0 R] /Limits [(Pg395) (Pg400)] >> endobj 2789 0 obj << /Names [(Pg401) 2351 0 R (Pg402) 2373 0 R (Pg403) 2400 0 R (Pg404) 2423 0 R (Pg405) 2442 0 R (Pg406) 2464 0 R] /Limits [(Pg401) (Pg406)] >> endobj 2790 0 obj << /Names [(Pg407) 2498 0 R (footnotes) 2544 0 R (index1) 24 0 R (index2) 1163 0 R (index3) 1566 0 R (index4) 2538 0 R] /Limits [(Pg407) (index4)] >> endobj 2791 0 obj << /Names [(index5) 2556 0 R (index6) 2567 0 R (index7) 2576 0 R (pgfooter) 2551 0 R (pgheader) 6 0 R (pglicense) 9 0 R] /Limits [(index5) (pglicense)] >> endobj 2792 0 obj << /Names [(pglicense1) 2585 0 R (pglicense1A) 2586 0 R (pglicense1B) 2593 0 R (pglicense1C) 2594 0 R (pglicense1D) 2595 0 R (pglicense1E) 2596 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense1) (pglicense1E)] >> endobj 2793 0 obj << /Names [(pglicense1E1) 2603 0 R (pglicense1E2) 2604 0 R (pglicense1E3) 2610 0 R (pglicense1E4) 2611 0 R (pglicense1E5) 2612 0 R (pglicense1E6) 2620 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense1E1) (pglicense1E6)] >> endobj 2794 0 obj << /Names [(pglicense1E7) 2621 0 R (pglicense1E8) 2587 0 R (pglicense1E9) 2629 0 R (pglicense1F) 2630 0 R (pglicense1F1) 2638 0 R (pglicense1F2) 2639 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense1E7) (pglicense1F2)] >> endobj 2795 0 obj << /Names [(pglicense1F3) 2632 0 R (pglicense1F4) 2644 0 R (pglicense1F5) 2645 0 R (pglicense1F6) 2652 0 R (pglicense2) 2653 0 R (pglicense3) 2633 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense1F3) (pglicense3)] >> endobj 2796 0 obj << /Names [(pglicense4) 2631 0 R (pglicense5) 2668 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense4) (pglicense5)] >> endobj 2797 0 obj << /Kids [2722 0 R 2723 0 R 2724 0 R 2725 0 R 2726 0 R 2727 0 R] /Limits [(Index-Ascetics) (Pg034)] >> endobj 2798 0 obj << /Kids [2728 0 R 2729 0 R 2730 0 R 2731 0 R 2732 0 R 2733 0 R] /Limits [(Pg035) (Pg070)] >> endobj 2799 0 obj << /Kids [2734 0 R 2735 0 R 2736 0 R 2737 0 R 2738 0 R 2739 0 R] /Limits [(Pg071) (Pg106)] >> endobj 2800 0 obj << /Kids [2740 0 R 2741 0 R 2742 0 R 2743 0 R 2744 0 R 2745 0 R] /Limits [(Pg107) (Pg142)] >> endobj 2801 0 obj << /Kids [2746 0 R 2747 0 R 2748 0 R 2749 0 R 2750 0 R 2751 0 R] /Limits [(Pg143) (Pg178)] >> endobj 2802 0 obj << /Kids [2752 0 R 2753 0 R 2754 0 R 2755 0 R 2756 0 R 2757 0 R] /Limits [(Pg179) (Pg214)] >> endobj 2803 0 obj << /Kids [2758 0 R 2759 0 R 2760 0 R 2761 0 R 2762 0 R 2763 0 R] /Limits [(Pg215) (Pg250)] >> endobj 2804 0 obj << /Kids [2764 0 R 2765 0 R 2766 0 R 2767 0 R 2768 0 R 2769 0 R] /Limits [(Pg251) (Pg286)] >> endobj 2805 0 obj << /Kids [2770 0 R 2771 0 R 2772 0 R 2773 0 R 2774 0 R 2775 0 R] /Limits [(Pg287) (Pg322)] >> endobj 2806 0 obj << /Kids [2776 0 R 2777 0 R 2778 0 R 2779 0 R 2780 0 R 2781 0 R] /Limits [(Pg323) (Pg358)] >> endobj 2807 0 obj << /Kids [2782 0 R 2783 0 R 2784 0 R 2785 0 R 2786 0 R 2787 0 R] /Limits [(Pg359) (Pg394)] >> endobj 2808 0 obj << /Kids [2788 0 R 2789 0 R 2790 0 R 2791 0 R 2792 0 R 2793 0 R] /Limits [(Pg395) (pglicense1E6)] >> endobj 2809 0 obj << /Kids [2794 0 R 2795 0 R 2796 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense1E7) (pglicense5)] >> endobj 2810 0 obj << /Kids [2797 0 R 2798 0 R 2799 0 R 2800 0 R 2801 0 R 2802 0 R] /Limits [(Index-Ascetics) (Pg214)] >> endobj 2811 0 obj << /Kids [2803 0 R 2804 0 R 2805 0 R 2806 0 R 2807 0 R 2808 0 R] /Limits [(Pg215) (pglicense1E6)] >> endobj 2812 0 obj << /Kids [2809 0 R] /Limits [(pglicense1E7) (pglicense5)] >> endobj 2813 0 obj << /Kids [2810 0 R 2811 0 R 2812 0 R] /Limits [(Index-Ascetics) (pglicense5)] >> endobj 2814 0 obj << /Dests 2813 0 R >> endobj 2815 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 2720 0 R /Outlines 2721 0 R /Names 2814 0 R >> endobj 2816 0 obj << /Producer (pdfTeX-1.40.10) /Author (William Edward Hartpole Lecky) /Title (History of European Morals From Augustus to Charlemagne (Vol. 2 of 2)) /Creator (TeX) /CreationDate (D:20120425140857-07'00') /ModDate (D:20120425140857-07'00') /Trapped /False /PTEX.Fullbanner (This is pdfTeX, Version 3.1415926-1.40.10-2.2 (TeX Live 2009/Debian) kpathsea version 5.0.0) >> endobj xref 0 2817 0000000000 65535 f 0000001782 00000 n 0000001951 00000 n 0000002222 00000 n 0000001646 00000 n 0000000015 00000 n 0000002165 00000 n 0002606863 00000 n 0002607510 00000 n 0002500271 00000 n 0000003106 00000 n 0000002991 00000 n 0000002290 00000 n 0000004301 00000 n 0000004186 00000 n 0000003175 00000 n 0000004575 00000 n 0000004460 00000 n 0000004370 00000 n 0000004939 00000 n 0000004765 00000 n 0000004615 00000 n 0000004880 00000 n 0000005008 00000 n 0000009041 00000 n 0002619954 00000 n 0000005051 00000 n 0000009160 00000 n 0000008926 00000 n 0000005114 00000 n 0000009100 00000 n 0000014016 00000 n 0000013840 00000 n 0000009229 00000 n 0000013956 00000 n 0002607619 00000 n 0000019010 00000 n 0000018834 00000 n 0000014085 00000 n 0000018950 00000 n 0000024208 00000 n 0000024033 00000 n 0000019079 00000 n 0000024149 00000 n 0000030029 00000 n 0000029853 00000 n 0000024277 00000 n 0002607186 00000 n 0000029969 00000 n 0002606374 00000 n 0000035363 00000 n 0000035187 00000 n 0000030122 00000 n 0000035303 00000 n 0000040615 00000 n 0000040440 00000 n 0000035444 00000 n 0000040556 00000 n 0000045610 00000 n 0000045434 00000 n 0000040696 00000 n 0000045550 00000 n 0002607730 00000 n 0000052372 00000 n 0000052196 00000 n 0000045679 00000 n 0000052312 00000 n 0000057700 00000 n 0000057524 00000 n 0000052465 00000 n 0000057640 00000 n 0000063357 00000 n 0000063182 00000 n 0000057781 00000 n 0000063298 00000 n 0000068147 00000 n 0000067971 00000 n 0000063438 00000 n 0000068087 00000 n 0000072784 00000 n 0000072608 00000 n 0000068216 00000 n 0000072724 00000 n 0000077603 00000 n 0000077428 00000 n 0000072853 00000 n 0000077544 00000 n 0002607841 00000 n 0000082596 00000 n 0000082420 00000 n 0000077672 00000 n 0000082536 00000 n 0000087420 00000 n 0000087245 00000 n 0000082665 00000 n 0000087361 00000 n 0000092717 00000 n 0000092541 00000 n 0000087489 00000 n 0000092657 00000 n 0000098174 00000 n 0000097994 00000 n 0000092798 00000 n 0000098113 00000 n 0000103681 00000 n 0000103500 00000 n 0000098268 00000 n 0000103619 00000 n 0002607024 00000 n 0000110400 00000 n 0000110218 00000 n 0000103776 00000 n 0000110338 00000 n 0002607954 00000 n 0000115770 00000 n 0000115588 00000 n 0000110494 00000 n 0000115708 00000 n 0000122283 00000 n 0000122102 00000 n 0000115864 00000 n 0000122222 00000 n 0002606228 00000 n 0000129752 00000 n 0000129508 00000 n 0000122403 00000 n 0000129628 00000 n 0000129690 00000 n 0000135225 00000 n 0000135105 00000 n 0000129846 00000 n 0000141543 00000 n 0000141361 00000 n 0000135332 00000 n 0000141481 00000 n 0002606700 00000 n 0000147116 00000 n 0000146873 00000 n 0000141650 00000 n 0000146993 00000 n 0000147055 00000 n 0002608072 00000 n 0000152422 00000 n 0000152302 00000 n 0000147210 00000 n 0000158269 00000 n 0000158088 00000 n 0000152504 00000 n 0000158208 00000 n 0000164785 00000 n 0000164605 00000 n 0000158376 00000 n 0000164725 00000 n 0000171237 00000 n 0000171055 00000 n 0000164892 00000 n 0000171175 00000 n 0000177405 00000 n 0000177224 00000 n 0000171331 00000 n 0000177344 00000 n 0000183273 00000 n 0000183091 00000 n 0000177499 00000 n 0000183211 00000 n 0002608190 00000 n 0000189730 00000 n 0000189548 00000 n 0000183355 00000 n 0002606081 00000 n 0000189668 00000 n 0000195067 00000 n 0000194885 00000 n 0000189850 00000 n 0000195005 00000 n 0000202173 00000 n 0000201991 00000 n 0000195149 00000 n 0000202111 00000 n 0000207803 00000 n 0000207621 00000 n 0000202280 00000 n 0000207741 00000 n 0000213441 00000 n 0000213259 00000 n 0000207885 00000 n 0000213379 00000 n 0000218468 00000 n 0000218287 00000 n 0000213523 00000 n 0000218407 00000 n 0002608308 00000 n 0000224641 00000 n 0000224459 00000 n 0000218550 00000 n 0000224579 00000 n 0000230171 00000 n 0000229990 00000 n 0000224736 00000 n 0000230110 00000 n 0000235536 00000 n 0000235354 00000 n 0000230265 00000 n 0000235474 00000 n 0002606537 00000 n 0000241490 00000 n 0000241308 00000 n 0000235631 00000 n 0000241428 00000 n 0000246571 00000 n 0000246389 00000 n 0000241584 00000 n 0000246509 00000 n 0000252534 00000 n 0000252353 00000 n 0000246641 00000 n 0000252473 00000 n 0002608426 00000 n 0000258352 00000 n 0000258170 00000 n 0000252628 00000 n 0000258290 00000 n 0000264789 00000 n 0000264546 00000 n 0000258434 00000 n 0000264666 00000 n 0000264727 00000 n 0000271808 00000 n 0000271688 00000 n 0000264883 00000 n 0000277688 00000 n 0000277506 00000 n 0000271928 00000 n 0000277626 00000 n 0000283439 00000 n 0000283257 00000 n 0000277782 00000 n 0000283377 00000 n 0000288881 00000 n 0000288699 00000 n 0000283521 00000 n 0000288819 00000 n 0002608544 00000 n 0000295678 00000 n 0000295496 00000 n 0000288975 00000 n 0000295616 00000 n 0000302008 00000 n 0000301826 00000 n 0000295798 00000 n 0000301946 00000 n 0000308147 00000 n 0000307966 00000 n 0000302102 00000 n 0000308086 00000 n 0000313801 00000 n 0000313619 00000 n 0000308241 00000 n 0000313739 00000 n 0000319686 00000 n 0000319505 00000 n 0000313895 00000 n 0000319625 00000 n 0000326769 00000 n 0000326587 00000 n 0000319780 00000 n 0000326707 00000 n 0002608662 00000 n 0000332883 00000 n 0000332702 00000 n 0000326863 00000 n 0000332822 00000 n 0000337965 00000 n 0000337785 00000 n 0000332977 00000 n 0000337905 00000 n 0000343880 00000 n 0000343698 00000 n 0000338047 00000 n 0000343818 00000 n 0000348738 00000 n 0000348556 00000 n 0000343974 00000 n 0000348676 00000 n 0000354236 00000 n 0000353992 00000 n 0000348808 00000 n 0000354112 00000 n 0000354174 00000 n 0000359501 00000 n 0000359381 00000 n 0000354318 00000 n 0002608780 00000 n 0000365941 00000 n 0000365759 00000 n 0000359595 00000 n 0000365879 00000 n 0000371000 00000 n 0000370818 00000 n 0000366048 00000 n 0000370938 00000 n 0000376223 00000 n 0000376042 00000 n 0000371082 00000 n 0000376162 00000 n 0000382142 00000 n 0000381960 00000 n 0000376305 00000 n 0000382080 00000 n 0000387220 00000 n 0000386978 00000 n 0000382249 00000 n 0000387098 00000 n 0000387159 00000 n 0000392967 00000 n 0000392786 00000 n 0000387290 00000 n 0000392906 00000 n 0002608898 00000 n 0000399451 00000 n 0000399269 00000 n 0000393061 00000 n 0000399389 00000 n 0000405231 00000 n 0000405111 00000 n 0000399545 00000 n 0000410521 00000 n 0000410340 00000 n 0000405325 00000 n 0000410460 00000 n 0000415879 00000 n 0000415697 00000 n 0000410615 00000 n 0000415817 00000 n 0000421861 00000 n 0000421617 00000 n 0000415973 00000 n 0000421737 00000 n 0000421799 00000 n 0000427285 00000 n 0000427103 00000 n 0000421943 00000 n 0000427223 00000 n 0002609016 00000 n 0000433467 00000 n 0000433285 00000 n 0000427367 00000 n 0000433405 00000 n 0000440233 00000 n 0000440113 00000 n 0000433561 00000 n 0000445629 00000 n 0000445447 00000 n 0000440328 00000 n 0000445567 00000 n 0000451077 00000 n 0000450895 00000 n 0000445711 00000 n 0000451015 00000 n 0000456824 00000 n 0000456642 00000 n 0000451159 00000 n 0000456762 00000 n 0000463113 00000 n 0000462871 00000 n 0000456918 00000 n 0000462991 00000 n 0000463052 00000 n 0002609134 00000 n 0000469253 00000 n 0000469071 00000 n 0000463207 00000 n 0000469191 00000 n 0000474662 00000 n 0000474480 00000 n 0000469335 00000 n 0000474600 00000 n 0000480853 00000 n 0000480672 00000 n 0000474757 00000 n 0000480792 00000 n 0000485764 00000 n 0000485582 00000 n 0000480935 00000 n 0000485702 00000 n 0000491663 00000 n 0000491481 00000 n 0000485846 00000 n 0000491601 00000 n 0000498257 00000 n 0000498076 00000 n 0000491757 00000 n 0000498196 00000 n 0002609252 00000 n 0000504008 00000 n 0000503826 00000 n 0000498351 00000 n 0000503946 00000 n 0000510426 00000 n 0000510244 00000 n 0000504102 00000 n 0000510364 00000 n 0000515261 00000 n 0000515079 00000 n 0000510508 00000 n 0000515199 00000 n 0000520688 00000 n 0000520506 00000 n 0000515331 00000 n 0000520626 00000 n 0000525797 00000 n 0000525615 00000 n 0000520782 00000 n 0000525735 00000 n 0000531094 00000 n 0000530912 00000 n 0000525879 00000 n 0000531032 00000 n 0002609370 00000 n 0000536013 00000 n 0000535831 00000 n 0000531188 00000 n 0000535951 00000 n 0000541302 00000 n 0000541120 00000 n 0000536083 00000 n 0000541240 00000 n 0000547585 00000 n 0000547403 00000 n 0000541396 00000 n 0000547523 00000 n 0000553741 00000 n 0000553560 00000 n 0000547667 00000 n 0000553680 00000 n 0000560031 00000 n 0000559849 00000 n 0000553835 00000 n 0000559969 00000 n 0000564999 00000 n 0000564818 00000 n 0000560125 00000 n 0000564938 00000 n 0002609488 00000 n 0000569643 00000 n 0000569461 00000 n 0000565069 00000 n 0000569581 00000 n 0000574696 00000 n 0000574515 00000 n 0000569713 00000 n 0000574635 00000 n 0000580765 00000 n 0000580583 00000 n 0000574790 00000 n 0000580703 00000 n 0000585957 00000 n 0000585775 00000 n 0000580873 00000 n 0000585895 00000 n 0000591945 00000 n 0000591763 00000 n 0000586039 00000 n 0000591883 00000 n 0000598214 00000 n 0000598033 00000 n 0000592039 00000 n 0000598153 00000 n 0002609606 00000 n 0000605406 00000 n 0000605224 00000 n 0000598322 00000 n 0000605344 00000 n 0000611115 00000 n 0000610933 00000 n 0000605526 00000 n 0000611053 00000 n 0000617788 00000 n 0000617606 00000 n 0000611209 00000 n 0000617726 00000 n 0000624954 00000 n 0000624772 00000 n 0000617882 00000 n 0000624892 00000 n 0002586672 00000 n 0002569288 00000 n 0000631836 00000 n 0000631654 00000 n 0000625087 00000 n 0000631774 00000 n 0000638094 00000 n 0000637912 00000 n 0000631930 00000 n 0000638032 00000 n 0002609724 00000 n 0000643631 00000 n 0000643449 00000 n 0000638188 00000 n 0000643569 00000 n 0000648596 00000 n 0000648414 00000 n 0000643725 00000 n 0000648534 00000 n 0000656243 00000 n 0000656061 00000 n 0000648679 00000 n 0000656181 00000 n 0000662797 00000 n 0000662616 00000 n 0000656337 00000 n 0000662736 00000 n 0000667983 00000 n 0000667801 00000 n 0000662891 00000 n 0000667921 00000 n 0000673912 00000 n 0000673731 00000 n 0000668065 00000 n 0000673851 00000 n 0002609842 00000 n 0000679273 00000 n 0000679091 00000 n 0000673994 00000 n 0000679211 00000 n 0000685044 00000 n 0000684865 00000 n 0000679367 00000 n 0000684985 00000 n 0000691173 00000 n 0000690991 00000 n 0000685138 00000 n 0000691111 00000 n 0000697389 00000 n 0000697208 00000 n 0000691267 00000 n 0000697328 00000 n 0000702345 00000 n 0000702163 00000 n 0000697483 00000 n 0000702283 00000 n 0000707427 00000 n 0000707245 00000 n 0000702415 00000 n 0000707365 00000 n 0002609960 00000 n 0000713068 00000 n 0000712887 00000 n 0000707509 00000 n 0000713007 00000 n 0000719609 00000 n 0000719429 00000 n 0000713150 00000 n 0000719549 00000 n 0000725746 00000 n 0000725565 00000 n 0000719716 00000 n 0000725685 00000 n 0000731758 00000 n 0000731576 00000 n 0000725866 00000 n 0000731696 00000 n 0000738105 00000 n 0000737925 00000 n 0000731852 00000 n 0000738045 00000 n 0000745068 00000 n 0000744887 00000 n 0000738212 00000 n 0000745007 00000 n 0002610078 00000 n 0000750296 00000 n 0000750115 00000 n 0000745162 00000 n 0000750235 00000 n 0000756497 00000 n 0000756316 00000 n 0000750378 00000 n 0000756436 00000 n 0000763047 00000 n 0000762865 00000 n 0000756591 00000 n 0000762985 00000 n 0000769394 00000 n 0000769212 00000 n 0000763141 00000 n 0000769332 00000 n 0000775093 00000 n 0000774912 00000 n 0000769488 00000 n 0000775032 00000 n 0000780790 00000 n 0000780609 00000 n 0000775187 00000 n 0000780729 00000 n 0002610196 00000 n 0000786446 00000 n 0000786264 00000 n 0000780884 00000 n 0000786384 00000 n 0000791571 00000 n 0000791391 00000 n 0000786541 00000 n 0000791511 00000 n 0000796616 00000 n 0000796434 00000 n 0000791653 00000 n 0000796554 00000 n 0000801833 00000 n 0000801591 00000 n 0000796698 00000 n 0000801711 00000 n 0000801772 00000 n 0000808699 00000 n 0000808517 00000 n 0000801927 00000 n 0000808637 00000 n 0000814649 00000 n 0000814467 00000 n 0000808793 00000 n 0000814587 00000 n 0002610314 00000 n 0000821193 00000 n 0000821011 00000 n 0000814743 00000 n 0000821131 00000 n 0000826791 00000 n 0000826609 00000 n 0000821287 00000 n 0000826729 00000 n 0000832463 00000 n 0000832281 00000 n 0000826885 00000 n 0000832401 00000 n 0000837518 00000 n 0000837336 00000 n 0000832545 00000 n 0000837456 00000 n 0000842418 00000 n 0000842236 00000 n 0000837612 00000 n 0000842356 00000 n 0000848578 00000 n 0000848396 00000 n 0000842488 00000 n 0000848516 00000 n 0002610432 00000 n 0000854088 00000 n 0000853906 00000 n 0000848672 00000 n 0000854026 00000 n 0000861825 00000 n 0000861644 00000 n 0000854170 00000 n 0000861764 00000 n 0000868680 00000 n 0000868498 00000 n 0000861932 00000 n 0000868618 00000 n 0000874750 00000 n 0000874568 00000 n 0000868774 00000 n 0000874688 00000 n 0000879742 00000 n 0000879561 00000 n 0000874857 00000 n 0000879681 00000 n 0000884708 00000 n 0000884526 00000 n 0000879824 00000 n 0000884646 00000 n 0002610550 00000 n 0000890338 00000 n 0000890156 00000 n 0000884778 00000 n 0000890276 00000 n 0000896243 00000 n 0000896061 00000 n 0000890445 00000 n 0000896181 00000 n 0000901371 00000 n 0000901189 00000 n 0000896337 00000 n 0000901309 00000 n 0000907322 00000 n 0000907140 00000 n 0000901441 00000 n 0000907260 00000 n 0000914507 00000 n 0000914325 00000 n 0000907416 00000 n 0000914445 00000 n 0000919858 00000 n 0000919676 00000 n 0000914601 00000 n 0000919796 00000 n 0002610668 00000 n 0000926310 00000 n 0000926128 00000 n 0000919952 00000 n 0000926248 00000 n 0000933279 00000 n 0000933098 00000 n 0000926404 00000 n 0000933218 00000 n 0000940303 00000 n 0000940121 00000 n 0000933386 00000 n 0000940241 00000 n 0000945814 00000 n 0000945632 00000 n 0000940397 00000 n 0000945752 00000 n 0000951964 00000 n 0000951782 00000 n 0000945908 00000 n 0000951902 00000 n 0000957473 00000 n 0000957292 00000 n 0000952097 00000 n 0000957412 00000 n 0002610786 00000 n 0000963934 00000 n 0000963752 00000 n 0000957555 00000 n 0000963872 00000 n 0000969068 00000 n 0000968886 00000 n 0000964028 00000 n 0000969006 00000 n 0000974788 00000 n 0000974608 00000 n 0000969151 00000 n 0000974728 00000 n 0000980803 00000 n 0000980621 00000 n 0000974870 00000 n 0000980741 00000 n 0000987616 00000 n 0000987373 00000 n 0000980897 00000 n 0000987493 00000 n 0000987555 00000 n 0000993021 00000 n 0000992901 00000 n 0000987710 00000 n 0002610904 00000 n 0000999510 00000 n 0000999329 00000 n 0000993115 00000 n 0000999449 00000 n 0001006449 00000 n 0001006205 00000 n 0000999604 00000 n 0001006325 00000 n 0001006387 00000 n 0001013320 00000 n 0001013138 00000 n 0001006543 00000 n 0001013258 00000 n 0001020141 00000 n 0001019960 00000 n 0001013414 00000 n 0001020080 00000 n 0001025247 00000 n 0001025065 00000 n 0001020235 00000 n 0001025185 00000 n 0001030150 00000 n 0001029968 00000 n 0001025329 00000 n 0001030088 00000 n 0002611022 00000 n 0001035671 00000 n 0001035489 00000 n 0001030220 00000 n 0001035609 00000 n 0001040554 00000 n 0001040374 00000 n 0001035765 00000 n 0001040494 00000 n 0001046228 00000 n 0001046046 00000 n 0001040624 00000 n 0001046166 00000 n 0001051141 00000 n 0001050959 00000 n 0001046310 00000 n 0001051079 00000 n 0001056327 00000 n 0001056146 00000 n 0001051211 00000 n 0001056266 00000 n 0001062300 00000 n 0001062118 00000 n 0001056422 00000 n 0001062238 00000 n 0002611140 00000 n 0001067414 00000 n 0001067232 00000 n 0001062394 00000 n 0001067352 00000 n 0001073231 00000 n 0001073053 00000 n 0001067496 00000 n 0001073173 00000 n 0001078357 00000 n 0001078175 00000 n 0001073325 00000 n 0001078295 00000 n 0001083799 00000 n 0001083617 00000 n 0001078427 00000 n 0001083737 00000 n 0001088874 00000 n 0001088692 00000 n 0001083907 00000 n 0001088812 00000 n 0001093901 00000 n 0001093720 00000 n 0001088956 00000 n 0001093840 00000 n 0002611258 00000 n 0001098894 00000 n 0001098712 00000 n 0001093971 00000 n 0001098832 00000 n 0001103727 00000 n 0001103546 00000 n 0001098964 00000 n 0001103666 00000 n 0001108949 00000 n 0001108769 00000 n 0001103797 00000 n 0001108889 00000 n 0001115541 00000 n 0001115359 00000 n 0001109031 00000 n 0001115479 00000 n 0001122109 00000 n 0001121927 00000 n 0001115623 00000 n 0001122047 00000 n 0001128755 00000 n 0001128573 00000 n 0001122203 00000 n 0001128693 00000 n 0002611376 00000 n 0001134348 00000 n 0001134167 00000 n 0001128849 00000 n 0001134287 00000 n 0001139087 00000 n 0001138906 00000 n 0001134442 00000 n 0001139026 00000 n 0001145609 00000 n 0001145427 00000 n 0001139169 00000 n 0001145547 00000 n 0001151444 00000 n 0001151262 00000 n 0001145716 00000 n 0001151382 00000 n 0001157361 00000 n 0001157180 00000 n 0001151526 00000 n 0001157300 00000 n 0001162900 00000 n 0001162719 00000 n 0001157443 00000 n 0001162839 00000 n 0002611494 00000 n 0001169592 00000 n 0001169410 00000 n 0001162982 00000 n 0001169530 00000 n 0001174929 00000 n 0001174747 00000 n 0001169699 00000 n 0001174867 00000 n 0001179904 00000 n 0001179722 00000 n 0001175023 00000 n 0001179842 00000 n 0001185038 00000 n 0001184856 00000 n 0001179986 00000 n 0001184976 00000 n 0001190715 00000 n 0001190472 00000 n 0001185120 00000 n 0001190592 00000 n 0001190653 00000 n 0001196294 00000 n 0001196112 00000 n 0001190822 00000 n 0001196232 00000 n 0002611612 00000 n 0001201317 00000 n 0001201136 00000 n 0001196388 00000 n 0001201256 00000 n 0001206190 00000 n 0001206008 00000 n 0001201387 00000 n 0001206128 00000 n 0001211945 00000 n 0001211764 00000 n 0001206260 00000 n 0001211884 00000 n 0001217212 00000 n 0001217030 00000 n 0001212039 00000 n 0001217150 00000 n 0001222369 00000 n 0001222187 00000 n 0001217294 00000 n 0001222307 00000 n 0001228331 00000 n 0001228149 00000 n 0001222451 00000 n 0001228269 00000 n 0002611730 00000 n 0001234301 00000 n 0001234120 00000 n 0001228438 00000 n 0001234240 00000 n 0001240338 00000 n 0001240156 00000 n 0001234395 00000 n 0001240276 00000 n 0001245569 00000 n 0001245387 00000 n 0001240432 00000 n 0001245507 00000 n 0001251789 00000 n 0001251607 00000 n 0001245651 00000 n 0001251727 00000 n 0001257899 00000 n 0001257717 00000 n 0001251883 00000 n 0001257837 00000 n 0001263254 00000 n 0001263073 00000 n 0001257993 00000 n 0001263193 00000 n 0002611848 00000 n 0001268839 00000 n 0001268658 00000 n 0001263336 00000 n 0001268778 00000 n 0001275767 00000 n 0001275585 00000 n 0001268933 00000 n 0001275705 00000 n 0001282493 00000 n 0001282312 00000 n 0001275861 00000 n 0001282432 00000 n 0001288583 00000 n 0001288401 00000 n 0001282587 00000 n 0001288521 00000 n 0001294959 00000 n 0001294778 00000 n 0001288690 00000 n 0001294898 00000 n 0001301438 00000 n 0001301256 00000 n 0001295066 00000 n 0001301376 00000 n 0002611966 00000 n 0001306505 00000 n 0001306323 00000 n 0001301558 00000 n 0001306443 00000 n 0001311570 00000 n 0001311388 00000 n 0001306575 00000 n 0001311508 00000 n 0001316802 00000 n 0001316621 00000 n 0001311652 00000 n 0001316741 00000 n 0001322016 00000 n 0001321834 00000 n 0001316896 00000 n 0001321954 00000 n 0001327936 00000 n 0001327754 00000 n 0001322110 00000 n 0001327874 00000 n 0001334021 00000 n 0001333840 00000 n 0001328030 00000 n 0001333960 00000 n 0002612084 00000 n 0001340599 00000 n 0001340413 00000 n 0001334115 00000 n 0001340535 00000 n 0001347051 00000 n 0001346866 00000 n 0001340693 00000 n 0001346989 00000 n 0001353969 00000 n 0001353783 00000 n 0001347146 00000 n 0001353906 00000 n 0001360238 00000 n 0001360051 00000 n 0001354077 00000 n 0001360174 00000 n 0001367366 00000 n 0001367179 00000 n 0001360321 00000 n 0001367302 00000 n 0001372966 00000 n 0001372780 00000 n 0001367474 00000 n 0001372904 00000 n 0002612207 00000 n 0001378429 00000 n 0001378241 00000 n 0001373049 00000 n 0001378365 00000 n 0001385389 00000 n 0001385201 00000 n 0001378512 00000 n 0001385325 00000 n 0001391296 00000 n 0001391108 00000 n 0001385484 00000 n 0001391232 00000 n 0001397284 00000 n 0001397097 00000 n 0001391391 00000 n 0001397221 00000 n 0001404051 00000 n 0001403863 00000 n 0001397379 00000 n 0001403987 00000 n 0001409437 00000 n 0001409251 00000 n 0001404159 00000 n 0001409375 00000 n 0002612332 00000 n 0001415041 00000 n 0001414853 00000 n 0001409520 00000 n 0001414977 00000 n 0001420700 00000 n 0001420513 00000 n 0001415136 00000 n 0001420637 00000 n 0001426214 00000 n 0001426027 00000 n 0001420795 00000 n 0001426151 00000 n 0001431504 00000 n 0001431317 00000 n 0001426297 00000 n 0001431441 00000 n 0001436586 00000 n 0001436399 00000 n 0001431599 00000 n 0001436523 00000 n 0001441228 00000 n 0001441042 00000 n 0001436657 00000 n 0001441166 00000 n 0002612457 00000 n 0001446802 00000 n 0001446614 00000 n 0001441299 00000 n 0001446738 00000 n 0001452324 00000 n 0001452136 00000 n 0001446897 00000 n 0001452260 00000 n 0001458576 00000 n 0001458388 00000 n 0001452419 00000 n 0001458512 00000 n 0001464891 00000 n 0001464703 00000 n 0001458671 00000 n 0001464827 00000 n 0001470931 00000 n 0001470743 00000 n 0001464986 00000 n 0001470867 00000 n 0001477831 00000 n 0001477644 00000 n 0001471026 00000 n 0001477768 00000 n 0002612582 00000 n 0001482654 00000 n 0001482466 00000 n 0001477926 00000 n 0001482590 00000 n 0001487510 00000 n 0001487323 00000 n 0001482725 00000 n 0001487447 00000 n 0001493311 00000 n 0001493123 00000 n 0001487593 00000 n 0001493247 00000 n 0001498575 00000 n 0001498387 00000 n 0001493394 00000 n 0001498511 00000 n 0001504156 00000 n 0001503968 00000 n 0001498658 00000 n 0001504092 00000 n 0001509131 00000 n 0001508943 00000 n 0001504251 00000 n 0001509067 00000 n 0002612707 00000 n 0001513996 00000 n 0001513808 00000 n 0001509202 00000 n 0001513932 00000 n 0001519031 00000 n 0001518779 00000 n 0001514079 00000 n 0001518903 00000 n 0001518967 00000 n 0001524276 00000 n 0001524088 00000 n 0001519102 00000 n 0001524212 00000 n 0001529904 00000 n 0001529717 00000 n 0001524347 00000 n 0001529841 00000 n 0001535411 00000 n 0001535223 00000 n 0001529999 00000 n 0001535347 00000 n 0001540375 00000 n 0001540187 00000 n 0001535494 00000 n 0001540311 00000 n 0002612832 00000 n 0001545342 00000 n 0001545155 00000 n 0001540458 00000 n 0001545279 00000 n 0001550754 00000 n 0001550566 00000 n 0001545413 00000 n 0001550690 00000 n 0001552824 00000 n 0001552637 00000 n 0001550837 00000 n 0001552761 00000 n 0001552907 00000 n 0001557103 00000 n 0002619857 00000 n 0001552952 00000 n 0001557228 00000 n 0001556979 00000 n 0001553006 00000 n 0001557166 00000 n 0001562695 00000 n 0001562508 00000 n 0001557299 00000 n 0001562632 00000 n 0001569615 00000 n 0001569427 00000 n 0001562816 00000 n 0001569551 00000 n 0002612957 00000 n 0001575362 00000 n 0001575175 00000 n 0001569736 00000 n 0001575299 00000 n 0001580259 00000 n 0001580072 00000 n 0001575457 00000 n 0001580196 00000 n 0001586605 00000 n 0001586417 00000 n 0001580342 00000 n 0001586541 00000 n 0001591775 00000 n 0001591587 00000 n 0001586700 00000 n 0001591711 00000 n 0001596887 00000 n 0001596699 00000 n 0001591858 00000 n 0001596823 00000 n 0001601517 00000 n 0001601329 00000 n 0001596970 00000 n 0001601453 00000 n 0002613082 00000 n 0001607408 00000 n 0001607220 00000 n 0001601588 00000 n 0001607344 00000 n 0001614132 00000 n 0001613945 00000 n 0001607491 00000 n 0001614069 00000 n 0001620418 00000 n 0001620230 00000 n 0001614240 00000 n 0001620354 00000 n 0001625285 00000 n 0001625097 00000 n 0001620513 00000 n 0001625221 00000 n 0001631156 00000 n 0001630968 00000 n 0001625368 00000 n 0001631092 00000 n 0001636567 00000 n 0001636380 00000 n 0001631251 00000 n 0001636504 00000 n 0002613207 00000 n 0001642294 00000 n 0001642107 00000 n 0001636650 00000 n 0001642231 00000 n 0001647934 00000 n 0001647747 00000 n 0001642390 00000 n 0001647871 00000 n 0001653587 00000 n 0001653400 00000 n 0001648029 00000 n 0001653524 00000 n 0001660717 00000 n 0001660529 00000 n 0001653683 00000 n 0001660653 00000 n 0001666793 00000 n 0001666605 00000 n 0001660826 00000 n 0001666729 00000 n 0001672608 00000 n 0001672420 00000 n 0001666902 00000 n 0001672544 00000 n 0002613332 00000 n 0001677539 00000 n 0001677351 00000 n 0001672691 00000 n 0001677475 00000 n 0001682705 00000 n 0001682454 00000 n 0001677610 00000 n 0001682578 00000 n 0001682642 00000 n 0001688555 00000 n 0001688367 00000 n 0001682788 00000 n 0001688491 00000 n 0001695002 00000 n 0001694878 00000 n 0001688638 00000 n 0001700559 00000 n 0001700372 00000 n 0001695110 00000 n 0001700496 00000 n 0001705962 00000 n 0001705774 00000 n 0001700654 00000 n 0001705898 00000 n 0002613457 00000 n 0001711140 00000 n 0001710890 00000 n 0001706057 00000 n 0001711014 00000 n 0001711078 00000 n 0001717706 00000 n 0001717519 00000 n 0001711223 00000 n 0001717643 00000 n 0001723871 00000 n 0001723685 00000 n 0001717801 00000 n 0001723809 00000 n 0001729699 00000 n 0001729512 00000 n 0001723979 00000 n 0001729636 00000 n 0001735888 00000 n 0001735764 00000 n 0001729794 00000 n 0001741065 00000 n 0001740814 00000 n 0001735983 00000 n 0001740938 00000 n 0001741002 00000 n 0002613582 00000 n 0001747319 00000 n 0001747131 00000 n 0001741148 00000 n 0001747255 00000 n 0001753731 00000 n 0001753545 00000 n 0001747415 00000 n 0001753669 00000 n 0001759801 00000 n 0001759613 00000 n 0001753826 00000 n 0001759737 00000 n 0001765627 00000 n 0001765440 00000 n 0001759896 00000 n 0001765564 00000 n 0001773005 00000 n 0001772818 00000 n 0001765722 00000 n 0001772942 00000 n 0001779206 00000 n 0001779019 00000 n 0001773100 00000 n 0001779143 00000 n 0002613707 00000 n 0001788793 00000 n 0001788669 00000 n 0001779301 00000 n 0001794403 00000 n 0001794153 00000 n 0001788914 00000 n 0001794277 00000 n 0001794340 00000 n 0001800248 00000 n 0001800060 00000 n 0001794486 00000 n 0001800184 00000 n 0001807701 00000 n 0001807513 00000 n 0001800356 00000 n 0001807637 00000 n 0001814968 00000 n 0001814780 00000 n 0001807810 00000 n 0001814904 00000 n 0001820652 00000 n 0001820464 00000 n 0001815063 00000 n 0001820588 00000 n 0002613832 00000 n 0001827414 00000 n 0001827227 00000 n 0001820735 00000 n 0001827351 00000 n 0001833656 00000 n 0001833468 00000 n 0001827509 00000 n 0001833592 00000 n 0001839224 00000 n 0001839037 00000 n 0001833751 00000 n 0001839161 00000 n 0001844775 00000 n 0001844587 00000 n 0001839319 00000 n 0001844711 00000 n 0001851410 00000 n 0001851223 00000 n 0001844858 00000 n 0001851347 00000 n 0001857549 00000 n 0001857425 00000 n 0001851518 00000 n 0002613957 00000 n 0001864768 00000 n 0001864580 00000 n 0001857644 00000 n 0001864704 00000 n 0001871439 00000 n 0001871251 00000 n 0001864863 00000 n 0001871375 00000 n 0001876892 00000 n 0001876640 00000 n 0001871522 00000 n 0001876764 00000 n 0001876828 00000 n 0001882444 00000 n 0001882256 00000 n 0001876975 00000 n 0001882380 00000 n 0001887710 00000 n 0001887586 00000 n 0001882527 00000 n 0001893366 00000 n 0001893178 00000 n 0001887781 00000 n 0001893302 00000 n 0002614082 00000 n 0001899438 00000 n 0001899187 00000 n 0001893461 00000 n 0001899311 00000 n 0001899375 00000 n 0001904881 00000 n 0001904693 00000 n 0001899521 00000 n 0001904817 00000 n 0001909815 00000 n 0001909628 00000 n 0001904976 00000 n 0001909752 00000 n 0001915991 00000 n 0001915803 00000 n 0001909886 00000 n 0001915927 00000 n 0001921673 00000 n 0001921486 00000 n 0001916086 00000 n 0001921610 00000 n 0001928487 00000 n 0001928299 00000 n 0001921768 00000 n 0001928423 00000 n 0002614207 00000 n 0001934481 00000 n 0001934293 00000 n 0001928595 00000 n 0001934417 00000 n 0001939747 00000 n 0001939559 00000 n 0001934576 00000 n 0001939683 00000 n 0001945428 00000 n 0001945240 00000 n 0001939830 00000 n 0001945364 00000 n 0001950994 00000 n 0001950807 00000 n 0001945511 00000 n 0001950931 00000 n 0001956942 00000 n 0001956755 00000 n 0001951089 00000 n 0001956879 00000 n 0001962138 00000 n 0001961952 00000 n 0001957025 00000 n 0001962076 00000 n 0002614332 00000 n 0001968170 00000 n 0001967982 00000 n 0001962221 00000 n 0001968106 00000 n 0001973187 00000 n 0001972999 00000 n 0001968265 00000 n 0001973123 00000 n 0001978221 00000 n 0001978033 00000 n 0001973258 00000 n 0001978157 00000 n 0001983188 00000 n 0001983000 00000 n 0001978292 00000 n 0001983124 00000 n 0001988727 00000 n 0001988475 00000 n 0001983259 00000 n 0001988599 00000 n 0001988663 00000 n 0001994572 00000 n 0001994448 00000 n 0001988822 00000 n 0002614457 00000 n 0002000291 00000 n 0002000104 00000 n 0001994667 00000 n 0002000228 00000 n 0002005526 00000 n 0002005276 00000 n 0002000362 00000 n 0002005400 00000 n 0002005462 00000 n 0002010403 00000 n 0002010216 00000 n 0002005609 00000 n 0002010340 00000 n 0002015393 00000 n 0002015206 00000 n 0002010474 00000 n 0002015330 00000 n 0002021379 00000 n 0002021191 00000 n 0002015464 00000 n 0002021315 00000 n 0002027312 00000 n 0002027124 00000 n 0002021474 00000 n 0002027248 00000 n 0002614582 00000 n 0002032326 00000 n 0002032139 00000 n 0002027407 00000 n 0002032263 00000 n 0002037817 00000 n 0002037630 00000 n 0002032397 00000 n 0002037754 00000 n 0002042940 00000 n 0002042752 00000 n 0002037912 00000 n 0002042876 00000 n 0002047996 00000 n 0002047808 00000 n 0002043023 00000 n 0002047932 00000 n 0002053386 00000 n 0002053199 00000 n 0002048091 00000 n 0002053323 00000 n 0002058692 00000 n 0002058504 00000 n 0002053494 00000 n 0002058628 00000 n 0002614707 00000 n 0002065486 00000 n 0002065299 00000 n 0002058763 00000 n 0002065423 00000 n 0002071121 00000 n 0002070933 00000 n 0002065581 00000 n 0002071057 00000 n 0002077034 00000 n 0002076847 00000 n 0002071255 00000 n 0002076971 00000 n 0002081975 00000 n 0002081787 00000 n 0002077129 00000 n 0002081911 00000 n 0002086877 00000 n 0002086690 00000 n 0002082046 00000 n 0002086814 00000 n 0002091706 00000 n 0002091519 00000 n 0002086948 00000 n 0002091643 00000 n 0002614832 00000 n 0002096674 00000 n 0002096486 00000 n 0002091777 00000 n 0002096610 00000 n 0002101321 00000 n 0002101071 00000 n 0002096745 00000 n 0002101195 00000 n 0002101258 00000 n 0002101404 00000 n 0002105585 00000 n 0002619758 00000 n 0002101449 00000 n 0002103907 00000 n 0002104075 00000 n 0002104243 00000 n 0002104411 00000 n 0002104579 00000 n 0002104746 00000 n 0002104914 00000 n 0002105082 00000 n 0002105249 00000 n 0002105417 00000 n 0002108379 00000 n 0002105648 00000 n 0002103681 00000 n 0002101476 00000 n 0002108547 00000 n 0002108714 00000 n 0002108881 00000 n 0002109049 00000 n 0002109216 00000 n 0002109384 00000 n 0002109548 00000 n 0002109716 00000 n 0002109884 00000 n 0002110051 00000 n 0002110219 00000 n 0002113451 00000 n 0002113628 00000 n 0002113805 00000 n 0002110386 00000 n 0002108135 00000 n 0002105719 00000 n 0002113972 00000 n 0002114140 00000 n 0002114308 00000 n 0002114476 00000 n 0002114643 00000 n 0002114811 00000 n 0002114979 00000 n 0002115147 00000 n 0002115314 00000 n 0002115481 00000 n 0002118690 00000 n 0002118858 00000 n 0002115712 00000 n 0002113198 00000 n 0002110469 00000 n 0002115649 00000 n 0002126923 00000 n 0002332549 00000 n 0002119025 00000 n 0002119192 00000 n 0002119359 00000 n 0002119526 00000 n 0002119693 00000 n 0002119861 00000 n 0002123915 00000 n 0002120028 00000 n 0002118482 00000 n 0002115795 00000 n 0002614957 00000 n 0002124081 00000 n 0002124249 00000 n 0002124417 00000 n 0002124585 00000 n 0002124753 00000 n 0002124921 00000 n 0002125087 00000 n 0002125255 00000 n 0002125423 00000 n 0002125591 00000 n 0002125757 00000 n 0002125922 00000 n 0002126090 00000 n 0002126258 00000 n 0002126425 00000 n 0002126591 00000 n 0002126757 00000 n 0002129729 00000 n 0002129895 00000 n 0002127050 00000 n 0002123617 00000 n 0002120111 00000 n 0002126986 00000 n 0002130062 00000 n 0002130230 00000 n 0002130396 00000 n 0002130561 00000 n 0002130729 00000 n 0002130895 00000 n 0002131062 00000 n 0002131229 00000 n 0002131397 00000 n 0002131563 00000 n 0002129494 00000 n 0002127133 00000 n 0002134542 00000 n 0002134707 00000 n 0002134872 00000 n 0002134388 00000 n 0002131646 00000 n 0002138129 00000 n 0002138297 00000 n 0002138465 00000 n 0002138633 00000 n 0002138801 00000 n 0002141642 00000 n 0002141809 00000 n 0002139031 00000 n 0002137948 00000 n 0002134955 00000 n 0002138968 00000 n 0002141977 00000 n 0002142145 00000 n 0002142311 00000 n 0002142477 00000 n 0002142645 00000 n 0002142811 00000 n 0002141443 00000 n 0002139126 00000 n 0002146725 00000 n 0002146893 00000 n 0002147059 00000 n 0002146571 00000 n 0002142894 00000 n 0002615082 00000 n 0002150532 00000 n 0002150700 00000 n 0002150868 00000 n 0002151036 00000 n 0002151204 00000 n 0002151372 00000 n 0002151540 00000 n 0002151706 00000 n 0002155123 00000 n 0002151935 00000 n 0002150324 00000 n 0002147142 00000 n 0002151872 00000 n 0002155291 00000 n 0002155459 00000 n 0002155626 00000 n 0002155793 00000 n 0002155959 00000 n 0002156126 00000 n 0002154933 00000 n 0002152030 00000 n 0002158914 00000 n 0002159080 00000 n 0002159246 00000 n 0002159412 00000 n 0002159578 00000 n 0002159746 00000 n 0002159912 00000 n 0002160141 00000 n 0002158715 00000 n 0002156221 00000 n 0002160077 00000 n 0002163405 00000 n 0002163573 00000 n 0002163740 00000 n 0002163907 00000 n 0002164075 00000 n 0002164242 00000 n 0002164407 00000 n 0002164572 00000 n 0002164736 00000 n 0002163197 00000 n 0002160212 00000 n 0002167849 00000 n 0002168017 00000 n 0002168185 00000 n 0002168353 00000 n 0002168521 00000 n 0002168689 00000 n 0002168857 00000 n 0002169025 00000 n 0002169193 00000 n 0002169361 00000 n 0002169529 00000 n 0002169696 00000 n 0002169864 00000 n 0002170032 00000 n 0002170199 00000 n 0002170365 00000 n 0002170531 00000 n 0002170699 00000 n 0002170867 00000 n 0002171035 00000 n 0002171203 00000 n 0002171371 00000 n 0002173368 00000 n 0002173536 00000 n 0002173704 00000 n 0002173871 00000 n 0002174039 00000 n 0002171537 00000 n 0002167515 00000 n 0002164831 00000 n 0002174207 00000 n 0002174375 00000 n 0002174543 00000 n 0002174711 00000 n 0002174879 00000 n 0002175111 00000 n 0002173142 00000 n 0002171620 00000 n 0002175047 00000 n 0002615207 00000 n 0002178602 00000 n 0002178478 00000 n 0002175182 00000 n 0002182010 00000 n 0002182178 00000 n 0002182343 00000 n 0002182511 00000 n 0002182678 00000 n 0002182846 00000 n 0002183014 00000 n 0002183180 00000 n 0002183348 00000 n 0002183515 00000 n 0002183683 00000 n 0002183850 00000 n 0002184016 00000 n 0002187920 00000 n 0002184182 00000 n 0002181757 00000 n 0002178673 00000 n 0002188087 00000 n 0002188255 00000 n 0002188422 00000 n 0002188587 00000 n 0002188755 00000 n 0002188923 00000 n 0002189091 00000 n 0002189259 00000 n 0002189426 00000 n 0002189594 00000 n 0002189762 00000 n 0002189930 00000 n 0002190098 00000 n 0002190264 00000 n 0002190432 00000 n 0002190600 00000 n 0002190768 00000 n 0002190936 00000 n 0002191103 00000 n 0002191271 00000 n 0002191439 00000 n 0002191607 00000 n 0002191775 00000 n 0002191941 00000 n 0002192109 00000 n 0002192274 00000 n 0002192439 00000 n 0002192605 00000 n 0002196207 00000 n 0002192834 00000 n 0002187523 00000 n 0002184265 00000 n 0002192771 00000 n 0002196375 00000 n 0002196542 00000 n 0002196709 00000 n 0002196876 00000 n 0002197044 00000 n 0002197212 00000 n 0002197379 00000 n 0002197547 00000 n 0002197715 00000 n 0002197883 00000 n 0002195981 00000 n 0002192917 00000 n 0002201041 00000 n 0002201209 00000 n 0002201377 00000 n 0002205027 00000 n 0002205194 00000 n 0002205361 00000 n 0002205529 00000 n 0002201609 00000 n 0002200878 00000 n 0002197966 00000 n 0002201545 00000 n 0002205696 00000 n 0002205862 00000 n 0002206029 00000 n 0002206197 00000 n 0002206365 00000 n 0002206532 00000 n 0002206700 00000 n 0002206867 00000 n 0002207033 00000 n 0002207201 00000 n 0002207369 00000 n 0002207536 00000 n 0002207703 00000 n 0002207869 00000 n 0002204738 00000 n 0002201692 00000 n 0002615332 00000 n 0002210959 00000 n 0002211127 00000 n 0002214668 00000 n 0002214835 00000 n 0002215003 00000 n 0002215171 00000 n 0002215339 00000 n 0002215504 00000 n 0002215672 00000 n 0002215840 00000 n 0002216008 00000 n 0002211295 00000 n 0002210805 00000 n 0002207952 00000 n 0002216175 00000 n 0002216343 00000 n 0002216507 00000 n 0002216675 00000 n 0002216843 00000 n 0002217010 00000 n 0002220276 00000 n 0002220443 00000 n 0002217239 00000 n 0002214397 00000 n 0002211390 00000 n 0002217178 00000 n 0002220611 00000 n 0002220779 00000 n 0002220113 00000 n 0002217334 00000 n 0002224020 00000 n 0002224187 00000 n 0002224418 00000 n 0002223866 00000 n 0002220862 00000 n 0002224355 00000 n 0002227345 00000 n 0002227509 00000 n 0002227676 00000 n 0002227842 00000 n 0002228006 00000 n 0002228174 00000 n 0002228342 00000 n 0002228510 00000 n 0002228678 00000 n 0002228846 00000 n 0002229012 00000 n 0002227119 00000 n 0002224513 00000 n 0002231793 00000 n 0002231961 00000 n 0002232129 00000 n 0002232295 00000 n 0002235191 00000 n 0002235359 00000 n 0002232461 00000 n 0002231621 00000 n 0002229095 00000 n 0002615457 00000 n 0002235527 00000 n 0002235695 00000 n 0002235863 00000 n 0002236094 00000 n 0002235010 00000 n 0002232544 00000 n 0002236031 00000 n 0002239088 00000 n 0002239256 00000 n 0002239424 00000 n 0002242753 00000 n 0002239592 00000 n 0002238925 00000 n 0002236177 00000 n 0002242921 00000 n 0002243089 00000 n 0002243257 00000 n 0002245821 00000 n 0002243425 00000 n 0002242581 00000 n 0002239675 00000 n 0002245988 00000 n 0002246156 00000 n 0002246323 00000 n 0002249629 00000 n 0002249797 00000 n 0002249965 00000 n 0002250133 00000 n 0002250301 00000 n 0002250469 00000 n 0002250637 00000 n 0002250805 00000 n 0002246553 00000 n 0002245649 00000 n 0002243508 00000 n 0002246490 00000 n 0002250972 00000 n 0002251138 00000 n 0002251304 00000 n 0002251472 00000 n 0002254668 00000 n 0002254835 00000 n 0002251639 00000 n 0002249385 00000 n 0002246636 00000 n 0002255003 00000 n 0002255171 00000 n 0002255339 00000 n 0002255507 00000 n 0002255675 00000 n 0002255843 00000 n 0002256010 00000 n 0002256177 00000 n 0002256345 00000 n 0002256576 00000 n 0002254433 00000 n 0002251722 00000 n 0002256513 00000 n 0002615582 00000 n 0002259800 00000 n 0002259965 00000 n 0002259655 00000 n 0002256659 00000 n 0002263469 00000 n 0002263637 00000 n 0002263805 00000 n 0002263973 00000 n 0002264139 00000 n 0002264306 00000 n 0002264474 00000 n 0002264642 00000 n 0002264810 00000 n 0002264977 00000 n 0002265145 00000 n 0002268595 00000 n 0002265310 00000 n 0002263234 00000 n 0002260060 00000 n 0002268763 00000 n 0002268931 00000 n 0002269099 00000 n 0002269267 00000 n 0002269435 00000 n 0002269601 00000 n 0002269768 00000 n 0002269933 00000 n 0002270164 00000 n 0002268378 00000 n 0002265393 00000 n 0002270101 00000 n 0002273619 00000 n 0002273787 00000 n 0002273955 00000 n 0002274123 00000 n 0002274291 00000 n 0002274459 00000 n 0002274636 00000 n 0002274813 00000 n 0002278606 00000 n 0002278774 00000 n 0002278940 00000 n 0002274978 00000 n 0002273411 00000 n 0002270259 00000 n 0002279107 00000 n 0002279275 00000 n 0002279443 00000 n 0002279610 00000 n 0002279778 00000 n 0002279944 00000 n 0002280109 00000 n 0002278389 00000 n 0002275073 00000 n 0002283613 00000 n 0002283781 00000 n 0002283948 00000 n 0002287277 00000 n 0002284179 00000 n 0002283450 00000 n 0002280192 00000 n 0002284116 00000 n 0002615707 00000 n 0002287445 00000 n 0002287611 00000 n 0002287779 00000 n 0002287947 00000 n 0002288114 00000 n 0002288282 00000 n 0002288449 00000 n 0002288614 00000 n 0002292372 00000 n 0002288779 00000 n 0002287060 00000 n 0002284274 00000 n 0002295505 00000 n 0002292604 00000 n 0002292227 00000 n 0002288862 00000 n 0002292540 00000 n 0002295673 00000 n 0002295840 00000 n 0002296008 00000 n 0002296176 00000 n 0002296343 00000 n 0002296508 00000 n 0002296676 00000 n 0002296844 00000 n 0002297012 00000 n 0002297179 00000 n 0002297345 00000 n 0002297511 00000 n 0002295261 00000 n 0002292687 00000 n 0002300697 00000 n 0002300864 00000 n 0002301031 00000 n 0002301196 00000 n 0002301364 00000 n 0002301532 00000 n 0002301699 00000 n 0002305029 00000 n 0002301927 00000 n 0002300498 00000 n 0002297594 00000 n 0002301865 00000 n 0002305196 00000 n 0002305364 00000 n 0002305531 00000 n 0002305698 00000 n 0002309777 00000 n 0002309944 00000 n 0002305864 00000 n 0002304848 00000 n 0002302010 00000 n 0002310111 00000 n 0002310278 00000 n 0002313808 00000 n 0002310446 00000 n 0002309605 00000 n 0002305959 00000 n 0002615832 00000 n 0002313976 00000 n 0002314144 00000 n 0002314312 00000 n 0002314479 00000 n 0002314647 00000 n 0002314815 00000 n 0002314983 00000 n 0002315151 00000 n 0002315319 00000 n 0002315486 00000 n 0002315654 00000 n 0002315821 00000 n 0002315989 00000 n 0002316157 00000 n 0002316323 00000 n 0002316552 00000 n 0002313528 00000 n 0002310541 00000 n 0002316489 00000 n 0002319612 00000 n 0002319780 00000 n 0002319948 00000 n 0002320115 00000 n 0002320283 00000 n 0002320451 00000 n 0002320619 00000 n 0002323667 00000 n 0002323834 00000 n 0002320785 00000 n 0002319413 00000 n 0002316647 00000 n 0002324002 00000 n 0002324170 00000 n 0002324338 00000 n 0002324506 00000 n 0002324672 00000 n 0002324840 00000 n 0002325008 00000 n 0002325176 00000 n 0002323450 00000 n 0002320868 00000 n 0002328027 00000 n 0002331379 00000 n 0002331546 00000 n 0002331714 00000 n 0002331882 00000 n 0002328257 00000 n 0002327882 00000 n 0002325259 00000 n 0002328194 00000 n 0002332050 00000 n 0002332218 00000 n 0002332383 00000 n 0002332612 00000 n 0002331180 00000 n 0002328340 00000 n 0002336266 00000 n 0002336079 00000 n 0002332695 00000 n 0002336203 00000 n 0002615957 00000 n 0002342783 00000 n 0002339866 00000 n 0002339742 00000 n 0002336349 00000 n 0002342949 00000 n 0002343116 00000 n 0002343281 00000 n 0002346702 00000 n 0002346870 00000 n 0002347037 00000 n 0002347205 00000 n 0002343447 00000 n 0002342611 00000 n 0002339961 00000 n 0002347373 00000 n 0002347541 00000 n 0002347709 00000 n 0002347876 00000 n 0002348042 00000 n 0002348210 00000 n 0002350875 00000 n 0002348441 00000 n 0002346476 00000 n 0002343530 00000 n 0002348377 00000 n 0002351041 00000 n 0002351209 00000 n 0002351377 00000 n 0002351544 00000 n 0002351712 00000 n 0002351880 00000 n 0002352045 00000 n 0002355562 00000 n 0002355730 00000 n 0002352211 00000 n 0002350667 00000 n 0002348524 00000 n 0002355898 00000 n 0002359107 00000 n 0002359274 00000 n 0002356066 00000 n 0002355399 00000 n 0002352306 00000 n 0002359442 00000 n 0002359610 00000 n 0002359778 00000 n 0002359945 00000 n 0002360113 00000 n 0002360281 00000 n 0002360448 00000 n 0002360615 00000 n 0002360783 00000 n 0002360950 00000 n 0002361116 00000 n 0002361283 00000 n 0002361451 00000 n 0002361619 00000 n 0002364719 00000 n 0002361850 00000 n 0002358827 00000 n 0002356149 00000 n 0002361786 00000 n 0002616082 00000 n 0002364886 00000 n 0002364574 00000 n 0002361933 00000 n 0002367914 00000 n 0002368082 00000 n 0002368250 00000 n 0002368417 00000 n 0002368585 00000 n 0002368816 00000 n 0002367733 00000 n 0002364969 00000 n 0002368753 00000 n 0002371772 00000 n 0002371648 00000 n 0002368899 00000 n 0002375418 00000 n 0002375586 00000 n 0002375753 00000 n 0002375264 00000 n 0002371855 00000 n 0002379240 00000 n 0002379406 00000 n 0002379573 00000 n 0002379740 00000 n 0002379908 00000 n 0002380076 00000 n 0002380244 00000 n 0002380411 00000 n 0002380574 00000 n 0002380739 00000 n 0002380905 00000 n 0002383730 00000 n 0002381133 00000 n 0002379005 00000 n 0002375848 00000 n 0002381071 00000 n 0002383895 00000 n 0002384061 00000 n 0002387205 00000 n 0002384227 00000 n 0002383567 00000 n 0002381241 00000 n 0002616207 00000 n 0002387373 00000 n 0002387541 00000 n 0002387709 00000 n 0002387875 00000 n 0002391318 00000 n 0002391486 00000 n 0002388104 00000 n 0002387024 00000 n 0002384310 00000 n 0002388041 00000 n 0002391654 00000 n 0002391822 00000 n 0002391990 00000 n 0002392155 00000 n 0002391137 00000 n 0002388187 00000 n 0002395813 00000 n 0002395689 00000 n 0002392238 00000 n 0002399556 00000 n 0002399369 00000 n 0002395896 00000 n 0002399493 00000 n 0002403168 00000 n 0002403336 00000 n 0002403502 00000 n 0002403667 00000 n 0002406715 00000 n 0002403833 00000 n 0002402996 00000 n 0002399639 00000 n 0002406883 00000 n 0002407050 00000 n 0002407218 00000 n 0002407384 00000 n 0002407551 00000 n 0002407719 00000 n 0002407887 00000 n 0002408055 00000 n 0002408222 00000 n 0002408390 00000 n 0002408558 00000 n 0002408726 00000 n 0002408894 00000 n 0002409062 00000 n 0002409230 00000 n 0002411693 00000 n 0002409459 00000 n 0002406435 00000 n 0002403916 00000 n 0002409396 00000 n 0002616332 00000 n 0002411861 00000 n 0002412029 00000 n 0002412196 00000 n 0002412362 00000 n 0002411521 00000 n 0002409542 00000 n 0002415852 00000 n 0002418965 00000 n 0002416018 00000 n 0002415707 00000 n 0002412445 00000 n 0002419133 00000 n 0002419300 00000 n 0002419468 00000 n 0002419633 00000 n 0002419801 00000 n 0002419967 00000 n 0002423464 00000 n 0002423631 00000 n 0002420196 00000 n 0002418766 00000 n 0002416101 00000 n 0002420133 00000 n 0002423798 00000 n 0002423963 00000 n 0002424130 00000 n 0002424297 00000 n 0002424465 00000 n 0002424631 00000 n 0002424797 00000 n 0002424963 00000 n 0002428416 00000 n 0002425131 00000 n 0002423238 00000 n 0002420279 00000 n 0002428583 00000 n 0002428750 00000 n 0002428915 00000 n 0002429081 00000 n 0002429249 00000 n 0002429417 00000 n 0002429648 00000 n 0002428217 00000 n 0002425214 00000 n 0002429585 00000 n 0002433291 00000 n 0002433167 00000 n 0002429731 00000 n 0002616457 00000 n 0002436905 00000 n 0002436781 00000 n 0002433387 00000 n 0002440448 00000 n 0002440616 00000 n 0002440784 00000 n 0002440951 00000 n 0002441117 00000 n 0002441284 00000 n 0002441452 00000 n 0002441620 00000 n 0002441788 00000 n 0002441955 00000 n 0002442123 00000 n 0002442290 00000 n 0002442457 00000 n 0002442621 00000 n 0002445637 00000 n 0002445804 00000 n 0002442850 00000 n 0002440186 00000 n 0002436988 00000 n 0002442786 00000 n 0002445971 00000 n 0002446138 00000 n 0002446306 00000 n 0002446474 00000 n 0002446642 00000 n 0002446810 00000 n 0002449749 00000 n 0002446977 00000 n 0002445429 00000 n 0002442933 00000 n 0002449916 00000 n 0002450084 00000 n 0002450252 00000 n 0002450420 00000 n 0002450588 00000 n 0002450756 00000 n 0002450923 00000 n 0002451090 00000 n 0002454288 00000 n 0002451321 00000 n 0002449532 00000 n 0002447060 00000 n 0002451258 00000 n 0002454456 00000 n 0002454619 00000 n 0002454787 00000 n 0002454954 00000 n 0002455122 00000 n 0002455290 00000 n 0002455457 00000 n 0002455624 00000 n 0002458981 00000 n 0002455790 00000 n 0002454071 00000 n 0002451404 00000 n 0002459149 00000 n 0002459317 00000 n 0002463010 00000 n 0002459548 00000 n 0002458818 00000 n 0002455873 00000 n 0002459485 00000 n 0002616582 00000 n 0002463177 00000 n 0002463344 00000 n 0002463512 00000 n 0002467291 00000 n 0002467459 00000 n 0002463680 00000 n 0002462838 00000 n 0002459631 00000 n 0002467624 00000 n 0002467137 00000 n 0002463775 00000 n 0002471262 00000 n 0002471430 00000 n 0002471596 00000 n 0002471764 00000 n 0002471930 00000 n 0002475372 00000 n 0002472160 00000 n 0002471081 00000 n 0002467707 00000 n 0002472096 00000 n 0002475540 00000 n 0002475708 00000 n 0002475875 00000 n 0002476042 00000 n 0002476210 00000 n 0002476375 00000 n 0002476543 00000 n 0002476711 00000 n 0002476879 00000 n 0002477047 00000 n 0002477215 00000 n 0002481026 00000 n 0002481193 00000 n 0002477381 00000 n 0002475128 00000 n 0002472231 00000 n 0002481361 00000 n 0002481529 00000 n 0002481697 00000 n 0002481865 00000 n 0002482033 00000 n 0002482201 00000 n 0002482368 00000 n 0002482536 00000 n 0002482703 00000 n 0002482870 00000 n 0002483036 00000 n 0002483202 00000 n 0002486896 00000 n 0002487064 00000 n 0002483432 00000 n 0002480764 00000 n 0002477464 00000 n 0002483368 00000 n 0002487232 00000 n 0002487400 00000 n 0002487568 00000 n 0002487733 00000 n 0002487901 00000 n 0002488068 00000 n 0002488235 00000 n 0002488403 00000 n 0002488571 00000 n 0002488739 00000 n 0002488907 00000 n 0002489072 00000 n 0002489240 00000 n 0002489408 00000 n 0002489575 00000 n 0002489743 00000 n 0002489911 00000 n 0002490078 00000 n 0002490246 00000 n 0002490414 00000 n 0002490582 00000 n 0002490749 00000 n 0002490915 00000 n 0002491083 00000 n 0002491250 00000 n 0002491417 00000 n 0002491585 00000 n 0002491753 00000 n 0002491919 00000 n 0002492087 00000 n 0002493580 00000 n 0002492253 00000 n 0002486472 00000 n 0002483527 00000 n 0002616707 00000 n 0002493747 00000 n 0002493435 00000 n 0002492336 00000 n 0002493830 00000 n 0002494248 00000 n 0002619659 00000 n 0002493875 00000 n 0002494311 00000 n 0002494061 00000 n 0002493905 00000 n 0002494185 00000 n 0002494598 00000 n 0002494474 00000 n 0002494382 00000 n 0002495195 00000 n 0002495008 00000 n 0002494640 00000 n 0002495132 00000 n 0002495482 00000 n 0002495358 00000 n 0002495266 00000 n 0002495524 00000 n 0002496231 00000 n 0002619560 00000 n 0002495569 00000 n 0002496294 00000 n 0002496107 00000 n 0002495597 00000 n 0002616832 00000 n 0002496581 00000 n 0002496457 00000 n 0002496365 00000 n 0002496623 00000 n 0002500208 00000 n 0002619461 00000 n 0002496668 00000 n 0002499979 00000 n 0002500331 00000 n 0002499834 00000 n 0002496718 00000 n 0002607347 00000 n 0002500440 00000 n 0002504574 00000 n 0002619377 00000 n 0002500485 00000 n 0002504011 00000 n 0002504183 00000 n 0002504401 00000 n 0002504763 00000 n 0002503848 00000 n 0002500540 00000 n 0002504637 00000 n 0002504700 00000 n 0002523638 00000 n 0002509463 00000 n 0002509637 00000 n 0002509997 00000 n 0002509309 00000 n 0002504872 00000 n 0002509809 00000 n 0002509872 00000 n 0002509935 00000 n 0002513924 00000 n 0002513715 00000 n 0002518078 00000 n 0002518253 00000 n 0002514111 00000 n 0002513570 00000 n 0002510094 00000 n 0002513987 00000 n 0002514050 00000 n 0002518427 00000 n 0002518600 00000 n 0002518962 00000 n 0002517906 00000 n 0002514208 00000 n 0002518773 00000 n 0002518836 00000 n 0002518899 00000 n 0002616957 00000 n 0002523162 00000 n 0002523337 00000 n 0002528252 00000 n 0002523701 00000 n 0002523008 00000 n 0002519059 00000 n 0002523512 00000 n 0002523575 00000 n 0002528769 00000 n 0002528943 00000 n 0002529239 00000 n 0002528071 00000 n 0002523798 00000 n 0002528425 00000 n 0002528597 00000 n 0002529114 00000 n 0002529177 00000 n 0002549514 00000 n 0002536995 00000 n 0002545546 00000 n 0002533110 00000 n 0002533410 00000 n 0002532965 00000 n 0002529336 00000 n 0002533284 00000 n 0002533347 00000 n 0002536821 00000 n 0002537183 00000 n 0002536676 00000 n 0002533507 00000 n 0002537058 00000 n 0002537121 00000 n 0002544769 00000 n 0002544942 00000 n 0002545115 00000 n 0002541004 00000 n 0002540756 00000 n 0002537266 00000 n 0002540880 00000 n 0002540942 00000 n 0002545319 00000 n 0002549081 00000 n 0002545609 00000 n 0002544597 00000 n 0002541101 00000 n 0002617082 00000 n 0002549287 00000 n 0002549577 00000 n 0002548927 00000 n 0002545694 00000 n 0002553144 00000 n 0002553435 00000 n 0002552999 00000 n 0002549662 00000 n 0002553372 00000 n 0002555442 00000 n 0002555651 00000 n 0002555297 00000 n 0002553520 00000 n 0002606013 00000 n 0002555748 00000 n 0002555772 00000 n 0002555945 00000 n 0002556931 00000 n 0002569075 00000 n 0002569437 00000 n 0002569647 00000 n 0002586463 00000 n 0002605820 00000 n 0002586823 00000 n 0002586851 00000 n 0002587025 00000 n 0002605884 00000 n 0002587049 00000 n 0002587101 00000 n 0002587275 00000 n 0002587301 00000 n 0002587325 00000 n 0002605213 00000 n 0002587498 00000 n 0002588246 00000 n 0002588433 00000 n 0002588504 00000 n 0002588677 00000 n 0002589501 00000 n 0002589687 00000 n 0002597225 00000 n 0002597457 00000 n 0002604982 00000 n 0002617189 00000 n 0002617304 00000 n 0002617424 00000 n 0002617544 00000 n 0002617664 00000 n 0002617784 00000 n 0002617904 00000 n 0002618026 00000 n 0002618152 00000 n 0002618278 00000 n 0002618404 00000 n 0002618530 00000 n 0002618656 00000 n 0002618782 00000 n 0002618872 00000 n 0002618999 00000 n 0002619126 00000 n 0002619216 00000 n 0002619299 00000 n 0002620032 00000 n 0002620212 00000 n 0002620361 00000 n 0002620510 00000 n 0002620663 00000 n 0002620818 00000 n 0002620973 00000 n 0002621128 00000 n 0002621283 00000 n 0002621438 00000 n 0002621593 00000 n 0002621748 00000 n 0002621903 00000 n 0002622058 00000 n 0002622213 00000 n 0002622368 00000 n 0002622523 00000 n 0002622678 00000 n 0002622833 00000 n 0002622988 00000 n 0002623143 00000 n 0002623298 00000 n 0002623453 00000 n 0002623608 00000 n 0002623763 00000 n 0002623918 00000 n 0002624073 00000 n 0002624228 00000 n 0002624383 00000 n 0002624538 00000 n 0002624693 00000 n 0002624848 00000 n 0002625003 00000 n 0002625158 00000 n 0002625313 00000 n 0002625468 00000 n 0002625623 00000 n 0002625778 00000 n 0002625933 00000 n 0002626088 00000 n 0002626246 00000 n 0002626407 00000 n 0002626568 00000 n 0002626729 00000 n 0002626890 00000 n 0002627051 00000 n 0002627212 00000 n 0002627373 00000 n 0002627534 00000 n 0002627695 00000 n 0002627856 00000 n 0002628017 00000 n 0002628178 00000 n 0002628339 00000 n 0002628500 00000 n 0002628661 00000 n 0002628822 00000 n 0002628983 00000 n 0002629144 00000 n 0002629305 00000 n 0002629466 00000 n 0002629627 00000 n 0002629788 00000 n 0002629949 00000 n 0002630110 00000 n 0002630271 00000 n 0002630432 00000 n 0002630593 00000 n 0002630754 00000 n 0002630922 00000 n 0002631095 00000 n 0002631302 00000 n 0002631519 00000 n 0002631735 00000 n 0002631946 00000 n 0002632059 00000 n 0002632180 00000 n 0002632292 00000 n 0002632404 00000 n 0002632516 00000 n 0002632628 00000 n 0002632740 00000 n 0002632852 00000 n 0002632964 00000 n 0002633076 00000 n 0002633188 00000 n 0002633300 00000 n 0002633419 00000 n 0002633516 00000 n 0002633637 00000 n 0002633756 00000 n 0002633835 00000 n 0002633934 00000 n 0002633974 00000 n 0002634064 00000 n trailer << /Size 2817 /Root 2815 0 R /Info 2816 0 R /ID [<68BAAC38730990BCED29FED803571020> <68BAAC38730990BCED29FED803571020>] >> startxref 2634453 %%EOF