summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/39356-pdf.pdf
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to '39356-pdf.pdf')
-rw-r--r--39356-pdf.pdf22866
1 files changed, 22866 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/39356-pdf.pdf b/39356-pdf.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58f3998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39356-pdf.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,22866 @@
+%PDF-1.4
+%ÐÔÅØ
+5 0 obj <<
+/Length 1600
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td [(The)-260(Project)-260(Gutenberg)-260(EBook)-259(of)-260(The)-260(Political)-260(Doctrines)-260(of)-259(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen:)-468(An)-359(Exposition)-359(of)-359(the)-359(San)-359(Min)-359(Chu)-359(I)-359(by)-359(Paul)-359(Myron)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Anthony)-250(Linebarger)]TJ 0 -29.913 Td [(This)-546(eBook)-546(is)-546(for)-546(the)-546(use)-546(of)-546(anyone)-546(anywhere)-546(at)-546(no)-546(cost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-470(with)-470(almost)-470(no)-470(restrictions)-470(whatsoever.)-910(You)-470(may)-469(copy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it,)-565(give)-502(it)-503(away)-502(or)-502(re-use)-502(it)-502(under)-503(the)-502(terms)-502(of)-502(the)-502(Project)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Gutenberg)-633(License)-632(included)-633(with)-632(this)-633(eBook)-632(or)-633(online)-632(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/license)]TJ 0 -29.913 Td [(Title:)-500(The)-500(Political)-500(Doctrines)-500(of)-500(Sun)-500(Yat-sen:)-500(An)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Exposition)-500(of)-500(the)-500(San)-500(Min)]TJ 38.182 -13.549 Td [(Chu)-500(I)]TJ -38.182 -27.098 Td [(Author:)-500(Paul)-500(Myron)-500(Anthony)-500(Linebarger)]TJ 0 -27.099 Td [(Release)-500(Date:)-500(April)-500(2,)-500(2012)-500([Ebook)-500(39356])]TJ 0 -27.098 Td [(Language:)-500(English)]TJ 0 -40.648 Td [(***START)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(PROJECT)-500(GUTENBERG)-500(EBOOK)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(THE)-500(POLITICAL)-500(DOCTRINES)-500(OF)-500(SUN)-500(YAT-SEN:)-500(AN)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(EXPOSITION)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(SAN)-500(MIN)-500(CHU)-500(I***)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+4 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 5 0 R
+/Resources 3 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 8 0 R
+/Annots [ 1 0 R 2 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [140.547 418.138 262.463 427.858]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense) >>
+>> endobj
+2 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [46.771 404.589 193.422 414.309]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >>
+>> endobj
+6 0 obj <<
+/D [4 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+3 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+12 0 obj <<
+/Length 860
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 118.25 516.375 Td [(The)-257(Political)-258(Doctrines)-257(of)-258(Sun)]TJ 86.127 -24.647 Td [(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -60.235 -17.096 Td [(An)-262(Exposition)-261(of)-262(the)]TJ/F19 13.1507 Tf 113.852 0 Td [(Sun)-262(Min)-261(Chu)-262(I)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -25.832 -17.096 Td [(By)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -117.99 -20.515 Td [(Paul)-253(Myron)-252(Anthony)-253(Linebarger,)-253(Ph.D.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 16.082 -17.095 Td [(The)-257(Department)-258(of)-257(Government,)-260(Harvard)]TJ 75.843 -17.096 Td [(University)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -30.301 -13.55 Td [(Greenwood)-271(Press,)-277(Publishers)]TJ 14.78 -13.549 Td [(Westport,)-282(Connecticut)]TJ -43.223 -13.549 Td [(Copyright)-263(1937,)-265(The)-263(Johns)-263(Hopkins)-262(Press)]TJ 18.402 -13.549 Td [(First)-268(Greenwood)-268(Reprinting)-268(1973)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+11 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 12 0 R
+/Resources 10 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 8 0 R
+>> endobj
+10 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+16 0 obj <<
+/Length 5653
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Contents)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.622 Td [(Foreword.)-612(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-1474(2)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(Preface.)-752(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-1474(4)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.592 Td [(Introduction.)-306(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(10)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Problem)-250(of)-250(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 87.262 0 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.938 0 Td [(.)-390(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(10)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -126.109 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Materials.)-368(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(10)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.592 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-896(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(18)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -41.455 -13.591 Td [(Chapter)-205(I.)-206(The)-205(Ideological,)-214(Social,)-215(and)-205(Political)-205(Background.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-550(30)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Rationale)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Readjustment.)-307(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(30)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.592 Td [(Nation)-250(and)-250(State)-250(in)-250(Chinese)-250(Antiquity.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(33)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(World-Society.)-948(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(36)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Chinese)-250(World-Society)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-420(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(44)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.592 Td [(The)-250(Impact)-250(of)-250(the)-250(West.)-308(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(54)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Continuing)-250(Significance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Background.)-252(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(59)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -16.364 -13.591 Td [(Chapter)-250(II)-250(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-503(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(65)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -13.592 Td [(The)-250(Emergence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(Race-Nation.)-366(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(65)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-835(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(71)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(Morality.)-973(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(74)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.592 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Ancient)-250(Knowledge.)-447(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(80)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(Western)-250(Physical)-250(Science)-250(in)-250(the)-250(New)-250(Ideology.)-726(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(84)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Consequences)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nationalist)-250(Ideology.)-975(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(88)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -16.364 -13.592 Td [(Chapter)-250(III.)-250(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(Democracy.)-950(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(96)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -13.591 Td [(Democracy)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(World-Society.)-753(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-974(96)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(Five)-250(Justifications)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Democratic)-250(Ideology.)-947(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(103)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.592 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Natural)-250(Classes)-250(of)-250(Men.)-448(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(110)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(Ch'\374an)-250(and)-250(N\352ng.)-599(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(113)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(The)-250(Democratic)-250(Machine)-250(State.)-281(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(116)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.591 Td [(Democratic-Political)-250(Versus)-250(Ideological)-250(Control.)-836(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(120)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -16.364 -13.592 Td [(Chapter)-250(IV.)-250(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 119.967 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-448(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(128)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf -150.567 -13.591 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(Ideology.)-640(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(128)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+15 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 16 0 R
+/Resources 14 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 8 0 R
+>> endobj
+14 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+19 0 obj <<
+/Length 6882
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(ivThe)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -30.759 Td [(The)-250(Economic)-250(Background)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 134.52 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-614(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(131)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -181.483 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Meanings)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 105.425 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-281(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(134)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -152.389 -13.549 Td [(Western)-153(Influences:)-202(Henry)-153(George,)-172(Marxism)-153(and)-153(Mau-)]TJ 25.091 -13.549 Td [(rice)-250(William.)-923(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(139)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf -25.091 -13.55 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(a)-250(Socio-Economic)-250(Doctrine.)-503(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(151)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf -49.691 -13.549 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(an)-250(Ethical)-250(Doctrine.)-836(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(159)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -66.055 -13.549 Td [(Chapter)-250(V.)-250(The)-250(Programs)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-752(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(163)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -13.549 Td [(Kuomintang.)-1000(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(163)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Dragon)-250(Throne)-250(and)-250(State)-250(Allegiance.)-782(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(173)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.55 Td [(Economic)-250(Nationalism.)-556(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(180)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(Political)-250(Nationalism)-250(for)-250(National)-250(Autonomy.)-639(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(187)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Class)-250(War)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nations.)-891(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(197)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(Racial)-250(Nationalism)-250(and)-250(Pan-Asia.)-946(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(202)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(General)-250(Program)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-864(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(208)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -16.364 -13.55 Td [(Chapter)-250(VI.)-250(The)-250(Programs)-250(of)-250(Democracy.)-699(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(213)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 16.364 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Stages)-250(of)-250(Revolution.)-724(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(213)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Adjustment)-250(of)-250(Democracy)-250(to)-250(China.)-419(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(218)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Four)-250(Powers.)-612(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(222)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Five)-250(Rights.)-305(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(225)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.55 Td [(Confederacy)-250(Versus)-250(Centralism.)-725(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(231)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.691 0 Td [(Hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.178 0 Td [(in)-250(a)-250(Democracy.)-531(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(235)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -47.869 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Family)-250(System.)-416(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(236)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -16.364 -13.549 Td [(Chapter)-250(VII.)-250(The)-250(Programs)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 133.909 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-670(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(240)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -164.509 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Programs)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 104.214 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-392(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(240)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -151.178 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(National)-250(Economic)-250(Revolution.)-751(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(244)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Industrial)-250(Revolution.)-917(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(248)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Social)-250(Revolution.)-750(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(257)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-250(Utopia)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 63.927 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-335(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(265)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -127.255 -13.549 Td [(Bibliography.)-722(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(269)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese-English)-250(Glossary.)-834(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(284)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.55 Td [(Index.)-723(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(286)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -13.549 Td [(Footnotes)-805(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ [-474(295)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+18 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 19 0 R
+/Resources 17 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 8 0 R
+>> endobj
+17 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+22 0 obj <<
+/Length 90
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 7.9701 Tf 337.795 512.811 Td [([v])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+21 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 22 0 R
+/Resources 20 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 8 0 R
+>> endobj
+23 0 obj <<
+/D [21 0 R /XYZ 46.771 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+20 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+24 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index1) >>
+endobj
+27 0 obj
+(Foreword.)
+endobj
+30 0 obj <<
+/Length 3558
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Foreword.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -33.407 Td [(The)-320(importance)-320(of)-320(introducing)-320(Western)-320(political)-320(thought)-320(to)-320(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Far)-364(East)-364(has)-364(long)-364(been)-364(emphasized)-364(in)-364(the)-364(West.)-592(The)-363(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conception)-195(of)-196(a)-195(rational)-195(world)-196(order)-195(was)-195(manifestly)-195(incompatible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-235(the)-236(Western)-235(system)-235(of)-235(independent)-236(sovereign)-235(states)-235(and)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-353(code)-352(of)-353(political)-352(ethics)-352(was)-353(difficult)-352(to)-353(reconcile)-352(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-411(Western)-410(preference)-411(for)-411(a)-410(reign)-411(of)-410(law.)-732(No)-411(argument)-410(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-446(necessary)-445(to)-446(persuade)-446(Westerners)-445(that)-446(Chinese)-445(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(philosophy)-487(would)-487(be)-486(improved)-487(by)-487(the)-487(influence)-487(of)-486(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-250(science.)]TJ 11.956 -13.746 Td [(The)-924(superior)-923(qualifications)-924(of)-924(Sun)-923(Yat-sen)-924(for)-923(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(interpretation)-355(of)-355(Western)-355(political)-355(science)-355(to)-355(the)-355(Chinese)-355(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(also)-461(been)-461(widely)-461(recognized)-461(in)-461(the)-461(West,)-514(particularly)-460(in)-461(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(United)-579(States.)-1238(Dr.)-1237(Sun)-580(received)-579(a)-579(modern)-579(education)-579(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(medicine)-536(and)-535(surgery)-536(and)-535(presumably)-536(grasped)-535(the)-536(spirit)-535(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-253(science.)-260(He)-254(read)-253(widely,)-254(more)-253(widely)-254(perhaps)-253(than)-253(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contemporary)-300(political)-299(leader)-300(of)-300(the)-299(first)-300(rank)-300(except)-299(Woodrow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wilson,)-402(in)-372(the)-371(literature)-372(of)-372(Western)-371(political)-372(science.)-615(He)-371(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thoroughly)-279(familiar)-278(with)-278(the)-279(development)-278(of)-279(American)-278(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought)-296(and)-296(full)-296(of)-295(sympathy)-296(for)-296(American)-296(political)-296(ideals.)-387(His)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aspiration)-204(to)-205(build)-204(a)-204(modern)-204(democratic)-205(republic)-204(amidst)-204(the)-204(ruins)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-275(the)-275(medieval)-275(Manchu)-275(Empire,)-281(Americans)-275(at)-275(least)-275(can)-274(readily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(understand.)]TJ 11.956 -13.747 Td [(What)-425(is)-424(only)-425(beginning)-424(to)-425(be)-424(understood,)-469(however,)-468(in)-424(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(West)-253(is,)-254(that)-253(it)-253(is)-253(equally)-253(important)-253(to)-253(interpret)-252(Chinese)-253(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy)-230(to)-230(the)-229(rest)-230(of)-230(the)-230(world.)-243(Western)-230(political)-230(science)-229(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contributed)-337(a)-337(great)-338(deal)-337(to)-337(the)-337(development)-337(of)-337(political)-337(power.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(But)-417(it)-417(has)-417(failed)-417(lamentably)-417(to)-417(illuminate)-417(the)-417(ends)-417(for)-417(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(such)-442(power)-443(should)-442(be)-443(used.)-827(Political)-443(ethics)-442(is)-443(by)-442(no)-442(means)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superfluous)-306(in)-306(lands)-306(where)-307(a)-306(government)-306(of)-306(law)-306(is)-306(supposed)-306(to)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+29 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 30 0 R
+/Resources 28 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 8 0 R
+>> endobj
+25 0 obj <<
+/D [29 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+28 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+33 0 obj <<
+/Length 3627
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Foreword.)-21086(3)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(be)-243(established)-243(in)-243(lieu)-243(of)-243(a)-243(government)-244(of)-243(men.)-247(The)-243(limitation)-486(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([vi])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-283(authority)-284(of)-283(sovereign)-284(states)-283(in)-283(the)-284(interest)-283(of)-284(a)-283(better)-283(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order)-326(is)-326(an)-326(enterprise)-326(to)-325(which)-326(at)-326(last,)-345(it)-326(may)-326(be)-326(hoped)-326(not)-325(too)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(late,)-250(Westerners)-250(are)-250(beginning)-250(to)-250(dedicate)-250(themselves.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(As)-286(an)-286(interpreter)-286(of)-287(Chinese)-286(political)-286(philosophy)-286(to)-286(the)-286(West)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Dr.)-242(Sun)-225(has)-225(no)-225(peer.)-242(Better)-225(than)-225(any)-225(other)-225(Chinese)-225(revolutionary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leader)-254(he)-254(appreciated)-254(the)-254(durable)-254(values)-254(in)-254(the)-254(classical)-254(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy)-432(of)-433(the)-432(Far)-432(East.)-797(He)-433(understood)-432(the)-432(necessity)-432(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preserving)-274(those)-274(values,)-279(while)-274(introducing)-274(the)-274(Western)-273(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideas)-459(deemed)-459(most)-459(proper)-459(for)-459(adapting)-459(the)-459(Chinese)-459(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-408(to)-409(its)-408(new)-409(place)-408(in)-409(the)-408(modern)-408(world.)-726(His)-408(system)-408(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-202(thought,)-212(therefore,)-212(forms)-202(a)-202(blend)-203(of)-202(Far)-202(Eastern)-202(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy)-224(and)-224(Western)-224(political)-224(science.)-241(It)-224(suggests)-224(at)-224(the)-224(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-373(both)-373(what)-372(is)-373(suitable)-373(in)-372(Western)-373(political)-373(science)-373(for)-372(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(use)-269(of)-269(the)-269(Far)-269(East)-269(and)-269(what)-269(is)-269(desirable)-269(in)-269(Far)-269(Eastern)-269(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy)-250(for)-250(the)-250(improvement)-250(of)-250(the)-250(West.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Dr.)-238(Linebarger)-214(has)-214(analyzed)-214(Dr.)-238(Sun's)-214(political)-214(ideas,)-221(and)-214(also)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(his)-275(plans)-275(for)-275(the)-275(political)-275(rehabilitation)-275(of)-275(China,)-281(with)-275(a)-275(view)-275(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(interests)-382(of)-383(Western)-382(students)-382(of)-382(politics.)-647(For)-382(this)-382(task)-382(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(training)-220(and)-219(experience)-220(have)-219(given)-219(him)-220(exceptional)-219(competence.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-215(result)-214(is)-214(a)-215(book,)-222(which)-214(not)-215(only)-214(renders)-214(obsolete)-215(all)-214(previous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(volumes)-525(in)-524(Western)-525(languages)-524(on)-524(modern)-525(Chinese)-524(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy,)-347(but)-328(also)-328(makes)-328(available)-328(for)-328(the)-328(political)-327(scientists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-314(politicians)-313(of)-314(the)-313(West)-314(the)-313(best)-313(political)-314(thought)-313(of)-314(the)-313(Far)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(East)-250(on)-250(the)-250(fundamental)-250(problems)-250(of)-250(Western)-250(politics.)]TJ 0 -19.003 Td [(A)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 7.877 0 Td [(RTHUR)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.738 0 Td [(N.)-250(H)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 21.207 0 Td [(OLCOMBE)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -58.822 -13.549 Td [(Harvard)-250(University)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -34.986 Td [([vii])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+32 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 33 0 R
+/Resources 31 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 36 0 R
+>> endobj
+34 0 obj <<
+/D [32 0 R /XYZ 315.662 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+35 0 obj <<
+/D [32 0 R /XYZ 46.771 125.456 null]
+>> endobj
+31 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+37 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index2) >>
+endobj
+40 0 obj
+(Preface.)
+endobj
+43 0 obj <<
+/Length 4034
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Preface.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -33.407 Td [(This)-494(book)-495(represents)-494(an)-495(exploration)-494(into)-494(a)-495(field)-494(of)-494(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thought)-493(which)-492(is)-493(still)-493(more)-492(or)-493(less)-493(unknown.)-978(The)-492(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-564(has)-564(received)-565(much)-564(attention)-564(from)-564(publicists)-564(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(historians,)-536(and)-479(a)-478(vast)-479(number)-479(of)-478(works)-479(dealing)-479(with)-478(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(every)-407(phase)-406(of)-407(Chinese)-406(life)-407(and)-406(events)-407(appears)-406(every)-407(year)-406(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-484(West.)-951(The)-484(extraordinary)-484(difficulty)-484(of)-483(the)-484(language,)-542(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obscurity)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 40.604 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-285(Westerners)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 60.662 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-285(the)-284(Chinese)-285(cultural)-285(background,)]TJ -123.084 -13.55 Td [(and)-377(the)-378(greater)-377(vividness)-378(of)-377(events)-377(as)-378(compared)-377(with)-377(theories)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-264(led)-264(Western)-265(scholars)-264(to)-264(devote)-264(their)-264(attention,)-268(for)-264(the)-264(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part,)-416(to)-383(descriptions)-382(of)-383(Chinese)-383(politics)-382(rather)-383(than)-383(to)-382(venture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-238(the)-237(more)-238(difficult)-238(field)-237(of)-238(Chinese)-238(political)-237(thought,)-240(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which,)-250(however,)-250(the)-250(political)-250(events)-250(are)-250(scarcely)-250(intelligible.)]TJ 11.956 -13.747 Td [(The)-330(author)-330(has)-330(sought)-329(to)-330(examine)-330(one)-330(small)-330(part)-330(of)-329(modern)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-297(political)-296(thought,)-308(partly)-297(as)-296(a)-297(sample)-296(of)-296(the)-297(whole)-296(body)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-330(thought,)-351(and)-330(partly)-330(because)-330(the)-331(selection,)-350(although)-330(small,)-350(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-345(important)-346(one.)-535(Sun)-346(Yat-sen)-345(is)-345(by)-346(far)-345(the)-345(most)-345(conspicuous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(figure)-329(in)-329(recent)-330(Chinese)-329(history,)-349(and)-329(his)-329(doctrines,)-349(irrespective)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-285(the)-285(effectiveness)-286(or)-285(permanence)-285(of)-285(the)-285(consequences)-285(of)-285(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(propagation,)-291(have)-282(a)-283(certain)-282(distinct)-283(position)-282(in)-283(history.)-347(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.266 0 Td [(San)]TJ -264.266 -13.549 Td [(Min)-197(Chu)-196(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 43.681 0 Td [(,)-196(his)-197(chief)-197(work,)-207(not)-196(only)-197(represents)-196(an)-197(important)-196(phase)]TJ -43.681 -13.549 Td [(in)-151(the)-151(revolution)-151(of)-151(Chinese)-151(social)-151(and)-151(political)-152(thought,)-170(but)-151(solely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-225(simply)-226(as)-225(doctrine,)-230(may)-225(be)-225(regarded)-226(as)-225(a)-225(Chinese)-225(expression)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(tendencies)-250(of)-250(political)-250(thought)-250(current)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Western)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -13.746 Td [(The)-517(personal)-516(motives,)-584(arising)-516(out)-517(of)-517(an)-516(early)-517(and)-516(rather)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(intimate)-787(family)-788(relationship)-787(with)-788(the)-787(Chinese)-787(nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-476(centering)-477(around)-476(the)-476(person)-477(of)-476(Sun)-477(Yat-sen,)-532(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(led)-365(the)-365(author)-365(to)-364(undertake)-365(this)-365(subject,)-394(have)-365(their)-364(advantages)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-342(disadvantages.)-524(The)-342(chief)-342(disadvantage)-341(lies)-342(in)-341(the)-342(fact)-341(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-395(thesis)-394(must)-395(of)-394(necessity)-789(treat)-394(of)-395(many)-394(matters)-395(which)-394(are)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([viii])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+42 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 43 0 R
+/Resources 41 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 36 0 R
+>> endobj
+38 0 obj <<
+/D [42 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+45 0 obj <<
+/D [42 0 R /XYZ 223.541 66.142 null]
+>> endobj
+41 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+48 0 obj <<
+/Length 4890
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Preface.)-21976(5)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-362(objects)-361(of)-362(hot)-362(controversy,)-389(and)-362(that)-362(the)-361(author,)-390(friendly)-361(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-398(movement)-398(as)-398(a)-397(whole)-398(but)-398(neutral)-398(as)-398(between)-398(its)-397(factions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-476(seem)-476(at)-476(times)-475(to)-476(deal)-476(unjustly)-476(or)-476(over-generously)-475(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certain)-271(persons)-271(and)-271(groups.)-312(The)-271(younger)-271(widow)-271(of)-271(Sun)-270(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(\050n\351e)-285(Soong)-284(Ching-ling\051)-285(may)-284(regard)-285(the)-285(mention)-284(of)-285(her)-284(husband)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-410(the)-410(Nanking)-409(government)-410(in)-410(the)-410(same)-409(breath)-410(as)-410(an)-410(act)-409(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(treachery.)-897(Devoted)-465(to)-466(the)-465(memory)-466(of)-465(her)-466(husband,)-519(she)-465(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(turned,)-465(nevertheless,)-464(to)-422(the)-421(Left,)-465(and)-422(works)-421(on)-422(cordial)-421(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-340(the)-340(Communists.)-520(She)-340(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.08 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(...)-520(the)-340(Nanking)-340(Government)]TJ -153.924 -13.55 Td [(has)-485(crushed)-484(every)-484(open)-485(liberal,)-543(democratic,)-543(or)-484(humanitarian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-440(in)-440(our)-440(country.)-819(It)-440(has)-440(destroyed)-440(all)-440(trade)-439(unions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(smashed)-354(every)-353(strike)-354(of)-353(the)-354(workers)-353(for)-354(the)-353(right)-354(to)-353(existence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-244(thrown)-244(hordes)-243(of)-244(criminal)-244(gangsters)-244(who)-244(are)-243(simultaneously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fascist)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 34.751 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(Blue)-407(Shirts)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.514 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.077 0 Td [(against)-408(every)-407(labor,)-447(cultural,)-447(or)-407(national)]TJ -96.975 -13.55 Td [(revolutionary)-212(movement)-213(in)-212(the)-213(country.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 171.976 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(1)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.8 -3.959 Td [(The)-212(author,)-220(from)-213(what)]TJ -183.619 -13.549 Td [(he)-449(himself)-448(has)-449(seen)-449(of)-449(the)-448(National)-449(Government,)-499(is)-448(positive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-359(it)-359(is)-359(not)-359(merely)-359(dictatorial,)-386(ruthless,)-386(cruel,)-386(treacherous,)-386(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(historically)-236(unnecessary;)-240(nor)-236(would)-235(he,)-239(contrarily,)-238(assert)-236(that)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(National)-254(Government)-253(lives)-254(up)-253(to)-254(or)-254(surpasses)-253(the)-254(brilliant)-253(ideals)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-286(Sun)-286(Yat-sen.)-358(He)-287(seeks)-286(to)-286(deal)-286(charitably)-286(with)-286(all)-286(factions,)-295(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(follow)-234(a)-234(middle)-235(course)-234(whenever)-234(he)-235(can,)-237(and)-234(in)-235(any)-234(case)-234(to)-234(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fairly)-250(the)-250(positions)-250(of)-250(both)-250(sides.)]TJ 11.955 -20.846 Td [(The)-433(advantages)-433(may)-433(serve)-432(to)-433(offset)-433(the)-433(disadvantages.)-798(In)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(the)-441(first)-441(place,)-489(the)-441(author's)-441(acquaintance)-441(with)-441(the)-441(Nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement)-204(has)-204(given)-205(him)-204(something)-204(of)-205(a)-204(background)-204(from)-204(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-383(present)-384(his)-383(exposition.)-650(This)-383(background)-383(cannot,)-417(of)-383(course,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-286(documented,)-295(but)-285(it)-286(may)-286(serve)-286(to)-286(make)-286(the)-286(presentation)-285(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assured)-423(and)-423(more)-423(vivid.)-769(In)-422(the)-423(second)-423(place,)-467(the)-422(author)-423(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-351(access)-351(to)-351(certain)-703(private)-351(manuscripts)-351(and)-351(papers,)-376(and)-351(has)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([ix])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(had)-348(the)-347(benefit)-348(of)-348(his)-348(father's)-348(counsel)-347(on)-348(several)-348(points)-348(in)-347(this)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 52.998 91.869 Td [(1)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(China)-285(Today)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.447 0 Td [(\050March,)-294(1935\051,)-293(I,)-285(No.)-355(6,)-293(p.)-355(112.)-354(This)-285(is)-285(the)-285(leading)-285(English-)]TJ -61.403 -10.959 Td [(language)-235(journal)-235(of)-236(the)-235(Chinese)-235(Communists.)-245(Mme.)-245(Sun's)-235(letter)-235(to)-236(the)-235(paper)-235(is)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(characteristic)-204(of)-203(the)-204(attitude)-203(toward)-204(Nanking)-203(adopted)-204(throughout)-204(the)-203(magazine.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+47 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 48 0 R
+/Resources 46 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 36 0 R
+>> endobj
+49 0 obj <<
+/D [47 0 R /XYZ 143.878 131.5 null]
+>> endobj
+46 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+52 0 obj <<
+/Length 5964
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(6The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(work.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 25.146 3.959 Td [(2)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.589 -3.959 Td [(The)-262(author)-261(believes)-262(that)-261(on)-262(the)-261(basis)-262(of)-262(this)-261(material)-262(and)]TJ -32.735 -13.549 Td [(background)-348(he)-347(is)-348(justified)-348(in)-347(venturing)-348(into)-348(this)-347(comparatively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unknown)-250(field.)]TJ 11.956 -19.257 Td [(The)-151(primary)-151(sources)-151(for)-151(this)-151(work)-151(have)-151(been)-151(Sun)-151(Yat-sen's)-150(own)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(works.)-235(A)-204(considerable)-204(number)-204(of)-205(these)-204(were)-204(written)-204(originally)-204(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-314(English)-315(language.)-443(Translations)-314(of)-314(his)-315(major)-314(Chinese)-314(works)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-438(more)-438(or)-438(less)-437(fully)-438(available)-438(in)-438(English,)-485(German,)-484(French,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-396(Spanish.)-690(The)-396(author's)-397(highly)-396(inadequate)-397(knowledge)-396(of)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-180(written)-179(language)-180(has)-179(led)-180(him)-180(to)-179(depend)-180(almost)-179(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-371(translations,)-402(but)-372(he)-371(has)-372(sought)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.317 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-371(some)-372(cases,)-402(perhaps,)]TJ -174.226 -13.549 Td [(unsuccessfully)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 64.233 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-189(minimize)-190(the)-189(possibility)-189(of)-189(misunderstanding)]TJ -75.142 -13.55 Td [(or)-164(error)-165(by)-164(checking)-164(the)-164(translations)-165(against)-164(one)-164(another.)-221(Through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-311(assistance)-310(of)-311(his)-311(Chinese)-310(friends,)-652(he)-311(has)-310(been)-311(able)-311(to)-310(refer)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([x])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(to)-388(Sun's)-388(complete)-388(works)-387(in)-388(Chinese)-388(and)-388(to)-388(Chinese)-388(books)-387(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-436(wherever)-437(such)-436(reference)-437(was)-436(imperatively)-436(necessary.)-809(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(list)-339(of)-338(the)-339(Chinese)-339(titles)-338(thus)-339(made)-339(available)-338(is)-339(included)-339(in)-338(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 294.305 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.481 Td [(years)-333(past)-334(would)-333(receive)-333(in)-333(a)-334(court)-333(of)-333(justice.)-500(The)-333(seven)-334(volumes)-333(described)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(are)-239(in)-238(the)-239(possession)-238(of)-239(the)-238(present)-239(author.)-246(Other)-239(materials)-238(to)-239(which)-238(the)-239(author)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has)-380(had)-380(access)-380(are)-380(his)-380(father's)-381(diaries)-380(and)-380(various)-380(other)-380(private)-380(papers;)-445(but)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(since)-261(he)-260(has)-261(not)-260(cited)-260(them)-261(for)-260(references,)-264(he)-260(does)-261(not)-260(believe)-261(any)-260(description)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-314(them)-314(necessary.)-443(Finally,)-330(there)-314(are)-314(the)-314(manuscripts)-314(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 207.425 0 Td [(Sun)-314(Yat-sen)-314(and)-314(the)]TJ -207.425 -10.959 Td [(Chinese)-373(Republic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.109 0 Td [(,)-404(which)-373(contain)-373(a)-372(considerable)-373(amount)-373(of)-373(material)-373(deleted)]TJ -64.109 -10.959 Td [(from)-219(the)-220(published)-219(version)-220(of)-219(that)-220(work,)-225(which)-220(appeared)-219(in)-220(New)-219(York)-220(in)-219(1925.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(For)-243(comments)-243(on)-243(other)-242(source)-243(material)-243(for)-243(Sun)-243(Yat-sen)-243(which)-242(is)-243(not)-243(generally)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(used,)-250(see)-250(Bibliography.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 6.227 -7.311 Td [(2)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(These)-339(manuscripts)-339(consist)-339(of)-339(the)-339(following)-339(chief)-339(items:)-428(Linebarger,)-362(Paul)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Myron)-438(Wentworth,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 75.259 0 Td [(Conversations)-438(with)-438(Sun)-437(Yat-sen)-438(1919-1922)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 166.083 0 Td [(\050written)-438(in)]TJ -241.342 -10.959 Td [(1933-1935\051;)-377(the)-335(same,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 85.525 0 Td [(A)-335(Commentary)-334(on)-335(the)-334(San)-335(Min)-335(Chu)-334(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 141.552 0 Td [(\050four)-335(volumes,)]TJ -227.077 -10.959 Td [(1932-1933\051;)-362(and)-324(Sun)-325(Yat-sen,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 113.496 0 Td [(How)-325(China)-324(Was)-325(Made)-324(a)-325(Republic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 128.534 0 Td [(\050Shanghai,)]TJ -242.03 -10.959 Td [(1919\051.)-247(These)-241(are)-241(all)-240(typescripts,)-243(with)-241(autograph)-241(corrections)-240(by)-241(their)-241(respective)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(authors.)-233(The)-199(manuscripts)-200(of)-199(Judge)-199(Linebarger)-200(represent)-199(his)-199(attempts)-200(to)-199(replace,)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(from)-341(memory,)-364(books)-341(which)-341(were)-341(destroyed)-341(at)-342(the)-341(time)-341(of)-341(the)-341(bombardment)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-401(the)-400(Commercial)-401(Press)-401(in)-401(Shanghai)-400(by)-401(the)-401(Japanese.)-702(He)-401(had)-400(prepared)-401(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(two-volume)-352(work)-353(on)-352(the)-352(life)-353(and)-352(principles)-352(of)-352(Sun)-353(Yat-sen)-352(and)-352(had)-353(left)-352(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(manuscripts)-318(and)-319(other)-318(papers)-318(in)-319(the)-318(vaults)-318(of)-319(the)-318(Press.)-455(When)-318(the)-319(Press)-318(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bombed)-291(the)-290(manuscripts,)-301(documents,)-300(plates)-291(and)-290(Chinese)-291(translations)-291(were)-290(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(destroyed;)-473(the)-399(only)-399(things)-399(remaining)-398(were)-399(a)-399(few)-399(pages)-399(of)-398(proof)-399(sheets)-399(for)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+51 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 52 0 R
+/Resources 50 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 36 0 R
+>> endobj
+53 0 obj <<
+/D [51 0 R /XYZ 260.989 349.877 null]
+>> endobj
+50 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+56 0 obj <<
+/Length 5318
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Preface.)-21976(7)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(bibliography.)-442(The)-313(language)-314(difficulty,)-330(while)-314(an)-314(annoyance)-313(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-349(handicap,)-375(has)-349(not)-350(been)-349(so)-349(considerable)-350(as)-349(to)-350(give)-349(the)-349(author)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reason)-223(to)-223(suppose)-223(that)-223(his)-223(conclusions)-223(would)-223(have)-223(been)-222(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-415(any)-415(significant)-415(respect)-415(had)-415(he)-415(been)-415(able)-415(to)-415(make)-415(free)-414(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(continuous)-250(use)-250(of)-250(Chinese)-250(and)-250(Russian)-250(sources.)]TJ 11.956 -16.215 Td [(The)-297(author)-296(has)-297(thought)-296(of)-297(the)-296(present)-297(work)-296(as)-297(a)-297(contribut)1(ion)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(to)-300(political)-300(theory)-299(rather)-300(than)-300(to)-300(sinology,)-312(and)-300(has)-300(tried)-300(to)-299(keep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-407(discussion)-407(of)-406(sinological)-407(questions)-407(at)-407(a)-406(minimum.)-721(In)-406(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transliteration)-242(of)-241(Chinese)-242(words)-241(and)-242(names)-242(he)-241(has)-242(adhered)-241(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-251(less)-250(closely)-251(to)-250(the)-251(Wade)-250(system,)-251(and)-251(has)-250(rendered)-251(most)-250(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-212(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 26.454 0 Td [(kuo)-212(y\374)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.368 0 Td [(,)-220(or)-212(national)-213(language.)-237(Despite)-213(this)-212(rule,)-220(he)-213(gives)-212(the)]TJ -54.822 -13.55 Td [(name)-278(of)-278(President)-279(Sun)-278(in)-278(its)-278(more)-278(commonly)-278(known)-278(Cantonese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(form,)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen,)-250(rather)-250(than)-250(in)-250(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 162.698 0 Td [(kuo)-250(y\374)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.778 0 Td [(,)-250(Sun)-250(I-hsien.)]TJ -179.52 -16.216 Td [(In)-499(acknowledging)-500(assistance)-499(and)-499(encouragement)-499(received,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-566(author)-567(must)-566(first)-567(of)-566(all)-566(turn)-567(to)-566(his)-567(father,)-645(Judge)-566(Paul)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Myron)-366(Wentworth)-366(Linebarger,)-395(Legal)-366(Advisor)-366(to)-366(The)-365(National)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Government)-263(of)-262(China,)-266(counsellor)-263(to)-263(and)-262(biographer)-263(of)-263(Sun)-262(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen)-154(during)-154(the)-155(latter's)-154(lifetime.)-218(Without)-154(his)-154(patient)-154(encouragement)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-359(his)-359(concrete)-359(assistance,)-386(this)-359(book)-359(could)-359(neither)-359(have)-358(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(begun)-208(nor)-207(brought)-208(to)-208(a)-207(conclusion)-208(after)-208(it)-207(was)-208(started.)-236(The)-207(author)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(desires,)-244(however,)-245(to)-243(make)-242(it)-243(perfectly)-243(clear)-243(that)-243(this)-243(work)-243(has)-242(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relation)-235(to)-236(the)-235(connections)-235(of)-235(Judge)-236(Linebarger)-235(with)-235(the)-235(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Government)-470(or)-470(with)-470(the)-469(Nationalist)-470(Party.)-910(No)-939(information)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([xi])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(coming)-464(to)-463(the)-464(knowledge)-464(of)-464(Judge)-463(Linebarger)-464(in)-464(the)-463(course)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-453(his)-454(official)-453(duties)-454(has)-453(been)-454(here)-453(incorporated.)-860(Anxiously)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 174.554 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F19 8.9664 Tf 46.771 161.802 Td [(The)-281(Life)-281(and)-282(Principles)-281(of)-281(Sun)-281(Chung-san)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 152.618 0 Td [(,)-289(which)-281(remain)-281(in)-282(the)-281(possession)-281(of)]TJ -152.618 -10.959 Td [(the)-300(present)-299(author.)-399(Judge)-299(Linebarger)-300(attempted)-300(to)-299(replace)-300(these)-299(volumes.)-399(He)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(had)-323(a)-323(few)-324(notebooks)-323(in)-323(which)-323(he)-324(had)-323(kept)-323(the)-323(outlines)-323(of)-324(his)-323(own)-323(speeches;)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(he)-335(had)-335(not)-334(used)-335(these,)-356(because)-335(of)-335(the)-335(secondary)-335(value.)-504(When,)-356(however,)-356(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(major)-247(volumes)-247(were)-248(lost,)-248(he)-247(returned)-247(to)-247(these)-247(notebooks)-248(and)-247(reconstructed)-247(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(speeches.)-231(They)-194(were)-193(issued)-194(in)-193(Paris)-194(in)-194(1932)-193(under)-194(the)-193(title)-194(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 216.147 0 Td [(The)-194(Gospel)-193(of)-194(Sun)]TJ -216.147 -10.959 Td [(Chung-shan)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.837 0 Td [(.)-484(He)-328(also)-328(prepared)-328(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 85.566 0 Td [(Commentary)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.262 0 Td [(and)-328(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 29.786 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 54.749 0 Td [(from)]TJ -263.2 -10.959 Td [(memory.)-491(These)-330(manuscripts)-331(possess)-330(a)-330(certain)-330(somewhat)-331(questionable)-330(value.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Judge)-255(Linebarger)-255(himself)-255(suggested)-254(that)-255(they)-255(be)-255(allowed)-255(the)-254(same)-255(weight)-255(that)]TJ 0 -7.989 Td [(testimony,)-358(based)-337(upon)-337(memory)-336(but)-337(delivered)-336(under)-337(oath,)-358(upon)-337(a)-336(subject)-337(ten)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+55 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 56 0 R
+/Resources 54 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 36 0 R
+>> endobj
+57 0 obj <<
+/D [55 0 R /XYZ 270.763 214.76 null]
+>> endobj
+54 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+60 0 obj <<
+/Length 4529
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(8The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(scrupulous)-263(to)-262(maintain)-263(a)-262(completely)-263(detached)-263(point)-262(of)-263(view,)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(author)-244(has)-243(refrained)-244(from)-244(communicating)-243(with)-244(or)-244(submitting)-243(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(book)-200(to)-200(Chinese)-201(Government)-200(or)-200(Party)-200(officials,)-210(and)-200(writes)-200(purely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(an)-250(American)-250(student)-250(of)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Professor)-690(James)-689(Hart,)-800(formerly)-690(at)-689(The)-690(Johns)-689(Hopkins)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(University)-449(and)-450(now)-449(at)-449(The)-450(University)-449(of)-449(Virginia,)-499(Professor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Arthur)-421(O.)-421(Lovejoy,)-464(The)-421(Johns)-421(Hopkins)-421(University,)-463(Professor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Harley)-327(Farnsworth)-328(MacNair)-327(and)-327(Dr.)-482(Ernest)-327(Price,)-347(both)-327(of)-327(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(University)-297(of)-297(Chicago,)-309(have)-297(rendered)-297(inestimable)-297(assistance)-296(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reading)-262(the)-262(manuscript)-261(and)-262(giving)-262(the)-261(author)-262(the)-262(benefit)-262(of)-261(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(advice.)-525(Professor)-342(Hart)-342(has)-342(criticized)-341(the)-342(work)-342(as)-342(an)-341(enterprise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-398(political)-398(science.)-693(Professor)-397(Lovejoy)-398(assisted)-398(the)-398(author)-397(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reading)-185(the)-184(first)-185(third)-185(of)-185(the)-184(work,)-198(and)-185(selections)-184(of)-185(the)-185(later)-184(parts,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-309(applying)-309(his)-309(thorough)-309(and)-310(stimulating)-309(criticism;)-338(the)-309(author)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regrets)-383(that)-382(he)-383(was)-383(unable)-382(to)-383(adopt)-383(all)-382(of)-383(Professor)-382(Lovejoy's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(suggestions)-260(in)-259(full,)-262(and)-259(is)-260(deeply)-259(grateful)-260(for)-259(the)-260(help.)-278(Professor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(MacNair)-281(read)-280(the)-281(book)-280(as)-281(a)-281(referee)-280(for)-281(a)-281(dissertation,)-288(and)-280(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-284(great)-285(number)-284(of)-284(comments)-284(which)-284(have)-285(made)-284(the)-284(book)-284(clearer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-199(more)-199(accurate;)-216(the)-200(author)-199(would)-199(not)-199(have)-199(ventured)-199(to)-199(present)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-306(work)-306(to)-306(the)-307(public)-306(had)-306(it)-306(not)-306(been)-306(for)-306(the)-306(reassurances)-306(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(encouragement)-400(given)-399(him)-400(by)-400(Professor)-399(MacNair.)-699(Dr.)-699(Ernest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Price,)-320(while)-306(at)-306(The)-306(Hopkins,)-320(supervised)-306(the)-306(composition)-306(of)-306(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-444(drafts;)-542(his)-444(judicious)-444(and)-444(balanced)-444(criticism,)-493(based)-444(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sixteen)-399(years')-400(intimacy)-399(with)-399(the)-399(public)-399(and)-400(private)-399(life)-399(of)-399(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese,)-255(and)-253(a)-254(sensitive)-254(appreciation)-254(of)-253(Chinese)-254(values,)-255(were)-253(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-239(value)-240(to)-239(the)-240(author)-239(in)-240(establishing)-239(his)-240(perspective)-239(and)-239(lines)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-331(study.)-495(The)-331(author)-331(takes)-332(this)-331(opportunity)-331(to)-332(thank)-331(these)-331(four)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gentlemen)-250(for)-250(their)-250(great)-250(kindness)-250(and)-250(invaluable)-250(assistance.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-706(is)-706(with)-706(deep)-706(regret)-706(that)-706(the)-706(author)-706(abbreviates)-706(his)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(acknowledgments)-291(and)-291(thanks)-291(for)-290(the)-291(inspiration)-291(and)-291(the)-581(favors)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([xii])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(he)-300(received)-299(in)-300(his)-299(study)-300(of)-299(Chinese)-300(politics)-300(from)-299(Dr.)-399(C.)-299(Walter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Young;)-223(Professor)-210(Frederic)-210(Ogg,)-218(of)-210(The)-210(University)-210(of)-209(Wisconsin;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Professors)-422(Kenneth)-422(Colegrove,)-465(William)-422(McGovern,)-465(and)-421(Ikuo)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Oyama,)-351(of)-330(The)-331(Northwestern)-330(University;)-371(Dr.)-491(Arthur)-330(Hummel,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+59 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 60 0 R
+/Resources 58 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 36 0 R
+>> endobj
+61 0 obj <<
+/D [59 0 R /XYZ 343.739 120.339 null]
+>> endobj
+58 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+64 0 obj <<
+/Length 2636
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Preface.)-21976(9)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-296(The)-297(Library)-296(of)-297(Congress;)-319(Professor)-297(Frederick)-296(Dunn,)-308(of)-296(Yale)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(University;)-307(Professor)-288(Arthur)-288(Holcombe,)-297(of)-288(Harvard)-288(University;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Professor)-413(Quincy)-412(Wright,)-453(of)-413(The)-412(University)-413(of)-413(Chicago;)-493(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Dr.)-642(Wallace)-380(McClure,)-414(of)-380(The)-381(Department)-380(of)-381(State.)-642(Many)-380(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-325(author's)-326(Chinese)-325(friends)-326(assisted)-325(by)-326(reading)-325(the)-325(manuscript)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-390(criticizing)-389(it)-390(from)-389(their)-389(more)-390(intimate)-389(knowledge)-390(of)-389(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-381(country,)-413(among)-380(them)-381(being)-380(Messrs.)-642(Miao)-380(Chung-yi)-380(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Djang)-226(Chu,)-231(at)-226(The)-226(Johns)-226(Hopkins)-226(University;)-234(Professor)-226(J\352n)-225(T'ai,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-406(Nankai)-406(University;)-483(and)-406(Messrs.)-718(Wang)-406(Kung-shou,)-444(Ch'ing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Ju-chi,)-245(and)-244(Lin)-245(Mou-sheng,)-245(of)-244(The)-244(University)-244(of)-244(Chicago,)-245(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-256(helpful)-255(suggestions.)-267(The)-255(author)-255(must)-256(thank)-255(his)-256(teachers)-255(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-253(Johns)-253(Hopkins)-254(University,)-253(to)-254(whom)-253(he)-253(is)-253(indebted)-253(for)-253(three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(years)-303(of)-302(the)-303(most)-302(patient)-303(assistance)-302(and)-303(stimulating)-302(instruction,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-288(respect)-287(of)-288(both)-287(the)-288(present)-287(work)-288(and)-287(other)-288(fields)-287(in)-288(the)-287(study)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-377(government:)-505(Dr.)-631(Johannes)-378(Mattern;)-441(Dr.)-631(Albert)-377(Weinberg;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mr.)-397(Leon)-298(Sachs;)-324(and)-298(Professor)-299(W.)-299(W.)-299(Willoughby.)-396(Finally,)-311(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-281(acknowledge)-281(his)-281(indebtedness)-281(to)-281(his)-281(wife,)-289(Margaret)-280(Snow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Linebarger,)-382(for)-355(her)-355(patient)-355(assistance)-356(in)-355(preparing)-355(this)-355(volume)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-250(the)-250(press.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(P)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(AUL)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.106 0 Td [(M.)-250(A.)-250(L)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 35.149 0 Td [(INEBARGER)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.605 0 Td [(.)]TJ -105.925 -13.549 Td [(December,)-250(1936.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 -28.789 Td [([001])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+63 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 64 0 R
+/Resources 62 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 66 0 R
+>> endobj
+65 0 obj <<
+/D [63 0 R /XYZ 46.771 218.402 null]
+>> endobj
+62 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+67 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index3) >>
+endobj
+70 0 obj
+(Introduction.)
+endobj
+71 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index4) >>
+endobj
+74 0 obj
+(The Problem of the San Min Chu I.)
+endobj
+75 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index5) >>
+endobj
+78 0 obj
+(The Materials.)
+endobj
+81 0 obj <<
+/Length 2616
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Introduction.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -84.056 Td [(The)-250(Problem)-250(of)-250(the)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 126.231 0 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 92.492 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -218.723 -69.4 Td [(The)-250(Materials.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.387 Td [(Sun)-336(Yat-sen)-336(played)-335(many)-336(r\364les)-336(in)-336(the)-336(history)-335(of)-336(his)-336(times.)-507(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-211(one)-210(of)-211(those)-211(dramatic)-211(and)-210(somewhat)-211(formidable)-211(figures)-210(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(engage)-341(the)-341(world's)-341(attention)-342(at)-341(the)-341(very)-341(outset)-341(of)-341(their)-341(careers.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-514(the)-514(late)-513(years)-514(of)-514(the)-514(nineteenth)-513(century,)-580(he)-514(was)-513(already)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(winning)-425(some)-425(renown)-425(in)-425(the)-425(West;)-513(it)-425(was)-425(picturesque)-425(that)-425(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Cantonese,)-469(a)-424(Christian)-425(physician,)-469(should)-425(engage)-425(in)-424(desperate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conspiracies)-298(against)-298(the)-298(Manchu)-298(throne.)-394(Sun)-298(became)-298(known)-297(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-274(political)-274(adventurer,)-280(a)-274(forerunner,)-280(as)-274(it)-274(were,)-280(of)-274(such)-274(mutually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dissimilar)-260(personages)-260(as)-260(Trotsky,)-262(Lawrence,)-263(and)-259(Major-General)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Doihara.)-653(With)-384(the)-385(illusory)-384(success)-384(of)-385(the)-384(revolution)-384(of)-384(1911,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-427(his)-426(Presidency)-427(of)-427(the)-427(first)-426(Republic,)-471(Sun)-427(ceased)-427(being)-426(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conspirator)-442(in)-442(the)-442(eyes)-441(of)-442(the)-442(world's)-442(press,)-490(and)-442(became)-441(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(George)-347(Washington)-348(of)-347(China.)-543(It)-347(is)-348(in)-347(this)-348(r\364le)-347(that)-348(he)-347(is)-347(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commonly)-299(known,)-312(and)-300(his)-299(name)-299(most)-300(generally)-299(recalled.)-398(After)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-278(world)-278(war,)-284(in)-278(the)-278(atmosphere)-278(of)-278(extreme)-278(tension)-277(developed,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(perhaps,)-393(by)-365(the)-365(Bolshevik)-364(revolution,)-394(Sun)-364(was)-365(regarded)-365(as)-364(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enigmatic)-328(leader,)-347(especially)-327(significant)-328(in)-327(the)-328(struggle)-327(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Asiatic)-188(nationalisms)-188(allied)-187(with)-188(the)-188(Soviets)-188(against)-188(the)-187(traditional)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+80 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 81 0 R
+/Resources 79 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 66 0 R
+>> endobj
+68 0 obj <<
+/D [80 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+72 0 obj <<
+/D [80 0 R /XYZ 93.543 434.065 null]
+>> endobj
+76 0 obj <<
+/D [80 0 R /XYZ 93.543 358.514 null]
+>> endobj
+79 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+84 0 obj <<
+/Length 4641
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Materials.)-18892(11)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(capitalist)-402(state-system.)-705(It)-402(was)-402(through)-402(him)-402(that)-402(the)-402(Red)-401(anti-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperialist)-449(policy)-449(was)-448(pushed)-449(to)-449(its)-449(greatest)-448(success,)-499(and)-448(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-362(hated)-362(and)-362(admired,)-389(ridiculed)-362(and)-362(feared,)-390(down)-362(to)-362(the)-361(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moments)-233(of)-232(his)-233(life.)-244(When)-232(he)-233(died,)-236(American)-232(reporters)-233(in)-232(Latvia)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(cabled)-470(New)-470(York)-470(their)-469(reports)-470(of)-470(Russian)-470(comments)-470(on)-469(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(event.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 26.357 3.959 Td [(3)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.562 -3.959 Td [(More,)-263(perhaps,)-264(than)-261(any)-260(other)-261(Chinese)-261(of)-260(modern)-261(times,)]TJ -33.919 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-215(symbolized)-214(the)-215(entrance)-214(of)-215(China)-214(into)-430(world)-214(affairs,)-222(and)-214(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([002])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(inevitable)-250(confluence)-250(of)-250(Western)-250(and)-250(Far)-250(Eastern)-250(history.)]TJ 11.955 -13.812 Td [(It)-424(is)-425(characteristic)-424(of)-425(Sun)-424(that)-425(he)-424(should)-425(have)-424(appeared)-424(in)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(another)-268(and)-269(final)-268(r\364le)-269(after)-268(his)-269(death.)-305(He)-269(had)-268(been)-268(thought)-269(of)-268(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conspirator,)-324(statesman,)-323(and)-309(mass)-309(leader;)-339(but)-309(with)-308(the)-309(advent)-309(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-309(party)-308(to)-309(power)-309(it)-308(became)-309(publicly)-309(apparent)-308(that)-309(he)-309(had)-308(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-343(a)-343(political)-344(philosopher.)-530(The)-343(tremendous)-343(prestige)-343(enjoyed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-362(him)-362(as)-362(state-founder)-362(and)-362(party)-362(leader)-362(was)-361(enhanced)-362(by)-362(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(importance)-298(as)-298(prophet)-298(and)-298(law-giver.)-394(His)-298(doctrines)-298(became)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(state)-454(philosophy)-453(of)-454(China,)-504(and)-454(for)-454(a)-453(while)-454(his)-454(most)-453(zealous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followers)-225(sought)-226(to)-226(have)-225(him)-226(canonized)-225(in)-226(a)-225(quite)-226(literal)-225(fashion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-227(at)-228(one)-227(stroke)-227(to)-228(make)-227(him)-228(replace)-227(Confucius)-227(and)-228(the)-227(Sons)-227(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Heaven.)-388(After)-296(the)-297(extreme)-296(enthusiasms)-296(of)-296(the)-296(Sun)-296(Yat-sen)-296(cult)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subsided,)-323(Sun)-308(remained)-308(the)-308(great)-308(national)-308(hero-sage)-308(of)-308(modern)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China.)-994(Even)-498(in)-498(those)-498(territories)-498(where)-498(the)-497(authority)-498(of)-498(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-317(heirs)-316(was)-317(not)-317(completely)-317(effective,)-333(his)-317(flag)-317(was)-316(flown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(his)-250(doctrines)-250(taught.)]TJ 11.955 -13.812 Td [(His)-510(doctrines)-509(have)-510(provided)-509(the)-510(theories)-509(upon)-510(which)-510(t)1(he)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(Nationalist)-358(revolution)-358(was)-359(based;)-412(they)-358(form)-358(the)-358(extra-juridical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constitution)-392(of)-392(the)-392(National)-393(Government)-392(of)-392(China.)-676(When)-392(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(forces)-331(hostile)-331(to)-331(Sun)-331(Yat-sen)-331(and)-331(his)-331(followers)-331(are)-331(considered,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-436(is)-437(amazing)-437(that)-436(his)-437(ideas)-436(and)-437(ideals)-436(should)-437(have)-436(survived.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(An)-351(empire)-351(established)-350(with)-351(the)-351(aid)-351(of)-351(Japanese)-351(arms,)-376(and)-350(still)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-380(Japanese)-380(hegemony,)-412(controls)-380(Manchuria;)-445(parts)-380(of)-380(north)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-264(are)-265(ruled)-264(by)-264(a)-264(bastard)-265(government,)-268(born)-264(of)-264(a)-264(compromise)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(between)-388(enemies;)-457(a)-388(largely)-388(unrecognized)-388(but)-388(powerful)-388(Soviet)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 52.998 80.91 Td [(3)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(Lyon)-237(Sharman,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 57.316 0 Td [(Sun)-237(Yat-sen,)-239(His)-237(Life)-237(and)-237(Its)-237(Meaning)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 136.055 0 Td [(,)-240(New)-236(York,)-240(1934,)-239(p.)]TJ -205.327 -10.959 Td [(405.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+83 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 84 0 R
+/Resources 82 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 66 0 R
+>> endobj
+85 0 obj <<
+/D [83 0 R /XYZ 232.837 436.88 null]
+>> endobj
+82 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+88 0 obj <<
+/Length 4802
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(12The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Republic)-234(exists)-235(in)-234(outer)-234(Mongolia;)-240(the)-234(lamaist)-235(oligarchy)-234(goes)-234(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-261(Tibet;)-266(and)-260(somewhere,)-264(in)-260(central)-261(and)-261(western)-260(China,)-264(a)-260(Soviet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(group,)-416(not)-383(quite)-383(a)-382(government)-383(but)-383(more)-383(than)-383(a)-382(conspiracy,)-416(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fighting)-422(for)-423(existence.)-767(It)-422(is)-422(quite)-423(probable)-422(that)-422(nowhere)-422(else)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-337(the)-336(world)-337(can)-337(there)-336(be)-337(found)-337(a)-336(greater)-337(variety)-337(of)-336(principles,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-432(scheme)-431(of)-432(principles)-432(fostered)-431(by)-432(an)-432(armed)-431(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(struggling)-224(with)-223(its)-447(rivals.)-242(In)-223(this)-224(chaos)-223(the)-224(National)-223(Government)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([003])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(has)-373(made)-373(the)-373(most)-373(effective)-373(bid)-373(for)-373(authority)-373(and)-373(the)-372(greatest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effort)-306(for)-307(the)-306(re\353stablishment)-306(of)-306(order;)-335(through)-306(it)-306(the)-306(principles)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-253(Sun)-253(Yat-sen)-253(rule)-254(the)-253(political)-253(life)-253(of)-253(a)-253(population)-253(greater)-253(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-250(of)-250(the)-250(United)-250(States)-250(or)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Soviet)-250(Union.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-252(is)-253(difficult)-252(to)-252(evaluate)-252(the)-253(importance)-252(of)-252(political)-252(doctrines.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Even)-455(if)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 39.01 0 Td [(The)-455(Three)-455(Principles)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 101.551 0 Td [(is)-455(judged)-455(by)-455(the)-455(extent)-455(of)-455(the)]TJ -140.561 -13.549 Td [(population)-369(which)-368(its)-369(followers)-368(control,)-399(it)-368(has)-369(achieved)-368(greater)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(results)-301(in)-300(practical)-301(politics)-300(in)-301(fifteen)-300(years)-301(than)-300(has)-301(Marxism)-300(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ninety.)-298(Such)-266(a)-266(criterion)-266(may)-266(well)-266(be)-266(disputed,)-270(but,)-270(whatever)-266(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(test,)-181(it)-163(cannot)-163(be)-164(denied)-163(that)-163(the)-164(thought)-163(of)-163(Sun)-164(Yat-sen)-163(has)-163(played)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-179(major)-180(part)-179(in)-179(the)-180(political)-179(development)-180(of)-179(his)-179(native)-180(land.)-226(It)-179(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continue)-287(into)-286(the)-287(indefinitely)-286(remote)-287(future,)-296(or)-286(may)-287(succumb)-286(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-213(perils)-212(that)-213(surround)-212(its)-213(advocates;)-225(in)-212(any)-213(case,)-220(these)-212(doctrines)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-340(been)-339(taught)-340(long)-339(enough)-340(and)-339(broadly)-340(enough)-339(to)-340(make)-339(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impress)-265(on)-266(the)-265(age,)-269(and)-265(have)-266(been)-265(so)-265(significant)-266(in)-265(political)-265(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cultural)-244(history)-245(that)-244(they)-245(can)-244(never)-244(sink)-245(into)-244(complete)-244(obscurity.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(What)-300(are)-300(these)-300(doctrines?)-400(Sun)-300(Yat-sen)-300(was)-300(so)-300(voluminous)-299(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(writer)-253(that)-253(it)-253(would)-252(be)-253(impossible)-253(for)-253(his)-253(followers)-253(to)-253(digest)-252(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(codify)-298(all)-298(his)-298(writings)-299(into)-298(one)-298(neat)-298(and)-298(coherent)-298(handbook;)-322(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(himself)-323(did)-323(not)-322(provide)-323(one.)-468(Before)-323(printing)-323(became)-322(common,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(there)-439(was)-438(a)-439(certain)-438(automatic)-439(process)-438(of)-439(condensation)-438(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preserved)-395(the)-395(important)-395(utterances)-395(of)-395(great)-395(men,)-431(and)-395(let)-395(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(trivial)-289(sayings)-289(perish.)-368(Sun,)-299(however,)-299(must)-289(have)-289(realized)-289(that)-289(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-312(leaving)-312(a)-312(vast)-312(legacy)-312(of)-312(materials)-312(which)-312(are)-312(not)-311(altogether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(coherent)-372(or)-372(consistent)-371(with)-372(one)-372(another.)-615(Certain)-372(of)-372(his)-371(works)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-452(naturally)-453(more)-452(important)-452(than)-453(others,)-503(but,)-503(to)-452(make)-452(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(choice)-389(definitive,)-423(he)-389(himself)-389(indicated)-389(four)-389(sources)-389(which)-388(his)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+87 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 88 0 R
+/Resources 86 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 66 0 R
+>> endobj
+89 0 obj <<
+/D [87 0 R /XYZ 174.813 436.88 null]
+>> endobj
+86 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+92 0 obj <<
+/Length 7624
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Materials.)-18892(13)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(followers)-482(might)-482(draw)-482(upon)-482(for)-482(a)-482(definitive)-482(statement)-482(of)-482(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(views.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 28.179 3.959 Td [(4)]TJ 262.845 -3.959 Td [([004])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -16.297 Td [(His)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.483 0 Td [(Political)-397(Testament)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 91.089 0 Td [(cites)-397(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 41.988 0 Td [(Chien)-397(Kuo)-397(Fang)-397(Lo)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 96.118 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(The)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(Program)-334(of)-335(National)-334(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 163.068 0 Td [(\051,)-355(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 27.215 0 Td [(Chien)-334(Kuo)-335(Ta)-334(Kang)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -190.283 -13.549 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(The)-179(Outline)-180(of)-179(National)-180(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 169.655 0 Td [(\051,)-194(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 23.76 0 Td [(San)-179(Min)-180(Chu)-179(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.586 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(The)]TJ -264.267 -13.55 Td [(Triple)-383(Demism)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.596 0 Td [(,)-416(also)-382(translated)-383(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 88.86 0 Td [(The)-383(Three)-382(Principles)-383(of)-382(the)]TJ -155.456 -13.549 Td [(People)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30.295 0 Td [(\051,)-303(and)-293(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 45.137 0 Td [(Manifesto)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.829 0 Td [(issued)-293(by)-292(the)-293(first)-293(national)-292(congress)]TJ -122.261 -13.549 Td [(of)-385(the)-386(Party.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 56.581 3.959 Td [(5)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.638 -3.959 Td [(These)-385(four)-386(items)-385(differ)-385(quite)-385(sharply)-386(from)-385(one)]TJ -68.219 -13.549 Td [(another)-295(in)-295(form.)-385(No)-294(one)-295(of)-295(them)-295(can)-295(be)-295(relied)-295(upon)-295(to)-295(give)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-250(of)-250(Sun's)-250(doctrines.)]TJ 11.956 -16.297 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 25.319 0 Td [(Chien)-766(Kuo)-766(Fang)-766(Lo)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 112.219 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(The)-766(Program)-766(of)-766(National)]TJ -153.127 -13.549 Td [(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.055 0 Td [(\051)-321(is)-322(in)-321(reality)-322(three)-321(works,)-340(only)-321(remotely)-321(related)]TJ -66.055 -13.55 Td [(to)-223(one)-224(another.)-241(The)-223(first)-224(item)-223(in)-223(the)-224(trilogy)-223(is)-223(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 212.135 0 Td [(Sun)-223(W\352n)-224(Hs\374eh)]TJ -212.135 -13.549 Td [(Sh\352)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.278 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(The)-231(Philosophy)-232(of)-231(Sun)-232(W\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 119.789 0 Td [(\051;)-238(it)-231(is)-232(a)-231(series)-231(of)-232(familiar)-231(essays)]TJ -141.7 -13.549 Td [(on)-296(the)-297(Chinese)-296(way)-296(of)-296(thought.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 138.877 3.959 Td [(6)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.724 -3.959 Td [(The)-296(second)-297(is)-296(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 80.794 0 Td [(Min)-296(Ch'\374an)]TJ -228.395 -13.549 Td [(Ts'u)-170(Pu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.07 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 4.753 0 Td [(The)-170(Primer)-169(of)-170(Democracy)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 111.59 0 Td [(,)-186(which)-169(is)-170(little)-170(more)-170(than)-169(a)-170(text)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 296.347 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 52.998 289.534 Td [(4)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(He)-252(did)-251(this)-252(in)-251(his)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 63.587 0 Td [(Political)-252(Testament)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.006 0 Td [(,)-252(which)-252(is)-251(given)-252(in)-251(almost)-252(every)-251(work)]TJ -145.549 -10.959 Td [(on)-266(Sun)-267(Yat-sen)-266(or)-267(on)-266(modern)-266(Chinese)-267(politics.)-299(It)-266(was)-267(written)-266(in)-267(February)-266(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(signed)-250(in)-250(March)-250(1925,)-250(shortly)-250(before)-250(his)-250(death.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 6.227 -7.394 Td [(5)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(The)-366(Chinese)-365(text)-366(of)-366(these)-366(is)-365(given)-366(in)-366(Hu)-366(Han-min,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 193.183 0 Td [(ed.)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 10.706 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 5.78 0 Td [(Tsung-li)-366(Ch'\374an)]TJ -221.624 -10.959 Td [(Chi)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 15.91 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(The)-329(Complete)-330(Works)-329(of)-330(the)-329(Leader)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 128.83 0 Td [(\051,)-349(4)-330(vol.)-488(in)-329(1,)-350(Shanghai,)-349(1930.)-488(This)]TJ -147.726 -10.959 Td [(collection)-214(comprises)-214(the)-214(most)-215(important)-214(works)-214(of)-214(Sun)-214(which)-215(were)-214(published)-214(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-250(lifetime.)-249(Edited)-250(by)-250(one)-249(of)-250(the)-249(two)-250(scholars)-249(closest)-250(to)-250(Sun,)-249(it)-250(is)-249(the)-250(standard)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(edition)-277(of)-278(his)-277(works.)-333(English)-277(versions)-277(of)-278(varying)-277(amounts)-278(of)-277(this)-278(material)-277(are)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(given)-202(in)-202(Paschal)-202(M.)-202(d'Elia,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 96.43 0 Td [(The)-202(Triple)-202(Demism)-202(of)-202(Sun)-202(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 121.137 0 Td [(,)-212(Wuchang,)-211(1931;)]TJ -217.567 -10.959 Td [(Frank)-243(W.)-243(Price,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 58.841 0 Td [(San)-243(Min)-243(Chu)-243(I,)-243(The)-243(Three)-243(Principles)-243(of)-243(the)-243(People)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 181.741 0 Td [(,)-244(Shanghai,)]TJ -240.582 -10.959 Td [(1930;)-230(and)-219(Leonard)-220(Shih-lien)-220(Hs\374,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 122.805 0 Td [(Sun)-220(Yat-sen,)-225(His)-220(Political)-220(and)-219(Social)-220(Ideals)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 155.583 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(Los)-272(Angeles,)-277(1933.)-315(Each)-272(of)-272(these)-272(works)-271(will)-272(henceforth)-272(be)-272(cited)-271(by)-272(the)-272(name)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(its)-250(editor;)-250(for)-250(brief)-250(descriptions)-250(and)-250(appraisals,)-250(see)-250(the)-250(bibliography.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 6.226 -7.311 Td [(6)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(The)-463(only)-462(English)-463(version)-463(of)-462(this)-463(work)-462(is)-463(one)-463(prepared)-462(by)-463(Wei)-463(Yung,)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(under)-383(the)-383(title)-383(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 66.527 0 Td [(The)-383(Cult)-383(of)-383(Dr.)-648(Sun)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.644 0 Td [(,)-416(Shanghai,)-416(1931.)-649(Fragments)-383(of)-383(this)]TJ -144.171 -10.958 Td [(work)-388(are)-387(also)-388(to)-387(be)-388(found)-387(in)-388(Vilenskii)-388(\050Sibiriakov\051,)-421(V.,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 211.933 0 Td [(Sun')-388(Iat-sen,)-422(Otets)]TJ -211.933 -10.959 Td [(Kitaiskoi)-163(Revoliutsii)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.208 0 Td [(,)-181(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 6.846 0 Td [(Sun)-163(Yat-sen,)-181(Father)-163(of)-163(the)-163(Chinese)-164(Revolution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 161.607 0 Td [(\051,)-181(Moscow,)]TJ -240.661 -10.959 Td [(1925;)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 22.505 0 Td [(Zapiski)-223(Kitaiskogo)-223(Revoliutsionera)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 126.048 0 Td [(,)-228(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 7.275 0 Td [(Notes)-223(of)-223(a)-223(Chinese)-223(Revolutionary)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 119.574 0 Td [(\051,)]TJ -275.402 -10.959 Td [(Moscow,)-285(1926;)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 58.717 0 Td [(Memoirs)-278(of)-278(a)-278(Chinese)-277(Revolutionary)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 132.993 0 Td [(,)-285(Philadelphia,)-285(n.)-333(d.;)-292(and)]TJ -191.71 -10.959 Td [(Karl)-184(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 55.955 0 Td [(Sun)-184(Yat)-183(Sen,)-197(Aufzeichnungen)-184(eines)-184(chinesischen)-183(Revolution\344rs)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 222.433 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(Vienna)-250(&)-250(Berlin,)-250(n.)-250(d.)-250(\050ca.)-250(1927\051.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+91 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 92 0 R
+/Resources 90 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 66 0 R
+>> endobj
+93 0 obj <<
+/D [91 0 R /XYZ 46.771 504.484 null]
+>> endobj
+90 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+96 0 obj <<
+/Length 6957
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(14The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(on)-207(parliamentary)-207(law.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 94.497 3.959 Td [(7)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.055 -3.959 Td [(The)-207(third)-207(is)-207(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 67.216 0 Td [(Shih)-207(Yeh)-207(Chi)-207(Hua)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 77.087 0 Td [(,)-216(known)]TJ -245.855 -13.549 Td [(in)-340(English)-341(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 62.054 0 Td [(The)-340(International)-341(Development)-681(of)-340(China)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 185.227 0 Td [(,)-363(which)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -320.036 0 Td [([005])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-397(wrote)-398(in)-397(both)-398(English)-397(and)-397(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 182.678 3.959 Td [(8)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.034 -3.959 Td [(These)-397(three)-398(works,)]TJ -194.712 -13.549 Td [(under)-515(the)-514(alternate)-515(titles)-515(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 134.11 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-515(Program)-514(of)-515(Psychological)]TJ -138.954 -13.55 Td [(Reconstruction,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 68.782 0 Td [(\035)-334(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.335 0 Td [(The)-334(Program)-335(of)-334(Social)-335(Reconstruction,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 174.269 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.491 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -264.877 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-216(Program)-216(of)-216(Material)-216(Reconstruction)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 176.064 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.201 0 Td [(form)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 23.564 0 Td [(The)-216(Program)-216(of)]TJ -211.673 -13.549 Td [(National)-250(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 106.975 0 Td [(.)]TJ -95.019 -14.525 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 25.992 0 Td [(Chien)-828(Kuo)-827(Ta)-828(Kang,)-972(The)-828(Outline)-827(of)-828(National)]TJ -37.948 -13.549 Td [(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.055 0 Td [(,)-414(is)-381(an)-381(outline)-381(of)-381(twenty-five)-381(points,)-414(giving)-381(the)]TJ -66.055 -13.55 Td [(necessary)-244(steps)-244(towards)-243(the)-244(national)-244(reconstruction)-244(in)-244(their)-243(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concise)-250(form.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 59.378 3.959 Td [(9)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -47.422 -18.484 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.285 0 Td [(San)-213(Min)-213(Chu)-212(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 65.041 0 Td [(is)-213(Sun's)-213(most)-212(important)-213(work.)-238(It)-213(comprises)]TJ -96.282 -13.549 Td [(sixteen)-313(lectures)-313(setting)-313(forth)-313(his)-313(socio-political)-313(theories)-313(and)-313(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(programs.)-297(The)-265(title)-266(most)-265(commonly)-265(used)-266(in)-265(Western)-266(versions)-265(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Principles)-250(of)-250(the)-250(People)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 152.411 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 3.959 Td [(10)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -143.182 -18.484 Td [(The)-352(last)-353(document)-352(mentioned)-353(in)-352(Sun)-353(Yat-sen's)-352(will)-353(was)-352(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Manifesto)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.368 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-251(first)-250(national)-251(congress)-250(of)-250(the)-251(Kuomintang.)-251(This)]TJ -46.368 -13.549 Td [(was)-210(not)-209(written)-210(by)-209(himself,)-218(but)-209(was)-210(drafted)-209(by)-210(Wang)-209(Ch'ing-wei,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-305(of)-304(his)-305(closest)-305(followers,)-318(and)-305(embodies)-304(essentially)-305(the)-304(same)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideas)-437(as)-437(do)-436(the)-437(other)-437(three)-437(items,)-483(even)-437(though)-436(Borodin)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(emissary)-362(of)-362(the)-361(Third)-362(International)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 156.973 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(had)-362(been)-362(consulted)-361(in)-362(its)]TJ -167.882 -13.549 Td [(preparation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 52.408 3.959 Td [(11)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 219.872 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 99.77 213.06 Td [(7)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(This)-250(work)-250(has)-250(not)-250(been)-250(translated)-250(into)-250(any)-250(Western)-250(language.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -5.729 -7.311 Td [(8)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(Sun)-448(Yat-sen,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 52.564 0 Td [(The)-448(International)-449(Development)-448(of)-449(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 153.061 0 Td [(,)-498(New)-448(York)-449(and)]TJ -217.581 -10.959 Td [(London,)-250(1929.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 6.227 -7.311 Td [(9)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td [(This)-249(is)-248(given)-249(in)-248(Hs\374,)-249(cited)-249(above,)-248(and)-249(in)-249(Min-ch'ien)-248(T.)-249(Z.)-248(Tyau,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 230.571 0 Td [(Two)-249(Years)]TJ -242.527 -10.958 Td [(of)-311(Nationalist)-311(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 74.338 0 Td [(,)-326(Shanghai,)-326(1930,)-326(pp.)-433(439-442.)-432(Dr.)-433(Tyau)-310(substitutes)-311(the)]TJ -74.338 -10.959 Td [(word)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 20.668 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Fundamentals)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 50.31 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(for)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 12.696 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Outline,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 29.141 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(a)-250(rather)-250(happy)-250(choice.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -129.985 -7.311 Td [(10)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-311(bibliography)-311(for)-311(a)-311(complete)-311(list)-311(of)-311(the)-311(translations.)-433(d'Elia)-311(translation,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(cited,)-427(pp.)-675(36-49,)-428(dedicates)-391(a)-392(whole)-392(chapter)-391(to)-392(the)-392(problem)-392(of)-391(an)-392(adequate)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(translation)-381(of)-382(the)-381(Chinese)-381(phrase)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 125.667 0 Td [(San)-381(Min)-382(Chu)-381(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 56.083 0 Td [(.)-644(He)-381(concludes)-381(that)-382(it)-381(can)]TJ -181.75 -10.959 Td [(only)-348(be)-348(rendered)-348(by)-348(a)-348(nelogism)-348(based)-349(upon)-348(Greek)-348(roots:)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 214.367 0 Td [(the)-348(triple)-348(demism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 64.021 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf -278.388 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(demism)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 28.397 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.296 0 Td [(including)-258(the)-258(meaning)-259(of)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 92.442 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(principle)-258(concerning)-258(and)-259(for)-258(the)-258(people)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 141.552 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.958 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 15.189 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(popular)-250(principle.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 63.751 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -79.683 -7.311 Td [(11)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(T'ang)-338(Leang-li,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 58.926 0 Td [(The)-338(Inner)-339(History)-338(of)-338(the)-339(Chinese)-338(Revolution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 163.646 0 Td [(,)-360(New)-339(York,)]TJ -234.527 -10.959 Td [(1930,)-250(p.)-250(166.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+95 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 96 0 R
+/Resources 94 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 66 0 R
+>> endobj
+97 0 obj <<
+/D [95 0 R /XYZ 298.236 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+94 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+100 0 obj <<
+/Length 4949
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Materials.)-18892(15)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-297(undoubtedly)-297(regretted)-296(leaving)-297(such)-297(a)-297(heterogeneous)-296(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ill-assembled)-200(group)-200(of)-200(works)-200(as)-200(his)-200(literary)-200(bequest.)-466(Throughout)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([006])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-369(latter)-369(years)-370(of)-369(his)-369(life)-369(he)-370(was)-369(studying)-369(political)-369(science)-369(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-246(hope)-246(that)-246(he)-246(might)-246(be)-246(able)-246(to)-246(complete)-246(a)-246(great)-246(treatise)-245(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-324(had)-324(projected,)-342(an)-324(analysis)-324(and)-324(statement)-324(of)-324(the)-324(programs)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-399(Chinese)-398(nationalists.)-697(One)-398(attempt)-399(toward)-399(actualization)-398(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-227(work)-227(was)-227(frustrated)-228(when)-227(Sun's)-227(manuscripts)-227(and)-227(a)-227(great)-227(part)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-395(his)-395(library)-395(were)-396(burned)-395(in)-395(the)-395(attack)-395(launched)-395(against)-395(him)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-314(Ch'en)-313(Ch'iung-ming)-314(in)-313(1922.)-440(His)-314(apology)-313(for)-314(the)-313(makeshift)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(volume)-417(on)-417(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 70.617 0 Td [(San)-417(Min)-417(Chu)-417(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 73.953 0 Td [(is)-417(pathetic:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 55.769 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(As)-417(I)-417(had)-417(neither)]TJ -205.183 -13.549 Td [(time)-503(to)-502(prepare)-503(nor)-502(books)-503(to)-503(use)-502(as)-503(references,)-566(I)-502(could)-502(do)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nothing)-451(else)-452(in)-451(these)-452(lectures)-451(but)-451(improvise)-452(after)-451(I)-451(ascended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-387(platform.)-660(Thus)-387(I)-387(have)-386(omitted)-387(and)-387(forgotten)-387(many)-386(things)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-292(were)-293(in)-292(my)-292(original)-292(manuscript.)-377(Although)-292(before)-292(having)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-362(printed,)-390(I)-362(revised)-362(them,)-390(added)-362(\050passages\051)-362(and)-361(eliminated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050others\051,)-588(yet,)-588(those)-521(lectures)-520(are)-521(far)-520(from)-521(coming)-520(up)-521(to)-520(my)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(original)-435(manuscripts,)-481(either)-434(in)-435(the)-435(subject)-434(matter)-435(itself,)-481(or)-434(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-443(concatenations)-443(of)-443(the)-443(discussion,)-491(or)-443(in)-443(the)-443(facts)-442(adduced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-376(proofs.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 43.785 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(12)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.566 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-376(was)-375(in)-376(all)-375(probability)-376(a)-376(more)-375(assiduous)-376(and)]TJ -61.195 -13.55 Td [(widely)-421(read)-420(student)-421(of)-420(political)-420(science)-421(than)-420(any)-421(other)-420(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leader)-216(of)-215(his)-216(day)-215(except)-216(Wilson;)-227(he)-215(studied)-216(innumerable)-215(treatises)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-348(government,)-373(and)-349(was)-348(surprisingly)-348(familiar)-349(with)-348(the)-348(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(background)-293(of)-292(Western)-293(politics,)-304(in)-292(theory)-293(and)-293(practice.)-378(He)-292(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aware)-230(of)-231(the)-230(shabby)-231(appearance)-230(that)-231(these)-230(undigested)-230(occasional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pieces)-234(would)-235(present)-234(when)-235(put)-234(forth)-234(as)-235(the)-234(bible)-234(of)-235(a)-234(new)-234(China,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-340(earnestly)-339(enjoined)-340(his)-339(followers)-340(to)-339(carry)-340(on)-339(his)-340(labors)-339(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bring)-250(them)-250(to)-250(fruition.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 96.971 3.959 Td [(13)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -85.015 -17.815 Td [(The)-255(various)-254(works)-255(included)-254(in)-255(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 151.791 0 Td [(Chien)-255(Kuo)-254(Fang)-255(Lo)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 87.127 0 Td [(,)-256(while)]TJ -250.874 -13.549 Td [(satisfactory)-395(for)-395(the)-395(purposes)-395(Sun)-395(had)-395(in)-395(mind)-395(when)-395(he)-395(wrote)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them,)-207(are)-197(not)-196(enough)-197(to)-197(outline)-196(the)-197(fundamentals)-196(both)-197(of)-196(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-382(and)-382(a)-382(governmental)-382(plan.)-646(The)-382(familiar)-382(essays)-382(have)-382(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(important)-417(bearing)-418(on)-417(the)-417(formation)-417(of)-417(the)-418(ideology)-417(of)-417(a)-417(new)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.883 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 81.071 Td [(12)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(58.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(13)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(58.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+99 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 100 0 R
+/Resources 98 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 102 0 R
+>> endobj
+101 0 obj <<
+/D [99 0 R /XYZ 273.343 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+98 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+105 0 obj <<
+/Length 5688
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(16The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(China;)-291(the)-278(primer)-555(of)-278(democracy,)-285(less;)-291(the)-278(industrial)-277(plan)-278(is)-277(one)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([007])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-253(those)-253(magnificent)-253(dreams)-253(which,)-254(in)-253(the)-253(turn)-253(of)-254(a)-253(decade,)-253(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inspire)-212(an)-212(equally)-212(great)-212(reality.)-238(The)-212(outline)-212(and)-212(the)-212(manifesto)-212(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-258(more)-258(suited)-258(to)-258(the)-258(r\364le)-258(of)-258(classics;)-262(they)-258(are)-258(decalogues)-257(rather)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(than)-250(bibles.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 50.302 3.959 Td [(14)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.196 -3.959 Td [(There)-250(remains)-250(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 81.49 0 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.938 0 Td [(.)]TJ -194.97 -14.158 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.354 0 Td [(San)-219(Min)-219(Chu)-219(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 65.318 0 Td [(is)-219(a)-219(collection)-219(of)-220(sixteen)-219(lectures)-219(delivered)]TJ -96.628 -13.549 Td [(in)-324(Canton)-324(in)-324(1924.)-471(There)-324(were)-324(to)-324(have)-323(been)-324(eighteen,)-343(but)-323(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-421(unable)-422(to)-421(give)-421(the)-421(last)-422(two.)-763(Legend)-422(has)-421(it)-421(that)-421(Borodin)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persuaded)-299(Sun)-300(to)-299(give)-300(the)-299(series.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 145.704 3.959 Td [(15)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.813 -3.959 Td [(Whatever)-299(the)-300(cause)-299(of)-300(their)]TJ -158.517 -13.549 Td [(being)-235(offered,)-239(they)-235(attracted)-235(immediate)-236(attention.)-245(Interest)-235(in)-235(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-384(in)-385(his)-384(ideas)-384(was)-384(at)-385(a)-384(fever)-384(heat;)-451(his)-385(friends)-384(turned)-384(to)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(printed)-273(lectures)-273(for)-273(guidance;)-285(his)-273(enemies,)-278(for)-273(statements)-273(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-372(be)-371(turned)-372(against)-372(him.)-615(Both)-371(friends)-372(and)-372(enemies)-371(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-299(they)-298(wanted.)-397(To)-298(the)-299(friends,)-311(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 170.036 0 Td [(San)-299(Min)-298(Chu)-299(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 68.791 0 Td [(presented)]TJ -238.827 -13.549 Td [(a)-400(fairly)-400(complete)-401(outline)-400(of)-400(Sun's)-400(political)-400(and)-400(social)-400(thought)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-301(such)-301(a)-302(form)-301(that)-301(it)-301(could)-302(be)-301(preserved)-301(and)-301(broadcast)-301(readily.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-353(was)-354(danger,)-379(before)-353(the)-353(book)-354(appeared,)-379(that)-353(the)-353(intrinsic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unity)-318(in)-318(Sun's)-318(thinking)-318(would)-318(be)-318(lost)-318(sight)-318(of)-318(by)-318(posterity,)-334(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-451(ideas)-452(would)-451(appear)-451(as)-451(a)-452(disconnected)-451(jumble)-451(of)-451(brilliant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inspirations.)-677(The)-393(sixteen)-392(lectures)-393(incorporated)-392(a)-393(great)-392(part)-392(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-479(doctrines)-478(which)-479(he)-479(had)-478(been)-479(preaching)-479(for)-478(more)-479(than)-478(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(generation.)-240(To)-222(the)-221(enemies)-222(of)-221(Sun,)-227(the)-221(work)-222(was)-221(welcome.)-240(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pointed)-193(out)-194(the)-193(numerous)-193(simplifications)-194(and)-193(inconsistencies,)-204(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(frequent)-295(contradictions)-294(in)-295(matters)-294(of)-295(detail,)-305(the)-295(then)-294(outrageous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(denunciations)-239(of)-239(the)-238(economic)-239(and)-239(political)-239(system)-238(predominant)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-385(the)-385(Far)-384(East.)-655(They)-385(ridiculed)-384(Sun)-385(because)-385(he)-385(was)-384(Chinese,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-378(because)-378(he)-378(was)-379(not)-378(Chinese)-378(enough,)-410(and)-378(backed)-378(up)-378(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(criticisms)-250(with)-250(passages)-250(from)-250(the)-250(book.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 172.713 3.959 Td [(16)]TJ -245.468 -3.959 Td [([008])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 141.375 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 134.562 Td [(14)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-175(Lyon)-175(Sharman,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 70.838 0 Td [(Sun)-175(Yat-sen,)-190(His)-175(Life)-176(and)-175(Its)-175(Meaning)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 132.844 0 Td [(,)-190(New)-175(York,)-190(1934,)]TJ -215.638 -10.959 Td [(p.)-570(292,)-384(for)-357(a)-357(stimulating)-356(discussion)-357(of)-357(the)-357(parts)-357(that)-356(the)-357(various)-357(documents)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(played)-250(in)-250(the)-250(so-called)-250("cult)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.")]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.395 Td [(15)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Sharman,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(270.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(16)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(A)-271(typical)-272(instance)-271(of)-272(this)-271(sort)-271(of)-272(criticism)-271(is)-272(to)-271(be)-271(found)-272(in)-271(the)-272(annotations)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(to)-339(the)-340(anonymous)-339(translation)-339(of)-340(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 133.813 0 Td [(San)-339(Min)-340(Chu)-339(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 57.997 0 Td [(which)-339(was)-340(published)-339(by)]TJ -191.81 -9.412 Td [(a)-405(British)-405(newspaper)-406(in)-405(1927)-405(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 112.797 0 Td [(The)-405(Three)-405(Principles)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.496 0 Td [(,)-444(Shanghai,)-444(1927\051.)-716(The)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+104 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 105 0 R
+/Resources 103 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 102 0 R
+>> endobj
+106 0 obj <<
+/D [104 0 R /XYZ 174.289 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+107 0 obj <<
+/D [104 0 R /XYZ 93.543 149.36 null]
+>> endobj
+103 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+108 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index6) >>
+endobj
+111 0 obj
+(The Necessity of an Exposition.)
+endobj
+114 0 obj <<
+/Length 4876
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Materials.)-18892(17)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(When)-232(Sun)-232(gave)-233(the)-232(lectures,)-236(he)-232(was)-232(a)-233(sick)-232(man.)-244(He)-232(carried)-232(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ivory-headed)-204(sword)-204(cane)-203(with)-204(him)-204(on)-204(the)-203(platform;)-219(occasionally,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(holding)-265(it)-265(behind)-265(him)-265(and)-265(locking)-265(his)-265(arms)-265(through)-265(it,)-268(he)-265(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(press)-369(it)-368(against)-369(his)-369(back)-368(to)-369(relieve)-369(the)-368(intolerable)-369(pain.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.587 3.958 Td [(17)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.08 -3.958 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.55 Td [(business)-334(awaiting)-334(him)-334(after)-334(each)-334(lecture)-334(was)-334(vitally)-334(important;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-231(revolution)-231(was)-231(proceeding)-230(by)-231(leaps)-231(and)-231(bounds.)-244(The)-230(lectures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-251(the)-250(lectures)-251(of)-251(a)-250(sick)-251(man,)-251(given)-250(to)-251(a)-251(popular)-250(audience)-251(in)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(uproar)-328(of)-328(revolution,)-347(without)-328(adequate)-328(preparation,)-347(improvised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-380(large)-380(part,)-413(and)-380(offered)-380(as)-380(one)-379(side)-380(of)-380(a)-380(crucial)-380(and)-380(bitterly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(disputed)-337(question.)-510(The)-337(secretaries)-336(who)-337(took)-337(down)-337(the)-336(lectures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-259(not)-260(have)-259(succeeded)-259(in)-260(following)-259(them)-259(completely;)-264(Sun)-259(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-187(leisure)-188(to)-187(do)-188(more)-187(than)-187(skim)-188(through)-187(the)-188(book)-187(before)-187(releasing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-250(to)-250(the)-250(press.)]TJ 11.956 -14.907 Td [(These)-151(improvised)-150(lectures)-151(have)-151(had)-151(to)-150(serve)-151(as)-151(the)-150(fundamental)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(document)-194(of)-193(Nationalist)-194(China.)-231(Sun)-194(Yat-sen)-193(died)-194(without)-193(writing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-346(treatise)-345(he)-346(had)-346(planned.)-536(The)-346(materials)-346(he)-345(left)-346(behind)-345(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-332(challenge)-331(to)-332(scholars)-331(and)-332(to)-331(his)-332(followers.)-494(Many)-332(persons)-331(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-244(work)-245(interpreting)-244(them,)-246(each)-244(with)-244(a)-245(conscious)-244(or)-244(unconscious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(end)-268(in)-267(view.)-304(A)-267(German)-268(Marxian)-268(showed)-268(Sun)-267(to)-268(be)-268(a)-267(forerunner)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-256(bolshevism;)-259(an)-256(American)-255(liberal)-256(showed)-256(Sun)-256(to)-256(be)-256(a)-255(bulwark)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-440(bolshevism.)-819(A)-439(Chinese)-440(classicist)-440(demonstrated)-439(Sun's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reverence)-581(for)-582(the)-581(past;)-747(a)-581(Jesuit)-582(father)-581(explained)-581(much)-581(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun's)-335(modern)-336(and)-335(Christian)-335(background.)-506(His)-336(works)-335(have)-335(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(translated)-222(into)-221(Western)-444(languages)-221(without)-222(notes;)-231(the)-221(improvised)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([009])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(lectures,)-364(torn)-342(from)-341(their)-341(context)-342(of)-341(a)-342(revolutionary)-341(crisis,)-364(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(served)-367(poorly)-367(to)-367(explain)-367(the)-367(ideology)-367(of)-367(Sun)-367(Yat-sen,)-396(and)-367(his)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 166.726 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 153.974 Td [(translator)-237(and)-237(annotator)-236(both)-237(remained)-237(anonymous;)-241(the)-237(translation)-236(was)-237(wholly)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(inadequate;)-339(and)-310(the)-309(annotations)-310(a)-310(marvel)-309(of)-310(invective.)-428(Almost)-310(every)-310(page)-309(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-252(translation)-252(was)-251(studded)-252(with)-252(notes)-252(pointing)-251(out)-252(and)-252(gloating)-252(over)-251(the)-252(most)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(trivial)-346(errors)-346(and)-346(inconsistencies.)-537(The)-346(inflamed)-346(opinion)-346(of)-346(the)-345(time)-346(was)-346(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(confined)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(17)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Paul)-499(M.)-498(W.)-499(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 96.879 0 Td [(Deutschlands)-499(Gegenw\344rtige)-498(Gelegenheiten)-499(in)]TJ -108.835 -10.959 Td [(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.923 0 Td [(,)-415(Brussels,)-415(1936,)-415(p.)-646(53.)-645(Judge)-382(Linebarger)-382(repeats)-382(the)-382(story)-382(told)-382(him)]TJ -21.923 -10.959 Td [(by)-248(General)-249(Morris)-248(Cohen,)-248(the)-249(Canadian)-248(who)-248(was)-249(Sun's)-248(bodyguard)-248(throughout)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(this)-250(period.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+113 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 114 0 R
+/Resources 112 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 102 0 R
+>> endobj
+115 0 obj <<
+/D [113 0 R /XYZ 149.763 205.186 null]
+>> endobj
+112 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+118 0 obj <<
+/Length 4115
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(18The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(long)-250(range)-250(political,)-250(social,)-250(and)-250(economic)-250(plans.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -62.488 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -35.495 Td [(Followers)-335(of)-334(Sun)-335(who)-335(knew)-335(him)-334(personally,)-356(or)-335(were)-334(members)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(that)-291(circle)-291(in)-291(which)-291(his)-291(ideas)-291(and)-291(opinions)-291(were)-291(well)-290(known,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-228(found)-228(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 66.836 0 Td [(San)-228(Min)-228(Chu)-228(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 65.699 0 Td [(and)-228(other)-228(literary)-228(remains)-227(helpful;)]TJ -132.535 -13.55 Td [(they)-405(have)-404(been)-405(able)-405(to)-404(turn)-405(to)-405(the)-404(documents)-405(to)-405(refresh)-404(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(memories)-297(of)-296(Sun)-297(on)-297(some)-296(particular)-297(point,)-308(or)-297(to)-297(experience)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(encouraging)-281(force)-281(of)-281(his)-281(faith)-281(and)-281(enthusiasm)-281(again.)-343(They)-281(need)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-425(be)-425(reminded)-425(of)-425(the)-425(main)-425(tenets)-425(of)-425(his)-425(thought,)-469(or)-424(of)-425(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fundamental)-212(values)-211(upon)-212(which)-212(he)-211(based)-212(his)-212(life)-211(and)-212(his)-211(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(activities.)-259(His)-253(sense)-253(of)-253(leadership,)-254(which)-253(strangers)-253(have)-253(at)-253(times)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thought)-332(fantastic,)-353(is)-333(one)-332(which)-333(they)-332(admire)-333(in)-332(him,)-353(since)-332(they,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too,)-268(have)-264(felt)-265(the)-264(power)-265(of)-264(his)-264(personality)-265(and)-264(have)-264(experienced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-404(leadership)-405(in)-404(the)-404(course)-404(of)-405(their)-404(own)-404(lives.)-713(His)-404(voice)-404(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ringing)-299(in)-300(their)-299(consciences;)-324(they)-300(feel)-299(no)-299(need)-300(of)-299(a)-300(guide)-299(to)-299(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind.)-484(At)-328(the)-328(present)-328(day)-328(many)-328(members)-328(of)-328(Sun's)-328(own)-327(family,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-195(a)-195(considerable)-195(number)-195(of)-195(his)-195(veteran)-195(disciples)-195(are)-195(still)-195(living;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-313(control)-313(of)-313(the)-313(National)-313(Government)-313(is)-313(in)-313(their)-313(hands.)-438(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-322(people)-322(who)-322(need)-322(no)-322(commentary)-322(on)-322(Sun)-322(Yat-sen;)-358(to)-322(them,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-250(died)-250(only)-250(yesterday.)]TJ 11.956 -15.32 Td [(Others,)-318(who)-305(met)-305(Sun)-305(only)-304(casually,)-319(or)-304(who)-305(could)-305(know)-304(him)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(only)-347(through)-346(his)-347(writings,)-371(have)-346(a)-347(quite)-346(different)-347(impression)-346(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-301(thought.)-405(They)-301(perforce)-302(assume)-301(that)-302(he)-301(thought)-302(as)-301(he)-301(wrote,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-417(fail)-418(to)-417(realize)-417(that)-417(virtually)-417(all)-418(his)-417(writings)-417(and)-417(speeches)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-260(occasional)-260(pieces,)-263(improvisations)-260(designed)-260(as)-260(propaganda.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(One)-334(of)-334(the)-334(most)-334(respected)-334(American)-334(authorities)-334(on)-334(China)-334(says)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-339(in)-339(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 49.282 0 Td [(San)-339(Min)-339(Chu)-340(I)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 70.556 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(...)-518(there)-339(is)-339(a)-339(combination)-339(of)-339(sound)]TJ -124.681 -13.55 Td [(social)-237(analysis,)-239(keen)-236(comment)-237(on)-237(comparative)-236(political)-473(science,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([010])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-285(bombast,)-294(journalistic)-285(inaccuracy,)-293(jejune)-285(philosophizing)-285(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+117 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 118 0 R
+/Resources 116 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 102 0 R
+>> endobj
+109 0 obj <<
+/D [117 0 R /XYZ 93.543 492.35 null]
+>> endobj
+119 0 obj <<
+/D [117 0 R /XYZ 336.759 79.691 null]
+>> endobj
+116 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+122 0 obj <<
+/Length 5896
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-11920(19)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(sophomoric)-289(economics.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 104.054 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(18)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.624 -3.959 Td [(This)-289(view)-290(is)-289(one)-289(which)-289(can)-290(scarcely)]TJ -120.522 -13.549 Td [(be)-511(attacked,)-576(if)-511(one)-511(considers)-511(only)-511(the)-511(printed)-511(lectures,)-576(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overlooks)-372(the)-372(other)-371(utterances)-372(and)-372(the)-372(personality)-371(of)-372(Sun.)-615(To)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apply)-253(this,)-254(or)-253(any)-253(similar)-253(estimate)-253(\050and)-253(there)-253(are)-253(many)-253(of)-253(them\051,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-385(all)-385(of)-385(Sun)-385(Yat-sen's)-385(thought)-385(would)-385(be)-385(woefully)-384(inaccurate.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-439(is)-439(not)-439(the)-439(critic's)-439(fault)-439(that)-439(Sun)-439(never)-439(found)-439(time)-439(to)-439(write)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-390(sober,)-425(definitive)-390(political)-390(treatise)-390(expressing)-390(his)-390(ideas;)-460(it)-390(is,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nevertheless,)-522(the)-468(critic's)-468(responsibility)-468(to)-468(weigh)-468(the)-468(value)-467(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.337 0 Td [(San)-459(Min)-459(Chu)-459(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 70.773 0 Td [(,)-459(and)-459(consider)-459(the)-458(importance)-459(which)-459(Sun)]TJ -89.11 -13.55 Td [(himself)-243(attached)-242(to)-243(it,)-244(before)-242(judging)-243(Sun's)-242(whole)-243(philosophy)-242(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-250(hastily-composed)-250(and)-250(poorly)-250(written)-250(book.)]TJ 11.956 -16.792 Td [(Yet,)-358(if)-336(the)-337(Western)-336(student)-337(of)-336(modern)-337(Chinese)-336(history)-336(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-302(look)-301(elsewhere)-302(for)-302(some)-302(general)-301(exposition)-302(of)-302(Sun)-301(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(political)-342(ideas,)-365(he)-342(would)-342(find)-342(none.)-526(He)-342(could)-342(discover)-341(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellent)-174(translations)-174(of)-175(the)-174(sixteen)-174(lectures,)-190(and)-174(parts)-174(of)-174(the)-174(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work)-238(of)-239(Sun.)-246(He)-238(would)-238(be)-239(helped)-238(by)-238(the)-239(prefatory)-238(notes)-238(to)-238(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-397(these)-397(translations.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.201 3.959 Td [(19)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.014 -3.959 Td [(A)-397(few)-397(treatises)-397(would)-398(be)-397(available)-397(to)]TJ -109.215 -13.549 Td [(him)-232(on)-231(special)-232(phases)-232(of)-231(Sun's)-232(thought:)-241(the)-231(influence)-232(of)-231(Maurice)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(William,)-454(and)-413(the)-413(influence)-413(of)-413(the)-413(Russian)-413(Communists.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 255.011 3.958 Td [(20)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.532 -3.958 Td [(In)]TJ -271.543 -13.55 Td [(addition,)-496(there)-447(would)-446(be)-447(the)-447(biographies,)-495(of)-447(which)-447(there)-446(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-295(than)-295(a)-296(dozen,)-306(and)-295(a)-295(few)-296(other)-295(useful)-295(although)-295(not)-295(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(works.)-262(None)-254(of)-253(these)-254(sifts)-254(Sun's)-254(thought,)-255(seeking)-254(to)-254(separate)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transitory)-281(from)-280(the)-281(permanent)-281(in)-280(his)-281(ideas.)-342(For)-280(this)-281(the)-280(searcher)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-219(have)-219(to)-219(rely)-219(on)-219(brief)-219(outlines)-219(of)-219(Sun's)-218(ideas,)-226(to)-219(be)-219(found)-218(in)]TJ 2.728 -13.55 Td [(works)-250(dealing)-250(with)-250(modern)-250(China)-250(or)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(revolution.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 264.523 3.959 Td [(21)]TJ 23.773 -3.959 Td [([011])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 175.876 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 169.063 Td [(18)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Nathaniel)-285(Peffer,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 64.196 0 Td [(China:)-320(The)-285(Collapse)-285(of)-285(a)-285(Civilization)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 136.645 0 Td [(,)-294(New)-285(York,)-293(1930,)]TJ -212.797 -10.959 Td [(p.)-250(155.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(19)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia,)-250(cited;)-250(Hs\374,)-250(cited;)-250(and)-250(Wittfogel,)-250(cited.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(20)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Maurice)-321(William,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 67.433 0 Td [(Sun)-321(Yat-sen)-322(Versus)-321(Communism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 118.233 0 Td [(,)-339(Baltimore,)-340(1932;)-357(and)]TJ -197.622 -10.959 Td [(Tsui)-358(Shu-chin,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 57.22 0 Td [(The)-358(Influence)-358(of)-357(the)-358(Canton-Moscow)-358(Entente)-358(upon)-358(Sun)-357(Yat-)]TJ -57.22 -10.959 Td [(sen's)-256(Political)-255(Philosophy)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.181 0 Td [(,)-257(in)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 13.814 0 Td [(The)-256(Social)-255(and)-256(Political)-255(Science)-256(Review)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 144.943 0 Td [(,)-257(XVIII,)]TJ -251.938 -10.959 Td [(1,)-250(2,)-250(3,)-250(Peiping,)-250(1934;)-250(and)-250(other)-250(works)-250(listed)-250(in)-250(bibliography,)-250(pp.)-250(268-269.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(21)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Two)-283(such)-283(are)-283(the)-283(chapters)-283(on)-283(Sun)-283(Yat-sen's)-283(thought)-283(to)-283(be)-283(found)-283(in)-283(Harley)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Farnsworth)-246(MacNair,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 79.365 0 Td [(China)-246(in)-246(Revolution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 72.157 0 Td [(,)-247(Chicago,)-246(1931,)-247(pp.)-248(78-91)-246(\050Chapter)]TJ -151.522 -10.959 Td [(VI,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 14.349 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-295(Ideology)-295(and)-296(Plans)-295(of)-295(Sun)-295(Yat-sen)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 143.384 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)-295(and)-295(Arthur)-296(N.)-295(Holcombe,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 101.486 0 Td [(The)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+121 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 122 0 R
+/Resources 120 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 102 0 R
+>> endobj
+123 0 obj <<
+/D [121 0 R /XYZ 46.771 189.751 null]
+>> endobj
+120 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+126 0 obj <<
+/Length 5698
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(20The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(This)-519(relative)-519(scarcity)-520(of)-519(exegetic)-519(material)-519(concerning)-519(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-218(and)-217(programs)-218(of)-218(Sun)-217(is)-218(not)-218(the)-217(result)-218(of)-218(any)-217(inadequacy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-185(the)-185(part)-185(of)-186(those)-185(persons,)-198(both)-185(Chinese)-185(and)-185(Western,)-198(who)-185(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devoted)-329(thought)-329(and)-329(time)-329(to)-329(his)-329(life)-329(or)-329(to)-329(the)-329(translation)-329(of)-328(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(works.)-309(It)-270(is)-270(one)-270(thing)-270(to)-269(point)-270(out)-270(a)-270(task)-270(that)-269(has)-270(yet)-270(to)-270(be)-269(done;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-372(quite)-371(another,)-402(actually)-372(to)-371(perform)-372(it.)-614(An)-372(interpretation)-371(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exposition)-184(of)-184(Sun's)-184(thought,)-197(to)-184(be)-184(worthy)-184(of)-184(the)-184(great)-183(significance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-248(the)-247(original,)-248(must)-248(be)-248(very)-247(thorough;)-249(but)-247(scarcely)-248(enough)-247(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-192(elapsed)-192(to)-191(allow)-192(a)-192(perspective)-192(of)-192(all)-192(the)-191(materials,)-204(let)-192(alone)-191(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(orientation)-295(of)-294(Sun)-295(in)-294(the)-295(Far)-294(Eastern)-295(scene.)-383(Yet)-295(the)-294(importance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-411(Sun)-412(demands)-411(that)-411(something)-412(be)-411(done)-411(to)-412(bring)-411(his)-411(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-334(the)-334(attention)-334(of)-334(the)-335(world,)-355(so)-334(that)-334(the)-334(usual)-334(distortion)-334(of)-334(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personality)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 48.48 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(arising)-436(from)-437(the)-436(lack)-436(of)-436(commentaries)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 176.489 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(may)-436(be)]TJ -246.788 -13.549 Td [(avoided)-360(in)-359(present)-360(day)-359(works.)-579(In)-360(a)-359(sense,)-387(the)-360(time)-359(is)-360(not)-359(ripe)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-294(a)-293(definitive)-294(treatment)-294(of)-293(Sun,)-305(either)-293(as)-294(a)-294(figure)-293(in)-294(history)-293(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-272(a)-272(contributor)-272(to)-272(the)-272(significant)-272(and)-272(enduring)-272(political)-272(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-327(modern)-327(times;)-365(any)-327(work)-326(now)-327(done)-327(will,)-346(as)-327(time)-326(passes,)-346(fall)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grotesquely)-257(far)-257(short)-257(of)-257(adequacy.)-270(On)-257(the)-257(other)-257(hand,)-259(there)-257(is)-256(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(much)-202(material)-203(of)-202(a)-203(perishable)-202(nature)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 157.06 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(anecdotes)-202(and)-203(legends)-202(not)]TJ -167.969 -13.55 Td [(yet)-340(committed)-341(to)-340(print,)-363(and)-341(the)-340(memories)-341(of)-340(living)-340(men)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 250.936 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(now)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(available,)-245(that)-243(a)-244(present-day)-243(work)-244(on)-243(Sun)-244(may)-243(gain)-487(in)-244(color)-243(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([012])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(intimacy)-296(what)-297(it)-296(loses)-296(in)-296(judgment)-297(and)-296(objectivity,)-308(may)-296(gain)-296(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proximity)-350(what)-351(it)-350(has)-350(to)-350(forgo)-351(in)-350(detachment.)-551(And,)-375(lastly,)-375(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(complete)-312(absence)-311(of)-312(any)-312(systematic)-311(presentation)-312(of)-312(Sun's)-311(ideas)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-380(any)-379(Western)-380(language)-379(is)-379(so)-380(great)-379(a)-380(deficiency)-379(in)-380(the)-379(fields)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-356(Far)-356(Eastern)-357(history)-356(and)-356(world)-356(political)-356(thought,)-383(that)-356(even)-356(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relatively)-355(inadequate)-355(exposition)-354(of)-355(the)-355(thought)-355(of)-355(Sun)-354(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-257(prove)-258(to)-257(be)-258(not)-257(without)-257(value.)-272(Sun)-258(himself)-257(never)-257(explained)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 140.845 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F19 8.9664 Tf 93.543 131.895 Td [(Chinese)-278(Revolution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.235 0 Td [(,)-285(Cambridge)-278(\050Massachusetts\051,)-285(1930,)-285(pp.)-335(120-155)-278(\050Chapter)]TJ -70.235 -10.958 Td [(V,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.151 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-272(Revolutionary)-271(Politics)-272(of)-272(Sun)-271(Yat-sen)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 153.641 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051.)-315(The)-272(former)-271(is)-272(the)-272(shorter)-271(of)]TJ -172.754 -10.959 Td [(the)-263(two,)-267(and)-263(is)-263(a)-264(summary)-263(of)-263(the)-263(various)-264(documents)-263(involved.)-290(The)-263(distinction)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(between)-289(the)-289(ideology)-289(and)-289(the)-289(plans)-289(is)-288(so)-289(convenient)-289(and)-289(illuminating)-289(that)-289(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(present)-369(writer)-369(has)-369(adopted)-369(it.)-607(Except)-368(for)-369(the)-369(comments)-369(on)-369(the)-369(influence)-369(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(William)-254(upon)-253(Sun)-254(Yat-sen,)-254(it)-253(is)-254(completely)-253(reliable.)-261(The)-254(latter)-253(is)-254(a)-253(discussion,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(rather)-250(than)-250(an)-250(outline,)-250(and)-250(admirably)-250(presents)-250(the)-250(gist)-250(of)-250(Sun's)-250(thought.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+125 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 126 0 R
+/Resources 124 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 102 0 R
+>> endobj
+127 0 obj <<
+/D [125 0 R /XYZ 319.546 247.191 null]
+>> endobj
+124 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+130 0 obj <<
+/Length 4881
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-11920(21)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(his)-444(philosophy,)-491(whether)-444(theoretical)-443(or)-444(applied,)-492(in)-443(any)-443(broad,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(systematic)-250(fashion;)-250(nor)-250(has)-250(anyone)-250(else)-250(done)-250(so.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(If)-241(the)-242(permissibility)-241(of)-241(an)-241(exposition)-242(of)-241(Sun)-241(Yat-sen's)-242(t)1(hought)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(be)-291(conceded,)-302(there)-292(still)-291(remains)-291(the)-292(vexing)-291(problem)-292(of)-291(a)-291(choice)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-446(method.)-840(While)-446(the)-447(far-flung)-446(peripheries)-447(of)-446(Sun's)-446(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(touch)-238(almost)-238(every)-238(field)-238(of)-238(knowledge)-238(and)-238(opinion,)-240(a)-238(systematic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(condensation)-532(of)-531(his)-532(views)-531(cannot)-531(hope)-532(to)-531(survey)-532(the)-531(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(broad)-459(ranges.)-878(The)-459(problem)-459(of)-460(proportion,)-511(of)-459(just)-459(emphasis,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(involves)-371(the)-372(nice)-371(appraisal)-371(of)-371(the)-372(degree)-371(of)-371(importance)-371(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-459(of)-459(Sun's)-459(minor)-459(r\364les)-459(had)-459(in)-459(his)-459(intellectual)-459(career)-459(as)-459(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole.)-464(Nor)-321(do)-321(the)-321(difficulties)-322(concerning)-321(method)-321(end)-321(with)-321(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(consideration)-210(of)-210(proportion;)-223(they)-210(merely)-210(begin,)-218(for)-210(there)-210(remains)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-240(far)-239(more)-240(important)-240(and)-239(perplexing)-240(problem)-240(of)-239(a)-240(technique)-239(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interpretation.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(Interpretation)-372(obviously)-372(relates)-372(to)-372(the)-372(problem)-372(of)-372(language.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-362(translation)-361(of)-362(theoretical)-362(terms)-361(from)-362(Chinese)-362(into)-361(English)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constitutes)-550(a)-549(formidable)-550(difficulty)-550(which)-549(proves,)-625(in)-549(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instances,)-319(to)-305(be)-304(insuperable.)-415(No)-305(satisfactory)-305(equivalent)-305(for)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.267 -13.55 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.021 0 Td [(\050usually)-327(rendered)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 80.447 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(livelihood)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 44.247 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(\051)-327(can)-327(be)-328(found)-327(in)-327(English;)]TJ -163.402 -13.549 Td [(even)-223(simpler)-223(and)-223(less)-223(specialized)-223(terms)-223(are)-223(extremely)-223(difficult)-223(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(render.)-241(Sometimes)-224(it)-224(would)-224(be)-223(convenient)-224(to)-224(employ)-224(four)-224(or)-223(five)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alternative)-266(translations)-265(for)-266(one)-266(Chinese)-265(term.)-297(Sun)-266(uses)-266(the)-265(word)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(nationalism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.913 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.303 0 Td [(in)-226(the)-225(sense)-226(that)-225(a)-226(Westerner)-225(would,)-230(in)-226(advocating)]TJ -63.06 -13.549 Td [(national)-369(consciousness)-368(in)-369(a)-368(China)-369(hitherto)-368(unfamiliar)-369(with)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conception)-306(of)-306(nation-states;)-334(but,)-321(in)-612(a)-306(different)-306(context,)-320(he)-306(uses)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([013])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(it)-242(in)-243(the)-242(sense)-243(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 73.823 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(patriotism.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.974 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(22)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.113 -3.959 Td [(These)-242(difficulties)-243(must)-242(be)-243(faced)]TJ -141.598 -13.549 Td [(and,)-420(somehow)-386(or)-386(other,)-419(overcome.)-658(When)-386(the)-386(Western)-385(reader)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(encounters)-346(a)-345(familiar)-346(term)-346(in)-345(an)-346(unexpected)-346(place,)-369(he)-346(must)-345(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prepared)-218(to)-219(meet)-218(a)-219(shift)-218(of)-218(meaning.)-240(No)-218(amount)-219(of)-218(definition)-218(can)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(make)-350(a)-350(Chinese)-350(term,)-375(which)-350(has)-350(no)-350(exact)-350(Western)-349(equivalent,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(completely)-215(clear.)-238(It)-215(is)-215(simpler)-215(to)-215(grow)-215(accustomed)-215(to)-215(the)-215(term,)-221(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gather)-281(together)-281(its)-281(connotations,)-288(to)-281(understand)-281(something)-281(of)-280(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 69.951 Td [(22)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Holcombe,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(136)-250(ff.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+129 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 130 0 R
+/Resources 128 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 132 0 R
+>> endobj
+131 0 obj <<
+/D [129 0 R /XYZ 204.219 185.893 null]
+>> endobj
+128 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+135 0 obj <<
+/Length 5406
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(22The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(frame)-305(of)-306(reference)-305(wherein)-305(it)-305(is)-306(set,)-319(and)-305(thereby)-305(to)-306(learn)-305(it)-305(as)-305(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(child)-248(learns)-249(a)-248(word.)-249(A)-249(dictionary)-248(is)-249(no)-248(help)-248(to)-249(a)-248(baby;)-249(in)-248(a)-248(realm)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(unfamiliar)-250(ideas)-250(even)-250(scholars)-250(must)-250(learn)-250(terms)-250(step)-250(by)-250(step.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(Less)-294(obviously)-295(than)-294(language,)-305(the)-294(translation)-295(of)-294(ideas)-294(and)-294(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(values)-427(is)-427(also)-427(involved)-428(in)-427(interpretation.)-781(In)-427(dealing)-427(with)-427(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellectual)-398(content)-398(of)-397(a)-398(civilization)-398(as)-397(alien)-398(as)-398(that)-398(of)-397(China,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-464(Westerner)-463(must)-464(be)-464(wary)-463(of)-464(the)-463(easy)-464(analogy.)-891(The)-463(full,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forceful)-356(application)-357(of)-356(Western)-356(ideas)-357(and)-356(values)-356(in)-357(a)-356(world)-356(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-406(they)-406(are)-406(completely)-406(irrelevant)-406(produced)-406(strange)-405(results)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(during)-270(the)-270(nineteenth)-270(century.)-310(Western)-270(notions)-270(of)-270(goodness)-270(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reasonableness)-301(did)-301(not)-301(fit)-301(the)-301(Chinese)-301(scheme)-301(of)-301(things.)-403(Under)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(such)-464(a)-465(test)-464(a)-464(wildly)-465(distorted)-464(image)-464(of)-465(China)-464(was)-464(obtained.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-404(seemed)-405(peculiar,)-442(topsy-turvy,)-443(fantastic.)-713(To)-404(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-226(Chinese)-226(still)-226(seemed)-226(quite)-226(matter-of-fact,)-231(and)-226(the)-226(Westerners)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought)-536(even)-537(this)-536(odd)-536(and)-537(ridiculous:)-822(not)-537(only)-536(was)-536(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upside-down,)-315(but)-302(the)-301(Chinese)-302(did)-302(not)-302(know)-302(it!)-405(In)-302(any)-302(case,)-314(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(present-day)-322(scholar,)-339(to)-322(whom)-321(so)-322(much)-321(material)-322(concerning)-321(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-242(is)-242(available)-242(and)-242(China)-242(so)-242(near,)-244(has)-242(litt)1(le)-242(justification)-242(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applying)-189(Western)-188(tests)-189(of)-189(virtue)-189(and)-188(rationality)-189(to)-189(things)-188(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(If)-481(the)-480(application)-481(of)-481(Western)-481(values)-480(to)-481(China)-481(is)-480(avoided,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(there)-539(is)-540(still)-539(the)-539(danger)-540(that)-539(the)-539(Chinese)-540(scheme)-539(of)-539(things)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-586(not)-586(be)-586(interpreted)-587(at)-586(all.)-1258(The)-586(literal)-586(translation)-1172(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([014])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-659(terms)-659(strips)-658(them)-659(of)-659(their)-658(contexts.)-1477(The)-658(result)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-448(be)-447(unintelligibility.)-843(The)-447(Chinese)-448(term)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 205.422 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.213 0 Td [(is)-448(frequently)]TJ -223.635 -13.55 Td [(rendered)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 41.488 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(benevolence,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 57.251 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.172 0 Td [(a)-305(Western)-305(word)-305(which,)-319(while)-305(at)-305(times)]TJ -111.755 -13.549 Td [(an)-503(approximate)-503(equivalent,)-566(fails)-503(to)-503(carry)-503(the)-503(full)-503(burden)-503(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(meaning.)-310(Sun)-270(speaks)-270(of)-270(an)-270(interpretation)-270(of)-270(history)-269(antagonistic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-346(dialectical)-346(materialism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 112.384 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-346(interpretation)-346(of)-346(history)-346(by)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 141.279 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(A)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 10.138 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(benevolent)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 47.869 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.106 0 Td [(interpretation)-207(of)-208(history)-207(means)-207(nothing)-208(whatever)]TJ -69.957 -13.55 Td [(to)-281(a)-281(Westerner.)-342(If)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 81.074 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.394 0 Td [(is)-281(translated)-281(into)-280(a)-281(different)-281(configuration)]TJ -97.468 -13.549 Td [(of)-248(words,)-248(and)-247(given)-247(as)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 101.062 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(group-consciousness)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 90.895 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.543 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 11.787 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(social)-247(fellow-)]TJ -220.974 -13.549 Td [(feeling,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 33.022 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.469 0 Td [(the)-424(result,)-467(while)-424(still)-424(not)-424(an)-424(exact)-424(equivalent)-424(of)-424(the)]TJ -42.491 -13.549 Td [(Chinese,)-250(is)-250(distinctly)-250(more)-250(intelligible.)]TJ 11.955 -15.186 Td [(To)-246(effect)-246(this)-247(translation)-246(of)-246(ideas)-246(and)-246(values,)-247(several)-247(methods)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+134 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 135 0 R
+/Resources 133 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 132 0 R
+>> endobj
+136 0 obj <<
+/D [134 0 R /XYZ 358.692 230.369 null]
+>> endobj
+133 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+139 0 obj <<
+/Length 4576
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-11920(23)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(are)-650(available.)-1449(The)-649(issue)-650(cannot)-650(be)-649(dodged)-650(by)-650(a)-649(denial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-493(its)-494(existence;)-615(the)-493(mere)-493(act)-494(of)-493(explanation)-493(involves)-493(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(process,)-423(whether)-388(deliberate)-388(or)-388(unconscious,)-422(of)-388(translation)-388(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transvaluation.)-246(If)-237(the)-238(interpreter)-238(refuses)-237(to)-238(deal)-237(with)-238(the)-237(problem)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(consciously,)-415(he)-382(will)-382(nevertheless)-382(be)-382(guided)-382(by)-382(his)-382(unrevealed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumptions.)-578(To)-359(give)-360(an)-359(accounting)-359(for)-360(what)-359(he)-359(has)-360(done,)-386(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must,)-459(first,)-459(admit)-417(that)-417(he)-417(is)-417(interpreting,)-459(and)-417(second,)-458(seek)-417(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-207(plain)-207(what)-207(he)-207(is)-207(doing,)-216(so)-207(that)-207(his)-207(readers)-207(may)-207(allow)-207(for)-207(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(process.)-233(The)-199(demonstrat)1(ion)-199(of)-199(the)-198(consequences)-199(of)-198(interpretation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(minimizes)-364(their)-365(possible)-364(adverse)-365(effects.)-593(The)-365(simplest)-364(way)-364(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(allow)-195(for)-196(the)-195(alterations)-196(\050beyond)-195(mere)-196(reproduction\051)-195(arising)-195(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interpretation)-359(would)-358(be)-359(to)-358(adopt)-359(a)-359(technique)-358(so)-359(widely)-358(known)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-273(others)-272(could,)-279(in)-272(their)-273(own)-273(minds,)-278(try)-273(to)-272(re-trace)-273(the)-273(steps)-272(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-271(process)-271(and)-271(negate)-270(the)-271(changes.)-313(Among)-271(such)-271(widely)-270(known)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(techniques)-250(are)-250(the)-250(Marxian)-250(and)-250(the)-250(sociological.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Both)-329(these)-329(scarcely)-330(seem)-329(adapted)-329(to)-329(the)-329(problems)-329(presented)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(by)-331(an)-331(interpretation)-331(of)-332(Sun)-331(Yat-sen.)-493(The)-331(Marxian)-331(terminology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-239(so)-240(peculiarly)-239(suited)-240(to)-239(the)-240(ulterior)-239(purposes)-240(the)-239(Marxians)-239(keep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-334(mind,)-356(and)-334(is)-335(so)-334(esoteric)-335(when)-334(applied)-334(to)-335(matters)-334(not)-334(related)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-265(the)-266(general)-265(fields)-266(in)-265(which)-266(the)-265(Marxians)-265(are)-266(interested,)-269(that)-265(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-194(scarcely)-389(be)-194(applied)-195(in)-194(the)-194(present)-195(instance.)-231(A)-194(non-Marxian)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([015])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(would)-332(find)-331(it)-332(a)-332(hazardous)-331(task.)-495(The)-332(interpreter)-331(of)-332(Sun)-331(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-352(interpret)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 65.861 0 Td [(into)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.816 0 Td [(something;)-403(what,)-378(depends)-352(on)-352(the)-352(audience.)]TJ -86.677 -13.549 Td [(Dialectical)-285(materialism,)-293(in)-284(the)-285(abstract)-285(excellent)-284(as)-285(a)-284(technique,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-286(scarcely)-285(make)-286(Sun)-285(understandable)-286(to)-285(most)-286(Americans)-285(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-387(present)-387(day.)-661(Sun)-387(himself)-387(rejected)-387(the)-387(Marxian)-387(method)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interpretation;)-316(an)-294(American)-294(audience)-294(would)-294(also)-294(reject)-294(it;)-316(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(two)-250(factors)-250(outweigh)-250(all)-250(the)-250(conceivable)-250(advantages.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(The)-352(sociological)-352(technique)-353(of)-352(interpretation)-352(is)-352(quite)-352(another)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(question.)-610(The)-370(various)-370(methods)-370(of)-370(analysis)-370(developed)-370(by)-370(each)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-278(the)-278(schools)-279(of)-278(sociologists)-278(are)-278(still)-279(the)-278(objects)-278(rather)-278(than)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tools)-197(of)-197(study.)-232(Such)-197(men)-197(as)-197(Max)-197(Weber)-197(and)-197(Vilfredo)-197(Pareto)-196(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(made)-327(contributions)-327(to)-327(Western)-327(social)-327(thought)-327(which)-327(enrich)-327(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scope)-194(and)-194(method)-194(of)-194(the)-194(social)-194(studies.)-231(Their)-194(methods)-194(of)-194(analysis)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+138 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 139 0 R
+/Resources 137 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 132 0 R
+>> endobj
+140 0 obj <<
+/D [138 0 R /XYZ 110.99 244.736 null]
+>> endobj
+137 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+143 0 obj <<
+/Length 4624
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(24The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(are)-300(not)-300(weighted)-301(down)-300(by)-300(a)-300(body)-300(of)-300(extraneous)-300(considerations,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-259(is)-258(the)-259(Marxian,)-261(and)-258(they)-259(promise)-259(an)-258(objectivity)-259(not)-258(otherwise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attainable.)-836(On)-446(the)-445(other)-446(hand,)-494(they)-445(are)-446(still)-445(at)-446(that)-445(stage)-445(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-330(where)-331(the)-330(technique)-330(obtrudes)-331(itself;)-370(it)-331(has)-330(not,)-350(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-291(the)-292(inductive)-291(method)-291(in)-292(general,)-301(become)-292(so)-291(much)-291(taken)-291(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(granted)-250(as)-250(to)-250(be)-250(invisible.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(The)-364(sociological)-364(approach)-364(need)-364(not,)-392(however,)-393(be)-364(carried)-363(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(full)-322(extent)-323(thought)-322(necessary)-322(by)-322(its)-322(advocates.)-467(In)-322(the)-322(study)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-416(law,)-457(the)-416(consideration)-416(of)-416(extra-juridical)-416(materials)-416(is)-415(called)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sociological)-242(in)-241(contrast)-242(to)-241(the)-242(strictly)-242(juristic.)-247(If)-241(the)-242(legal)-241(scholar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(goes)-231(beyond)-231(the)-231(strict)-231(framework)-231(of)-231(the)-231(law,)-235(and)-231(considers)-230(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(elements)-353(in)-353(man's)-354(behavior)-353(and)-353(knowledge)-353(while)-353(dealing)-353(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legal)-378(problems,)-411(he)-378(is)-378(apt)-378(to)-379(be)-378(called)-378(a)-378(sociological)-379(jurist.)-634(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doing)-379(so)-380(he)-379(is)-379(not)-379(committed,)-412(however,)-411(to)-380(belief)-379(in)-379(or)-379(use)-379(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-237(particular)-237(form)-236(of)-237(what)-237(is)-237(known)-237(as)-236(the)-237(science)-237(of)-237(society)-236(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sociology.)-509(He)-337(may)-336(adopt)-337(almost)-336(any)-337(sort)-336(of)-337(social)-336(outlook,)-358(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(may)-278(be)-279(committed)-278(to)-278(any)-279(one)-278(of)-278(many)-279(doctrines)-278(of)-278(social)-278(value)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(to)-250(any)-250(one)-250(of)-250(widely)-250(varying)-250(methods)-250(of)-250(social)-250(study.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([016])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -15.185 Td [(This)-311(negative,)-327(broad)-311(sense)-312(of)-311(the)-311(sociological,)-327(when)-311(applied)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(to)-345(the)-345(study)-346(of)-345(politics,)-369(has)-345(commonly)-345(meant)-345(that)-345(the)-345(scholars)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(employing)-293(it)-292(began)-293(with)-292(the)-293(notion)-292(of)-293(the)-292(political,)-303(but,)-303(finding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-429(too)-430(narrow,)-474(touched)-430(upon)-429(related)-430(fields.)-788(An)-429(interpretation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-446(Sun)-446(Yat-sen's)-446(politics)-446(might)-445(be)-446(based)-446(on)-446(this)-446(method.)-837(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-438(still)-438(be)-438(a)-437(political)-438(work,)-485(in)-438(that)-438(it)-438(sought)-438(to)-437(associate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-464(ideas)-463(with)-464(the)-463(ideas)-464(concerning)-464(government)-463(to)-464(be)-463(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-455(the)-454(West,)-506(but)-455(would)-455(be)-454(free,)-506(nevertheless,)-506(to)-455(touch)-454(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(non-political)-372(materials)-373(relevant)-372(to)-373(Sun's)-372(politics.)-617(The)-372(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-205(had)-204(notions)-205(of)-204(authority)-204(and)-205(control)-204(radically)-205(different)-204(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-347(developed)-347(in)-347(the)-347(West;)-396(a)-347(purely)-347(juristic)-347(interpretation)-347(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-254(various)-253(Chinese)-254(politics)-254(would)-254(simply)-253(scrape)-254(the)-254(lacquer)-253(off)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(screen.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td [(The)-280(Chinese)-280(have)-280(not)-280(had)-280(the)-280(sharp)-280(distinction)-280(of)-279(disciplines)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(which)-285(runs)-285(through)-286(all)-285(Western)-285(learning.)-356(Since)-285(one)-285(of)-285(the)-285(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conspicuous)-339(ingredients)-340(in)-339(their)-339(thought)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 179.044 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(conspicuous,)-362(that)-339(is,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+142 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 143 0 R
+/Resources 141 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 132 0 R
+>> endobj
+144 0 obj <<
+/D [142 0 R /XYZ 93.543 283.824 null]
+>> endobj
+141 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+147 0 obj <<
+/Length 4704
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-11920(25)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-428(Westerners)-428(looking)-427(in)-428(from)-428(outside)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 175.44 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(has)-428(been)-428(the)-427(ethical,)]TJ -186.349 -13.549 Td [(many)-442(Westerners)-442(have)-442(dismissed)-442(Chinese)-442(historical,)-489(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-452(more)-452(strictly)-451(philosophical)-452(thought)-452(as)-452(being)-452(loosely)-451(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amiably)-387(ethical)-387(but)-386(never)-387(getting)-387(anywhere.)-660(The)-387(Chinese)-386(did)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-394(departmentalize)-394(their)-394(learning)-394(to)-394(any)-394(considerable)-394(degree.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Politics)-311(was)-311(not)-311(the)-311(special)-311(activity)-311(of)-311(a)-311(definite)-311(group)-311(of)-311(men,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-362(the)-361(study)-362(of)-361(a)-362(select)-361(body)-361(of)-362(scholars.)-584(Politics)-362(ran)-361(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-448(across)-449(most)-448(of)-449(the)-448(activities)-448(in)-449(society,)-498(and)-448(was)-448(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-401(interest)-400(of)-401(that)-400(intellectual)-401(\351lite)-400(by)-401(which)-400(China)-401(has)-400(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(so)-475(distinguished)-476(on)-475(the)-475(roster)-476(of)-475(civilizations.)-926(In)-475(becoming)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(everything,)-258(politics)-257(ceased)-256(being)-257(politics;)-260(that)-257(is,)-258(those)-256(elements)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-381(man's)-381(thought)-382(and)-381(behavior)-381(which)-381(Westerners)-381(have)-381(termed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-348(were)-348(not)-348(separated)-348(and)-348(labelled.)-544(The)-348(Westerner)-348(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(say)-250(that)-250(politics)-250(was)-250(everything)-250(in)-250(China,)-250(or)-250(that)-250(it)-250(was)-250(nothing.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(An)-422(interpretation)-422(of)-422(Sun)-422(Yat-sen)-422(must)-422(keep)-422(in)-422(mind)-421(these)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(differences)-338(between)-337(Chinese)-338(and)-337(Western)-337(categories.)-513(In)-337(doing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-343(it)-342(will)-343(pass)-343(beyond)-343(the)-342(limits)-343(of)-343(what)-342(is)-343(commonly)-685(known)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([017])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(as)-443(politics,)-491(since)-443(no)-443(sharp)-443(boundaries)-443(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 192.212 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(politics)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 32.127 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.677 0 Td [(are)-443(to)-443(be)]TJ -238.859 -13.549 Td [(found)-465(in)-466(China.)-896(Yet,)-519(as)-465(an)-465(interpretation)-466(designed)-465(to)-465(serve)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-491(readers,)-552(it)-491(must)-491(return)-491(again)-491(and)-491(again)-491(to)-491(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(politics,)-376(making)-350(comparisons)-351(when)-350(they)-350(are)-351(justified,)-375(pointing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(out)-433(differences)-433(between)-433(China)-433(and)-433(the)-433(West)-433(as)-433(they)-433(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relevant)-301(and)-302(clear.)-404(The)-301(interpretation)-301(will)-302(thus)-301(weave)-301(back)-301(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forth)-389(between)-389(conventional)-388(Western)-389(political)-389(science,)-424(with)-388(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state-mindedness,)-261(and)-258(the)-259(wholly)-258(different)-259(material)-258(of)-258(traditions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-334(customs)-333(out)-334(of)-334(which)-333(Sun)-334(sought)-334(to)-333(construct)-334(an)-333(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(a)-250(system)-250(of)-250(working)-250(politics)-250(for)-250(China)-250(in)-250(the)-250(modern)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(How)-468(can)-468(this)-467(interpretation)-468(seek)-468(to)-468(avoid)-468(the)-467(misfortunes)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-329(errors)-329(into)-330(which)-329(so)-329(many)-329(similar)-329(attempts)-330(have)-329(fallen?)-487(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-322(proceed)-321(without)-322(the)-322(aid)-322(of)-321(such)-322(specialized)-322(techniques)-321(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dialectical-materialistic)-328(or)-328(Paretian)-329(analysis,)-348(and)-328(yet)-328(aim)-328(at)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scientific,)-320(the)-306(rationally)-306(defensible,)-321(the)-306(objective.)-418(In)-306(seeking)-306(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(apply)-362(a)-361(method)-362(in)-362(the)-361(interpretation)-362(of)-362(Sun)-361(Yat-sen,)-390(the)-361(work)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-225(face)-225(criticism)-225(of)-224(its)-225(method,)-230(must)-225(make)-225(the)-225(method)-224(explicit)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+146 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 147 0 R
+/Resources 145 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 132 0 R
+>> endobj
+148 0 obj <<
+/D [146 0 R /XYZ 293.968 298.933 null]
+>> endobj
+145 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+151 0 obj <<
+/Length 7498
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(26The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-207(simple)-208(enough)-207(to)-207(allow)-208(criticism.)-236(If)-207(the)-207(thought)-208(of)-207(Sun)-207(really)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-219(to)-219(emerge)-219(from)-220(the)-219(exposition,)-225(the)-219(exposition)-219(must)-219(allow)-219(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-339(be)-340(judged,)-361(so)-340(that)-339(it)-339(can)-340(be)-339(appraised,)-362(and)-339(so)-339(that,)-362(one)-339(way)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-364(another,)-393(it)-364(may)-364(not)-364(interfere)-364(with)-364(the)-364(just)-364(evaluation)-364(of)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(materials)-327(which)-327(it)-326(seeks)-327(to)-327(present.)-480(Sun)-327(Yat-sen)-327(should)-327(not)-326(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judged)-331(poor)-331(because)-330(of)-331(a)-331(poor)-331(interpretation;)-371(nor,)-351(on)-331(the)-330(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hand,)-416(should)-383(his)-382(thought)-383(be)-383(adjudged)-382(more)-383(excellent)-383(or)-382(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exact)-253(than)-254(it)-253(seems)-253(to)-254(the)-253(Chinese,)-254(merely)-254(because)-253(the)-253(expositor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-250(suggested)-250(an)-250(interpretation)-250(possibly)-250(more)-250(precise.)]TJ 11.956 -17.597 Td [(The)-465(technique)-466(adopted)-465(in)-466(the)-465(present)-465(work)-466(is)-465(a)-465(relatively)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(simple)-228(one.)-243(It)-229(is)-228(an)-229(attempt)-228(to)-228(start)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 151.906 0 Td [(de)-228(novo)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 36.49 0 Td [(with)-228(certain)-229(concepts)]TJ -188.396 -13.55 Td [(of)-247(society)-247(and)-247(government.)-249(Several)-247(simple)-247(although)-247(novel)-246(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-188(introduced,)-200(to)-188(provide)-188(a)-187(foundation)-188(upon)-188(which)-188(the)-187(procedure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-364(rest.)-591(One)-363(of)-728(these,)-392(for)-363(instance,)-392(is)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 186.95 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(ideology,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 40.909 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.811 0 Td [(which)-364(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -314.269 0 Td [([018])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-279(present)-278(work)-279(refers)-278(to)-279(the)-278(whole)-279(psychological)-278(conditioning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-341(a)-340(group)-341(of)-341(persons.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 99.389 3.959 Td [(23)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.162 -3.959 Td [(No)-341(attempt)-340(is)-341(made,)-363(at)-341(the)-341(beginning)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 295.942 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 289.129 Td [(23)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-393(word)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 39.411 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(ideology)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.382 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.503 0 Td [(is)-393(one)-392(of)-393(the)-393(catchwords)-393(of)-393(the)-392(hour.)-679(The)-392(author)]TJ -94.234 -10.959 Td [(regrets)-197(having)-196(to)-197(use)-196(it,)-207(but)-197(dares)-197(not)-196(coin)-197(a)-196(neologism)-197(to)-196(replace)-197(it.)-232(He)-197(does)-196(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(desire)-273(that)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 39.761 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(ideology)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.382 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.431 0 Td [(be)-273(opposed)-273(to)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 52.675 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(truth,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 19.179 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.431 0 Td [(but)-273(uses)-273(the)-274(word)-273(in)-273(its)-273(broadest)]TJ -163.822 -10.959 Td [(possible)-367(sense,)-396(referring)-367(to)-366(the)-367(whole)-367(socio-psychological)-367(conditioning)-366(of)-367(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(group)-346(of)-345(people.)-538(He)-345(does)-346(not,)-370(therefore,)-369(speak)-346(of)-346(ideologies)-346(as)-345(a)-346(collection)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-366(Paretian)-366(derivations,)-396(fictions)-366(which)-366(mask)-366(some)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 188.854 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(truth.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 19.179 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.265 0 Td [(He)-366(considers)-366(his)]TJ -219.279 -10.959 Td [(own)-421(background)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 61.548 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(or)-421(Pareto's,)-464(for)-422(that)-421(matter)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 100.029 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(as)-421(ideological,)-464(and)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 70.444 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(in)-421(the)]TJ -258.92 -10.959 Td [(sense)-366(of)-366(the)-367(word)-366(here)-366(employed)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 123.485 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(cannot)-366(conceive)-366(of)-367(any)-366(human)-366(belief)-366(or)]TJ -132.451 -10.959 Td [(utterance)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 35.884 0 Td [(not)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.481 0 Td [(ideological.)-511(The)-337(task)-337(he)-337(has)-337(set)-337(himself)-337(is)-337(the)-337(transposition)-337(of)]TJ -50.365 -10.959 Td [(a)-286(pattern)-286(of)-286(Chinese)-286(ideas)-286(concerning)-285(government)-286(from)-286(the)-286(Chinese)-286(ideology)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-310(the)-311(Western-traditionalist)-310(ideology)-311(of)-310(the)-310(twentieth)-311(century.)-431(Whether)-310(one,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-352(other,)-378(neither,)-378(or)-352(both,)-378(is)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 110.034 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(right,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 19.179 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.139 0 Td [(is)-352(quite)-352(beside)-353(the)-352(point,)-377(so)-353(far)-352(as)-352(the)]TJ -140.333 -10.959 Td [(present)-258(enterprise)-257(is)-258(concerned.)-272(In)-258(calling)-257(the)-258(whole)-258(non-physical)-257(background)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-241(a)-240(society)-240(the)-241(ideology)-240(of)-241(that)-240(society,)-243(the)-240(author)-241(can)-240(excuse)-241(his)-240(novel)-241(use)-240(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-307(term)-308(only)-307(if)-307(he)-308(admits)-307(that)-307(he)-308(establishes)-307(the)-307(new)-307(meaning)-308(by)-307(definition,)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(without)-448(any)-449(necessary)-448(reference)-449(to)-448(the)-449(previous)-448(use)-448(of)-449(the)-448(term.)-846(He)-448(has)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(no)-372(intention)-372(of)-372(following,)-402(in)-372(the)-372(present)-372(work,)-402(any)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 193.434 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(theory)-372(of)-372(ideology)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 68.43 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.316 0 Td [(or)]TJ -273.161 -10.959 Td [(definition)-334(of)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 48.321 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(ideology)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.382 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.972 0 Td [(established)-334(by)-333(political)-334(philosophers,)-354(such)-334(as)-333(Marx,)]TJ -90.657 -10.959 Td [(or)-230(sociologists)-230(such)-231(as)-230(Weber,)-234(Mannheim,)-234(or)-230(Pareto.)-244(\050Professor)-230(A.)-230(O.)-230(Lovejoy)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(suggested)-323(the)-323(following)-323(definition)-323(of)-322(the)-323(term,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 173.593 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(ideology,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 33.624 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.876 0 Td [(after)-323(having)-323(seen)]TJ -218.074 -10.959 Td [(the)-323(way)-323(it)-324(was)-323(employed)-323(in)-323(this)-324(work:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 144.879 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ideology)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.271 0 Td [(means)-323(a)-323(complex)-324(of)-323(ideas,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+150 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 151 0 R
+/Resources 149 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 132 0 R
+>> endobj
+152 0 obj <<
+/D [150 0 R /XYZ 176.419 337.988 null]
+>> endobj
+149 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+155 0 obj <<
+/Length 4868
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-11920(27)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(or)-367(at)-367(any)-367(later)-367(phase)-367(of)-367(the)-367(exposition,)-396(to)-367(distinguish)-367(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(ideology)-383(as)-382(belief)-383(and)-382(the)-383(ideology)-382(as)-383(truth.)-647(Whether)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-403(were)-403(and)-403(are)-403(right,)-441(or)-403(the)-403(Westerners,)-441(are)-403(questions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-324(for)-324(the)-323(student)-324(of)-324(comparative)-324(political)-324(science,)-342(but)-324(for)-323(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(philosopher)-212(and)-212(the)-212(psychologist.)-237(The)-212(interpretation)-212(seeks,)-220(as)-211(far)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-305(possible,)-318(to)-305(transpose)-304(certain)-305(parts)-305(of)-304(the)-305(traditional)-304(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology,)-261(as)-258(they)-258(were,)-261(and)-258(as)-259(Sun)-258(Yat-sen)-259(re-shaped)-258(them,)-260(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-359(frame)-359(of)-359(reference)-359(provided)-359(by)-359(the)-359(ideology)-359(of)-359(twentieth-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century)-312(America.)-434(What)-312(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 124.905 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(real)-312(truth)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 40.359 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.243 0 Td [(is,)-327(does)-312(not)-311(matter;)-343(the)]TJ -178.351 -13.55 Td [(Marxians)-265(would)-265(say)-265(that)-265(both)-266(ideologies)-265(were)-265(inexact;)-272(so)-265(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-403(Roman)-404(Catholics.)-710(If)-403(the)-807(ideology)-403(of)-403(old)-404(China,)-441(and)-403(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([019])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-334(that)-333(Sun)-334(wished)-334(to)-333(see)-334(developed)-334(in)-333(the)-334(minds)-334(of)-333(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-389(people)-389(of)-389(the)-389(future,)-424(can)-389(be)-389(made)-389(comprehensibl)1(e)-389(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(terms)-239(of)-240(contemporary)-239(American)-239(beliefs,)-242(of)-239(fact)-239(or)-240(of)-239(value,)-241(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(venture)-250(will)-250(have)-250(been)-250(successful.)]TJ 11.956 -15.128 Td [(The)-323(Chinese)-323(ideology)-323(cannot)-324(be)-323(explained)-323(in)-323(its)-323(own)-323(terms;)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(these)-502(exist)-502(only)-501(in)-502(the)-502(Chinese)-502(language.)-1005(If)-502(Sun)-501(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-411(arrangement)-412(of)-411(his)-411(works)-411(is)-412(inadequate)-411(for)-411(the)-411(Chinese,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rearrangement)-289(is)-288(a)-289(task)-289(for)-288(the)-289(Chinese)-289(and)-288(not)-289(for)-289(the)-288(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scholars)-412(to)-413(perform.)-737(The)-412(Westerners)-412(who)-413(deal)-412(with)-412(Sun)-412(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contribute)-549(substantially)-549(only)-549(if)-549(they)-549(give)-549(what)-549(the)-549(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 29.084 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(enough)-322(of)-322(a)-321(reference)-322(to)-322(their)-322(own)-322(ideology)-322(to)-321(permit)]TJ -39.993 -13.549 Td [(a)-405(broader)-405(scale)-405(for)-405(the)-405(analysis)-405(and)-405(the)-405(appreciation)-405(of)-405(Sun's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thought.)-717(Their)-405(knowledge)-406(of)-405(their)-406(own)-405(world)-406(of)-405(ideas)-406(is)-405(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(special)-204(tool)-204(which)-204(justifies)-204(their)-204(intervention)-204(in)-204(this)-204(Chinese)-204(field)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(knowledge.)]TJ 11.956 -15.128 Td [(In)-266(avoiding)-267(the)-266(unjustifiable)-266(imposition)-267(of)-266(Western)-266(ideas)-266(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(values)-357(upon)-357(the)-357(Chinese,)-384(and)-357(yet)-357(orienting)-357(Sun's)-357(thought)-356(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(respect)-465(to)-464(the)-465(West,)-518(the)-465(interpretation)-465(will)-464(have)-465(to)-465(resort)-464(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(several)-357(fairly)-358(evident)-357(means.)-573(In)-357(the)-357(first)-358(place,)-384(it)-358(will)-357(have)-357(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transpose)-213(Chinese)-213(ideas)-212(into)-213(the)-213(Western)-213(ideology,)-220(and)-213(yet)-212(avoid)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 96.884 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 88.06 Td [(in)-344(part)-344(ethical,)-367(in)-344(part)-344(political,)-367(in)-344(part)-344(often)-344(religious,)-367(which)-344(is)-344(current)-344(in)-344(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(society,)-337(or)-320(which)-320(the)-320(proponents)-320(of)-320(it)-320(desire)-320(to)-320(make)-320(current,)-337(as)-320(an)-320(effective)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(means)-250(of)-250(controlling)-250(behavior.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 110.072 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+154 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 155 0 R
+/Resources 153 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 157 0 R
+>> endobj
+156 0 obj <<
+/D [154 0 R /XYZ 181.501 382.683 null]
+>> endobj
+153 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+160 0 obj <<
+/Length 5064
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(28The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(distortions)-362(of)-361(meaning.)-585(This)-361(can)-361(be)-362(partly)-361(done)-362(by)-361(the)-362(use)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(neutral)-394(terms,)-431(of)-394(terms)-394(which)-395(are)-394(simple)-394(and)-395(clear)-394(enough)-394(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reproduce)-226(the)-226(Chinese,)-231(and)-226(nevertheless)-226(not)-226(so)-226(heavily)-226(burdened)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-346(connotations)-347(that)-346(they)-347(will)-346(cause)-346(a)-347(reading-in)-346(of)-346(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideas)-400(not)-400(relevant)-400(to)-400(the)-400(point)-400(in)-399(question.)-700(More)-400(simply,)-437(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-286(ideas)-285(must)-286(be)-285(represented)-286(by)-285(terms)-286(which)-285(approximate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-470(same)-470(set)-471(of)-470(values)-470(in)-470(the)-471(West)-470(that)-470(their)-470(originals)-470(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-437(China.)-812(This)-437(will)-437(sometimes)-438(require)-437(the)-437(use)-437(of)-437(unfamiliar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(periphrases:)-252(the)-250(words)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 100.921 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(music)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 26.061 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.58 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 18.488 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(rites)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 18.785 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.579 0 Td [(may)-251(be)-251(given)-250(as)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 73.354 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.55 Td [(rhythm)-278(of)-277(life)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 61.203 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.872 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 18.781 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(conformity)-278(to)-277(the)-278(ideology.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 120.292 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.873 0 Td [(Secondly,)-284(the)]TJ -220.865 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-263(ideology)-262(need)-262(not)-263(be)-262(given)-263(as)-262(a)-263(whole;)-269(it)-262(is)-262(improbable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-184(it)-183(could,)-197(without)-184(a)-184(terrific)-183(expansion)-368(of)-183(the)-184(Western)-183(ideology)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([020])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(to)-266(accommodate)-266(it;)-275(but)-266(enough)-266(of)-267(the)-266(Chinese)-266(ideology)-266(must)-266(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(given)-265(to)-265(explain)-264(the)-265(significant)-265(differences)-265(between)-265(the)-264(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(system)-434(of)-434(controlling)-434(the)-433(behavior)-434(of)-434(men,)-480(and)-434(the)-433(Western.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-240(latter)-241(involves)-240(the)-240(choice)-241(of)-240(material,)-242(and)-241(is)-240(therefore)-240(by)-240(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature)-250(challengeable.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Again,)-571(in)-507(demonstrating)-506(significant)-507(differences)-507(instead)-506(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(merely)-293(seeking)-293(analogous)-292(\050and)-293(probably)-293(misleading\051)-292(examples,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-591(interpretation)-591(might)-591(turn)-591(to)-591(certain)-591(aspects)-591(of)-590(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(philosophy)-254(which)-253(appear)-254(as)-253(strikingly)-253(illustrative)-254(of)-253(the)-254(point)-253(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(view)-368(of)-369(the)-368(Chinese.)-605(Confucius)-369(the)-368(political)-368(thinker)-369(is)-368(only)-368(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(small)-353(part)-353(of)-352(Confucius)-353(the)-353(man)-353(and)-353(the)-352(philosopher;)-404(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-236(thought,)-239(although)-236(a)-235(vast)-236(field,)-239(is)-236(only)-236(a)-236(small)-236(part)-236(of)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-290(thought)-289(of)-290(the)-290(Chinese.)-368(Only)-290(an)-290(infinitesimal)-289(part)-290(of)-289(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(comparatively)-279(minor)-278(area)-279(of)-278(Chinese)-278(study)-279(will)-278(suffice)-279(to)-278(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clear)-272(some,)-278(at)-272(least,)-277(of)-272(the)-272(sharp)-272(differences)-272(of)-272(outlook)-272(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-250(and)-250(the)-250(West.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(A)-218(recapitulation)-219(of)-218(this)-219(declaration)-218(of)-219(technique)-218(may)-219(be)-218(found)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(helpful,)-533(for)-477(an)-476(understanding)-477(of)-476(Sun)-477(Yat-sen)-476(by)-476(Westerners)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-378(necessary)-377(because)-378(of)-377(the)-377(vastly)-378(different)-377(background)-378(of)-377(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought.)-508(Even)-336(apart)-336(from)-336(the)-336(strangeness)-336(of)-336(his)-336(thought)-336(to)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(West,)-257(it)-255(is)-255(scattered)-256(in)-255(the)-255(original,)-257(and)-255(must)-256(be)-255(pieced)-255(together.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(An)-379(exposition)-379(of)-379(his)-378(ideas)-379(which)-379(would,)-411(at)-379(one)-379(and)-379(the)-378(same)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+159 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 160 0 R
+/Resources 158 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 157 0 R
+>> endobj
+161 0 obj <<
+/D [159 0 R /XYZ 269.21 369.134 null]
+>> endobj
+158 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+164 0 obj <<
+/Length 3315
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(an)-250(Exposition.)-11920(29)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(time,)-459(present)-417(a)-417(systematic)-418(outline)-417(of)-417(his)-417(ideas,)-459(and)-417(transpose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-384(into)-384(a)-384(frame)-383(of)-384(reference)-384(where)-384(Western)-384(scholars)-383(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grasp)-337(them,)-359(might)-337(be)-337(a)-337(labor)-337(meriting)-337(performance.)-510(His)-337(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-256(have)-257(to)-256(be)-256(rendered)-257(by)-256(neutral)-256(words)-257(\050not)-256(overladen)-256(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(particular)-287(Western)-286(contexts\051)-287(or)-286(by)-287(neologisms,)-296(or)-286(simply)-287(left)-286(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-389(original,)-423(to)-389(develop)-389(meaning)-389(as)-389(a)-389(configuration)-389(of)-388(related)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas)-463(is)-462(built)-463(up)-462(about)-463(them.)-887(The)-462(problem)-463(of)-462(interpretation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot,)-222(however,)-222(be)-215(solved)-216(by)-215(settling)-215(the)-215(difficulty)-215(of)-215(language:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-245(still)-245(remains)-245(the)-246(question)-245(of)-245(a)-245(technique)-245(which)-245(can)-245(pretend)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-417(the)-418(scientific,)-459(the)-417(exact,)-459(the)-417(rationally)-418(defensible.)-751(Despite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-473(great)-946(merits,)-529(the)-473(Marxian)-473(and)-473(Paretian)-473(techniques)-473(are)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([021])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(not)-417(suited)-417(to)-417(the)-417(present)-417(task.)-751(The)-417(point)-417(of)-417(view)-417(and)-417(means)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-414(study)-413(of)-414(political)-414(science)-413(may)-414(be)-414(kept,)-454(if)-414(a)-414(few)-413(necessary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(borrowings)-177(from)-177(sociological)-176(thought)-177(\050not)-177(necessarily)-176(sociology\051)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-256(introduced.)-266(Such)-256(borrowing)-256(includes)-255(the)-256(use)-255(of)-256(notions)-255(such)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-209(non-political)-210(society,)-217(patterns)-210(of)-209(authority,)-218(and)-209(ideology,)-217(none)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-223(which)-223(are)-222(to)-223(be)-223(found)-223(in)-223(the)-222(more)-223(law-minded)-223(part)-223(of)-222(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(science.)-367(By)-289(seeking)-289(to)-289(point)-289(out)-289(the)-289(Chinese,)-299(then)-289(the)-288(Western,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas)-264(involved,)-267(without)-263(confusing)-264(the)-263(two,)-267(the)-264(presentation)-263(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(succeed)-194(in)-194(transposing)-194(the)-194(ideology)-194(of)-194(Sun)-194(Yat-sen,)-205(as)-194(well)-194(as)-193(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beliefs)-373(concerning)-374(working)-373(politics,)-404(into)-373(the)-373(English)-373(language)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-372(into)-371(an)-372(explanatory)-371(but)-372(not)-372(distorting)-371(background.)-615(To)-371(do)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this,)-389(a)-362(small)-362(sampling)-361(of)-362(certain)-361(aspects)-362(of)-361(old)-362(Chinese)-361(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought)-250(and)-250(behavior)-250(will)-250(be)-250(a)-250(required)-250(preliminary.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -29.651 Td [([022])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+163 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 164 0 R
+/Resources 162 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 157 0 R
+>> endobj
+165 0 obj <<
+/D [163 0 R /XYZ 98.897 382.683 null]
+>> endobj
+166 0 obj <<
+/D [163 0 R /XYZ 46.771 176.893 null]
+>> endobj
+162 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+167 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index7) >>
+endobj
+170 0 obj
+(Chapter I. The Ideological, Social, and Political Background.)
+endobj
+171 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index8) >>
+endobj
+174 0 obj
+(The Rationale of the Readjustment.)
+endobj
+177 0 obj <<
+/Length 3318
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-256(I.)-255(The)-256(Ideological,)-257(Social,)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td [(and)-250(Political)-250(Background.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -75.284 Td [(The)-250(Rationale)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Readjustment.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -28.715 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 20.222 0 Td [(San)-299(Min)-298(Chu)-299(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 68.789 0 Td [(and)-299(related)-298(works)-299(of)-299(Sun)-298(Yat-sen)-299(represent)]TJ -89.011 -13.549 Td [(in)-395(their)-395(entirety)-395(one)-394(of)-395(the)-395(most)-395(ambitious)-395(bodies)-395(of)-394(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ever)-426(set)-426(forth)-426(by)-426(a)-425(political)-426(leader.)-778(They)-426(differ)-426(from)-426(such)-425(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(document)-257(as)-258(the)-257(Communist)-258(Manifesto)-257(in)-258(that)-257(they)-257(comprehend)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-283(much)-283(greater)-283(range)-283(of)-283(subject)-283(matter)-283(and)-283(deal)-283(with)-283(it)-283(in)-283(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greater)-342(detail.)-524(They)-342(pert)1(ain)-342(not)-341(merely)-342(to)-341(the)-342(reconstitution)-341(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-420(economic)-420(or)-420(political)-419(system;)-505(they)-420(propose)-420(a)-420(plan)-420(for)-419(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reconstruction)-293(of)-293(a)-293(whole)-292(civilization,)-304(the)-293(reformation)-293(of)-293(a)-292(way)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-426(thought)-426(customary)-425(among)-426(a)-426(great)-425(part)-426(of)-426(the)-426(human)-425(race,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-311(a)-311(consequent)-311(transformation)-311(of)-311(men's)-311(behavior.)-433(Conceived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-318(the)-317(bold)-318(flights)-318(of)-318(a)-317(penetrating,)-335(pioneering)-318(mind,)-334(avowedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(experimental)-324(at)-324(the)-324(time)-324(of)-324(their)-323(first)-324(utterance,)-343(these)-324(works)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-314(have)-313(already)-314(played)-314(a)-313(most)-314(significant)-314(r\364le)-313(in)-314(the)-314(Far)-313(East)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-238(may)-239(continue)-238(to)-238(affect)-239(history)-238(for)-238(a)-238(long)-239(time)-238(to)-238(come.)-246(They)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(may)-250(quite)-250(legitimately)-250(be)-250(called)-250(the)-250(bible)-250(of)-250(new)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Social)-181(change)-181(is)-181(a)-181(consequence)-181(of)-181(maladjustment.)-227(The)-180(thought)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(Sun)-334(Yat-sen)-335(is)-334(a)-335(program)-334(of)-335(change)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 174.6 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(change)-335(which,)-355(if)-335(it)-334(is)]TJ -185.509 -13.549 Td [(to)-440(be)-441(understood,)-488(must)-440(be)-441(seen)-440(at)-441(its)-440(beginning)-441(and)-440(its)-440(end.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-408(background)-409(from)-408(which)-408(Sun)-408(emerged)-409(and)-408(which)-408(was)-408(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(implicit)-388(condition)-389(of)-388(all)-389(his)-388(utterances)-389(must)-388(be)-388(mentioned,)-423(so)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-336(the)-336(problems)-336(he)-337(faced)-336(may)-336(be)-336(understood.)-508(Only)-336(then)-336(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-329(be)-329(possible)-329(to)-329(turn)-329(to)-329(the)-329(plans)-329(he)-329(devised)-329(for)-329(the)-329(rethinking)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+176 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 177 0 R
+/Resources 175 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 157 0 R
+>> endobj
+168 0 obj <<
+/D [176 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+172 0 obj <<
+/D [176 0 R /XYZ 93.543 410.938 null]
+>> endobj
+175 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+180 0 obj <<
+/Length 5788
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Rationale)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Readjustment.)-10531(31)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-271(Chinese)-270(tradition)-271(and)-271(the)-270(reorganization)-271(of)-271(Chinese)-270(polity.)-312(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vast)-320(maladjustment)-320(between)-320(the)-320(Chinese)-320(and)-320(the)-320(world)-320(outside)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(led)-430(to)-430(the)-429(downfall)-430(of)-430(the)-430(Manchu)-429(Empire)-430(in)-430(China)-430(and)-429(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(threatened)-316(the)-315(stability)-316(of)-316(every)-316(government)-631(erected)-316(since)-315(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([023])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(time;)-197(Chinese)-170(society)-169(is)-170(in)-170(a)-170(state)-170(of)-170(profound)-170(unrest)-170(and)-169(recurrent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(turmoil.)-629(Sun)-376(Yat-sen)-377(contributed)-376(to)-376(the)-377(change,)-408(and)-376(sought)-376(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-260(order,)-261(to)-260(be)-259(developed)-260(from)-260(the)-259(disorder)-260(which,)-261(voluntarily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-250(not,)-250(he)-250(helped)-250(in)-250(part)-250(to)-250(bring)-250(about.)]TJ 11.956 -14.809 Td [(The)-214(old)-215(order)-214(that)-215(failed,)-222(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 125.302 0 Td [(interregnum)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 56.274 0 Td [(\050in)-215(the)-214(etymological)]TJ -193.532 -13.549 Td [(sense)-276(of)-275(the)-276(word\051,)-281(and)-276(the)-275(new)-276(order)-275(proposed)-276(by)-275(Sun)-276(must)-275(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(taken)-237(all)-236(together)-237(in)-236(order)-237(to)-237(obtain)-236(a)-237(just)-236(understanding)-237(of)-236(Sun's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought.)-523(No)-341(vast)-341(history)-341(need)-341(be)-341(written,)-364(no)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 204.713 0 Td [(Decline)-341(and)-341(Fall)]TJ -204.713 -13.549 Td [(of)-329(the)-329(Chinese)-329(Empire)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 103.443 0 Td [(is)-329(necessary,)-349(but)-329(some)-329(indication)-329(of)-329(the)]TJ -103.443 -13.549 Td [(age-old)-332(foundations)-332(and)-332(proximate)-332(conditions)-332(of)-332(Sun's)-331(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-250(be)-250(obtained.)]TJ 11.956 -14.809 Td [(These)-347(may,)-372(perhaps,)-372(be)-347(found)-348(in)-347(a)-347(sampling)-348(of)-347(certain)-347(data)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(from)-309(the)-308(thought)-309(and)-309(behavior)-308(of)-309(the)-309(Chinese)-308(as)-309(a)-309(group)-308(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(old)-315(system,)-330(and)-315(the)-315(selection)-315(of)-314(a)-315(few)-315(important)-315(facts)-314(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-298(history)-297(of)-298(China)-298(since)-297(the)-298(first)-298(stages)-297(of)-298(the)-297(maladjustment.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(An)-188(exposition)-188(of)-188(Sun's)-187(thought)-188(must)-188(not)-188(slur)-188(the)-188(great)-187(importance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-295(the)-295(past,)-307(yet)-295(it)-295(dare)-295(not)-295(linger)-295(too)-295(long)-295(on)-295(this)-295(theme)-295(lest)-295(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(present)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 31.506 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-316(which,)-333(after)-316(all,)-332(uncounted)-316(millions)-316(of)-316(Chinese)-316(are)]TJ -42.415 -13.549 Td [(desperately)-250(struggling)-250(for)-250(life)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 129.371 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(come)-250(to)-250(seem)-250(insignificant.)]TJ -128.324 -14.809 Td [(Confucianism)-676(is)-676(a)-675(philosophy)-676(so)-676(broad)-676(and)-676(so)-675(highly)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(developed)-408(that)-408(any)-409(selection)-408(does)-408(violence)-408(to)-408(its)-408(balance)-408(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proportion,)-307(which)-296(are)-296(among)-296(its)-296(chief)-296(merits.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.071 3.959 Td [(24)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.697 -3.959 Td [(Yet)-592(only)-296(those)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.256 0 Td [([024])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 164.435 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 157.622 Td [(24)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Confucianism)-358(may)-358(be)-358(read)-359(in)-358(the)-358(Legge)-358(translations,)-385(a)-358(popular)-359(abridged)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(edition)-323(of)-323(which)-323(was)-323(issued)-323(in)-323(1930)-323(in)-323(Shanghai)-323(under)-323(the)-323(title)-323(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 246.352 0 Td [(The)-323(Four)]TJ -246.352 -10.959 Td [(Books)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.914 0 Td [(.)-787(Commentaries)-429(on)-429(Confucius)-428(which)-429(present)-429(him)-429(in)-429(a)-429(well-rounded)]TJ -21.914 -10.958 Td [(setting)-292(are)-292(Richard)-293(Wilhelm,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 107.446 0 Td [(Confucius)-292(and)-292(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 104.873 0 Td [(,)-303(New)-292(York,)-303(1931;)]TJ -212.319 -10.959 Td [(the)-491(same,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 40.976 0 Td [(Ostasien,)-552(Werden)-491(und)-491(Wandel)-492(des)-491(Chinesischen)-491(Kulturkreises)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 237.413 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(Potsdam,)-505(1928,)-504(for)-454(a)-454(very)-453(concise)-454(account)-454(and)-454(the)-453(celebrated)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 240.793 0 Td [(Geschichte)]TJ -240.793 -10.959 Td [(der)-375(chinesischen)-375(Kultur)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.916 0 Td [(,)-406(Munich,)-407(1928,)-406(for)-375(a)-375(longer)-375(account)-375(in)-375(a)-375(complete)]TJ -87.916 -10.959 Td [(historical)-189(setting;)-210(Frederick)-189(Starr,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 120.884 0 Td [(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.817 0 Td [(,)-201(New)-189(York,)-202(1930;)-209(H.)-189(G.)-189(Creel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -170.701 -10.959 Td [(Sinism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.914 0 Td [(,)-398(Chicago,)-398(1929;)-428(and)-368(Marcel)-368(Granet,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 140.918 0 Td [(La)-368(Civilization)-369(Chinoise)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 89.814 0 Td [(,)-398(Paris,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+179 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 180 0 R
+/Resources 178 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 157 0 R
+>> endobj
+181 0 obj <<
+/D [179 0 R /XYZ 246.792 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+182 0 obj <<
+/D [179 0 R /XYZ 278.52 175.666 null]
+>> endobj
+178 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+183 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index9) >>
+endobj
+186 0 obj
+(Nation and State in Chinese Antiquity.)
+endobj
+189 0 obj <<
+/Length 5769
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(32The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(few)-177(facts)-176(can)-177(be)-176(taken)-177(from)-176(the)-177(history)-176(and)-177(thought)-176(of)-177(the)-176(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-245(may)-245(assist)-245(the)-246(Westerner)-245(in)-245(becoming)-245(familiar)-245(with)-245(a)-245(few)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(terms)-194(which)-195(recur)-194(again)-194(and)-195(again)-194(in)-195(the)-194(works)-194(of)-195(Sun)-194(Yat-sen.)-231(If)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-248(present)-248(work)-249(purported)-248(to)-248(be)-248(a)-248(study)-248(of)-249(Chinese)-248(history,)-248(or)-248(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(complete)-244(analysis)-245(of)-244(the)-244(Chinese)-245(social)-244(system,)-246(such)-244(an)-244(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(selectivity)-215(could)-214(not)-215(be)-214(condoned;)-227(since)-214(it,)-222(however,)-221(tries)-215(only)-214(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outline)-236(Sun's)-237(thought,)-239(the)-236(selection)-237(of)-236(a)-237(few)-236(Confucian)-236(doctrines)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-346(the)-345(complete)-346(ignoring)-346(of)-346(others,)-369(may)-346(be)-346(forgiven.)-537(All)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(schools)-323(of)-322(the)-323(past,)-341(and)-323(the)-322(literary)-323(traditions)-323(which)-322(developed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-275(them,)-281(and)-275(social)-275(tendencies)-275(that)-275(were)-275(bound)-275(up)-275(with)-275(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-313(to)-313(be)-313(omitted,)-329(and)-313(those)-313(few)-313(ideas)-313(and)-312(customs)-313(described)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-403(bear)-404(directly)-403(on)-403(one)-404(single)-403(point)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 180.315 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-403(most)-404(significant)]TJ -191.224 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-320(differences)-321(between)-320(the)-321(Chinese)-320(and)-321(the)-320(West)-320(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(respect)-300(to)-300(the)-300(political)-300(order,)-312(i.)-400(e.)-400(the)-300(control)-300(of)-300(men)-300(in)-299(society)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(name)-250(of)-250(all)-250(society.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 112.713 3.959 Td [(25)]TJ -185.468 -36.885 Td [([025])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 285.477 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 276.653 Td [(into)-313(Confucius)-313(an)-312(unwarranted)-313(modernity)-313(of)-313(outlook;)-344(if,)-329(however,)-328(the)-313(up-to-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(dateness)-299(is)-298(recognized)-299(as)-299(Dr.)-395(Hs\374's)-299(and)-299(not)-298(Confucius',)-311(the)-299(work)-298(is)-299(valuable.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(It)-341(puts)-341(Confucius)-341(on)-340(common)-341(ground)-341(with)-341(modern)-341(social)-341(theory,)-363(ground)-341(on)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-232(he)-233(does)-232(not)-233(belong,)-236(but)-232(where)-233(his)-232(ideas)-232(are)-233(still)-232(relevant)-233(and)-232(interesting.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(The)-384(present)-384(author)-383(follows)-384(Dr.)-651(Hs\374)-384(in)-384(this)-383(transposition)-384(of)-384(Confucius,)-417(but)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(begs)-267(the)-267(reader)-267(to)-267(remember)-267(that)-267(this)-267(is)-267(one)-267(made)-267(for)-267(purposes)-267(of)-267(comparison)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(only,)-369(and)-345(not)-346(intended)-345(as)-345(valid)-346(for)-345(all)-345(purposes.)-536(\050He)-345(must)-346(acknowledge)-345(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(stimulating)-284(criticism)-284(of)-283(Mr.)-351(Jan)-284(Tai,)-292(of)-284(the)-284(Library)-284(of)-283(Congress,)-293(who)-283(made)-284(it)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(clear)-204(that)-204(this)-204(distortion)-204(of)-204(Confucius)-204(was)-205(one)-204(which)-204(could)-204(be)-204(excused)-204(only)-204(if)-204(it)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(were)-291(admitted.\051)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 56.643 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(An)-291(interesting)-291(presentation)-292(of)-291(Confucius)-291(as)-291(transposed)-292(into)]TJ -65.61 -10.959 Td [(the)-336(older)-337(political)-336(theory,)-358(untouched)-336(by)-336(sociology,)-358(is)-336(to)-336(be)-337(found)-336(in)-336(Senator)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Elbert)-250(Duncan)-250(Thomas,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 87.656 0 Td [(Chinese)-250(Political)-250(Thought)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 94.156 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1927.)]TJ -181.812 -13.251 Td [(1929.)-683(Bibliographies)-394(are)-394(found)-395(in)-394(several)-394(of)-394(these)-395(works.)-683(They)-394(deal)-394(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Confucius)-348(either)-348(in)-348(his)-348(historical)-349(setting)-348(or)-348(as)-348(the)-348(main)-348(object)-348(of)-348(study,)-373(and)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(are)-304(under)-304(no)-304(necessity)-304(of)-305(distorting)-304(Confucius')-304(historical)-304(r\364le)-304(for)-304(the)-304(purpose)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-317(showing)-318(his)-317(connection)-317(with)-317(some)-318(other)-317(topic.)-452(The)-317(reader)-317(may)-318(gauge)-317(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(amount)-371(of)-370(distortion)-371(necessary)-371(when)-371(he)-370(imagines)-371(a)-371(work)-370(on)-371(Lenin,)-401(written)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(for)-267(the)-267(information)-267(and)-267(edification)-267(of)-267(Soviet)-267(Eskimos,)-271(which)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 219.668 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(for)-267(the)-267(sake)-267(of)]TJ -228.635 -10.959 Td [(clarity)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(was)-326(forced)-325(to)-326(summarize)-325(all)-326(Western)-326(thought,)-344(from)-326(Plato)-325(and)-326(Jesus)]TJ -31.876 -10.959 Td [(Christ)-374(down)-373(to)-373(Immanuel)-374(Kant)-373(and)-374(Karl)-373(Marx,)-405(in)-373(a)-374(few)-373(pages)-374(providing)-373(a)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+188 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 189 0 R
+/Resources 187 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 157 0 R
+>> endobj
+190 0 obj <<
+/D [188 0 R /XYZ 93.543 295.56 null]
+>> endobj
+187 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+193 0 obj <<
+/Length 5226
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Nation)-250(and)-250(State)-250(in)-250(Chinese)-250(Antiquity.)-9224(33)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(Nation)-250(and)-250(State)-250(in)-250(Chinese)-250(Antiquity.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.512 Td [(The)-416(Confucian)-416(system,)-457(against)-415(which)-416(Sun)-416(Yat-sen)-416(reacted)-415(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-484(and)-484(in)-485(part)-484(sought)-484(to)-484(preserve,)-543(was)-484(a)-484(set)-484(of)-484(ideas)-484(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(institutions)-421(developed)-422(as)-421(a)-421(reaction)-422(against)-421(certain)-421(conditions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-376(ancient)-375(China.)-627(These)-375(conditions)-376(may)-375(be)-376(roughly)-375(described)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-307(having)-308(arisen)-307(from)-308(a)-307(system)-307(of)-308(proto-nationalisms,)-322(at)-307(a)-307(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(when)-313(the)-312(old)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 57.72 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(perhaps)-313(prehi)1(storically)-313(ancient)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 135.272 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(Chinese)-313(feudal)]TJ -214.81 -13.549 Td [(system)-396(was)-395(rapidly)-396(declining)-396(and)-396(an)-395(early)-396(form)-396(of)-395(capitalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-282(of)-282(states)-282(was)-282(taking)-282(its)-281(place.)-346(The)-282(Chou)-282(dynasty)-282(\050ca.)-345(1150-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(221)-326(B.C.\051)-326(was)-325(in)-326(power)-326(at)-326(the)-326(time)-325(of)-326(this)-326(transition;)-364(under)-325(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rule)-231(the)-231(golden)-231(age)-231(of)-231(Chinese)-231(philosophy)-231(appeared)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 224.874 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(Confucius)]TJ -235.783 -13.549 Td [(\050552-479)-340(B.C.\051)-339(and)-340(Lao)-340(Tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 122.681 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.476 0 Td [(\050ca.)-519(570-ca.)-519(490)-340(B.C.\051)-339(lived)-340(and)]TJ -132.157 -13.549 Td [(taught.)]TJ 11.956 -14 Td [(Their)-391(philosophies,)-426(contrary)-391(to)-391(the)-391(popular)-391(Western)-390(beliefs)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(concerning)-297(Chinese)-297(philosophies,)-308(were)-297(protests)-297(against)-297(a)-296(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-359(seemed)-359(to)-359(them)-358(well-nigh)-359(intolerable.)-577(The)-359(old)-358(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system,)-258(which)-257(may)-257(seem)-256(to)-257(Westerners)-257(a)-256(highly)-257(mystical)-256(feudal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(organization,)-341(was)-322(in)-322(its)-323(century-long)-322(death-agonies;)-359(the)-322(virtues)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-388(had)-388(taught)-388(were)-388(not)-389(the)-388(virtues)-388(of)-388(the)-388(hour;)-457(the)-388(loyalties)-388(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-273(set)-273(up)-273(were)-273(loyalties)-273(which)-273(could)-273(scarcely)-273(be)-273(maintained)-272(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-330(time)-329(when)-330(rising)-329(states,)-350(acting)-329(more)-330(and)-330(more)-329(as)-330(states)-329(have)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 218.626 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 205.873 Td [(background)-250(to)-250(Lenin.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td [(25)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(There)-308(is)-307(a)-308(work)-308(on)-307(Confucianism)-308(upon)-307(which)-308(the)-308(author)-307(has)-308(leaned)-308(quite)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(heavily:)-507(Leonard)-378(Shih-lien)-378(Hs\374,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 123.339 0 Td [(The)-378(Political)-379(Philosophy)-378(of)-378(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 155.05 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(New)-330(York,)-351(1932.)-491(Dr.)-490(Hs\374)-331(is)-330(interested)-330(in)-331(sociological)-330(political)-330(theory.)-491(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(novelty)-340(of)-340(his)-340(work)-340(has)-340(aroused)-340(a)-340(great)-340(amount)-340(of)-340(criticism)-340(among)-340(Chinese)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(scholars)-511(of)-511(the)-511(older)-511(disciplines,)-577(whether)-511(the)-511(relatively)-511(conservative)-511(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(established)-336(Western)-336(disciplines)-336(or)-336(the)-337(ultra-conservative)-336(schools)-336(of)-336(the)-336(truly)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(classical)-215(literati.)-238(His)-215(work)-215(cannot)-215(be)-215(recommended)-215(for)-215(any)-215(purposes)-215(other)-215(than)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(those)-313(which)-314(Dr.)-440(Hs\374)-313(himself)-314(had)-313(in)-313(mind;)-345(there)-314(are)-313(several)-313(other)-314(works,)-329(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(product)-208(of)-208(philosophers,)-217(historians,)-217(and)-208(literary)-208(historians,)-216(which)-209(will)-208(present)-208(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(portrait)-250(of)-249(Confucius)-250(and)-249(Confucianism)-250(more)-249(conventionally)-250(exact.)-250(In)-249(its)-250(own)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(narrow)-374(but)-373(definite)-374(field)-373(Dr.)-621(Hs\374's)-374(work)-373(is)-374(an)-373(impressive)-374(accomplishment;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-376(transposes)-376(the)-376(Confucian)-376(terms)-376(into)-376(those)-375(of)-376(the)-376(most)-376(advanced)-376(schools)]TJ 0 -7.98 Td [(of)-408(social)-408(thought.)-723(A)-408(reader)-408(not)-408(forewarned)-407(might)-408(suffer)-408(by)-408(this,)-447(and)-408(read)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+192 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 193 0 R
+/Resources 191 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 196 0 R
+>> endobj
+184 0 obj <<
+/D [192 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+194 0 obj <<
+/D [192 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+191 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F40 195 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+199 0 obj <<
+/Length 5428
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(34The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(acted)-367(in)-368(the)-367(West,)-397(were)-367(disrupting)-367(the)-368(earlier)-367(organization)-734(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([026])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(society,)-408(waging)-377(struggles)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 113.707 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-377(the)-376(manner)-377(that,)-409(centuries)-376(later,)]TJ -124.616 -13.549 Td [(Machiavelli)-487(was)-487(to)-488(portray)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 125.013 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-487(intrigue)-487(and)-488(warfare)-487(for)-487(the)]TJ -135.922 -13.549 Td [(eventual)-316(hegemony)-316(over)-316(that)-315(whole)-316(area)-316(of)-316(eastern)-316(Asia)-315(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(Chinese)-250(of)-250(that)-250(time)-250(regarded)-250(as)-250(the)-250(civilized)-250(world.)]TJ 11.955 -18.365 Td [(The)-341(political)-341(aspects)-341(of)-341(the)-341(transition)-341(from)-341(the)-341(feudal)-341(to)-341(the)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(proto-national)-346(system)-346(is)-346(described)-347(by)-346(one)-346(of)-346(the)-346(most)-346(eminent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-233(the)-233(Western)-233(authorities)-233(on)-233(China)-233(in)-233(the)-233(following)-233(terms:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 258.823 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(aim)-306(of)-306(all)-307(the)-306(Leaders)-306(was)-306(to)-306(control)-307(western)-306(Ho-nan.)-418(There)-306(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-271(heart)-271(of)-271(ancient)-271(China....)-313(All)-270(around)-271(about,)-277(in)-271(vaster)-270(regions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occupied)-288(no)-287(doubt)-288(by)-287(less)-287(dense)-288(and)-287(more)-288(shifting)-287(populations,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-207(States)-207(formed,)-216(increasing)-207(first)-207(towards)-208(the)-207(exterior,)-215(seeking)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050as)-251(we)-250(have)-251(seen)-251(in)-250(the)-251(case)-250(of)-251(China\051)-251(to)-250(cut)-251(the)-250(communication)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-323(their)-323(rivals)-322(with)-323(the)-323(Barbarians,)-341(mutually)-323(forcing)-323(each)-322(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-401(change)-401(the)-401(directions)-401(of)-401(the)-401(expansion,)-439(exercising)-400(on)-401(each)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-302(a)-303(pressure)-302(from)-302(behind,)-316(and)-302(a)-302(converging)-303(pressure)-302(on)-302(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(central)-362(overlordships.)-584(All)-362(schemed)-362(to)-361(conquer)-362(them.)-585(Thus)-361(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amalgamation)-365(was)-364(achieved.)-594(Whilst)-364(in)-365(the)-364(centre)-365(the)-364(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation)-302(was)-302(coming)-302(into)-302(being,)-315(on)-302(the)-302(outer)-302(borders)-302(States)-302(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(being)-398(formed)-398(which,)-434(aiming)-398(at)-398(annexing)-398(the)-398(centre)-398(of)-397(China,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ended)-386(by)-386(themselves)-386(also)-387(becoming)-386(Chinese.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 204.979 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(26)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.68 -3.959 Td [(Not)-386(only)-386(did)]TJ -222.503 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(newer,)-311(political)-298(organization)-299(of)-299(society)-298(begin)-299(to)-299(make)-298(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinct)-386(from)-387(the)-386(family,)-420(feudal,)-421(and)-386(religious)-386(organization;)-454(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(began)-266(to)-267(engage)-266(in)-266(activities)-266(which)-267(increased)-266(its)-266(resemblance)-266(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-304(Western)-303(system)-304(of)-303(nations.)-411(Tributes)-304(of)-303(textiles,)-317(horses,)-317(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(compulsory)-319(labor)-319(were)-319(demanded.)-456(A)-319(non-feudal)-319(economy)-318(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(encouraged;)-437(the)-203(state)-203(of)-202(Ch'i)-203(encouraged)-203(artisans)-203(and)-202(merchants,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([027])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(and)-346(favored)-345(the)-346(trade)-346(in)-346(fish)-345(and)-346(salt.)-537(Mining,)-370(metallurgy)-345(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 131.558 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 124.746 Td [(26)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Granet,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 29.089 0 Td [(Chinese)-269(Civilization)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.153 0 Td [(,)-273(cited,)-274(p.)-305(84.)-306(Granet's)-269(work,)-273(while)-269(challenged)]TJ -114.198 -10.959 Td [(by)-198(many)-197(sinologues)-198(as)-198(well)-197(as)-198(by)-197(anthropologists,)-209(is)-197(the)-198(most)-197(brilliant)-198(portrayal)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-262(Chinese)-261(civilization)-262(to)-261(the)-262(time)-261(of)-262(Shih)-261(Huang)-262(Ti.)-284(His)-262(interpretations)-261(make)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-231(language)-231(of)-231(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 70.037 0 Td [(Odes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.498 0 Td [(\050collected)-231(by)-231(Confucius\051)-231(intelligible,)-235(and)-231(clear)-231(up)-231(the)]TJ -90.535 -10.959 Td [(somewhat)-252(obscure)-252(transition)-252(from)-252(the)-252(oldest)-253(feudal)-252(society)-252(to)-252(the)-252(epoch)-252(of)-252(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(proto-nations)-250(and)-250(then)-250(to)-250(the)-250(inauguration)-250(of)-250(the)-250(world)-250(order.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+198 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 199 0 R
+/Resources 197 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 196 0 R
+>> endobj
+200 0 obj <<
+/D [198 0 R /XYZ 361.079 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+201 0 obj <<
+/D [198 0 R /XYZ 149.24 161.08 null]
+>> endobj
+197 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+204 0 obj <<
+/Length 4858
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Nation)-250(and)-250(State)-250(in)-250(Chinese)-250(Antiquity.)-9224(35)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(currency)-256(were)-256(studied.)-267(State)-256(monopolies)-256(were)-256(created)-256(out)-256(of)-255(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(products)-217(of)-217(forests,)-223(lakes,)-224(marshes,)-223(shell-fish)-217(beds,)-224(and)-217(salt)-216(pans.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mines)-250(also)-250(became)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 86.346 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(treasures)-250(of)-250(the)-250(state.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 92.095 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(27)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -176.171 -18.5 Td [(The)-358(history)-359(of)-358(these)-358(states)-358(reads)-359(like)-358(a)-358(page)-359(torn)-358(out)-358(of)-358(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(history)-191(of)-191(early)-190(modern)-191(Europe.)-230(The)-191(struggle)-191(was)-191(half)-190(diplomatic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-247(half)-248(military.)-249(From)-247(the)-248(beginning)-247(of)-247(the)-248(Spring)-247(and)-247(Autumn)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-329(\050722-481)-329(B.C.\051)-329(to)-328(the)-329(end)-329(of)-329(the)-329(Age)-329(of)-329(Warring)-328(States)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050491-221)-275(B.C.\051,)-281(China)-274(was)-275(subject)-275(to)-274(frequent)-275(war)-275(and)-274(unstable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peace.)-586(The)-363(character)-362(of)-362(war)-362(itself)-362(changed,)-390(from)-362(a)-362(chivalrous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exercise)-275(almost)-274(ritualistic)-275(in)-275(nature,)-281(to)-274(a)-275(struggle)-275(of)-274(unrestricted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(force.)-843(The)-447(units)-448(of)-448(government)-447(which)-448(were)-447(to)-448(develop)-447(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(states,)-398(and)-368(almost)-368(into)-368(nations,)-398(began)-368(as)-368(feudal)-368(overlordships;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(traditional)-388(hatreds)-387(and)-388(sentiments)-387(were)-388(developed;)-456(diplomatic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-440(military)-439(policies)-440(crystallized)-440(and)-439(became)-440(consistent;)-534(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(activities)-250(of)-250(a)-250(state)-250(nature)-250(became)-250(increasingly)-250(prominent.)]TJ 11.956 -14.541 Td [(Concurrently,)-350(other)-330(factors)-329(operated)-330(to)-330(prevent)-330(an)-329(indefinite)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(continuance)-431(of)-432(these)-431(struggles)-431(of)-432(proto-national)-431(states)-431(and)-431(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(avoid)-365(the)-365(appearance)-366(of)-365(a)-365(permanent)-365(system)-365(of)-365(armed)-365(nations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-304(as)-304(that)-304(which)-304(has)-304(appeared)-304(in)-304(modern)-304(Europe.)-412(The)-303(feudal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-268(of)-269(China)-268(left)-269(a)-268(strong)-269(ethnical,)-273(linguistic)-268(and)-268(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heritage)-251(of)-250(unity,)-251(which)-251(was)-250(stronger)-251(than)-250(the)-251(cultural)-250(disunities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-327(particularities)-326(appearing)-327(in)-326(certain)-326(of)-327(the)-326(states.)-480(\050The)-326(state)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-286(Ch\352ng)-285(was)-286(particularly)-285(conspicuous)-286(in)-285(developing)-286(a)-285(peculiar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-295(culture.\051)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 59.868 3.959 Td [(28)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.663 -3.959 Td [(As)-295(the)-295(states)-295(became)-294(larger)-295(and)-295(larger)-295(with)-295(the)]TJ -72.531 -13.549 Td [(passing)-373(of)-372(time,)-403(they)-373(tended)-372(not)-373(only)-372(to)-373(develop)-372(certain)-372(large)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(differences)-205(between)-205(themselves,)-213(but)-205(to)-205(eradicate)-205(the)-205(minute)-204(local)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peculiarities)-453(of)-453(the)-453(old)-905(system,)-504(and)-453(in)-453(so)-453(doing)-453(to)-452(increase)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([028])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(the)-340(general)-339(homogeneity)-340(which)-340(was)-339(also)-340(a)-340(heritage)-339(of)-340(the)-339(past)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ages.)-645(This)-382(general)-381(homogeneity)-382(found)-382(a)-381(living)-382(symbol)-382(in)-381(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persons)-521(of)-521(the)-521(Chou)-520(Emperors)-521(who,)-589(possessed)-521(of)-521(no)-520(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-529(than)-528(the)-528(Tennos)-529(under)-528(the)-529(Shogunate,)-598(acted,)-598(as)-528(did)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.842 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 92.03 Td [(27)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Granet,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(87-88.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(28)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Richard)-223(Wilhelm,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 66.065 0 Td [(Geschichte)-223(der)-224(chinesischen)-223(Philosophie)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 146.458 0 Td [(,)-229(Breslau,)-228(1929,)]TJ -224.479 -10.959 Td [(p.)-250(19.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+203 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 204 0 R
+/Resources 202 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 196 0 R
+>> endobj
+205 0 obj <<
+/D [203 0 R /XYZ 156.217 163.912 null]
+>> endobj
+202 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+206 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index10) >>
+endobj
+209 0 obj
+(The Theory of the Confucian World-Society.)
+endobj
+212 0 obj <<
+/Length 3807
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(36The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-287(Japanese)-287(analogues)-287(two)-287(thousand)-287(years)-287(lat)1(er,)-297(as)-287(the)-286(quasi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-386(personifications)-387(of)-386(the)-387(whole)-386(general)-386(community.)-659(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thus)-362(occurred)-362(that)-361(the)-362(old)-362(feudal)-361(system)-362(was)-362(destroyed)-362(by)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(growth)-449(of)-449(a)-449(general)-449(non-feudal)-449(economy)-449(and)-449(political)-448(order,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which,)-350(in)-330(its)-330(turn,)-351(led)-330(to)-330(the)-330(development)-330(of)-330(the)-330(great)-330(imperial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-359(under)-359(which)-359(China)-359(continued)-359(for)-359(many)-359(centuries.)-576(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-517(of)-516(the)-517(transition,)-583(during)-517(which)-516(the)-517(traditional)-516(feudal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unity)-534(had)-534(been)-534(shaken)-533(and)-534(the)-534(new)-534(imperial)-534(unity)-534(not)-533(yet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(established,)-303(was)-293(a)-292(tumultuous)-293(and)-292(bloody)-293(one.)-377(The)-293(presence)-292(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-273(confederation)-272(under)-273(the)-272(hegemony)-272(of)-273(some)-272(one)-273(state)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 240.087 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-272(so-)]TJ -250.996 -13.549 Td [(called)-335(Presidency)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 77.572 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(provided)-335(a)-334(suitable)-335(framework)-335(for)-335(rivalries)]TJ -88.481 -13.549 Td [(toward)-247(power,)-248(without)-247(particularly)-248(increasing)-247(the)-247(general)-247(peace.)]TJ 11.956 -14.473 Td [(The)-477(transition,)-535(as)-477(it)-478(took)-477(place,)-534(was)-478(neither)-477(apparent)-477(nor)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(agreeable.)-1093(The)-531(political)-531(turmoil)-531(was)-531(but)-531(slightly)-531(less)-530(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-411(intellectual)-412(unrest)-411(and)-412(disturbance.)-734(Everywhere)-411(faith)-411(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(acceptance)-236(seemed)-237(to)-236(have)-236(been)-237(lost)-236(to)-237(humanity;)-240(licentiousness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-401(impiety)-401(fed)-401(discord.)-704(The)-401(lack)-401(of)-401(harmony,)-439(made)-401(doubly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vivid)-273(by)-273(the)-273(presence)-273(of)-273(a)-273(strong)-273(tradition)-273(of)-273(primeval)-272(Arcadian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peace)-287(and)-286(unity)-287(under)-287(the)-287(mythological)-286(Emperors,)-296(was)-287(bitter)-286(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-224(scholars)-223(and)-224(men)-223(of)-224(virtue)-223(of)-224(the)-224(time.)-241(It)-223(was)-224(quite)-223(inevitable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-264(protests)-264(should)-264(be)-264(raised)-264(which)-265(would)-264(hasten)-264(the)-264(advent,)-267(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(return,)-244(of)-243(unity)-242(and)-243(peace.)-247(These)-243(protests)-242(form)-243(the)-242(subject)-243(of)-242(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(work)-244(of)-245(Confucius)-244(and)-245(t)1(he)-245(other)-244(great)-245(philosophers,)-245(and)-244(schools)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-402(thinkers,)-440(of)-402(the)-402(Chou)-401(dynasty.)-706(It)-402(was,)-440(in)-402(later)-402(ages,)-439(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-438(philosophies)-438(that)-439(the)-438(great)-438(structure)-438(of)-438(Chinese)-438(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developed)-250(and)-250(continued)-250(down)-250(until)-250(modern)-250(times.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 -27.879 Td [([029])]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 72.755 -63.986 Td [(The)-279(Theory)-278(of)-279(the)-278(Confucian)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(World-Society.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+211 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 212 0 R
+/Resources 210 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 196 0 R
+>> endobj
+213 0 obj <<
+/D [211 0 R /XYZ 93.543 150.643 null]
+>> endobj
+207 0 obj <<
+/D [211 0 R /XYZ 93.543 125.131 null]
+>> endobj
+210 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+216 0 obj <<
+/Length 5481
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(World-Society.)-6672(37)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-365(various)-365(types)-365(of)-364(protest)-365(against)-365(the)-365(development)-365(of)-364(states)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-236(the)-235(consequent)-236(anarchy)-235(of)-235(the)-236(Chinese)-235(society)-236(considered)-235(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-245(whole)-245(cannot)-245(be)-245(considered)-245(in)-245(this)-245(work;)-247(many)-244(were)-245(primarily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious;)-246(Taoism,)-245(while)-244(ranking)-244(as)-244(one)-244(of)-244(the)-244(most)-243(conspicuous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(religions)-510(of)-509(the)-510(world,)-574(has)-510(little)-509(bearing)-510(on)-510(politics.)-1028(Even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucianism,)-283(which)-277(merits)-276(careful)-277(study,)-283(must)-277(be)-276(summarized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-326(re-stated)-326(as)-325(briefly)-326(as)-326(possible.)-477(Confucianism)-326(has)-325(suffered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-214(an)-213(ambiguity)-214(and)-214(exoticism)-214(of)-213(terms,)-221(when)-214(presented)-214(to)-213(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West;)-325(its)-301(full)-300(significance)-300(as)-300(a)-301(political)-300(philosophy)-300(can)-300(become)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fully)-250(apparent)-250(only)-250(when)-250(it)-250(is)-250(rendered)-250(in)-250(the)-250(words)-250(of)-250(the)-250(hour.)]TJ 11.956 -14.174 Td [(What)-656(was)-657(it)-656(that)-657(Confucius)-656(did)-656(in)-657(protest)-656(against)-656(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(established)-292(discord)-293(of)-292(the)-292(world)-292(he)-293(knew?)-377(He)-292(struck)-292(directly)-292(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-326(foundations)-326(of)-327(politics.)-478(His)-327(criticisms)-326(and)-326(remedies)-326(can)-326(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fully)-250(appreciated)-250(only)-250(by)-250(reference)-250(to)-250(a)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(ideology.)]TJ 11.956 -14.175 Td [(Confucius)-368(perceived)-368(that)-368(the)-368(underlying)-368(problem)-368(of)-368(society)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-222(that)-222(of)-223(ideology;)-231(he)-222(seems)-222(to)-223(have)-222(realized)-222(that)-222(the)-222(character)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-317(a)-318(society)-317(itself)-318(essentially)-317(depends)-318(upon)-317(the)-318(character)-317(of)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-160(ideas)-159(generally)-160(prevalent)-159(among)-159(the)-160(individuals)-159(composing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it,)-373(and)-348(that)-348(where)-348(there)-348(is)-348(no)-347(common)-348(body)-348(of)-348(ideas)-348(a)-348(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can)-297(scarcely)-298(be)-297(said)-298(to)-297(exist.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.796 3.958 Td [(29)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.746 -3.958 Td [(He)-297(did)-298(not)-297(consider,)-309(as)-298(did)-297(Han)]TJ -139.542 -13.55 Td [(Fei-tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 25.451 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.731 0 Td [(and)-271(the)-272(legalist)-271(school)-271(of)-272(philosophers,)-276(questions)-272(of)-271(law)]TJ -34.182 -13.549 Td [(the)-367(pre\353minent)-367(social)-367(problem.)-600(He)-367(realized)-367(that)-367(state)-367(and)-366(law)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-207(remedies,)-215(and)-207(that)-207(the)-206(prime)-207(questions)-207(of)-207(organization)-206(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-339(anterior)-340(to)-339(the)-340(political,)-361(and)-340(that)-339(the)-339(state)-340(existed)-339(for)-339(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purpose)-250(of)-250(filling)-250(out)-250(the)-250(shortcomings)-250(of)-250(social)-250(harmony.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 254.225 3.958 Td [(30)]TJ 36.799 -3.958 Td [([030])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.175 Td [(In)-184(a)-183(society)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 48.841 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(such)-184(as)-183(Confucius)-184(dreamed)-183(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 128.588 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(where)-184(there)-183(was)]TJ -211.203 -13.549 Td [(no)-238(disagreement)-238(in)-238(outlook,)-240(policy)-238(would)-238(not)-238(be)-238(a)-237(governmental)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 153.637 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 146.824 Td [(29)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(One)-271(could)-270(therefore)-271(say)-271(that)-270(membership)-271(in)-270(a)-271(society)-271(is)-270(determined)-271(by)-271(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(outlook)-250(of)-250(the)-250(individual)-250(concerned.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(30)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(In)-667(modern)-667(Western)-666(political)-667(thought,)-771(this)-667(doctrine)-667(is)-667(most)-667(clearly)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(demonstrated)-363(in)-363(the)-363(Marxian)-363(thesis)-363(of)-364(the)-363(withering-away)-363(of)-363(the)-363(state.)-589(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Marxists)-323(hold)-323(that,)-342(as)-323(the)-323(relics)-323(of)-323(the)-323(class)-324(struggle)-323(are)-323(eliminated)-323(from)-323(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(new)-247(society,)-247(and)-247(classlessness)-247(and)-247(uniform)-246(indoctrination)-247(come)-247(to)-247(prevail,)-247(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(necessity)-364(for)-363(a)-364(state)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 73.523 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(which)-364(they,)-392(however,)-392(consider)-363(an)-364(instrument)-364(of)-363(class)]TJ -82.49 -10.959 Td [(domination)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 40.851 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(will)-250(decline)-250(and)-250(the)-250(state)-250(will)-250(atrophy)-250(and)-250(disappear.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+215 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 216 0 R
+/Resources 214 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 196 0 R
+>> endobj
+217 0 obj <<
+/D [215 0 R /XYZ 46.771 189.366 null]
+>> endobj
+214 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F40 195 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+220 0 obj <<
+/Length 4881
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(38The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(question;)-206(if)-185(there)-185(were)-184(no)-185(disharmony)-184(of)-185(thought)-184(and)-185(of)-184(behavior,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-415(would)-414(be)-415(no)-414(necessity)-414(of)-415(enforcing)-414(conformance)-415(to)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(generally)-433(accepted)-433(criteria)-433(of)-432(conduct.)-799(From)-433(this)-432(standpoint,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-257(itself)-256(is)-257(socially)-257(pathological,)-258(a)-257(remedy)-256(for)-257(a)-256(poorly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ordered)-315(society.)-444(Men)-314(are)-315(controlled)-315(indirectly)-314(by)-315(the)-314(examples)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-217(virtue;)-229(they)-217(do)-217(good)-217(because)-218(they)-217(have)-217(learned)-218(to)-217(do)-217(good)-217(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(do)-264(it)-265(unquestioningly)-264(and)-264(simply.)-293(Whatever)-265(control)-264(is)-264(exercised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(over)-270(men)-271(is)-270(exercised)-271(by)-270(their)-270(ideology,)-276(and)-270(if)-271(other)-270(men)-270(desire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-387(they)-386(must)-387(seek)-386(it)-387(through)-386(shaping)-387(the)-386(ideas)-387(of)-386(others.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(At)-369(its)-369(full)-369(expression,)-399(such)-369(a)-369(doctrine)-369(would)-369(not)-369(lead)-368(to)-369(mere)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anarchy;)-565(but)-459(it)-460(would)-460(eliminate)-459(the)-460(political)-460(altogether)-459(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-446(culture)-446(of)-446(man,)-495(replacing)-446(it)-446(with)-446(an)-446(educational)-445(process.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Ideological)-306(control)-306(would)-307(need)-306(to)-306(be)-306(supplemented)-306(by)-306(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-325(if)-326(it)-325(failed)-326(to)-325(cover)-325(the)-326(total)-325(range)-325(of)-326(social)-325(behavior,)-344(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(left)-250(loopholes)-250(for)-250(conflict)-250(and)-250(dispute.)]TJ 11.956 -16.366 Td [(This)-252(doctrine)-253(is)-252(framed)-252(in)-252(quite)-253(different)-252(terms)-252(by)-252(Confucius,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(who)-334(spoke)-334(and)-334(wrote)-334(in)-334(an)-334(age)-334(when)-334(the)-334(mystical)-334(elements)-333(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(old)-334(feudal)-335(ideology)-334(still)-334(exercised)-334(powerful)-334(and)-334(persuasive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(influence,)-444(and)-405(when)-405(there)-405(was)-406(no)-405(other)-405(society)-405(than)-405(his)-405(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-214(he)-213(might)-214(make)-214(the)-213(object)-214(of)-214(his)-214(study.)-237(The)-214(central)-214(point)-213(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-284(teachings)-284(is)-284(the)-284(doctrine)-284(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 137.972 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(.)-352(Liang)-284(Ch'i-ch'ao,)-293(one)-284(of)-284(the)]TJ -151.303 -13.549 Td [(most)-266(brilliant)-267(modern)-266(exponents)-266(of)-267(ancient)-266(Chinese)-266(philosophy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wrote)-250(of)-250(this:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -36.726 Td [(In)-370(the)-370(simplest)-370(terms,)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 92.426 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(Jen)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 13.147 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 8.029 0 Td [(means)-370(fellow-feeling)-370(for)-370(one's)]TJ -117.981 -12.822 Td [(kind.)-460(Once)-320(Fan)-320(Chih,)-338(one)-320(of)-320(his)-320(disciples,)-338(asked)-320(Confucius)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(what)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 23.732 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(Jen)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 13.147 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 6.659 0 Td [(meant.)-244(Confucius)-231(replied,)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 103.971 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(To)-231(love)-231(fellow-men)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 77.969 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -331.007 0 Td [([031])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 92.392 -12.821 Td [(in)-458(other)-459(words)-459(this)-458(means)-459(to)-458(have)-459(a)-458(feeling)-459(of)-458(sympathy)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(toward)-250(mankind....)]TJ 14.577 -15.639 Td [(Intellectually)-266(the)-266(relationship)-266(becomes)-265(common)-266(purpose;)]TJ -14.577 -12.822 Td [(emotionally)-250(it)-250(takes)-250(the)-250(form)-250(of)-250(fellow-feeling.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 185.453 3.615 Td [(31)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.722 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 80.91 Td [(31)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Liang)-399(Ch'i-ch'ao,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 66.757 0 Td [(History)-399(of)-400(Chinese)-399(Political)-400(Thought)-399(during)-400(the)-399(early)]TJ -78.713 -10.959 Td [(Tsin)-250(Period)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.097 0 Td [(,)-250(translated)-250(by)-250(L.)-250(T.)-250(Chen,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1930,)-250(p.)-250(38.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+219 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 220 0 R
+/Resources 218 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 196 0 R
+>> endobj
+221 0 obj <<
+/D [219 0 R /XYZ 134.633 154.906 null]
+>> endobj
+218 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+224 0 obj <<
+/Length 6425
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(World-Society.)-6672(39)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(This)-274(doctrine)-274(appears)-274(more)-274(specific)-274(in)-274(its)-274(application)-274(when)-274(it)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(is)-235(realized)-236(that)-235(Confucius)-235(regarded)-235(his)-236(own)-235(society)-235(and)-235(mankind)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-345(coterminous.)-537(Barbarians,)-369(haunting)-346(the)-345(fringes)-346(of)-345(the)-345(world,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-309(unconscious)-309(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 94.328 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.33 0 Td [(;)-338(not)-309(being)-309(in)-309(sympathy)-309(with)-309(mankind,)]TJ -107.658 -13.55 Td [(they)-250(were)-250(not)-250(as)-250(yet)-250(fully)-250(human.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -14.351 Td [(J\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.741 0 Td [(is)-238(a)-238(word)-239(which)-238(cannot)-238(be)-238(exactly)-239(translated)-238(into)-238(English.)]TJ -29.697 -13.55 Td [(It)-324(is)-324(laden)-323(with)-324(a)-324(burden)-324(of)-323(connotations)-324(which)-324(it)-324(has)-323(acquired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-235(the)-234(centuries;)-240(its)-234(variability)-235(of)-234(translation)-235(may)-234(be)-234(shown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-492(the)-491(fact)-492(that,)-552(in)-492(the)-492(standard)-491(translations)-492(of)-492(the)-491(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classics,)-420(it)-385(is)-386(written)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 97.504 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Benevolence.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 59.073 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.052 0 Td [(It)-386(might)-385(equally)-386(well)-386(be)]TJ -170.472 -13.549 Td [(given)-280(as)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 39.44 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(consciousness)-280(of)-280(one's)-280(place)-281(and)-280(function)-280(in)-280(society.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 231.503 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.787 -13.55 Td [(The)-265(man)-264(who)-265(followed)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 104.864 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.217 0 Td [(was)-265(one)-264(who)-265(was)-265(aware)-264(of)-265(his)-264(place)]TJ -121.081 -13.549 Td [(in)-297(society,)-308(and)-296(of)-297(his)-297(participation)-296(in)-297(the)-296(common)-297(endeavors)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mankind.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -14.352 Td [(J\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.141 0 Td [(,)-392(or)-364(society-mindedness,)-392(leads)-364(to)-364(an)-364(awareness)-364(of)-364(virtue)]TJ -27.097 -13.549 Td [(and)-278(propriety)-278(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 65.438 0 Td [(t\352h)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.361 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.782 0 Td [(yi)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.877 0 Td [(\051.)-333(When)-278(virtue)-278(and)-277(propriety)-278(exist,)-285(it)-277(is)]TJ -108.458 -13.549 Td [(obligatory)-331(that)-331(men)-331(follow)-332(them.)-493(Behavior)-331(in)-331(accordance)-331(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtue)-303(and)-304(propriety)-303(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 101.708 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.066 0 Td [(.)-410(Commonly)-303(translated)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 105.333 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(ethics,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 28.178 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.152 0 Td [(this)-303(is)]TJ -254.281 -13.549 Td [(seen)-376(as)-375(the)-376(fruition)-375(of)-376(the)-375(force)-376(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 161.217 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.428 0 Td [(in)-376(human)-375(society.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 86.843 0 Td [(J\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -265.488 -13.55 Td [(underlies)-375(and)-376(establishes)-375(society,)-407(from)-375(the)-376(existence)-375(of)-375(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spring)-244(virtue)-243(and)-244(propriety;)-246(these)-243(prescribe)-244(principles)-244(for)-243(human)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conduct,)-375(the)-350(formulation)-351(of)-350(which)-350(rules)-350(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 193.356 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 3.959 Td [(32)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.474 -3.959 Td [(Auxiliary)-350(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 57.942 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -274.565 -13.549 Td [(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.088 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-349(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.68 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 8.706 0 Td [(Ch\352ng)-349(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 57.924 0 Td [(is)-349(the)-350(rightness)-349(of)-349(names:)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 125.027 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(,)-374(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 30.534 0 Td [([032])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(appropriateness)-419(of)-420(relationships.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 153.46 0 Td [(Li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(,)-462(it)-419(may)-420(be)-419(noted,)-462(is)-419(also)]TJ -162.558 -13.55 Td [(translated)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 45.396 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(rites)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 18.786 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.824 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.069 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(ceremonies)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 49.68 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(;)-285(a)-273(rendering)-273(which,)-279(while)-274(not)]TJ -148.285 -13.549 Td [(inexact,)-250(fails)-250(to)-250(convey)-250(the)-250(full)-250(import)-250(of)-250(the)-250(term.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -14.351 Td [(Ch\352ng)-337(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 53.98 0 Td [(,)-359(the)-337(rectification)-337(of)-338(names,)-359(may)-337(be)-337(regarded)-337(as)]TJ -65.936 -13.55 Td [(a)-414(protest)-415(against)-414(the)-414(discords)-414(in)-415(language)-414(that)-414(had)-414(developed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(during)-310(the)-309(transitional)-310(period)-309(from)-310(feudalism)-309(to)-310(eventual)-309(unity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucius,)-264(of)-261(course,)-264(did)-261(not)-262(have)-261(as)-261(sharp)-261(an)-261(issue)-261(confronting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-267(as)-267(do)-267(the)-268(modern)-267(Western)-267(innovators)-267(in)-267(social)-267(and)-267(political)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 91.869 Td [(32)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Liang)-284(Ch'i-ch'ao)-285(\050cited,)-292(p.)-353(48)-285(and)-284(following\051)-284(discusses)-284(these)-285(points.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 245.765 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(The)]TJ -266.687 -10.959 Td [(author)-323(is)-323(indebted)-322(to)-323(Mr.)-468(J\352n)-323(Tai)-323(for)-323(the)-322(explanation)-323(of)-323(the)-323(relation)-322(of)-323(these)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(various)-250(factors)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(ideology.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+223 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 224 0 R
+/Resources 222 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 226 0 R
+>> endobj
+225 0 obj <<
+/D [223 0 R /XYZ 296.301 218.488 null]
+>> endobj
+222 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+229 0 obj <<
+/Length 5042
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(40The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(ideology.)-241(Nevertheless,)-229(the)-223(linguistic)-224(difficulty)-223(was)-224(clear)-223(to)-223(him.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-323(expansion)-323(of)-323(the)-323(Chinese)-323(written)-323(language)-323(was)-323(so)-323(great)-322(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-281(time)-281(that)-280(it)-281(led)-281(to)-280(the)-281(indiscriminate)-281(coining)-281(of)-280(neologisms,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-347(there)-346(was)-347(a)-346(tendency)-346(towards)-347(a)-346(sophisticated)-347(hypocrisy)-346(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(use)-250(of)-250(words.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 74.531 3.959 Td [(33)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -62.575 -18.5 Td [(Confucius)-338(saw)-338(that,)-360(in)-338(obtaining)-338(harmony,)-360(language)-337(needed)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-406(be)-405(exact;)-483(otherwise)-406(long)-405(and)-406(fruitless)-405(disputes)-406(over)-405(empty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(words)-425(might)-426(be)-425(engaged)-425(in)-425(or,)-470(what)-425(was)-425(even)-425(worse,)-469(words)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-497(not)-497(conform)-497(to)-497(the)-497(realities)-497(of)-497(social)-497(life,)-558(and)-497(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-650(used)-651(as)-650(instruments)-650(of)-650(ill-doing.)-1451(Confucius)-650(did)-650(not,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(however,)-683(present)-596(a)-597(scheme)-596(of)-596(word-worship.)-1289(He)-596(wanted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communication)-611(to)-611(cement)-610(society,)-701(to)-611(be)-611(an)-611(instrument)-610(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concord.)-784(He)-427(wanted,)-473(in)-428(modern)-427(terms,)-473(a)-428(terminology)-427(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-214(its)-215(exactness)-214(and)-215(suitability)-214(would)-215(of)-214(itself)-214(lead)-215(to)-214(harmony.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(34)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(In)-496(advocating)-497(the)-496(rectification)-496(of)-496(names,)-558(Confucius)-496(differed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-358(many)-359(other)-358(founders)-359(of)-358(philosophies)-358(and)-359(religions;)-412(they,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too,)-331(wanted)-315(names)-314(rectified)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 122.871 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(terminology)-315(reorganized)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 108.258 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-315(suit)]TJ -252.947 -13.549 Td [(their)-199(particular)-199(doctrines;)-217(but)-199(there)-199(they)-199(stopped)-199(short.)-233(Confucius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-269(the)-269(rectification)-269(of)-269(names)-269(as)-269(a)-269(continuous)-269(process,)-273(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-365(had)-365(to)-365(be)-364(carried)-365(on)-365(unceasingly)-365(if)-365(communication,)-393(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(sake)-250(of)-250(social)-250(harmony,)-250(was)-250(to)-250(remain)-250(just)-250(and)-250(exact.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([033])]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -14.54 Td [(Ch\352ng)-356(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 58.079 0 Td [(is)-357(highly)-356(significant)-356(in)-357(Confucian)-356(thought,)-384(and)]TJ -70.035 -13.55 Td [(exhibits)-473(the)-473(striking)-473(difference)-473(between)-473(the)-473(Chinese)-473(and)-473(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(older)-350(Western)-350(political)-350(study.)-550(If)-350(the)-350(terms)-350(by)-350(means)-350(of)-350(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-401(communication)-401(within)-400(a)-401(society)-401(is)-401(effected,)-438(and)-401(in)-400(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-418(group)-419(beliefs)-418(of)-419(fact)-418(or)-418(of)-419(value)-418(are)-419(to)-418(be)-419(found,)-460(can)-418(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-312(subject)-312(of)-312(control,)-327(there)-312(is)-311(opened)-312(up)-312(a)-312(great)-312(field)-312(of)-311(social)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(engineering.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 56.747 0 Td [(Ch\352ng)-192(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 54.499 0 Td [(states,)-204(in)-192(recognizable)-193(although)-192(archaic)]TJ -111.246 -13.549 Td [(terms,)-259(the)-257(existence)-258(of)-257(ideology,)-259(and)-257(proposes)-257(the)-257(strengthening)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-401(ideology.)-704(In)-401(recognizing)-401(the)-401(group)-401(\050in)-401(his)-402(case,)-438(mankind\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-519(dependent)-519(upon)-519(ideology)-519(for)-519(group)-519(existence,)-586(Confucius)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 98.842 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 92.03 Td [(33)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Leon)-237(Wieger)-236(and)-237(L.)-236(Davrout,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 107.737 0 Td [(Chinese)-237(Characters)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 71.36 0 Td [(,)-239(Hsien-hsien,)-240(1927,)-239(p.)-245(6.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -187.815 -7.311 Td [(34)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-450(cited)-410(above,)-450(chapter)-410(three,)-450(contains)-410(an)-410(excellent)-410(discussion)-411(of)-410(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(doctrine)-250(of)-250(rectification.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+228 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 229 0 R
+/Resources 227 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 226 0 R
+>> endobj
+230 0 obj <<
+/D [228 0 R /XYZ 93.543 243.821 null]
+>> endobj
+227 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+233 0 obj <<
+/Length 6422
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(World-Society.)-6672(41)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(delivered)-549(Chinese)-550(political)-549(thought)-550(from)-549(any)-550(search)-549(for)-549(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ontology)-265(of)-265(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 69.883 0 Td [(real)-265(state)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 41.073 0 Td [(.)-295(It)-265(became)-265(possible)-265(to)-265(continue,)-269(in)-264(the)]TJ -110.956 -13.549 Td [(traditional)-254(pragmatic)-254(manner,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 129.459 3.959 Td [(35)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.25 -3.959 Td [(thinking)-254(of)-254(men)-254(in)-254(simple)-254(terms)]TJ -140.709 -13.549 Td [(referring)-343(only)-342(to)-342(individual)-343(men,)-366(avoiding)-342(the)-342(hypostatizations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(common)-475(in)-475(the)-475(West.)-924(In)-475(pointing)-475(out)-475(the)-475(necessity)-475(for)-474(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-206(of)-207(ideology)-206(by)-207(men,)-215(Confucius)-206(anticipated)-207(theories)-206(of)-206(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(pedagogical)-250(state)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 75.436 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(by)-250(some)-250(twenty)-250(centuries.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -75.895 -15.102 Td [(Li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(,)-318(in)-305(the)-305(terminology)-305(of)-304(the)-305(present)-305(work,)-318(is)-305(the)-305(conformity)]TJ -21.054 -13.549 Td [(of)-425(the)-425(individual)-425(to)-425(the)-425(moral)-425(ideology,)-469(or,)-468(stated)-425(in)-425(another)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manner,)-250(the)-250(control)-250(of)-250(men)-250(by)-250(the)-250(ideology.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 191.793 3.958 Td [(36)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -179.837 -19.06 Td [(Li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(,)-253(conformity)-252(to)-252(the)-252(ideology,)-252(implies,)-253(of)-252(course,)-253(conformity)]TJ -21.054 -13.55 Td [(to)-387(those)-387(parts)-388(of)-387(it)-387(which)-387(determine)-387(value.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 201.304 0 Td [(Li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.546 0 Td [(prescribes)-387(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 72.174 0 Td [([034])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(do-able,)-494(the)-446(thinkable.)-836(In)-446(so)-445(far)-446(as)-445(the)-446(ideology)-445(consists)-445(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(valuations,)-290(so)-282(far)-282(do)-282(those)-282(valuations)-282(determine)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 213.417 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.066 0 Td [(.)-346(Hs\374)-282(lists)-282(the)]TJ -219.483 -13.549 Td [(operations)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 59.989 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.793 0 Td [(in)-250(six)-250(specific)-250(categories:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -49.145 -30.404 Td [(\0501\051)-410(it)-411(furnishes)-410(the)-410(principles)-411(of)-410(political)-411(organization;)-490(\0502\051)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it)-516(furnishes)-515(details)-516(for)-516(the)-515(application)-516(of)-516(the)-515(doctrine)-516(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(ratification;)-311(\0503\051)-290(it)-290(discusses)-291(the)-290(functions)-290(of)-291(government;)-310(\0504\051)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it)-413(prescribes)-413(the)-413(limitations)-413(of)-413(governmental)-414(authority;)-494(\0505\051)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it)-476(advances)-475(principles)-476(of)-476(social)-475(administration;)-589(and)-475(\0506\051)-476(it)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(provides)-268(a)-268(foundation)-268(for)-268(crime)-268(and)-268(lawsuits.)-304(These)-268(are)-268(only)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 219.474 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 212.577 Td [(35)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(A)-295(stimulating)-295(discussion)-294(of)-295(the)-295(pragmatism)-295(of)-294(early)-295(Chinese)-295(thought)-295(is)-295(to)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(be)-250(found)-250(in)-250(Creel,)-250(cited.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(36)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(It)-451(must)-452(be)-452(pointed)-451(out)-452(in)-451(this)-452(connection)-451(that)-452(Confucius)-451(advocated)-452(an)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(ideology)-209(which)-209(would)-209(not)-209(only)-210(be)-209(socially)-209(useful)-209(but)-209(scientifically)-209(and)-209(morally)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(exact.)-255(He)-252(did)-252(not)-252(consider,)-252(as)-252(have)-251(some)-252(Western)-252(thinkers)-252(of)-252(the)-251(past)-252(century,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-381(the)-381(ideology)-381(might)-381(be)-381(a)-381(quite)-381(amoral)-381(instrument)-381(of)-381(control,)-414(and)-381(might)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(contain)-267(deliberate)-267(or)-267(unconscious)-267(deception.)-300(Hs\374)-267(writes,)-271(in)-267(his)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 228.571 0 Td [(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.818 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(cited,)-277(p.)-316(93,)-278(of)-272(the)-272(various)-272(translations)-272(of)-271(the)-272(word)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 185.499 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.424 0 Td [(into)-272(English:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 48.919 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-272(word)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -245.823 -10.958 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.151 0 Td [(has)-353(no)-353(English)-353(equivalent.)-559(It)-353(has)-353(been)-353(erroneously)-353(translated)-353(as)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 240.433 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(rites)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 15.44 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.151 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf -273.161 -10.959 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(propriety)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 32.871 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(.)-232(It)-196(has)-195(been)-196(suggested)-196(that)-196(the)-195(term)-196(civilization)-196(is)-196(its)-195(nearest)-196(English)]TJ -38.843 -10.959 Td [(equivalent;)-373(but)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 57.631 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(civilization)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 40.348 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.964 0 Td [(is)-332(a)-332(broader)-332(term,)-353(without)-332(necessarily)-332(implying)]TJ -106.929 -10.959 Td [(ethical)-469(values,)-525(while)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 82.098 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.194 0 Td [(is)-469(essentially)-470(a)-469(term)-470(implying)-469(such)-470(values.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 163.48 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 8.19 0 Td [(Li)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.688 0 Td [(is)]TJ -274.65 -10.959 Td [(civilized)-236(behavior;)-241(that)-237(is,)-239(behavior)-236(which)-237(is)-236(civilized)-237(in)-236(being)-237(in)-236(conformance)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-250(the)-250(ideology)-250(and)-250(the)-250(values)-250(it)-250(contains.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+232 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 233 0 R
+/Resources 231 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 226 0 R
+>> endobj
+234 0 obj <<
+/D [232 0 R /XYZ 261.397 366.028 null]
+>> endobj
+231 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+237 0 obj <<
+/Length 4790
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(42The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(the)-410(political)-411(functions)-410(of)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 105.502 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 5.484 0 Td [(.)-731(Its)-411(force)-410(is)-411(to)-410(be)-411(regarded)-410(as)]TJ -110.986 -12.822 Td [(equally)-250(effective)-250(in)-250(every)-250(other)-250(type)-250(of)-250(human)-250(behavior.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 222.133 3.616 Td [(37)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -229.814 -36.759 Td [(The)-438(approach)-437(to)-438(society)-437(contained)-438(in)-438(the)-437(doctrines)-438(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 252.616 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -277.903 -13.549 Td [(ch\352ng)-230(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.379 0 Td [(,)-234(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 23.543 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.575 0 Td [(is,)-234(therefore,)-234(one)-230(which)-230(largely)-230(eliminates)-230(the)]TJ -82.497 -13.55 Td [(necessity)-276(for)-276(politics.)-327(Its)-276(influence)-276(may)-276(be)-276(estimated)-276(from)-275(three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(points)-192(of)-193(view:)-221(\0501\051)-192(to)-193(what)-192(degree)-192(was)-193(government)-192(different)-192(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-258(it)-258(might)-258(have)-258(been)-258(had)-258(it)-258(followed)-258(the)-258(line)-258(of)-258(development)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-402(government)-403(did)-402(in)-402(the)-402(West?)-707(\0502\051)-402(what)-403(was)-402(the)-402(range)-402(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governmental)-389(action)-390(in)-389(such)-390(a)-389(system?)-669(and)-389(\0503\051)-390(what)-389(was)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(relation)-346(of)-346(government)-347(to)-346(the)-346(other)-346(institutions)-346(of)-346(a)-346(Confucian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society?)]TJ 11.956 -15.504 Td [(In)-360(regard)-361(to)-360(the)-360(first)-361(point,)-388(it)-360(will)-360(be)-361(seen)-360(immediately)-360(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(government,)-368(once)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 83.214 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-345(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 55.389 0 Td [(has)-345(been)-344(set)-345(in)-345(motion,)-368(is)-345(not)-344(a)]TJ -138.603 -13.55 Td [(policy-making)-238(body.)-246(There)-239(is)-238(no)-238(question)-239(of)-238(policy,)-241(no)-238(room)-238(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disagreement,)-285(no)-277(alternative.)-333(What)-278(is)-277(right)-278(is)-278(apparent.)-332(Politics,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-453(the)-452(narrow)-452(sense)-453(of)-452(the)-453(word,)-503(ceases)-453(to)-452(be)-452(a)-453(function)-452(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government;)-250(only)-250(administration)-250(remains.)]TJ 11.956 -15.505 Td [(Secondly,)-665(government)-582(needs)-583(to)-582(administer)-582(only)-582(for)-582(two)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(purposes.)-307(The)-270(chief)-269(of)-269(these)-269(is)-269(the)-269(maintenance)-269(of)-269(the)-269(ideology.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Once)-191(right)-191(views)-191(are)-190(established,)-203(no)-191(individual)-191(is)-191(entitled)-191(to)-190(think)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(otherwise.)-299(Government)-266(must)-266(treat)-267(the)-266(heterodox)-266(as)-266(malefactors.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-460(crime)-459(is)-460(greater)-459(than)-460(ordinary)-459(crime,)-512(which)-459(is)-460(a)-459(mere)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(violation)-391(of)-391(right)-391(behavior;)-923(they)-391(pollute)-390(right)-391(thought,)-427(set)-390(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([035])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(motion)-168(the)-168(forces)-169(of)-168(discord,)-184(and)-169(initiate)-168(evils)-168(which)-168(may)-168(work)-168(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-156(on)-156(through)-156(the)-156(society,)-175(even)-156(after)-156(the)-156(evil-thinkers)-156(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-406(dead.)-719(To)-406(protect)-406(the)-407(society)-406(actively)-406(against)-406(discord,)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-289(must)-290(encourage)-289(the)-289(utterance)-290(of)-289(the)-289(accepted)-289(truth.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-322(scholar)-323(is)-322(thus)-322(the)-323(highest)-322(of)-322(all)-323(the)-322(social)-322(classes;)-359(it)-322(is)-322(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-285(maintains)-285(agreement)-285(and)-284(order.)-355(The)-285(government)-284(becomes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-283(maintaining)-283(the)-283(ideology,)-291(the)-283(educational)-283(system.)-349(The)-282(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-332(life)-332(is)-332(education,)-353(formal)-332(or)-333(informal.)-496(Every)-332(act)-332(of)-332(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 69.951 Td [(37)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(103.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+236 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 237 0 R
+/Resources 235 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 226 0 R
+>> endobj
+238 0 obj <<
+/D [236 0 R /XYZ 221.061 197.315 null]
+>> endobj
+235 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+241 0 obj <<
+/Length 4944
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(World-Society.)-6672(43)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(leader)-323(is)-324(a)-323(precept)-323(and)-324(an)-323(example.)-470(The)-323(ruler)-324(does)-323(not)-323(compel)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtue)-250(by)-250(law;)-250(he)-250(spreads)-250(it)-250(by)-250(his)-250(conspicuous)-250(example.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(The)-509(other)-510(function)-509(of)-510(the)-509(government)-510(in)-509(maintaining)-509(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-206(lies)-206(in)-206(the)-207(necessity)-206(of)-206(dealing)-206(with)-206(persons)-206(not)-206(affected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-212(the)-212(ideology.)-238(Barbarians)-212(are)-212(especially)-212(formidable,)-219(since)-212(both)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(heretics)-246(and)-245(criminals)-246(may)-246(be)-245(restored)-246(to)-246(the)-245(use)-246(of)-246(their)-245(reason,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(while)-404(barbarians)-404(may)-404(not,)-442(so)-404(long)-404(as)-404(they)-404(remain)-403(barbarians.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Accordingly,)-398(the)-368(government)-369(is)-368(also)-369(a)-368(defense)-368(system.)-606(It)-368(is)-368(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defense)-244(against)-243(open)-244(and)-244(physical)-243(disruption)-244(from)-244(within)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 249.488 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-244(in)]TJ -260.397 -13.549 Td [(the)-348(case)-349(of)-348(insurrectionaries)-348(or)-349(bandits)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 173.504 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-348(a)-349(defense)-348(against)]TJ -184.413 -13.549 Td [(forces)-466(from)-467(without)-466(which,)-521(as)-466(veritable)-467(powers)-466(of)-466(darkness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-250(be)-250(taught)-250(and)-250(are)-250(amenable)-250(only)-250(to)-250(brute)-250(force.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(In)-296(connection)-296(with)-297(the)-296(third)-296(point,)-308(government)-296(itself)-296(appears)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(as)-468(subject)-467(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 63.78 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.066 0 Td [(.)-902(It)-468(has)-467(no)-468(right)-467(to)-468(do)-467(wrong.)-903(The)-467(truth)-468(is)]TJ -69.846 -13.549 Td [(apparent)-251(to)-250(everyone,)-251(and)-251(especially)-250(to)-251(the)-250(scholars.)-252(In)-251(this)-250(wise)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-399(Chinese)-399(governments)-399(were)-399(at)-399(the)-399(mercy)-399(of)-399(their)-398(subjects.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(No)-306(divine)-306(right)-306(shielded)-306(them)-306(when)-306(public)-306(opinion)-306(condemned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them;)-223(ill-doing)-209(governments)-209(were)-209(twice)-209(guilty)-208(and)-209(contemptible,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(because)-192(of)-192(the)-192(great)-192(force)-191(of)-192(their)-192(examples.)-231(An)-192(evil)-192(emperor)-191(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-183(only)-183(a)-183(criminal;)-206(he)-183(was)-183(a)-183(heresiarch,)-197(leading)-183(many)-183(astray,)-196(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(corrupting)-398(the)-397(virtue)-398(upon)-398(which)-397(society)-398(rested)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 215.692 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(virtue)-398(being)]TJ -226.602 -13.549 Td [(the)-242(maintenance)-242(of)-243(a)-242(true)-242(and)-242(moral)-242(ideology,)-244(and)-242(conformity)-242(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([036])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.776 Td [(The)-391(consequence)-392(of)-391(these)-392(teachings)-391(was)-392(such)-391(that)-392(we)-391(may)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(say,)-246(without)-245(sacrificing)-244(truth)-245(to)-245(paradox,)-246(that)-244(the)-245(aim)-245(of)-244(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-371(was)-371(anarchy)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 111.694 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(not)-371(in)-371(the)-370(sense)-371(of)-371(disorder,)-401(but)-371(in)]TJ -122.603 -13.549 Td [(the)-436(sense)-435(of)-436(an)-436(order)-436(so)-435(just)-436(and)-436(so)-435(complete)-436(that)-436(it)-435(needed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-417(governing.)-751(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 92.13 0 Td [(laissez-faire)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 57.884 0 Td [(of)-417(the)-417(Chinese)-417(was)-417(not)-417(only)]TJ -150.014 -13.549 Td [(economic;)-418(it)-361(was)-362(political.)-585(The)-361(Great)-362(Harmony)-362(of)-361(Confucius,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-305(was)-305(his)-305(Utopia,)-319(was)-305(conceived)-305(of)-305(as)-305(a)-305(society)-305(where)-305(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellence)-390(of)-389(ideology)-390(and)-390(the)-389(thoroughness)-390(of)-390(conformity)-389(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-250(had)-250(brought)-250(perfect)-250(virtue,)-250(perfect)-250(happiness.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(The)-529(other)-529(doctrines)-528(of)-529(Confucius,)-599(his)-529(practical)-528(teachings)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(on)-419(statesmanship,)-462(his)-419(discourses)-419(on)-419(the)-419(family)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 213.647 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(these)-419(cannot)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+240 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 241 0 R
+/Resources 239 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 226 0 R
+>> endobj
+242 0 obj <<
+/D [240 0 R /XYZ 46.771 217.54 null]
+>> endobj
+239 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+243 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index11) >>
+endobj
+246 0 obj
+(The Chinese World-Society of Eastern Asia.)
+endobj
+249 0 obj <<
+/Length 4562
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(44The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(be)-487(entered)-488(into)-487(here.)-962(Enough)-487(has,)-547(perhaps,)-547(been)-487(shown)-487(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(demonstrate)-517(the)-518(thoroughness)-517(of)-517(Confucius')-517(reaction)-517(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-255(and)-255(nation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 71.316 3.959 Td [(38)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.365 -3.959 Td [(This)-255(reaction)-255(was)-255(to)-256(continue,)-256(and)-255(to)-255(become)]TJ -82.681 -13.549 Td [(so)-229(typical)-229(that)-229(the)-229(whole)-229(Chinese)-229(system)-229(of)-229(subsequent)-228(centuries)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-304(called)-303(Confucian,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.816 3.959 Td [(39)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.927 -3.959 Td [(until)-304(the)-303(exigencies)-304(of)-304(a)-304(newer,)-317(larger,)]TJ -109.743 -13.549 Td [(and)-216(more)-216(perilous)-216(world)-216(led)-216(to)-216(Sun)-216(Yat-sen's)-216(teaching)-216(of)-215(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-255(nationalism.)-264(Before)-255(taking)-255(up)-255(the)-255(doctrine)-255(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 237.169 0 Td [(min)-255(tsu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 31.875 0 Td [(,)-256(it)]TJ -269.044 -13.549 Td [(may)-297(be)-297(worthwhile)-297(to)-297(summarize)-297(the)-297(manner)-297(in)-297(which)-296(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society,)-271(deliberately)-267(and)-266(accidentally,)-271(each)-267(in)-267(part,)-271(followed)-266(out)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(doctrines)-250(of)-250(Confucius)-250(in)-250(its)-250(practical)-250(organization.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -62.539 Td [(The)-241(Chinese)-240(World-Society)-241(of)-240(Eastern)-241(Asia.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.757 Td [(It)-350(would)-349(be,)-375(of)-350(course,)-374(absurd)-350(to)-350(pretend)-349(to)-350(analyze)-350(the)-349(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-375(of)-375(China)-375(in)-375(a)-375(few)-375(paragraphs;)-437(and)-375(yet)-750(it)-375(is)-375(necessary)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([037])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(to)-445(the)-445(study)-445(of)-446(Sun)-445(Yat-sen)-445(that)-445(certain)-445(characteristics)-445(be)-445(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(least)-541(mentioned.)-1123(Several)-541(problems)-541(appear)-541(which)-541(are)-540(quite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outstanding.)-418(What)-306(was)-306(the)-306(social)-306(position)-306(and)-306(function)-306(of)-306(each)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(individual?)-613(How)-371(were)-371(refractory)-371(individuals)-371(to)-371(be)-371(disciplined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-438(accordance)-439(with)-438(the)-439(requirements)-438(that)-439(the)-438(general)-438(opinion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-584(society)-584(imposed?)-1252(What)-584(were)-584(the)-584(ultimate)-584(ends)-583(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-573(organization)-573(of)-573(Chinese)-573(society)-573(was)-573(to)-573(realize?)-1218(How)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-482(the)-483(educational)-482(system)-483(and)-482(the)-482(frontier)-483(defenses)-482(to)-482(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(maintained?)-863(What)-454(was)-454(to)-454(be)-454(the)-455(position)-454(and)-454(power)-454(of)-454(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-250(organization?)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 142.678 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 135.865 Td [(38)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Confucius)-342(the)-342(individual)-342(was)-341(quite)-342(nationalistically)-342(devoted)-342(to)-342(his)-342(native)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(state)-264(of)-265(Lu,)-268(and,)-267(more)-265(philosophically,)-268(hostile)-264(to)-264(the)-264(barbarians.)-293(Hs\374,)-268(cited,)-268(p.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(118.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(39)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(John)-521(K.)-521(Shryock,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 72.401 0 Td [(The)-521(Origin)-521(and)-521(Development)-521(of)-521(The)-521(State)-521(Cult)-521(of)]TJ -84.357 -10.959 Td [(Confucius)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.368 0 Td [(,)-175(New)-156(York,)-175(1932,)-175(traces)-157(this)-156(growth)-156(with)-156(great)-157(clarity)-156(and)-156(superlative)]TJ -36.368 -10.959 Td [(scholarship.)-571(The)-357(work)-357(is)-357(invaluable)-357(as)-356(a)-357(means)-357(to)-357(the)-357(understanding)-357(of)-357(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(political)-250(and)-250(educational)-250(structure)-250(commonly)-250(called)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 188.267 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Confucian)-250(civilization.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 82.186 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+248 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 249 0 R
+/Resources 247 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 226 0 R
+>> endobj
+244 0 obj <<
+/D [248 0 R /XYZ 93.543 370.037 null]
+>> endobj
+250 0 obj <<
+/D [248 0 R /XYZ 306.155 288.387 null]
+>> endobj
+247 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+253 0 obj <<
+/Length 5374
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Chinese)-250(World-Society)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-6894(45)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(At)-239(the)-240(outset)-239(it)-239(is)-240(necessary)-239(that)-239(a)-240(working)-239(demarcation)-239(of)-239(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(political)-257(be)-256(established.)-269(Accepting,)-258(by)-257(definition,)-258(those)-256(coercive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(controls)-347(as)-346(political)-347(which)-346(are)-347(operated)-347(for)-346(the)-347(preservation)-346(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-438(as)-438(a)-437(whole,)-485(and)-438(are)-437(recognized)-438(within)-438(the)-438(society)-437(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(so)-454(doing,)-504(we)-454(see)-454(immediately)-454(that)-453(the)-454(range)-454(of)-454(the)-453(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-334(have)-333(been)-334(much)-334(less)-333(in)-334(old)-334(China)-333(than)-334(it)-334(has)-333(been)-334(in)-333(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West.)-472(Western)-324(societies)-323(tend,)-343(at)-324(least)-324(i)1(n)-324(law,)-343(to)-324(emphasize)-323(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relationship)-322(between)-321(the)-322(individual)-321(and)-322(the)-322(society)-321(as)-322(a)-321(whole;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(free)-231(and)-231(unassociated)-232(individuals)-231(tend)-231(to)-231(become)-231(extraordinarily)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unstable.)-272(In)-257(the)-257(old)-258(Chinese)-257(society)-257(the)-258(control)-257(of)-257(the)-257(individual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-527(so)-527(much)-526(an)-527(ideological)-527(one,)-596(that)-527(political)-527(control)-526(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(infinitely)-301(narrower)-300(than)-300(in)-301(the)-300(West.)-402(But,)-313(in)-300(order)-301(to)-300(effectuate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-416(control,)-457(there)-415(must)-416(be)-416(an)-415(organization)-416(which)-415(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permit)-495(pressure)-495(to)-495(be)-495(exercised)-495(on)-495(the)-495(individual)-495(in)-495(such)-495(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(compelling)-154(manner)-154(that)-154(the)-154(exercise)-154(of)-154(external)-154(coercion)-153(becomes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unnecessary.)-377(In)-293(a)-292(society)-292(in)-293(which)-292(the)-292(state)-293(has)-292(withered)-292(away,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(after)-177(an)-177(enormous)-176(expansion)-177(in)-177(the)-177(subject-matter)-177(of)-176(its)-177(control,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(40)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(the)-374(totalitarian)-374(state)-374(is)-374(succeeded)-374(by)-374(the)-374(totalitarian)-748(tradition,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([038])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(if)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 6.666 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-231(the)-231(qualification)-230(is)-231(an)-231(important)-231(one)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 175.087 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-231(indoctrination)]TJ -203.571 -13.55 Td [(has)-423(been)-423(so)-423(effective)-422(that)-423(the)-423(ideology)-423(can)-423(maintain)-423(itself)-422(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-301(minds)-300(of)-301(men)-300(without)-301(the)-300(continuing)-301(coercive)-300(power)-301(of)-300(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-441(to)-441(uphold)-441(it.)-824(If)-441(the)-441(ideology)-441(is)-441(secure,)-489(then)-441(control)-441(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-377(individual)-377(will)-377(devolve)-376(upon)-377(those)-377(persons)-377(making)-377(up)-376(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immediate)-442(social)-442(environment,)-491(who)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.164 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-442(view)-442(of)-443(the)-442(uniform)]TJ -174.073 -13.549 Td [(and)-260(secure)-260(notions)-260(of)-260(right)-260(and)-260(justice)-260(prevailing)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 213.767 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(can)-260(be)-260(relied)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 175.394 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 168.581 Td [(40)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This)-340(expansion)-341(took)-340(place)-340(in)-341(China)-340(in)-340(the)-341(reign)-340(of)-341(Ch'in)-340(Shih)-340(Huang)-341(Ti,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(who)-366(used)-366(the)-365(state)-366(of)-366(Ch'in)-366(as)-366(an)-365(instrument)-366(by)-366(means)-366(of)-365(which)-366(to)-366(destroy)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-354(multiple)-354(state-system)-354(and)-354(replace)-354(it)-354(with)-353(a)-354(powerful)-354(unitary)-354(state)-354(for)-354(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(China.)-285(He)-262(sought)-261(to)-262(wipe)-261(out)-262(the)-262(past,)-264(raising)-262(the)-262(imperial)-261(office)-262(to)-261(a)-262(position)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-384(real)-383(power,)-418(and)-383(destroying)-384(the)-384(whole)-383(feudal)-384(organization.)-651(He)-384(abolished)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(tenantry)-406(and)-405(supplanted)-406(it)-405(with)-406(a)-405(system)-406(of)-405(small)-406(freeholds.)-717(Although)-405(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(immediate)-356(successors)-356(did)-356(much)-356(to)-356(restore)-356(the)-356(forms)-356(and)-356(appearances)-356(of)-356(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(past,)-365(his)-342(work)-343(was)-342(not)-342(altogether)-342(undone.)-526(Himself)-343(hostile)-342(to)-342(Confucius,)-365(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(actions)-295(implemented)-295(the)-296(teachings)-295(to)-295(an)-295(enormous)-296(degree.)-385(See)-296(Granet,)-306(cited,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(pp.)-250(96-104.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+252 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 253 0 R
+/Resources 251 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 255 0 R
+>> endobj
+254 0 obj <<
+/D [252 0 R /XYZ 283.623 287.839 null]
+>> endobj
+251 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+258 0 obj <<
+/Length 4984
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(46The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(upon)-235(to)-236(attend)-235(to)-236(him)-235(in)-236(a)-235(manner)-235(which)-236(will)-235(be)-236(approved)-235(by)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-250(in)-250(general.)]TJ 11.956 -16.28 Td [(In)-495(China)-496(the)-495(groups)-495(most)-496(conspicuous)-495(within)-495(the)-495(society)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(were)-446(the)-446(family)-447(system,)-495(the)-446(village)-446(and)-447(district,)-495(and)-446(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 266.688 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -266.688 -13.549 Td [(\050association;)-244(league;)-244(society,)-242(in)-241(the)-241(everyday)-240(sense)-241(of)-241(the)-240(word\051.)]TJ 11.956 -16.28 Td [(The)-226(family)-226(was)-226(an)-226(intricate)-226(structure.)-242(A)-226(fairly)-226(typical)-226(instance)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-155(family)-155(organization)-156(within)-155(a)-155(specific)-155(village)-155(has)-155(been)-155(described)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-199(the)-199(following)-198(terms:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 100.471 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-199(village)-199(is)-198(occupied)-199(by)-199(one)-199(sib,)-209(a)-199(uni-)]TJ -105.314 -13.549 Td [(lateral)-216(kinship)-216(group,)-222(exogamous,)-223(monogamous)-216(but)-215(polygynous,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(composed)-255(of)-256(a)-255(plurality)-256(of)-255(kin)-255(alignments)-256(into)-255(four)-256(families:)-260(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-387(family,)-421(the)-386(economic-family,)-421(the)-387(religious-family,)-420(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-287(sib.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 31.919 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(41)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.598 -3.958 Td [(The)-287(natural)-287(family)-287(corresponded)-287(to)-287(the)-287(family)-286(of)-287(the)]TJ -48.361 -13.55 Td [(West.)-248(The)-246(economic)-245(family)-245(may)-246(have)-245(had)-245(a)-246(natural)-245(family)-245(as)-245(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(core,)-205(but)-194(commonly)-194(extended)-194(through)-194(several)-194(degrees)-194(of)-193(kinship,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-259(may)-258(have)-259(included)-259(from)-259(thirty)-258(to)-259(one)-259(hundred)-259(persons,)-260(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(formed)-151(a)-151(single)-151(economic)-150(unit,)-171(living)-151(and)-151(consuming)-150(collectively.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-293(religious)-293(family)-293(was)-292(an)-293(aggregate)-293(of)-293(economic)-293(families,)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-258(it)-258(would)-258(be)-259(very)-258(difficult)-258(to)-258(give)-258(any)-258(specified)-258(number)-258(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-280(average.)-342(It)-561(was)-280(religious)-280(in)-281(that)-280(it)-281(provided)-280(the)-280(organization)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([039])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(for)-322(the)-322(proper)-322(commemoration)-322(and)-322(reverence)-322(of)-322(ancestors,)-339(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(maintained)-430(an)-430(ancestral)-430(shrine)-430(where)-430(the)-430(proper)-429(genealogical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(records)-245(could)-245(be)-246(kept;)-246(the)-246(cult)-245(feature)-245(has)-245(largely)-245(disappeared)-245(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(modern)-297(times.)-393(The)-297(sib)-298(corresponded)-297(roughly)-297(to)-298(the)-297(clan,)-309(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-359(some)-358(Western)-359(communities;)-413(its)-359(r\364le)-358(was)-359(determined)-359(by)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immediate)-424(environment.)-770(In)-423(some)-424(cases)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 181.33 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(as)-423(especially)-424(in)-423(the)]TJ -192.24 -13.549 Td [(south)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.64 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-233(sib)-234(was)-233(powerful)-233(enough)-233(to)-234(engage)-233(in)-233(feuds;)-239(at)-233(times)]TJ -34.549 -13.549 Td [(one)-324(or)-323(more)-324(sibs)-324(dominated)-323(whole)-324(communities;)-360(in)-324(the)-323(greater)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(part)-242(of)-242(China)-242(it)-242(was)-242(a)-242(loose)-242(organization,)-243(holding)-242(meetings)-242(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-334(to)-333(time)-334(to)-334(unite)-333(the)-334(various)-334(local)-333(religious)-334(families)-333(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constituted)-250(it.)]TJ 11.955 -16.28 Td [(Family)-487(consciousness)-487(played)-486(its)-487(part)-487(in)-487(sustaining)-487(certain)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(elements)-332(of)-331(the)-332(Confucian)-331(ideology.)-495(It)-331(stressed)-332(the)-331(idea)-332(of)-331(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 69.951 Td [(41)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(D.)-250(H.)-250(Kulp,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 44.329 0 Td [(Family)-250(Life)-250(in)-250(South)-250(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 97.644 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1925,)-250(p.)-250(xxiv.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+257 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 258 0 R
+/Resources 256 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 255 0 R
+>> endobj
+259 0 obj <<
+/D [257 0 R /XYZ 156.992 268.827 null]
+>> endobj
+256 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+262 0 obj <<
+/Length 5084
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Chinese)-250(World-Society)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-6894(47)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(carnal)-274(immortality)-274(of)-274(the)-274(human)-274(race;)-286(it)-274(oriented)-274(the)-273(individual,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-314(only)-314(philosophically,)-330(but)-313(socially)-314(as)-314(well.)-442(The)-314(size)-314(of)-313(each)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(family)-350(determined)-350(his)-350(position)-350(spatially,)-375(and)-350(family)-349(continuity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fixed)-294(a)-295(definite)-294(location)-295(in)-294(time)-294(for)-295(him.)-383(With)-294(its)-294(many-handed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(grasp)-311(upon)-310(the)-310(individual,)-326(the)-311(family)-310(system)-311(held)-310(him)-310(securely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-401(place)-400(and)-401(prevented)-401(his)-400(aspiring)-401(to)-401(the)-400(arrogant)-401(heights)-400(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nobility)-374(or)-374(falling)-375(to)-374(the)-374(degradation)-374(of)-375(a)-374(slavery)-374(in)-374(which)-374(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-266(become)-265(a)-266(mere)-265(commodity.)-297(A)-266(Chinese)-265(surrounded)-266(by)-265(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kinsmen)-216(was)-215(shielded)-216(against)-215(humiliations)-216(inflicted)-215(upon)-216(him)-215(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(outsiders)-186(or)-186(the)-186(menace)-186(of)-186(his)-186(own)-187(potential)-186(follies.)-228(It)-186(was)-186(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-225(the)-225(family)-225(system,)-229(with)-225(its)-225(religious)-225(as)-225(well)-225(as)-224(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-377(social)-376(foundation,)-409(that)-376(the)-377(Chinese)-377(solved)-376(the)-377(problem)-376(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(adequate)-314(mobility)-315(of)-314(individuals)-314(in)-315(a)-314(society)-314(stable)-315(as)-314(a)-314(whole,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-365(gave)-365(to)-365(that)-365(stability)-365(a)-365(clear)-365(and)-365(undeniable)-364(purpose)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.55 Td [(continued)-341(generation)-341(of)-341(the)-341(human)-341(race)-341(through)-341(the)-341(continuity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(a)-250(multitude)-250(of)-250(families,)-250(each)-250(determined)-250(upon)-250(survival.)]TJ 11.956 -16.92 Td [(The)-613(family)-613(was)-613(the)-614(most)-613(obviously)-613(significant)-613(of)-613(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([040])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(groupings)-286(within)-285(the)-286(society,)-295(but)-285(it)-286(was)-286(equalled)-285(if)-286(not)-285(excelled)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-250(importance)-250(by)-250(the)-250(village.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.138 3.959 Td [(42)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -113.182 -20.879 Td [(Had)-396(the)-396(family)-397(been)-396(the)-396(only)-396(important)-396(social)-397(grouping,)-432(it)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(might)-396(have)-395(been)-396(impossible)-396(for)-396(any)-395(democracy)-396(to)-396(develop)-395(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China.)-518(It)-340(so)-339(occurred)-340(that)-339(the)-340(family)-339(pattern)-340(provided,)-361(indeed,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-401(model)-401(for)-400(the)-401(government,)-438(but)-401(the)-401(importance)-401(of)-400(villages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-384(Chinese)-384(life)-384(negated)-384(the)-384(too)-384(sharp)-384(influence)-384(of)-384(a)-383(familistic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government.)-646(It)-382(would)-382(have)-382(been)-382(the)-382(most)-382(awful)-382(heresy,)-415(as)-382(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-367(in)-367(Japan)-367(today,)-396(to)-367(revolt)-367(against)-367(and)-367(depose)-367(an)-367(unrighteous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(father;)-236(there)-228(was)-228(nothing)-228(to)-228(prevent)-229(the)-228(deposition)-228(or)-228(destruction)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-337(an)-336(evil)-337(village)-336(elder.)-510(In)-336(times)-337(of)-336(concord,)-358(the)-337(Emperor)-336(was)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 131.558 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 124.746 Td [(42)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(H.)-251(G.)-252(Creel,)-251(cited,)-252(p.)-254(10.)-255(Creole)-251(writes)-251(as)-252(follows)-251(of)-251(the)-252(significance)-251(of)-252(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(village:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 30.153 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-306(village)-307(life)-306(is)-307(very)-306(important,)-321(for)-306(it)-306(appears)-307(to)-306(be)-307(the)-306(archetype)]TJ -34.134 -10.959 Td [(from)-233(which)-233(the)-232(entire)-233(Chinese)-233(conception)-233(of)-232(the)-233(world)-233(and)-233(even)-233(of)-232(the)-233(cosmos)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(grew.)-483(The)-328(village)-328(was,)-347(as)-327(has)-328(been)-328(said,)-347(small.)-483(It)-328(was)-328(based)-327(on)-328(agriculture.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(It)-280(was)-280(apparently)-280(a)-280(community)-280(of)-280(a)-280(peaceful)-280(regularity)-280(and)-280(a)-280(social)-280(solidarity)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(beyond)-250(anything)-250(which)-250(we)-250(of)-250(the)-250(present)-250(can)-250(imagine.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 195.979 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+261 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 262 0 R
+/Resources 260 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 255 0 R
+>> endobj
+263 0 obj <<
+/D [261 0 R /XYZ 327.401 298.017 null]
+>> endobj
+260 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+266 0 obj <<
+/Length 5920
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(48The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-318(father)-318(of)-318(the)-318(society;)-352(at)-318(other)-318(times,)-335(when)-318(his)-318(rule)-318(was)-318(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(successful,)-394(he)-364(was)-365(a)-365(fellow-villager)-365(subject)-365(to)-365(the)-365(criticism)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -14.183 Td [(The)-509(village)-510(was)-509(the)-510(largest)-509(working)-510(unit)-509(of)-509(non-political)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(administration;)-657(that)-522(is)-521(to)-522(say,)-589(groups)-522(within)-521(and)-521(up)-522(to)-521(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(village)-341(were)-341(almost)-340(completely)-341(autonomous)-341(and)-341(not)-341(subject)-340(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interference,)-251(except)-251(in)-251(very)-251(rare)-251(cases,)-251(from)-251(outside.)-253(The)-250(village)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-359(the)-359(smallest)-359(unit)-359(of)-359(the)-359(political.)-577(The)-359(District)-358(Magistrate,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-311(the)-310(lowest)-311(officer)-311(in)-311(the)-310(political-educational)-311(system,)-326(was)-310(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-291(of)-291(a)-291(district)-291(containing)-292(from)-291(one)-291(to)-291(twenty)-291(villages,)-301(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(negotiated,)-248(in)-247(performing)-247(the)-247(duties)-247(imposed)-247(upon)-248(him,)-247(with)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(village)-332(leaders.)-496(The)-332(villages)-332(acted)-332(as)-332(self-ruling)-332(communes,)-352(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(times)-250(very)-250(democratic.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 99.677 3.958 Td [(43)]TJ -172.432 -3.958 Td [([041])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -14.183 Td [(Next)-350(in)-351(importance,)-376(among)-350(Chinese)-351(social)-350(groups,)-376(after)-350(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(family)-312(and)-312(the)-311(village)-312(was)-312(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 137.966 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(.)-435(It)-312(was)-312(in)-312(all)-312(probability)-312(the)]TJ -151.908 -13.549 Td [(last)-288(to)-287(appear.)-363(Neither)-288(ordained,)-297(as)-287(the)-288(family)-287(seemed)-288(to)-287(be,)-297(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-308(eternal)-307(physical)-308(and)-307(biological)-308(order)-307(of)-308(things,)-321(nor)-308(made)-307(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seem)-205(natural,)-213(as)-205(was)-204(the)-205(village,)-213(by)-205(the)-204(geographic)-205(and)-204(economic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(environment,)-255(the)-254(association)-253(found)-254(its)-254(justification)-254(in)-254(the)-253(deeply)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ingrained)-343(propensities)-344(of)-343(the)-343(Chinese)-343(to)-344(co\366perate.)-529(Paralleling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-481(supplementing)-481(the)-481(former)-481(two,)-538(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 187.538 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.187 0 Td [(won)-481(for)-481(itself)-481(a)]TJ -206.725 -13.549 Td [(definite)-310(and)-310(unchallenged)-310(place)-310(in)-310(the)-310(Chinese)-310(social)-309(structure.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-318(kinds)-317(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 60.088 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.407 0 Td [(may)-318(be)-317(classified)-318(into)-318(six)-317(categories:)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 164.579 3.958 Td [(44)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.672 -3.958 Td [(1\051)-318(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 208.431 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 201.619 Td [(43)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Arthur)-348(Smith,)-373(one)-348(of)-349(the)-348(few)-348(Westerners)-349(to)-348(live)-348(in)-349(a)-348(Chinese)-348(village)-349(for)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(any)-377(length)-376(of)-377(years,)-408(wrote:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 105.205 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(It)-377(is)-376(a)-377(noteworthy)-376(fact)-377(that)-377(the)-376(government)-377(of)]TJ -109.186 -10.959 Td [(China,)-358(while)-337(in)-337(theory)-336(more)-337(or)-337(less)-337(despotic,)-358(places)-337(no)-336(practical)-337(restrictions)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(upon)-297(the)-297(right)-297(of)-297(free)-297(assemblage)-297(by)-297(the)-296(people)-297(for)-297(the)-297(consideration)-297(of)-297(their)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(own)-287(affairs.)-361(The)-287(people)-288(of)-287(any)-287(village)-287(can,)-296(if)-287(they)-287(choose,)-297(meet)-287(every)-287(day)-287(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-310(year.)-431(There)-311(is)-310(no)-311(government)-310(censor)-310(present,)-326(and)-310(no)-310(restriction)-311(upon)-310(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(liberty)-283(of)-282(debate.)-349(The)-282(people)-283(can)-283(say)-283(what)-282(they)-283(like,)-291(and)-283(the)-282(local)-283(Magistrate)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(neither)-397(knows)-397(nor)-398(cares)-397(what)-397(is)-397(said....)-691(But)-398(should)-397(insurrection)-397(break)-397(out,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(these)-238(popular)-237(rights)-238(might)-237(be)-238(extinguished)-238(in)-237(a)-238(moment,)-240(a)-238(fact)-237(of)-238(which)-237(all)-238(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(people)-324(are)-324(perfectly)-324(well)-324(aware.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 117.423 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 6.886 0 Td [(Village)-324(Life)-324(in)-324(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.468 0 Td [(,)-342(New)-324(York,)-343(1899,)-342(p.)]TJ -201.777 -10.958 Td [(228.)-250(This)-250(was)-250(written)-250(thirteen)-250(years)-250(before)-250(the)-250(fall)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Ch'ing)-250(dynasty.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(44)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(J.)-288(S.)-289(Burgess,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 51.933 0 Td [(The)-288(Guilds)-289(of)-288(Peking)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 76.997 0 Td [(,)-298(New)-289(York,)-298(1928.)-365(This)-288(is)-289(perhaps)-288(the)]TJ -140.886 -10.959 Td [(best)-225(work)-225(on)-225(the)-225(subject)-225(of)-225(the)-225(guilds)-225(which)-225(has)-225(yet)-225(appeared.)-242(The)-225(information)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+265 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 266 0 R
+/Resources 264 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 255 0 R
+>> endobj
+267 0 obj <<
+/D [265 0 R /XYZ 93.543 352.573 null]
+>> endobj
+264 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+270 0 obj <<
+/Length 4990
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Chinese)-250(World-Society)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-6894(49)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(fraternal)-321(societies;)-356(2\051)-321(insurance)-321(groups;)-356(3\051)-321(economic)-321(guilds;)-356(4\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(religious)-407(societies;)-485(5\051)-407(political)-407(societies;)-485(and)-407(6\051)-406(organizations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-368(militia)-369(and)-368(vigilantes.)-604(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 138.117 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.959 0 Td [(made)-368(up,)-398(in)-368(their)-368(economic)]TJ -156.076 -13.549 Td [(form,)-233(the)-228(greater)-228(part)-228(of)-228(the)-228(economic)-228(organization)-228(of)-228(old)-228(China,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-452(provided)-452(the)-453(system)-452(of)-452(vocational)-452(education)-452(for)-452(persons)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-326(destined)-326(to)-326(literature)-327(and)-326(administration.)-478(Politically,)-345(it)-326(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.052 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(under)-433(such)-432(names)-433(as)-433(the)-433(Triad)-432(and)-433(the)-433(Lotus)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 210.455 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(provided)-223(the)-223(party)-223(organizations)-223(of)-223(old)-223(China)-223(and)-223(challenged)-222(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dynasties)-251(whenever)-251(objectionable)-251(social)-251(or)-251(economic)-251(conditions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(developed.)]TJ 11.956 -16.682 Td [(The)-374(old)-373(Chinese)-374(society,)-405(made)-373(up)-374(of)-374(innumerable)-374(famil)1(ies,)]TJ -5.18 -13.549 Td [(villages,)-621(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 65.159 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(,)-621(comprised)-547(a)-547(whole)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 104.353 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(known)-547(world.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 63.839 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.809 0 Td [(Its)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 21.303 0 Td [([042])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.55 Td [(strength)-430(was)-431(like)-430(that)-431(of)-430(a)-430(dinosaur)-431(in)-430(modern)-431(fable;)-520(having)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-369(one)-369(nerve-centre,)-398(the)-369(world-society)-369(could)-369(not)-369(be)-368(destroyed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-362(inroads)-362(of)-362(barbarians,)-390(or)-362(the)-362(ravages)-362(of)-362(famine,)-390(pestilence,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-247(insurrection.)-249(The)-247(ideology)-248(which)-247(has)-247(been)-247(called)-247(Confucian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continued.)-244(At)-234(no)-233(one)-233(time)-234(were)-233(conditions)-234(so)-233(bad)-233(as)-234(to)-233(break)-233(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(many)-245(threads)-246(of)-245(Chinese)-245(culture)-246(and)-245(to)-245(release)-246(a)-245(new)-245(generation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-504(persons)-503(emancipated)-504(from)-504(the)-504(tradition.)-1011(Throughout)-503(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries)-282(education)-282(and)-281(government)-282(went)-282(forward,)-290(even)-281(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dynasties)-313(fell)-314(and)-313(the)-314(whole)-313(country)-314(was)-313(occasionally)-313(over-run)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-232(conquerors.)-244(The)-232(absence)-232(of)-232(any)-232(juristically)-232(rigid)-232(organization)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(permitted)-325(the)-324(Chinese)-325(to)-324(maintain)-325(a)-325(certain)-324(minimum)-325(of)-324(order,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-494(in)-494(the)-494(absence)-494(of)-495(an)-494(emperor,)-555(or,)-555(as)-494(more)-494(commonly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(occurred,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(presence)-250(of)-250(several.)]TJ 11.955 -16.683 Td [(The)-198(governmental)-198(superstructure)-199(cemented)-198(the)-198(whole)-198(Chinese)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(world)-423(together)-424(in)-423(a)-423(formal)-423(manner;)-510(it)-424(did)-423(not)-423(create)-423(it.)-770(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(family,)-449(the)-409(village,)-449(and)-410(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 129.24 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.406 0 Td [(were)-409(fit)-410(subjects)-409(for)-409(imperial)]TJ -147.646 -13.549 Td [(comment,)-220(but)-213(there)-213(was)-213(nothing)-212(in)-213(their)-213(organization)-213(to)-212(persuade)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 118.802 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 109.978 Td [(was)-382(gathered)-382(by)-382(the)-382(students)-382(of)-382(the)-383(author,)-415(who)-382(as)-382(a)-382(teacher)-382(had)-382(excellent)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(facilities)-219(for)-219(developing)-219(contacts.)-240(The)-219(students,)-225(as)-220(C)1(hinese,)-226(were)-219(able)-219(to)-219(gather)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(data)-319(from)-320(the)-319(conservative)-320(guild)-319(leaders)-320(in)-319(a)-319(manner)-320(and)-319(to)-320(a)-319(degree)-320(that)-319(no)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Westerner)-274(could)-273(have)-273(done.)-321(The)-273(classification)-274(here)-273(given)-274(is)-273(a)-274(modification)-273(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Burgess'.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+269 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 270 0 R
+/Resources 268 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 255 0 R
+>> endobj
+271 0 obj <<
+/D [269 0 R /XYZ 46.771 366 null]
+>> endobj
+268 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+274 0 obj <<
+/Length 5613
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(50The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-341(student)-341(that)-341(the)-341(Emperor)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 127.595 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(by)-341(virtue)-341(of)-341(some)-341(Western-type)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -138.504 -13.549 Td [(Kompetenz)-390(Kompetenz)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 101.212 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(could)-390(remove)-389(his)-390(sanction)-390(from)-390(their)]TJ -112.121 -13.549 Td [(existence)-281(and)-282(thereby)-281(annihilate)-282(them.)-344(There)-282(was)-281(no)-281(precarious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(legal)-449(personality)-450(behind)-449(the)-449(family,)-499(the)-450(village,)-499(and)-449(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 263.961 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(,)]TJ -277.903 -13.55 Td [(which)-374(could)-375(be)-374(destroyed)-375(by)-374(a)-375(stroke)-374(of)-374(law.)-624(It)-374(was)-374(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-573(the)-572(English)-573(kings)-573(to)-572(destroy)-573(the)-573(Highland)-572(clan)-573(of)-572(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(MacGregor)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.28 0 Td [(\024\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.753 0 Td [(the)-502(proscribed)-501(name)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 93.951 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.753 0 Td [(without)-502(liquidating)-501(the)]TJ -175.737 -13.549 Td [(members)-400(of)-400(the)-400(clan)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 98.042 0 Td [(in)-400(toto)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.825 0 Td [(.)-700(In)-400(China)-400(the)-400(Emperor)-400(beheld)-400(a)]TJ -127.867 -13.549 Td [(family)-174(as)-174(a)-175(quasi-individual,)-189(and)-174(when)-175(enraged)-174(at)-174(them)-174(was)-174(prone)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-254(wipe)-254(them)-255(out)-254(with)-254(massacre.)-262(Only)-254(in)-255(a)-254(very)-254(few)-254(cases)-254(was)-254(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possible)-173(for)-174(him)-173(to)-173(destroy)-173(an)-174(organization)-173(without)-173(destroying)-173(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persons)-153(composing)-154(it;)-185(he)-153(could,)-173(for)-153(example,)-173(remove)-153(the)-153(privilege)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-336(a)-335(scholarship)-336(system)-336(from)-335(a)-336(district,)-357(prefecture,)-357(or)-335(province)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-284(necessarily)-285(disposing)-284(of)-285(all)-284(the)-284(scholars)-285(involved)-284(in)-284(the)]TJ 3.178 -13.55 Td [(move.)-374(The)-291(government)-291(of)-292(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 144.802 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which,)-302(in)-291(the)-291(normal)-291(run)-292(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -231.645 0 Td [([043])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(affairs,)-207(had)-196(no)-195(questions)-196(of)-196(policy,)-207(because)-196(policy)-196(was)-195(traditional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-326(inviolable)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 62.946 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(continued)-326(to)-326(be)-326(an)-326(administration)-326(dedicated)-326(to)]TJ -73.855 -13.549 Td [(three)-323(main)-322(ends)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 70.658 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-323(maintenance)-322(of)-322(the)-323(ideology)-322(\050education\051,)]TJ -81.567 -13.549 Td [(the)-234(defense)-234(of)-234(the)-235(society)-234(as)-234(a)-234(whole)-234(against)-234(barbarians)-234(\050military)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(affairs\051)-223(and)-224(against)-223(the)-223(adverse)-223(forces)-223(of)-224(nature)-223(\050public)-223(works)-223(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-177(most)-178(extensive)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.621 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-177(not)-178(i)1(ntensive)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 72.954 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(scale\051,)-192(and)-177(the)-177(collection)]TJ -174.394 -13.549 Td [(of)-298(funds)-297(for)-298(the)-297(fulfillment)-298(of)-297(the)-298(first)-298(two)-297(ends)-298(\050revenue\051.)-392(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Emperor)-250(was)-250(also)-250(the)-250(titular)-250(family)-250(head)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(world.)]TJ 11.955 -18.459 Td [(The)-245(educational)-245(system)-245(was)-245(identical)-245(with)-245(the)-245(administrative,)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(except)-251(in)-250(the)-251(case)-251(of)-251(the)-250(foreign)-251(dynasties.)-252(\050Under)-251(the)-250(Manchus,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-305(example,)-319(a)-305(certain)-305(quota)-305(of)-305(Manchu)-305(officials)-305(were)-305(assigned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(throughout)-289(the)-289(government,)-300(irrespective)-289(of)-289(their)-289(scholastic)-289(rank)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-265(contrast)-265(to)-266(the)-265(Chinese.\051)-295(It)-266(was)-265(a)-265(civil)-265(service,)-269(an)-265(educational)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(structure,)-319(and)-304(a)-305(ritualist)-305(organization.)-415(Selected)-305(from)-305(the)-304(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-490(large,)-550(scholars)-490(could)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 109.088 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(at)-490(least)-490(in)-490(theory)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 80.266 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(proceed)-490(on)-490(the)]TJ -211.173 -13.549 Td [(basis)-369(of)-370(sheer)-369(merit)-369(to)-370(any)-369(office)-369(in)-369(the)-370(Empire)-369(excepting)-369(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Throne.)-478(Their)-326(advancement)-326(was)-326(graduated)-326(on)-326(a)-326(very)-326(elaborate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scale)-378(of)-378(degrees,)-410(which)-378(could)-378(be)-378(attained)-378(only)-378(by)-378(the)-378(passing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-362(examinations)-362(involving)-361(an)-362(almost)-362(perfect)-362(knowledge)-362(of)-361(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+273 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 274 0 R
+/Resources 272 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 255 0 R
+>> endobj
+275 0 obj <<
+/D [273 0 R /XYZ 93.543 328.486 null]
+>> endobj
+272 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+278 0 obj <<
+/Length 4989
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Chinese)-250(World-Society)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-6894(51)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(literature)-356(of)-356(antiquity)-356(and)-355(the)-356(ability)-356(to)-356(think)-356(in)-356(harmony)-355(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-344(reproduce)-343(that)-344(literature.)-531(The)-343(Chinese)-344(scholar-official)-343(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-343(learn)-343(to)-343(do)-343(his)-343(own)-343(thinking)-343(by)-343(means)-343(of)-343(the)-343(clich\351s)-342(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-311(could)-311(learn)-311(from)-311(the)-311(classics;)-341(he)-311(had)-311(to)-311(make)-311(every)-311(thought)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-528(act)-529(of)-528(his)-528(life)-529(conform)-528(to)-528(the)-529(pattern)-528(of)-528(the)-528(ideology.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Resourceful)-353(men)-352(may)-353(have)-352(found)-353(in)-353(this)-352(a)-353(proper)-352(fortification)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-224(their)-225(originality,)-229(as)-225(soon)-224(as)-225(they)-224(were)-224(able)-225(to)-224(cloak)-225(it)-224(with)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expressions)-314(of)-314(respect;)-346(mediocre)-314(persons)-314(were)-314(helpless)-314(beyond)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(bounds)-250(of)-250(what)-250(they)-250(had)-250(learned.)]TJ 11.956 -14.999 Td [(The)-463(combination)-463(of)-464(education)-463(and)-463(administration)-463(had)-463(one)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(particular)-276(very)-276(stabilizing)-277(effect)-276(upon)-276(Chinese)-276(society.)-657(It)-276(made)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([044])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(literacy)-304(and)-303(rulership)-304(identical.)-411(Every)-304(educated)-303(man)-304(was)-303(either)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-387(government)-387(official)-388(or)-387(expected)-387(to)-387(become)-388(one.)-661(There)-387(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-381(hostile)-382(scholar)-381(class,)-414(no)-381(break)-381(with)-382(the)-381(tradition.)-643(Struggle)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-355(scholars)-355(generally)-356(took)-355(the)-355(form)-355(of)-355(conflicts)-355(between)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(cliques)-237(and)-237(were)-238(not)-237(founded)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 127.895 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(except)-237(in)-237(rare)-238(instances)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 101.668 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(on)-237(any)]TJ -251.381 -13.549 Td [(cleavage)-295(of)-294(ideas.)-384(The)-295(Throne)-294(secured)-295(its)-295(own)-294(position)-295(and)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continuity)-270(of)-270(the)-271(ideology)-270(through)-270(establishing)-270(intellectuality)-270(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-294(government)-294(monopoly.)-382(The)-294(consequences)-294(of)-294(the)-294(educational-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(administrative)-418(system)-418(fostered)-417(democratic)-418(tendencies)-418(quite)-417(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(much)-368(as)-369(they)-368(tended)-369(to)-368(maintain)-369(the)-368(status)-369(quo.)-605(The)-368(scholars)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-423(all)-423(men,)-467(and)-423(Chinese,)-467(owing)-423(allegiance)-423(to)-423(families)-423(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-322(native)-323(districts.)-466(In)-323(this)-322(manner)-322(a)-323(form)-322(of)-322(representation)-322(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assured)-402(the)-401(government)-402(which)-402(kept)-402(it)-401(from)-402(losing)-402(touch)-401(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-245(people,)-245(and)-245(which)-244(permitted)-245(the)-245(people)-244(to)-245(exercise)-244(influence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(upon)-229(the)-229(government)-230(in)-229(the)-229(advancement)-229(of)-229(any)-229(special)-229(interests)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-454(could)-455(profit)-454(by)-455(government)-454(assistance.)-863(The)-454(educational)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-372(also)-371(served)-372(as)-372(the)-371(substitute)-372(for)-372(a)-371(nobility.)-615(Hereditary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-517(distinctions)-517(existed)-517(in)-517(China)-517(on)-517(so)-517(small)-517(a)-517(scale)-516(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-483(amounted)-483(to)-482(nothing.)-949(The)-482(way)-483(to)-483(power)-483(was)-482(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-468(educational)-468(hierarchy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 117.755 3.958 Td [(45)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.334 -3.958 Td [(In)-468(a)-468(society)-936(which)-469(offered)-468(no)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.935 0 Td [([045])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.765 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 91.869 Td [(45)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(S.)-354(Wells)-354(Williams,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 73.016 0 Td [(The)-354(Middle)-354(Kingdom)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.075 0 Td [(,)-380(New)-354(York,)-379(1895,)-380(p.)-561(405.)-562(Dr.)]TJ -163.047 -10.959 Td [(Williams,)-376(whose)-351(work)-351(is)-351(perhaps)-351(the)-351(most)-351(celebrated)-350(single)-351(work)-351(on)-351(China)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-361(the)-361(English)-360(language,)-389(wrote)-361(as)-360(follows)-361(concerning)-361(the)-361(nobility)-360(under)-361(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+277 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 278 0 R
+/Resources 276 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 281 0 R
+>> endobj
+279 0 obj <<
+/D [277 0 R /XYZ 290.509 381.233 null]
+>> endobj
+280 0 obj <<
+/D [277 0 R /XYZ 243.016 110.249 null]
+>> endobj
+276 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+284 0 obj <<
+/Length 5652
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(52The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(financial)-470(or)-470(military)-470(short)-470(cuts)-470(to)-470(power,)-525(and)-470(which)-470(had)-470(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powerful)-497(nobility)-496(to)-496(block)-497(the)-496(way)-497(upward,)-558(the)-496(educational)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-417(provided)-418(an)-417(upward)-417(channel)-418(of)-417(social)-417(mobility)-417(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-346(highly)-346(important)-347(in)-346(the)-346(organization)-346(of)-346(the)-346(Chinese)-346(world)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(order.)]TJ 11.956 -15.695 Td [(The)-377(scholars,)-408(once)-377(they)-377(had)-377(passed)-377(the)-377(examinations,)-408(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(given)-389(either)-389(subsistence)-389(allowances)-388(or)-389(posts,)-424(according)-389(to)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rank)-318(which)-317(they)-318(had)-318(secured)-317(in)-318(the)-318(tests.)-453(\050This)-317(was,)-335(of)-317(course,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-196(theory;)-214(in)-196(actuality)-197(bribery)-196(and)-196(nepotism)-196(played)-196(r\364les)-196(varying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-248(the)-247(time)-247(and)-248(the)-247(locality.\051)-250(They)-247(made)-248(up)-247(the)-247(administration)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-315(the)-314(civilized)-315(world.)-443(They)-315(were)-315(not)-314(only)-315(the)-314(officials)-315(but)-314(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(literati.)]TJ 11.956 -15.695 Td [(It)-246(would)-247(be)-246(impossible)-247(even)-246(to)-247(enumerate)-246(the)-247(many)-246(posts)-246(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(types)-303(of)-303(organization)-302(in)-303(the)-303(administration)-303(of)-302(imperial)-303(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(46)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(Its)-404(most)-403(conspicuous)-404(features)-403(may)-404(be)-403(enumerated)-404(as)-403(follows:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-438(consisted)-439(of)-438(half)-438(a)-439(million)-438(cities,)-486(towns,)-485(villages,)-485(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 298.233 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.481 Td [(Ch'ing:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-299(titular)-299(nobility)-299(of)-299(the)-299(Empire,)-312(as)-299(a)-299(whole,)-311(is)-299(a)-299(body)-300(whose)-299(members)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(are)-267(without)-266(power,)-271(land,)-271(wealth,)-271(office,)-271(or)-266(influence,)-271(in)-267(virtue)-267(of)-266(their)-267(honors;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(some)-328(of)-328(them)-328(are)-327(more)-328(or)-328(less)-328(hereditary,)-347(but)-328(the)-328(whole)-328(system)-327(has)-328(been)-328(so)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(devised,)-436(and)-398(the)-399(designations)-399(so)-398(conferred,)-436(as)-399(to)-398(tickle)-399(the)-399(vanity)-398(of)-399(those)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(who)-345(receive)-346(them,)-369(without)-345(granting)-346(them)-345(any)-345(real)-346(power.)-536(The)-345(titles)-346(are)-345(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(derived)-213(from)-213(landed)-212(estates,)-220(but)-213(the)-213(rank)-213(is)-212(simply)-213(designated)-213(in)-213(addition)-212(to)-213(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(name....)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 28.388 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.588 0 Td [(He)-291(also)-291(pointed)-290(out)-291(that,)-301(under)-291(the)-291(Ch'ing,)-301(the)-291(only)-290(hereditary)-291(titles)]TJ -34.976 -10.958 Td [(of)-351(any)-351(significance)-351(were)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 93.75 0 Td [(Yen)-351(Shing)-351(Kung)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.744 0 Td [(\050for)-351(the)-351(descendant)-351(of)-351(Confucius\051)]TJ -156.494 -10.959 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 14.977 0 Td [(Hai)-226(Ching)-227(Kung)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 60.889 0 Td [(\050for)-226(the)-227(descendant)-226(of)-226(Kuo)-226(Hsing-hua,)-231(the)-227(formidable)-226(sea)]TJ -75.866 -10.959 Td [(adventurer)-345(who)-345(drove)-345(the)-344(Dutch)-345(out)-345(of)-345(Taiwan)-345(and)-345(made)-344(himself)-345(master)-345(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-250(island\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(46)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(William)-217(Frederick)-218(Mayers,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 98.786 0 Td [(The)-217(Chinese)-218(Government,)-223(A)-218(Manual)-217(of)-217(Chinese)]TJ -110.742 -10.959 Td [(Titles)-500(...)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.143 0 Td [(,)-563(Shanghai,)-563(1897,)-562(devotes)-501(one)-500(hundred)-500(and)-500(ninety-five)-501(pages)-500(to)]TJ -31.143 -10.959 Td [(the)-508(enumeration)-508(of)-508(the)-508(Ch'ing)-508(titles.)-1024(His)-508(work,)-572(intended)-508(to)-508(be)-508(used)-508(as)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(an)-574(office)-574(manual)-574(for)-574(foreigners)-573(having)-574(relations)-574(with)-574(Chinese)-574(officials,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(remains)-414(extremely)-413(useful)-414(as)-413(a)-414(presentation)-414(of)-413(the)-414(administrative)-413(outline)-414(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-280(Chinese)-280(government)-280(in)-280(its)-280(last)-280(days)-280(before)-280(the)-280(appearance)-280(of)-280(Sun)-280(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-442(the)-443(Kuomintang.)-827(Pao)-442(Chao)-442(Hsieh,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 154.192 0 Td [(The)-442(Government)-443(of)-442(China)-442(\0501644-)]TJ -154.192 -10.959 Td [(1911\051)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.919 0 Td [(,)-406(Baltimore,)-406(1925,)-407(is)-374(a)-375(more)-375(descriptive)-375(work)-375(dealing)-375(with)-375(the)-375(whole)]TJ -20.919 -10.959 Td [(administration)-408(of)-407(the)-408(Ch'ing)-407(dynasty.)-723(No)-407(work)-408(has)-407(as)-408(yet)-407(appeared)-408(in)-407(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+283 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 284 0 R
+/Resources 282 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 281 0 R
+>> endobj
+282 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+287 0 obj <<
+/Length 5254
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Chinese)-250(World-Society)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-6894(53)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(hamlets,)-570(each)-505(to)-506(a)-505(large)-506(extent)-506(autonomous.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 208.306 3.959 Td [(47)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.561 -3.959 Td [(These)-506(were)]TJ -227.867 -13.549 Td [(divided)-330(among,)-351(roughly,)-350(two)-330(thousand)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 176.022 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-350(in)-331(each)-330(of)-330(which)]TJ -199.051 -13.549 Td [(an)-297(over-burdened)-297(District)-297(Magistrate)-297(sought)-297(to)-297(carry)-297(out)-297(all)-297(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recognized)-414(functions)-415(of)-414(government)-415(in)-414(so)-414(far)-415(as)-414(they)-414(applied)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-489(his)-488(locality.)-966(He)-489(did)-488(this)-489(largely)-489(by)-488(negotiation)-489(with)-488(the)]TJ 5.427 -13.549 Td [(leaders)-497(of)-498(the)-497(social)-498(groups)-497(in)-497(his)-498(bailiwick,)-559(the)-498(heads)-497(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 285.597 0 Td [([046])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(families,)-292(the)-284(elders)-284(of)-284(villages,)-292(the)-284(functionaries)-284(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 227.345 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(.)-352(He)-283(was)]TJ -241.287 -13.549 Td [(supervised)-178(by)-178(a)-178(variety)-178(of)-178(travelling)-178(prefects)-178(and)-178(superintendents,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-319(the)-319(next)-319(officer)-318(above)-319(him)-319(who)-319(possessed)-319(a)-319(high)-319(degree)-318(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(independence)-520(was)-520(the)-520(viceroy)-520(or)-520(governor)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 199.826 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(whichever)-520(type)]TJ -210.735 -13.549 Td [(happened)-402(to)-402(rule)-403(the)-402(province)-402(or)-402(group)-403(of)-402(provinces.)-706(Except)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-305(their)-305(non-hereditability,)-318(these)-305(last)-304(offices)-305(were)-305(to)-305(all)-304(intents)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-426(purposes)-425(satrapies.)-777(The)-426(enormous)-426(extent)-425(of)-426(the)-425(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilized)-657(world,)-758(the)-657(difficulty)-656(of)-657(communicating)-657(with)-656(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(capital,)-296(the)-286(cumbersomeness)-287(of)-286(the)-287(administrative)-286(organization,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-707(rivalry)-707(and)-708(unfriendliness)-707(between)-707(the)-707(inhabitants)-707(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(various)-239(provinces)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 77.142 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(all)-239(these)-240(encouraged)-239(independence)-239(of)-240(a)-239(high)]TJ -88.051 -13.549 Td [(degree.)-343(If)-282(Chinese)-281(society)-281(was)-281(divided)-281(into)-281(largely)-281(autonomous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communes,)-258(the)-257(Chinese)-256(political)-257(system)-256(was)-257(made)-256(up)-257(of)-256(largely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(autonomous)-250(provinces.)-250(Everywhere)-250(there)-250(was)-250(elasticity.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(At)-472(the)-471(top)-472(of)-471(the)-472(whole)-472(structure)-471(stood)-472(the)-472(Emperor.)-914(In)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-491(mystical)-492(doctrines)-491(which)-492(Confucianism)-491(transmitted)-491(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-339(animism)-340(of)-339(the)-340(feudal)-339(ages)-340(of)-339(China,)-362(the)-340(Emperor)-339(was)-339(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intermediary)-218(between)-217(the)-218(forces)-218(of)-217(nature)-218(and)-218(mankind.)-239(The)-217(Son)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-222(Heaven)-222(became)-222(the)-222(chief)-222(ritualist;)-231(in)-222(more)-222(sophisticated)-221(times)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-315(was)-315(the)-314(patron)-315(of)-315(civilization)-315(to)-314(the)-315(scholars,)-331(and)-315(the)-314(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-315(supernatural)-314(veneration)-315(to)-315(the)-314(uneducated.)-444(His)-315(function)-314(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-257(provide)-256(a)-257(constant)-256(pattern)-257(of)-256(propriety.)-270(He)-256(was)-257(to)-256(act)-257(as)-256(chief)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-295(the)-294(scholars.)-384(To)-295(the)-294(scholars)-295(the)-295(ideology)-294(was)-295(recognized)-294(as)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 129.921 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 121.097 Td [(West,)-359(to)-336(the)-337(knowledge)-337(of)-337(the)-336(present)-337(author,)-359(which)-336(describes)-337(the)-337(historical)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(development)-250(of)-250(government)-250(in)-250(China)-250(in)-250(any)-250(detail.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(47)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-281(figures)-281(given)-281(are)-281(those)-282(of)-281(the)-281(present)-281(day,)-289(which)-281(may)-281(be)-281(more)-282(or)-281(less)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(exact)-210(for)-210(the)-209(past)-210(century.)-237(For)-210(earlier)-209(times,)-218(the)-210(number)-210(will)-210(have)-209(to)-210(be)-210(reduced)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-296(proportion)-296(with)-295(the)-296(remoteness)-296(in)-296(time.)-387(See)-296(Richard)-296(Henry)-296(Tawney,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 262.195 0 Td [(Land)]TJ -262.195 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(Labour)-250(in)-250(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 75.479 0 Td [(,)-250(London,)-250(1932.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+286 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 287 0 R
+/Resources 285 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 281 0 R
+>> endobj
+288 0 obj <<
+/D [286 0 R /XYZ 46.771 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+285 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+289 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index12) >>
+endobj
+292 0 obj
+(The Impact of the West.)
+endobj
+295 0 obj <<
+/Length 4552
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(54The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(an)-279(ideology,)-286(albeit)-278(the)-279(most)-279(exact)-279(one;)-293(to)-278(the)-279(common)-279(people)-278(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-272(an)-272(objective)-272(reality)-272(of)-271(thought)-272(and)-272(value.)-316(As)-272(the)-272(dictates)-271(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reason)-205(were)-204(not)-204(subject)-205(to)-204(change,)-214(the)-205(power)-204(and)-204(the)-205(functions)-204(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-313(Emperor)-312(were)-313(delimited;)-344(he)-312(was)-313(not,)-328(therefore,)-328(responsible)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-226(himself)-227(alone.)-242(He)-226(was)-227(responsible)-226(to)-227(reason,)-231(which)-226(the)-226(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-194(enforce)-195(when)-194(the)-194(Emperor)-194(failed.)-232(Popular)-194(intervention)-194(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regarded)-370(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 55.323 0 Td [(de)-370(jure)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 35.949 0 Td [(in)-370(proportion)-370(to)-370(its)-371(effectiveness)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 150.477 0 Td [(de)-370(facto)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 36.154 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(The)-349(Imperial)-349(structure)-349(might)-348(be)-349(called,)-747(in)-349(Western)-349(terms,)-373(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([047])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(constitutionalism)-343(of)-344(common)-343(sense.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 160.023 3.958 Td [(48)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.247 -3.958 Td [(The)-343(Dragon)-343(Throne)-344(did)]TJ -174.27 -13.55 Td [(not)-235(enjoy)-235(the)-236(mysterious)-235(and)-235(awful)-235(prestige)-235(which)-235(surrounds)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-388(Tenno)-387(of)-388(Nippon;)-457(although)-387(sublime)-388(in)-388(the)-387(Confucian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory,)-198(it)-184(was,)-198(even)-184(in)-185(the)-184(theory,)-198(at)-184(the)-185(mercy)-184(of)-184(its)-185(subjects,)-197(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-311(themselves)-312(the)-311(arbiters)-312(of)-311(reason.)-434(There)-312(was)-311(no)-311(authority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(higher)-266(than)-265(reason;)-273(and)-266(no)-265(reason)-266(beyond)-265(the)-266(reason)-265(discovered)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(made)-250(manifest)-250(in)-250(the)-250(ages)-250(of)-250(antiquity.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -64.16 Td [(The)-250(Impact)-250(of)-250(the)-250(West.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.657 Td [(Mere)-303(physical)-303(shock)-304(could)-303(not)-303(derange)-303(the)-303(old)-303(Chinese)-303(society)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-492(easily)-491(as)-492(it)-491(might)-492(some)-491(other,)-552(dependent)-491(for)-492(its)-491(stability)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-219(complex,)-226(fragile)-219(political)-219(mechanisms.)-240(China)-219(was)-219(over-run)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(many)-525(times)-525(by)-525(barbarians;)-662(the)-525(continuity)-525(of)-525(its)-524(civilization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-570(undisturbed.)-1211(Each)-570(group)-570(of)-570(conquerors)-570(added)-570(to)-570(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(racial)-371(composition)-370(of)-370(the)-371(Chinese,)-401(but)-370(contributed)-371(litt)1(le)-371(to)-370(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 146.663 Td [(48)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Richard)-337(Wilhelm,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 68.242 0 Td [(Confucius)-337(and)-336(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 105.671 0 Td [(,)-358(cited,)-359(pp.)-510(130-132.)-509(The)]TJ -185.869 -10.959 Td [(connection)-401(between)-402(the)-401(naming)-401(of)-402(names)-401(and)-402(the)-401(operation)-401(of)-402(the)-401(popular)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(check)-359(of)-359(revolution)-359(is)-359(made)-359(evident)-359(by)-360(Wilhelm)-359(in)-359(a)-359(brilliant)-359(passage.)-577(If)-359(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(righteous)-270(ruler)-270(died)-270(a)-270(violent)-269(death)-270(at)-270(the)-270(hands)-270(of)-270(one)-270(of)-269(his)-270(subjects,)-275(he)-270(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(murdered;)-377(were)-335(he)-335(unrighteous,)-355(he)-335(was)-335(only)-335(killed.)-504(Confucius)-334(himself)-335(used)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(such)-177(terms)-178(in)-177(his)-177(annals.)-226(His)-178(use)-177(of)-177(varying)-178(terms,)-191(terms)-178(carrying)-177(condemnation)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or)-275(condonement,)-280(even)-275(of)-274(such)-275(a)-274(subject)-275(as)-274(regicide,)-281(electrified)-274(the)-275(scholars)-274(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-250(day.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+294 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 295 0 R
+/Resources 293 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 281 0 R
+>> endobj
+296 0 obj <<
+/D [294 0 R /XYZ 273.278 423.331 null]
+>> endobj
+290 0 obj <<
+/D [294 0 R /XYZ 93.543 301.571 null]
+>> endobj
+293 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+299 0 obj <<
+/Length 4629
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Impact)-250(of)-250(the)-250(West.)-15032(55)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(culture.)-366(The)-289(Ch'in,)-299(the)-289(Mongols,)-298(the)-289(Manchus)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 204.031 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(all)-289(ruled)-289(China)]TJ -214.94 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(Chinese)-250(rulers.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(This)-572(strength)-572(of)-571(the)-572(Chinese)-572(society)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 174.208 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-572(contrast)-572(to)-571(the)]TJ -197.073 -13.549 Td [(Roman)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 31.517 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(must)-294(not,)-306(however,)-306(lead)-294(us)-295(to)-294(suppose)-294(that)-295(there)-294(were)]TJ -42.426 -13.549 Td [(any)-265(extraordinary)-264(virtues)-265(in)-265(the)-264(Chinese)-265(social)-265(organization)-264(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-374(Chinese)-373(civilization)-374(indestructible.)-621(On)-374(the)-374(contrary,)-404(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continued)-371(life)-371(of)-370(the)-371(Chinese)-371(society)-371(may)-371(be)-370(ascribed,)-401(among)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(others,)-318(to)-304(four)-304(conditions)-305(acting)-304(definitely)-304(and)-304(overwhelmingly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-175(its)-174(favor:)-212(China's)-175(greater)-175(physical)-174(extent,)-190(homogeneity,)-189(wealth,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(culture.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(No)-384(barbarian)-384(conqueror,)-417(with)-384(the)-384(possible)-384(exception)-384(of)-384(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Mongol,)-411(would)-379(have)-379(been)-379(a)-379(match)-379(for)-379(an)-379(orderly)-379(and)-758(united)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([048])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(China.)-423(Without)-308(exception,)-322(the)-308(barbarian)-308(incursions)-308(occurred)-307(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(times)-285(of)-285(social)-285(and)-286(political)-285(disorder)-285(and)-285(weakness.)-355(That)-285(this)-285(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-275(freakish)-275(coincidence,)-281(may)-275(be)-275(shown)-275(by)-275(the)-275(contrast)-274(between)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China)-251(and)-251(any)-250(of)-251(the)-251(peripheral)-251(realms.)-252(None)-251(approached)-250(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-376(extent,)-408(in)-376(heaviness)-377(of)-376(population.)-629(Conquest)-376(of)-376(China)-376(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(always)-250(conquest)-250(by)-250(sufferance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(Second,)-385(China's)-357(neighbors)-358(were)-358(divided)-358(among)-358(themselves.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(There)-536(was)-535(never)-536(any)-536(coalition)-535(extensive)-536(enough)-536(to)-535(present)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-673(genuine)-672(threat)-673(to)-673(a)-672(thriving)-673(China.)-1518(The)-672(Chinese,)-778(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spite)-483(of)-483(diversities)-483(of)-484(spoken)-483(language,)-541(were)-483(united)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 242.643 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(so)-483(far)]TJ -253.552 -13.549 Td [(as)-536(they)-535(were)-536(literate)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 96.891 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(by)-536(a)-535(common)-536(writing)-535(and)-536(literature;)]TJ -107.8 -13.55 Td [(the)-595(common)-596(ideology)-595(had,)-682(moreover,)-682(fostered)-595(an)-595(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sympathy)-798(of)-798(thought)-799(and)-798(behavior)-798(among)-798(the)-798(Chinese.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Persons)-424(speaking)-424(mutually)-424(unintelligible)-424(dialects,)-467(of)-424(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(racial)-404(composition,)-443(and)-404(in)-404(completely)-404(different)-404(economic)-404(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(geographical)-507(environments)-507(displayed)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 168.614 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and,)-571(for)-508(all)-507(that,)-571(still)]TJ -179.523 -13.549 Td [(display)-580(in)-580(modern)-580(times)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 115.95 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(an)-580(uncanny)-580(uniformity)-580(of)-580(social)]TJ -126.859 -13.55 Td [(conditioning.)-796(China)-431(faced)-432(barbarians)-432(on)-432(many)-432(fronts;)-522(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-459(co\366rdinated,)-511(homogeneous;)-563(the)-459(barbarians)-459(of)-459(North)-458(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(South)-313(did)-312(not,)-328(in)-313(all)-312(probability,)-328(know)-313(anything)-312(of)-313(each)-312(other's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existence,)-250(except)-250(what)-250(they)-250(heard)-250(from)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -14.777 Td [(Third,)-353(China's)-332(wealth)-332(was)-332(a)-332(socially)-333(fortifying)-332(factor.)-496(In)-332(all)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+298 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 299 0 R
+/Resources 297 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 281 0 R
+>> endobj
+300 0 obj <<
+/D [298 0 R /XYZ 295.994 366.679 null]
+>> endobj
+297 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+303 0 obj <<
+/Length 5097
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(56The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Eastern)-419(Asia,)-461(no)-419(other)-419(society)-419(or)-419(form)-419(of)-419(social)-418(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appeared)-433(which)-432(could)-433(produce)-432(a)-433(higher)-433(scale)-432(of)-433(living.)-797(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-317(were)-317(always)-317(materially)-317(better)-317(off)-317(than)-317(their)-316(neighbors,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-250(the)-250(possible)-250(exception)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Koreans)-250(and)-250(Japanese.)]TJ 11.956 -13.614 Td [(Fourth,)-242(Eastern)-240(Asia)-240(was)-240(Chinese)-240(just)-240(as)-240(Europe)-240(was)-239(Graeco-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Roman.)-302(The)-267(peripheral)-268(societies)-267(all)-267(owed)-268(a)-267(great)-267(part,)-272(if)-267(not)-267(all,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-275(their)-275(culture)-274(to)-275(the)-275(Chinese.)-324(China's)-275(conquerors)-275(were)-274(already)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(under)-371(the)-371(spell)-371(of)-371(Chinese)-371(civilization)-371(when)-371(they)-371(swept)-370(down)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-336(it.)-508(None)-336(of)-336(them)-336(were)-336(anxious)-336(to)-336(destroy)-336(the)-336(heritage)-335(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(science,)-250(arts,)-250(and)-250(invention)-250(which)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(had)-250(developed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([049])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -13.613 Td [(With)-534(these)-535(advantages)-534(in)-534(mind,)-606(it)-534(is)-535(easy)-534(to)-534(understand)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-377(peculiarity)-377(of)-377(the)-377(Westerners,)-409(as)-377(contrasted)-377(with)-376(the)-377(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peoples)-448(whom)-448(the)-447(Chinese)-448(met)-448(and)-447(fought.)-844(The)-447(formidable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physical)-346(power)-346(of)-345(the)-346(Chinese)-346(was,)-369(after)-346(the)-346(first)-346(few)-345(decades)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-308(intercourse,)-321(seen)-308(to)-307(be)-308(quite)-307(unequal)-308(to)-307(the)-308(superior)-307(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(technique)-278(of)-278(the)-278(West.)-334(The)-278(Westerners,)-285(although)-278(different)-277(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one)-278(another)-278(at)-277(home,)-285(tended)-278(to)-278(appear)-278(as)-277(united)-278(in)-278(the)-278(Far)-277(East.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-379(any)-379(case,)-412(Chinese)-379(unity)-379(availed)-379(little)-379(in)-379(the)-379(face)-379(of)-379(greater)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(military)-278(power.)-333(The)-278(economic)-278(factor,)-285(while)-278(a)-278(great)-278(attraction)-277(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-263(Westerners,)-266(was)-262(no)-263(inducement)-263(to)-262(them)-263(to)-263(become)-262(Chinese;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-533(were)-533(willing)-533(to)-533(gain)-533(Chinese)-533(wealth,)-604(and)-532(dreamed)-533(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conquering)-288(it,)-298(but)-289(not)-288(of)-289(making)-288(wealth)-288(in)-289(the)-288(Chinese)-288(manner.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(And)-401(lastly,)-439(and)-401(most)-401(importantly,)-438(the)-401(Westerners)-401(presented)-401(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(culture)-266(of)-267(their)-266(own)-266(which)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 116.445 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(after)-266(the)-267(first)-266(beginnings)-266(of)-266(regular)]TJ -127.354 -13.549 Td [(intercourse)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 48.469 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-451(quite)-451(well)-452(able)-451(to)-451(hold)-451(its)-451(own)-451(against)-451(the)]TJ -59.378 -13.549 Td [(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 37.877 3.959 Td [(49)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -25.921 -17.573 Td [(To)-170(the)-170(utter)-170(certainty)-169(of)-170(the)-170(Chinese)-170(way)-170(of)-170(life,)-186(the)-169(Westerners)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(presented)-349(the)-350(equally)-349(unshakable)-350(dogma)-349(of)-349(Christianity.)-548(They)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 142.517 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 135.704 Td [(49)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(An)-194(exception)-194(must)-194(be)-194(made)-195(in)-194(the)-194(case)-194(of)-194(the)-194(first)-194(Russian)-194(colony)-194(in)-195(Peking,)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(which)-330(was)-330(lost)-330(in)-330(two)-331(centuries)-330(and)-330(became)-330(virtually)-330(indistinguishable)-330(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-236(mass)-235(of)-236(the)-236(population.)-245(The)-236(Portuguese,)-238(at)-236(Macao,)-239(displayed)-235(that)-236(tendency)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-429(compromise)-429(and)-428(miscegenate)-429(which)-429(marked)-429(their)-428(whole)-429(progress)-429(along)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-313(coasts)-313(of)-313(Asia,)-329(but)-313(they)-313(maintained)-314(their)-313(political)-313(supremacy)-313(in)-313(that)-313(city;)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(today)-376(the)-376(Macanese)-376(are)-376(largely)-376(of)-376(Chinese)-376(blood,)-407(but)-376(Portuguese-speaking,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(proud)-250(of)-250(their)-250(separateness.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+302 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 303 0 R
+/Resources 301 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 281 0 R
+>> endobj
+304 0 obj <<
+/D [302 0 R /XYZ 93.543 393.801 null]
+>> endobj
+301 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+307 0 obj <<
+/Length 5303
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Impact)-250(of)-250(the)-250(West.)-15032(57)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(regarded)-318(the)-319(Chinese)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 93.586 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-318(did)-319(the)-318(Chinese)-318(them)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 107.219 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-318(outlanders)]TJ -222.623 -13.549 Td [(on)-470(the)-471(edge)-470(of)-470(the)-471(known)-470(world.)-911(They)-471(exhibited,)-525(in)-470(short,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-402(the)-401(same)-402(attitude)-402(toward)-402(the)-401(Chinese)-402(that)-402(the)-401(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-326(toward)-326(barbarians.)-478(Consequently,)-345(each)-326(group)-326(regarded)-326(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(other)-415(as)-414(perverse.)-744(The)-415(chief)-415(distinction)-414(between)-415(the)-414(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-301(the)-302(Westerners)-301(lay)-302(in)-301(the)-302(fact)-301(that)-302(the)-301(Chinese)-302(would)-301(in)-301(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(probability)-323(have)-323(been)-322(satisfied)-323(if)-323(the)-322(West)-323(had)-323(minded)-323(its)-322(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(business,)-403(while)-373(the)-372(West,)-403(feverish)-373(with)-372(expansionism,)-403(cajoled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(fought)-250(for)-250(the)-250(right)-250(to)-250(come,)-250(trade,)-250(and)-250(teach.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 216.316 3.958 Td [(50)]TJ 74.708 -3.958 Td [([050])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -16.859 Td [(At)-399(times,)-435(the)-399(two)-398(races)-399(met)-398(on)-399(agreeable)-398(and)-399(equal)-398(terms.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-278(Jesuit)-279(missionaries)-278(ingratiated)-278(themselves)-279(with)-278(the)-278(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and,)-255(by)-253(respecting)-254(Chinese)-254(culture,)-255(won)-253(a)-254(certain)-254(admiration)-253(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-285(own.)-357(The)-285(eighteenth)-285(century)-286(in)-285(Europe)-285(was)-286(the)-285(century)-285(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(chinoiserie)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.48 0 Td [(,)-179(when)-161(Chinese)-162(models)-161(exercised)-161(a)-161(profound)-161(influence)]TJ -48.48 -13.549 Td [(on)-373(the)-374(fine)-373(and)-374(domestic)-373(arts)-374(of)-373(Europe.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 183.939 3.959 Td [(51)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.235 -3.959 Td [(The)-373(great)-374(upsurge)]TJ -199.174 -13.549 Td [(of)-476(economic)-476(power)-476(in)-476(the)-476(period)-476(of)-476(the)-476(European)-476(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-482(led)-483(to)-482(increased)-483(self-assurance)-482(on)-482(the)-483(part)-482(of)-482(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Europeans.)-761(The)-420(new)-420(standards)-420(of)-421(value)-420(alienated)-420(them)-420(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(those)-348(features)-348(of)-349(Chinese)-348(culture)-348(which)-348(the)-348(eighteenth)-348(century)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-271(begun)-271(to)-271(appreciate,)-276(and)-271(placed)-270(them)-271(in)-271(a)-271(position)-271(to)-271(sell)-270(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-191(Chinese)-192(as)-191(well)-192(as)-191(buy.)-230(More)-192(and)-191(more)-192(the)-191(economic)-191(position)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-388(the)-389(two)-388(societies)-388(changed)-388(about;)-458(the)-388(Westerners)-388(had)-388(come)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-275(purchase)-274(the)-275(superior)-275(artizan-made)-275(goods)-274(of)-275(China,)-281(giving)-274(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exchange)-191(metals)-191(or)-191(raw)-192(materials.)-230(A)-191(tendency)-191(now)-191(developed)-191(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-303(to)-302(sell)-303(their)-302(own)-303(more)-302(cheaply,)-316(and,)-316(in)-302(some)-303(cases,)-315(better)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 175.722 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 168.826 Td [(50)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Too)-391(many)-391(works)-391(have)-391(been)-391(written)-391(on)-391(the)-391(relations)-391(of)-391(the)-391(Chinese)-391(and)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Westerners)-314(to)-315(permit)-314(any)-315(citations,)-330(with)-315(one)-314(exception.)-443(Putnam)-315(Weale's)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 267.181 0 Td [(The)]TJ -267.181 -10.959 Td [(Vanished)-314(Empire)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.581 0 Td [(,)-329(New)-314(York,)-329(1925,)-330(is)-313(an)-314(extraordinarily)-313(vivid)-314(history)-313(of)-314(the)]TJ -62.581 -10.959 Td [(collision)-337(of)-338(the)-337(civilizations.)-512(It)-337(is)-338(not)-337(particularly)-337(commendable)-337(as)-338(a)-337(factual)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(record,)-261(but)-259(as)-259(a)-259(brilliant)-259(and)-259(moving)-259(piece)-258(of)-259(literature)-259(presenting)-259(the)-259(Chinese)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(viewpoint,)-250(it)-250(is)-250(unexcelled.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td [(51)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-206(Adolf)-205(Reichwein,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 80.07 0 Td [(China)-206(and)-206(Europe:)-227(Intellectual)-206(and)-206(Artistic)-206(Contacts)]TJ -92.026 -10.959 Td [(in)-356(the)-356(Eighteenth)-356(Century)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.254 0 Td [(,)-383(New)-356(York,)-382(1925,)-383(which)-356(makes)-356(apparent)-356(the)-357(full)]TJ -95.254 -10.959 Td [(extent)-386(to)-387(which)-386(modern)-387(Europe)-386(is)-386(indebted)-387(to)-386(China)-387(for)-386(the)-386(luxuries)-387(of)-386(its)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(culture.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+306 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 307 0 R
+/Resources 305 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 309 0 R
+>> endobj
+308 0 obj <<
+/D [306 0 R /XYZ 46.771 407.403 null]
+>> endobj
+305 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+312 0 obj <<
+/Length 5642
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(58The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(manufactured)-311(products)-312(to)-311(the)-311(Chinese.)-434(The)-312(era)-311(of)-311(good)-311(feeling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-228(mutual)-229(appreciation,)-232(which)-229(had)-228(never)-228(been)-229(very)-228(strong,)-232(now)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(drew)-250(to)-250(a)-250(close.)]TJ 11.956 -14.206 Td [(The)-213(vassal)-212(states)-213(of)-212(China)-213(were)-213(conquered.)-237(The)-213(British)-212(fought)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-473(Chinese)-473(on)-474(several)-473(occasions,)-529(and)-473(conquered)-473(each)-473(time.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-328(full)-328(extent)-328(of)-328(Western)-328(military)-328(superiority)-328(was)-328(revealed)-327(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-245(capture)-244(of)-244(Peking)-245(in)-244(1860,)-246(and)-244(in)-245(the)-244(effectiveness)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 236.394 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(entirely)]TJ -247.303 -13.549 Td [(disproportionate)-157(to)-157(their)-157(numbers)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 142.698 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-157(Western-trained)-157(Imperial)]TJ -153.607 -13.55 Td [(troops)-250(had)-250(in)-250(suppressing)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(T'ai-p'ing)-250(rebels.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([051])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.712 -14.205 Td [(When)-434(Sun)-433(Yat-sen)-434(was)-434(a)-434(boy,)-479(the)-434(country)-434(was)-434(afire)-433(with)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(fear)-287(and)-287(uncertainty.)-361(Barbarians)-287(who)-287(could)-287(neither)-287(be)-287(absorbed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nor)-270(defeated)-271(had)-270(appeared.)-310(Instead)-271(of)-270(adopting)-270(Chinese)-270(thought)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-413(manners,)-453(they)-413(were)-413(vigorously)-413(teaching)-413(their)-413(own)-413(to)-412(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese.)-247(The)-243(traditional)-242(Chinese)-242(mechanisms)-242(of)-242(defense)-242(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(barbarians)-359(were)-359(not)-358(working.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 131.404 3.959 Td [(52)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.757 -3.959 Td [(Something)-359(was)-359(vitally)-358(wrong.)]TJ -146.161 -13.549 Td [(The)-169(Chinese)-169(could)-168(not)-169(be)-169(persuaded,)-185(as)-169(some)-169(other)-168(non-European)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peoples)-300(conquered)-299(in)-300(the)-299(age)-300(of)-299(Western)-300(world-dominion)-299(seem)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-359(have)-360(been,)-386(that)-359(all)-360(error)-359(lay)-359(with)-359(themselves,)-387(and)-359(that)-359(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-293(ideology)-293(was)-293(not)-293(worth)-293(the)-293(saving;)-315(nor)-293(could)-293(they,)-303(in)-293(face)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-323(the)-323(unfortunate)-322(facts,)-341(still)-323(believe)-323(that)-323(they)-323(themselves)-322(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(completely)-279(right,)-286(or,)-286(at)-279(least,)-286(that)-278(their)-279(own)-279(notions)-279(of)-278(rightness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-202(completely)-202(expedient.)-234(In)-201(view)-202(of)-202(the)-202(pragmatic)-201(foundations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-318(the)-319(whole)-318(Chinese)-318(ideology)-319(and)-318(way)-318(of)-319(life,)-335(the)-318(seriousness)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 208.354 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 201.458 Td [(52)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(In)-367(this)-368(connection,)-397(it)-367(might)-368(be)-367(pointed)-367(out)-368(that)-367(the)-368(attractive)-367(strength)-368(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-328(two)-327(civilizations)-328(has)-328(not,)-347(as)-328(yet,)-347(been)-328(adequately)-327(studied,)-347(although)-328(there)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-319(an)-319(enormous)-320(amount)-319(of)-319(loose)-319(generalization)-319(on)-319(the)-320(subject:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 230.955 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-319(Chinese)]TJ -234.936 -10.959 Td [(are)-432(becoming)-431(completely)-431(Westernized,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 144.82 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.85 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.337 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-432(Chinese,)-476(in)-432(spite)-431(of)-432(their)]TJ -167.988 -10.959 Td [(veneer,)-380(are)-355(always)-354(Chinese;)-406(they)-354(will,)-381(in)-354(the)-354(end,)-381(absorb)-354(their)-354(conquerors.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(But)-345(will)-345(they?)-536(In)-345(the)-345(face)-345(of)-345(a)-345(modern)-346(educational)-345(and)-345(propaganda)-345(system,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(there)-485(is)-486(at)-485(least)-485(room)-486(for)-485(doubt;)-603(it)-485(is)-485(not)-486(beyond)-485(all)-485(conjecture)-486(that)-485(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Chinese)-235(of)-234(Manchuria)-235(might)-235(be)-235(Japanized)-234(as)-235(easily)-235(as)-235(the)-234(fiercely)-235(chauvinistic)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Japanese)-273(might)-274(be)-273(sinicized.)-320(The)-273(only)-274(adequate)-273(answer)-273(to)-273(the)-274(question)-273(would)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(be)-497(through)-497(detailed)-497(studies)-497(of)-497(the)-497(social)-497(conditioning)-497(and)-497(preferences)-497(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chinese)-344(under)-344(foreign)-344(influence)-344(\050as)-344(in)-344(Hongkong,)-367(Taiwan,)-368(Manchuria\051,)-367(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-317(foreigners)-316(under)-317(Chinese)-316(influence)-316(\050the)-317(White)-316(Russians)-317(in)-316(China,)-334(the)-316(few)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(other)-250(Westerners)-250(in)-250(pre\353minently)-250(Chinese)-250(milieux\051.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+311 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 312 0 R
+/Resources 310 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 309 0 R
+>> endobj
+313 0 obj <<
+/D [311 0 R /XYZ 93.543 406.747 null]
+>> endobj
+310 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+314 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index13) >>
+endobj
+317 0 obj
+(The Continuing Significance of the Background.)
+endobj
+320 0 obj <<
+/Length 3685
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Continuing)-250(Significance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Background.)-5226(59)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-319(these)-319(consequences)-319(cannot)-318(be)-319(over-estimated.)-457(Little)-318(wonder)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-389(China)-389(was)-388(disturbed!)-667(The)-388(pragmatic,)-424(realistic)-389(method)-388(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization)-383(that)-384(the)-383(Chinese)-384(had)-383(had,)-417(no)-383(longer)-384(worked)-383(in)-383(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-250(environment)-250(rising,)-250(as)-250(it)-250(were,)-250(from)-250(the)-250(sea.)]TJ 11.956 -13.893 Td [(The)-464(Western)-464(impact,)-518(consequently,)-517(affected)-464(China)-464(in)-464(two)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ways.)-748(In)-416(the)-416(first)-416(place,)-457(the)-416(amorphous)-416(Chinese)-416(society)-416(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(threatened)-557(and)-558(dictated)-557(to)-557(by)-558(the)-557(strong,)-634(clearly)-557(organized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(states)-417(of)-417(the)-417(West.)-752(In)-417(the)-417(second)-417(place,)-918(the)-417(introduction)-417(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([052])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(disharmonious)-202(values)-203(from)-202(the)-202(West)-202(destroyed,)-212(in)-202(large)-203(part,)-211(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(appearance)-308(of)-309(universality,)-323(upon)-308(which)-308(the)-309(effectiveness)-308(of)-308(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-350(ideology)-351(depended,)-375(and)-350(shocked)-351(Chinese)-350(thought)-350(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action)-250(until)-250(even)-250(their)-250(first)-250(premises)-250(seemed)-250(doubtful.)]TJ 11.956 -13.892 Td [(This,)-221(in)-213(short,)-221(was)-213(the)-214(dilemma)-213(of)-213(the)-214(Chinese)-213(at)-214(the)-213(advent)-213(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-257(Yat-sen.)-272(His)-258(life)-257(was)-257(to)-258(be)-257(dedicated)-257(to)-258(its)-257(solution;)-261(it)-257(is)-257(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(analyses)-278(that)-279(are)-278(to)-278(be)-279(studied)-278(in)-278(the)-279(explanation)-278(of)-278(the)-278(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(society)-250(in)-250(the)-250(modern)-250(world.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -61.129 Td [(The)-267(Continuing)-267(Significance)-267(of)-268(the)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Background.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -30.973 Td [(Before)-395(proceeding)-395(to)-395(the)-395(exposition)-395(of)-395(Sun)-395(Yat-sen's)-394(theories)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-510(programs,)-575(it)-510(is)-510(necessary)-510(that)-510(a)-510(superlatively)-509(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consideration)-460(be)-459(emphasized:)-669(namely,)-512(that)-459(Sun)-460(Yat-sen)-459(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-388(Chinese,)-423(that)-388(the)-388(nation)-389(he)-388(worked)-388(for)-388(was)-388(China,)-423(and)-388(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-458(intellectual)-457(and)-458(social)-457(background)-457(of)-458(his)-457(labors)-458(was)-457(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(completely)-442(different)-443(from)-442(that)-443(of)-442(the)-443(Euramerican)-442(world.)-827(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-254(part)-253(of)-254(the)-254(vaporous)-254(disputation)-253(which)-254(has)-254(hidden)-253(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(politics)-405(in)-404(a)-405(cloud)-405(of)-404(words)-405(has)-405(been)-404(the)-405(consequence)-405(of)-404(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ignoring,)-512(by)-460(Westernized)-459(Chinese)-460(as)-460(well)-459(as)-460(by)-459(Westerners,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-445(the)-445(monumental)-445(fact)-445(that)-445(China)-445(is)-445(in)-445(only)-445(a)-445(few)-444(respects)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(comparable)-481(to)-481(the)-481(West,)-539(and)-481(that)-481(the)-481(ideas)-481(and)-480(methods)-481(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+319 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 320 0 R
+/Resources 318 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 309 0 R
+>> endobj
+321 0 obj <<
+/D [319 0 R /XYZ 237.541 422.988 null]
+>> endobj
+315 0 obj <<
+/D [319 0 R /XYZ 46.771 288.683 null]
+>> endobj
+318 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+324 0 obj <<
+/Length 5248
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(60The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-368(West)-367(lose)-368(the)-368(greater)-367(part)-368(of)-368(their)-367(relevance)-368(when)-367(applied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-497(the)-498(Chinese)-497(milieu.)-992(Political)-497(dialecticians)-498(in)-497(China)-497(split)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxian)-254(hairs)-254(as)-254(passionately)-254(and)-254(sincerely)-254(as)-254(though)-254(they)-253(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-292(nineteenth-century)-291(Germany.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 139.963 3.958 Td [(53)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.553 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-291(Yat-sen,)-302(though)-292(accused)]TJ -152.516 -13.55 Td [(of)-344(this)-345(fantastic)-344(fault)-344(by)-345(some)-344(of)-689(his)-344(adversaries,)-368(was)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 244.146 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-344(his)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -327.811 0 Td [([053])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(theories)-418(show)-417(upon)-418(close)-417(examination)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 173.96 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(much)-418(less)-417(influenced)]TJ -184.869 -13.549 Td [(by)-303(Western)-304(thought)-303(than)-303(is)-303(commonly)-303(supposed)-304(to)-303(be)-303(the)-303(case,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-290(in)-289(applying)-290(Western)-289(doctrines)-290(to)-289(Chinese)-290(affairs)-289(was)-290(apt)-289(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(look)-347(upon)-346(this)-347(as)-347(a)-347(fortunate)-346(coincidence,)-371(instead)-347(of)-346(assuming)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-418(universal)-417(exactness)-418(of)-418(recent)-417(Western)-418(social)-418(and)-417(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought.)]TJ 11.956 -13.607 Td [(What)-379(are)-379(the)-379(features)-379(of)-379(the)-379(Chinese)-379(background)-379(that)-379(must)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(be)-278(remembered)-279(in)-278(order)-278(to)-278(throw)-279(a)-278(just)-278(light)-279(upon)-278(the)-278(beliefs)-278(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-247(Yat-sen?)-249(Primarily,)-248(it)-247(must)-248(have)-247(become)-247(apparent,)-248(from)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foregoing)-324(discussion)-323(of)-324(Confucianism)-323(and)-324(the)-323(old)-324(social)-323(order,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-294(China,)-306(under)-295(the)-294(leadership)-294(of)-295(Sun)-294(Yat-sen,)-306(was)-294(beginning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-204(draw)-205(away)-204(from)-205(an)-204(order)-204(of)-205(things)-204(which)-204(the)-205(West)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 228.302 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(or)-204(at)-205(least)]TJ -239.211 -13.55 Td [(a)-256(part)-256(of)-255(the)-256(West)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 77.805 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(aspires)-256(to)-255(achieve:)-262(a)-256(world-society)-256(in)-255(which)]TJ -88.714 -13.549 Td [(the)-273(state)-273(had)-273(withered)-273(away.)-318(This)-273(ideal,)-279(while)-273(never)-272(completely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(realized)-281(in)-280(China,)-288(was)-281(perhaps)-280(more)-281(closely)-280(attained)-280(than)-281(it)-280(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ever)-224(been)-224(in)-224(any)-224(other)-225(society.)-241(Modern)-224(actualities)-224(led)-224(away)-224(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-288(ideal.)-365(The)-288(West,)-298(dreaming)-288(of)-288(world)-288(unity,)-298(was)-288(divided)-288(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(armed;)-425(China)-367(too)-367(had)-367(to)-366(abandon)-367(the)-367(old)-367(notions)-367(of)-366(universal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peace,)-289(and)-281(arm.)-344(The)-281(West,)-290(seeking)-281(social)-281(stability,)-289(was)-281(mobile;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-250(too)-250(had)-250(to)-250(move.)]TJ 11.955 -13.608 Td [(The)-358(old)-358(society)-358(was)-358(in)-357(its)-358(controls)-358(totalitarian.)-574(Diffuse)-358(and)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(extensive)-259(controls)-259(operated)-258(fairly)-259(evenly)-259(throughout)-259(the)-258(system.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-417(West)-418(possessed)-417(a)-418(state)-417(system)-418(which)-417(was)-417(fundamentally)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 142.601 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 135.704 Td [(53)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(An)-363(example)-363(of)-363(this)-363(is)-363(to)-363(be)-363(found)-363(in)-363(Manabendra)-363(Nath)-363(Roy,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 229.823 0 Td [(Revolution)]TJ -241.779 -10.958 Td [(und)-309(Konterrevolution)-309(in)-310(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 112.435 0 Td [(,)-324(Berlin,)-324(1930.)-427(Roy)-310(was)-309(one)-309(of)-309(the)-309(emissaries)]TJ -112.435 -10.959 Td [(of)-390(the)-391(Third)-390(International)-390(to)-391(the)-390(Nationalists,)-426(and)-390(his)-390(ineptness)-391(in)-390(practical)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(politics)-314(assisted)-314(materially)-315(in)-314(the)-314(weakening)-314(of)-314(the)-314(Communist)-315(position.)-442(His)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(work)-257(quite)-258(seriously)-257(employs)-257(all)-257(the)-258(familiar)-257(clich\351s)-257(of)-258(Western)-257(class)-257(dispute,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-322(analyzes)-323(the)-322(Chinese)-322(situation)-323(in)-322(terms)-322(that)-323(ignore)-322(the)-322(fact)-322(that)-323(China)-322(is)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chinese.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+323 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 324 0 R
+/Resources 322 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 309 0 R
+>> endobj
+325 0 obj <<
+/D [323 0 R /XYZ 244.672 463.978 null]
+>> endobj
+322 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+328 0 obj <<
+/Length 4974
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Continuing)-250(Significance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Background.)-5226(61)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(different.)-828(By)-442(limiting)-443(the)-442(range)-442(of)-443(law)-442(to)-443(the)-442(reinforcement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(certain)-335(particular)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 91.543 0 Td [(mores)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.661 0 Td [(,)-356(the)-336(Westerners)-335(were)-335(able)-335(to)-335(obtain)]TJ -118.204 -13.549 Td [(a)-365(terrific)-365(concentration)-365(of)-365(political)-365(power)-365(within)-365(the)-365(sphere)-365(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-281(they)-280(conceived)-281(to)-281(be)-280(legitimate)-281(state)-280(control.)-342(On)-281(the)-280(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hand)-309(the)-309(presence)-308(of)-309(a)-309(large)-309(number)-308(of)-309(activities)-309(not)-309(subject)-308(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-223(control)-223(led)-223(individuals)-223(to)-223(cherish)-223(their)-223(freedom)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 226.095 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-223(freedom)]TJ -237.004 -13.549 Td [(which)-417(in)-417(most)-417(cases)-417(did)-417(not)-417(impair)-417(the)-417(military)-417(and)-416(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effectiveness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(state)-250(in)-250(external)-250(action.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([054])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -15.186 Td [(Since)-465(Fascism)-464(seeks)-465(to)-465(re\353stablish)-465(order)-464(and)-465(certainty,)-518(as)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(does)-242(Communism)-241(\050although)-242(an)-241(order)-241(and)-242(certainty)-241(of)-242(a)-241(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(kind\051,)-260(by)-259(the)-258(extension)-258(of)-258(state)-258(activities;)-263(and)-258(since)-258(Sun)-258(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(proposed)-173(to)-173(improve)-174(the)-173(political)-173(position)-173(of)-173(China)-173(by)-173(developing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-225(modern)-225(state)-225(\050of)-224(narrow,)-230(but)-225(intense)-225(activities)-225(in)-225(contrast)-225(to)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loose)-260(general)-261(controls)-260(of)-260(the)-261(old)-260(society\051,)-263(the)-260(drift)-261(in)-260(China)-260(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-167(regarded,)-183(in)-167(this)-167(respect,)-183(as)-167(Fascism)-167(in)-166(reverse.)-223(Beginning)-166(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-353(same)-353(premises)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 82.227 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-353(regeneration)-353(of)-352(the)-353(nation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 132.938 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(Mussolini)]TJ -236.983 -13.549 Td [(was)-187(led)-188(to)-187(a)-187(course)-188(of)-187(policy)-187(diametrically)-188(opposite)-187(to)-187(that)-187(plotted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td [(Even,)-498(however,)-499(with)-448(his)-449(plans)-449(for)-448(developing)-449(a)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 226.871 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(machine)]TJ -243.67 -13.55 Td [(state)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 19.997 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.297 0 Td [(in)-225(a)-225(society)-225(where)-225(states)-225(had)-225(long)-225(since)-225(perished,)-230(Sun)-225(Yat-)]TJ -27.294 -13.549 Td [(sen)-198(did)-198(not)-198(propose)-198(to)-198(destroy)-198(Chinese)-198(morality)-198(and)-197(non-political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discipline)-192(for)-192(the)-192(sake)-192(of)-192(instituting)-192(a)-192(sharp)-192(juristic)-192(law-and-order)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization.)-342(He)-281(was)-281(anxious)-281(that)-280(the)-281(old)-281(Chinese)-281(morality)-280(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-204(knowledge)-204(be)-204(applied.)-235(In)-204(this,)-213(he)-204(differed)-204(from)-204(most)-204(of)-204(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(other)-347(modern)-347(leaders)-347(of)-347(China,)-371(who)-347(were)-347(for)-347(veneering)-347(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-217(a)-218(Parliament)-217(and)-218(police)-217(without)-217(delay.)-240(Sun)-217(Yat-sen)-217(realized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-290(a)-290(state)-290(was)-290(necessary)-290(in)-290(China,)-300(and)-290(hoped)-290(to)-290(establish)-290(one;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-337(also)-337(hoped)-336(that,)-359(beyond)-337(the)-337(li)1(mits)-337(of)-337(the)-337(new)-337(state)-336(activity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individualism)-328(and)-329(disorder)-328(would)-329(not)-328(come)-329(to)-328(prevail,)-348(but)-328(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(old)-250(controls)-250(would)-250(continue)-250(to)-250(operate.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td [(Accordingly,)-449(Sun)-409(Yat-sen's)-409(thought)-409(cannot)-409(be)-409(studied)-409(as)-409(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(mere)-230(offshoot)-230(of)-230(recent)-230(Western)-230(thought.)-243(It)-230(must)-230(be)-230(realized)-230(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-337(proposed)-337(two)-337(ends)-337(which,)-359(of)-337(all)-337(the)-337(countries)-337(of)-336(the)-337(world,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-324(be)-325(mutually)-324(compatible)-325(only)-324(in)-324(China:)-399(the)-324(development)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+327 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 328 0 R
+/Resources 326 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 309 0 R
+>> endobj
+329 0 obj <<
+/D [327 0 R /XYZ 46.771 423.189 null]
+>> endobj
+326 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+332 0 obj <<
+/Length 5535
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(62The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-250(a)-250(state,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(full)-250(continuation)-250(of)-250(non-political)-250(controls.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 262.702 3.959 Td [(54)]TJ -335.457 -3.959 Td [([055])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -14.132 Td [(In)-289(fostering)-290(the)-289(continuation)-290(of)-289(ideological)-290(control,)-299(Sun)-289(Yat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(sen)-339(hoped)-338(to)-339(modify)-339(the)-338(old)-339(ideology)-339(so)-338(that)-339(it)-339(would)-338(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applicable)-385(to)-385(the)-384(new)-385(situations.)-655(As)-384(will)-385(be)-385(made)-385(clear)-384(later,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-251(was)-250(redefining)-250(the)-251(old)-250(world-view)-251(so)-250(that,)-251(without)-250(disturbing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-403(consequences)-404(to)-403(which)-404(it)-403(would)-404(lead,)-442(it)-403(might)-404(apply)-403(in)-403(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(novel)-362(and)-362(unprecedentedly)-361(disturbed)-362(world.)-585(He)-362(was,)-390(in)-361(short,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(switching)-358(the)-359(premises)-358(and)-358(trying)-359(to)-358(preserve)-358(the)-358(conclusions,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modifying)-269(the)-269(actual)-269(behavior)-269(of)-269(the)-269(Chinese)-269(only)-269(in)-269(so)-269(far)-269(as)-268(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-265(necessary)-265(for)-264(the)-265(purpose)-265(of)-265(strengthening)-265(and)-264(invigorating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(whole)-250(body)-250(politic)-250(of)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -14.132 Td [(Another)-230(strain)-230(of)-231(the)-230(ancient)-230(thought)-230(penetrates)-230(Sun)-230(Yat-sen's)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(theories.)-289(Ideological)-262(control)-263(was)-263(not)-263(to)-263(the)-263(Confucians,)-266(as)-262(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxian)-437(critics)-437(aver,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 94.662 3.959 Td [(55)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.747 -3.959 Td [(a)-437(rather)-437(na\357ve)-437(duplicity)-438(by)-437(which)-437(the)]TJ -108.409 -13.549 Td [(gentry)-205(of)-206(China)-205(could)-206(maintain)-205(themselves)-206(in)-205(power)-205(indefinitely.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Confucius)-203(can)-202(not)-203(be)-203(accused,)-212(save)-203(on)-202(the)-203(basis)-203(of)-202(unwarrantable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reading-in,)-563(of)-500(insincerity)-500(in)-500(his)-499(teaching)-500(of)-500(order.)-1000(He)-500(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conservative,)-383(and)-357(knew)-356(what)-357(he)-356(was)-357(doing,)-383(in)-356(seeking)-357(for)-356(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(general)-225(self-discipline)-226(of)-225(men,)-230(and)-226(the)-225(rule)-225(of)-226(precept)-225(and)-225(virtue;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-262(to)-261(believe)-262(that)-262(he)-261(desired)-262(one)-262(public)-261(philosophy)-262(and)-261(another)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(private)-487(one)-487(goes)-486(beyond)-487(the)-487(realm)-487(of)-487(historically)-486(justifiable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interpretation.)-498(An)-333(ideology)-332(may,)-354(of)-332(course,)-354(be)-332(deceptive)-333(to)-332(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(promulgators,)-309(but)-297(the)-297(absence)-297(of)-297(any)-297(genuine)-296(class-society)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 260.634 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 208.598 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 201.702 Td [(54)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This)-336(same)-336(line)-336(of)-336(attack)-335(seems,)-358(in)-336(the)-336(West,)-357(to)-336(be)-336(employed)-336(only)-336(by)-336(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Catholic)-228(church)-228(which,)-233(while)-228(opposing)-228(any)-228(avowedly)-228(collectivistic)-228(totalitarian)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(state,)-239(seeks)-237(to)-236(maintain)-236(control)-237(on)-236(an)-237(ideological)-236(and)-237(not)-236(a)-236(political)-237(basis,)-239(over)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(almost)-315(all)-314(aspects)-315(of)-314(the)-315(life)-314(of)-315(its)-314(members.)-444(No)-314(political)-315(party)-315(or)-314(governing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(group)-250(seems)-250(to)-250(share)-250(this)-250(attitude.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.395 Td [(55)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Karl)-342(A.)-342(Wittfogel,)-366(in)-342(his)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 94.248 0 Td [(Sun)-342(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.417 0 Td [(,)-365(cited,)-366(as)-342(well)-342(as)-342(Roy,)-366(in)-342(the)-342(work)]TJ -149.621 -10.959 Td [(cited,)-228(thinks)-222(very)-222(little)-222(of)-222(the)-222(justice)-222(of)-222(Confucianism.)-241(The)-222(extreme)-222(mobility)-222(of)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Chinese)-325(society,)-344(which)-325(largely)-324(precluded)-325(the)-325(development)-325(of)-325(any)-325(permanent)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(class)-384(rule,)-417(is)-384(either)-384(unknown)-384(to)-384(them)-384(or)-384(ignored.)-652(If)-384(the)-384(ideologue-officials)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-497(old)-497(China)-498(composed)-497(a)-497(class,)-559(they)-497(were)-497(a)-497(class)-498(like)-497(no)-497(other)-497(known,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(for)-495(they)-494(provided)-495(for)-494(the)-495(continuous)-494(purging)-495(of)-495(their)-494(own)-495(class,)-555(and)-495(its)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(continuous)-219(recruitment)-218(from)-219(all)-219(levels)-218(of)-219(society)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 172.639 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(excepting)-219(that)-218(of)-219(prostitutes)]TJ -181.605 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(soldiers.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+331 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 332 0 R
+/Resources 330 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 309 0 R
+>> endobj
+333 0 obj <<
+/D [331 0 R /XYZ 93.543 515.808 null]
+>> endobj
+330 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+336 0 obj <<
+/Length 4946
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Continuing)-250(Significance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Background.)-5226(63)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(known)-273(in)-272(the)-273(West)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 82.854 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(must)-273(serve)-272(as)-273(a)-273(testimonial)-272(to)-273(the)-273(sincerity)]TJ -93.763 -13.549 Td [(of)-442(Confucian)-443(teachings.)-826(The)-442(Confucian)-443(ideology)-442(was)-442(to)-442(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ancients)-250(not)-250(only)-250(an)-250(instrument)-250(for)-250(good;)-250(it)-250(was)-250(common)-250(sense.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([056])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.33 Td [(Sun)-236(Yat-sen)-237(did)-236(not,)-239(as)-236(a)-237(Western)-236(leader)-236(in)-237(his)-236(position)-236(might)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(have)-451(done,)-502(seek)-451(to)-451(befuddle)-451(the)-452(masses)-451(for)-451(their)-451(own)-451(good.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Since)-399(he)-399(proposed)-399(to)-399(entrust)-399(China's)-399(destinies)-399(to)-399(the)-399(votes)-399(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(masses,)-356(he)-334(could)-335(scarcely)-335(have)-335(believed)-334(them)-335(liable)-335(to)-334(fall)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(victims)-304(to)-304(deceit)-304(over)-304(a)-304(great)-304(length)-304(of)-304(time.)-412(In)-304(teaching)-304(of)-304(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race-nation,)-372(and)-347(of)-347(the)-348(nature)-347(of)-347(Chinese)-348(society,)-371(Sun)-347(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-223(telling)-222(the)-223(people)-223(what)-222(it)-223(would)-222(be)-223(good)-223(for)-222(them)-223(to)-222(believe;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-325(was)-325(good)-325(for)-326(them)-325(because)-325(it)-325(was)-325(the)-325(truth)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 202.803 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-325(is,)-344(most)-325(in)]TJ -213.712 -13.55 Td [(accord)-323(with)-323(the)-323(actual)-322(situation)-323(of)-323(China)-323(in)-323(the)-323(general)-322(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -14.33 Td [(Few)-451(today)-452(would)-451(dare)-451(say)-452(what)-451(is)-451(really)-452(in)-451(the)-451(minds)-451(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(European)-359(leaders)-359(such)-359(as)-359(Stalin,)-386(Mussolini,)-386(and)-359(Hitler.)-577(These)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-276(may)-277(themselves)-276(believe)-276(what)-276(they)-277(say;)-289(or,)-283(not)-276(believing)-276(it,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(say)-349(it)-349(nevertheless)-349(because)-349(they)-349(think)-349(it)-349(the)-349(right)-349(thing)-349(for)-348(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(masses,)-244(in)-242(the)-242(masses')-242(own)-242(interests,)-244(to)-242(believe.)-247(Their)-242(respective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enemies)-263(accuse)-263(them)-264(of)-263(saying)-263(what)-263(they)-264(do)-263(in)-263(order)-263(to)-263(mislead)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-339(masses)-340(and)-339(to)-340(dominate)-339(the)-340(masses)-339(for)-340(hidden)-339(purposes)-339(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-397(own.)-691(No)-397(such)-397(accusation)-397(has)-397(been)-397(levelled)-397(against)-397(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen.)-837(Apart)-445(from)-446(his)-446(personal)-445(sincerity,)-495(his)-445(belief)-446(in)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(qualities)-213(of)-212(the)-213(common)-212(people)-213(was)-213(such)-212(that)-213(he)-212(did)-213(not)-212(consider)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-250(necessary)-250(to)-250(deceive)-250(them,)-250(even)-250(for)-250(their)-250(own)-250(good.)]TJ 11.956 -14.33 Td [(Consequently,)-324(in)-310(dealing)-309(with)-310(the)-309(various)-310(doctrines)-309(that)-309(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(preached,)-185(it)-169(must)-168(be)-169(remembered)-168(that)-169(he)-169(himself)-168(believed)-169(what)-168(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-191(saying.)-231(He)-191(did)-192(not)-191(merely)-191(think)-192(that)-191(the)-192(people)-191(should)-191(regard)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(Chinese)-293(society)-292(as)-293(a)-293(race-nation;)-314(he)-293(thought)-293(that)-293(China)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 263.656 0 Td [(was)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -263.656 -13.549 Td [(a)-368(race-nation.)-604(The)-368(modifications)-368(of)-368(the)-368(Confucian)-367(philosophy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-452(to)-453(be)-452(contemplated,)-503(as)-452(was)-453(the)-452(original)-453(philosophy,)-502(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pragmatically)-250(true.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 82.408 3.959 Td [(56)]TJ 208.616 -3.959 Td [([057])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.765 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 91.869 Td [(56)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(T'ang)-227(Leang-li)-228(writes,)-232(in)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 89.746 0 Td [(The)-227(Inner)-228(History)-227(of)-228(the)-227(Chinese)-228(Revolution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 157.678 0 Td [(,)-232(New)]TJ -259.38 -10.959 Td [(York,)-410(1930,)-410(p.)-635(168,)-410(as)-378(follows)-378(concerning)-378(Sun)-379(Yat-sen's)-378(early)-378(teaching)-378(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(nationalism:)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+335 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 336 0 R
+/Resources 334 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 339 0 R
+>> endobj
+337 0 obj <<
+/D [335 0 R /XYZ 46.771 488.699 null]
+>> endobj
+338 0 obj <<
+/D [335 0 R /XYZ 46.771 106.979 null]
+>> endobj
+334 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+342 0 obj <<
+/Length 3459
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(64The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(These)-315(two)-315(factors)-316(must)-315(be)-315(reckoned)-315(with)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 183.623 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-315(Sun)-315(Yat-sen)]TJ -206.488 -13.549 Td [(was)-383(teaching)-383(and)-384(working)-383(in)-383(the)-383(Chinese)-384(milieu,)-416(and)-383(that)-383(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-243(was)-243(an)-243(ideology)-243(not)-243(in)-243(the)-243(older)-243(pejorative)-243(sense)-243(of)-242(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(word,)-219(which)-211(connoted)-211(duplicity,)-219(but)-211(an)-212(ideology)-211(in)-211(the)-211(sense)-211(of)-211(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scheme)-271(of)-271(exact)-272(knowledge)-271(which,)-276(by)-272(its)-271(very)-271(truthfulness,)-276(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-250(political)-250(and)-250(social)-250(instrument.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 -29.64 Td [([058])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 210.401 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F31 8.9664 Tf 105.499 197.649 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Previous)-204(to)-204(the)-204(Republican)-204(Revolution)-204(of)-204(1911,)-213(the)-205(principle)-204(of)-204(nationality)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(was)-230(known)-230(as)-229(the)-230(principle)-230(of)-230(racial)-230(struggle,)-233(and)-230(was)-230(in)-230(effect)-229(little)-230(more)-230(than)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-275(primitive)-275(tribalism)-275(rationalized)-274(to)-275(serve)-275(as)-275(a)-275(weapon)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 201.013 0 Td [(in)-275(the)-275(struggle)-275(against)]TJ -201.013 -10.959 Td [(the)-217(Manchu)-217(oppressors.)-239(It)-217(was)-217(the)-217(corner-stone)-217(of)-217(revolutionary)-217(theory,)-224(and)-217(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(emphasizing)-194(the)-194(racial)-195(distinction)-194(between)-194(the)-194(ruling)-194(and)-195(the)-194(oppressed)-194(classes,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(succeeded)-305(in)-306(uniting)-305(the)-305(entire)-306(Chinese)-305(people)-305(against)-305(the)-306(Manchu)-305(dynasty.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(\050Italics)-271(mine.\051)-312(In)-270(speaking)-271(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 107.379 0 Td [(min)-271(ts'u)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 30.686 0 Td [(as)-271(a)-270(primitive)-271(tribalism)-271(which)-270(had)-271(been)]TJ -138.065 -10.958 Td [(rationalized)-347(as)-348(a)-347(weapon,)-372(Dr.)-543(T'ang)-347(might)-347(lead)-348(some)-347(of)-348(his)-347(readers)-348(to)-347(infer)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-282(Sun)-281(Yat-sen)-282(did)-281(not)-282(believe)-281(what)-282(he)-281(taught,)-290(and)-281(that)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 206.361 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(as)-281(a)-282(master-stroke)]TJ -215.328 -10.959 Td [(of)-265(practical)-265(politics)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 69.497 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(he)-265(had)-265(devised)-265(an)-265(ideological)-265(weapon)-264(which,)-269(regardless)]TJ -78.464 -10.959 Td [(of)-371(its)-372(truthfulness,)-402(would)-371(serve)-371(him)-372(in)-371(his)-372(struggles.)-614(But,)-402(it)-371(may)-372(be)-371(asked,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(what)-294(was)-294(Sun)-293(Yat-sen)-294(struggling)-294(for,)-305(if)-293(not)-294(the)-294(union)-294(and)-294(preservation)-293(of)-294(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chinese)-250(people?)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+341 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 342 0 R
+/Resources 340 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 339 0 R
+>> endobj
+343 0 obj <<
+/D [341 0 R /XYZ 93.543 420.789 null]
+>> endobj
+340 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+344 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index14) >>
+endobj
+347 0 obj
+(Chapter II The Theory of Nationalism.)
+endobj
+348 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index15) >>
+endobj
+351 0 obj
+(The Emergence of the Chinese Race-Nation.)
+endobj
+354 0 obj <<
+/Length 3225
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-276(II)-276(The)-277(Theory)-276(of)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td [(Nationalism.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -75.284 Td [(The)-230(Emergence)-230(of)-229(the)-230(Chinese)-230(Race-Nation.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -28.715 Td [(It)-423(could,)-466(at)-423(first)-423(thought,)-466(be)-423(supposed)-423(that)-423(the)-423(reconstruction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-480(Chinese)-480(society)-480(might)-480(have)-480(been)-480(necessitated)-480(by)-479(internal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(weakness)-493(just)-493(as)-493(much)-493(as)-493(by)-493(a)-493(changed)-493(environment.)-979(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(process)-377(of)-377(organizing)-377(and)-377(developing)-377(a)-377(tight,)-409(clear)-376(scheme)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(political)-255(control)-256(organizations)-255(within)-256(the)-255(society)-255(\050stateification\051,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-328(delimiting)-327(the)-328(extent)-327(and)-328(aims)-328(of)-327(the)-328(society)-327(\050nationalism\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-250(the)-250(chief)-250(characteristics)-250(of)-250(this)-250(reconstruction.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(It)-376(is)-375(only)-376(by)-375(means)-376(of)-376(a)-375(disregard)-376(of)-375(actual)-376(conditions)-375(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-390(supposition)-389(of)-390(an)-389(internal)-390(weakness)-389(so)-390(great)-389(as)-390(to)-389(require)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(radical)-478(change)-478(can)-478(be)-478(maintained.)-934(While)-478(the)-478(latter)-478(days)-478(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-509(Manchu)-509(Empire)-510(represented)-509(a)-509(decline,)-574(it)-509(was)-509(a)-509(decline)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-515(more)-514(serious)-515(than)-514(others)-515(through)-514(which)-515(Chinese)-514(culture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-408(passed)-409(and)-408(resurged)-408(many)-409(times)-408(in)-408(its)-409(history.)-725(It)-408(is)-408(still)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-439(debatable)-439(matter)-440(as)-439(to)-439(whether)-439(China)-439(had)-439(actually)-439(become)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(intellectually)-375(and)-376(artistically)-375(sterile)-376(during)-375(this)-376(period.)-626(In)-375(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(event,)-423(it)-389(is)-389(questionable)-388(whether)-389(the)-389(completely)-388(revolutionary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reorganization)-265(of)-264(Chinese)-265(society)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 146.815 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-265(the)-264(type)-265(that)-265(Sun)-264(Yat-sen)]TJ -157.724 -13.549 Td [(found)-369(it)-369(necessary)-369(to)-369(support)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 131.233 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(would)-369(have)-369(been)-369(either)-369(worth-)]TJ -142.143 -13.549 Td [(while)-442(or)-442(probable)-442(in)-442(the)-442(absence)-442(of)-442(Euramerican)-442(aggression,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-468(the)-468(appearance,)-522(all)-468(about)-468(China,)-522(of)-468(a)-468(new,)-522(hostile,)-522(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unstable)-604(environment.)-1312(If)-604(it)-604(had)-604(not)-604(been)-604(for)-604(the)-604(impact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-439(the)-438(West)-439(it)-439(is)-439(conceivable)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 134.21 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(although)-439(all)-438(comment)-439(on)-439(this)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+353 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 354 0 R
+/Resources 352 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 339 0 R
+>> endobj
+345 0 obj <<
+/D [353 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+349 0 obj <<
+/D [353 0 R /XYZ 46.771 414.9 null]
+>> endobj
+352 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+357 0 obj <<
+/Length 5288
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(66The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(must)-299(remain)-300(mere)-299(speculation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 132.806 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(that)-299(a)-300(social)-299(revolution)-299(such)-299(as)]TJ -143.716 -13.549 Td [(those)-230(which)-231(occurred)-230(under)-231(Wang)-230(Mang)-231(\050usurper-founder)-230(of)-230(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unrecognized)-314(Hsin)-314(Dynasty,)-330(9-25)-314(A.D.\051,)-330(Wang)-314(An-shih)-313(\050prime)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(minister,)-445(1069-1076)-406(A.D.,)-445(under)-406(the)-406(Sung)-406(dynasty\051,)-445(or)-406(Hung)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Hsiu-ch'\374an)-203(\050founder)-203(of)-203(the)-203(rebel)-203(T'ai)-203(P'ing)-203(dynasty,)-212(1849-1865\051,)]TJ 2.238 -13.549 Td [(might)-194(have)-194(adjusted)-194(matters)-194(by)-194(a)-194(general)-193(redistribution)-194(of)-194(wealth)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -74.993 0 Td [([059])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(administrative)-250(reorganization.)]TJ 11.956 -15.648 Td [(In)-477(his)-478(earliest)-477(agitations)-478(Sun)-477(Yat-sen)-478(was)-477(opposed)-478(to)-477(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Manchus.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.72 3.958 Td [(57)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.406 -3.958 Td [(In)-470(this)-471(connection)-470(he)-470(developed)-471(a)-470(peculiar)-470(and)]TJ -61.126 -13.55 Td [(interesting)-497(theory)-496(concerning)-496(nationalism.)-990(He)-496(held,)-558(briefly,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-435(the)-435(Chinese)-434(had,)-482(at)-434(the)-435(noon-day)-435(glory)-435(of)-435(their)-434(Empire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fallen)-423(under)-423(the)-422(lure)-423(of)-423(a)-422(cosmopolitanism)-423(which)-423(was)-423(not)-422(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accord)-518(with)-518(the)-519(realities)-518(of)-518(political)-518(existence.)-1055(It)-518(was)-518(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lack)-285(of)-286(distinction)-285(between)-286(themselves)-285(and)-286(outsiders)-285(which)-285(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(permitted)-395(hundreds)-395(of)-395(millions)-394(of)-395(Chinese)-395(to)-395(fall)-395(prey)-395(to)-394(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hundred)-346(thousand)-347(Manchus)-346(in)-347(the)-346(early)-347(seventeenth)-346(century,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(58)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(with)-346(the)-345(consequence)-346(that)-345(the)-346(Manchus,)-369(once)-346(on)-345(the)-346(throne)-345(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China,)-446(made)-408(every)-407(effort)-407(to)-407(erase)-407(their)-407(barbarian)-407(origin)-407(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-520(minds)-520(of)-519(the)-520(Chinese,)-587(and,)-587(with)-520(this)-520(end)-520(in)-519(view,)-587(did)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(everything)-493(possible,)-554(as)-493(modern)-494(Japan)-493(is)-493(doing)-493(in)-493(Korea,)-554(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(destroy)-343(the)-342(national)-343(consciousness)-343(of)-343(the)-342(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 225.133 3.959 Td [(59)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.229 -3.959 Td [(China,)-366(to)]TJ -239.362 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-356(Yat-sen,)-383(had)-356(always)-357(been)-356(a)-356(nation,)-383(but)-356(its)-356(inhabitants)-356(did)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-366(believe)-366(it)-366(a)-366(nation.)-597(They)-366(had)-366(lost)-366(the)-366(precious)-366(treasure)-365(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalism.)-635(Without)-379(contradicting)-378(Sun)-379(Yat-sen,)-410(but)-378(differing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-225(him)-224(only)-225(in)-224(the)-225(use)-224(of)-225(words,)-229(Westerners)-225(might)-224(say)-225(that)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-254(had)-253(once)-254(known)-254(nationalism)-254(as)-253(members)-254(of)-254(the)-253(antique)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 165.007 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 158.111 Td [(57)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(sections,)-250(below,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(programs)-250(of)-250(nationalism.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.394 Td [(58)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-171(translation,)-187(p.)-223(131.)-224(Sun)-171(Yat-sen)-171(said:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 154.003 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Formerly)-171(China)-171(too)-171(entertained)]TJ -169.94 -10.959 Td [(the)-284(ambition)-284(of)-284(becoming)-283(mistress)-284(of)-284(the)-284(whole)-284(world)-284(and)-284(of)-283(rising)-284(above)-284(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(other)-215(countries;)-227(so)-214(she)-215(\050too\051)-215(advocated)-215(cosmopolitanism....)-238(When)-215(the)-215(Manchus)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(entered)-404(the)-403(Great)-404(Wall,)-442(they)-404(were)-404(very)-403(few;)-481(they)-404(numbered)-403(100,000)-404(men.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(How)-296(were)-296(those)-296(100,000)-296(men)-296(able)-296(to)-296(subject)-296(hundreds)-296(of)-296(millions)-296(of)-296(others?)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Because)-214(the)-215(majority)-214(of)-214(Chinese)-214(at)-215(that)-214(time)-214(favored)-215(cosmopolitanism)-214(and)-214(said)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(nothing)-250(about)-250(nationalism.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 95.896 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -92.658 -7.394 Td [(59)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(pp.)-250(126)-250(ff.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+356 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 357 0 R
+/Resources 355 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 339 0 R
+>> endobj
+358 0 obj <<
+/D [356 0 R /XYZ 93.543 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+355 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+361 0 obj <<
+/Length 6025
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Emergence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(Race-Nation.)-6840(67)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Chinese)-231(states,)-235(but)-230(had)-231(later)-231(formed)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 155.336 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-231(the)-231(place)-231(of)-230(a)-231(nation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 98.632 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(a)]TJ -275.787 -13.549 Td [(cosmopolitan)-362(society)-362(which)-362(comprehended)-362(the)-362(civilized)-362(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 69.982 3.959 Td [(60)]TJ 221.042 -3.959 Td [([060])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.375 Td [(Sun)-372(Yat-sen)-371(did)-372(not)-372(blame)-371(Confucius)-372(for)-372(cosmopoli)1(tanism.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(There)-482(is,)-539(indeed,)-539(nowhere)-482(in)-481(his)-482(works)-481(the)-482(implication)-481(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Confucianism)-336(was)-336(an)-337(evil)-336(in)-336(itself,)-358(deserving)-336(destruction;)-379(why)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then)-275(did)-275(Sun)-275(Yat-sen)-274(believe)-275(that,)-281(even)-275(though)-275(the)-275(old)-274(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-291(not)-291(invalid)-291(for)-291(the)-292(organization)-291(of)-291(China)-291(internally,)-301(the)-291(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world-view)-303(had)-304(broken)-303(down)-304(as)-303(an)-303(effective)-304(instrument)-303(for)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preservation)-250(of)-250(China?)]TJ 11.956 -14.375 Td [(First)-389(of)-390(all,)-424(Sun)-389(stated,)-424(in)-390(terms)-389(more)-389(general)-390(than)-389(did)-389(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ancients,)-318(the)-305(necessity)-304(of)-305(establishing)-304(the)-305(ideology)-304(on)-305(the)-304(basis)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(pragmatism.)-250(He)-250(stated:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -26.768 Td [(We)-222(cannot)-221(say)-222(in)-222(general)-222(that)-221(ideas,)-228(as)-222(ideas,)-227(are)-222(good)-221(or)-222(bad.)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(We)-332(must)-332(judge)-333(whether,)-352(when)-333(put)-332(into)-332(practice,)-353(they)-332(prove)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(useful)-219(to)-218(us)-219(or)-219(not.)-239(If)-219(they)-218(are)-219(of)-219(practical)-218(value)-219(to)-219(us,)-225(they)-218(are)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(good;)-299(if)-283(they)-283(are)-282(impractical,)-291(they)-283(are)-283(bad.)-348(If)-283(they)-282(are)-283(useful)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(to)-215(the)-214(world,)-222(they)-214(are)-215(good;)-226(if)-215(they)-214(are)-215(not)-214(useful)-215(to)-215(the)-214(world,)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(they)-250(are)-250(not)-250(good.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 71.22 3.615 Td [(61)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 200.167 -18.887 Td [([061])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 239.51 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 230.686 Td [(thing;)-294(otherwise,)-286(a)-280(bad)-279(thing.)-337(Also,)-287(a)-279(thing)-279(that)-279(is)-279(useful)-280(and)-279(advantageous)-279(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-302(world)-303(is)-302(a)-302(good)-302(thing;)-329(otherwise,)-315(a)-303(bad)-302(thing.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 180.151 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.691 0 Td [(Hs\374)-302(translation,)-316(cited,)-315(pp.)]TJ -186.842 -10.959 Td [(210-211.)-368(Excepting)-289(for)-290(occasional)-289(purposes)-289(of)-289(comparison,)-299(the)-290(translation)-289(of)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Father)-318(d'Elia)-319(will)-318(be)-318(referred)-318(to)-319(in)-318(citing)-318(the)-319(sixteen)-318(lectures)-318(on)-318(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 249.882 0 Td [(San)-318(Min)]TJ -249.882 -10.959 Td [(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.175 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -16.937 -7.311 Td [(60)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(It)-377(seems)-377(to)-377(the)-377(present)-377(writer)-377(that,)-409(whatever)-377(criteria)-377(are)-377(selected)-378(for)-377(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(determination)-396(of)-396(the)-396(nationhood)-396(of)-396(a)-396(given)-396(society,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 196.329 0 Td [(uniqueness)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.397 0 Td [(certainly)-396(is)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -239.726 -10.959 Td [(not)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 14.624 0 Td [(one)-353(of)-353(the)-353(qualities)-353(attributed)-353(to)-353(a)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 129.237 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(nation.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 24.657 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.146 0 Td [(It)-353(is)-353(not)-353(appropriate)-353(for)-353(the)]TJ -179.645 -10.959 Td [(author)-430(to)-430(venture)-430(upon)-430(any)-430(extended)-430(search)-429(for)-430(a)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 192.054 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(true)-430(nation)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 40.213 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(;)-520(he)-430(might)]TJ -240.229 -10.959 Td [(observe,)-529(however,)-529(that)-473(in)-474(his)-473(own)-473(use)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 147.982 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(in)-473(contrast)-474(to)-473(Sun)-473(Yat-sen's)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 106.252 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(he)]TJ -272.166 -10.958 Td [(employs)-349(the)-350(term)-349(in)-349(a)-350(consciously)-349(relative)-349(sense,)-375(contrasting)-349(it)-349(with)-350(the)-349(old)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chinese)-319(cosmopolitan)-318(society,)-336(which)-319(thought)-318(itself)-319(unique)-319(except)-318(for)-319(certain)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(imitations)-350(of)-350(itself)-351(on)-350(the)-350(part)-350(of)-350(half-civilized)-350(barbarians.)-551(A)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 229.673 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(nation)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 22.416 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.121 0 Td [(must)]TJ -263.191 -10.959 Td [(signify,)-375(among)-350(other)-350(things,)-374(for)-350(the)-350(purposes)-350(of)-350(this)-350(work,)-374(a)-350(society)-350(calling)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(itself)-276(such)-275(and)-276(recognizing)-275(the)-276(existence)-275(of)-276(other)-275(societies)-276(of)-275(more)-276(or)-276(less)-275(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(same)-294(nature.)-381(Sun)-294(Yat-sen,)-305(on)-293(the)-294(other)-294(hand,)-305(regarded)-293(a)-294(nation)-294(as)-294(a)-293(group)-294(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+360 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 361 0 R
+/Resources 359 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 339 0 R
+>> endobj
+362 0 obj <<
+/D [360 0 R /XYZ 46.771 490.979 null]
+>> endobj
+363 0 obj <<
+/D [360 0 R /XYZ 46.771 247.784 null]
+>> endobj
+359 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+366 0 obj <<
+/Length 6881
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(68The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(He)-310(states,)-326(also,)-325(that)-311(if)-310(the)-310(Chinese)-311(race)-310(is)-310(to)-311(survive,)-325(it)-310(must)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(adopt)-396(nationalism.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 89.708 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(...)-688(if)-396(we)-396(now)-396(want)-396(to)-396(save)-397(China,)-432(if)-396(we)]TJ -94.552 -13.549 Td [(wish)-378(to)-379(see)-378(the)-378(Chinese)-378(race)-378(survive)-379(forever,)-410(we)-378(must)-378(preach)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nationalism.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.062 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(62)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.758 -3.958 Td [(Hitherto)-393(they)-394(had)-393(been)-393(no)-393(more)-394(conscious)-393(of)]TJ -73.664 -13.55 Td [(race)-196(than)-196(were)-196(the)-196(Europeans)-196(of)-196(the)-196(middle)-196(ages.)-232(To)-196(be)-196(sure,)-206(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-343(barbarians,)-367(whose)-343(features)-343(were)-343(strange;)-390(but)-343(the)-343(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-217(not)-218(conscious)-217(of)-217(themselves)-217(as)-217(a)-218(racial)-217(unity)-217(in)-217(competition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-262(conflict)-262(with)-263(other)-262(equal)-262(or)-262(superior)-262(racial)-263(unities.)-286(The)-262(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consciousness)-301(of)-301(the)-301(Chinese)-300(was)-301(a)-301(cultural)-301(rather)-301(than)-301(a)-300(racial)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one,)-171(and)-151(the)-151(juxtaposition)-151(that)-152(presented)-151(itself)-151(to)-151(the)-151(Chinese)-151(mind)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-390(between)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 61.818 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Ourselves)-390(of)-390(the)-389(Central)-390(Realm)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 143.654 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.096 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 20.006 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(You)-390(the)]TJ -244.261 -13.549 Td [(Outsiders.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(63)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.727 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-299(Yat-sen)-298(became)-299(intensely)-299(conscious)-299(of)-298(being)]TJ -61.113 -13.549 Td [(a)-317(Chinese)-318(by)-317(race,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 82.178 3.959 Td [(64)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.113 -3.959 Td [(and)-317(so)-318(did)-317(many)-317(other)-318(of)-317(his)-317(compatriots,)]TJ -94.291 -13.549 Td [(by)-346(the)-345(extraordinary)-346(race-pride)-346(of)-345(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 172.262 0 Td [(White)-346(Men)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.378 0 Td [(in)-346(China.)-536(In)]TJ -224.64 -13.55 Td [(common)-232(with)-231(many)-232(others)-232(of)-231(his)-232(generation,)-235(Sun)-232(Yat-sen)-231(turned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(race-consciousness)-250(as)-250(the)-250(name)-250(for)-250(Chinese)-250(solidarity.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 294.403 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 281.651 Td [(persons)-239(as)-239(real)-239(as)-239(a)-239(family)-238(group,)-242(and)-239(consistently)-238(spoke)-239(of)-239(the)-239(Chinese)-239(nation)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(as)-270(having)-270(existed)-270(throughout)-269(the)-270(ages)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 135.618 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(even)-270(in)-270(those)-269(times)-270(when)-270(the)-270(Chinese)]TJ -144.584 -10.959 Td [(themselves)-291(regarded)-290(their)-291(own)-290(society)-291(as)-290(the)-291(civilized)-291(world,)-300(and)-291(did)-290(so)-291(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(some)-250(show)-250(of)-250(exactness,)-250(if)-250(their)-250(own)-250(viewpoint)-250(is)-250(taken)-250(into)-250(account.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(61)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-288(translation,)-298(cited,)-298(pp.)-365(130-131.)-365(d'Elia's)-289(italics,)-298(covering)-288(the)-288(last)-289(two)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(sentences)-222(in)-222(the)-223(quotation,)-227(have)-222(been)-223(omitted)-222(as)-222(superfluous.)-241(As)-222(an)-222(illustration)]TJ 0 -7.98 Td [(of)-335(the)-335(difference)-335(between)-335(the)-335(translation)-334(of)-335(d'Elia)-335(and)-335(that)-335(of)-335(Hs\374,)-356(the)-335(same)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(paragraph)-258(might)-258(also)-258(be)-257(cited)-258(from)-258(the)-258(latter)-258(translation.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 204.976 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-258(ethical)-258(value)-258(of)]TJ -208.957 -10.959 Td [(everything)-284(is)-284(relative)-283(and)-284(so)-284(nothing)-284(in)-283(the)-284(world)-284(is)-284(innately)-284(good)-283(or)-284(innately)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bad.)-407(It)-303(is)-302(determined)-302(by)-303(circumstances.)-407(A)-302(thing)-302(that)-303(is)-302(useful)-303(to)-302(us)-302(is)-303(a)-302(good)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -5.977 Td [(62)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-627(translation,)-722(cited,)-721(p.)-1382(70.)-1382(The)-627(curiously)-627(significant)-627(use)-628(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-477(word)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 37.939 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(forever)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 25.886 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.259 0 Td [(is)-477(reminiscent)-477(of)-477(the)-477(teleology)-477(of)-478(the)-477(Chinese)-477(family)]TJ -76.065 -10.959 Td [(system,)-556(according)-496(to)-495(which)-495(the)-495(flesh-and-blood)-495(immortality)-495(of)-496(man,)-556(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-460(preservation)-459(of)-460(identity)-459(through)-460(the)-460(survival)-459(of)-460(descendants,)-512(is)-459(a)-460(true)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(immortality.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(63)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Wo-men)-250(Chung-kuo)-250(jen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.404 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 15.189 0 Td [(ni-men)-250(wai-kuo)-250(jen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 69.229 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -180.54 -7.31 Td [(64)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Paul)-330(M.)-329(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 76.78 0 Td [(The)-330(Life)-330(and)-329(Principles)-330(of)-330(Sun)-330(Chung-shan)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 159.714 0 Td [(,)-350(p.)-489(102.)]TJ -248.45 -10.959 Td [(There)-175(is)-175(here)-175(told)-175(the)-175(anecdote)-175(of)-174(Sun)-175(Yat-sen's)-175(first)-175(encounter)-175(with)-175(race-hatred.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(At)-240(Ewa,)-242(Hawaii,)-241(in)-240(1880,)-242(Sun,)-242(then)-240(a)-239(young)-240(lad)-240(just)-240(arrived)-240(from)-239(China,)-242(met)-240(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Westerner)-271(on)-271(the)-271(road.)-313(The)-271(Westerner)-271(threatened)-272(him,)-276(and)-271(called)-271(him)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 254.735 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Damn)]TJ -258.716 -10.959 Td [(Chinaman!)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 39.847 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.421 0 Td [(and)-384(various)-383(other)-384(epithets.)-651(When)-383(Sun)-384(Yat-sen)-384(discovered)-383(that)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+365 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 366 0 R
+/Resources 364 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 339 0 R
+>> endobj
+364 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+369 0 obj <<
+/Length 4590
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Emergence)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(Race-Nation.)-6840(69)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(There)-233(is)-233(nowhere)-232(in)-233(his)-233(works,)-236(so)-233(far)-233(as)-233(the)-232(writer)-233(knows,)-236(any)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(attempt)-273(to)-273(find)-273(a)-272(value)-273(higher)-273(than)-273(the)-273(necessity)-273(of)-272(perpetuating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-425(Chinese)-424(race.)-773(Sun)-425(Yat-sen)-424(was)-425(a)-424(Chinese;)-512(his)-424(followers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-362(Chinese;)-419(whatever)-362(benefits)-362(they)-362(contemplated)-362(bestowing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(upon)-357(the)-357(world)-357(as)-358(a)-357(whole)-357(were)-357(incidental)-357(to)-357(their)-357(work)-357(for)-357(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powerful)-346(and)-347(continued)-693(China.)-539(At)-346(various)-347(times)-346(Sun)-346(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([062])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-187(his)-188(followers)-187(expressed)-188(sympathy)-187(with)-188(the)-187(whole)-188(world,)-199(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-335(oppressed)-335(of)-335(the)-335(earth,)-357(or)-335(with)-335(all)-335(Asia,)-356(but)-335(the)-335(paramount)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(drive)-544(behind)-544(the)-544(new)-544(movement)-544(has)-544(been)-544(the)-544(defense)-544(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(reconstruction)-213(of)-213(China,)-221(no)-213(longer)-213(conceived)-213(of)-213(as)-213(a)-213(core-society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(maintaining)-396(the)-395(flower)-396(of)-395(human)-396(civilization,)-431(but)-396(regarded)-395(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-434(race)-434(abruptly)-434(plunged)-434(into)-434(the)-434(chaos)-434(of)-434(hostile)-434(and)-434(greedy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations.)]TJ 11.956 -22.618 Td [(Throughout)-328(his)-329(life,)-348(Sun)-328(Yat-sen)-328(called)-329(China)-328(a)-328(nation.)-485(We)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(may)-402(suppose)-402(that)-402(he)-401(never)-402(thought)-402(that)-402(Chinese)-402(society)-401(need)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-392(necessarily)-391(be)-392(called)-391(a)-392(nation,)-427(even)-392(in)-391(the)-392(modern)-391(world.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(What)-326(he)-326(did)-326(do,)-345(though,)-345(was)-326(to)-326(conceive)-326(of)-326(China)-326(as)-326(a)-326(unique)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(type)-441(of)-441(nation:)-631(a)-441(race-nation.)-822(He)-441(stated)-441(that)-441(races)-441(could)-440(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(distinguished)-285(by)-286(a)-285(study)-285(of)-285(physical)-285(characteristics,)-294(occupation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(language,)-517(religion)-464(and)-464(folkways)-464(or)-464(customs.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 205.252 3.959 Td [(65)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.194 -3.959 Td [(Dividing)-464(the)]TJ -223.446 -13.549 Td [(world)-424(first)-423(into)-424(the)-423(usual)-423(old-style)-424(five)-423(primary)-424(races)-423(\050white,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(black,)-308(yellow,)-307(brown,)-308(and)-296(red\051,)-308(he)-296(divides)-296(these)-296(races)-296(into)-296(sub-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(races)-425(in)-424(the)-425(narrow)-425(sense)-424(of)-425(the)-425(term.)-774(The)-424(Chinese)-425(race,)-468(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-340(narrow)-340(sense)-339(of)-340(the)-340(term,)-362(is)-340(both)-340(a)-340(race)-339(and)-340(a)-340(nation.)-519(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Anglo-Saxons)-389(are)-389(divided)-389(between)-389(England)-389(and)-389(America,)-423(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Germans)-342(between)-342(Germany)-341(and)-342(Austria,)-365(the)-342(Latins)-342(among)-341(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mediterranean)-377(nations,)-409(and)-377(so)-377(forth;)-441(but)-377(China)-377(is)-377(at)-377(the)-377(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-208(both)-207(the)-208(Chinese)-207(race)-208(and)-207(the)-208(Chinese)-207(nation.)-236(If)-208(the)-207(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wish)-291(their)-292(race)-291(to)-292(perpetuate)-291(itself)-291(forever,)-302(they)-292(must)-291(adopt)-291(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 108.087 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 99.263 Td [(the)-292(man)-291(was)-292(neither)-292(deranged)-292(nor)-291(intoxicated,)-302(but)-292(simply)-292(venting)-291(his)-292(general)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(hatred)-210(of)-209(all)-210(Chinese,)-217(he)-210(was)-210(so)-209(much)-210(impressed)-209(with)-210(the)-209(incident)-210(that)-209(he)-210(never)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(forgot)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td [(65)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(168;)-250(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(68.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+368 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 369 0 R
+/Resources 367 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 371 0 R
+>> endobj
+370 0 obj <<
+/D [368 0 R /XYZ 156.268 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+367 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+374 0 obj <<
+/Length 5188
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(70The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(follow)-259(the)-259(doctrine)-259(of)-259(Nationalism.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.02 3.959 Td [(66)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.494 -3.959 Td [(Otherwise)-259(China)-259(faces)-259(the)]TJ -165.514 -13.549 Td [(tragedy)-250(of)-250(being)-250("despoiled)-250(as)-250(a)-250(nation)-250(and)-250(extinct)-250(as)-250(a)-250(race.")]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.233 3.959 Td [(67)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -256.277 -17.508 Td [(Sun)-524(Yat-sen)-523(felt)-524(that)-523(China)-524(was)-523(menaced)-524(and)-523(oppressed)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ethnically,)-279(politically)-274(and)-273(economically.)-321(Ethnically,)-279(he)-273(believed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-458(the)-457(extraordinary)-458(population)-458(increase)-458(of)-457(the)-916(white)-457(race)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([063])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(within)-351(the)-351(past)-351(few)-351(centuries)-351(represented)-351(a)-351(trend)-351(which,)-376(if)-351(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(counterbalanced,)-306(would)-294(simply)-295(result)-294(in)-295(the)-294(Chinese)-295(race)-294(being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(crowded)-321(off)-322(the)-321(earth.)-464(Politically)-321(he)-322(observed)-321(that)-321(the)-321(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dependencies)-439(had)-438(been)-439(alienated)-439(by)-438(the)-439(Western)-439(powers)-438(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Japan;)-656(that)-520(China)-520(was)-521(at)-520(the)-520(mercy)-520(of)-521(any)-520(military)-520(nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-335(chose)-336(to)-335(attack;)-378(that)-336(it)-335(was)-335(a)-336(temporary)-335(deadlock)-335(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-408(conquering)-408(powers)-409(rather)-408(than)-408(any)-408(strength)-408(of)-408(China)-408(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevented,)-284(at)-277(least)-277(for)-277(the)-277(time)-277(being,)-284(the)-277(partition)-277(of)-277(China)-277(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-308(a)-307(diplomatic)-308(attack,)-322(which)-307(could)-308(break)-308(the)-307(deadlock)-308(of)-307(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(covetous)-419(states,)-461(would)-419(be)-419(even)-419(more)-419(deadly)-419(and)-419(drastic)-418(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simple)-250(military)-250(attack.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.877 3.959 Td [(68)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -85.921 -17.508 Td [(It)-324(must)-325(be)-324(remembered)-324(that)-325(Sun)-324(Yat-sen)-324(saw)-325(a)-324(nation)-324(while)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-566(majority)-567(of)-566(his)-567(compatriots)-566(still)-567(envisioned)-566(the)-566(serene,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indestructible)-535(society)-534(of)-535(the)-534(Confucians.)-1104(Others)-535(may)-534(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(realized)-557(that)-556(the)-557(Western)-556(impact)-556(was)-557(more)-556(than)-557(a)-556(frontier)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(squabble)-408(on)-407(a)-408(grand)-407(scale;)-486(they)-408(may)-407(have)-408(thought)-407(it)-408(to)-407(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumed)-370(epic)-369(proportions.)-609(But)-370(Sun)-370(Yat-sen,)-399(oppressed)-370(by)-369(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superior)-281(knowledge)-281(of)-280(the)-281(Western)-281(nations,)-288(obtained)-281(at)-281(the)-280(cost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-404(considerable)-404(sympathy)-404(with)-404(them,)-442(struggled)-404(desperately)-404(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-314(his)-314(countrymen)-315(aware)-314(of)-314(the)-314(fact,)-331(irrefutable)-314(to)-314(him,)-330(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China)-268(was)-269(engaged)-268(in)-268(a)-269(conflict)-268(different)-268(not)-269(only)-268(in)-268(degree)-268(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-373(kind)-373(from)-373(any)-374(other)-373(in)-373(Chinese)-373(history.)-619(The)-373(Great)-373(Central)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Realm)-258(had)-258(become)-258(simply)-257(China.)-274(Endangered)-258(and)-258(yet)-258(supine,)-259(it)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 142.838 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 136.026 Td [(66)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(70.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(67)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(71.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(68)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Sun)-239(Yat-sen)-240(said:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 65.261 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(A)-239(scrap)-240(of)-239(paper,)-242(a)-239(pen,)-241(and)-240(a)-239(mutual)-239(agreement)-240(will)-239(be)]TJ -81.198 -10.959 Td [(enough)-219(for)-219(the)-218(ruin)-219(of)-219(China)-219(...)-240(in)-218(order)-219(to)-219(wipe)-219(her)-219(out)-218(by)-219(common)-219(agreement,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it)-351(suffices)-351(that)-351(the)-350(diplomats)-351(of)-351(the)-351(different)-351(countries)-350(meet)-351(somewhere)-351(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(affix)-230(their)-229(signatures....)-243(One)-230(morning)-230(will)-229(suffice)-230(to)-229(annihilate)-230(a)-229(nation.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 254.049 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.039 0 Td [(d'Elia)]TJ -260.088 -10.959 Td [(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(170.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+373 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 374 0 R
+/Resources 372 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 371 0 R
+>> endobj
+375 0 obj <<
+/D [373 0 R /XYZ 321.783 463.978 null]
+>> endobj
+372 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+376 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index16) >>
+endobj
+379 0 obj
+(The Necessity of Nationalism.)
+endobj
+382 0 obj <<
+/Length 3932
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-12559(71)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(faced)-335(the)-335(imperative)-336(necessity)-335(of)-335(complete)-335(reconstitution,)-356(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-432(bitter)-431(alternative)-432(of)-432(decay)-431(and)-432(extinction)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 204.579 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-432(race)-431(tragedy)]TJ -215.488 -13.549 Td [(to)-475(be)-476(compounded)-475(of)-475(millions)-476(of)-475(individual)-475(tragedies.)-926(And)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(yet)-343(reconstitution)-343(could)-343(not)-343(be)-343(of)-343(a)-343(kind)-343(that)-343(would)-343(itself)-343(be)-342(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(surrender)-369(and)-369(treason)-369(to)-368(the)-369(past;)-428(China)-369(must)-369(fit)-369(itself)-369(for)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-404(world,)-212(and)-202(nevertheless)-202(be)-202(China.)-234(This)-202(was)-201(the)-202(dilemma)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([064])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-370(the)-370(Chinese)-369(world-society,)-400(suddenly)-370(become)-369(a)-370(nation.)-609(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen's)-250(life)-250(and)-250(thought)-250(were)-250(devoted)-250(to)-250(solving)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -70.472 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -36.164 Td [(An)-476(abstract)-476(theorist)-476(might)-476(observe)-477(that)-476(the)-476(Chinese,)-532(finding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-390(loose-knit)-389(but)-390(stable)-389(society)-390(surrounded)-389(by)-390(compact)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aggressive)-597(nations,)-685(might)-597(have)-597(solved)-597(the)-598(question)-597(of)-597(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(perpetuation)-297(of)-297(Chinese)-297(society)-297(in)-297(the)-297(new)-297(environment)-297(by)-296(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-314(two)-315(expedients:)-378(first,)-331(by)-314(nationalizing,)-330(as)-315(it)-314(were,)-330(their)-314(non-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(national)-401(civilization;)-477(or)-401(second,)-438(by)-401(launching)-401(themselves)-401(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-341(campaign)-341(against)-340(the)-341(system)-341(of)-341(nations)-341(as)-340(such.)-523(The)-340(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alternative)-498(does)-497(not)-498(seem)-498(to)-498(have)-497(occurred)-498(to)-498(Sun)-497(Yat-sen.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Though)-317(he)-317(never)-318(ventured)-317(upon)-317(any)-317(complete)-317(race-war)-317(theory,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-202(was)-203(nevertheless)-202(anxious)-202(to)-203(maintain)-202(the)-202(self-sufficient)-202(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-413(China)-414(as)-413(it)-413(had)-414(been)-413(until)-413(the)-413(advent)-414(of)-413(the)-413(West.)-740(In)-413(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(negotiations)-329(with)-329(the)-329(Communists,)-348(for)-329(example,)-349(neither)-329(he)-328(nor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-508(suggested)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 67.348 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-508(might)-507(have)-508(been)-507(done)-508(in)-507(harmony)-508(with)]TJ -78.257 -13.549 Td [(communist)-382(theory)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 80.535 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-382(fusion)-383(of)-382(China)-382(and)-382(the)-383(Soviet)-382(Union)]TJ -91.444 -13.55 Td [(under)-295(a)-294(nuclear)-295(world)-295(government.)-384(We)-295(may)-294(assume)-295(with)-295(a)-294(fair)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(degree)-181(of)-182(certainty)-181(that,)-195(had)-182(a)-181(suggestion)-182(been)-181(made,)-195(Sun)-181(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-317(have)-318(rejected)-317(it)-318(with)-317(mistrust)-318(if)-317(not)-318(indignation.)-452(He)-317(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spent)-254(a)-254(great)-255(part)-254(of)-254(his)-254(life)-254(in)-254(the)-254(West.)-263(He)-254(knew,)-255(therefore,)-255(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 74.966 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 66.142 Td [(attitude.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+381 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 382 0 R
+/Resources 380 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 371 0 R
+>> endobj
+383 0 obj <<
+/D [381 0 R /XYZ 82.302 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+377 0 obj <<
+/D [381 0 R /XYZ 46.771 393.61 null]
+>> endobj
+380 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+386 0 obj <<
+/Length 5749
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(72The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(incalculable)-247(gulf)-247(between)-247(the)-247(civilizations,)-248(and)-247(was)-247(unwilling)-247(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entrust)-250(the)-250(destinies)-250(of)-250(China)-250(to)-250(persons)-250(other)-250(than)-250(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 261.796 3.959 Td [(69)]TJ 29.228 -3.959 Td [([065])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -15.653 Td [(Once)-350(the)-350(possibility)-350(of)-350(a)-350(successful)-350(counter-attack)-350(upon)-349(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(system)-318(of)-318(nations)-318(is)-318(discounted,)-335(nationalism)-318(is)-318(seen)-318(as)-318(the)-318(sole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(solution)-278(to)-278(China's)-278(difficulties.)-335(It)-278(must,)-285(however,)-285(be)-278(understood)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that,)-305(whereas)-295(nationalism)-294(in)-294(the)-295(West)-294(implies)-294(an)-294(intensification)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-428(the)-428(already)-428(definite)-428(national)-428(consciousness)-428(of)-428(the)-427(peoples,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nationalism)-200(in)-200(China)-200(might)-201(mean)-200(only)-200(as)-200(little)-200(as)-200(the)-200(introduction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-221(such)-220(an)-221(awareness)-220(of)-221(nationality.)-240(Nationalism)-220(in)-221(China)-220(might,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-242(a)-242(matter)-242(of)-242(logic,)-244(include)-242(the)-242(possibility)-241(of)-242(improved)-242(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relations)-346(between)-347(the)-346(Chinese)-347(and)-346(the)-346(nationals)-347(of)-346(other)-346(states)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(since,)-459(on)-417(the)-418(one)-417(hand,)-459(the)-417(Chinese)-417(would)-418(be)-417(relieved)-417(of)-417(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intolerable)-362(sense)-362(of)-362(humiliation)-362(in)-362(the)-362(face)-362(of)-362(Western)-361(power,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and,)-227(on)-222(the)-222(other,)-227(be)-222(disabused)-222(of)-222(any)-221(archaic)-222(notions)-222(they)-221(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(retain)-303(concerning)-304(themselves)-303(as)-303(the)-303(sole)-304(civilized)-303(people)-303(of)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(earth.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.535 3.959 Td [(70)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 302.758 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 295.946 Td [(69)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(The)-434(danger)-433(of)-434(relying)-433(too)-434(much)-433(on)-434(foreign)-434(aid)-433(can)-434(be)-433(illustrated)-434(by)-434(a)]TJ -11.956 -7.989 Td [(reference)-325(to)-326(Sun-Joffe)-325(Manifesto)-325(issued)-326(in)-325(Shanghai,)-344(January)-326(26,)-344(1922.)-476(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen,)-307(as)-296(the)-296(leader)-295(of)-296(the)-296(Chinese)-296(Nationalist)-295(movement,)-308(and)-295(Adolf)-296(Joffe,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(as)-350(the)-349(Soviet)-350(Special)-350(Envoy,)-374(signed)-350(a)-350(joint)-349(statement,)-375(the)-350(first)-349(paragraph)-350(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-250(reads)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Dr.)-691(Sun)-397(Yat-sen)-397(holds)-397(that)-397(the)-397(Communistic)-397(order)-397(or)-398(even)-397(the)-397(Soviet)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(System)-341(cannot)-341(actually)-341(be)-341(introduced)-341(into)-341(China,)-364(because)-341(there)-341(do)-341(not)-341(exist)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(here)-435(the)-434(conditions)-435(for)-435(the)-434(successful)-435(establishment)-435(of)-434(either)-435(Communism)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or)-397(Sovietism.)-690(This)-397(view)-397(is)-397(entirely)-397(shared)-396(by)-397(Mr.)-691(Joffe)-397(who)-396(is)-397(further)-397(of)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(the)-339(opinion)-339(that)-340(China's)-339(paramount)-339(and)-339(most)-339(pressing)-340(problem)-339(is)-339(to)-339(achieve)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(unification)-261(and)-260(attain)-261(full)-261(national)-260(independence,)-264(and)-260(regarding)-261(this)-260(great)-261(task)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-318(has)-319(assured)-318(Dr.)-455(Sun)-318(Yat-sen)-319(that)-318(China)-318(has)-319(the)-318(warmest)-318(sympathy)-319(of)-318(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Russian)-250(people)-250(and)-250(can)-250(count)-250(on)-250(the)-250(support)-250(of)-250(Russia.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 198.238 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -186.282 -10.959 Td [(See)-250(T'ang)-250(Leang-li,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(156.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(In)-423(view)-424(of)-423(the)-423(subsequent)-424(Communist)-423(attempt,)-467(in)-423(1927,)-467(to)-423(convert)-424(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Nationalist)-310(movement)-311(into)-310(a)-311(mere)-310(stage)-310(in)-311(the)-310(proletarian)-310(conquest)-311(of)-310(power)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-485(China,)-545(in)-485(violation)-485(of)-486(the)-485(terms)-485(of)-486(the)-485(understanding)-485(upon)-486(which)-485(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Communists)-271(and)-272(the)-271(Chinese)-271(Nationalists)-271(had)-272(worked)-271(together,)-277(the)-271(leaders)-271(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-189(Kuomintang)-189(are)-189(today)-188(as)-189(mistrustful)-189(of)-189(what)-189(they)-188(term)-189(Communist)-189(politico-)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(cultural)-257(imperialism)-257(as)-258(they)-257(are)-257(of)-257(capitalist)-257(politico-economic)-258(imperialism.)-271(It)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-359(curious)-358(that)-359(the)-358(APRA)-359(leaders)-358(in)-359(Peru)-359(have)-358(adopted)-359(practically)-358(the)-359(same)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -5.978 Td [(70)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(It)-350(is)-349(necessary)-350(to)-350(remember)-350(that)-349(in)-350(the)-350(four)-350(decades)-349(before)-350(1925,)-375(during)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+385 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 386 0 R
+/Resources 384 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 371 0 R
+>> endobj
+387 0 obj <<
+/D [385 0 R /XYZ 93.543 502.259 null]
+>> endobj
+384 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+390 0 obj <<
+/Length 5250
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Necessity)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-12559(73)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(A)-197(brief)-198(historical)-198(reference)-197(may)-198(explain)-197(the)-198(apparent)-197(necessity)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-271(nationalism)-272(in)-271(China.)-314(In)-271(the)-271(nineteenth)-272(century)-542(foreigners)-271(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([066])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(China)-307(generally)-306(suffered)-307(reverses)-307(when)-306(they)-307(came)-307(into)-306(conflict)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-428(a)-429(village,)-473(a)-428(family,)-473(or)-429(a)-428(guild.)-786(But)-428(when)-429(they)-428(met)-428(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(government,)-372(they)-348(were)-348(almost)-348(always)-348(in)-348(a)-348(position)-348(to)-348(bully)-347(it.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-455(was)-455(commonly)-455(of)-455(little)-455(or)-455(no)-455(concern)-455(to)-455(the)-455(people)-455(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-272(government)-272(did)-272(to)-271(the)-272(barbarians;)-283(the)-272(whole)-272(affair)-272(was)-271(too)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remote)-245(to)-245(be)-245(much)-245(thought)-245(about.)-248(We)-245(find,)-246(for)-245(example,)-246(that)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(British)-365(had)-364(no)-365(trouble)-364(in)-365(obtaining)-364(labor)-364(auxiliaries)-365(in)-364(Canton)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-291(fight)-290(with)-291(the)-290(British)-290(troops)-291(against)-290(the)-291(Imperial)-290(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-438(Peking)-438(in)-438(1860;)-533(it)-438(is)-438(quite)-438(probable)-438(that)-438(these)-438(Cantonese,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-400(certainly)-399(did)-400(not)-400(think)-400(that)-399(they)-400(were)-400(renegades,)-437(had)-399(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anti-dynastic)-456(intentions.)-866(Chinese)-456(served)-455(the)-456(foreign)-455(enemies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-422(China)-423(at)-422(various)-422(times)-423(as)-422(quasi-military)-422(constabulary,)-465(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(served)-498(faithfully.)-993(Before)-498(the)-497(rise)-498(of)-498(Chinese)-498(nationalism)-497(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-284(not)-284(beyond)-285(possibility)-284(that)-284(China)-284(would)-284(be)-284(partitioned)-284(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(four)-421(or)-420(five)-421(colonies)-420(appurtenant)-421(to)-421(the)-420(various)-421(great)-420(powers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-389(that)-389(the)-389(Chinese)-389(in)-389(each)-389(separate)-389(colony,)-424(if)-388(considerately)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-425(tactfully)-425(treated,)-468(would)-425(have)-425(become)-425(quite)-425(loyal)-425(to)-424(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(respective)-436(foreign)-436(masters.)-808(The)-436(menace)-436(of)-436(such)-435(possibilities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-273(the)-273(need)-273(of)-272(Chinese)-273(nationalism)-273(very)-273(real)-273(to)-273(Sun)-272(Yat-sen;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(passing)-250(of)-250(time)-250(may)-250(serve)-250(further)-250(to)-250(vindicate)-250(his)-250(judgment.)]TJ 11.956 -14.4 Td [(Sun)-396(Yat-sen's)-397(nationalism,)-432(though)-397(most)-396(vividly)-396(clear)-396(when)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(considered)-362(as)-362(a)-363(practical)-362(expedient)-362(of)-362(social)-362(engineering,)-390(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-346(be)-345(regarded)-346(more)-345(philosophically)-346(as)-345(a)-346(derivation)-345(of,)-370(or)-345(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(least)-289(having)-288(an)-289(affinity)-288(with,)-299(certain)-288(older)-289(ideas)-288(of)-289(the)-288(Chinese.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucian)-292(thinking,)-301(as)-292(re-expressed)-292(in)-291(Western)-292(terms,)-301(implants)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-381(the)-381(individual)-380(a)-381(sense)-381(of)-381(his)-380(responsibility)-381(to)-381(all)-380(humanity,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 140.809 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 131.895 Td [(which)-445(Sun)-445(Yat-sen)-445(advocated)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 116.055 0 Td [(nationalism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.348 0 Td [(,)-494(the)-444(word)-445(had)-445(not)-445(acquired)-445(the)]TJ -158.403 -10.958 Td [(ugly)-376(connotations)-375(that)-376(recent)-376(events)-376(have)-375(given)-376(it.)-627(The)-376(nationalism)-375(of)-376(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen)-350(was)-350(conceived)-349(of)-350(by)-350(him)-350(as)-349(a)-350(pacific)-350(and)-350(defensive)-349(instrument,)-375(for)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-384(perpetuation)-384(of)-384(an)-384(independent)-384(Chinese)-385(race)-384(and)-384(civilization.)-652(See)-384(Paul)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(M.)-348(W.)-347(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 72.067 0 Td [(Conversations)-348(with)-347(Sun)-348(Yat-sen,)-372(1919-1922)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 161.387 0 Td [(,)-372(Book)-348(I,)-347(ch.)]TJ -233.454 -10.959 Td [(5,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 10.262 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Defensive)-365(Nationalism,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 85.705 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.258 0 Td [(and)-366(ch.)-596(6,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 42.541 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Pacific)-366(Nationalism,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 74.256 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.258 0 Td [(for)-366(a)-365(further)]TJ -235.242 -10.959 Td [(discussion)-250(of)-250(this)-250(phase)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen's)-250(thought.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+389 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 390 0 R
+/Resources 388 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 371 0 R
+>> endobj
+391 0 obj <<
+/D [389 0 R /XYZ 268.77 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+388 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+392 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index17) >>
+endobj
+395 0 obj
+(The Return to the Old Morality.)
+endobj
+398 0 obj <<
+/Length 4486
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(74The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(united)-237(in)-237(space)-238(and)-237(time.)-246(Confucianism)-237(stressed)-237(the)-237(solidarity)-237(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humanity,)-358(continuous,)-358(immortal,)-358(bound)-336(together)-337(by)-336(the)-336(closest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conceivable)-197(ties)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 69.399 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(blood)-197(relationships.)-232(Sun)-196(Yat-sen's)-197(nationalism)]TJ -80.308 -13.549 Td [(may)-169(represent)-168(a)-169(narrowing)-168(of)-169(this)-168(conception,)-185(and)-169(the)-168(substitution)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-242(the)-242(modern)-242(Chinese)-242(race)-483(for)-242(Confucian)-242(humanity.)-248(In)-241(fairness)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([067])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(to)-374(Sun)-373(Yat-sen)-374(it)-373(must,)-404(however,)-405(be)-373(admitted)-374(that)-373(he)-374(liked)-373(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(think,)-364(in)-341(Christian)-341(and)-341(Confucian)-341(terms,)-364(of)-341(the)-341(brotherhood)-341(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man;)-275(one)-267(of)-266(his)-267(favorite)-266(expressions)-267(was)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 181.632 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(under)-267(heaven)-266(all)-267(men)]TJ -186.476 -13.549 Td [(shall)-250(work)-250(for)-250(the)-250(common)-250(good.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 145.44 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(71)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -138.328 -17.508 Td [(Nationalism)-379(was)-378(to)-379(Sun)-378(Yat-sen)-379(the)-379(prime)-378(condition)-379(of)-378(his)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(movement)-331(and)-331(of)-331(his)-332(other)-331(principles.)-493(The)-331(Communists)-331(of)-331(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West)-417(regard)-418(every)-417(aspect)-417(of)-418(their)-417(lives)-417(significant)-418(only)-417(in)-417(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(far)-477(as)-477(it)-478(is)-477(instrumental)-477(in)-477(the)-477(class)-478(struggle.)-931(Sun)-477(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(meeting)-378(them,)-410(was)-378(willing)-377(to)-378(use)-378(the)-378(term)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 197.255 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(class)-378(struggle)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 60.478 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(as)]TJ -271.543 -13.55 Td [(an)-287(instrument)-288(for)-287(Chinese)-288(nationalism.)-362(He)-287(thought)-287(of)-288(China,)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-209(vital)-209(and)-209(immediate)-209(necessity)-209(of)-209(defending)-209(and)-209(strengthening)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China,)-251(and)-251(sacrificed)-251(everything)-251(to)-251(the)-251(effectuation)-251(of)-251(a)-250(genuine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalism.)-575(To)-359(him)-358(only)-358(nationalism)-359(could)-358(tighten,)-385(organize,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-286(clarify)-286(the)-285(Chinese)-286(social)-286(system)-286(so)-285(that)-286(China,)-295(whatever)-285(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-250(to)-250(be,)-250(might)-250(not)-250(be)-250(lost.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-330(early)-330(philosophers)-329(of)-330(China,)-350(looking)-330(upon)-330(a)-329(unicultural)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(world,)-643(saw)-564(social)-563(organization)-564(as)-564(the)-564(supreme)-564(criterion)-564(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilization)-426(and)-425(humanity.)-777(Sun)-426(Yat-sen,)-470(in)-425(a)-426(world)-426(of)-425(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mutually)-260(incomprehensible)-260(and)-260(hostile)-260(cultures)-260(saw)-259(nationalism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(\050in)-423(the)-423(sense)-423(of)-423(race)-423(solidarity\051)-423(as)-423(the)-423(supreme)-423(condition)-422(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-420(survival)-421(of)-420(the)-420(race-nation)-420(China.)-761(Democracy)-420(and)-420(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(welfare)-304(were)-303(necessary)-304(to)-303(the)-303(stability)-304(and)-303(effectiveness)-304(of)-303(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalism,)-381(but)-356(the)-355(preservation)-355(and)-355(continuation)-355(of)-355(the)-355(race-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation)-250(was)-250(always)-250(to)-250(remain)-250(the)-250(prime)-250(desideratum.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -53.076 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(Morality.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 69.951 Td [(71)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(tien)-250(sha)-250(wei)-250(kung.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+397 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 398 0 R
+/Resources 396 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 371 0 R
+>> endobj
+399 0 obj <<
+/D [397 0 R /XYZ 215.796 463.978 null]
+>> endobj
+393 0 obj <<
+/D [397 0 R /XYZ 93.543 117.084 null]
+>> endobj
+396 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+402 0 obj <<
+/Length 4917
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(Morality.)-11947(75)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-715(Yat-sen)-715(quite)-715(unequivocally)-715(stated)-715(the)-715(necessity)-715(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(establishing)-417(a)-418(new)-417(Nationalist)-418(ideology)-417(in)-418(order)-417(to)-417(effectuate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-487(purposes)-487(of)-486(China's)-487(regeneration.)-960(He)-487(spoke)-487(of)-487(the)-486(two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(steps)-389(of)-390(ideological)-389(reconstitution)-389(and)-390(political)-389(reconstitution)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([068])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(as)-331(follows:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.966 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(In)-331(order)-332(today)-331(to)-332(restore)-331(our)-331(national)-332(standing)-331(we)]TJ -57.81 -13.549 Td [(must,)-248(first)-248(of)-248(all,)-248(revive)-248(the)-248(national)-248(spirit.)-249(But)-248(in)-248(order)-248(to)-247(revive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-247(national)-247(spirit,)-248(we)-247(must)-247(fulfill)-247(two)-247(conditions.)-249(First,)-247(we)-247(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(realize)-281(that)-280(we)-281(are)-280(at)-281(present)-280(in)-281(a)-281(very)-280(critical)-281(situation.)-341(Second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(...)-603(we)-367(must)-368(unite)-368(...)-602(and)-368(form)-367(a)-368(large)-368(national)-367(association.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 267.318 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(72)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(He)-319(evidently)-318(regarded)-319(the)-318(ideological)-318(reconstitution)-319(as)-318(anterior)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-314(the)-315(political,)-330(although)-315(he)-314(adjusted)-315(the)-314(common)-314(development)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(two)-250(quite)-250(detailedly)-250(in)-250(his)-250(doctrine)-250(of)-250(tutelage.)]TJ 11.956 -15.318 Td [(He)-218(proposed)-218(three)-219(ideological)-218(methods)-218(for)-218(the)-218(regeneration)-218(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(China,)-288(which)-281(might)-280(again)-281(make)-280(the)-281(Chinese)-280(the)-281(leading)-280(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050nation\051)-268(of)-268(the)-268(world.)-305(There)-268(were:)-286(first,)-273(the)-268(return)-268(to)-268(the)-268(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Chinese)-489(morality;)-608(second,)-548(the)-489(return)-488(to)-489(the)-489(ancient)-488(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(learning;)-250(and)-250(third,)-250(the)-250(adoption)-250(of)-250(Western)-250(science.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 228.742 3.959 Td [(73)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -216.786 -19.277 Td [(Sun)-341(Yat-sen's)-342(never-shaken)-341(belief)-341(in)-342(the)-341(applicability)-341(of)-341(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ancient)-280(Chinese)-280(ethical)-281(system,)-287(and)-281(in)-280(the)-280(wisdom)-280(of)-280(old)-280(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-535(social)-535(organization,)-606(is)-535(such)-535(that)-535(of)-535(itself)-535(it)-535(prevents)-534(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(being)-449(regarded)-449(as)-448(a)-449(mere)-449(imitator)-449(of)-448(the)-449(West,)-499(a)-448(barbarized)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Chinese)-298(returning)-298(to)-297(barbarize)-298(his)-298(countrymen.)-393(His)-298(devotion)-297(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucianism)-362(was)-362(so)-361(great)-362(that)-362(Richard)-362(Wilhelm,)-390(the)-361(greatest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-429(German)-430(sinologues,)-474(wrote)-430(of)-429(him:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 178.114 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-429(greatness)-430(of)-429(Sun)]TJ -182.957 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-277(rests,)-284(therefore,)-284(upon)-278(the)-277(fact)-277(that)-277(he)-278(has)-277(found)-277(a)-277(living)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(synthesis)-353(between)-353(the)-352(fundamental)-353(principles)-353(of)-352(Confucianism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-222(the)-221(demands)-222(of)-221(modern)-222(times,)-227(a)-222(synthesis)-222(which,)-227(beyond)-221(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(borders)-284(of)-283(China,)-292(can)-284(again)-284(become)-283(significant)-284(to)-284(all)-283(humanity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-494(Yat-sen)-494(combined)-493(in)-494(himself)-494(the)-494(brazen)-494(consistency)-493(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-415(revolutionary)-415(and)-414(the)-415(great)-415(love)-414(of)-415(humanity)-415(of)-415(a)-414(renewer.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 109.801 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 102.988 Td [(72)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-371(translation,)-401(cited,)-401(p.)-612(184.)-612(A)-371(reference)-370(to)-371(clan)-371(organization,)-401(to)-371(be)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(discussed)-250(later,)-250(has)-250(been)-250(deleted.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(73)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-608(translation,)-699(cited,)-698(p.)-1325(181)-609(\050summary)-608(of)-609(the)-609(sixth)-608(lecture)-609(on)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(nationalism\051.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+401 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 402 0 R
+/Resources 400 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 404 0 R
+>> endobj
+403 0 obj <<
+/D [401 0 R /XYZ 327.401 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+400 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+407 0 obj <<
+/Length 6060
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(76The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-384(Yat-sen)-384(has)-384(been)-384(the)-384(kindest)-384(of)-384(all)-384(the)-384(revolutionaries)-383(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mankind.)-247(And)-239(this)-240(kindness)-479(was)-240(taken)-240(by)-239(him)-240(from)-240(the)-239(heritage)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([069])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-237(Confucius.)-246(Hence)-238(his)-237(intellectual)-238(work)-237(stands)-238(as)-237(a)-237(connecting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bridge)-292(between)-292(the)-292(old)-292(and)-293(the)-292(modern)-292(ages.)-376(And)-292(it)-292(will)-292(be)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(salvation)-284(of)-284(China,)-292(if)-283(it)-284(determinedly)-284(treads)-284(that)-283(bridge.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 245.437 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(74)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.564 -3.959 Td [(And)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(Tai)-270(Chi-tao,)-274(one)-270(of)-270(Sun)-270(Yat-sen's)-269(most)-270(respected)-270(followers,)-274(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 22.923 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Sun)-175(Yat-sen)-174(was)-175(the)-174(only)-175(one)-174(among)-175(all)-175(the)-174(revolutionaries)]TJ -27.767 -13.549 Td [(who)-309(was)-308(not)-309(an)-308(enemy)-309(to)-309(Confucius;)-338(Sun)-308(Yat-sen)-309(himself)-308(said)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-286(his)-286(ideas)-286(embodied)-285(China,)-295(and)-286(that)-286(they)-286(were)-286(derived)-285(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-226(ideas)-226(of)-226(Confucius.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 99.812 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(75)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.936 -3.959 Td [(The)-226(invocation)-226(of)-226(authorities)-226(need)-227(not)]TJ -115.591 -13.549 Td [(be)-339(relied)-338(upon)-339(to)-339(demonstrate)-339(the)-338(importance)-339(of)-339(Sun)-338(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(demand)-260(for)-260(ideological)-260(reconstruction)-260(upon)-260(the)-260(basis)-260(of)-260(a)-260(return)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-330(the)-329(traditional)-329(morality;)-370(he)-329(himself)-330(stated)-329(his)-330(position)-329(in)-329(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sixth)-322(lecture)-322(on)-323(nationalism:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 130.604 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(If)-322(we)-322(now)-323(wish)-322(to)-322(restore)-322(to)-322(our)]TJ -135.448 -13.55 Td [(nation)-214(its)-214(former)-215(position,)-221(besides)-214(uniting)-214(all)-215(of)-214(us)-214(into)-214(a)-214(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(body,)-293(we)-284(must)-284(also)-284(first)-284(revive)-284(our)-284(own)-284(ancient)-284(morality;)-301(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-321(have)-321(achieved)-321(that,)-339(we)-321(can)-321(hope)-321(to)-321(give)-321(back)-321(to)-320(our)-321(nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(position)-250(which)-250(she)-250(once)-250(held.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 145.44 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(76)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -138.328 -20.528 Td [(What)-233(are)-232(the)-233(chief)-233(elements)-232(of)-233(the)-233(old)-232(morality?)-244(These)-233(are:)-241(1\051)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(loyalty)-306(and)-306(filial)-306(piety,)-320(2\051)-306(humanity)-306(and)-306(charity,)-320(3\051)-306(faithfulness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-162(justice,)-180(and)-162(4\051)-162(peace.)-221(These)-162(four,)-180(however,)-179(are)-162(all)-162(expressions)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 230.593 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 223.781 Td [(74)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Richard)-526(Wilhelm's)-526(preface)-526(to)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 117.086 0 Td [(Die)-526(Geistigen)-526(Grundlagen)-526(des)-525(Sun)-526(Yat)]TJ -129.042 -10.959 Td [(Senismus)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.98 0 Td [(of)-402(Tai)-402(Chi-tao)-403(\050The)-402(Intellectual)-402(Foundations)-403(of)-402(Sun-Yat-senism\051,)]TJ -36.98 -10.959 Td [(Berlin,)-386(1931)-359(\050henceforth)-359(cited)-359(as)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 125.155 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Tai)-359(Chi-tao)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 42.071 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051,)-386(pp.)-577(8-9;)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 43.224 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Die)-359(Gr\366sse)-359(Sun)]TJ -222.393 -10.959 Td [(Yat)-406(Sens)-405(beruht)-405(nun)-406(darauf,)-444(dass)-406(er)-405(eine)-406(lebendige)-405(Synthese)-406(gefunden)-405(hat)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(zwischen)-377(den)-377(Grundprinzipien)-377(des)-376(Konfuzianismus)-377(and)-377(den)-377(Anforderungen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(der)-193(neuen)-192(Zeit,)-205(eine)-192(Synthese,)-204(die)-193(\374ber)-193(die)-193(Grenzen)-192(Chinas)-193(hinaus)-193(f\374r)-192(die)-193(ganze)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Menschheit)-193(noch)-193(einmal)-194(von)-193(Bedeutung)-193(werden)-193(kann.)-231(Sun)-193(Yat)-194(Sen)-193(vereinigt)-193(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sich)-287(die)-287(eherne)-287(Konsequenz)-287(des)-286(Revolution\344rs)-287(und)-287(die)-287(grosse)-287(Menschenliebe)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(des)-532(Erneuerers.)-1096(Sun)-532(Yat)-533(Sen)-532(ist)-532(der)-532(g\374tigste)-532(von)-532(allen)-532(Revolution\344ren)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(der)-410(Menschheit)-410(gewesen.)-731(Und)-410(diese)-411(G\374te)-410(hat)-410(er)-410(dem)-411(Erbe)-410(des)-410(Konfuzius)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(entnommen.)-749(So)-417(steht)-416(sein)-417(geistiges)-416(Werk)-416(da)-417(als)-416(eine)-417(verbindende)-416(Br\374cke)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(swischen)-222(der)-223(alten)-222(und)-222(der)-223(neuen)-222(Zeit.)-241(Und)-222(es)-223(wird)-222(das)-222(Heil)-223(Chinas)-222(sein,)-228(wenn)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(es)-250(entschlossen)-250(diese)-250(Br\374cke)-250(beschreitet.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 147.165 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -143.927 -7.394 Td [(75)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(Tai)-250(Chi-tao,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(65.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.717 -7.311 Td [(76)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.717 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(186.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+406 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 407 0 R
+/Resources 405 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 404 0 R
+>> endobj
+408 0 obj <<
+/D [406 0 R /XYZ 217.717 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+405 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+411 0 obj <<
+/Length 5078
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(Morality.)-11947(77)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.824 0 Td [(humanity)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.604 0 Td [(,)-251(to)-251(which)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.087 0 Td [(knowledge)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.13 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.489 0 Td [(valor)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.016 0 Td [(must)-251(be)-251(joined,)-251(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 95.874 0 Td [([070])]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(sincerity)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.299 0 Td [(employed)-250(in)-250(expressing)-250(them.)]TJ -28.343 -14.349 Td [(The)-249(problem)-250(of)-249(loyalty)-249(was)-250(one)-249(very)-249(difficult)-249(to)-250(solve.)-249(Under)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-344(Empire)-344(it)-344(was)-344(easy)-344(enough)-344(to)-344(consider)-344(the)-344(Emperor)-344(as)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(father)-266(of)-266(the)-266(great)-266(society,)-270(and)-266(to)-266(teach)-266(loyalty)-266(to)-266(him.)-298(This)-266(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(easy)-364(to)-364(grasp,)-392(even)-364(for)-364(the)-363(simplest)-364(mind.)-592(Sun)-364(Yat-sen)-363(urged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loyalty)-354(to)-354(the)-355(people,)-380(and)-354(loyalty)-354(to)-355(duty,)-380(as)-354(successors)-354(to)-354(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loyalty)-319(once)-319(owed)-319(to)-318(the)-319(sovereign.)-457(He)-319(deplored)-319(the)-318(tendency,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-329(appeared)-329(in)-328(Republican)-329(times,)-348(for)-329(the)-329(masses)-329(to)-328(assume)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-194(since)-194(there)-194(was)-194(no)-195(more)-194(Emperor,)-205(there)-194(was)-194(no)-194(more)-194(loyalty;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-388(it)-389(has,)-422(since)-389(the)-388(passing)-388(of)-389(Sun)-388(Yat-sen,)-423(been)-388(one)-388(of)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(efforts)-384(of)-384(the)-384(Nationalists)-385(to)-384(build)-384(up)-384(a)-384(tradition)-384(of)-384(loyalty)-384(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-329(spirit)-329(of)-328(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-329(as)-329(the)-328(timeless)-329(and)-329(undying)-329(leader)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -14.35 Td [(Sun)-288(Yat-sen)-288(was)-288(also)-288(deeply)-288(devoted)-288(to)-288(filial)-288(piety)-288(in)-288(China,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(which)-335(was)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 47.276 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-335(the)-334(old)-335(philosophy)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 95.202 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(simply)-335(a)-334(manifestation,)-356(in)]TJ -164.296 -13.549 Td [(another)-305(direction,)-319(of)-305(the)-305(same)-305(virtue)-305(as)-305(loyalty.)-415(He)-304(called)-305(filial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(piety)-425(indispensable,)-468(and)-425(was)-425(proud)-425(that)-425(none)-425(of)-425(the)-424(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations)-396(had)-396(ever)-396(approached)-396(the)-396(excellence)-396(of)-396(the)-396(Chinese)-396(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(this)-416(virtue.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.48 3.959 Td [(77)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.628 -3.959 Td [(At)-416(the)-416(time)-416(that)-416(he)-416(said)-416(this,)-457(Sun)-416(Yat-sen)-416(was)]TJ -65.108 -13.549 Td [(accused)-225(of)-226(being)-225(a)-226(virtual)-225(Communist,)-230(and)-226(of)-225(having)-225(succumbed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-324(the)-325(lure)-324(of)-324(Soviet)-325(doctrines.)-473(It)-324(is)-325(at)-324(least)-324(a)-325(little)-324(strange)-324(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-389(man)-390(supposedly)-389(infatuated)-390(with)-389(Marxism)-390(should)-389(praise)-389(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-250(conservative)-250(of)-250(all)-250(virtues:)-250(filial)-250(piety!)]TJ 11.956 -14.349 Td [(Sun)-407(Yat-sen)-406(then)-407(commented)-407(on)-407(each)-406(of)-407(the)-407(other)-406(virtues,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(pointing)-377(out)-376(their)-377(excellence)-377(in)-376(old)-377(China,)-408(and)-377(their)-376(necessity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-368(modern)-369(China.)-605(In)-368(the)-369(case)-368(of)-368(faithfulness,)-398(for)-369(example,)-397(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cited)-473(the)-473(traditional)-472(reliability)-473(of)-473(the)-473(Chinese)-473(in)-472(commercial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(honor.)-967(Concerning)-489(justice,)-548(he)-489(pointed)-489(out)-489(that)-489(the)-488(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-196(technique)-196(was)-197(one)-196(fundamentally)-196(just;)-214(an)-196(instance)-196(of)-196(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(application)-196(of)-196(this)-196(was)-196(Korea,)-413(which)-196(was-allowed)-196(to)-196(enjoy)-195(peace)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([071])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 91.869 Td [(77)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-384(translation,)-417(cited,)-417(pp.)-651(187-8.)-652(Sun)-384(Yat-sen's)-383(discussion)-384(of)-384(the)-384(old)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(morality)-293(forms)-294(the)-293(first)-294(part)-293(of)-294(his)-293(lecture)-293(on)-294(nationalism,)-304(pp.)-380(184-194)-294(of)-293(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+410 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 411 0 R
+/Resources 409 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 404 0 R
+>> endobj
+412 0 obj <<
+/D [410 0 R /XYZ 194.68 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+413 0 obj <<
+/D [410 0 R /XYZ 177.246 109.299 null]
+>> endobj
+409 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+416 0 obj <<
+/Length 6559
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(78The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-329(autonomy)-330(as)-329(a)-329(Chinese)-329(vassal)-330(state)-329(for)-329(centuries,)-349(and)-329(then)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-386(destroyed)-386(shortly)-387(after)-386(becoming)-386(a)-386(Japanese)-386(protectorate.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-292(faithfulness)-293(and)-292(justice)-292(were)-293(obviously)-292(superior)-292(to)-292(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Japanese.)]TJ 11.956 -15.37 Td [(In)-409(politics)-410(the)-409(two)-409(most)-409(important)-410(contributions)-409(of)-409(the)-409(old)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(morality)-262(to)-261(the)-262(Nationalist)-262(ideology)-261(of)-262(Sun)-262(Yat-sen)-261(were)-262(\0501\051)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doctrine)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 50.291 0 Td [(wang)-250(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.309 0 Td [(,)-250(and)-250(\0502\051)-250(the)-250(social)-250(interpretation)-250(of)-250(history.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -78.644 -15.369 Td [(Wang)-242(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.68 0 Td [(is)-242(the)-243(way)-242(of)-243(kings)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 82.086 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-242(way)-243(of)-242(right)-243(as)-242(opposed)-242(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -149.631 -13.549 Td [(pa)-248(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.556 0 Td [(,)-248(the)-248(way)-248(of)-248(might.)-249(It)-248(consisted,)-249(in)-247(the)-248(old)-248(ideology,)-249(of)-247(the)]TJ -27.556 -13.55 Td [(course)-305(of)-305(action)-304(of)-305(the)-305(kingly)-305(man,)-318(who)-305(ruled)-305(in)-305(harmony)-304(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nature)-220(and)-219(did)-220(not)-220(violate)-220(the)-219(established)-220(proprieties)-220(of)-219(mankind.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-339(Yat-sen's)-340(teachings)-339(afford)-340(us)-339(several)-340(applications)-339(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 256.99 0 Td [(wang)]TJ -256.99 -13.549 Td [(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(.)-591(In)-363(the)-364(first)-363(place,)-392(a)-364(group)-364(which)-363(has)-364(been)-363(formed)-364(by)-363(the)]TJ -13.942 -13.549 Td [(forces)-277(of)-278(nature)-277(is)-278(a)-277(race;)-291(it)-277(has)-278(been)-277(formed)-278(according)-277(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 256.99 0 Td [(wang)]TJ -256.99 -13.55 Td [(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(.)-299(A)-267(group)-266(which)-267(has)-266(been)-267(organized)-266(by)-267(brute)-266(force)-267(is)-266(a)-266(state,)]TJ -13.942 -13.549 Td [(and)-191(is)-192(formed)-191(by)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 73.796 0 Td [(pa)-191(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.939 0 Td [(.)-230(The)-192(Chinese)-191(Empire)-192(was)-191(built)-191(according)]TJ -100.735 -13.549 Td [(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 12.367 0 Td [(wang)-356(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 41.461 0 Td [(;)-408(the)-356(British)-356(Empire)-355(by)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 109.068 0 Td [(pa)-356(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.73 0 Td [(.)-567(The)-355(former)-356(was)-356(a)]TJ -191.626 -13.549 Td [(natural)-225(organization)-224(of)-225(a)-225(homogeneous)-224(race;)-233(the)-225(latter,)-230(a)-224(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outrage)-250(against)-250(the)-250(natural)-250(order)-250(of)-250(mankind.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 196.625 3.959 Td [(78)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -184.67 -19.329 Td [(Wang)-315(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.267 0 Td [(is)-315(also)-315(seen)-315(in)-315(the)-315(relation)-315(between)-315(China)-315(and)-315(her)]TJ -58.222 -13.549 Td [(vassal)-456(states,)-508(a)-455(benevolent)-456(relationship)-456(which)-456(stood)-456(in)-456(sharp)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contrast,)-298(at)-288(times,)-298(though)-288(not)-288(always,)-298(to)-288(the)-288(methods)-288(later)-288(to)-288(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(used)-225(by)-225(the)-225(Europeans)-225(in)-225(Asia.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 133.766 3.959 Td [(79)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.741 -3.959 Td [(Again,)-230(economic)-225(development)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -220.263 0 Td [([072])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(on)-430(a)-430(basis)-431(of)-430(the)-430(free)-430(play)-431(of)-430(economic)-430(forces)-430(was)-430(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 14.376 0 Td [(wang)-485(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.158 0 Td [(by)-485(Sun)-484(Yat-sen,)-544(even)-485(though)-484(its)-485(consequences)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 175.554 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 168.742 Td [(78)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(66.)-250(The)-250(translation)-250(employs)-250(the)-250(words.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(79)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-331(translation,)-352(cited,)-351(p.)-494(129.)-494(In)-331(connection)-332(with)-331(the)-331(doctrine)-331(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 249.244 0 Td [(wang)]TJ -261.2 -10.959 Td [(tao)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.459 0 Td [(,)-248(it)-247(may)-248(be)-247(mentioned)-248(that)-247(this)-248(doctrine)-247(has)-247(been)-248(made)-247(the)-248(state)-247(philosophy)]TJ -11.459 -10.959 Td [(of)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.476 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Manchukuo.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 45.074 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.989 0 Td [(See)-447(the)-447(coronation)-447(issue)-447(of)-446(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 122.654 0 Td [(Manchuria)-447(Daily)-447(News)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 87.214 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.958 Td [(Dairen,)-397(March)-367(1,)-397(1934,)-397(pp.)-602(71-80,)-397(and)-367(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 164.724 0 Td [(Japan-Manchoukuo)-367(Year)-368(Book)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 113.664 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.388 -10.959 Td [(Tokyo,)-361(1934,)-360(pp.)-515(634-635.)-515(The)-339(advocacy)-338(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 169.235 0 Td [(wang)-338(tao)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.957 0 Td [(in)-338(a)-339(state)-338(which)-339(is)-338(a)]TJ -206.192 -10.959 Td [(consequence)-374(of)-374(one)-373(of)-374(the)-374(perfect)-374(illustrations)-373(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 186.171 0 Td [(pa)-374(tao)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 27.128 0 Td [(in)-374(the)-374(modern)-373(Far)]TJ -213.299 -10.959 Td [(East,)-361(is)-338(astonishing.)-515(Its)-339(use)-338(does)-338(possess)-339(significance,)-360(in)-339(demonstrating)-338(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-225(shibboleths)-224(of)-225(ancient)-224(virtue)-225(are)-224(believed)-225(by)-224(the)-225(Japanese)-224(and)-225(by)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 245.276 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Emperor)]TJ -249.257 -10.959 Td [(Kang)-250(Teh)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 35.606 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(to)-250(possess)-250(value)-250(in)-250(contemporary)-250(politics.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+415 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 416 0 R
+/Resources 414 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 404 0 R
+>> endobj
+417 0 obj <<
+/D [415 0 R /XYZ 238.414 214.631 null]
+>> endobj
+414 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+420 0 obj <<
+/Length 5356
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(Morality.)-11947(79)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(might)-473(be)-473(adverse.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 92.137 0 Td [(Pa)-473(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 36.376 0 Td [(appeared)-473(only)-473(when)-472(the)-473(political)]TJ -128.513 -13.549 Td [(was)-326(employed)-327(to)-326(do)-327(violence)-326(to)-326(the)-327(economic.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 208.229 3.959 Td [(80)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.695 -3.959 Td [(This)-326(doctrine)]TJ -221.924 -13.549 Td [(of)-445(good)-445(and)-445(bad)-445(aspects)-445(of)-445(economic)-445(relationships)-445(stands)-445(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinct)-459(contrast)-458(to)-459(the)-459(Communist)-458(theory.)-876(He)-459(believed)-458(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-507(political)-508(was)-507(frequently)-508(employed)-507(to)-508(bring)-507(about)-507(unjust)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(international)-505(economic)-506(relationships,)-569(and)-505(extenuated)-505(adverse)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-254(conditions)-254(simply)-254(because)-254(they)-254(were)-254(the)-254(free)-254(result)-253(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(operations)-250(of)-250(a)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 83.618 0 Td [(laissez-faire)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 56.062 0 Td [(economy.)]TJ -127.724 -17.122 Td [(Economically,)-304(the)-294(interpretation)-293(of)-294(history)-294(was,)-304(according)-293(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-241(Yat-sen,)-243(to)-241(be)-241(performed)-241(through)-241(the)-241(study)-241(of)-241(consumption,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-320(not)-320(of)-319(the)-320(means)-320(of)-320(production.)-459(In)-320(this)-320(he)-320(was)-320(indebted)-319(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Maurice)-259(William)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 74.936 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(at)-259(least)-259(in)-259(part.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 64.531 3.959 Td [(81)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.494 -3.959 Td [(The)-259(social)-259(interpretation)-259(of)]TJ -161.87 -13.549 Td [(history)-287(is,)-295(however,)-296(associated)-286(not)-287(only)-286(with)-287(economic)-286(matters,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-401(with)-401(the)-400(ancient)-401(Chinese)-401(moral)-401(system)-401(as)-400(well.)-703(Tai)-400(Chi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tao,)-297(whose)-288(work)-288(has)-287(most)-288(clearly)-288(demonstrated)-288(the)-287(relationship)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(between)-542(Confucianism)-541(and)-542(Sunyatsenism,)-614(points)-541(out)-542(in)-541(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diagram)-252(of)-253(Sun)-252(Yat-sen's)-252(ethical)-252(system)-253(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 196.963 0 Td [(humanity)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 43.355 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(\051)-252(was)]TJ -257.282 -13.549 Td [(to)-276(Sun)-276(Yat-sen)-276(the)-276(key)-277(to)-276(the)-276(interpretation)-276(of)-276(history.)-328(We)-276(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(already)-318(seen)-319(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 78.276 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.805 0 Td [(is)-318(the)-319(doctrine)-318(of)-319(social)-318(consciousness,)-336(of)]TJ -95.081 -13.549 Td [(awareness)-314(of)-314(membership)-314(in)-314(society.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 163.67 3.958 Td [(82)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.291 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-314(Yat-sen,)-330(according)]TJ -176.961 -13.55 Td [(to)-312(Tai)-313(Chi-tao,)-328(regarded)-312(man's)-312(development)-313(as)-312(a)-312(social)-312(animal,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-391(development)-391(of)-391(his)-390(humanity,)-426(as)-391(the)-391(key)-391(to)-391(history.)-672(This)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-376(include,)-407(of)-376(course,)-407(among)-376(other)-376(things,)-407(his)-376(methods)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(production)-706(and)-353(of)-354(consumption.)-559(The)-353(distinction)-353(between)-353(Sun)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([073])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-362(and)-362(the)-362(Western)-361(Marxian)-362(thinkers)-362(lies)-362(in)-362(the)-362(fact)-361(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-369(latter)-369(trace)-369(their)-369(philosophical)-369(genealogy)-369(back)-369(through)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(main)-233(currents)-233(of)-233(Western)-233(philosophy,)-236(while)-233(Sun)-233(Yat-sen)-233(derives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-353(from)-354(Confucius.)-560(Nothing)-353(could)-353(be)-354(further)-353(from)-353(dialectical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(materialism)-199(than)-199(the)-200(socio-ethical)-199(interpretation)-199(that)-199(Sun)-199(Yat-sen)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.921 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 114.108 Td [(80)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(528,)-250(529.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(81)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)-301(below,)-313(for)-301(discussion)-300(of)-301(the)-301(influence)-300(that)-301(Henry)-301(George,)-313(Karl)-301(Marx,)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(and)-368(Maurice)-368(William)-368(had)-367(upon)-368(the)-368(social)-368(interpretation)-368(of)-368(history)-367(so)-368(far)-368(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(economic)-250(matters)-250(were)-250(concerned.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td [(82)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(See)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 15.189 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(World)-250(Society,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 161.117 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(above.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+419 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 420 0 R
+/Resources 418 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 404 0 R
+>> endobj
+421 0 obj <<
+/D [419 0 R /XYZ 97.893 202.971 null]
+>> endobj
+418 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+422 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index18) >>
+endobj
+425 0 obj
+(The Return to the Ancient Knowledge.)
+endobj
+428 0 obj <<
+/Length 4610
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(80The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(developed)-250(from)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(theories.)]TJ 11.956 -17.489 Td [(The)-324(r\364le)-324(played)-324(by)-325(the)-324(old)-324(Chinese)-324(morality)-324(in)-324(the)-324(ideology)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-357(Sun)-358(Yat-sen)-357(is,)-384(it)-357(is)-358(apparent,)-384(an)-357(important)-357(one.)-572(First,)-384(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Yat-sen)-311(believed)-310(that)-311(Chi)1(nese)-311(nationalism)-310(and)-311(the)-310(regeneration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-385(the)-384(Chinese)-385(people)-385(had)-385(to)-384(be)-385(based)-385(on)-384(the)-385(old)-385(morality)-384(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China,)-322(which)-307(was)-308(superior)-307(to)-307(any)-308(other)-307(morality)-308(that)-307(the)-307(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-308(known,)-322(and)-307(which)-308(was)-307(among)-308(the)-308(treasures)-307(of)-308(the)-307(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people.)-657(Second,)-420(he)-386(believed)-386(that,)-419(in)-386(practical)-386(politics)-386(as)-385(well)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-407(national)-406(ideology,)-446(the)-407(application)-406(of)-407(the)-406(old)-407(virtues)-406(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-275(fruitful)-276(in)-275(bringing)-276(about)-275(the)-276(development)-275(of)-276(a)-275(strong)-275(China.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Third,)-490(he)-442(derived)-442(the)-442(idea)-442(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 140.026 0 Td [(wang)-442(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 42.403 0 Td [(,)-490(the)-442(right,)-490(the)-442(royal,)]TJ -182.429 -13.549 Td [(the)-381(natural)-382(way,)-414(from)-381(antiquity.)-644(He)-381(pointed)-382(out)-381(that)-381(violence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-369(the)-369(established)-369(order)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 105.398 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-369(race,)-399(as)-369(in)-369(the)-370(case)-369(of)-369(the)-369(British)]TJ -116.307 -13.55 Td [(Empire,)-416(of)-383(economics,)-416(as)-383(in)-382(the)-383(case)-383(of)-383(the)-383(political)-382(methods)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-235(imperialism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 63.771 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-235(directly)-234(antithetical)-235(to)-234(the)-235(natural,)-238(peaceful)]TJ -74.68 -13.549 Td [(way)-400(of)-399(doing)-400(things)-399(that)-399(had)-400(led)-399(to)-400(the)-399(supreme)-400(greatness)-399(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-398(in)-398(past)-397(ages.)-694(Fourth,)-435(he)-397(employed)-398(the)-398(doctrine)-398(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.572 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(,)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(of)-401(social-consciousness,)-439(which)-402(had)-401(already)-401(been)-401(used,)-439(by)-401(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Confucians,)-262(and)-260(formed)-259(the)-260(cornerstone)-260(of)-259(their)-260(teaching,)-262(as)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(key)-263(to)-262(his)-263(interpretation.)-288(In)-263(regard)-263(to)-262(the)-263(individual,)-266(this)-263(was,)-265(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-231(have)-231(seen,)-235(consciousness)-231(of)-232(social)-231(orientation;)-237(with)-231(regard)-231(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-332(group,)-353(it)-332(was)-332(the)-332(development)-332(of)-332(strength)-332(and)-332(harmony.)-496(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-298(also)-298(been)-298(translated)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 108.128 0 Td [(humanity)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.604 0 Td [(,)-310(which)-298(broadly)-298(and)-298(ethically,)]TJ -148.732 -13.549 Td [(carries)-250(the)-250(value)-250(scheme)-250(with)-250(which)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 161.171 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.058 0 Td [(is)-250(connected.)]TJ -165.273 -17.49 Td [(Even)-218(this)-217(heavy)-218(indebtedness)-217(to)-218(Chinese)-217(antiquity)-218(in)-217(adopting)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-369(adapting)-369(the)-370(morality)-369(of)-369(the)-369(ancients)-370(for)-738(the)-369(salvation)-369(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([074])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(their)-428(children)-428(in)-429(the)-428(modern)-428(world,)-473(was)-428(not)-428(the)-428(total)-428(of)-428(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen's)-341(political)-341(traditionalism.)-522(He)-341(also)-341(wished)-341(to)-341(renew)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ancient)-238(Chinese)-238(knowledge,)-241(especially)-238(in)-238(the)-238(fields)-238(of)-238(social)-238(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-402(science.)-707(Only)-402(after)-402(these)-403(did)-402(he)-402(desire)-402(that)-402(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(technics)-250(be)-250(introduced.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+427 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 428 0 R
+/Resources 426 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 404 0 R
+>> endobj
+429 0 obj <<
+/D [427 0 R /XYZ 300.279 171.565 null]
+>> endobj
+423 0 obj <<
+/D [427 0 R /XYZ 93.543 66.142 null]
+>> endobj
+426 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+432 0 obj <<
+/Length 5174
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Ancient)-250(Knowledge.)-9171(81)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Ancient)-250(Knowledge.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -34.365 Td [(Sun)-518(Yat-sen's)-517(doctrine)-518(of)-518(the)-518(return)-517(to)-518(the)-518(ancient)-517(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge)-406(may)-406(be)-406(divided)-406(into)-406(three)-406(parts.)-718(First,)-445(he)-406(praised)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-259(ancient)-258(Chinese)-259(superiority)-259(in)-259(the)-258(field)-259(of)-259(social)-259(science,)-260(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinctly)-424(stressed)-425(the)-424(necessity)-424(of)-425(Western)-424(knowledge)-424(in)-424(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(field)-357(of)-357(the)-357(physical)-357(and)-357(applied)-357(sciences)-357(alone.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 216.607 3.959 Td [(83)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.696 -3.959 Td [(Second,)-384(he)]TJ -231.303 -13.549 Td [(pointed)-334(out)-334(the)-334(many)-334(practical)-334(accomplishments)-334(of)-334(the)-334(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-183(knowledge,)-197(and)-183(the)-183(excellence)-184(and)-183(versatility)-183(of)-183(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(invention.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 43.942 3.959 Td [(84)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.057 -3.959 Td [(Third,)-219(his)-212(emphasis)-212(upon)-212(the)-211(development)-212(of)-212(talents)]TJ -54.999 -13.549 Td [(in)-403(the)-402(material)-403(sciences)-402(hints)-403(at,)-441(although)-402(it)-403(does)-402(not)-403(state,)-440(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-250(of)-250(national)-250(wealth)-250(based)-250(upon)-250(labor)-250(capacity.)]TJ 11.956 -14.571 Td [(Sun)-529(Yat-sen)-528(said,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 89.266 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Besides)-529(reviving)-528(our)-529(ancient)-529(Chinese)]TJ -106.065 -13.549 Td [(morality,)-248(we)-247(must)-248(also)-247(revive)-248(our)-247(wisdom)-247(and)-248(ability....)-249(If)-247(today)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-215(want)-215(to)-215(revive)-215(our)-216(national)-215(spirit,)-222(we)-215(must)-215(revive)-215(not)-215(only)-215(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(morality)-262(which)-261(is)-262(proper)-262(to)-261(us,)-265(but)-262(we)-262(must)-261(revive)-262(also)-262(our)-261(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.596 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.958 Td [(85)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.824 -3.958 Td [(He)-399(goes)-399(on)-400(to)-399(say)-399(that)-399(the)-400(peculiar)-399(excellence)]TJ -68.263 -13.55 Td [(of)-400(the)-401(ancient)-401(Chinese)-400(knowledge)-401(lay)-400(in)-401(the)-400(field)-401(of)-400(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy,)-586(and)-518(states)-518(that)-519(the)-518(Chinese)-519(political)-518(philosophy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(surpassed)-250(the)-250(Western,)-250(at)-250(least)-250(in)-250(clearness.)]TJ 11.955 -14.571 Td [(He)-352(quotes)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 48.888 0 Td [(The)-352(Great)-352(Learning)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.344 0 Td [(for)-352(the)-352(summation,)-378(in)-352(a)-353(few)]TJ -154.187 -13.549 Td [(words,)-190(of)-174(the)-175(highlights)-175(of)-175(this)-174(ancient)-175(Chinese)-175(social)-174(knowledge:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Investigate)-271(into)-271(things,)-276(attain)-271(the)-542(utmost)-270(knowledge,)-277(make)-270(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 286.18 0 Td [([075])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(thoughts)-286(sincere,)-295(rectify)-285(the)-286(heart,)-295(cultivate)-286(the)-286(person,)-294(regulate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-262(family,)-266(govern)-262(the)-263(country)-262(rightly,)-266(pacify)-262(the)-263(world.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 245.058 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(86)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.331 -3.958 Td [(This)]TJ -261.233 -13.55 Td [(is,)-302(as)-292(we)-292(have)-292(seen,)-302(what)-292(may)-291(be)-292(called)-292(the)-292(Confucian)-291(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-467(ideological)-467(control.)-902(Sun)-467(Yat-sen)-467(lavished)-467(praise)-467(upon)-467(it.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Such)-227(a)-227(theory,)-232(so)-227(detailed,)-232(minute,)-231(and)-228(progressive,)-231(was)-227(neither)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 132.124 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 125.311 Td [(83)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(341.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(84)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(199.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.395 Td [(85)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(194.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(86)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-303(translation,)-317(cited,)-317(p.)-410(194.)-411(The)-303(original)-304(quotation,)-316(in)-304(Chinese)-303(and)-304(in)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(English,)-258(may)-257(be)-256(found)-257(in)-257(James)-256(Legge,)-258(translator,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 182.561 0 Td [(The)-257(Four)-256(Books)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 57.898 0 Td [(,)-258(Shanghai,)]TJ -240.459 -10.959 Td [(1930,)-250(p.)-250(313.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+431 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 432 0 R
+/Resources 430 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 434 0 R
+>> endobj
+433 0 obj <<
+/D [431 0 R /XYZ 198.262 210.783 null]
+>> endobj
+430 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+437 0 obj <<
+/Length 4933
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(82The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(discovered)-351(nor)-352(spoken)-351(of)-352(by)-351(any)-352(foreign)-351(political)-351(philosopher.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-414(is)-415(a)-414(peculiar)-414(intellectual)-414(treasure)-415(pertaining)-414(to)-414(our)-414(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy,)-515(which)-461(we)-462(must)-462(preserve.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 172.221 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(87)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.505 -3.959 Td [(The)-462(endorsement)-462(is)]TJ -190.57 -13.549 Td [(doubly)-396(significant.)-689(In)-396(the)-396(first)-396(place,)-433(it)-396(demonstrates)-396(the)-396(fact)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-384(Sun)-385(Yat-sen)-384(thought)-384(of)-385(himself)-384(as)-384(a)-385(rebuilder)-384(and)-384(not)-384(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-395(destroyer)-395(of)-395(the)-395(ancient)-395(Chinese)-395(cult)1(ure,)-432(and)-395(the)-394(traditional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(methods)-426(of)-426(organization)-426(and)-425(control.)-778(In)-426(the)-426(second)-426(place,)-469(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(points)-336(out)-337(that)-336(his)-337(Chinese)-336(background)-337(was)-336(most)-337(clear)-336(to)-336(him,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-311(that)-310(he)-311(was)-310(in)-311(his)-310(own)-311(mind)-310(the)-311(transmitter)-310(of)-311(the)-310(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(heritage.)]TJ 11.956 -15.796 Td [(In)-374(speaking)-375(of)-374(Chinese)-375(excellence)-374(in)-375(the)-374(field)-375(of)-374(the)-374(social)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(science,)-349(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-329(did)-329(not)-329(confine)-329(his)-329(discussion)-329(to)-329(any)-329(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time.)-234(Whenever)-202(he)-202(referred)-203(to)-202(a)-202(political)-202(theory,)-212(he)-202(mentioned)-202(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-187(origin)-187(if)-188(it)-187(were)-187(one)-187(of)-188(those)-187(known)-187(to)-187(Chinese)-187(antiquity:)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(anarchism,)-263(communism,)-264(democracy.)-282(He)-261(never)-261(attacked)-260(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellectual)-545(knowledge)-545(for)-545(being)-544(what)-545(it)-545(was,)-619(but)-545(only)-544(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-324(it)-324(omitted:)-397(physical)-324(science.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 149.773 3.959 Td [(88)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.612 -3.959 Td [(He)-324(was)-324(undoubtedly)-323(more)]TJ -163.385 -13.549 Td [(conservative)-183(than)-184(many)-183(of)-184(his)-183(contemporaries,)-197(who)-183(were)-183(actually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hostile)-250(to)-250(the)-250(inheritance.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([076])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -15.796 Td [(The)-260(summary)-260(of)-260(Sun)-260(Yat-sen's)-260(beliefs)-260(and)-260(position)-260(in)-260(respect)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(to)-417(the)-417(ancient)-417(intellectual)-418(knowledge)-417(is)-417(so)-417(well)-417(given)-417(by)-417(Tai)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chi-tao)-284(that)-284(any)-284(other)-283(statement)-284(would)-284(almost)-284(have)-284(to)-284(verge)-283(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paraphrase.)-250(Tai)-250(Chi-tao)-250(wrote:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -33.875 Td [(Sun)-358(Yat-sen)-358(\050in)-358(his)-358(teachings\051)-357(completely)-358(includes)-358(the)-358(true)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(ideas)-341(of)-342(China)-341(as)-341(they)-342(recur)-341(again)-342(and)-341(again)-341(from)-342(Yao)-341(and)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(Shun,)-213(Confucius)-204(and)-203(Mencius.)-235(It)-204(will)-203(be)-204(clear)-204(to)-203(us,)-213(therefore,)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(that)-426(Sun)-426(Yat-sen)-427(is)-426(the)-426(renewal)-426(of)-427(Chinese)-426(moral)-426(culture,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 131.719 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 124.906 Td [(87)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(194-195.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(88)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Judge)-327(Paul)-326(Linebarger,)-346(in)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 97.302 0 Td [(Conversations)-327(with)-326(Sun)-327(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 119.322 0 Td [(\050unpublished\051,)]TJ -228.58 -10.959 Td [(states)-381(that)-381(Sun)-381(said)-381(to)-381(him:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 106.862 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(China)-381(will)-381(go)-381(down)-381(in)-381(history)-381(as)-381(the)-381(greatest)]TJ -110.843 -10.959 Td [(literary)-372(civilization)-372(the)-372(world)-372(has)-372(ever)-372(known,)-403(or)-372(ever)-372(will)-372(know,)-402(but)-372(what)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(good)-252(does)-251(this)-252(deep)-252(literary)-252(knowledge)-251(do)-252(us)-252(if)-251(we)-252(cannot)-252(combine)-252(it)-251(with)-252(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(modernity)-250(of)-250(Western)-250(science?)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 111.3 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(p.)-250(64,)-250(Book)-250(Four.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+436 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 437 0 R
+/Resources 435 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 434 0 R
+>> endobj
+438 0 obj <<
+/D [436 0 R /XYZ 93.543 271.944 null]
+>> endobj
+435 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+441 0 obj <<
+/Length 5863
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Return)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Ancient)-250(Knowledge.)-9171(83)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(unbroken)-261(for)-261(two)-261(thousand)-261(years)-261(...)-283(we)-261(can)-261(see)-261(that)-261(Sun)-261(Yat-)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(sen)-309(was)-309(convinced)-310(of)-309(the)-309(truth)-309(of)-309(his)-310(own)-309(words,)-324(and)-309(at)-309(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(same)-287(time)-288(we)-287(can)-287(also)-288(recognize)-287(that)-287(his)-288(national)-287(revolution)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(was)-423(based)-422(upon)-423(the)-423(re-awakening)-423(of)-422(Chinese)-423(culture.)-768(He)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(wanted)-208(to)-208(call)-208(the)-208(creative)-208(power)-208(of)-208(China)-208(to)-208(life)-208(again,)-216(and)-208(to)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(make)-261(the)-262(value)-261(of)-262(Chinese)-261(culture)-261(useful)-262(to)-261(the)-262(whole)-261(world,)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(and)-250(in)-250(that)-250(way)-250(to)-250(realize)-250(cosmopolitanism.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 171.763 3.616 Td [(89)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 99.624 -18.653 Td [([077])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -12.167 Td [(Accordingly,)-174(Sun)-155(Yat-sen's)-155(doctrines)-155(may)-155(not)-155(only)-155(be)-155(regarded)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(as)-423(having)-423(been)-423(based)-422(upon)-423(the)-423(tacit)-423(premises)-423(of)-423(the)-422(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellectual)-341(milieu,)-363(but)-341(as)-340(having)-341(been)-341(incorporated)-340(in)-341(them)-340(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supports.)-353(Sun)-285(Yat-sen's)-284(theories)-285(were,)-293(therefore,)-293(consciously)-284(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(well)-250(as)-250(unconsciously)-250(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -14.316 Td [(Sun)-243(Yat-sen)-243(was)-243(proud)-243(of)-243(the)-243(accomplishment)-243(of)-243(the)-243(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-646(physical)-645(and)-646(applied)-646(knowledge.)-1437(He)-646(praised)-645(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(craftsmanship)-383(and)-382(skill,)-416(and)-383(extolled)-383(the)-382(talents)-383(of)-383(the)-382(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-338(had)-338(invented)-338(the)-338(mariner's)-338(compass,)-360(printing,)-359(porcelain,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 294.305 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 285.481 Td [(Yat-sen's)-294(attitude.)-380(Sun)-294(Yat-sen)-293(loved)-294(and)-293(fought)-294(for)-293(the)-294(struggling)-294(masses)-293(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(China,)-227(whose)-220(misery)-221(was)-221(always)-221(before)-221(his)-221(pitying)-220(eyes;)-231(he)-221(also)-220(fought)-221(for)-221(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(accomplishments)-229(of)-229(Chinese)-229(civilization.)-243(In)-229(modern)-230(China,)-233(many)-229(leaders)-229(have)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fought)-295(for)-295(the)-295(culture,)-307(and)-295(forgotten)-295(the)-295(masses)-295(\050men)-296(such)-295(as)-295(Ku)-295(Hung-ming)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(were)-295(typical\051;)-317(others)-295(loved)-295(the)-294(populace)-295(and)-295(forgot)-295(the)-294(culture.)-385(It)-295(was)-294(one)-295(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(elements)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen's)-250(greatness)-250(that)-250(he)-250(was)-250(able)-250(to)-250(remember)-250(both.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(89)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Tai)-293(Chi-tao,)-303(cited,)-303(p.)-378(62.)-378(The)-293(passage)-293(reads)-292(in)-293(full:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 189.713 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Sun)-293(Yat-sen)-292(umfasst)]TJ -205.65 -10.959 Td [(vollkommen)-366(die)-366(wahren)-365(Gedanken)-366(Chinas,)-395(wie)-365(sie)-366(bei)-366(Yau)-366(und)-365(Schun)-366(und)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(auch)-291(bei)-291(Kung)-290(Ds\357)-291(und)-291(Mong)-291(Ds\357)-290(wiederfinden.)-373(Dadurch)-291(wird)-290(uns)-291(klar,)-301(dass)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Sun)-247(Yat)-248(Sen)-247(der)-247(Erneuerer)-248(der)-247(seit)-247(2000)-247(Jahre)-248(ununterbrochenen)-247(chinesischen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sittlichen)-319(Kultur)-319(ist.)-458(Im)-319(vergangenen)-319(Jahr)-319(hat)-320(ein)-319(russischer)-319(Revolution\344r)-319(an)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Sun)-424(Yat)-425(Sen)-424(die)-424(folgende)-424(Frage)-425(gerichtet:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 165.154 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Welche)-424(Grundlage)-425(haben)-424(Ihre)]TJ -168.14 -10.959 Td [(Revolutionsgedanken?)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 81.684 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.611 0 Td [(Sun)-293(Yat)-292(Sen)-293(hat)-293(darauf)-293(geantwortet:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 135.16 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.985 0 Td [(In)-293(China)-293(hat)-292(es)]TJ -225.44 -10.959 Td [(ein)-273(sittlichen)-272(Gedanken)-273(gegeben,)-278(der)-273(von)-272(Yau,)-279(Schun,)-278(Y\374,)-278(Tang,)-278(Wen)-273(Wang,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Wu)-317(Wang,)-333(Dschou)-316(Gung)-317(his)-316(zu)-317(Kung)-316(Ds\357)-316(getragen)-317(worden)-316(ist;)-350(seither)-317(ist)-316(er)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(ununterbrochen,)-353(ich)-332(habe)-332(wieder)-332(an)-332(ihn)-332(angekn\374pft)-332(und)-332(versacht,)-352(ihn)-332(weiter)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(zu)-268(entwickeln.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 52.45 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.386 0 Td [(Der)-268(Fragende)-267(hat)-268(dies)-268(nicht)-267(verstehen)-268(k\366nnen)-267(und)-268(sich)-268(weiter)]TJ -57.836 -10.959 Td [(erkundigt;)-416(Sun)-361(Yat)-361(Sen)-360(hat)-361(noch)-361(mehrmals)-360(versucht,)-389(ihm)-361(seine)-360(Antwort)-361(zu)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(erkl\344ren.)-401(Aus)-300(dieser)-300(Unterredung)-301(k\366nnen)-300(wir)-300(ersehen,)-313(dass)-300(Sun)-301(Yat)-300(Sen)-300(von)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(seine)-379(Gedanken)-379(\374berzeugt)-378(war,)-411(gleichzeitig)-379(k\366nnen)-379(wir)-378(ersehen,)-411(dass)-379(seine)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Nationalrevolution)-205(auf)-204(dem)-205(Widererwachen)-204(der)-205(chinesischen)-205(Kultur)-204(beruht.)-235(Er)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+440 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 441 0 R
+/Resources 439 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 434 0 R
+>> endobj
+442 0 obj <<
+/D [440 0 R /XYZ 46.771 426.207 null]
+>> endobj
+439 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+443 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index19) >>
+endobj
+446 0 obj
+(Western Physical Science in the New Ideology.)
+endobj
+449 0 obj <<
+/Length 4900
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(84The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(gunpowder,)-494(tea,)-494(silks,)-494(arches,)-494(and)-445(suspension)-446(bridges.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 250.326 3.959 Td [(90)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.584 -3.959 Td [(He)]TJ -267.91 -13.549 Td [(urged)-379(the)-379(revival)-379(of)-379(the)-379(talents)-379(of)-379(the)-379(Chinese,)-411(and)-379(the)-379(return)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-283(material)-283(development.)-349(This)-283(teaching,)-291(in)-283(conjunction)-283(with)-282(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advocacy)-435(of)-435(Western)-435(knowledge,)-481(leads)-435(to)-435(another)-435(suggestive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(point.)]TJ 11.956 -13.587 Td [(Sun)-169(Yat-sen)-168(pointed)-169(out)-168(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 123.128 0 Td [(wealth)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30.933 0 Td [(was)-169(to)-168(the)-169(modern)-168(Chinese)]TJ -166.017 -13.549 Td [(what)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 23.573 0 Td [(liberty)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30.849 0 Td [(was)-217(to)-217(the)-216(Europeans)-217(of)-217(the)-217(eighteenth)-217(century)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 201.968 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-370(condition)-371(of)-370(further)-370(progress.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 172.792 3.959 Td [(91)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.133 -3.959 Td [(The)-370(way)-371(to)-370(progress)]TJ -187.925 -13.549 Td [(and)-349(wealth)-348(was)-348(through)-349(social)-348(reorganization,)-373(and)-349(through)-348(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(use)-221(of)-221(the)-220(capacities)-221(of)-221(the)-221(people.)-240(It)-221(may)-220(be)-221(inferred,)-227(although)-220(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(cannot)-181(be)-181(stated)-182(positively,)-195(that)-181(Sun)-181(Yat-sen)-181(measured)-181(wealth)-181(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(merely)-200(in)-200(metals)-200(or)-200(commodities,)-210(but)-200(in)-200(the)-200(productive)-200(capacities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-264(the)-264(country,)-267(which,)-267(as)-264(they)-264(depend)-263(upon)-264(the)-264(labor)-264(skill)-264(of)-263(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(workers,)-231(are)-225(in)-226(the)-225(last)-226(analysis)-226(cultural)-225(and)-226(psychological)-225(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-250(exclusively)-250(physical)-250(in)-250(nature.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 154.222 3.958 Td [(92)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -142.266 -17.545 Td [(China,)-637(following)-559(the)-559(ancient)-560(morality,)-636(conscious)-560(of)-559(its)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -84.711 0 Td [([078])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(intellectual)-254(and)-253(social)-254(heritage,)-255(and)-254(of)-253(its)-254(latent)-254(practical)-253(talents,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(needed)-458(only)-458(one)-457(more)-458(lesson)-458(to)-458(learn:)-665(the)-458(need)-458(of)-457(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(science.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -58.382 Td [(Western)-263(Physical)-263(Science)-263(in)-263(the)-263(New)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Ideology.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 184.654 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 171.901 Td [(hat)-313(die)-312(sch\366pferische)-313(Kraft)-312(Chinas)-313(wieder)-313(ins)-312(Leben)-313(rufen)-312(und)-313(den)-312(Wert)-313(der)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(chinesischen)-262(Kultur)-262(fur)-263(die)-262(ganze)-262(Welt)-262(nutzbar)-262(machen)-262(wollen,)-266(um)-262(somit)-262(den)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Universalismus)-219(verwirklichen)-218(zu)-219(k\366nnen.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 148.573 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.942 0 Td [(Allowance)-219(will)-218(have)-219(to)-219(be)-218(made,)-225(as)]TJ -154.515 -10.958 Td [(it)-293(should)-293(always)-293(in)-293(the)-292(case)-293(of)-293(Tai)-293(Chi-tao,)-304(for)-292(the)-293(author's)-293(deep)-293(appreciation)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-303(and)-303(consequent)-304(devotion)-303(to)-303(the)-303(virtues)-303(of)-303(Chinese)-303(culture.)-410(Other)-303(disciples)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-300(Sun)-300(Yat-sen)-300(wrote)-300(in)-299(a)-300(quite)-300(different)-300(vein.)-400(The)-299(present)-300(author)-300(inclines)-300(to)]TJ 0 -7.98 Td [(the)-362(opinion,)-390(however,)-389(that)-362(Tai)-362(Chi-tao's)-361(summary)-362(is)-362(a)-362(just)-362(rendition)-361(of)-362(Sun)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -5.978 Td [(90)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(199-202.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td [(91)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(259.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(92)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(This)-259(idea,)-262(of)-260(wealth)-259(as)-260(national)-259(capacity)-260(to)-259(produce,)-262(is)-260(of)-259(course)-260(not)-259(a)-260(new)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(one.)-250(It)-250(is)-250(found)-250(in)-250(the)-250(writings)-250(of)-250(Alexander)-250(Hamilton,)-250(among)-250(others.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+448 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 449 0 R
+/Resources 447 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 434 0 R
+>> endobj
+450 0 obj <<
+/D [448 0 R /XYZ 374.173 314.862 null]
+>> endobj
+444 0 obj <<
+/D [448 0 R /XYZ 93.543 252.147 null]
+>> endobj
+447 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+453 0 obj <<
+/Length 5033
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Western)-250(Physical)-250(Science)-250(in)-250(the)-250(New)-250(Ideology.)-5700(85)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-352(third)-353(element)-352(of)-352(the)-352(nationalist)-353(ideology)-352(proposed)-352(by)-352(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-281(was)-280(the)-281(introduction)-281(of)-280(Western)-281(science.)-342(It)-280(is)-281(upon)-280(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-222(his)-221(break)-222(with)-222(the)-222(past)-221(arose;)-231(it)-222(is)-222(this)-221(that)-222(gives)-222(his)-221(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-271(partially)-272(revolutionary)-271(character,)-277(for)-271(the)-271(ideology)-272(was,)-276(as)-271(we)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-307(seen,)-322(strongly)-307(reconstitutional)-307(in)-307(two)-307(of)-307(its)-307(elements.)-421(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-290(was,)-301(however,)-300(willing)-291(to)-290(tear)-290(down)-290(if)-291(he)-290(could)-290(rebuild,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-177(rebuild)-178(with)-177(the)-178(addition)-177(of)-178(Western)-177(science.)-226(These)-177(questions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immediately)-336(arise:)-423(why)-337(did)-336(he)-336(wish)-337(to)-336(add)-337(Western)-336(science)-336(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-281(intellectual)-280(background)-280(of)-281(modern)-280(China?)-342(what,)-288(in)-280(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(science,)-245(did)-243(he)-243(wish)-243(to)-243(add?)-248(to)-243(what)-244(degree)-243(did)-243(he)-243(wish)-243(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(science)-251(to)-250(play)-251(its)-250(r\364le)-251(in)-250(the)-251(development)-250(of)-251(a)-250(new)-251(ideology)-250(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China?)]TJ 11.956 -14.541 Td [(Sun)-397(Yat-sen)-396(did)-397(not)-396(have)-397(to)-396(teach)-397(the)-396(addition)-397(of)-396(Western)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(science)-294(to)-295(the)-294(Chinese)-295(ideology.)-383(In)-295(his)-294(own)-295(lifetime)-294(the)-294(terrific)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(swing)-358(from)-358(arrogant)-359(self-assurance)-358(to)-358(abject)-358(imitativeness)-358(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(taken)-437(place.)-813(Sun)-437(Yat-sen)-437(said)-438(that)-437(the)-438(Boxer)-437(Rebellion)-437(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-364(last)-364(surge)-364(of)-364(the)-364(old)-364(Chinese)-364(nationalism,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 209.34 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(But)-364(the)-364(war)-364(of)]TJ -214.183 -13.549 Td [(1900)-279(was)-278(the)-279(last)-278(manifestation)-279(of)-278(self-confidence)-279(thoughts)-278(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(self-confidence)-317(power)-318(on)-317(the)-318(part)-317(of)-318(the)-317(Chinese)-318(to)-317(oppose)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-312(civilization)-312(of)-312(Europe)-311(and)-312(of)-312(America....)-436(They)-311(understood)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-301(the)-301(civilization)-300(of)-301(Europe)-301(and)-300(of)-301(America)-301(was)-301(really)-300(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superior)-368(to)-368(the)-368(ancient)-369(civilization)-368(of)-368(China.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 200.136 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(93)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.484 -3.959 Td [(He)-368(added)-368(that)]TJ -217.464 -13.549 Td [(this)-207(superiority)-208(was)-207(naturally)-208(evident)-207(in)-207(the)-208(matter)-207(of)-207(armaments.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-186(illustrates)-186(both)-186(consequences)-185(of)-186(the)-186(impact)-186(of)-186(the)-185(West)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(endangered)-295(position)-294(of)-295(the)-294(Chinese)-295(society,)-305(and)-295(the)-294(consequent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(instability)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(ideology.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([079])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.54 Td [(Sun)-181(Yat-sen)-182(did)-181(not)-182(regard)-181(the)-182(introduction)-181(of)-182(Western)-181(science)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(into)-510(Chinese)-510(life)-509(as)-510(merely)-510(remedial)-510(in)-509(nature,)-575(but,)-575(on)-509(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contrary,)-398(saw)-369(much)-368(benefit)-369(in)-368(it.)-606(This)-368(was)-368(especially)-369(clear)-368(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-340(as)-339(a)-340(physician;)-385(his)-339(training)-340(led)-340(him)-339(to)-340(see)-340(the)-339(abominable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practices)-195(of)-195(many)-196(of)-195(the)-195(Chinese)-195(in)-195(matters)-196(of)-195(diet)-195(and)-195(hygiene.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(94)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.842 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 92.03 Td [(93)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(337.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(94)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Wei)-265(Yung,)-269(translator,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 80.412 0 Td [(The)-265(Cult)-265(of)-266(Dr.)-295(Sun,)-269(Sun)-265(W\352n)-266(Hs\374eh)-265(Sh\352)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 148.338 0 Td [(,)-269(cited.)-296(See)]TJ -240.706 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(discussion)-250(on)-250(dietetics,)-250(pp.)-250(3-9.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+452 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 453 0 R
+/Resources 451 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 434 0 R
+>> endobj
+454 0 obj <<
+/D [452 0 R /XYZ 46.771 176.075 null]
+>> endobj
+451 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+457 0 obj <<
+/Length 5533
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(86The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(He)-194(made)-194(a)-194(sweeping)-194(claim)-195(of)-194(Western)-194(superiority,)-205(which)-194(is)-194(at)-194(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-208(time)-207(a)-208(sharp)-207(limitation)-207(of)-208(it)-207(in)-208(fields)-207(which)-208(the)-207(conservative)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(European)-490(would)-490(be)-490(likely)-490(to)-490(think)-490(of)-490(as)-490(foremost)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 234.867 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(politics,)]TJ -245.776 -13.549 Td [(ethics,)-263(religion.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 70.772 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Besides)-260(the)-260(matter)-261(of)-260(armaments,)-263(the)-260(means)-260(of)]TJ -75.616 -13.55 Td [(communication)-352(...)-556(are)-352(far)-351(superior....)-556(Moreover,)-378(in)-351(everything)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(else)-199(that)-199(relates)-199(to)-199(machinery)-200(or)-199(daily)-199(human)-199(labor,)-209(in)-199(methods)-199(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agriculture,)-271(of)-267(industry,)-271(and)-266(of)-267(commerce,)-271(all)-267(\050foreign\051)-266(methods)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(far)-250(surpass)-250(those)-250(of)-250(China.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 129.676 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(95)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -122.564 -18.377 Td [(Sun)-202(Yat-sen)-202(pointed)-203(out)-202(the)-202(fact)-202(that)-203(while)-202(manuals)-202(of)-202(warfare)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(become)-503(obsolete)-502(in)-503(a)-503(very)-503(few)-502(years)-503(in)-503(the)-503(West,)-565(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas)-523(and)-523(institutions)-523(do)-524(not.)-1069(He)-523(cited)-523(the)-523(continuance)-523(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-400(same)-399(pattern)-400(of)-399(government)-400(in)-400(the)-399(United)-400(States,)-437(and)-399(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lasting)-400(authority)-399(of)-400(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 108.339 0 Td [(Republic)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 43.14 0 Td [(of)-399(Plato,)-437(as)-400(examples)-399(of)-400(the)]TJ -151.479 -13.549 Td [(stagnation)-480(of)-480(the)-480(Western)-480(social)-480(sciences)-480(as)-480(contrasted)-480(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physical)-270(sciences.)-311(Already)-270(prepossessed)-270(in)-271(favor)-270(of)-270(the)-270(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge)-443(and)-442(morality)-443(in)-442(non-technical)-443(matters,)-490(he)-443(did)-442(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(demand)-469(the)-470(introduction)-469(of)-470(Western)-469(social)-470(methods)-469(as)-469(well.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-482(had)-482(lived)-482(long)-482(enough)-481(in)-482(the)-482(West)-482(to)-482(lose)-482(some)-482(of)-481(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West-worship)-279(that)-279(characterized)-279(so)-279(many)-279(Chinese)-279(and)-279(Japanese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-531(his)-530(generation.)-1092(He)-531(was)-531(willing,)-600(even)-531(anxious,)-601(that)-530(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(experimental)-551(method,)-625(by)-551(itself,)-626(be)-550(introduced)-551(into)-550(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(thought)-377(in)-376(all)-377(fields,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 92.028 3.959 Td [(96)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.922 -3.959 Td [(but)-377(not)-376(particularly)-377(impressed)-376(with)-377(the)]TJ -104.95 -13.549 Td [(general)-250(superiority)-250(of)-250(Western)-250(social)-250(thought.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([080])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 208.515 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 96.781 201.619 Td [(95)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(337.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(96)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(Wei)-456(Yung's)-456(translation,)-508(cited,)-507(is)-456(an)-456(English)-456(version)-456(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 213.171 0 Td [(The)-456(Outline)-456(of)]TJ -225.127 -10.959 Td [(Psychological)-453(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 113.225 0 Td [(of)-453(Sun)-454(Yat-sen.)-860(This)-453(work)-453(is)-454(devoted)-453(to)-453(a)]TJ -113.225 -10.959 Td [(refutation)-207(of)-207(the)-208(thesis,)-215(first)-208(propounded)-207(by)-207(Wang)-207(Yang-ming)-207(\050ca.)-236(1472-1528\051,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-345(knowledge)-345(is)-345(easy)-345(and)-345(action)-345(difficult.)-536(In)-345(a)-345(society)-345(where)-345(the)-345(ideology)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(had)-314(been)-314(stabilized)-313(for)-314(almost)-314(two)-313(millenia,)-330(this)-314(was)-314(undoubtedly)-313(quite)-314(true.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(In)-351(modern)-352(China,)-376(however,)-377(faced)-351(with)-352(the)-351(terrific)-351(problem)-351(of)-352(again)-351(settling)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(the)-370(problem)-370(of)-371(an)-370(adequate)-370(ideology,)-400(the)-370(reverse)-370(was)-371(true:)-490(knowledge)-370(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(difficult,)-467(and)-423(action)-423(easy.)-770(This)-423(was)-423(one)-424(of)-423(the)-423(favorite)-424(aphorisms)-423(of)-423(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen,)-323(and)-308(he)-308(devoted)-309(much)-308(time,)-323(effort,)-323(and)-308(thought)-308(to)-308(making)-309(it)-308(plain)-308(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-236(countrymen.)-246(The)-236(comparative)-236(points)-236(of)-237(view)-236(of)-236(Wang)-237(Yang-ming)-236(and)-236(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen)-225(afford)-225(a)-225(quite)-225(clear-cut)-225(example)-225(of)-224(the)-225(contrast)-225(between)-225(an)-225(established)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(unsettled)-250(ideology.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+456 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 457 0 R
+/Resources 455 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 434 0 R
+>> endobj
+458 0 obj <<
+/D [456 0 R /XYZ 93.543 216.846 null]
+>> endobj
+455 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+461 0 obj <<
+/Length 5768
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Western)-250(Physical)-250(Science)-250(in)-250(the)-250(New)-250(Ideology.)-5700(87)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-212(Yat-sen's)-211(own)-212(exposition)-212(of)-212(the)-211(reasons)-212(for)-212(his)-212(desiring)-211(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(limit)-210(the)-211(r\364le)-210(played)-210(by)-210(Western)-211(science)-210(in)-210(China)-211(is)-210(quite)-210(clear.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td [(97)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td [(In)-179(the)-178(first)-179(place,)-193(Sun)-178(Yat-sen)-179(was)-178(vigorously)-179(in)-178(favor)-179(of)-178(adopting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-186(experimental)-187(method)-186(in)-186(attaining)-186(knowledge.)-229(He)-186(stood)-186(firmly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-269(the)-269(pragmatic)-269(foundation)-269(of)-269(knowledge,)-274(and)-269(for)-269(the)-268(exercise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-320(the)-320(greatest)-320(care)-321(and)-320(most)-320(strenuous)-320(effort)-320(in)-320(discovering)-320(it.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Secondly,)-296(he)-287(believed)-286(in)-287(taking)-287(over)-286(the)-287(physical)-287(knowledge)-286(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-169(Westerners,)-185(although)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 107.174 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-169(his)-169(emphasis)-169(on)-169(Chinese)-169(talent)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 141.34 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(he)]TJ -270.332 -13.549 Td [(by)-341(no)-341(means)-341(believed)-341(that)-341(Western)-341(physical)-341(knowledge)-341(would)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(displace)-321(that)-322(of)-321(the)-322(Chinese)-321(altogether.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 178.628 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(We)-321(can)-322(safely)-321(imitate)]TJ -183.472 -13.549 Td [(the)-447(material)-446(civilization)-447(of)-447(Europe)-446(and)-447(of)-447(America;)-545(we)-446(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(follow)-348(it)-348(blindly,)-372(and)-348(if)-348(we)-348(introduce)-348(it)-348(in)-348(China,)-373(it)-348(wil)1(l)-348(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(good)-386(headway.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 67.525 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(98)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.677 -3.959 Td [(Thirdly,)-420(he)-385(believed)-386(that)-386(the)-386(social)-386(science)]TJ -85.046 -13.549 Td [(of)-329(the)-330(West,)-349(and)-329(especially)-329(its)-330(political)-329(philosophy,)-349(might)-329(lead)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-349(Chinese)-350(into)-349(gross)-349(error,)-374(since)-350(it)-349(was)-349(derived)-350(from)-349(a)-349(quite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(different)-359(ideology,)-386(and)-359(not)-359(relevant)-359(to)-359(Chinese)-359(conditions.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 269.121 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(It)]TJ -273.965 -13.549 Td [(would)-422(be)-422(a)-422(gross)-423(error)-422(on)-422(our)-422(part,)-465(if,)-465(disregarding)-422(our)-422(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-270(customs)-269(and)-270(human)-269(sentiments,)-275(we)-269(were)-270(to)-269(try)-270(to)-269(force)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-238(\050our)-238(people\051)-238(a)-238(foreign)-238(type)-238(of)-238(social)-238(government)-238(just)-238(as)-238(we)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(copy)-223(a)-222(foreign)-223(make)-223(of)-445(machinery.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 153.622 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(99)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.897 -3.959 Td [(Fourthly,)-228(even)-223(apart)-222(from)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 121.661 0 Td [([081])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-390(difference)-390(between)-390(China)-390(and)-390(the)-390(West)-390(which)-389(invalidated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-230(social)-230(science)-230(in)-230(China,)-234(he)-230(did)-230(not)-230(believe)-230(that)-230(the)-230(West)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-251(attained)-250(to)-251(anything)-251(like)-250(the)-251(same)-251(certainty)-250(in)-251(social)-250(science)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-295(it)-294(had)-295(in)-294(physical)-295(science.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 133.932 3.959 Td [(100)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.64 -3.959 Td [(Fifthly,)-306(Sun)-294(Yat-sen)-295(believed)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 186.835 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 50.009 180.022 Td [(97)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-346(translation,)-371(cited,)-370(pp.)-540(336-345.)-539(This)-346(discussion)-346(occurs)-347(in)-346(the)-347(fifth)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(lecture)-261(on)-261(democracy,)-264(incidental)-261(to)-261(Sun)-261(Yat-sen's)-261(explaining)-261(the)-261(failure)-261(of)-261(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(parliamentary)-307(Republic)-307(in)-306(Peking,)-321(and)-307(the)-307(general)-307(inapplicability)-306(of)-307(Western)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ideas)-250(of)-250(democracy)-250(to)-250(China.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td [(98)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(344.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td [(99)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(344.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(100)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-185(might)-185(again)-184(be)-185(pointed)-185(out)-185(that)-185(Sun)-184(Yat-sen)-185(differed)-185(with)-185(Marxism)-185(which,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(while)-239(it,)-240(of)-239(course,)-241(does)-238(not)-239(hold)-238(that)-239(all)-239(knowledge)-238(is)-239(already)-238(found,)-241(certainly)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(keeps)-380(its)-381(own)-380(first)-381(premises)-380(beyond)-380(all)-381(dispute,)-413(and)-380(its)-381(own)-380(interpretations)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sacrosanct.)-334(The)-278(dialectics)-278(of)-278(Marx)-277(and)-278(Hegel)-278(would)-278(certainly)-278(appear)-278(peculiar)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-476(the)-475(Chinese)-476(environment.)-927(Without)-476(going)-475(out)-476(of)-475(his)-476(way)-476(to)-475(point)-476(out)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+460 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 461 0 R
+/Resources 459 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 463 0 R
+>> endobj
+462 0 obj <<
+/D [460 0 R /XYZ 149.19 260.74 null]
+>> endobj
+459 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+464 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index20) >>
+endobj
+467 0 obj
+(The Consequences of the Nationalist Ideology.)
+endobj
+470 0 obj <<
+/Length 4490
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(88The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-266(the)-266(Chinese)-266(should)-266(profit)-266(by)-266(observing)-266(the)-266(experiments)-265(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theories)-407(of)-407(the)-406(West)-407(in)-407(regard)-407(to)-407(social)-406(organization,)-446(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessarily)-250(following)-250(them.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-217(great)-217(break)-217(between)-217(Sun)-217(Yat-sen's)-217(acceptance)-217(of)-216(Western)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(physical)-359(science)-359(and)-359(his)-359(rejection)-359(of)-359(Western)-359(social)-359(science)-358(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(demonstrated)-327(by)-327(his)-327(belief)-327(that)-327(government)-327(is)-327(psychological)-326(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-292(foundations.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 71.843 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Laws)-292(of)-292(human)-292(government)-293(also)-292(constitute)-292(an)]TJ -76.687 -13.549 Td [(abstract)-409(piece)-408(of)-409(machinery)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 125.449 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(for)-409(t)1(hat)-409(reason)-408(we)-409(speak)-408(of)-409(the)]TJ -136.358 -13.549 Td [(machinery)-258(of)-258(an)-258(organized)-258(government)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 171.821 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(but)-258(a)-258(material)-258(piece)-258(of)]TJ -182.73 -13.55 Td [(machinery)-219(is)-219(based)-219(on)-219(nature,)-225(whereas)-219(the)-219(immaterial)-219(machinery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-257(government)-258(is)-257(based)-257(on)-257(psychology.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 171.286 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(101)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.26 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-257(Yat-sen)-257(pointed)]TJ -191.389 -13.549 Td [(out,)-196(although)-183(in)-183(different)-183(words,)-196(that)-183(government)-183(was)-183(based)-182(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-324(ideology)-324(and)-323(that)-324(the)-324(ideology)-324(of)-323(a)-324(society)-324(was)-324(an)-323(element)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-419(the)-418(last)-419(analysis)-418(psychological,)-461(however)-419(much)-418(it)-419(might)-418(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conditioned)-250(by)-250(the)-250(material)-250(environment.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Of)-418(these)-417(three)-418(elements)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 108.188 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(Chinese)-418(morality,)-459(Chinese)-418(social)]TJ -131.053 -13.549 Td [(and)-202(political)-202(knowledge,)-212(and)-202(Western)-202(physical)-202(science)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 236.011 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-202(new)]TJ -246.92 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-192(for)-191(the)-192(modern)-191(Chinese)-191(society)-383(was)-192(to)-191(be)-192(formed.)-230(What)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([082])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-266(immediate)-265(and)-266(the)-266(ultimate)-265(forms)-266(of)-266(that)-265(society)-266(were)-266(to)-265(be,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(remains)-250(to)-250(be)-250(studied.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -57.989 Td [(The)-264(Consequences)-265(of)-264(the)-264(Nationalist)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Ideology.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.232 Td [(What)-262(are)-262(the)-262(consequences)-261(of)-262(this)-262(Nationalistic)-262(ideology?)-285(What)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sort)-321(of)-321(society)-321(did)-321(Sun)-320(Yat-sen)-321(envision?)-463(How)-321(much)-321(of)-321(it)-320(was)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 129.921 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 121.097 Td [(the)-309(difference)-308(between)-309(Sun's)-309(Nationalism)-308(and)-309(Marxism-Leninism,)-323(the)-309(author)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(cannot)-314(refrain)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 50.612 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(in)-314(view)-313(of)-314(the)-313(quite)-314(popular)-314(misconception)-313(that)-314(Sun)-313(Yat-sen)]TJ -59.578 -10.959 Td [(was)-416(at)-417(one)-416(time)-416(almost)-416(a)-417(Marxist)-416(convert)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 158.113 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(from)-416(pointing)-417(out)-416(the)-416(extreme)]TJ -167.079 -10.958 Td [(difference)-279(between)-279(the)-279(premises,)-286(the)-279(methods,)-286(and)-279(the)-278(conclusions)-279(of)-279(the)-279(two)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(philosophies.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(101)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(344.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+469 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 470 0 R
+/Resources 468 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 463 0 R
+>> endobj
+471 0 obj <<
+/D [469 0 R /XYZ 269.692 287.839 null]
+>> endobj
+465 0 obj <<
+/D [469 0 R /XYZ 93.543 238.85 null]
+>> endobj
+468 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+474 0 obj <<
+/Length 4585
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Consequences)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nationalist)-250(Ideology.)-5949(89)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-291(be)-290(Chinese,)-301(and)-291(how)-290(much)-291(Western?)-372(Were)-290(the)-291(Chinese,)-300(like)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-395(modern)-396(Japanese,)-432(to)-395(take)-395(pride)-396(in)-395(being)-395(simultaneously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-406(most)-406(Eastern)-406(of)-407(Eastern)-406(nations)-406(and)-406(the)-406(most)-406(Western)-406(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-223(or)-223(were)-223(they)-223(to)-223(seek)-223(to)-223(remain)-223(fundamentally)-223(what)-223(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ancestors)-250(had)-250(been)-250(for)-250(uncounted)-250(centuries?)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(In)-388(the)-389(fi)1(rst)-389(place,)-423(Sun)-388(Yat-sen's)-388(proposed)-388(ideology)-389(was,)-422(as)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(we)-471(have)-470(seen,)-526(to)-470(be)-471(composed)-470(of)-471(four)-470(elements.)-912(First,)-525(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(essential)-313(core)-313(of)-313(the)-313(old)-313(ideology,)-329(to)-313(which)-313(the)-313(three)-313(necessary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revivifying)-331(elements)-331(were)-331(to)-332(be)-331(added.)-493(This)-331(vast)-331(unmentioned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foundation)-328(is)-327(highly)-328(significant)-327(to)-328(the)-328(assessment)-327(of)-328(the)-327(nature)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-452(the)-452(new)-451(Chinese)-452(ideology.)-856(\050It)-451(is)-452(quite)-452(apparent)-452(that)-451(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Yat-sen)-408(never)-407(dreamed,)-448(as)-407(did)-408(the)-408(Russians,)-447(of)-407(overthrowing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 17.73 0 Td [(entire)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.85 0 Td [(traditional)-403(order)-404(of)-403(things.)-709(His)-404(three)-403(modifications)]TJ -47.58 -13.549 Td [(were)-319(to)-318(be)-319(added)-319(to)-318(the)-319(existing)-319(Chinese)-318(civilization.\051)-456(Second,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-491(wished)-491(to)-490(revive)-491(the)-491(old)-491(morality.)-972(Third,)-551(he)-491(desired)-490(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restore)-345(the)-345(ancient)-345(knowledge)-345(and)-345(skill)-345(of)-345(the)-345(Chinese)-345(to)-345(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(full)-290(creative)-291(energy.)-371(Fourth,)-300(he)-290(desired)-291(to)-290(add)-290(Western)-290(science.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-301(full)-300(significance)-301(of)-301(this)-300(must)-301(be)-301(realized)-300(in)-301(a)-300(consideration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-440(Chinese)-441(nationalism.)-821(Sun)-440(Yat-sen)-440(did)-441(not,)-488(like)-440(the)-440(Meiji)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Emperor,)-377(desire)-351(to)-352(add)-352(the)-351(whole)-352(front)-351(of)-352(Western)-351(culture;)-402(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-353(even)-352(further)-353(from)-352(emulating)-353(t)1(he)-353(Russians)-352(in)-353(a)-352(destruction)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-406(the)-407(existing)-406(order)-406(and)-406(the)-406(development)-407(of)-406(an)-406(entirely)-406(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system.)-1060(His)-521(energies)-520(were)-520(directed)-520(to)-520(the)-520(purification)-520(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reconstitution)-223(of)-222(the)-223(Chinese)-222(ideology)-223(by)-223(the)-222(strengthening)-223(of)-222(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-197(latent)-196(moral)-197(and)-197(intellectual)-196(values,)-208(and)-196(by)-197(the)-197(innovation)-196(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-582(physical)-291(science)-292(and)-291(the)-291(experimental)-291(method.)-373(Of)-291(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([083])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(range)-295(of)-294(the)-295(ideology,)-305(of)-295(the)-294(indescribably)-295(complex)-294(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conditionings)-439(in)-438(which)-439(the)-438(many)-439(activities)-439(of)-438(the)-439(Chinese)-438(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-287(own)-287(civilization)-286(were)-287(carried)-287(on,)-296(Sun)-287(Yat-sen)-287(proposed)-286(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modify)-258(only)-258(those)-258(which)-258(could)-258(be)-258(improved)-258(by)-258(a)-258(reaction)-258(to)-258(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellencies)-308(of)-308(Chinese)-308(antiquity,)-323(or)-308(benefited)-308(by)-308(the)-308(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-280(Western)-279(science.)-338(Sun)-280(Yat-sen)-279(was,)-287(as)-280(Wilhelm)-279(states,)-287(both)-279(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(revolutionary)-303(and)-303(a)-303(reconstitutionary.)-409(He)-303(was)-302(reconstitutionary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-231(the)-231(ideology)-230(which)-231(he)-231(proposed,)-234(and)-231(a)-231(revolutionary)-231(by)-230(virtue)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+473 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 474 0 R
+/Resources 472 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 463 0 R
+>> endobj
+475 0 obj <<
+/D [473 0 R /XYZ 86.296 174.536 null]
+>> endobj
+472 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+478 0 obj <<
+/Length 5256
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(90The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-367(the)-367(political)-367(methods)-367(which)-367(he)-367(was)-367(willing)-367(to)-367(sanction)-367(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(employ)-339(in)-340(carrying)-339(the)-339(ideology)-339(into)-339(the)-340(minds)-339(of)-339(the)-339(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(populace.)]TJ 11.956 -22.321 Td [(In)-293(the)-292(second)-293(place,)-303(Sun)-293(Yat-sen)-293(proposed)-292(to)-293(modify)-293(the)-292(old)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(ideology)-258(not)-258(only)-258(with)-258(respect)-258(to)-258(content)-258(but)-258(also)-258(with)-258(regard)-257(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(method)-295(of)-295(development.)-386(The)-295(Confucians)-295(had,)-306(as)-295(we)-295(have)-295(seen,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provided)-327(for)-327(the)-328(continual)-327(modification)-327(and)-327(rectification)-327(of)-327(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-292(by)-292(means)-292(of)-292(the)-293(doctrine)-292(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 166.524 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-292(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.056 0 Td [(.)-376(It)-292(is)-292(a)-293(matter)]TJ -217.58 -13.549 Td [(of)-251(dispute)-250(as)-251(to)-251(what)-250(degree)-251(that)-251(doctrine)-250(constituted)-251(a)-250(scientific)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(method)-284(for)-285(propagating)-284(knowledge.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 157.465 3.959 Td [(102)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.308 -3.959 Td [(Whatever)-284(the)-285(method)-284(of)]TJ -173.773 -13.549 Td [(the)-191(ancients,)-203(Sun)-191(Yat-sen)-191(proposed)-191(to)-191(modify)-192(it)-191(in)-191(three)-191(steps:)-220(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(acknowledgment)-176(of)-176(the)-176(pragmatic)-176(foundations)-176(of)-177(social)-176(ideas,)-190(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recognition)-219(of)-220(the)-219(necessity)-219(for)-220(knowledge)-219(before)-220(action,)-225(and)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(introduction)-242(of)-242(the)-242(experimental)-241(method.)-248(His)-242(pragmatic)-241(position)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(shows)-285(no)-284(particular)-285(indication)-285(of)-285(having)-284(been)-285(derived)-285(from)-284(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(specific)-182(source;)-204(it)-182(was)-181(a)-182(common)-182(enough)-181(tendency)-182(in)-182(old)-181(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought,)-296(from)-286(the)-286(beginning;)-305(in)-287(advocating)-286(it,)-296(Sun)-286(Yat-sen)-286(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-173(been)-173(revolutionary)-173(only)-172(in)-173(his)-173(championing)-173(of)-173(an)-173(idea)-172(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-259(may)-259(well)-259(have)-259(had)-259(since)-259(early)-259(childhood.)-277(His)-259(stress)-259(upon)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(necessity)-235(of)-236(ideological)-235(clarity)-236(as)-235(antecedent)-471(to)-235(revolutionary)-235(or)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([084])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(any)-251(other)-251(kind)-250(of)-251(action)-251(is)-250(negatively)-251(derived)-251(from)-251(Wang)-250(Yang-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ming,)-244(whose)-242(statement)-242(of)-242(the)-242(converse)-242(Sun)-242(Yat-sen)-242(was)-242(wont)-242(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attack.)-373(The)-291(belief)-291(in)-291(the)-291(experimental)-291(method)-291(is)-291(clearly)-291(enough)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-210(result)-211(of)-210(his)-211(Western)-210(scientific)-210(training)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 183.44 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(possibly)-210(in)-211(so)-210(direct)]TJ -194.349 -13.55 Td [(a)-442(fashion)-443(as)-442(the)-442(personal)-443(influence)-442(of)-442(one)-443(of)-442(his)-442(instructors,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Dr.)-429(James)-310(Cantlie,)-324(later)-310(Sir)-310(James)-309(Cantlie,)-325(of)-310(Queen's)-309(College,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Hongkong.)-579(Sun)-359(Yat-sen)-360(was)-359(a)-360(physician;)-414(his)-359(degree)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 242.508 0 Td [(Dr.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.158 0 Td [(was)]TJ -263.666 -13.549 Td [(a)-466(medical)-465(and)-466(not)-466(an)-465(academic)-466(one;)-574(and)-465(there)-466(is)-466(no)-465(reason)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-441(overlook)-441(the)-441(influence)-441(of)-441(his)-442(vocation,)-488(a)-442(Western)-441(one,)-488(in)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 109.64 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.828 Td [(102)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 24.97 0 Td [(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.818 0 Td [(,)-924(cited,)-924(contains)-789(two)-789(chapters)-789(relevant)-790(to)-789(the)]TJ -86.744 -10.959 Td [(consideration)-347(of)-347(this)-347(problem.)-541(Ch.)-542(III,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 146.921 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-347(Doctrine)-347(of)-347(Rectification)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 108.441 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.093 0 Td [(\050pp.)]TJ -266.436 -10.959 Td [(43-61\051,)-223(and)-216(Ch.)-239(XI,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 71.512 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Social)-216(Evolution)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 59.725 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.918 0 Td [(\050pp.)-239(219-232\051,)-222(discuss)-216(rectification)-216(and)]TJ -141.136 -10.959 Td [(ideological)-250(development)-250(within)-250(the)-250(Confucian)-250(ideology.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+477 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 478 0 R
+/Resources 476 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 463 0 R
+>> endobj
+479 0 obj <<
+/D [477 0 R /XYZ 290.117 251.968 null]
+>> endobj
+476 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+482 0 obj <<
+/Length 6191
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Consequences)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nationalist)-250(Ideology.)-5949(91)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(estimating)-231(the)-230(influence)-231(of)-231(the)-231(Western)-230(experimental)-231(method.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(103)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -256.221 -19.267 Td [(The)-504(overwhelming)-503(preponderance)-504(of)-504(Chinese)-504(elements)-503(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-384(new)-384(ideology)-383(proposed)-384(by)-384(Sun)-383(Yat-sen)-384(must)-384(not)-384(hide)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fact)-468(that,)-523(in)-468(so)-468(stable)-468(an)-468(ideology)-468(as)-468(that)-469(of)-468(old)-468(China,)-522(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modifications)-533(which)-534(Sun)-533(advocated)-533(were)-533(highly)-533(significant.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-627(method,)-722(experimentalism;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 135.01 3.959 Td [(104)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.354 -3.959 Td [(in)-627(background,)-722(the)-627(whole)]TJ -156.364 -13.549 Td [(present)-418(body)-417(of)-418(Western)-418(science)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.092 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(these)-418(were)-417(to)-418(move)-418(China)]TJ -160.001 -13.55 Td [(deeply,)-568(albeit)-505(a)-504(China)-505(that)-504(remained)-1009(Chinese.)-1013(There)-505(is)-504(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([085])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(fundamental)-444(difference)-443(between)-444(Sun's)-443(doctrine)-444(of)-443(ideological)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extension)-380(\050)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 49.594 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(the)-380(need)-380(for)-381(knowledge)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 106.959 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(\051)-380(and)-380(Confucius')-381(doctrine)]TJ -166.241 -13.549 Td [(of)-331(ideological)-331(rectification)-330(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 124.738 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-331(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.478 0 Td [(\051.)-492(Confucius)-331(advocated)]TJ -176.217 -13.549 Td [(the)-470(establishment)-470(of)-470(a)-469(powerful)-470(ideology)-470(for)-470(the)-470(purpose)-469(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(extending)-485(ideological)-485(control)-484(and)-485(thereby)-485(of)-485(minimizing)-484(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then)-313(pernicious)-314(effects)-313(of)-313(the)-314(politically)-313(active)-313(proto-nations)-313(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-332(time.)-496(Sun)-332(Yat-sen,)-353(reared)-332(in)-332(a)-332(world)-332(subject)-332(to)-332(ideological)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control,)-183(saw)-165(no)-166(real)-165(necessity)-166(for)-166(strengthening)-165(it;)-194(what)-166(he)-165(desired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-316(to)-315(prepare)-316(China)-315(psychologically)-316(for)-316(the)-315(development)-316(of)-315(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(clear-cut)-432(conscious)-431(nation)-432(and)-431(a)-432(powerful)-431(government)-432(as)-431(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 274.184 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 267.372 Td [(103)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(As)-371(an)-372(illustration)-372(of)-371(Dr.)-615(Sun's)-371(continued)-372(activity)-371(as)-372(a)-371(medical)-372(man,)-402(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(author)-286(begs)-285(the)-286(reader's)-285(tolerance)-286(of)-286(a)-285(short)-286(anecdote.)-357(In)-285(1920)-286(or)-286(1921,)-294(when)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(both)-297(Judge)-297(Linebarger)-297(and)-296(Sun)-297(Yat-sen)-297(were)-297(in)-297(Shanghai,)-308(and)-297(were)-297(working)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(together)-463(on)-464(the)-463(book)-464(that)-463(was)-463(to)-464(appear)-463(as)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 170.366 0 Td [(Sun)-463(Yat-sen)-464(and)-463(the)-464(Chinese)]TJ -170.366 -10.959 Td [(Republic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.876 0 Td [(,)-433(the)-396(younger)-396(son)-397(of)-396(Judge)-396(Linebarger)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 144.404 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(the)-396(brother)-396(of)-397(the)-396(present)]TJ -185.246 -10.959 Td [(author)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 22.91 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(fell)-190(ill)-191(with)-190(a)-190(rather)-191(obscure)-190(stomach)-190(disorder.)-230(The)-191(Western)-190(physicians)]TJ -31.876 -10.958 Td [(having)-290(made)-289(little)-290(or)-290(no)-289(progress)-290(in)-289(the)-290(case,)-300(Sun)-289(Yat-sen)-290(intervened)-289(with)-290(an)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(old)-338(Chinese)-338(herbal)-339(prescription,)-360(which)-338(he,)-360(a)-339(Western-trained)-338(physician,)-360(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(willing)-305(to)-306(endorse.)-416(The)-306(remedy)-305(was)-305(relatively)-306(efficacious)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 210.654 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(more)-305(so)-306(than)-305(the)]TJ -219.621 -10.959 Td [(suggestions)-398(of)-398(the)-398(European)-398(doctors.)-693(Even)-398(though)-398(Sun)-398(Yat-sen)-398(very)-398(early)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(abandoned)-272(his)-272(career)-272(of)-273(professional)-272(medical)-272(man)-272(for)-272(that)-272(of)-272(revolutionist,)-278(he)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(appears)-250(to)-250(have)-250(practised)-250(medicine)-250(intermittently)-250(throughout)-250(his)-250(life.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(104)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sun)-300(Yat-sen)-299(wrote,)-312(in)-300(Wei)-299(Yung)-300(translation,)-312(cited,)-312(p.)-399(115:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 217.299 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-300(our)-299(age)-300(of)]TJ -233.236 -10.958 Td [(scientific)-202(progress)-202(the)-202(undertaker)-201([sic!],)-212(seeks)-202(to)-202(know)-201(first)-202(before)-202(undertaking.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(This)-375(is)-375(due)-374(to)-375(the)-375(desire)-375(to)-375(forestall)-374(blunders)-375(and)-375(accidents)-375(so)-374(as)-375(to)-375(ensure)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(efficiency)-456(and)-457(economy)-456(of)-456(labor.)-869(He)-456(who)-457(is)-456(able)-456(to)-456(develop)-457(ideas)-456(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(knowledge,)-473(plans)-429(from)-429(ideas,)-473(and)-428(action)-429(from)-429(plans)-428(can)-429(be)-428(crowned)-429(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(success)-319(in)-319(any)-320(undertaking)-319(irrespective)-319(of)-319(its)-319(profoundness)-320(or)-319(the)-319(magnitude)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(labor)-250(involved.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 64.002 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+481 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 482 0 R
+/Resources 480 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 463 0 R
+>> endobj
+483 0 obj <<
+/D [481 0 R /XYZ 224.399 421.572 null]
+>> endobj
+480 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+486 0 obj <<
+/Length 4913
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(92The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(political)-299(instrument)-299(of)-299(that)-299(nation.)-397(In)-299(spite)-299(of)-299(the)-299(great)-298(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emphasis)-383(which)-382(Sun)-382(pronounced)-383(in)-382(his)-383(ideology,)-416(and)-382(in)-382(spite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-424(his)-425(many)-424(close)-425(associations)-424(with)-425(old)-424(Chinese)-424(thought,)-468(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governmental)-438(principles)-437(are)-437(in)-438(a)-437(sense)-438(diametrically)-437(opposed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-417(Confucianism.)-751(Confucius)-417(sought)-417(to)-417(establish)-417(a)-416(totalitarian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-406(of)-405(traditional)-405(controls)-406(which)-405(would)-406(perpetuate)-405(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-271(civilization)-271(regardless)-271(of)-271(the)-271(misadventures)-271(or)-270(inadequacies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-224(government.)-241(Sun)-224(Yat-sen)-224(was)-223(seeking)-224(to)-224(build)-224(a)-224(strong)-223(liberal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(protective)-279(state)-278(within)-279(the)-278(framework)-279(of)-278(an)-279(immemorial)-278(society)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-425(was)-426(largely)-425(non-political;)-513(his)-425(doctrine,)-469(which)-425(we)-425(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(call)-366(totalitarianism)-366(in)-366(reverse,)-395(tended)-366(to)-366(encourage)-365(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(freedom)-467(rather)-467(than)-467(any)-466(rigid)-467(ideological)-467(co\366rdination.)-900(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mere)-334(fact)-334(that)-334(Sun)-333(Yat-sen)-334(trusted)-334(the)-334(old)-334(Chinese)-334(ideology)-333(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-399(ordeal)-399(of)-398(free)-399(criticism)-399(is,)-436(of)-399(course,)-436(further)-399(testimony)-398(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-377(belief)-377(in)-377(the)-377(fundamental)-377(soundness)-377(of)-377(the)-377(old)-377(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.019 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(an)-318(order)-319(which)-318(needed)-319(revision)-318(and)-319(supplementation)-318(to)]TJ -33.928 -13.549 Td [(guide)-250(modern)-250(China)-250(through)-250(the)-250(perils)-250(of)-250(its)-250(destiny.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(Before)-380(passing)-380(to)-380(a)-380(brief)-380(consideration)-380(of)-380(the)-380(nature)-380(of)-380(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(society)-256(to)-257(be)-256(developed)-256(through)-257(this)-256(nationalist)-256(ideology,)-258(it)-256(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-342(interesting)-341(to)-342(note)-341(the)-341(value-scheme)-342(in)-341(the)-342(ideology.)-524(There)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-228(but)-229(one)-228(value)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 77.761 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-228(survival)-229(of)-228(the)-228(Chinese)-229(people)-228(with)-228(their)]TJ -88.67 -13.55 Td [(own)-333(civilization.)-497(All)-666(other)-332(considerations)-333(were)-333(secondary;)-373(all)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([086])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(other)-177(reforms)-177(were)-178(means)-177(and)-177(not)-177(ends.)-226(Nationalism,)-191(democracy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.276 0 Td [(min)-323(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.86 0 Td [(were)-323(each)-323(indispensable,)-341(but)-323(none)-323(was)-323(superior)]TJ -68.136 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(the)-251(supreme)-250(desideratum,)-251(Chinese)-250(survival.)-252(That)-250(this)-250(survival)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-448(a)-448(vivid)-447(problem)-448(to)-448(Sun,)-497(almost)-448(any)-448(of)-448(his)-448(lectures)-447(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(testify.)-752(Tai)-417(Chi-tao,)-459(one)-417(of)-417(the)-418(inner)-417(circle)-417(of)-417(Sun)-417(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(disciples,)-516(summarized)-462(the)-463(spirit)-462(of)-463(this)-462(nationalism)-463(when)-462(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wrote;)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 30.413 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(We)-224(are)-224(Chinese,)-230(and)-224(those)-224(things)-225(that)-224(we)-224(have)-224(to)-225(change)]TJ -35.257 -13.549 Td [(first)-502(lie)-503(in)-502(China.)-1007(But)-502(if)-503(all)-502(things)-502(in)-503(China)-502(have)-502(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worthless,)-533(if)-476(Chinese)-477(culture)-476(no)-476(longer)-477(has)-476(any)-476(significance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-379(the)-379(cultural)-379(history)-378(of)-379(the)-379(world,)-411(if)-379(the)-379(Chinese)-379(people)-378(has)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lost)-463(its)-462(power)-463(of)-462(holding)-463(its)-462(culture)-463(high,)-516(we)-462(might)-463(as)-462(well)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wait)-428(for)-429(death)-428(with)-428(bound)-429(hands)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 150.619 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(what)-428(would)-429(be)-428(the)-428(use)-429(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+485 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 486 0 R
+/Resources 484 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 463 0 R
+>> endobj
+487 0 obj <<
+/D [485 0 R /XYZ 190.777 228.732 null]
+>> endobj
+484 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+490 0 obj <<
+/Length 5490
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Consequences)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nationalist)-250(Ideology.)-5949(93)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(going)-268(on)-267(with)-268(revolution?)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 113.606 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(105)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.373 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-268(Yat-sen)-267(made)-268(concessions)-267(to)]TJ -133.822 -13.549 Td [(cosmopolitanism,)-437(which)-400(he)-399(saw)-400(as)-399(ideal)-400(to)-400(be)-399(realized)-400(in)-399(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remote)-343(future.)-527(First)-342(and)-343(last,)-365(however,)-366(he)-343(was)-342(concerned)-342(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-250(own)-250(people,)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -14.337 Td [(What)-340(was)-341(to)-340(be)-341(the)-340(nature)-340(of)-341(the)-340(society)-341(which)-340(would)-340(arise)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(from)-324(the)-324(knowledge)-323(and)-324(application)-324(of)-324(the)-323(new)-324(ideology?)-471(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(planned)-334(to)-334(introduce)-334(the)-334(idea)-334(of)-334(a)-334(race-nation)-334(into)-334(the)-334(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideology,)-440(to)-402(replace)-403(the)-402(definite)-402(but)-402(formless)-402(we-you)-402(outlook)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-239(the)-240(Chinese)-239(of)-239(old)-240(China)-239(had)-239(had)-240(toward)-239(outsiders)-239(almost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indiscriminately.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 73.637 3.959 Td [(106)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.692 -3.959 Td [(The)-327(old)-326(anti-barbarian)-327(sentiment)-327(had)-327(from)]TJ -91.329 -13.549 Td [(time)-287(to)-287(time)-286(in)-287(the)-287(past)-286(been)-287(very)-287(powerful;)-305(Sun)-287(Yat-sen)-286(called)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-400(nationalism)-400(also,)-438(not)-400(distinguishing)-401(it)-400(from)-400(the)-400(new)-400(kind)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-517(nationalism)-516(which)-517(he)-517(advocated)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.73 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-517(modern)-516(nationalism)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 116.385 0 Td [([087])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(necessarily)-448(connoting)-448(a)-447(plurality)-448(of)-448(equal)-448(nations.)-844(The)-447(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consciousness)-463(of)-463(the)-462(Chinese)-463(he)-463(wished)-463(to)-462(restore,)-516(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-339(a)-338(basis)-339(of)-339(justice)-339(and)-339(the)-338(mutual)-339(recognition)-339(by)-339(the)-338(nations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-478(each)-479(other's)-478(right)-478(to)-478(exist.)-935(But)-479(this)-478(nationalism)-478(was)-478(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-398(be)-398(a)-398(complete)-398(break)-398(with)-398(the)-398(past,)-435(for)-398(the)-397(new)-398(China)-398(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-340(continue)-340(the)-340(traditional)-340(function)-340(of)-340(old)-340(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 215.645 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-340(being)-340(the)]TJ -226.555 -13.549 Td [(teacher)-251(and)-250(protectress)-251(of)-251(Eastern)-250(Asia.)-252(It)-251(was)-251(the)-250(duty)-251(of)-250(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-329(defend)-329(the)-329(oppressed)-329(among)-329(the)-329(nations,)-349(and)-329(to)-329(smite)-329(down)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-286(Great)-286(Powers)-286(in)-286(their)-286(oppressiveness.)-358(We)-286(may)-286(suppose)-285(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-376(benevolence)-376(of)-376(the)-376(Chinese)-376(race-nation)-376(would)-376(benefit)-375(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(neighbors)-317(of)-316(China)-317(only)-316(so)-317(long)-316(as)-317(those)-316(neighbors,)-333(quickened)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-442(by)-442(nationalist)-443(resurgences,)-490(did)-442(not)-442(see)-442(something)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sinister)-250(in)-250(the)-250(benevolent)-250(manifest)-250(destiny)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -14.337 Td [(It)-305(was)-305(a)-305(matter)-305(of)-305(policy,)-319(rather)-305(than)-305(of)-305(ideology,)-319(as)-305(to)-305(what)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 153.72 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 146.824 Td [(105)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tai,)-202(cited,)-203(p.)-230(66:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 59.718 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Wir)-190(sind)-191(Chinesen,)-202(und)-191(was)-190(wir)-191(zun\344chst)-190(zu)-191(\344ndern)-190(haben)]TJ -75.655 -10.959 Td [(liegt)-209(in)-208(China.)-236(Aber)-209(wenn)-208(alle)-209(Dinge)-209(in)-208(China)-209(wertlos)-208(gewerden)-209(sind,)-217(wenn)-208(die)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(chinesische)-194(Kultur)-195(in)-194(der)-194(Kulturgeschichte)-195(der)-194(Welt)-194(keine)-194(Bedeutung)-195(mehr)-194(hat,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(und)-253(wenn)-252(das)-253(chinesische)-252(Volk)-253(die)-252(Kraft,)-254(seine)-252(Kultur)-253(hochzuhalten,)-253(verloren)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(hat,)-377(dann)-352(k\366nnen)-351(wir)-352(gleich)-351(mit)-352(gebundenen)-351(H\344nden)-352(den)-351(Tod)-352(abwarten;)-402(zu)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(welchem)-250(Zweck)-250(brauchen)-250(wir)-250(dann)-250(noch)-250(Revolution)-250(zu)-250(treiben!)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 230.58 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -230.33 -7.311 Td [(106)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(An)-419(interesting)-419(discussion)-420(of)-419(this)-419(attitude)-419(is)-419(to)-419(be)-420(found)-419(in)-419(Li)-419(Chi,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 255.225 0 Td [(The)]TJ -267.18 -10.959 Td [(Formation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(People)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 119.046 0 Td [(,)-250(Cambridge)-250(\050Massachusetts\051,)-250(1928.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+489 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 490 0 R
+/Resources 488 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 492 0 R
+>> endobj
+491 0 obj <<
+/D [489 0 R /XYZ 327.401 354.797 null]
+>> endobj
+488 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+495 0 obj <<
+/Length 5120
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(94The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-470(Chinese)-470(nation)-470(was)-470(to)-470(include.)-910(There)-470(were)-469(possibilities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-384(a)-384(conflict)-383(with)-384(the)-384(Communists)-383(over)-384(the)-384(question)-384(of)-383(Outer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Mongolia.)-969(Physically,)-550(Sun)-490(saw)-490(the)-489(Mongols)-490(as)-490(one)-490(of)-489(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(five)-359(component)-359(peoples)-359(of)-359(the)-359(Great)-359(Chung-hua)-359(Republic.)-576(At)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(another)-330(time)-331(he)-330(suggested)-331(that)-330(they)-331(might)-330(become)-330(assimilated.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-390(never)-389(urged)-390(the)-389(Mongols)-390(to)-389(separate)-390(from)-389(China)-390(and)-389(join)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-269(Soviet)-268(Union,)-274(or)-268(even)-269(continue)-269(as)-268(a)-269(completely)-268(independent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 22.724 3.959 Td [(107)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.751 -3.959 Td [(There)-329(was)-328(always)-329(the)-328(possibility)-329(of)-328(uncertainty)-329(in)-328(the)]TJ -40.475 -13.549 Td [(case)-207(of)-206(persons)-207(who)-206(were)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 110.184 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(by)-207(the)-206(five)-207(principle)-206(elements)-207(of)-206(race)]TJ -121.093 -13.55 Td [(\050according)-242(to)-242(Sun)-242(Yat-sen,)-243(blood,)-244(livelihood,)-243(language,)-243(religion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-261(mores\051)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 48.893 3.959 Td [(108)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.454 -3.959 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(members)-261(of)-261(the)-261(Chinese)-260(race-nation)-261(but)-261(did)-261(not)]TJ -72.256 -13.549 Td [(consider)-250(themselves)-250(such.)]TJ 11.956 -15.321 Td [(Chinese)-406(nationalism)-407(was)-406(to)-406(lead)-406(to)-407(cosmopolitanism.)-718(Any)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(attempt)-362(to)-361(foster)-362(cosmopolitanism)-361(before)-362(solving)-361(the)-723(national)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([088])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(problem)-357(was)-356(not)-357(only)-357(Utopian)-356(but)-357(perverse.)-570(The)-357(weakness)-356(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-306(Chinese)-307(had)-306(in)-306(great)-306(part)-306(been)-307(derived)-306(from)-306(their)-306(delusions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-331(world-order)-332(in)-331(a)-331(world)-332(that)-331(was)-331(greater)-332(than)-331(they)-331(imagined,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-346(the)-347(true)-346(solution)-346(to)-347(the)-346(Chinese)-346(question)-347(was)-346(to)-346(be)-346(found,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-304(in)-303(any)-304(vain)-303(theory)-303(for)-304(the)-303(immediate)-304(salvation)-303(of)-304(the)-303(world)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-448(a)-448(whole,)-497(but)-448(in)-448(the)-448(diligent)-448(and)-448(patriotic)-448(activities)-448(of)-447(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-308(in)-309(their)-308(own)-308(country.)-425(China)-308(was)-309(to)-308(help)-308(the)-308(oppressed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations)-396(of)-395(the)-396(earth,)-432(not)-395(the)-396(oppressed)-396(classes.)-686(China)-396(was)-395(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(help)-317(all)-317(Asia,)-333(and)-317(especially)-317(the)-317(countries)-317(which)-317(had)-316(depended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-320(China)-319(for)-320(protection,)-337(and)-320(had)-320(been)-320(failed)-319(in)-320(their)-320(hour)-319(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(need)-342(by)-342(the)-343(impotent)-342(Manchu)-342(Dynasty.)-527(China)-342(was,)-365(indeed,)-365(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seek)-324(the)-324(co\366peration)-323(of)-324(the)-324(whole)-324(world,)-342(and)-324(the)-324(promotion)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(universal)-256(peace.)-269(But)-257(China)-256(was)-256(to)-257(do)-256(all)-256(this)-256(only)-257(when)-256(she)-256(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-236(a)-236(position)-237(to)-236(be)-236(able)-236(to)-236(do)-237(so,)-238(and)-237(not)-236(in)-236(the)-236(meantime)-236(venture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forth)-250(on)-250(any)-250(splendid)-250(fantasies)-250(which)-250(would)-250(profit)-250(no)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -15.322 Td [(The)-322(survival)-321(of)-322(China)-321(was)-322(the)-321(supreme)-322(aim)-321(of)-322(Sun)-321(Yat-sen.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 109.801 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.988 Td [(107)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-354(Tsui)-355(Shu-chin,)-381(cited,)-380(pp.)-564(96-146.)-563(The)-355(work)-354(of)-355(Tsui)-354(is)-355(good)-354(for)-355(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(field)-283(covered;)-300(his)-284(discussion)-283(of)-283(the)-284(contrasting)-283(policy)-283(of)-283(the)-284(Communists)-283(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(with)-250(respect)-250(to)-250(nationalities)-250(may)-250(be)-250(regarded)-250(as)-250(reliable.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(108)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(67)-250(and)-250(following.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+494 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 495 0 R
+/Resources 493 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 492 0 R
+>> endobj
+496 0 obj <<
+/D [494 0 R /XYZ 335.08 340.263 null]
+>> endobj
+493 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+499 0 obj <<
+/Length 758
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Consequences)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nationalist)-250(Ideology.)-5949(95)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(How)-266(did)-267(he)-266(propose)-266(that)-267(China,)-270(once)-266(conscious)-267(of)-266(itself,)-270(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-406(itself)-406(to)-406(survive)-406(and)-406(go)-406(onwards)-406(to)-406(the)-406(liberation)-406(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enrichment)-228(of)-227(mankind?)-243(These)-227(are)-228(questions)-228(that)-227(he)-228(answered)-227(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-250(ideology)-250(of)-250(democracy)-250(and)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 149.062 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.42 -29.651 Td [([089])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+498 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 499 0 R
+/Resources 497 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 492 0 R
+>> endobj
+500 0 obj <<
+/D [498 0 R /XYZ 46.771 447.877 null]
+>> endobj
+497 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+501 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index21) >>
+endobj
+504 0 obj
+(Chapter III. The Theory of Democracy.)
+endobj
+505 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index22) >>
+endobj
+508 0 obj
+(Democracy in the Old World-Society.)
+endobj
+511 0 obj <<
+/Length 3211
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-273(III.)-273(The)-273(Theory)-273(of)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td [(Democracy.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -75.284 Td [(Democracy)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(World-Society.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -28.715 Td [(In)-417(describing)-418(a)-417(few)-418(of)-417(the)-418(characteristics)-417(of)-418(the)-417(old)-417(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-451(the)-450(old)-451(society)-450(which)-451(may)-450(assist)-451(the)-450(clarification)-451(of)-450(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principle)-275(of)-276(democracy,)-281(it)-276(may)-275(prove)-276(useful)-275(to)-275(enter)-276(into)-275(a)-275(brief)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(examination)-257(of)-258(what)-257(the)-258(word)-257(may)-257(mean)-258(in)-257(the)-257(West,)-260(to)-257(refer)-257(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(some)-241(of)-241(the)-242(ideas)-241(and)-241(institutions)-241(of)-241(old)-242(China)-241(that)-241(were)-241(or)-241(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-207(in)-208(accord)-207(with)-207(the)-208(Western)-207(notion)-207(of)-208(democracy,)-216(and,)-215(finally,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-290(see)-289(what)-290(connection)-289(Sun)-289(Yat-sen's)-290(theory)-289(of)-290(democracy)-289(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-182(either)-183(with)-182(the)-183(Western)-182(term)-182(or)-183(with)-182(elements)-183(in)-182(the)-182(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(background.)-410(Did)-304(Sun)-303(Yat-sen)-304(propound)-303(an)-304(entirely)-303(new)-303(theory)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-395(the)-395(foundation)-395(of)-396(his)-395(theory)-395(of)-395(democracy)-395(for)-395(the)-395(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race-nation,)-340(or)-322(did)-321(he)-322(associate)-322(several)-322(hitherto)-322(unrelated)-321(ideas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(systems)-250(to)-250(make)-250(a)-250(new)-250(whole?)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-289(European)-288(word)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 90.628 0 Td [(democracy)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.006 0 Td [(may,)-298(for)-289(the)-288(purposes)-289(of)-288(this)]TJ -153.59 -13.549 Td [(examination,)-209(be)-199(taken)-199(to)-199(have)-199(two)-199(parts)-199(to)-199(its)-199(meaning;)-216(first,)-209(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(regard)-207(to)-206(the)-207(status)-206(of)-207(individuals)-206(in)-207(society;)-221(second,)-215(with)-206(respect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-419(the)-420(allocation)-419(of)-420(political)-419(power)-420(in)-419(society.)-759(In)-419(the)-419(former)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sense,)-379(democracy)-353(may)-353(refer)-354(to)-353(an)-353(equalitarianism)-353(of)-353(status,)-379(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-325(a)-324(social)-325(mobility)-325(so)-324(easy)-325(and)-324(so)-325(general)-325(as)-324(to)-325(encourage)-324(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impression)-278(that)-279(position)-278(is)-278(a)-279(consequence)-278(of)-278(the)-279(behavior)-278(of)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual,)-421(and)-387(a)-387(fair)-387(gauge)-387(to)-386(his)-387(merit.)-661(In)-387(the)-387(latter)-387(part)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-377(meaning,)-409(democracy)-377(may)-377(refer)-377(to)-377(the)-377(identification)-376(of)-377(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governed)-259(and)-259(the)-259(governors,)-261(or)-259(to)-259(the)-259(coincidence)-259(of)-259(the)-258(actions)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+510 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 511 0 R
+/Resources 509 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 492 0 R
+>> endobj
+502 0 obj <<
+/D [510 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+506 0 obj <<
+/D [510 0 R /XYZ 93.543 410.938 null]
+>> endobj
+509 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+515 0 obj <<
+/Length 4799
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democracy)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(World-Society.)-9477(97)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-272(the)-272(governors)-272(with)-272(the)-272(wishes)-272(of)-272(the)-272(governed.)-316(Each)-272(of)-271(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 22.419 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(equalitarianism,)-312(free)-299(mobility,)-311(popular)-300(government,)-311(and)]TJ -33.328 -13.549 Td [(representative)-295(government)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 116.523 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(has)-295(been)-295(referred)-296(to)-295(as)-295(the)-295(essence)]TJ -127.432 -13.549 Td [(of)-407(democracy.)-722(One)-408(of)-407(them)-815(may)-407(lead)-407(to)-408(the)-407(discovery)-407(of)-407(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([090])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(significance)-340(for)-341(democracy)-340(relevant)-341(to)-340(the)-340(scheme)-341(of)-340(things)-340(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(old)-250(Chinese)-250(society.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(Egalitarianism)-259(and)-260(mobility)-259(were)-259(both)-260(present)-259(in)-259(old)-259(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(society.)-361(The)-287(Chinese)-287(have)-287(had)-287(neither)-287(an)-287(hereditary)-287(aristocracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equivalent)-389(to)-389(the)-389(Western,)-423(nor)-389(a)-389(caste-system)-389(resembling)-388(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-438(India)-438(or)-437(Japan,)-485(since)-438(the)-437(breakdown)-438(of)-438(the)-438(feudal)-437(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(twenty-three)-299(centuries)-300(ago.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 119.528 3.958 Td [(109)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.796 -3.958 Td [(The)-299(extra-legal)-300(egalitarianism)-299(of)]TJ -136.324 -13.55 Td [(the)-402(Chinese)-402(has)-402(been)-402(so)-402(generally)-402(remarked)-402(upon)-402(by)-402(persons)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(familiar)-432(with)-432(that)-432(nation,)-478(that)-431(further)-432(discussion)-432(of)-432(it)-432(here)-432(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(superfluous.)-247(Birth)-242(has)-241(probably)-242(counted)-241(less)-242(in)-241(China)-242(than)-241(it)-241(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(any)-250(other)-250(country)-250(in)-250(the)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(The)-243(egalitarianism)-244(of)-243(intercourse)-243(was)-243(a)-244(powerful)-243(aid)-243(to)-243(social)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(mobility.)-558(The)-353(Chinese)-352(never)-353(pretended)-353(to)-352(economic,)-378(political,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-382(intellectual)-383(equality;)-448(the)-382(mere)-382(statement)-383(of)-382(such)-382(a)-382(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-525(have)-526(been)-525(sufficient)-526(refutation)-525(of)-525(it)-526(to)-525(the)-525(members)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-475(the)-475(old)-475(society.)-926(Yet)-475(there)-475(were)-475(no)-475(gradations)-475(of)-475(weight)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(beyond)-436(educational,)-482(political,)-482(and)-436(economic)-436(distinctions,)-482(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-428(organization)-428(of)-428(the)-429(old)-428(society)-428(was)-428(such)-428(that)-428(mobility)-428(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-459(was)-459(relatively)-459(free.)-877(Movement)-459(of)-459(an)-459(individual)-459(either)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upwards)-323(or)-323(downwards)-322(in)-323(the)-323(economic,)-341(political,)-341(or)-322(academic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scale)-346(was)-346(retarded)-345(by)-346(the)-346(influence)-346(of)-345(the)-346(family,)-370(which)-345(acted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-376(a)-376(drag)-375(either)-376(way.)-627(Movement)-376(was)-376(nevertheless)-375(continuous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-268(conspicuous;)-277(a)-268(proof)-269(of)-268(this)-268(movement)-268(is)-268(to)-268(be)-268(found)-268(in)-268(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fact)-342(that)-343(there)-342(are)-343(really)-342(no)-343(supremely)-342(great)-343(families)-342(in)-342(China,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(comparable)-340(to)-340(the)-340(great)-339(names)-340(of)-340(Japan)-340(or)-340(of)-340(the)-339(Euramerican)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nations.)-397(\050The)-299(closest)-299(approximation)-299(to)-299(this)-299(is)-299(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 220.184 0 Td [(K'ung)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.235 0 Td [(family,)]TJ -249.419 -13.549 Td [(the)-305(family)-305(of)-304(Confucius;)-332(since)-305(the)-305(family)-305(is)-304(large,)-319(its)-304(eminence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-250(scarcely)-250(more)-250(than)-250(nominal)-250(and)-250(it)-250(has)-250(no)-250(political)-250(power.\051.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(109)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(above,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 41.084 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-250(Nation)-250(and)-250(State)-250(in)-250(Chinese)-250(Antiquity.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 155.163 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+514 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 515 0 R
+/Resources 513 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 492 0 R
+/Annots [ 512 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+512 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [99.811 62.854 262.936 73.974]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Section_Nation_and_State) >>
+>> endobj
+516 0 obj <<
+/D [514 0 R /XYZ 181.174 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+513 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+519 0 obj <<
+/Length 5892
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(98The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Mobility)-256(in)-256(China)-256(was)-256(fostered)-256(by)-256(the)-256(political)-255(arrangements.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-603(educational-administrative)-603(system)-603(provided)-603(a)-1205(channel)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([091])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(upwards)-294(and)-294(downwards.)-382(The)-294(government)-294(tended,)-305(for)-294(the)-294(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part,)-301(to)-290(be)-291(the)-290(way)-291(up,)-300(while)-291(the)-290(economic)-291(system)-290(was)-291(the)-290(way)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(down)-303(for)-304(prominent)-303(official)-303(families.)-410(Few)-304(families)-303(managed)-303(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(remain)-281(eminent)-281(for)-281(more)-280(than)-281(a)-281(few)-281(generations,)-289(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 233.93 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(with)-281(the)]TJ -244.839 -13.549 Td [(great)-194(size)-195(of)-194(families)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 89.368 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(there)-194(was)-195(always)-194(room)-194(at)-195(the)-194(top.)-232(If)-194(a)-194(man)]TJ -100.277 -13.549 Td [(were)-213(not)-213(advancing)-212(himself,)-221(there)-212(was)-213(always)-213(the)-213(possibility)-212(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-311(kinsman)-310(might)-311(win)-310(preferment,)-326(to)-311(the)-310(economic)-311(and)-310(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(advantage)-250(of)-250(the)-250(whole)-250(family)-250(group.)]TJ 11.956 -14.959 Td [(Social)-360(relations)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 68.774 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-360(the)-361(narrowest)-360(sense)-360(of)-361(the)-360(word)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 156.886 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(were)]TJ -259.434 -13.549 Td [(characterized)-265(by)-264(an)-264(extreme)-265(attention)-264(to)-265(form)-264(as)-265(such,)-268(and)-264(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contempt)-266(for)-266(it)-265(otherwise.)-298(Ritualism)-265(never)-266(became)-266(a)-266(chivalry)-265(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-299(cult)-299(of)-300(honor.)-397(There)-299(was)-300(always)-299(the)-299(emphasis)-299(upon)-299(propriety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-245(courtesy)-245(but,)-246(once)-245(the)-245(formalities)-245(were)-245(done)-245(with,)-246(there)-245(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(little)-275(social)-274(distinction)-275(between)-275(members)-274(of)-275(different)-274(economic,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political,)-250(or)-250(academic)-250(classes.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 129.971 3.959 Td [(110)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -118.015 -18.919 Td [(In)-411(connection)-411(with)-411(control)-411(and)-411(representation,)-451(a)-411(great)-411(deal)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(more)-491(can)-491(be)-491(said.)-973(In)-491(the)-491(first)-491(place,)-551(the)-491(relations)-491(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-311(governing)-311(ideologue)-311(in)-311(the)-311(Confucian)-311(teachings,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 232.142 3.959 Td [(111)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.012 -3.959 Td [(and)-311(the)]TJ -248.154 -13.549 Td [(governed)-205(accepters)-204(of)-205(the)-204(ideology)-205(in)-205(the)-204(Confucian)-205(system)-204(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(be)-250(discovered)-250(through)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 110.891 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.596 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -204.243 0 Td [([092])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 219.39 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 212.577 Td [(110)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-482(present)-482(state)-482(of)-482(Western)-482(knowledge)-482(of)-482(the)-482(sociology)-482(of)-483(China)-482(is)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(not)-417(sufficient)-416(to)-417(warrant)-417(reference)-416(to)-417(any)-417(authorities)-416(for)-417(the)-416(description)-417(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(egalitarianism)-156(and)-155(mobility.)-219(These)-155(matters)-156(are)-155(still)-156(on)-155(that)-156(level)-156(of)-155(unspecialized)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(knowledge)-518(where)-519(every)-518(visitor)-518(to)-519(China)-518(may)-518(observe)-519(for)-518(himself.)-1055(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bibliography)-243(on)-243(the)-243(social)-243(life)-242(of)-243(the)-243(Chinese)-243(on)-243(pp.)-247(240-242)-243(of)-243(Kenneth)-243(Scott)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Latourette,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 41.034 0 Td [(The)-208(Chinese:)-229(Their)-208(History)-208(and)-208(Culture)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 142.015 0 Td [(,)-216(New)-208(York,)-217(1934,)-216(contains)]TJ -183.049 -10.959 Td [(some)-193(of)-192(the)-193(leading)-192(titles)-192(that)-193(touch)-192(on)-193(the)-192(subject.)-231(Prof.)-231(A.)-193(R.)-192(Radcliffe-Brown)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-255(the)-255(University)-255(of)-254(Chicago)-255(informed)-255(the)-255(present)-255(author)-254(that)-255(he)-255(contemplates)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-341(planning)-342(of)-341(an)-342(extensive)-341(program)-341(of)-342(socio-anthropological)-341(field)-342(work)-341(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chinese)-397(villages)-396(which)-397(will)-397(assist)-397(considerably)-396(in)-397(the)-397(understanding)-396(of)-397(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sociology)-250(of)-250(old)-250(China.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(111)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 21.174 0 Td [(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 49.817 0 Td [(,)-501(cited,)-500(p.)-851(49,)-501(states)-450(the)-451(function)-450(of)-451(the)-450(Confucian)]TJ -82.947 -10.959 Td [(leaders)-419(quite)-419(succinctly:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 94.954 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)-756(the)-419(Confucian)-419(school)-419(advocates)-418(political)-419(and)]TJ -98.935 -10.959 Td [(social)-250(reorganization)-250(by)-250(changing)-250(the)-250(social)-250(mind)-250(through)-250(political)-250(action.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 266.472 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+518 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 519 0 R
+/Resources 517 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 492 0 R
+>> endobj
+520 0 obj <<
+/D [518 0 R /XYZ 333.669 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+521 0 obj <<
+/D [518 0 R /XYZ 93.543 228.443 null]
+>> endobj
+517 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+524 0 obj <<
+/Length 5550
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democracy)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(World-Society.)-9477(99)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(,)-440(commonly)-403(translated)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 105.394 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(music)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 26.061 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.233 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 13.477 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(harmony,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 41.509 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.233 0 Td [(plays)-402(a)]TJ -248.368 -13.549 Td [(peculiar)-443(r\364le)-442(in)-443(the)-443(Confucian)-442(teachings.)-828(It)-443(is)-442(the)-443(mass)-442(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual)-421(emotional)-421(pattern,)-463(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 148.821 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.656 0 Td [(is)-421(the)-421(behavior)-420(pattern.)-763(If)]TJ -159.477 -13.549 Td [(the)-375(people)-376(follow)-375(the)-376(proper)-375(behavior)-375(pattern,)-407(their)-375(emotional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(pattern)-269(must)-268(also)-268(be)-269(good.)-305(Consequently,)-274(the)-268(function)-269(of)-268(a)-268(truly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellent)-372(ruler)-372(was)-371(the)-372(scrutiny)-372(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 158.842 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.596 0 Td [(.)-615(If)-372(he)-372(were)-371(a)-372(man)-372(of)]TJ -179.438 -13.549 Td [(superior)-186(penetration,)-199(he)-187(should)-186(be)-186(able)-187(to)-186(feel)-186(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 212.027 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.629 0 Td [(about)-186(him,)]TJ -234.656 -13.549 Td [(and)-281(thus)-281(discover)-281(the)-281(temper)-281(of)-281(the)-281(populace,)-289(without)-280(reference)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-267(electoral)-267(machinery)-266(or)-267(any)-267(other)-267(government)-266(instrumentality.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(Y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.935 0 Td [(is)-194(to)-194(be)-194(seen)-194(in)-194(the)-194(tone)-194(of)-194(voices,)-205(in)-194(the)-194(rhythm)-194(of)-194(behavior.)]TJ -23.935 -13.549 Td [(If)-269(it)-268(is)-269(good,)-273(it)-269(will)-268(act)-269(with)-268(increasing)-269(effect)-269(upon)-268(itself.)-306(If)-268(bad,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-399(serves)-398(as)-399(a)-398(warning)-399(to)-398(the)-399(authoriti)1(es.)-696(As)-398(Prof.)-696(Hs\374)-398(says,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(For)-230(rulers)-230(and)-230(administrators)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 128.207 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.106 0 Td [(has)-230(two)-230(uses;)-237(first,)-234(it)-230(enables)]TJ -156.157 -13.549 Td [(them)-262(to)-262(ascertain)-262(the)-261(general)-262(sentiment)-262(of)-262(the)-262(people)-262(toward)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(government)-274(and)-274(political)-273(life;)-286(and)-274(second,)-279(it)-274(cultivates)-274(a)-274(type)-273(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual)-191(attitude)-191(that)-192(is)-191(most)-191(harmonious)-191(with)-191(the)-191(environment.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-228(joint)-228(work)-228(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 78.42 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.551 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.238 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.082 0 Td [(would)-228(produce)-228(social)-228(harmony)-227(and)]TJ -128.291 -13.549 Td [(social)-250(happiness)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 71.204 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-250(is)-250(the)-250(ultimate)-250(aim)-250(of)-250(the)-250(State.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 165.447 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(112)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -240.448 -21.317 Td [(Y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 24.294 0 Td [(is,)-232(however,)-231(a)-227(peculiar)-227(phenomenon,)-232(which)-227(can)-227(scarcely)]TJ -36.25 -13.55 Td [(be)-293(called)-294(either)-293(representation)-293(or)-294(control.)-380(It)-293(is)-293(an)-294(idea)-293(rooted)-293(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-265(curiously)-265(pragmatic-mystical)-265(world-view)-265(of)-265(the)-264(Confucians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-316(same)-315(world-view)-316(which)-315(elevated)-315(virtue)-316(almost)-315(to)-316(the)-315(level)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-458(a)-458(physical)-458(substance,)-510(subject)-458(to)-458(the)-458(same)-458(sort)-458(of)-458(laws)-457(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disruption)-356(or)-357(transmission.)-569(Nothing)-356(like)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 185.104 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 24.484 0 Td [(can)-356(be)-357(found)-356(in)]TJ -209.588 -13.55 Td [(Western)-257(political)-257(thought;)-261(however)-258(significant)-257(it)-257(may)-257(have)-257(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-201(China,)-211(any)-201(attempt)-201(to)-201(deal)-201(with)-201(it)-201(in)-201(a)-201(Western)-200(language)-201(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-248(more)-249(than)-248(a)-248(touch)-249(of)-248(futility,)-249(because)-248(of)-248(the)-249(great)-248(chasm)-248(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strangeness)-248(that)-247(separates)-248(the)-247(two)-248(intellectual)-248(worlds)-247(at)-248(so)-247(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(places.)]TJ 11.956 -17.359 Td [(A)-469(more)-468(concrete)-469(illustration)-469(of)-469(the)-468(old)-469(Chinese)-469(ideas)-469(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([093])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(popular)-420(control)-420(may)-421(be)-420(found)-420(in)-420(the)-420(implications)-420(of)-420(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucianism,)-250(as)-250(Hs\374)-250(renders)-250(them:)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(112)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(104.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+523 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 524 0 R
+/Resources 522 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 526 0 R
+>> endobj
+525 0 obj <<
+/D [523 0 R /XYZ 327.401 117.63 null]
+>> endobj
+522 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+529 0 obj <<
+/Length 4715
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(100The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(From)-232(the)-232(Confucian)-232(doctrine)-232(of)-232(stewardship,)-236(namely,)-235(that)-232(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(king)-275(is)-276(an)-275(ordinary)-275(person)-276(selected)-275(by)-276(God)-275(upon)-275(his)-276(merit)-275(to)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(serve)-364(as)-364(the)-364(steward)-363(of)-364(God)-364(in)-364(the)-364(control)-364(of)-363(the)-364(affairs)-364(of)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(the)-365(people)-364(for)-365(the)-364(welfare)-365(of)-364(the)-365(people,)-393(there)-365(are)-364(deduced)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(five)-384(theories)-383(of)-384(political)-384(democracy.)-651(In)-384(the)-383(first)-384(place,)-417(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(government)-445(must)-444(respect)-445(public)-444(opinion.)-834(The)-444(will)-445(of)-444(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(people)-254(is)-255(the)-254(will)-255(of)-254(God,)-256(and)-255(thus)-254(the)-255(king)-254(should)-255(obey)-254(both)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-250(will)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people)-250(and)-250(the)-250(will)-250(of)-250(God....)]TJ 14.099 -13.408 Td [(In)-217(the)-218(second)-217(place,)-224(government)-217(should)-218(be)-217(based)-217(upon)-218(the)]TJ -14.099 -12.822 Td [(consent)-250(of)-250(the)-250(governed....)]TJ 14.232 -13.409 Td [(In)-231(the)-231(third)-231(place,)-234(the)-231(people)-231(have)-231(a)-231(duty)-231(as)-231(well)-230(as)-231(a)-231(right)]TJ -14.232 -12.822 Td [(to)-253(carry)-253(on)-253(revolution)-253(as)-253(the)-252(last)-253(resort)-253(in)-253(stopping)-253(tyranny....)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Revolution)-244(is)-244(regarded)-243(as)-244(a)-244(natural)-244(blessing;)-246(it)-243(guards)-244(against)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(tyranny)-472(and)-473(promotes)-472(the)-472(vitality)-472(of)-473(the)-472(people.)-917(It)-472(is)-472(in)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(complete)-250(harmony)-250(with)-250(natural)-250(law.)]TJ 14.649 -13.409 Td [(In)-273(the)-273(fourth)-273(place,)-279(the)-273(government)-274(exists)-273(for)-273(the)-273(welfare)]TJ -14.649 -12.822 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(people.)]TJ 15.345 -13.409 Td [(In)-344(the)-343(fifth)-344(place,)-367(liberty,)-367(equality)-344(and)-344(equity)-344(should)-343(be)]TJ -15.345 -12.822 Td [(preserved.)-360(The)-286(State)-287(belong)-286(equally)-287(to)-286(all;)-305(and)-287(so)-286(hereditary)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(nobility,)-411(hereditary)-378(monarchy,)-411(and)-379(despotism)-379(are)-378(deplored.)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Confucius)-379(and)-379(his)-379(disciples)-379(seem)-378(to)-379(advocate)-379(a)-379(democracy)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(under)-380(the)-380(form)-380(of)-380(an)-380(elective)-380(monarchy)-380(or)-380(a)-380(constitutional)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(monarchy....)]TJ 16.475 -13.409 Td [(Local)-458(self-government)-459(is)-458(recognized)-458(in)-458(the)-459(Confucian)]TJ -16.475 -12.822 Td [(system)-189(of)-189(government....)-230(The)-189(Confucian)-189(theory)-189(of)-189(educational)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(election)-250(suggests)-250(the)-250(distinctly)-250(new)-250(idea)-250(of)-250(representation.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 230.102 3.615 Td [(113)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -237.783 -29.918 Td [(This)-350(summary)-349(could)-350(scarcely)-350(be)-349(improved)-350(upon)-350(although)-349(it)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(represents)-223(a)-223(considerable)-224(latitude)-223(of)-223(interpretation)-223(in)-223(the)-223(subject-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(matter)-379(of)-379(the)-378(classics.)-637(The)-379(voice)-378(of)-379(the)-379(people)-379(was)-379(the)-378(voice)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-359(God.)-576(From)-358(other)-359(political)-359(writers)-358(of)-359(antiquity)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 220.35 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(M\352ng)-359(Tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 40.872 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.771 0 Td [(,)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(Mo)-280(Ti,)-286(Han)-280(Fei)-279(Tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 83.479 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.82 0 Td [(and)-279(the)-280(Legalists,)-287(and)-279(others)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 125.893 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-280(Chinese)]TJ -229.101 -13.549 Td [(received)-463(a)-463(variety)-463(of)-463(political)-463(interpretations,)-516(none)-463(of)-463(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fostered)-220(the)-220(development)-220(of)-220(autocracy)-220(as)-220(it)-220(developed)-220(in)-220(Europe.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([094])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(113)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(195-196.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+528 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 529 0 R
+/Resources 527 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 526 0 R
+>> endobj
+530 0 obj <<
+/D [528 0 R /XYZ 93.543 84.719 null]
+>> endobj
+527 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F40 195 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+533 0 obj <<
+/Length 4560
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democracy)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Old)-250(World-Society.)-8977(101)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-439(reason)-439(for)-439(this)-439(is)-440(simple.)-817(In)-439(addition)-439(to)-439(the)-439(eventual)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(popular)-353(control)-353(of)-353(government,)-378(and)-353(the)-353(necessity)-353(for)-353(the)-352(close)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attention)-443(of)-443(the)-443(government)-443(to)-443(the)-443(wishes)-442(of)-443(the)-443(people,)-491(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(classical)-193(writers,)-204(for)-192(the)-193(most)-193(part,)-204(did)-193(not)-192(emphasize)-193(the)-192(position)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-276(government.)-326(With)-276(the)-275(increasing)-276(ideological)-275(solidarity)-276(of)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-187(world,)-199(the)-186(increasing)-187(antiquity)-186(and)-187(authority)-186(of)-186(tradition,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-225(the)-225(stability)-225(of)-225(the)-225(social)-225(system,)-230(the)-225(Chinese)-225(states)-224(withered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(away)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.019 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(never)-573(completely,)-653(but)-573(definitely)-572(more)-573(so)-573(than)-572(their)]TJ -33.928 -13.549 Td [(analogues)-230(in)-230(the)-230(West.)-243(There)-230(appeared,)-234(consequently,)-234(in)-230(China)-230(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(form)-254(of)-254(laissez-faire)-254(that)-254(surpassed)-254(that)-254(of)-254(Europe)-254(completely)-253(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thoroughness.)-248(Not)-244(only)-244(were)-244(the)-244(economic)-244(functions)-244(of)-244(the)-244(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reduced)-361(to)-362(a)-361(minimum)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 102.123 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(so)-361(was)-362(its)-361(police)-362(activity.)-584(Old)-361(China)]TJ -113.032 -13.549 Td [(operated)-253(with)-254(a)-253(government)-254(in)-253(reserve,)-254(as)-254(it)-253(were;)-255(a)-253(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-190(was)-189(nowhere)-190(nearly)-189(so)-190(important)-189(to)-190(its)-189(subjects)-190(as)-189(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(governments)-356(commonly)-355(are.)-567(The)-356(government)-355(system)-356(was)-355(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-206(in)-206(that)-206(it)-206(was)-206(rooted)-206(in)-206(a)-206(society)-206(without)-206(intransigeant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-437(lines,)-483(with)-437(a)-437(considerable)-437(degree)-437(of)-437(social)-437(mobility)-436(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-368(individual,)-398(with)-368(the)-369(total)-368(number)-368(of)-368(individuals)-368(exercising)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-422(terrific)-422(and)-421(occasionally)-422(overwhelming)-422(pressure)-422(against)-421(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(political)-372(system.)-614(And)-372(yet)-371(it)-371(was)-372(not)-371(the)-372(governmental)-371(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-526(which)-525(old)-526(China)-525(might)-526(have)-526(based)-525(its)-526(claim)-525(to)-526(be)-525(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy.)-445(It)-315(could)-315(have,)-331(had)-315(it)-315(so)-315(wished,)-331(claimed)-315(that)-315(name)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(because)-292(of)-291(the)-292(weakness)-291(or)-292(the)-292(absence)-291(of)-292(government,)-302(and)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(presence)-310(of)-311(other)-310(social)-310(organizations)-311(permitting)-310(the)-310(individual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-402(considerable)-402(amount)-402(of)-402(latent)-402(pressure)-402(to)-402(exercise)-402(upon)-402(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-250(environment.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td [(This)-739(arose)-739(from)-738(the)-739(nature)-739(of)-739(the)-739(large)-738(non-political)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(organizations)-418(which)-417(sustained)-418(Chinese)-417(civilization)-418(even)-417(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-269(did)-269(the)-269(educational-administrative)-269(authorities.)-307(It)-269(is)-268(obvious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that,)-186(in)-170(theory,)-186(a)-169(free)-170(and)-170(unassociated)-170(individual)-170(in)-170(a)-169(laissez-faire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(polity)-371(would)-372(be)-371(defenseless)-372(against)-371(extra-politically)-371(organized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persons.)-550(The)-351(equities)-700(of)-350(modern)-350(democracy)-350(lie)-350(largely)-350(in)-350(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([095])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(development)-282(of)-282(a)-282(check)-281(and)-282(balance)-282(system)-282(of)-282(pressure)-281(groups,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(affording)-247(each)-248(individual)-247(adequate)-247(means)-248(of)-247(exercising)-247(pressure)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+532 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 533 0 R
+/Resources 531 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 526 0 R
+>> endobj
+534 0 obj <<
+/D [532 0 R /XYZ 147.371 93.24 null]
+>> endobj
+531 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+537 0 obj <<
+/Length 4954
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(102The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(on)-458(behalf)-457(of)-458(his)-457(various)-458(int)1(erests.)-873(It)-457(was)-458(this)-457(function)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(development)-557(of)-556(a)-557(just)-556(statement)-557(of)-556(pressure-groups)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 243.059 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(the)-604(old)-604(Chinese)-604(world-society)-604(developed)-604(for)-604(the)-604(sufficient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(representation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(individual.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(There)-368(was)-368(no)-368(illusion)-368(of)-368(complete)-368(personal)-368(liberty.)-604(Such)-368(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(notion)-295(was)-295(scarcely)-295(thinkable.)-385(Every)-295(individual)-295(had)-295(his)-294(family,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-449(village,)-499(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 71.247 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(although)-449(this)-449(was)-449(by)-449(no)-449(means)-449(universally)]TJ -82.156 -13.549 Td [(true)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 16.964 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(his)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 16.057 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(,)-319(whether)-305(one)-305(or,)-318(less)-305(commonly,)-319(several.)-415(He)-305(was)]TJ -57.872 -13.549 Td [(never)-287(left)-287(solitary)-287(and)-287(defenseless)-287(against)-287(powerfully)-286(organized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interests.)-760(No)-419(more)-420(intimate)-420(community)-420(of)-420(interests)-420(could)-419(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discovered)-202(than)-203(that)-202(of)-203(a)-202(family,)-212(since)-202(the)-203(community)-202(of)-202(interests)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(there)-217(would)-218(verge)-217(on)-218(the)-217(total.)-239(Ancient)-218(Chinese)-217(society)-217(provided)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-389(individual)-390(with)-389(mechanisms)-389(to)-389(make)-390(his)-389(interests)-389(felt)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effective,)-250(through)-250(the)-250(family,)-250(the)-250(village,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(association.)]TJ 11.955 -15.186 Td [(In)-211(the)-211(West)-210(the)-211(line)-211(of)-211(influence)-211(runs)-210(from)-211(the)-211(individual,)-219(who)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(feels)-186(a)-187(want,)-199(to)-186(the)-187(group)-186(which)-186(assists)-187(him)-186(in)-187(expressing)-186(it,)-199(to)-186(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government,)-333(upon)-316(which)-316(the)-317(group)-316(exercises)-316(pressure,)-333(in)-316(order)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-329(the)-329(government)-329(may)-328(use)-329(its)-329(power)-329(to)-329(secure)-329(what)-329(the)-328(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(group)-248(wants)-248(from)-248(some)-248(other)-248(group.)-250(The)-248(line)-248(runs,)-248(as)-248(it)-248(were,)-248(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-358(following)-358(manner:)-466(individual-group-government-group.)-573(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-253(the)-254(group)-253(exercised)-254(its)-253(pressure)-254(for)-253(the)-254(most)-253(part)-253(directly.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-251(individual)-250(need)-251(not)-251(incorporate)-250(himself)-251(in)-251(a)-250(group)-251(to)-250(secure)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-253(recognition)-253(and)-252(fulfillment)-253(of)-253(his)-253(interests;)-254(he)-253(was)-253(by)-253(birth)-252(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(member)-250(of)-251(the)-250(group,)-251(and)-250(with)-251(the)-250(group)-251(was)-250(mobile.)-252(In)-250(a)-250(sense)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(old)-250(Chinese)-250(society)-250(was)-250(thoroughly)-250(democratic.)]TJ 11.955 -15.185 Td [(On)-482(the)-483(basis)-482(of)-482(such)-483(a)-482(background,)-541(Sun)-482(Yat-sen)-482(did)-483(not)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(believe)-309(that)-309(the)-309(Chinese)-309(had)-310(too)-309(much)-309(government,)-324(but,)-323(rather,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(too)-378(little.)-634(He)-378(did)-378(not)-378(cry)-378(for)-378(liberty;)-442(he)-378(denounced)-377(its)-378(excess)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instead.)-442(On)-314(the)-314(basis)-314(of)-314(the)-314(old)-314(social)-314(organization,)-329(which)-314(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fluid)-409(and)-408(yet)-409(stable,)-449(he)-408(sought)-409(to)-409(create)-408(a)-818(democracy)-408(which)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([096])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(would)-375(pertain)-375(to)-375(the)-375(interests)-375(of)-376(the)-375(nation)-375(as)-375(a)-375(whole,)-406(not)-375(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-433(interests)-433(of)-434(individuals)-433(or)-433(groups.)-800(These)-433(could)-433(go)-433(on)-433(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-342(traditional)-342(manner.)-526(The)-342(qualifications)-342(implicit)-342(in)-342(Sun)-342(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen's)-268(championship)-268(of)-268(democracy)-268(must)-268(be)-269(kept)-268(in)-268(mind,)-272(and)-268(his)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+536 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 537 0 R
+/Resources 535 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 526 0 R
+>> endobj
+538 0 obj <<
+/D [536 0 R /XYZ 290.736 120.339 null]
+>> endobj
+535 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+539 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index23) >>
+endobj
+542 0 obj
+(Five Justifications of a Democratic Ideology.)
+endobj
+545 0 obj <<
+/Length 3442
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Five)-250(Justifications)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Democratic)-250(Ideology.)-6171(103)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(acquaintance)-327(with)-328(the)-327(democratic)-327(techniques)-328(of)-327(the)-327(old)-327(society)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-382(allowed)-382(for.)-646(Otherwise)-382(his)-382(advocacy)-382(of)-382(the)-382(recognition)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalist)-362(rights)-361(and)-362(his)-361(neglect)-362(or)-361(denunciation)-362(of)-361(individual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberties)-325(might)-324(be)-325(taken)-325(for)-324(the)-325(dogma)-324(of)-325(a)-325(lover)-324(of)-325(tyranny)-324(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dictatorship.)]TJ 11.956 -15.585 Td [(Old)-269(China)-269(possessed)-269(a)-269(considerable)-269(degree)-269(of)-269(egalitarianism,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(of)-793(social)-793(mobility,)-929(of)-793(popular)-793(control,)-928(and)-793(of)-793(popular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(participation,)-239(through)-236(the)-236(civil)-236(service,)-239(in)-236(what)-235(little)-236(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-332(was.)-495(In)-332(addition,)-352(ideological)-332(control)-332(ensured)-332(a)-331(minimum)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-229(conflicts)-229(of)-229(interests)-229(and)-229(consequently)-229(a)-229(maximum)-229(facility)-229(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(self-expression)-340(without)-339(conflict)-340(with)-339(other)-340(individuals,)-361(groups,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-317(society)-318(as)-317(a)-317(whole.)-452(Finally,)-334(the)-317(protection)-317(and)-317(advancement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-299(individuals')-300(rights)-299(and)-299(interests)-299(were)-299(fostered)-300(by)-299(a)-299(system)-299(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(group)-302(relationships)-302(which)-302(bound)-302(virtually)-302(every)-302(individual)-302(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-244(group)-244(and)-244(left)-244(none)-244(to)-244(fall,)-245(solitary,)-245(at)-244(the)-244(mercy)-244(of)-244(others)-243(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-250(organized.)]TJ 11.956 -15.586 Td [(Why)-302(then)-303(did)-302(Sun)-303(Yat-sen)-302(advocate)-303(democracy?)-407(What)-302(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(his)-250(justifications)-250(for)-250(it,)-250(in)-250(a)-250(society)-250(already)-250(so)-250(democratic?)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -76.372 Td [(Five)-268(Justifications)-267(of)-268(a)-268(Democratic)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Ideology.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -39.442 Td [(Sun)-285(Yat-sen,)-295(realizing)-285(the)-285(inescapable)-286(necessity)-285(of)-285(nationalism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-217(not)-216(immediately)-217(turn)-217(to)-217(democracy)-216(as)-217(a)-217(necessary)-216(instrument)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-569(its)-568(promotion.)-1206(He)-569(hated)-569(the)-568(Manchus)-569(on)-569(the)-568(Dragon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Throne)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 31.506 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(human)-452(symbols)-452(of)-452(China's)-452(subjugation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 178.054 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(but)-452(at)-452(first)]TJ -231.378 -13.549 Td [(considered)-321(replacing)-322(them)-321(with)-321(a)-322(new)-321(Chinese)-321(dynasty.)-464(It)-321(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(only)-352(after)-353(he)-352(had)-353(found)-352(the)-352(heirs)-353(of)-352(the)-352(Ming)-353(dynasty)-352(and)-352(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(descendants)-923(of)-462(Confucius)-462(to)-461(be)-462(unworthy)-462(that)-461(he)-462(turned)-461(to)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([097])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+544 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 545 0 R
+/Resources 543 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 526 0 R
+>> endobj
+540 0 obj <<
+/D [544 0 R /XYZ 46.771 251.423 null]
+>> endobj
+546 0 obj <<
+/D [544 0 R /XYZ 104.52 66.142 null]
+>> endobj
+543 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+549 0 obj <<
+/Length 5960
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(104The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(republicanism)-365(and)-366(found)-365(democracy,)-394(with)-365(its)-366(many)-365(virtues.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(114)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(He)-461(early)-461(became)-462(enamored)-461(of)-461(the)-461(elective)-461(system,)-514(as)-461(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-408(the)-409(United)-408(States,)-448(as)-408(the)-409(only)-408(means)-408(of)-409(obtaining)-408(the)-408(best)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governors.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 46.353 3.958 Td [(115)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.943 -3.958 Td [(In)-304(the)-304(final)-303(stage)-304(he)-304(had)-304(departed)-304(so)-304(far)-303(from)-304(his)]TJ -63.296 -13.55 Td [(earlier)-281(way)-281(of)-281(thinking)-281(that)-281(he)-281(criticized)-281(Dr.)-343(Goodnow)-281(severely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-250(recommending)-250(the)-250(re-introduction)-250(of)-250(a)-250(monarchy)-250(in)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -28.507 Td [(Sun)-534(Yat-sen,)-604(as)-534(a)-533(good)-534(nationalist,)-604(made)-534(earnest)-533(efforts)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-617(associate)-617(his)-617(doctrines)-618(with)-617(those)-617(of)-617(the)-617(sages)-617(and)-617(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(avoid)-520(appearing)-520(as)-520(a)-521(proponent)-520(of)-520(Western)-520(civilization.)-1060(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is,)-365(consequently,)-365(not)-341(unusual)-342(to)-342(discover)-342(him)-342(citing)-341(Confucius)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(Mencius)-250(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 72.415 0 Td [(vox)-250(populi)-250(vox)-250(dei)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 79.68 0 Td [(,)-250(and)-250(saying,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -140.139 -28.507 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-268(government)-268(of)-268(Yao)-268(and)-268(Shun)-268(was)-268(monarchical)-268(in)-268(name)]TJ -16.799 -13.549 Td [(but)-188(democratic)-188(in)-187(practice,)-201(and)-187(for)-188(that)-188(reason)-188(Confucius)-187(honored)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 296.186 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 289.374 Td [(114)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Mariano)-189(Ponce,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 58.025 0 Td [(Sun)-189(Yat)-188(Sen,)-201(El)-189(fundador)-188(de)-189(la)-188(Republica)-189(de)-188(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 178.963 0 Td [(,)-201(Manila,)]TJ -248.944 -10.959 Td [(1912,)-250(p.)-250(23.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Y)-291(tampoco)-292(era)-291(posible)-291(sustituirla)-291(por)-292(otra)-291(dinast\355a)-291(nacional.)-374(S\363lo)-292(existen)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(al)-346(presente)-346(dos)-346(familias)-347(en)-346(China,)-370(de)-346(donde)-346(pod\355an)-346(salir)-347(los)-346(soberanos:)-442(uno)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(es)-404(la)-404(descendencia)-404(de)-404(la)-404(dinast\355a)-404(Ming,)-443(de)-404(que)-404(usurparon)-404(los)-404(mandch\374s)-404(el)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(trone,)-351(hace)-330(m\341s)-330(de)-331(dos)-330(siglos)-330(y)-331(medio,)-350(y)-331(la)-330(otra)-330(es)-331(la)-330(del)-331(fil\363sofo)-330(Confucio,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(cuyo)-425(descendiente)-425(lineal)-426(reconocido)-425(es)-425(el)-425(actual)-425(duque)-425(Kung.)-776(Ni)-425(en)-425(una,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ni)-356(en)-356(otra)-356(existen)-356(v\341stagos)-356(acondicionados)-356(para)-356(regir)-356(un)-356(Estado)-356(conforme)-356(\341)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(los)-326(requerimientos)-326(de)-326(los)-326(tiempos)-326(actuales.)-478(Hubo)-326(de)-326(descartarse,)-345(pues,)-345(de)-326(la)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(plataforma)-353(de)-352(la)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 63.262 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.985 0 Td [(Joven)-353(China)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 45.5 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.146 0 Td [(el)-352(pensamiento)-353(de)-352(instalar)-353(en)-352(el)-353(trono)-352(\341)-353(una)]TJ -117.893 -10.959 Td [(dinast\355a)-250(nacional.)-250(Y)-250(sin)-250(dinast\355a)-250(holgaba)-250(el)-250(trono.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.958 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(No)-313(sabemos)-314(si)-313(a\372n)-314(habiendo)-313(en)-314(las)-313(dos)-314(familias)-313(mencionados)-314(miembros)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(con)-333(condiciones)-334(suficientes)-333(para)-333(ser)-333(el)-334(Jefe)-333(supremo)-333(de)-334(un)-333(Estado)-333(moderno,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(hubiese)-250(prosperado)-250(el)-250(programa)-250(monarquico.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Lo)-235(que)-234(s\355)-235(pueda)-234(decir)-235(es)-235(que)-234(desde)-235(los)-234(primeros)-235(momentos)-235(evolucionayon)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(las)-250(ideas)-250(de)-250(Sun)-250(Yat)-250(Sen)-250(hacia)-250(el)-250(republicanismo....)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 184.779 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -172.823 -10.959 Td [(Ponce)-547(then)-547(goes)-547(on)-547(to)-547(point)-547(out)-547(Sun)-547(Yat-sen's)-547(having)-547(said)-547(that)-547(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(decentralized)-264(system)-263(of)-264(old)-264(government)-264(and)-263(the)-264(comparative)-264(autonomy)-263(of)-264(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(vice-regencies)-209(presented)-208(a)-209(background)-209(of)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 149.277 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(a)-209(sort)-208(of)-209(aristocratic)-209(republic)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 101.605 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.853 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(une)]TJ -267.683 -10.959 Td [(especie)-250(de)-250(rep\372blica)-250(aristocr\341tica)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 118.76 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -122.492 -7.394 Td [(115)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Ponce,)-440(cited,)-441(p.)-707(24.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 82.342 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)-707(la)-403(\372nica)-402(garant\355a)-402(posible,)-441(el)-402(\372nico)-403(medio)-402(por)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+548 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 549 0 R
+/Resources 547 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 526 0 R
+>> endobj
+547 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+552 0 obj <<
+/Length 6014
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Five)-250(Justifications)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Democratic)-250(Ideology.)-6171(105)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(these)-250(men.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.659 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(116)]TJ 239.522 -3.959 Td [([098])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -16.482 Td [(He)-269(considered)-269(that)-269(democracy)-269(was)-269(to)-269(the)-269(sages)-269(an)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 223.325 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(ideal)-269(that)]TJ -240.124 -13.549 Td [(could)-209(not)-209(be)-209(immediately)-208(realized,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.394 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(117)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.732 -3.959 Td [(and)-209(therefore)-209(implied)-209(that)]TJ -168.97 -13.549 Td [(modern)-388(China,)-423(in)-388(realizing)-388(democracy,)-422(was)-388(attaining)-388(an)-388(ideal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cherished)-229(by)-229(the)-229(past.)-243(Democracy,)-234(other)-229(things)-229(apart,)-233(was)-229(a)-229(filial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(duty.)-403(This)-301(argument,)-313(while)-301(persuasive)-301(in)-301(Chinese,)-314(can)-300(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-468(considered)-469(Sun)-468(Yat-sen's)-468(most)-468(important)-469(one)-468(in)-468(favor)-468(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy.)]TJ 11.956 -16.481 Td [(His)-364(most)-364(cogent)-363(and)-364(perhaps)-364(most)-364(necessary)-364(argument)-363(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(based)-406(on)-406(his)-406(conception)-406(of)-406(national)-406(liberty)-406(as)-406(opposed)-406(to)-406(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberty)-376(of)-375(the)-376(individual.)-626(He)-376(delivered)-375(a)-376(spirited)-375(denunciation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-266(those)-266(foreigners)-267(who)-266(criticized)-266(the)-266(Chinese)-266(for)-266(being)-266(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberty,)-566(and)-503(in)-503(the)-502(next)-503(breath)-503(complained)-503(that)-503(the)-502(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-541(no)-540(government,)-613(that)-541(they)-540(were)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 174.016 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(loose)-540(sand.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 51.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.739 0 Td [(\050Another)]TJ -241.248 -13.55 Td [(fashionable)-262(way)-261(of)-262(expressing)-262(this)-261(idea)-262(is)-262(by)-261(saying)-262(that)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 249.725 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(China)]TJ -254.568 -13.549 Td [(is)-399(a)-399(geographical)-399(expression.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 130.909 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(\051)-399(He)-399(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 51.643 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(If,)-436(for)-399(instance,)-436(the)]TJ -192.24 -13.549 Td [(foreigners)-364(say)-365(that)-364(China)-365(is)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 128.348 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(loose)-364(sand,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 49.728 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.609 0 Td [(what)-364(do)-365(they)-364(finally)]TJ -189.318 -13.549 Td [(mean)-260(by)-260(that)-259(expression?)-280(They)-260(mean)-259(to)-260(say)-260(that)-260(each)-259(individual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-174(free,)-189(that)-174(everybody)-175(is)-174(free,)-189(that)-174(each)-174(one)-174(takes)-174(the)-174(maximum)-174(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(liberty,)-220(and)-214(that,)-220(as)-213(a)-213(result,)-221(they)-213(are)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 157.895 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(loose)-213(sand)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 45.349 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(118)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.778 -3.959 Td [(He)-213(pointed)]TJ -232.859 -13.549 Td [(out)-334(that)-334(the)-334(Chinese)-334(had)-334(not)-334(suffered)-334(from)-334(the)-334(loose)-334(autocracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-372(the)-373(Empire,)-403(and)-372(that)-373(they)-372(had)-372(no)-373(historical)-372(justification)-372(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parroting)-226(the)-226(cry)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 74.658 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Liberty!)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 35.749 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.311 0 Td [(simply)-226(because)-226(the)-227(Westerners,)-231(who)]TJ -122.562 -13.549 Td [(had)-329(really)-328(lacked)-328(it,)-349(had)-328(cried)-329(and)-328(fought)-329(for)-328(it.)-485(He)-329(cited)-328(John)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Millar's)-345(definition)-345(of)-345(liberty,)-369(given)-345(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 171.777 0 Td [(The)-345(Progress)-345(of)-345(Science)]TJ -171.777 -13.549 Td [(Relative)-344(to)-343(Law)-344(and)-343(Government)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 148.312 0 Td [(,)-367(1787:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 36.35 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(True)-344(liberty)-343(consists)]TJ -189.505 -13.549 Td [(in)-475(this:)-699(that)-475(the)-475(liberty)-474(of)-475(each)-475(individual)-474(is)-475(limited)-475(by)-474(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(non-infringement)-365(on)-364(the)-365(liberty)-364(of)-365(others;)-422(when)-364(it)-365(invades)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberty)-421(of)-421(others,)-464(it)-420(is)-421(no)-421(longer)-421(liberty.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 182.903 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(119)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.045 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-421(Yat-sen)-421(had)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 119.471 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 110.62 Td [(excelencia)-250(para)-250(obtener)-250(los)-250(mejores)-250(gobernantes....)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 182.511 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -182.261 -7.31 Td [(116)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(234.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(117)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(235.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(118)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(255.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(119)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-282(translation,)-289(cited,)-289(p.)-345(266,)-289(note)-282(1.)-345(Father)-281(d'Elia)-282(discusses)-281(the)-282(reasons)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+551 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 552 0 R
+/Resources 550 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 554 0 R
+>> endobj
+553 0 obj <<
+/D [551 0 R /XYZ 46.771 518.077 null]
+>> endobj
+550 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+557 0 obj <<
+/Length 5869
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(106The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(himself)-370(defined)-370(liberty)-370(as)-739(follows:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 164.29 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Liberty)-370(consists)-370(in)-369(being)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -241.889 0 Td [([099])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(able)-324(to)-324(move,)-342(in)-324(having)-323(freedom)-324(of)-324(action)-324(within)-324(an)-323(organized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(group.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 28.179 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(120)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.84 -3.959 Td [(China,)-440(disorganized,)-440(had)-402(no)-403(problem)-402(of)-402(individual)]TJ -49.862 -13.549 Td [(liberty.)-246(There)-239(was,)-241(as)-238(a)-239(matter)-238(of)-239(fact,)-241(too)-238(much)-239(liberty.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 241.862 3.958 Td [(121)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.139 -3.958 Td [(What)]TJ -257.001 -13.55 Td [(the)-319(Chinese)-318(had)-319(to)-319(do)-318(was)-319(to)-319(sacrifice)-318(some)-319(of)-319(their)-318(individual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberty)-426(for)-426(the)-426(sake)-426(of)-425(the)-426(organized)-426(nation.)-778(Here)-426(we)-426(find)-425(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(curious)-267(turn)-268(of)-267(thought)-267(of)-268(which)-267(several)-267(other)-268(examples)-267(may)-267(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(found)-343(in)-343(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 58.496 0 Td [(San)-343(Min)-343(Chu)-343(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.983 0 Td [(:)-343(Sun)-343(Yat-sen)-343(has)-343(taken)-343(a)-343(doctrine)]TJ -125.479 -13.549 Td [(which)-344(in)-344(the)-345(West)-344(applies)-344(to)-344(the)-344(individual,)-368(and)-344(has)-344(applied)-344(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-325(the)-326(nation.)-476(He)-326(believes)-325(in)-326(liberty;)-363(but)-325(it)-326(is)-325(not)-326(the)-325(liberty)-325(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-392(individual)-391(which)-392(is)-391(endangered)-392(in)-391(China.)-675(It)-391(is)-392(the)-391(liberty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-411(the)-410(nation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 58.649 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-411(has)-410(been)-411(lost)-410(before)-411(foreign)-410(oppression)]TJ -69.558 -13.549 Td [(and)-430(exploitation.)-788(Consequently)-430(he)-430(preaches)-429(national)-430(and)-429(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual)-342(liberty.)-527(Individual)-342(liberty)-342(must)-342(be)-342(sacrificed)-342(for)-342(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sake)-375(of)-376(a)-375(free)-375(nation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 96.647 3.959 Td [(122)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.282 -3.959 Td [(Without)-375(discipline)-376(there)-375(is)-375(no)-376(order;)]TJ -115.929 -13.549 Td [(without)-341(order)-341(the)-340(nation)-341(is)-341(weak)-341(and)-341(oppressed.)-522(The)-341(first)-340(step)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-295(China's)-295(redemption)-295(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 110.597 0 Td [(min)-295(tsu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.313 0 Td [(,)-306(the)-295(union)-295(\050nationalism\051)-295(of)-295(the)]TJ -142.91 -13.549 Td [(people.)-470(Then)-323(comes)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 94.278 0 Td [(min)-323(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.886 0 Td [(,)-342(the)-323(power)-323(of)-323(the)-323(people.)-470(The)]TJ -143.164 -13.549 Td [(liberty)-195(of)-195(the)-195(nation)-195(is)-195(expressed)-195(through)-195(the)-195(power)-195(of)-195(the)-195(people.)]TJ 11.956 -17.819 Td [(How)-342(is)-342(the)-343(power)-342(of)-342(the)-342(people)-343(to)-342(be)-342(exercised?)-527(It)-342(is)-342(to)-342(be)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(exercised)-317(by)-318(democratic)-317(means.)-452(To)-317(Sun)-318(Yat-sen,)-334(the)-317(liberty)-317(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-219(nation)-218(and)-219(the)-218(power)-218(of)-219(the)-218(people)-219(were)-218(virtually)-219(identical.)-239(If)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-306(Chinese)-307(race)-306(gained)-307(its)-306(freedom,)-321(that)-306(freedom,)-321(exercised)-306(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-296(orderly)-296(manner,)-307(could)-296(mean)-296(only)-296(democracy.)-388(It)-296(is)-296(this)-295(close)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(association)-193(of)-193(nationalism)-192(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 118.423 0 Td [(min)-193(tsu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 31.198 0 Td [(\051)-193(and)-193(democracy)-192(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 77.186 0 Td [(min)-193(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.463 0 Td [(\051,)]TJ -274.27 -13.549 Td [(this)-199(consideration)-198(of)-199(democracy)-199(as)-198(the)-199(expression)-199(of)-198(nationalism,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-287(forms,)-296(within)-286(the)-287(framework)-287(of)-286(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 178.025 0 Td [(San)-287(Min)-286(Chu)-287(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 65.139 0 Td [(,)-287(what)-286(is)]TJ -243.164 -13.549 Td [(probably)-210(the)-210(best)-210(nationalist)-210(argument)-210(for)-210(democracy)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 230.677 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(best,)-218(that)]TJ -241.586 -13.549 Td [(is,)-250(in)-250(being)-250(most)-250(coherent)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Three)-250(Principles)-250(as)-250(a)-250(whole.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([100])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 119.284 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 110.46 Td [(which)-206(made)-206(it)-205(seem)-206(more)-206(probable)-206(that)-205(Sun)-206(was)-206(transliterating)-206(the)-205(name)-206(Millar)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(into)-250(Chinese)-250(rather)-250(than)-250(\050John)-250(Stuart\051)-250(Mill.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(120)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(256)-250(and)-250(following.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(121)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(271.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(122)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(273.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+556 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 557 0 R
+/Resources 555 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 554 0 R
+>> endobj
+558 0 obj <<
+/D [556 0 R /XYZ 212.696 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+559 0 obj <<
+/D [556 0 R /XYZ 93.543 132.15 null]
+>> endobj
+555 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+562 0 obj <<
+/Length 6064
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Five)-250(Justifications)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Democratic)-250(Ideology.)-6171(107)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(If)-441(the)-441(view)-441(of)-441(democracy)-441(just)-441(expressed)-441(be)-441(considered)-441(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(exposition)-580(of)-581(the)-580(fundamental)-581(necessity)-580(of)-580(democracy,)-663(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(third)-591(argument)-591(may)-591(be)-591(termed)-591(the)-591(dialectical)-591(or)-591(historical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(championship)-566(of)-565(democracy.)-1197(Sun)-565(Yat-sen)-565(believed)-566(in)-565(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(existence)-201(of)-200(progress,)-210(and)-201(considered)-200(that)-201(there)-200(was)-201(an)-200(inevitable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tendency)-257(toward)-257(democracy:)-265(the)-257(overthrow)-257(of)-257(the)-257(Manchus)-257(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-199(result)-199(of)-198(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 60.175 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(...)-233(world)-199(tide.)-233(That)-198(world)-199(current)-199(can)-199(be)-198(compared)]TJ -65.019 -13.549 Td [(to)-215(the)-214(course)-215(of)-214(the)-215(Yangtze)-215(or)-214(the)-215(Yellow)-214(River.)-239(The)-214(flow)-215(of)-214(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stream)-296(turns)-295(perhaps)-296(in)-296(many)-295(directions,)-307(now)-296(toward)-296(the)-295(north,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(now)-357(toward)-357(the)-357(south,)-384(but)-357(in)-357(the)-357(end)-357(flows)-357(toward)-357(the)-357(east)-356(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spite)-314(of)-313(all)-314(obstacles;)-345(nothing)-314(can)-313(stem)-314(it.)-440(In)-314(the)-313(same)-314(way)-313(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world-tide)-271(passes)-272(...;)-282(now)-271(it)-272(has)-271(arrived)-272(at)-271(democracy,)-277(and)-271(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-324(no)-324(way)-324(to)-324(stem)-324(it.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 91.924 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(123)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.989 -3.959 Td [(This)-324(belief)-324(in)-324(the)-324(inevitability)-324(as)-324(well)]TJ -112.757 -13.549 Td [(as)-348(the)-348(justice)-348(of)-348(his)-348(cause)-348(encouraged)-348(Sun,)-372(and)-348(has)-348(lent)-348(to)-348(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(movement)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.059 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-191(his)-191(followers)-191(see)-191(it)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 91.355 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(something)-191(of)-191(the)-191(impressive)]TJ -159.232 -13.549 Td [(sweep)-250(that)-250(the)-250(Communists)-250(see)-250(in)-250(their)-250(movement.)]TJ 11.956 -17.186 Td [(Sun)-200(Yat-sen)-200(did)-200(not)-200(devise)-200(any)-200(elaborate)-200(scheme)-200(of)-200(dialectical)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(materialism)-260(or)-259(economic)-260(determinism)-260(to)-260(bolster)-259(his)-260(belief)-260(in)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(irreversibility)-228(of)-228(the)-228(flow)-227(to)-228(democracy.)-243(With)-228(infinite)-227(simplicity,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-461(presented)-460(an)-461(exposition)-461(of)-461(democracy)-460(in)-461(space)-461(and)-460(time.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-378(time,)-410(he)-377(saw)-378(a)-378(change)-378(from)-378(the)-377(rule)-378(of)-378(force)-378(to)-377(theocracy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then)-398(to)-398(monarchy,)-435(and)-398(then)-398(to)-398(democracy;)-472(this)-398(change)-398(was)-397(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-308(of)-307(the)-308(progress)-307(of)-308(mankind,)-321(which)-308(to)-307(him)-308(was)-307(self-evident)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-317(inevitable.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 64.967 3.958 Td [(124)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.383 -3.958 Td [(In)-317(space)-318(he)-317(perceived)-317(that)-317(increasingly)-318(great)]TJ -82.35 -13.55 Td [(numbers)-452(of)-451(people)-452(threw)-451(off)-451(monarchical)-452(rule)-451(and)-452(turned)-451(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy.)-953(He)-484(hailed)-484(the)-484(breakdown)-485(of)-484(the)-484(great)-484(empires,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Germany)-321(and)-322(Russia,)-339(as)-321(evidence)-322(of)-321(the)-321(power)-322(of)-642(democracy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([101])]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(...)-310(if)-270(we)-270(observe)-270(\050things\051)-270(from)-270(all)-270(angles,)-275(we)-270(see)-270(that)-270(the)-270(world)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(progresses)-259(daily,)-261(and)-259(we)-259(realize)-259(that)-259(the)-259(present)-259(tide)-259(has)-259(already)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.76 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.947 Td [(123)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(242-243.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(124)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-300(translation,)-312(cited,)-313(p.)-400(223)-300(and)-300(following.)-400(Dr.)-400(Hs\374)-300(\050cited,)-313(p.)-400(263)-300(and)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(following\051)-288(translates)-289(these)-288(four)-288(epochs)-288(as)-289(following:)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 193.255 0 Td [(hung)-288(fang)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.46 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 4.913 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-288(stage)-289(of)]TJ -238.609 -10.959 Td [(the)-260(great)-261(wilderness)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 71.897 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 4.872 0 Td [(shen)-260(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.602 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 4.598 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-260(state)-260(of)-261(theocracy)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 76.713 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 4.872 0 Td [(chun)-260(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.596 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 4.598 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)]TJ -269.673 -10.959 Td [(stage)-250(of)-250(monarchy)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 66.235 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(;)-250(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 19.923 0 Td [(min)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.524 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 4.483 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-250(stage)-250(of)-250(democracy.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 85.154 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+561 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 562 0 R
+/Resources 560 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 554 0 R
+>> endobj
+563 0 obj <<
+/D [561 0 R /XYZ 273.31 162.259 null]
+>> endobj
+560 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+566 0 obj <<
+/Length 5311
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(108The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(swept)-316(into)-316(the)-316(age)-315(of)-316(democracy;)-349(and)-316(that)-316(no)-316(matter)-316(how)-315(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(drawbacks)-335(and)-335(failures)-335(may)-335(be,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 145.426 0 Td [(democracy)-335(will)-335(maintain)-335(itself)]TJ -145.426 -13.549 Td [(in)-356(the)-355(world)-356(for)-355(a)-356(long)-355(time)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 130.795 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(to)-355(come)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 35.383 0 Td [(\051.)-567(For)-355(that)-356(reason,)-381(thirty)]TJ -169.811 -13.549 Td [(years)-319(ago,)-337(we)-319(promoters)-319(of)-320(the)-319(revolution,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 193.207 0 Td [(resolved)-319(that)-320(it)-319(was)]TJ -193.207 -13.55 Td [(impossible)-250(to)-250(speak)-251(of)-250(the)-250(greatness)-250(of)-250(China)-251(or)-250(to)-250(carry)-250(out)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-250(without)-250(advocating)-250(democracy)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 182.105 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 2.728 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(125)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -177.72 -17.701 Td [(A)-438(fourth)-439(argument)-439(in)-439(favor)-438(of)-439(democracy,)-486(and)-439(one)-438(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-248(be)-248(expanded)-248(here,)-249(since)-248(it)-248(involves)-248(reference)-248(to)-248(Sun)-248(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen's)-285(practical)-286(plans)-285(for)-286(the)-285(political)-285(regeneration)-286(of)-285(China,)-294(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-322(assertion)-322(that)-322(democracy)-321(was)-322(an)-322(adjunct)-322(to)-322(appropriate)-321(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(effective)-301(public)-301(administration.)-404(Sun)-301(Yat-sen's)-301(plans)-301(concerning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-532(selection)-531(of)-532(officials)-531(in)-532(a)-532(democratic)-531(state)-532(showed)-531(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-355(believed)-355(the)-356(merging)-355(of)-355(the)-355(Chinese)-355(academic-civil)-355(service)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(technique)-422(with)-422(Western)-422(democracy)-422(would)-422(produce)-422(a)-421(paragon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(among)-250(practicable)-250(governments.)]TJ 11.956 -13.742 Td [(Fifthly)-364(and)-363(finally,)-393(Sun)-363(regarded)-364(democracy)-364(as)-364(an)-363(essential)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(modernizing)-371(force.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 84.326 3.959 Td [(126)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.137 -3.959 Td [(In)-371(the)-371(introduction)-371(of)-370(Western)-371(material)]TJ -103.463 -13.549 Td [(civilization,)-255(which)-254(was)-254(always)-254(an)-254(important)-254(consideration)-254(to)-253(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mind,)-213(he)-205(felt)-204(that)-204(a)-205(certain)-204(ideological)-204(and)-205(political)-204(change)-204(had)-204(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accompany)-307(the)-306(economic)-307(and)-306(technological)-307(revolution)-306(that)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 261.234 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)]TJ -272.143 -13.549 Td [(part)-328(natural)-328(and)-328(in)-329(part)-328(to)-328(be)-328(stimulated)-328(by)-328(nationalist)-328(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interference)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.091 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-322(to)-321(revolutionize)-322(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 110.381 0 Td [(min)-322(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.831 0 Td [(of)-322(China,)-339(the)]TJ -222.212 -13.549 Td [(economic)-492(and)-493(social)-492(welfare)-493(of)-492(the)-493(Chinese)-492(people.)-977(While)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-323(argument)-323(in)-322(favor)-323(of)-323(democracy)-322(is)-323(similar)-323(to)-323(the)-322(historical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(argument,)-343(it)-325(differs)-325(from)-324(the)-325(latter)-324(in)-325(that)-325(Sun)-324(Yat-sen)-325(saw)-324(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(technique)-369(of)-368(democracy)-368(influencing)-369(not)-368(only)-369(the)-368(political,)-398(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-206(economic)-206(and)-205(social,)-215(life)-206(of)-205(the)-206(people)-206(as)-206(well.)-235(The)-206(growth)-205(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(corporate)-219(responsibility,)-225(the)-220(development)-438(of)-219(a)-219(more)-219(rigid)-219(ethical)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([102])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(system)-461(in)-461(matters)-461(of)-461(finance,)-514(the)-461(disappearance)-461(of)-460(too)-461(strict)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-383(emphasis)-384(upon)-383(the)-383(personal)-383(element)-384(in)-383(politics)-383(\050which)-383(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clouded)-346(Chinese)-347(politics)-346(with)-346(a)-346(fog)-347(of)-346(conspiracy)-346(and)-346(intrigue)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-259(centuries\051,)-261(a)-259(trust)-259(in)-258(mathematics)-259(\050as)-259(shown)-259(in)-259(reliance)-258(upon)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.967 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(125)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(241-242.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(126)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 43.818 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(Book)-250(II,)-250(ch.)-250(2.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+565 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 566 0 R
+/Resources 564 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 554 0 R
+>> endobj
+567 0 obj <<
+/D [565 0 R /XYZ 276.18 151.961 null]
+>> endobj
+564 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+570 0 obj <<
+/Length 4919
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Five)-250(Justifications)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Democratic)-250(Ideology.)-6171(109)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-402(voting)-402(technique)-403(for)-402(ascertaining)-402(public)-402(opinion\051,)-440(and)-402(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-445(of)-445(a)-446(new)-445(kind)-445(of)-445(individual)-445(aggressiveness)-445(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(uprightness)-301(were)-302(among)-301(the)-302(changes)-301(which,)-315(necessary)-301(if)-301(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-383(to)-382(compete)-383(in)-383(the)-383(modern)-382(world,)-416(democracy)-383(might)-382(assist)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-417(effecting.)-753(While)-417(these)-417(desiderata)-418(do)-417(not)-418(seem)-417(large)-417(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(set)-394(down)-393(in)-394(the)-393(vast)-394(field)-394(of)-393(political)-394(philosophy,)-429(they)-394(are)-393(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(irritating)-509(importance)-508(in)-509(the)-508(inevitable)-508(trivalities)-509(upon)-508(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-449(much)-450(of)-449(day-to-day)-449(life)-450(depends,)-499(and)-449(would)-449(undoubtedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(improve)-276(the)-275(personal)-276(tone)-276(of)-275(Sino-Western)-276(relations.)-327(Sun)-275(never)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(divorced)-220(the)-220(theoretical)-220(aspects)-220(of)-220(his)-220(thought)-220(from)-220(the)-219(practical,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-465(has)-465(been)-465(done)-465(here)-464(for)-465(purposes)-465(of)-465(exposition,)-519(and)-464(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-323(tiniest)-323(details)-323(of)-323(everyday)-323(existence)-323(were)-323(the)-323(objects)-323(of)-322(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consideration)-268(and)-269(criticism.)-304(In)-269(itself,)-272(therefore,)-273(the)-268(modernizing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(force)-281(of)-281(democracy,)-288(as)-281(seen)-281(in)-281(Sun's)-280(theory,)-289(may)-281(not)-281(amount)-280(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(much;)-250(nevertheless,)-250(it)-250(must)-250(not)-250(be)-250(forgotten.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 194.531 3.959 Td [(127)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -182.575 -19.325 Td [(Democracy,)-229(although)-224(secondary)-224(in)-224(point)-224(of)-224(time)-224(to)-224(his)-224(theory,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(is)-338(of)-337(great)-338(importance)-338(in)-337(Sun's)-338(plans)-338(for)-337(the)-338(political)-338(nature)-337(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-373(new)-374(China.)-620(He)-373(justified)-374(democracy)-373(because)-373(it)-374(was)-373(\0501\051)-373(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obligation)-250(laid)-251(upon)-250(modern)-250(China)-251(by)-250(the)-250(sages)-251(of)-250(antiquity;)-250(\0502\051)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-320(necessary)-320(consequence)-320(of)-320(nationalism,)-337(since)-320(nationalism)-320(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(self-rule)-275(of)-276(a)-275(free)-276(people,)-281(and)-276(democracy)-275(the)-276(effectuation)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-356(self-rule,)-381(and)-356(democracy)-355(the)-356(effectuation)-355(of)-356(that)-355(self-rule;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\0503\051)-224(the)-224(government)-224(of)-224(the)-224(modern)-224(age;)-233(China,)-229(along)-224(with)-224(the)-224(rest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(the)-292(world,)-302(was)-291(drawn)-292(by)-291(the)-291(tide)-292(of)-291(progress)-292(into)-291(the)-583(age)-291(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([103])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(democratic)-373(achievement;)-435(\0504\051)-373(the)-374(political)-373(form)-373(best)-373(calculated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-283(the)-282(obtaining)-283(of)-283(good)-282(administration;)-299(and)-283(\0505\051)-283(a)-282(modernizing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(force)-410(that)-409(would)-410(stir)-410(and)-409(change)-410(the)-410(Chinese)-409(people)-410(so)-410(as)-409(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equip)-250(them)-250(for)-250(the)-250(competitions)-250(of)-250(the)-250(modern)-250(world.)]TJ 11.956 -15.366 Td [(In)-527(the)-528(lecture)-527(in)-527(which)-527(he)-528(criticized)-527(the)-527(inadequacies)-527(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(democracy)-599(as)-599(applied)-599(in)-600(the)-599(West,)-686(Sun)-599(Yat-sen)-599(made)-599(an)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 109.64 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 102.828 Td [(127)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-177(is)-177(of)-177(interest)-177(to)-178(note)-177(that)-177(the)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 104.853 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(New)-177(Life)-177(Movement)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 73.894 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.569 0 Td [(inaugurated)-177(by)-177(Chiang)]TJ -200.253 -10.959 Td [(Chieh-shih)-174(is)-174(concerned)-174(with)-174(many)-174(such)-174(petty)-174(matters)-174(such)-174(as)-174(those)-174(enumerated)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(above.)-470(Each)-323(of)-323(these)-323(small)-324(problems)-323(is)-323(in)-323(itself)-324(of)-323(little)-323(consequence;)-360(in)-323(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(aggregate)-250(they)-250(loom)-250(large.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+569 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 570 0 R
+/Resources 568 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 554 0 R
+>> endobj
+571 0 obj <<
+/D [569 0 R /XYZ 296.814 204.726 null]
+>> endobj
+568 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+572 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index24) >>
+endobj
+575 0 obj
+(The Three Natural Classes of Men.)
+endobj
+578 0 obj <<
+/Length 4270
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(110The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(interesting)-677(comment)-677(on)-676(the)-677(proletarian)-677(dictatorship)-676(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-541(recently)-540(been)-541(established)-541(in)-541(Russia.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 202.012 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Recently)-541(Russia)]TJ -206.855 -13.549 Td [(invented)-342(another)-343(form)-342(of)-342(government.)-527(That)-342(government)-342(is)-342(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(representative;)-318(it)-296(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 87.482 0 Td [(absolute)-295(popular)-296(government)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 129.468 0 Td [(.)-386(In)-296(what)-295(does)]TJ -216.95 -13.55 Td [(that)-356(absolute)-356(popular)-356(government)-357(really)-356(consist?)-568(As)-356(we)-356(know)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-407(little)-408(about)-407(it,)-447(we)-408(cannot)-407(judge)-407(it)-408(aright,)-447(but)-407(we)-407(believe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-272(this)-271(\050absolute)-272(popular)-271(government\051)-272(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 186.244 0 Td [(evidently)-272(much)-271(better)]TJ -186.244 -13.549 Td [(than)-294(a)-294(representative)-294(government)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 148.39 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(128)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.662 -3.959 Td [(He)-294(went)-294(on)-294(immediately)]TJ -171.623 -13.549 Td [(to)-204(say)-205(that)-204(the)-205(Three)-204(Principles)-204(were)-205(what)-204(China)-205(needed,)-213(and)-204(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-355(Chinese)-354(should)-355(not)-354(imitate)-355(the)-354(political)-355(systems)-354(advocated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-419(Europe)-419(and)-419(America,)-461(but)-419(should)-419(adapt)-419(democracy)-419(in)-418(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-558(way.)-1176(In)-558(view)-558(of)-559(his)-558(objection)-558(to)-559(a)-558(permanent)-558(class)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dictatorship,)-610(as)-538(opposed)-538(to)-538(a)-538(provisional)-538(party)-537(dictatorship,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-422(the)-422(very)-422(enthusiastic)-422(advocacy)-422(of)-422(democracy)-422(represented)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-437(the)-437(arguments)-437(described)-436(above,)-484(it)-437(appears)-437(unlikely)-437(in)-436(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-435(that)-435(Sun)-434(Yat-sen,)-481(had)-435(he)-435(lived)-435(beyond)-434(1925,)-481(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-323(abandoned)-323(his)-323(own)-323(plan)-323(of)-323(democracy)-323(for)-323(China)-323(in)-323(favor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.282 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(absolute)-293(popular)-293(government.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 130.917 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.038 0 Td [(The)-293(phrase)-293(was,)-303(at)-293(the)-293(time,)]TJ -156.081 -13.549 Td [(since)-240(Sun)-240(Yat-sen)-241(was)-240(seeking)-240(Russian)-240(assistance,)-242(expedient)-240(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-250(popular)-250(lecture.)-250(Its)-250(importance)-250(might)-250(easily)-250(be)-250(exaggerated.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -69.416 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Natural)-250(Classes)-250(of)-250(Men.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -35.578 Td [(Having)-151(in)-150(mind)-151(the)-151(extreme)-150(peril)-151(in)-151(which)-150(the)-151(Chinese)-150(race-nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stood,)-424(its)-388(importance)-389(in)-389(a)-389(world)-389(of)-389(Western)-389(or)-777(Western-type)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([104])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(states,)-423(and)-389(seeing)-389(nationalism)-389(as)-388(the)-389(sole)-389(means)-389(of)-388(defending)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-335(preserving)-335(China,)-356(Sun)-335(Yat-sen)-335(demanded)-335(that)-335(the)-334(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-362(be)-361(extended)-362(by)-361(the)-362(acquisition)-362(of)-361(knowledge.)-585(If)-361(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modernizing)-236(and,)-239(if)-236(a)-236(neologism)-236(be)-236(permitted,)-239(stateizing)-236(process)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(128)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(331.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+577 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 578 0 R
+/Resources 576 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 554 0 R
+>> endobj
+573 0 obj <<
+/D [577 0 R /XYZ 93.543 231.489 null]
+>> endobj
+579 0 obj <<
+/D [577 0 R /XYZ 311.164 142.197 null]
+>> endobj
+576 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+582 0 obj <<
+/Length 5041
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Natural)-250(Classes)-250(of)-250(Men.)-10172(111)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(were)-362(to)-362(succeed,)-390(it)-362(must)-362(needs)-362(be)-362(fostered)-362(by)-362(a)-362(well-prepared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(group)-250(of)-250(persons)-250(within)-250(the)-250(society.)]TJ 11.956 -13.783 Td [(In)-262(the)-262(case)-262(of)-261(the)-262(Confucian)-262(social)-262(theory,)-265(it)-262(was)-262(the)-261(scholars)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(who)-439(took)-440(the)-439(ideology)-439(from)-440(the)-439(beliefs)-439(and)-440(traditions)-439(of)-439(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(agrarian)-346(masses)-346(or)-346(whole)-346(people,)-370(rectified)-346(it,)-370(and)-346(gave)-346(it)-346(back)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-270(them.)-310(This)-270(continuous)-270(process)-270(of)-270(ideological)-270(maintenance)-269(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(means)-185(of)-186(conformity)-185(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 95.138 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(\051)-185(and,)-199(when)-185(found)-185(necessary,)-199(rectification)]TJ -101.203 -13.549 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-300(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.137 0 Td [(\051)-300(was)-299(carried)-300(on)-299(by)-300(an)-299(educational-political)-300(system)]TJ -54.77 -13.549 Td [(based)-184(upon)-184(a)-184(non-hereditary)-184(caste)-184(of)-184(academician-officials)-184(called)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(Mandarins)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.145 0 Td [(by)-299(the)-300(early)-299(Western)-299(travellers.)-398(In)-299(the)-300(case)-299(of)-299(those)]TJ -51.145 -13.549 Td [(modern)-418(Western)-417(states)-418(which)-418(base)-417(their)-418(power)-418(upon)-417(peculiar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideologies,)-190(the)-175(philosophy-imposing)-175(caste)-174(has)-175(been)-175(a)-175(more)-175(or)-174(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permanent)-312(party-)-311(or)-312(class-dictatorship.)-434(Superficially,)-327(the)-311(party-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dictatorship)-403(planned)-404(by)-403(Sun)-404(Yat-sen)-403(would)-404(seem)-403(to)-403(resemble)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(these.)-659(His)-386(theory,)-420(however,)-420(presents)-386(two)-387(bases)-386(for)-386(a)-386(class)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideologues:)-696(one)-473(theoretical,)-529(and)-473(presumably)-473(based)-473(upon)-472(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese;)-229(and)-219(one)-218(applied,)-225(which)-219(is)-218(either)-219(of)-219(his)-218(own)-219(invention)-218(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(derived)-187(from)-187(Western)-187(sources.)-229(The)-187(class)-187(of)-187(ideological)-186(reformers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proposed)-278(in)-279(what)-278(may)-279(be)-278(called)-278(the)-279(applied)-278(aspect)-279(of)-278(his)-278(theory)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-373(to)-373(be)-373(organized)-373(by)-373(means)-373(of)-373(the)-373(party-dictatorship)-373(of)-372(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Kuomintang.)-237(His)-212(other)-212(basis)-212(for)-212(finding)-212(a)-212(class)-212(of)-212(persons)-211(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence)-482(over)-483(the)-482(ideology)-482(was)-482(to)-483(be)-482(paramount)-482(was)-482(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theoretical,)-271(and)-266(deserves)-267(consideration)-266(among)-267(the)-266(more)-266(abstract)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aspects)-250(of)-250(his)-250(doctrines.)]TJ 11.956 -13.783 Td [(He)-250(hypothecated)-250(a)-250(tripartite)-250(division)-250(of)-250(men:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -23.81 Td [(Men)-454(may)-454(be)-454(divided)-454(into)-454(three)-454(classes)-454(according)-454(to)-454(their)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(innate)-324(ability)-325(or)-324(intelligence.)-473(The)-324(first)-324(class)-324(of)-325(men)-324(may)-324(be)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(called)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 26.905 0 Td [(hsien)-340(chih)-340(hsien)-340(cho)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 86.277 0 Td [(or)-340(the)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 26.973 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(geniuses.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 36.434 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.732 0 Td [(The)-340(geniuses)]TJ -188.7 -12.822 Td [(are)-278(endowed)-278(with)-556(unusual)-279(intelligence)-278(and)-278(ability.)-334(They)-278(are)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 271.387 0 Td [([105])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -271.387 -12.822 Td [(the)-212(creators)-212(of)-211(new)-212(ideas,)-219(fathers)-212(of)-212(invention,)-219(and)-212(originators)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(of)-319(new)-318(achievements.)-456(They)-318(think)-319(in)-318(terms)-319(of)-319(group)-318(welfare)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(and)-312(so)-313(they)-312(are)-312(the)-313(promoters)-312(of)-312(progress.)-437(Next)-313(are)-312(the)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 226.562 0 Td [(hou)]TJ -226.562 -12.822 Td [(chih)-383(hou)-383(cho)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 57.35 0 Td [(or)-383(the)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 27.821 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(followers.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 39.719 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 8.155 0 Td [(Being)-383(less)-383(intelligent)-383(and)]TJ -137.424 -12.822 Td [(capable)-327(than)-327(the)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 68.83 0 Td [(hsien)-327(chih)-327(hsien)-327(cho)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 82.54 0 Td [(,)-346(they)-327(do)-327(not)-327(create)-327(or)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+581 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 582 0 R
+/Resources 580 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 584 0 R
+>> endobj
+583 0 obj <<
+/D [581 0 R /XYZ 139.821 130.251 null]
+>> endobj
+580 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+587 0 obj <<
+/Length 5365
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(112The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(invent)-259(or)-259(originate,)-262(but)-259(they)-259(are)-260(good)-259(imitators)-259(and)-259(followers)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(of)-307(the)-306(first)-307(class)-306(of)-307(men.)-420(The)-307(last)-306(are)-307(the)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 167.487 0 Td [(pu)-307(chih)-306(pu)-307(cho)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 60.024 0 Td [(,)-321(or)]TJ -227.511 -12.822 Td [(the)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 14.855 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(unthinking,)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 45.211 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.182 0 Td [(whose)-284(intelligence)-284(is)-284(inferior)-285(to)-284(that)-284(of)-284(the)]TJ -71.627 -12.821 Td [(other)-347(two)-348(classes)-348(of)-347(men.)-543(These)-347(people)-348(do)-347(what)-348(the)-347(others)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(instruct)-322(them)-322(to)-322(do,)-340(but)-322(they)-322(do)-323(not)-322(think)-322(about)-322(it.)-466(In)-322(every)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(sphere)-417(of)-417(activity)-417(all)-417(three)-417(classes)-418(of)-417(men)-417(are)-417(present.)-751(In)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(politics,)-411(for)-380(example,)-411(there)-379(are)-379(the)-380(creators)-379(or)-379(inventors)-379(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(new)-203(ideas)-203(and)-203(movements,)-213(then)-203(the)-203(propagators)-203(of)-203(these)-203(ideas)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(and)-232(movements,)-236(and)-232(lastly)-232(the)-232(mass)-232(of)-233(men)-232(who)-232(are)-232(taught)-232(to)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(practice)-250(these)-250(ideas.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 79.15 3.615 Td [(129)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -86.831 -28.882 Td [(The)-286(harmony)-286(of)-286(this)-287(conception)-286(with)-286(the)-286(views)-286(of)-286(Confucius)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(is)-275(evident.)-324(Presbyter)-275(is)-275(Priest)-275(writ)-275(large;)-287(genius)-275(is)-275(another)-274(name)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-234(scholar.)-244(Sun,)-237(although)-234(bitterly)-233(opposed)-234(to)-233(the)-234(mandarinate)-233(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-219(Empire)-220(and)-219(the)-219(pseudo-Republic,)-226(could)-219(not)-219(rid)-220(himself)-219(of)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(age-old)-193(Chinese)-192(idea)-193(of)-192(a)-193(class)-193(organization)-192(on)-193(a)-192(basis)-193(of)-192(intellect)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rather)-296(than)-296(of)-296(property.)-389(He)-296(could)-296(not)-296(champion)-296(a)-296(revolutionary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(creed)-267(based)-268(upon)-267(an)-268(economic)-267(class-war)-268(which)-267(he)-268(did)-267(not)-267(think)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(existed,)-259(and)-257(which)-257(he)-257(did)-257(not)-257(wish)-257(to)-257(foster,)-258(in)-257(his)-257(own)-257(country.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-334(continued)-334(instead)-335(the)-334(consistent)-334(theory)-334(of)-334(an)-334(aristocracy)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellect,)-250(such)-250(as)-250(had)-250(controlled)-250(China)-250(before)-250(his)-250(coming.)]TJ 11.956 -13.929 Td [(The)-187(aristocracy)-186(of)-187(intellect)-186(is)-187(not)-186(to)-187(be)-186(judged,)-200(however,)-199(by)-186(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(old)-296(criteria.)-388(Under)-296(the)-296(old)-297(regime,)-307(a)-296(scholar-ruler)-296(was)-296(one)-296(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deferred)-230(to)-230(the)-230(wisdom)-231(of)-230(the)-230(ancients,)-234(who)-230(was)-230(fit)-230(to)-230(perpetuate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-279(mysteries)-278(of)-279(the)-278(written)-279(language)-278(and)-279(culture)-278(for)-279(the)-278(benefit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-230(future)-230(ages,)-234(and)-230(who)-230(was)-460(meanwhile)-230(qualified)-230(by)-230(his)-230(training)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([106])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(to)-289(assume)-289(the)-289(r\364le)-289(of)-288(counsellor)-289(and)-289(authority)-289(in)-289(society.)-367(In)-288(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(theory)-340(of)-340(Sun)-340(Yat-sen,)-363(the)-340(genius)-340(leader)-340(is)-340(not)-340(the)-340(perpetuator)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-256(the)-256(discoverer.)-268(He)-256(is)-256(the)-256(social)-256(engineer.)-268(His)-256(work)-256(is)-255(similar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-344(that)-344(of)-344(the)-344(architect)-344(who)-344(devises)-344(plans)-344(for)-344(a)-344(building)-343(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-283(to)-284(be)-283(built)-283(by)-284(workers)-283(\050the)-283(unthinking\051)-284(under)-283(the)-283(guidance)-283(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 109.64 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.828 Td [(129)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-325(translation,)-345(cited,)-344(p.)-476(352.)-476(It)-325(is)-326(interesting)-325(to)-326(note)-325(that)-325(the)-326(translation)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(by)-270(Father)-270(d'Elia)-270(gives)-270(a)-270(more)-271(literal)-270(translation)-270(of)-270(the)-270(names)-270(that)-270(Sun)-270(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(applied)-400(to)-401(these)-400(categories.)-701(He)-400(translates)-401(the)-400(Chinese)-400(terms)-401(as)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 240.541 0 Td [(pre-seeing)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.848 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -278.389 -10.959 Td [(post-seeing)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.842 0 Td [(,)-250(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 19.672 0 Td [(non-seeing)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.345 0 Td [(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+586 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 587 0 R
+/Resources 585 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 584 0 R
+>> endobj
+588 0 obj <<
+/D [586 0 R /XYZ 217.397 187.444 null]
+>> endobj
+585 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+589 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index25) >>
+endobj
+592 0 obj
+(Ch'uan and Neng)
+endobj
+595 0 obj <<
+/Length 3929
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Ch'\374an)-250(and)-250(N\352ng.)-17073(113)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(foremen)-383(\050the)-383(followers\051.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 109.237 3.959 Td [(130)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.538 -3.959 Td [(In)-383(this)-383(guise,)-417(the)-383(new)-383(intellectual)]TJ -128.775 -13.549 Td [(aristocrat)-245(is)-246(a)-245(figure)-245(more)-245(akin)-245(to)-246(the)-245(romantic)-245(Western)-245(pioneers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-275(inventors)-275(than)-274(to)-275(the)-275(serene,)-281(conservative)-275(scholars)-275(of)-274(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(past.)]TJ 11.956 -15.21 Td [(The)-195(break)-195(with)-195(Western)-195(thought)-195(comes)-195(in)-195(Sun's)-196(dist)1(inguishing)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(three)-166(permanent,)-182(natural)-165(classes)-166(of)-165(men.)-222(Though)-166(in)-165(their)-165(aptitudes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 15.542 0 Td [(hsien)-203(chih)-202(hsien)-203(cho)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 89.441 0 Td [(are)-203(more)-202(like)-203(modern)-203(engineers)-202(than)-203(like)]TJ -104.983 -13.549 Td [(archaic)-237(literary)-236(historians,)-239(they)-237(form)-236(a)-237(class)-236(that)-237(is)-236(inevitably)-236(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ruling)-315(class.)-443(To)-315(Marxism)-315(this)-314(is)-315(anathema;)-347(it)-314(would)-315(imply)-314(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-285(Communist)-284(party)-285(is)-284(merely)-284(the)-285(successor)-284(of)-285(the)-284(bourgeoisie)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-501(leading)-500(the)-501(unthinking)-501(masses)-500(about)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 183.667 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-501(more)-500(benevolent)]TJ -194.576 -13.549 Td [(successor,)-549(to)-490(be)-489(sure,)-550(but)-489(still)-490(a)-489(class)-490(distinct)-489(from)-490(the)-489(led)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proletariat)-488(of)-489(the)-488(intellect.)-965(To)-489(Western)-488(democratic)-488(thought,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(this)-488(distinction)-488(would)-488(seem)-488(at)-488(first)-488(glance)-488(to)-488(invalidate)-488(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(future)-470(advocacy)-471(of)-470(democracy.)-910(To)-471(the)-470(student)-470(interested)-470(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contrasting)-495(ideological)-495(control)-496(and)-495(political)-495(government,)-556(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tripartite)-217(division)-216(of)-217(Sun)-216(Yat-sen)-216(is)-217(significant)-216(of)-217(the)-216(redefinition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-316(modern)-316(terms,)-332(and)-316(in)-316(an)-316(even)-316(more)-316(clear-cut)-316(manner,)-333(of)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Confucian)-250(theory)-250(of)-250(scholarly)-250(leadership.)]TJ 11.956 -15.209 Td [(How)-391(were)-392(the)-391(geniuses)-392(of)-391(the)-392(Chinese)-391(resurgence)-392(to)-391(make)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(their)-191(knowledge)-190(useful)-191(to)-190(the)-191(race-nation?)-230(How)-191(could)-190(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-310(recognized)-309(with)-310(the)-309(leadership)-309(and)-310(ideological)-309(control)-310(of)-309(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(intellectual)-286(class?)-358(To)-286(what)-572(degree)-286(would)-286(such)-286(a)-286(reconciliation,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([107])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(if)-382(effected,)-415(represent)-382(a)-382(continuation,)-415(in)-382(different)-382(terms,)-415(of)-381(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(traditions)-322(and)-323(institutions)-322(of)-323(the)-322(old)-323(Chinese)-322(world?)-467(Questions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-269(as)-269(these)-269(arise)-269(from)-269(the)-269(fusion)-269(of)-269(the)-269(old)-269(traditions)-269(and)-269(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessities.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -72.985 Td [(Ch'\374an)-250(and)-250(N\352ng.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(130)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(352.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+594 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 595 0 R
+/Resources 593 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 584 0 R
+>> endobj
+596 0 obj <<
+/D [594 0 R /XYZ 167.897 216.772 null]
+>> endobj
+590 0 obj <<
+/D [594 0 R /XYZ 46.771 134.018 null]
+>> endobj
+593 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+599 0 obj <<
+/Length 6538
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(114The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-187(contrast)-186(between)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 93.959 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 31.032 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 17.788 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.244 0 Td [(is)-187(one)-186(of)-187(the)-186(few)-187(aspects)-187(of)]TJ -166.023 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-256(Yat-sen's)-256(theory)-257(of)-256(democracy)-256(which)-256(persons)-256(not)-256(interested)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-300(China)-301(may,)-312(conceivably,)-313(regard)-300(as)-301(a)-300(contribution)-300(to)-300(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(science.)-694(There)-398(is)-398(an)-398(extraordinarily)-398(large)-398(number)-398(of)-398(possible)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(translations)-578(for)-578(each)-579(of)-578(these)-578(words.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 175.441 3.959 Td [(131)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.923 -3.959 Td [(A)-578(version)-578(which)]TJ -201.364 -13.549 Td [(may)-383(prove)-383(convenient)-383(and)-383(not)-383(inaccurate,)-416(can)-383(be)-383(obtained)-383(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(translating)-401(each)-400(Chinese)-401(term)-400(according)-401(to)-400(its)-401(context.)-701(Thus,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-365(fairly)-365(clear)-364(idea)-365(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 96.829 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.975 0 Td [(may)-365(be)-365(obtained)-364(if)-365(one)-365(says)-365(that,)]TJ -129.804 -13.549 Td [(applied)-485(to)-485(the)-485(individual,)-543(it)-485(means)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 167.224 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(power,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 29.989 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.133 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 14.376 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(right,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.334 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.133 0 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.55 Td [(when)-455(applied)-455(to)-454(the)-455(exercise)-455(of)-455(political)-455(functions,)-506(it)-454(means)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(sovereignty)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.902 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.872 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.116 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(political)-278(proprietorship.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 103.327 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 7.872 0 Td [(N\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-285(applied)-277(to)-278(the)]TJ -214.806 -13.549 Td [(individual,)-373(may)-349(mean)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 101.067 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(competency)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.713 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.647 0 Td [(\050in)-349(the)-348(everyday)-349(sense)-348(of)]TJ -167.27 -13.549 Td [(the)-320(word\051,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 49.277 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(capacity)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 36.349 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.332 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.576 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(ability)-320(to)-320(administer.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 92.133 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.332 0 Td [(Applied)-320(to)-320(the)]TJ -216.686 -13.549 Td [(individual,)-393(the)-365(contrast)-364(is)-365(between)-364(the)-365(ability)-364(to)-365(have)-364(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rights)-205(in)-206(a)-205(democracy,)-214(and)-205(the)-205(ability)-206(to)-205(administer)-205(public)-205(affairs.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Applied)-359(to)-358(the)-359(nation,)-386(the)-359(contrast)-358(is)-359(between)-359(sovereignty)-358(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(administration.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 65.76 3.959 Td [(132)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -53.805 -18.694 Td [(Without)-904(this)-904(contrast,)-1068(the)-904(doctrine)-904(of)-904(the)-904(tripartite)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(classification)-235(of)-235(men)-235(might)-235(destroy)-235(all)-235(possibilities)-235(of)-235(a)-235(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy.)-1260(If)-587(the)-587(Unthinking)-586(are)-587(the)-587(majority,)-671(how)-586(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy)-458(be)-459(trusted?)-875(This)-459(contrast,)-510(furthermore,)-511(serves)-458(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(illuminate)-424(a)-423(further)-424(problem:)-597(the)-424(paradoxical)-423(necessity)-424(of)-423(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all-powerful)-250(government)-250(which)-250(the)-250(people)-250(are)-250(able)-250(to)-250(control.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([108])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -14.735 Td [(If)-595(this)-594(distinction)-595(is)-595(accepted)-595(in)-594(the)-595(establishment)-595(of)-595(a)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(democracy,)-250(what)-250(will)-250(the)-250(consequences)-250(be?)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 190.855 3.959 Td [(133)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -178.9 -18.694 Td [(In)-396(the)-395(first)-396(place,)-432(the)-396(masses)-396(who)-395(rule)-396(will)-396(not)-396(necessarily)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 164.756 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.944 Td [(131)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(348.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(132)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-303(translation,)-316(cited,)-315(p.)-408(352.)-408(Sun)-303(Yat-sen)-303(defined)-303(democracy)-302(thus:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 257.968 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)]TJ -273.905 -10.959 Td [(under)-250(a)-250(republican)-250(government,)-250(the)-250(people)-250(is)-250(sovereign.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 200.955 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -200.706 -7.31 Td [(133)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tai)-319(Chi-tao,)-337(cited,)-337(p.)-458(25,)-337(refers)-320(to)-319(this)-320(distinction)-319(as)-320(being)-319(between)-320(force)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Gewalt)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.904 0 Td [(\051)-242(and)-241(power)-242(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 47.823 0 Td [(Macht)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(\051.)-247(To)-242(the)-241(people)-242(belonged,)-243(and)-242(rightfully,)-243(the)-241(force)]TJ -99.622 -10.959 Td [(which)-376(could)-376(sanction)-376(or)-376(refuse)-376(to)-377(sanction)-376(the)-376(existence)-376(of)-376(the)-376(government)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-297(the)-297(confirmation)-297(of)-296(its)-297(policies.)-391(The)-297(government)-297(had)-296(the)-297(power)-297(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 252.494 0 Td [(Macht)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 22.909 0 Td [(\051,)]TJ -275.403 -10.959 Td [(which)-252(the)-252(people)-252(did)-253(not)-252(have,)-252(of)-253(formulating)-252(intelligent)-252(policies)-252(and)-252(carrying)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(them)-250(out)-250(in)-250(an)-250(organized)-250(manner.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+598 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 599 0 R
+/Resources 597 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 584 0 R
+>> endobj
+600 0 obj <<
+/D [598 0 R /XYZ 93.543 216.529 null]
+>> endobj
+597 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+603 0 obj <<
+/Length 4498
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Ch'\374an)-250(and)-250(N\352ng.)-17073(115)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(govern.)-245(Within)-235(the)-236(framework)-235(of)-236(a)-235(democratic)-235(constitution,)-238(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-448(be)-449(able)-448(to)-449(express)-448(their)-448(wishes,)-498(and)-449(make)-448(those)-448(wishes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(effective;)-406(but)-355(it)-354(will)-354(be)-355(impossible)-354(for)-354(them)-355(to)-354(interfere)-354(in)-354(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personnel)-374(of)-373(government,)-404(whether)-374(merely)-373(administrative)-374(or)-373(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-236(highest)-235(positions.)-245(It)-236(will)-236(be)-235(forever)-236(impossible)-235(that)-236(a)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 246.703 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(swine-)]TJ -251.547 -13.549 Td [(representative)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 61.189 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.236 0 Td [(should)-311(be)-311(elected,)-326(or)-311(that)-311(one)-311(of)-311(those)-311(transient)]TJ -69.425 -13.549 Td [(epochs)-407(of)-407(carpet-baggery,)-446(which)-407(appear)-407(from)-407(time)-407(to)-407(time)-407(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-302(Western)-301(democracies,)-315(should)-302(corrupt)-302(the)-301(government.)-405(By)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(means)-382(of)-381(the)-381(popular)-382(rights)-381(of)-382(initiative,)-414(referendum,)-414(election)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-251(recall,)-250(the)-251(people)-250(will)-251(be)-251(able)-250(to)-251(control)-250(their)-251(government)-250(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-253(broad)-253(sweep)-253(of)-253(policy.)-258(The)-253(government)-253(will)-253(be)-253(beyond)-252(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reach)-233(insofar)-234(as)-233(petty)-233(political)-233(interference,)-237(leading)-233(to)-233(inferiority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-250(corruption,)-250(is)-250(concerned.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(In)-187(the)-187(second)-188(place,)-199(the)-188(benefits)-187(of)-187(aristocracy)-187(will)-187(be)-187(obtained)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(without)-484(its)-484(cost.)-953(The)-484(government)-484(will)-484(be)-484(made)-484(up)-484(of)-484(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(especially)-382(fit)-381(and)-382(trained)-382(to)-382(govern.)-645(There)-381(will,)-415(hence,)-415(be)-381(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difficulty)-175(in)-176(permitting)-175(the)-175(government)-176(to)-175(become)-175(extraordinarily)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(powerful)-164(in)-164(contrast)-163(with)-164(Western)-164(governments.)-221(Since)-164(the)-163(masses)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-286(be)-286(able)-286(to)-287(choose)-286(between)-286(a)-286(wide)-286(selection)-286(of)-286(able)-286(leaders,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(democracy)-250(will)-250(be)-250(safeguarded.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(Sun)-424(Yat-sen)-425(regarded)-424(this)-424(as)-425(one)-424(of)-424(the)-425(cardinal)-424(points)-424(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(his)-433(doctrines.)-801(In)-433(retaining)-433(the)-434(old)-433(Chinese)-433(idea)-434(of)-433(a)-433(scholar)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-358(and)-358(simultaneously)-358(admitting)-358(Western)-358(elective)-358(and)-357(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-275(techniques,)-282(he)-275(believed)-275(that)-275(he)-551(had)-275(found)-275(a)-275(scheme)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([109])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(which)-337(surpassed)-336(all)-337(others.)-509(He)-336(saw)-337(the)-336(people)-337(as)-336(stockholders)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-377(a)-377(company,)-409(and)-378(the)-377(administrators)-377(as)-377(directors;)-441(he)-377(saw)-377(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-275(as)-275(the)-275(owner)-275(of)-275(an)-275(automobile,)-281(and)-275(the)-275(administrators)-275(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(chauffeur.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(A)-413(further)-412(consequence)-413(of)-413(this)-413(difference)-413(between)-413(the)-412(right)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-425(voting)-425(and)-425(the)-425(right)-425(of)-425(being)-425(voted)-425(for,)-469(but)-425(one)-424(to)-425(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-232(Yat-sen)-232(did)-231(not)-232(refer,)-235(necessarily)-232(arises)-232(from)-232(his)-231(postulation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-362(a)-362(class)-361(of)-362(geniuses)-362(leading)-362(their)-361(followers,)-390(who)-362(control)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unthinking)-361(masses.)-585(That)-361(is)-361(the)-362(continuity)-361(which)-362(such)-361(a)-361(group)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-414(ideological)-415(controllers)-414(would)-415(impart)-414(to)-415(a)-414(democracy.)-743(Sun)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+602 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 603 0 R
+/Resources 601 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 584 0 R
+>> endobj
+604 0 obj <<
+/D [602 0 R /XYZ 236.628 203.271 null]
+>> endobj
+601 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+605 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index26) >>
+endobj
+608 0 obj
+(The Democratic Machine State.)
+endobj
+611 0 obj <<
+/Length 3971
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(116The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Yat-sen,)-213(addressing)-203(Chinese,)-213(took)-203(the)-203(Chinese)-204(world)-203(for)-203(granted.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-229(Westerner,)-233(unmindful)-229(of)-229(the)-229(background,)-233(might)-229(well)-228(overlook)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-243(comparatively)-243(simple)-242(points.)-248(The)-243(old)-242(system,)-245(under)-242(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-438(Empire)-437(was)-438(a)-438(sort)-437(of)-438(educational)-438(system,)-484(was)-438(a)-437(familiar)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(feature)-321(in)-322(the)-321(politics)-321(which)-322(Sun)-321(Yat-sen)-321(criticized.)-464(In)-321(arguing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-384(the)-383(political)-384(acceptance)-384(of)-384(inequality)-383(and)-384(the)-384(guarantee)-383(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-307(by)-308(a)-307(select)-308(group,)-321(Sun)-308(was)-307(continuing)-308(the)-307(old)-307(idea)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-334(leadership,)-356(modifying)-334(it)-334(only)-335(so)-334(far)-334(as)-335(to)-334(make)-334(it)-334(consistent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-337(democracy.)-511(Under)-337(the)-337(system)-337(he)-338(proposed,)-358(the)-337(two)-337(great)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(defects)-328(of)-327(democracy,)-347(untrustworthiness)-328(and)-327(lack)-328(of)-327(continuity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(policy,)-250(would)-250(be)-250(largely)-250(eliminated.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -61.464 Td [(The)-250(Democratic)-250(Machine)-250(State.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.159 Td [(Throughout)-327(pre-modern)-327(Chinese)-328(thought)-327(there)-327(runs)-327(the)-327(idea)-327(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personal)-276(behavior)-275(and)-276(personal)-276(controls.)-327(The)-275(Chinese)-276(could)-275(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hypostatize)-245(in)-245(the)-246(manner)-245(of)-245(the)-245(West.)-249(Looking)-245(at)-245(men)-245(they)-245(saw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men)-194(and)-194(nothing)-193(more.)-232(Considering)-193(the)-194(problems)-194(and)-193(difficulties)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-317(men)-316(encountered,)-333(they)-317(sought)-316(solutions)-317(in)-316(terms)-317(of)-316(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-396(the)-397(conditioning)-396(intimacies)-396(of)-397(each)-396(individual's)-396(life.)-689(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucian)-317(Prince)-318(was)-317(not)-317(so)-317(much)-317(an)-318(administrator)-317(as)-317(a)-317(moral)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(leader;)-417(his)-362(influence,)-390(ext)1(ending)-362(itself)-362(through)-361(imitation)-362(on)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-318(of)-318(others,)-336(was)-318(personal)-318(and)-318(social)-318(rather)-319(than)-636(political.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(134)]TJ -340.932 -3.959 Td [([110])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(In)-389(succeeding)-389(ages,)-423(the)-389(scholars)-389(thought)-389(of)-389(themselves)-389(as)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leaven)-214(of)-214(virtue)-214(in)-214(society.)-238(They)-214(stressed)-214(deportment)-214(and)-214(sought,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-407(too)-406(frequently)-407(by)-406(means)-407(of)-407(petty)-406(formalities,)-446(to)-406(impress)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(their)-251(own)-251(excellence)-251(and)-251(pre-eminence)-251(upon)-251(the)-251(people.)-252(Rarely,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(if)-233(ever,)-236(did)-232(the)-233(scholar-official)-233(appeal)-232(to)-233(formal)-233(political)-232(law.)-244(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-284(more)-284(likely)-284(to)-284(invoke)-284(propriety)-284(and)-284(proceed)-284(to)-284(exercise)-284(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(authority)-250(theoretically)-250(in)-250(accordance)-250(with)-250(it.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(134)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Liang)-250(Chi-ch'ao,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(50-52.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+610 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 611 0 R
+/Resources 609 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 584 0 R
+>> endobj
+606 0 obj <<
+/D [610 0 R /XYZ 93.543 356.966 null]
+>> endobj
+612 0 obj <<
+/D [610 0 R /XYZ 319.762 181.666 null]
+>> endobj
+609 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+615 0 obj <<
+/Length 5104
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Democratic)-250(Machine)-250(State.)-11505(117)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-263(Yat-sen)-263(did)-264(not)-263(feel)-263(that)-263(further)-264(appeal)-263(to)-263(the)-263(intellectual)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(leaders)-415(was)-414(necessary.)-744(In)-414(an)-415(environment)-414(still)-415(dominated)-414(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-431(past,)-476(an)-431(exhortation)-431(for)-431(the)-431(traditional)-431(personal)-431(aspect)-430(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leadership)-509(would)-509(probably)-510(have)-509(appeared)-509(as)-509(a)-509(centuries-old)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(triteness.)-510(The)-337(far-seeing)-336(men,)-359(the)-336(geniuses)-337(that)-337(Sun)-336(saw)-337(in)-336(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society,)-326(owed)-310(their)-311(superiority)-310(not)-311(to)-310(artificial)-311(inequality)-310(but)-310(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-163(inequality;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.742 3.959 Td [(135)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.548 -3.959 Td [(by)-163(their)-163(ability)-163(they)-163(were)-163(outstanding.)-221(Laws)]TJ -93.29 -13.549 Td [(and)-317(customs)-316(could)-317(outrage)-317(this)-316(natural)-317(inequality,)-333(or)-317(conceal)-316(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(behind)-291(a)-291(legal)-291(facade)-291(of)-291(artificial)-291(inequality)-291(or)-291(equally)-291(artificial)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(equality.)-233(Laws)-200(and)-199(customs)-200(do)-199(not)-200(change)-199(the)-200(facts.)-233(The)-199(superior)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man)-250(was)-250(innately)-250(the)-250(superior)-250(man.)]TJ 11.956 -13.695 Td [(Nevertheless,)-215(the)-206(geniuses)-207(of)-206(the)-206(Chinese)-207(revolution)-206(could)-206(not)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(rely)-396(upon)-395(the)-396(loose)-396(and)-396(personal)-395(system)-396(of)-396(influence)-395(hitherto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(trusted.)-347(To)-283(organize)-282(Chinese)-283(nationalism,)-291(to)-282(give)-283(it)-282(direction)-282(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well)-384(as)-385(force,)-418(the)-384(power)-385(of)-384(the)-384(people)-385(must)-384(be)-385(run)-384(through)-384(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(machine)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 36.96 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(the)-250(State.)]TJ -35.914 -13.695 Td [(A)-524(distinction)-524(must)-525(be)-524(made)-525(here.)-1073(The)-524(term)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 219.3 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(machine,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 39.688 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.787 -13.549 Td [(applied)-321(to)-322(government,)-339(was)-321(itself)-321(a)-322(neologism)-321(introduced)-321(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(Japanese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 58.048 3.959 Td [(136)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.656 -3.959 Td [(Not)-295(only)-295(was)-295(the)-295(word)-295(but)-295(the)-295(thing)-296(itself)-295(was)]TJ -74.704 -13.549 Td [(alien)-212(to)-212(the)-212(Chinese,)-219(since)-212(the)-212(same)-212(term)-212(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 181.273 0 Td [(ch'i)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.665 0 Td [(\051)-212(meant)-212(machinery,)]TJ -196.938 -13.549 Td [(tool,)-311(or)-298(instrument.)-396(The)-299(introduction)-298(of)-299(the)-298(view)-299(of)-298(the)-299(state)-298(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-263(machine)-263(does)-263(not)-263(imply)-263(that)-526(Sun)-263(Yat-sen)-263(wished)-263(to)-263(introduce)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([111])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(a)-248(specific)-247(form)-248(of)-248(Western)-248(state-machine)-247(into)-248(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 227.956 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-248(will)-247(be)]TJ -238.865 -13.549 Td [(later)-266(explained)-266(\050in)-267(the)-266(pages)-266(which)-267(concern)-266(themselves)-266(with)-266(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applied)-250(political)-250(science)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen\051.)]TJ 11.955 -13.695 Td [(Sun)-165(was)-166(careful,)-182(moreover,)-182(to)-166(explain)-165(that)-166(his)-165(analogy)-166(bet)1(ween)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(industrial)-501(machinery)-501(and)-501(political)-501(machinery)-501(was)-500(merely)-501(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(analogy.)-319(He)-272(said,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.779 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-273(machinery)-273(of)-273(the)-273(government)-272(is)-273(entirely)]TJ -84.623 -13.549 Td [(composed)-341(of)-341(human)-342(beings.)-523(All)-342(its)-341(motions)-341(are)-341(brought)-341(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-332(men)-333(and)-332(not)-332(by)-333(material)-332(objects.)-497(Therefore,)-353(there)-333(is)-332(a)-332(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-328(difference)-327(between)-328(the)-328(machinery)-327(of)-328(the)-328(government)-327(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(manufacturing)-275(machine)-276(...)-327(the)-276(machinery)-276(of)-276(the)-275(government)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.967 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.071 Td [(135)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(279)-250(and)-250(following.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(136)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(368.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+614 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 615 0 R
+/Resources 613 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 617 0 R
+>> endobj
+616 0 obj <<
+/D [614 0 R /XYZ 181.556 233.35 null]
+>> endobj
+613 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+620 0 obj <<
+/Length 5867
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(118The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(is)-258(moved)-258(by)-258(human)-258(agency)-258(whereas)-258(the)-258(manufacturing)-257(machine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-250(set)-250(in)-250(motion)-250(by)-250(material)-250(forces.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 151.2 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(137)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -144.088 -18.918 Td [(Even)-235(after)-234(allowance)-235(has)-234(been)-235(made)-235(for)-234(the)-235(fact)-234(that)-235(Sun)-234(Yat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(sen)-338(did)-337(not)-338(desire)-337(to)-338(import)-337(Western)-338(governmental)-337(machinery,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nor)-473(even)-473(to)-472(stress)-473(the)-473(machine)-473(and)-473(state)-472(analogy)-473(too)-473(far,)-528(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-556(remains)-556(extraordinarily)-557(significant)-556(that)-556(he)-556(should)-556(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impressed)-488(upon)-489(his)-488(followers)-488(the)-488(necessity)-489(of)-488(what)-488(may)-488(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(called)-307(a)-306(mechanical)-307(rather)-306(than)-307(an)-307(organic)-306(type)-307(of)-306(government.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-315(administrative)-315(machine)-315(of)-316(the)-315(Ch'ing)-315(dynasty,)-331(insofar)-315(as)-315(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-285(a)-285(machine)-285(at)-286(all,)-294(was)-285(a)-285(chaotic)-285(mass)-285(of)-285(political)-285(authorities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(melting)-426(vaguely)-426(into)-426(the)-425(social)-426(system.)-778(Sun's)-426(desire)-426(to)-425(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-527(clear-cut)-527(machine)-527(of)-528(government,)-596(while)-527(not)-527(of)-527(supreme)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([112])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(importance)-274(in)-275(his)-274(ideological)-275(projects,)-280(was)-275(of)-274(great)-274(significance)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-208(his)-207(practical)-208(proposal.)-236(In)-208(his)-207(theory)-208(the)-207(state)-208(machine)-208(bears)-207(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-297(resemblance)-297(to)-298(the)-297(old)-297(government)-297(that)-297(the)-297(Chinese)-297(race-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation)-216(bears)-216(to)-215(the)-216(now)-216(somewhat)-216(ambiguous)-216(civilized)-215(humanity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-262(the)-262(Confucians.)-287(In)-262(both)-262(instances)-263(he)-262(was)-262(seeking)-262(sharper)-262(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-250(distinct)-250(lines)-250(of)-250(demarcation.)]TJ 11.956 -14.96 Td [(In)-453(putting)-452(forth)-453(his)-453(proposals)-453(for)-452(the)-453(reconstitution)-453(of)-452(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-425(government)-425(he)-424(was)-425(thinking,)-468(in)-425(speaking)-425(of)-425(a)-424(state-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(machine,)-268(of)-264(the)-264(more)-264(or)-265(less)-264(clearly)-264(understood)-264(juristic)-264(states)-264(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-350(West.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.298 3.958 Td [(138)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.463 -3.958 Td [(His)-350(concrete)-351(proposals)-350(dealing)-350(with)-350(the)-351(minutiae)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 219.39 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 212.577 Td [(137)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-315(translation,)-330(cited,)-331(pp.)-444(368-9.)-444(Dr.)-444(Wou)-315(Saofong,)-331(in)-314(his)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 225.504 0 Td [(Sun)-315(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -237.46 -10.958 Td [(\050Paris,)-445(1929\051,)-444(summarizes)-406(his)-406(thesis)-405(of)-406(Sun)-406(Yat-sen)-406(in)-405(somewhat)-406(different)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(terms:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 26.086 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)-489(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-330(compare,)-350(le)-329(gouvernement)-330(\340)-329(un)-330(appareil)-330(m\351canique,)]TJ -30.067 -10.959 Td [(dont)-246(le)-247(moteur)-246(est)-246(constitu\351)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 101.197 0 Td [(par)-246(les)-247(lois)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.996 0 Td [(ou)-246(les)-247(ministres,)-247(tandis)-246(que)-246(l'ing\351nieur)]TJ -143.193 -10.959 Td [(que)-336(dirige)-336(la)-336(machine)-336(\351tait)-336(autrefois)-336(le)-336(roi)-336(et)-336(aujourd'hui)-336(le)-336(peuple,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 246.665 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.994 0 Td [(p.)-508(124.)]TJ -253.659 -10.959 Td [(\050Italics)-375(mine.\051)-627(This)-375(suggestion)-376(that)-375(the)-376(state-machine,)-406(in)-376(the)-375(theory)-376(of)-375(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen,)-282(is)-276(composed)-276(of)-276(laws)-276(as)-276(well)-276(as)-276(men)-276(is)-276(quite)-276(interesting;)-289(Sun)-276(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(himself)-352(does)-351(not)-352(seem)-352(to)-351(have)-352(used)-352(this)-351(figure)-352(of)-352(speech)-351(and)-352(it)-352(may)-351(be)-352(Dr.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Wou's)-316(applying)-315(the)-316(juristic)-315(interpretation)-316(on)-315(his)-316(own)-315(initiative.)-447(Sun)-315(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-380(his)-381(sixth)-380(lecture)-380(on)-380(democracy,)-413(says,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 151.953 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Statesmen)-380(and)-381(lawyers)-380(of)-380(Europe)]TJ -155.934 -10.959 Td [(and)-257(America)-257(say)-257(that)-256(government)-257(is)-257(a)-257(machine)-257(of)-257(which)-257(law)-256(is)-257(a)-257(tool.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 250.818 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.284 0 Td [(\050d'Elia)]TJ -257.102 -10.958 Td [(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(368.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(138)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-315(must)-316(always)-315(remain)-316(one)-315(of)-316(those)-315(conjectures)-315(upon)-316(which)-315(scholars)-316(may)]TJ -11.955 -10.959 Td [(expend)-257(their)-257(fantasy)-256(what)-257(Sun)-257(Yat-sen)-257(would)-256(have)-257(thought)-257(of)-257(the)-256(necessity)-257(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+619 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 620 0 R
+/Resources 618 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 617 0 R
+>> endobj
+621 0 obj <<
+/D [619 0 R /XYZ 374.173 367.724 null]
+>> endobj
+618 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+624 0 obj <<
+/Length 5004
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Democratic)-250(Machine)-250(State.)-11505(119)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-266(administrative)-266(organization,)-269(his)-266(emphasis)-266(on)-266(constitution)-265(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(law,)-306(and)-295(his)-295(interest)-295(in)-295(the)-295(exact)-295(allocation)-295(of)-295(control)-295(all)-294(testify)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-308(his)-309(complete)-308(acceptance)-309(of)-308(a)-309(sharply)-308(delimited)-309(state.)-425(On)-308(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-329(hand,)-349(he)-330(was)-329(extraordinary)-329(for)-329(his)-330(time)-329(in)-329(demanding)-329(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unusual)-368(extent,)-398(both)-368(qualitative)-369(and)-368(quantitative,)-398(of)-368(power)-368(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-362(state)-361(which)-362(he)-362(wished)-361(to)-362(hammer)-361(out)-362(on)-362(the)-361(forges)-362(of)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalist)-250(social)-250(and)-250(political)-250(revolution.)]TJ 11.956 -15.243 Td [(In)-266(summarizing)-266(this)-267(description)-266(of)-266(the)-266(instrument)-266(with)-266(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-297(Yat-sen)-297(hoped)-297(to)-297(organize)-297(the)-297(intellectual)-297(leaders)-297(of)-297(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-366(as)-366(to)-366(implement)-366(the)-366(force)-366(of)-366(the)-366(revolution,)-395(it)-366(may)-366(be)-366(said)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-399(it)-398(was)-399(to)-399(be)-398(a)-399(state-machine,)-436(as)-398(opposed)-399(to)-399(a)-398(totalitarian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state,)-205(based)-194(upon)-194(Western)-194(juristic)-194(theory)-194(in)-194(general)-194(but)-194(organized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(out)-300(of)-301(the)-300(materials)-300(of)-301(old)-300(Chinese)-300(political)-301(philosophy)-300(and)-300(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Imperial)-243(experience)-243(in)-244(government.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 155.493 3.959 Td [(139)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.156 -3.959 Td [(The)-243(state)-243(machine)-243(was)-244(to)]TJ -170.649 -13.549 Td [(be)-598(built)-299(along)-299(lines)-298(which)-299(Sun)-299(Yat-sen)-299(laid)-299(out)-299(in)-299(some)-298(detail.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([113])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(Yet,)-344(even)-325(with)-324(his)-325(elaborate)-325(plans)-325(already)-325(prepared,)-344(and)-325(in)-324(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(midst)-356(of)-356(a)-356(revolution,)-383(he)-356(pointed)-355(out)-356(the)-356(difficulty)-356(of)-356(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(experimentation,)-250(in)-250(the)-250(following)-250(words:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -31.109 Td [(...)-422(the)-307(progress)-307(of)-308(human)-307(machinery,)-322(as)-307(government)-307(organi-)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(zations)-267(and)-267(the)-267(like,)-272(has)-267(been)-267(very)-267(slow.)-301(What)-267(is)-267(the)-267(reason?)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(It)-229(is)-229(that)-229(once)-229(a)-229(manufacturing)-228(machine)-229(has)-229(been)-229(constructed,)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it)-328(can)-329(easily)-328(be)-329(tested,)-348(and)-328(after)-329(it)-328(has)-329(been)-328(tried)-329(out,)-348(it)-328(can)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(easily)-349(be)-350(put)-349(aside)-350(if)-349(it)-350(is)-349(not)-350(good,)-374(and)-349(if)-350(it)-349(is)-350(not)-349(perfect,)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it)-300(can)-300(easily)-300(be)-301(perfected.)-400(But)-300(it)-300(is)-300(very)-301(difficult)-300(to)-300(try)-300(out)-300(a)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(human)-210(machine)-210(and)-209(m)-1(ore)-209(difficult)-210(still)-210(to)-210(perfect)-210(it)-209(afte)-1(r)-209(it)-210(has)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(been)-296(tried)-297(out.)-388(It)-297(is)-296(impossible)-296(to)-296(perfect)-297(it)-296(without)-296(bringing)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(about)-274(a)-273(revolution.)-322(The)-273(only)-274(other)-274(way)-273(would)-274(be)-274(to)-273(regard)-274(it)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 140.88 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 132.056 Td [(the)-221(juristic)-222(state,)-227(which)-221(involved)-222(a)-221(quite)-222(radical)-221(change)-221(throughout)-222(the)-221(Chinese)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(social)-287(organism,)-297(had)-287(he)-288(lived)-287(to)-288(see)-287(the)-287(ebb)-288(of)-287(juristic)-287(polity)-288(and,)-296(for)-288(all)-287(that,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-247(voting)-248(democracy.)-249(It)-247(is)-247(not)-248(unlikely)-247(that)-247(his)-248(early)-247(impressions)-247(of)-248(the)-247(United)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(States)-275(and)-276(his)-275(reading)-275(of)-276(Montesquieu)-275(would)-275(have)-276(led)-275(him)-275(to)-275(retain)-276(his)-275(belief)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(in)-383(a)-382(juristic-democratic)-383(state)-383(in)-383(spite)-382(of)-383(the)-383(fact)-382(that)-383(such)-383(a)-383(state)-382(would)-383(no)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(longer)-250(represent)-250(the)-250(acme)-250(of)-250(ultra-modernism.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(139)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(378)-250(and)-250(following.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+623 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 624 0 R
+/Resources 622 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 617 0 R
+>> endobj
+625 0 obj <<
+/D [623 0 R /XYZ 60.33 326.793 null]
+>> endobj
+622 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+626 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index27) >>
+endobj
+629 0 obj
+(Democratic-Political Versus Ideological Control.)
+endobj
+632 0 obj <<
+/Length 4141
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(120The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(as)-248(a)-247(useless)-248(material)-247(machine)-248(which)-248(can)-247(easily)-248(be)-248(turned)-247(into)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(scrap)-250(iron.)-250(But)-250(this)-250(is)-250(not)-250(workable.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 140.813 3.616 Td [(140)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -160.45 -61.435 Td [(Democratic-Political)-258(Versus)-258(Ideological)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Control.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.147 Td [(Sun)-459(Yat-sen)-460(accepted)-459(an)-459(organization)-460(of)-459(society)-459(based)-459(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intellectual)-247(differences,)-248(despite)-247(his)-247(belief)-247(in)-247(the)-247(justifiability)-247(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessity)-251(of)-251(formal)-250(democracy,)-251(and)-251(his)-251(reconciliation)-251(of)-251(the)-250(two)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(at)-343(first)-343(contradictory)-344(theses)-343(in)-343(a)-343(plan)-343(for)-344(a)-343(machine)-343(state)-343(to)-343(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(based)-300(upon)-300(a)-299(distinction)-300(between)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 150.272 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.267 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.023 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.207 0 Td [(.)-399(It)-300(may)-300(now)]TJ -222.769 -13.549 Td [(be)-277(asked,)-284(why)-277(did)-277(Sun)-277(Yat-sen,)-283(familiar)-277(with)-277(the)-277(old)-277(method)-277(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-211(control,)-220(and)-211(himself)-212(proposing)-211(a)-212(new)-211(ideology)-211(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-273(not)-272(only)-273(restore)-272(internal)-273(harmony)-272(but)-273(also)-272(put)-273(China)-272(into)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(harmony)-299(with)-298(the)-299(actual)-298(political)-299(condition)-299(of)-298(the)-299(world,)-310(desire)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(add)-250(formal)-250(popular)-250(control)-250(to)-250(ideological)-250(control?)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-291(answer)-292(is)-291(not)-291(difficult,)-302(although)-291(it)-291(must)-292(be)-291(based)-291(for)-291(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(most)-273(part)-274(on)-273(inference)-274(rather)-273(than)-273(on)-274(direct)-273(citation)-274(of)-273(Sun)-273(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen's)-181(own)-180(words.)-227(In)-181(the)-181(consideration)-181(of)-180(the)-181(system)-181(of)-180(ideological)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(control)-189(fostered)-189(by)-188(the)-189(Confucians,)-402(ideological)-189(control)-188(presented)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([114])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(two)-292(distinct)-293(aspects:)-334(the)-293(formation)-292(of)-292(the)-293(ideology)-292(by)-293(men,)-302(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-341(of)-342(men)-341(by)-341(the)-342(ideology.)-524(The)-341(ideology)-341(controlled)-341(men;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-277(men)-276(sought)-277(to)-277(control)-276(the)-277(ideology;)-290(the)-277(whole)-276(ideological)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control)-445(system)-445(was)-445(based)-445(upon)-445(the)-445(continuous)-445(interaction)-445(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cause)-497(and)-497(effect,)-558(wherein)-497(tradition)-497(influenced)-497(the)-497(men)-496(who)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sought)-487(to)-488(use)-487(the)-488(system)-487(as)-488(a)-487(means)-488(of)-487(mastery,)-547(while)-487(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-299(men)-299(succeeded)-299(in)-298(a)-299(greater)-299(or)-299(less)-299(degree)-299(in)-299(directing)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-250(of)-250(the)-250(ideology.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(In)-329(the)-330(old)-329(Chinese)-330(world-society)-329(the)-329(control)-330(of)-329(the)-329(ideology)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-285(normally)-284(vested)-285(in)-284(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 121.571 0 Td [(literati)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.81 0 Td [(who)-285(were)-284(either)-285(government)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(140)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(369.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+631 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 632 0 R
+/Resources 630 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 617 0 R
+>> endobj
+627 0 obj <<
+/D [631 0 R /XYZ 93.543 481.506 null]
+>> endobj
+633 0 obj <<
+/D [631 0 R /XYZ 246.674 221.732 null]
+>> endobj
+630 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+636 0 obj <<
+/Length 4959
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democratic-Political)-250(Versus)-250(Ideological)-250(Control.)-4560(121)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(officials)-454(or)-454(hoped)-454(to)-454(become)-454(such.)-862(The)-454(populace,)-505(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(acting)-463(in)-462(conformity)-463(with)-463(the)-462(ideology,)-516(could)-463(overthrow)-462(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government,)-294(and,)-295(to)-285(that)-286(extent,)-294(consciously)-286(control)-285(the)-285(content)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-283(the)-283(development)-283(of)-282(the)-283(ideology.)-349(Moreover,)-291(as)-283(the)-282(efficacy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-220(an)-219(ideology)-219(depends)-220(upon)-219(its)-220(greater)-219(acceptance,)-226(the)-219(populace)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-395(the)-395(last)-395(word)-394(in)-395(control)-395(of)-395(the)-395(ideology)-395(both)-394(consciously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-354(unconsciously.)-561(Politics,)-379(however,)-380(rarely)-353(comes)-354(to)-354(the)-353(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(word.)-456(In)-319(the)-318(normal)-319(and)-319(ordinary)-319(conduct)-318(of)-319(social)-319(affairs,)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(populace)-350(was)-351(willing)-350(to)-350(let)-351(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 142.921 0 Td [(literati)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 33.527 0 Td [(uphold)-350(the)-351(classics)-350(and)]TJ -176.448 -13.55 Td [(modify)-369(their)-369(teachings)-369(in)-369(accordance)-369(with)-369(the)-369(development)-368(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-412(ideology)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.008 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-412(the)-412(name)-412(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 72.514 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-412(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.364 0 Td [(.)-736(The)-412(old)-412(ideology)]TJ -191.795 -13.549 Td [(was)-289(so)-290(skilfully)-289(put)-289(together)-290(out)-289(of)-289(traditional)-290(elements)-289(that)-289(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(indissociable)-369(from)-368(the)-368(main)-369(traits)-368(of)-369(Chinese)-368(culture,)-398(together)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-269(the)-270(revisions)-269(made)-269(by)-270(Confucius)-269(and)-270(his)-269(successors,)-274(that)-269(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-225(well-nigh)-225(unchallengeable.)-241(The)-225(whole)-225(Confucian)-225(method)-224(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-158(was)-158(based,)-177(as)-158(previously)-158(stated,)-176(on)-158(the)-158(control)-158(of)-158(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-259(the)-259(control)-259(of)-259(their)-259(ideas)-259(by)-259(men)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 179.145 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-259(these)-259(latter)-259(men,)]TJ -190.054 -13.549 Td [(the)-435(ideologues,)-481(were)-435(the)-435(scholar)-435(administrators)-435(of)-434(successive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dynasties.)-804(The)-435(identification)-435(of)-434(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 168.634 0 Td [(literati)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 34.448 0 Td [(and)-435(officials,)-481(the)]TJ -203.082 -13.55 Td [(respect)-359(in)-359(which)-358(learning)-359(was)-359(held,)-386(the)-359(general)-359(distribution)-358(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-476(leaven)-475(of)-476(scholars)-476(through)-475(all)-476(the)-476(families)-475(of)-476(the)-475(Empire,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-406(the)-406(completeness)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 96.715 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(almost)-812(incredible)-405(to)-406(a)-406(Westerner)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 153.01 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 19.481 0 Td [([115])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(traditional)-312(orthodoxy,)-328(permitted)-311(the)-312(interpreters)-312(of)-312(the)-312(tradition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-357(to)-358(mould)-357(and)-357(transform)-358(it)-357(to)-357(a)-358(considerable)-357(degree.)-572(As)-357(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(means)-374(of)-374(adjusting)-375(the)-374(mores)-374(through)-374(the)-374(course)-374(of)-374(centuries,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interpretation)-441(succeeded)-441(in)-441(gradually)-441(changing)-441(popular)-441(ideas,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(where)-250(open)-250(and)-250(revolutionary)-250(heterodoxy)-250(would)-250(have)-250(failed.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(Now,)-373(in)-348(modern)-349(times,)-373(even)-348(though)-348(men)-349(might)-348(still)-348(remain)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(largely)-569(under)-568(the)-569(control)-569(of)-569(the)-568(ideology)-569(\050learn)-569(to)-568(behave)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rightly)-268(instead)-267(of)-268(being)-268(governed\051,)-272(the)-267(ideology)-268(was)-267(necessarily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(weakened)-402(in)-403(two)-402(ways:)-555(by)-402(the)-403(appearance)-402(of)-403(men)-402(who)-402(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recalcitrant)-207(to)-207(the)-206(ideology,)-216(and)-206(by)-207(the)-207(emergence)-207(of)-206(conceptions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-206(ideas)-206(which)-205(could)-206(not)-206(find)-206(a)-206(place)-205(in)-206(the)-206(ideology,)-215(and)-205(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consequently)-445(opened)-446(up)-445(extra-ideological)-446(fields)-445(of)-445(individual)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+635 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 636 0 R
+/Resources 634 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 617 0 R
+>> endobj
+637 0 obj <<
+/D [635 0 R /XYZ 187.917 233.642 null]
+>> endobj
+634 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+640 0 obj <<
+/Length 4770
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(122The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(behavior.)-513(In)-337(other)-338(words,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 118.669 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.747 0 Td [(was)-338(no)-337(longer)-338(all-inclusive,)-359(either)]TJ -128.416 -13.549 Td [(as)-421(to)-421(men)-421(or)-421(as)-421(to)-421(realms)-421(of)-421(thought.)-763(Its)-421(control)-421(had)-421(never,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-468(course,)-521(been)-468(complete,)-522(for)-467(in)-468(that)-467(case)-468(all)-467(institutions)-467(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-209(would)-209(have)-209(become)-209(superfluous)-209(in)-209(China)-209(and)-209(would)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-325(vanished;)-362(but)-325(its)-325(deficiencies)-324(in)-325(past)-325(ages)-325(had)-325(never)-324(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-277(great;)-291(either)-277(with)-276(reference)-277(to)-277(insubordinate)-277(individuals)-277(or)-277(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regard)-250(to)-250(unassimilable)-250(ideas,)-250(as)-250(they)-250(were)-250(in)-250(modern)-250(times.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Hence)-216(the)-215(province)-216(of)-215(government)-216(had)-216(to)-215(be)-216(greatly)-215(extended.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-212(control)-212(of)-212(men)-211(by)-212(the)-212(ideology)-212(was)-212(incomplete)-212(wherever)-211(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreign)-332(culture)-332(had)-331(really)-332(struck)-332(the)-332(Chinese)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 199.249 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as,)-352(for)-332(instance,)]TJ -210.158 -13.55 Td [(in)-376(the)-375(case)-376(of)-375(the)-376(newly-developed)-375(Chinese)-376(proletariat,)-406(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-167(not)-167(follow)-167(the)-168(Confucian)-167(precepts)-167(in)-167(the)-167(slums)-167(of)-167(twentieth-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century)-323(industry.)-468(The)-323(family)-323(system,)-341(the)-323(village,)-341(and)-323(the)-322(guild)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-346(to)-346(the)-346(Chinese)-346(proletarians)-346(mere)-346(shadows)-346(of)-346(a)-346(past;)-393(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-396(faced)-396(individually)-396(wit)1(h)-396(the)-396(problems)-396(of)-396(a)-396(foreign)-395(social)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(life)-266(suddenly)-265(interjected)-266(into)-266(that)-265(of)-266(the)-266(Chinese.)-297(True)-265(instances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-269(the)-269(interpenetration)-268(of)-269(opposites,)-273(they)-269(were)-269(Chinese)-269(from)-268(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-334(existing)-333(old)-334(society)-333(of)-334(China)-667(suddenly)-333(transposed)-334(into)-333(an)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([116])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(industrial)-209(world)-209(in)-209(which)-208(the)-209(old)-209(ideology)-209(was)-209(of)-209(little)-208(relevance.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-405(they)-404(were)-405(to)-405(remain)-404(Chinese)-405(they)-405(had)-404(to)-405(be)-405(brought)-404(again)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(into)-337(the)-336(fold)-337(of)-336(the)-337(Chinese)-336(ideology;)-380(and,)-358(meanwhile,)-358(instead)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-429(being)-429(controlled)-429(ideologically,)-474(they)-429(must)-429(be)-428(controlled)-429(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-409(sharp,)-449(clear)-409(action)-409(of)-409(government)-409(possessing)-408(a)-409(monopoly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-404(the)-404(power)-404(of)-404(coercion.)-711(The)-404(proletarians)-404(were)-404(not,)-442(indeed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-288(only)-288(group)-289(of)-288(Chinese)-288(over)-288(whom)-289(the)-288(old)-288(ideology)-288(had)-288(lost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(control.)-870(There)-457(were)-457(the)-457(overseas)-456(Chinese,)-509(the)-457(new)-456(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(finance-capitalists,)-395(and)-366(others)-366(who)-366(had)-366(adjusted)-366(their)-365(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lives)-389(to)-390(the)-389(Western)-390(world.)-668(These)-389(had)-390(done)-389(so)-389(incompletely,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-395(needed)-395(the)-395(action)-395(of)-395(government)-395(to)-395(shield)-395(them)-395(not)-394(only)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-226(themselves)-225(and)-226(from)-225(one)-226(another,)-231(but)-225(from)-226(their)-225(precarious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-250(in)-250(their)-250(relations)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Westerners.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Other)-614(groups)-614(had)-613(not)-614(completely)-614(fallen)-614(away)-614(from)-613(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(ideology,)-318(but)-305(had)-305(found)-304(major)-305(sections)-304(of)-305(it)-305(to)-304(be)-305(unsuitable)-304(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(regulation)-276(of)-277(their)-276(own)-276(lives.)-328(Virtue)-277(could)-276(not)-276(be)-276(found)-276(in)-276(a)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+639 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 640 0 R
+/Resources 638 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 617 0 R
+>> endobj
+641 0 obj <<
+/D [639 0 R /XYZ 246.295 285.384 null]
+>> endobj
+638 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+644 0 obj <<
+/Length 4577
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democratic-Political)-250(Versus)-250(Ideological)-250(Control.)-4560(123)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(family)-244(system)-243(which)-244(was)-243(slowly)-244(losing)-243(its)-244(polygynous)-243(character)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-403(also)-402(slowly)-402(giving)-403(place)-402(to)-403(a)-402(sort)-403(of)-402(social)-403(atomism;)-478(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intervention)-456(of)-457(the)-456(machine)-456(state)-457(was)-456(required)-456(to)-457(serve)-456(as)-456(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(substitute)-262(for)-261(ideological)-262(regulation)-261(until)-262(such)-261(a)-262(time)-261(as)-262(the)-261(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideology)-239(should)-239(have)-240(developed)-239(sufficiently)-239(to)-239(restore)-239(relevance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(traditions.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Indeed,)-515(throughout)-462(all)-461(China,)-515(there)-462(were)-462(few)-462(people)-461(who)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(were)-238(not)-239(touched)-238(to)-238(a)-239(greater)-238(or)-238(less)-239(degree)-238(by)-238(the)-238(consequences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-347(the)-346(collision)-346(of)-347(the)-346(two)-347(intellectual)-346(worlds,)-371(the)-346(nationalistic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West)-202(and)-201(the)-202(old)-202(Chinese)-201(world-society.)-234(However)-202(much)-201(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(might)-318(desire)-319(to)-318(continue)-319(in)-318(their)-318(traditional)-319(modes)-318(of)-318(behavior,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-345(was)-345(impossible)-345(for)-344(them)-345(to)-345(live)-345(happy)-345(and)-345(progressive)-344(lives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-328(virtue)-329(of)-328(having)-329(memorized)-328(the)-329(classics)-328(and)-329(paid)-328(respect)-328(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-378(precepts)-377(of)-378(tradition,)-410(as)-378(had)-377(their)-378(forefathers.)-633(In)-378(all)-377(cases)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(where)-438(the)-438(old)-437(ideas)-438(failed,)-485(state)-437(and)-438(law)-438(suddenly)-438(acquired)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([117])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(a)-288(new)-288(importance)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 78.38 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(almost)-288(overwhelming)-288(to)-288(some)-288(Chinese)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 171.345 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)]TJ -271.543 -13.549 Td [(the)-420(establishers)-419(of)-420(the)-420(new)-419(order)-420(of)-419(life.)-759(Even)-420(etiquette)-419(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(established)-263(by)-263(decree,)-266(in)-262(the)-263(days)-263(of)-263(the)-263(parliamentary)-262(Republic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-318(Peking;)-352(the)-318(age-old)-318(assurance)-318(of)-318(Chinese)-318(dress)-318(and)-318(manners)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-169(suddenly)-169(swept)-168(away,)-185(and)-169(the)-169(government)-169(found)-169(itself)-168(forced)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(decree)-250(frock-coats.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Successive)-465(governments)-464(in)-465(the)-464(new)-465(China)-465(had)-464(fallen,)-518(not)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(because)-303(they)-303(did)-302(too)-303(much,)-316(but)-303(because)-303(they)-303(did)-302(too)-303(little.)-408(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sphere)-228(of)-229(state)-228(activity)-229(had)-228(become)-229(enormous)-228(in)-229(contrast)-228(to)-228(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-326(had)-325(been)-325(under)-326(more)-325(than)-326(a)-325(score)-326(of)-325(dynasties,)-345(and)-325(the)-325(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-251(perforce)-251(to)-251(intervene)-250(in)-251(almost)-251(every)-251(walk)-251(of)-251(life,)-251(and)-250(every)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(detail)-377(of)-376(behavior.)-630(Yet)-377(this)-377(intervention,)-408(although)-376(imperative,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-365(met)-365(by)-364(the)-365(age-old)-365(Chinese)-365(contempt)-364(for)-365(government,)-393(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-223(determined)-223(adherence)-223(to)-223(traditional)-223(methods)-223(of)-223(control)-223(in)-222(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(face)-281(of)-280(situations)-281(to)-280(which)-281(now)-280(they)-280(were)-281(no)-280(longer)-281(relevant.)-341(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-268(this)-268(paradox,)-272(the)-267(ever-broadening)-268(necessity)-268(of)-268(state)-267(activity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-519(the)-519(face)-519(of)-519(traditional)-519(and)-519(unrealistic)-519(opposition)-519(to)-519(state)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(activity,)-461(which)-418(caused)-419(a)-418(great)-419(part)-418(of)-419(the)-418(turmoil)-418(in)-419(the)-418(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China.)-844(Officials)-447(made)-448(concessions)-448(to)-448(the)-448(necessity)-448(for)-447(state)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+643 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 644 0 R
+/Resources 642 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 646 0 R
+>> endobj
+645 0 obj <<
+/D [643 0 R /XYZ 327.401 326.032 null]
+>> endobj
+642 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+649 0 obj <<
+/Length 4635
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(124The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(action)-305(by)-305(drafting)-305(elaborate)-304(codes)-305(on)-305(almost)-305(every)-305(subject,)-318(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then,)-217(turning)-208(about,)-217(also)-209(made)-208(concessions)-209(to)-208(the)-209(traditional)-208(non-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-173(habits)-173(of)-173(their)-172(countrymen)-173(by)-173(failing)-173(to)-173(enforce)-173(the)-172(codes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-324(they)-324(had)-323(just)-324(promulgated.)-471(The)-324(leaders)-324(of)-324(the)-323(Republic,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-238(their)-238(followers)-238(in)-238(the)-238(provinces,)-240(found)-238(themselves)-238(with)-238(laws)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-198(could)-198(not)-198(possibly)-198(be)-198(introduced)-198(in)-198(a)-198(nation)-198(unaccustomed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-328(law)-329(and)-328(especially)-328(unaccustomed)-329(to)-328(law)-328(dealing)-329(with)-328(life)-328(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-505(Western)-504(way;)-632(thus)-505(baffled,)-568(but)-505(perhaps)-505(not)-504(disappointed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-399(pseudo-republican)-400(government)-399(officials)-400(were)-399(content)-399(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(developing)-441(a)-441(shadow)-441(state,)-489(a)-441(shadow)-441(body)-441(of)-442(law,)-488(and)-441(then)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ignoring)-450(it)-450(except)-450(as)-449(a)-450(tool)-450(in)-450(the)-450(vast)-450(pandemonium)-450(of)-449(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tuchunates)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.658 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(where)-412(state)-412(and)-412(law)-412(were)-412(valued)-412(only)-412(in)-823(so)-412(far)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -130.323 0 Td [([118])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(as)-334(they)-334(served)-334(to)-335(aggrandize)-334(or)-334(enrich)-334(military)-334(rulers)-334(and)-334(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hangers-on.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(This)-355(tragic)-356(dilemma)-355(led)-356(Sun)-355(Yat-sen)-355(to)-356(call)-355(for)-356(a)-355(new)-355(kind)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(of)-434(state,)-481(a)-434(state)-434(which)-434(was)-435(to)-434(be)-434(democratic)-435(and)-434(yet)-434(to)-434(lead)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(back)-303(to)-304(ideological)-303(control.)-411(The)-303(emergency)-304(of)-303(imperialism)-303(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(internal)-457(impotence)-457(made)-458(it)-457(imperative)-457(that)-457(the)-457(state)-457(limit)-457(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(activities)-228(to)-229(those)-228(provinces)-228(of)-228(human)-228(behavior)-229(in)-228(which)-228(it)-228(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(actually)-324(effectuate)-324(its)-324(decrees,)-342(and)-324(that,)-343(after)-324(having)-324(so)-323(limited)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-367(field)-367(of)-367(its)-367(action,)-396(it)-367(be)-367(well-nigh)-367(authoritarian)-367(within)-366(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(field.)-237(Yet)-212(throughout)-211(the)-212(whole)-211(scheme,)-220(Sun)-211(Yat-sen's)-212(deep)-211(faith)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-293(the)-294(common)-293(people)-294(required)-293(him)-293(to)-294(demand)-293(that)-294(the)-293(state)-293(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-250(in)-250(principle)-250(and)-250(practice.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-274(may)-274(begin)-274(to)-274(be)-274(apparent)-274(that,)-280(at)-274(least)-274(for)-274(Sun)-274(Yat-sen,)-279(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(control)-334(of)-334(the)-334(race-nation)-334(by)-334(the)-334(ideology)-334(was)-334(not)-333(inconsistent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-438(the)-438(political)-438(control)-438(of)-438(the)-438(race-nation)-438(by)-438(itself.)-813(In)-438(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interval)-207(between)-206(the)-207(old)-206(certainty)-207(and)-206(the)-207(new,)-215(political)-206(authority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-323(to)-323(prevail.)-470(This)-323(authority)-323(was)-323(to)-323(be)-323(directed)-323(by)-323(the)-323(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-276(actually)-276(wielded)-276(by)-276(the)-276(geniuses)-276(of)-276(the)-276(revolution.)-328(The)-275(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-281(was)-280(to)-280(emerge)-281(from)-280(the)-281(progress)-280(of)-281(knowledge)-280(not,)-288(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(before,)-430(among)-394(a)-394(special)-394(class)-394(of)-394(literary)-394(persons,)-430(but)-394(through)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(all)-464(the)-464(people.)-893(It)-464(was)-464(to)-465(be)-464(an)-464(ideology)-464(based)-464(on)-464(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(experience)-324(and)-324(on)-324(the)-323(experimental)-324(method,)-343(and)-323(consequently,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+648 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 649 0 R
+/Resources 647 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 646 0 R
+>> endobj
+650 0 obj <<
+/D [648 0 R /XYZ 343.378 369.134 null]
+>> endobj
+647 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+653 0 obj <<
+/Length 5029
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democratic-Political)-250(Versus)-250(Ideological)-250(Control.)-4560(125)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(perhaps,)-480(less)-433(certain)-434(then)-434(the)-433(old)-434(Confucian)-434(ideology,)-479(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-493(in)-494(its)-493(foundations)-494(religious.)-980(To)-493(fill)-493(in)-494(the)-493(gaps)-493(where)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(uniformity)-367(of)-367(thought)-366(and)-367(behavior,)-396(on)-367(the)-367(basis)-367(of)-366(truth,)-396(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-261(been)-261(established,)-263(the)-261(state)-261(was)-260(to)-261(act,)-264(and)-260(the)-261(state)-261(had)-261(to)-260(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(responsible)-250(to)-250(the)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -16.143 Td [(At)-419(this)-418(point)-419(it)-419(may)-418(be)-419(remembered)-419(that)-418(Sun)-419(Yat-sen)-418(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(among)-304(the)-303(very)-304(few)-304(Chinese)-303(leaders)-304(of)-304(his)-303(day)-304(who)-304(could)-303(give)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-501(historians)-500(of)-501(the)-500(future)-501(any)-501(valid)-500(reasons)-501(for)-500(supposing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-412(they)-412(believed)-412(in)-413(republican)-412(principles.)-736(Too)-412(many)-412(of)-412(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(militarists)-256(and)-256(scholar-politicians)-256(of)-256(the)-512(North)-256(and)-256(South)-256(paid)-255(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([119])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(half-contemptuous)-265(lip-service)-264(to)-264(the)-265(republic,)-268(primarily)-264(because)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-496(could)-495(not)-496(agree)-495(as)-496(to)-495(which)-495(one)-496(of)-495(them)-496(should)-495(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-364(Dragon)-364(Throne,)-393(or,)-392(at)-364(the)-365(least,)-392(the)-364(honor)-364(of)-364(restoring)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Manchu)-375(Emperor)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 78.016 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(who)-375(stayed)-376(on)-375(in)-376(the)-375(Forbidden)-376(City)-375(until)]TJ -88.925 -13.549 Td [(1924.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.546 3.959 Td [(141)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.551 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-445(Yat-sen)-444(had)-445(a)-445(deep)-444(faith)-445(in)-445(the)-444(judgment)-445(and)]TJ -46.097 -13.549 Td [(trustworthiness)-272(of)-271(the)-272(uncounted)-272(swarms)-271(of)-272(coolies)-272(and)-271(farmers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whom)-326(most)-327(Chinese)-326(leaders)-326(ignored.)-479(He)-327(was)-326(perhaps)-326(the)-326(only)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man)-369(of)-369(his)-370(day)-369(really)-369(loved)-369(by)-370(the)-369(illiterate)-369(classes)-369(that)-369(knew)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-407(him,)-446(and)-407(was)-407(always)-407(faithful)-407(to)-407(their)-407(love.)-721(Other)-407(leaders,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(both)-293(Chinese)-293(and)-293(Western,)-303(have)-293(praised)-293(the)-293(masses)-293(but)-292(refused)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-399(trust)-398(them)-399(for)-399(their)-399(own)-398(good.)-697(Sun's)-398(implicit)-399(belief)-399(in)-398(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-206(abilities)-206(of)-206(the)-206(common)-206(people)-206(in)-206(all)-206(matters)-206(which)-205(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge)-275(equipped)-274(them)-274(to)-275(judge,)-281(was)-274(little)-275(short)-274(of)-274(ludicrous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-280(many)-281(of)-280(his)-281(contemporaries,)-288(and)-280(positively)-281(irritating)-280(to)-280(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persons)-365(who)-364(wished)-365(him)-364(well)-365(personally)-365(but)-364(did)-365(not)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 237.871 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(at)-365(least)]TJ -248.78 -13.549 Td [(privately)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 38.782 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(follow)-250(all)-250(of)-250(his)-250(ideas.)]TJ -37.735 -16.143 Td [(To)-258(return)-257(to)-258(the)-258(consideration)-257(of)-258(the)-258(parts)-257(played)-258(by)-257(ideology)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-436(popular)-436(government)-436(in)-436(social)-436(control:)-622(there)-436(was)-435(another)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(point)-287(of)-287(great)-287(difference)-287(between)-287(the)-287(old)-287(ideology)-287(and)-287(the)-286(new.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(141)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Reginald)-226(Johnston,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 70.593 0 Td [(Twilight)-226(in)-225(the)-226(Forbidden)-225(City)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 108.73 0 Td [(,)-230(cited)-226(above,)-231(presents)-225(an)]TJ -191.278 -10.959 Td [(apparently)-347(true)-348(account)-347(of)-347(the)-347(conspiracies)-348(of)-347(the)-347(various)-348(Northern)-347(generals)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-422(centered)-422(around)-421(the)-422(person)-422(of)-422(P'u)-422(Yi.)-765(According)-422(to)-422(Johnston)-422(Tsao)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Kun)-322(was)-323(defeated)-322(in)-323(his)-322(attempt)-323(to)-322(restore)-323(the)-322(Manchu)-323(Emperor)-322(only)-322(by)-323(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(jealousies)-250(of)-250(his)-250(fellow-militarists.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+652 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 653 0 R
+/Resources 651 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 646 0 R
+>> endobj
+654 0 obj <<
+/D [652 0 R /XYZ 223.146 393.638 null]
+>> endobj
+651 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+657 0 obj <<
+/Length 5077
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(126The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-294(old)-294(was)-295(the)-294(creation,)-305(largely,)-305(of)-295(a)-294(special)-294(class)-294(of)-294(scholars,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-213(for)-213(that)-212(purpose)-213(ranked)-213(highest)-213(in)-212(the)-213(social)-213(hierarchy)-213(of)-212(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China.)-237(Now)-211(even)-210(though)-211(the)-211(three)-210(natural)-211(classes)-211(might)-210(continue)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-290(be)-290(recognized)-290(in)-290(China,)-300(the)-290(higher)-290(standard)-290(of)-290(living)-290(and)-290(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(increased)-290(literacy)-290(of)-290(the)-289(populace)-290(was)-290(to)-290(enlarge)-290(the)-290(number)-289(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(persons)-202(participating)-203(in)-202(the)-202(life)-203(of)-202(ideas.)-234(The)-202(people)-203(were)-202(to)-202(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-351(ideology)-351(in)-350(part,)-377(and)-350(in)-351(part)-351(control)-351(the)-351(government)-350(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whose)-328(control)-328(the)-328(revolutionary)-328(geniuses)-328(were)-328(to)-328(form)-328(the)-327(rest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-259(the)-258(ideology,)-521(and)-259(propagate)-258(it)-259(through)-258(a)-259(national)-258(educational)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([120])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(program.)-634(In)-378(all)-377(respects)-378(the)-378(eventual)-378(control)-378(was)-378(to)-378(rest)-377(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-387(people)-388(of)-387(the)-387(Chinese)-388(race-nation,)-421(united,)-422(self-ruling,)-421(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(determined)-250(to)-250(survive.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(How,)-663(then,)-664(does)-580(the)-581(pattern)-581(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 157.97 0 Td [(min)-581(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 58.03 0 Td [(fit)-581(into)-580(the)]TJ -227.956 -13.549 Td [(larger)-299(scheme)-300(of)-299(the)-300(continuation)-299(of)-300(Confucian)-299(civilization)-299(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-340(control?)-519(First,)-362(the)-340(old)-340(was)-340(to)-340(continue)-339(undisturbed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(where)-396(it)-396(might.)-688(Second,)-432(those)-396(persons)-396(completely)-396(lost)-396(to)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discipline)-375(of)-376(the)-375(old)-375(ideology)-376(must)-375(be)-375(controlled)-376(by)-375(the)-375(state.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Third,)-544(those)-485(areas)-485(of)-485(behavior)-485(which)-485(were)-485(disturbed)-485(by)-485(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-398(impact)-398(required)-398(state)-398(guidance.)-694(Fourth,)-435(the)-397(machine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-296(was)-296(to)-297(control)-296(both)-296(these)-296(fields,)-308(of)-296(men,)-308(and)-296(of)-297(ideas,)-307(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(within)-223(this)-223(limited)-223(fi)1(eld)-223(was)-223(to)-223(be)-223(authoritarian)-223(\050)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 209.134 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(an)-223(all-powerful)]TJ -213.978 -13.549 Td [(state)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 19.997 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(\051)-327(and)-328(yet)-327(democratic)-328(\050)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 99.106 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(nevertheless)-327(subject)-328(to)-327(the)-328(control)]TJ -128.79 -13.549 Td [(of)-274(the)-274(people)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 57.476 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(\051.)-321(Fifth,)-280(the)-274(ideology)-274(was)-274(to)-274(arise)-273(in)-274(part)-274(from)-274(the)]TJ -62.32 -13.549 Td [(general)-244(body)-243(of)-244(the)-244(people.)-248(Sixth,)-245(the)-243(other)-244(parts)-244(of)-243(it)-244(were)-244(to)-243(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developed)-185(by)-185(the)-185(intellectuals,)-198(assisted)-185(by)-185(the)-185(government,)-197(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-231(to)-230(be)-231(also)-231(under)-230(the)-231(control)-230(of)-231(the)-231(people.)-243(Seventh,)-235(since)-230(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-365(was)-365(generally)-364(in)-365(an)-365(unstable)-365(condition,)-393(and)-365(since)-364(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wrongs)-263(remained)-262(to)-263(be)-262(righted,)-266(it)-263(was)-262(not)-263(immediately)-262(probable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-346(the)-346(Chinese)-347(would)-346(settle)-346(down)-346(to)-346(ideological)-346(serenity)-346(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certainty,)-311(and)-298(consequently)-299(State)-299(policy)-298(would)-299(still)-298(remain)-299(as)-298(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governmental)-345(question,)-370(to)-345(be)-345(decided)-346(by)-345(the)-345(will)-346(of)-345(the)-345(whole)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(race-nation.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(To)-401(recapitulate,)-439(then)-401(the)-401(people)-401(was)-401(to)-401(rule)-401(itself)-401(until)-401(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(reappearance)-549(of)-549(perfect)-549(tranquility)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 160.333 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(ta)-549(t'ung)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 36.208 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(or)-549(its)-549(nearest)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+656 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 657 0 R
+/Resources 655 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 646 0 R
+>> endobj
+658 0 obj <<
+/D [656 0 R /XYZ 165.354 409.782 null]
+>> endobj
+655 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+661 0 obj <<
+/Length 2312
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Democratic-Political)-250(Versus)-250(Ideological)-250(Control.)-4560(127)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(mundane)-609(equivalent.)-1327(The)-609(government)-609(was)-609(to)-609(serve)-609(as)-609(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(canalization)-291(of)-291(the)-291(power)-291(of)-291(the)-291(Chinese)-291(race-nation)-291(in)-290(fighting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-250(the)-250(oppressor-nations)-250(of)-250(the)-250(world)-250(for)-250(survival.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-391(last)-391(principle)-391(of)-391(the)-391(nationalist)-391(ideology)-391(remains)-391(to)-391(be)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(studied.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 37.758 0 Td [(Min)-274(tsu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 33.295 0 Td [(,)-280(nationalism,)-280(was)-274(to)-274(provide)-274(an)-274(instrumentality)]TJ -71.053 -13.549 Td [(for)-380(self-control)-379(and)-380(for)-380(external)-379(defense)-760(in)-379(a)-380(world)-380(of)-379(armed)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([121])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(states.)-888(But)-463(these)-462(two)-463(would)-463(remain)-462(ineffectual)-463(in)-463(a)-462(starved)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-264(backward)-265(country,)-267(if)-265(they)-264(were)-264(not)-265(supplemented)-264(by)-264(a)-264(third)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principle)-177(designed)-176(to)-177(relieve)-176(the)-177(physical)-177(impotence)-176(of)-177(the)-176(nation,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-247(promote)-248(the)-247(material)-248(happiness)-247(of)-247(its)-248(individual)-247(members)-247(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-328(guarantee)-329(the)-328(continued)-329(survival)-328(of)-329(the)-328(Chinese)-329(society)-328(as)-328(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole.)-719(Union)-406(and)-406(self-rule)-406(could)-407(be)-406(frustrated)-406(by)-406(starvation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-286(needed)-286(not)-286(only)-286(to)-286(become)-286(united)-286(and)-286(free)-286(as)-286(a)-286(nation;)-304(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-271(also)-272(to)-271(become)-271(physically)-271(healthy)-272(and)-271(wealthy.)-314(This)-271(was)-271(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-250(effected)-250(through)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 87.546 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(,)-250(the)-250(third)-250(of)-250(the)-250(three)-250(principles.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 158.936 -29.65 Td [([122])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+660 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 661 0 R
+/Resources 659 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 646 0 R
+>> endobj
+662 0 obj <<
+/D [660 0 R /XYZ 231.561 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+663 0 obj <<
+/D [660 0 R /XYZ 46.771 298.835 null]
+>> endobj
+659 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+664 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index28) >>
+endobj
+667 0 obj
+(Chapter IV. The Theory of Min Sheng.)
+endobj
+668 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index29) >>
+endobj
+671 0 obj
+(Min Sheng in the Ideology.)
+endobj
+674 0 obj <<
+/Length 3803
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-262(IV.)-262(The)-263(Theory)-262(of)]TJ/F19 18.9589 Tf 209.645 0 Td [(Min)]TJ -209.645 -54.943 Td [(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.336 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf -46.336 -80.054 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 71.882 0 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(Ideology.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -71.882 -30.466 Td [(The)-448(principle)-448(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 79.486 0 Td [(min)-448(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.584 0 Td [(has)-448(been)-447(the)-448(one)-448(most)-448(disputed.)]TJ -131.07 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-384(Yat-sen)-384(made)-384(his)-383(greatest)-384(break)-384(with)-384(the)-384(old)-384(ideology)-383(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(promulgating)-241(this)-240(last)-241(element)-241(in)-241(his)-240(triune)-241(doctrine;)-244(the)-240(original)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-439(term)-440(carried)-439(little)-440(meaning)-439(that)-440(could)-439(be)-440(used)-439(in)-439(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(approach)-452(to)-452(the)-452(new)-452(meaning)-452(that)-452(Sun)-452(Yat-sen)-452(gave)-452(it.)-855(He)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(himself)-211(stated)-210(that)-211(the)-210(two)-211(words)-211(had)-210(become)-211(rather)-210(meaningless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-197(their)-196(old)-196(usage,)-208(and)-196(that)-197(he)-196(intended)-197(to)-196(use)-196(them)-197(with)-196(reference)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-237(special)-236(conditions)-237(in)-237(the)-237(modern)-236(world.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 183.059 3.959 Td [(142)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.132 -3.959 Td [(He)-237(then)-236(went)-237(on)-237(to)]TJ -198.191 -13.549 Td [(state)-235(the)-235(principle)-234(in)-235(terms)-235(so)-235(broad,)-238(so)-235(seemingly)-234(contradictory,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-215(at)-215(times)-214(it)-215(appears)-215(possible)-214(for)-215(each)-215(man)-215(to)-214(read)-215(in)-215(it)-215(what)-214(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(will,)-269(as)-264(he)-265(may)-265(in)-265(the)-265(Bible.)-294(The)-265(Communists)-265(and)-265(the)-264(Catholics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-353(approve)-353(of)-353(the)-352(third)-353(principle,)-379(but)-353(translate)-353(it)-352(differently;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-301(liberals)-302(render)-301(it)-301(by)-301(a)-302(term)-301(which)-301(is)-302(not)-301(only)-301(innocuous)-301(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(colorless.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 41.509 3.959 Td [(143)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.113 -3.959 Td [(Had)-463(Sun)-231(Yat-sen)-232(lived)-231(to)-231(finish)-232(the)-231(lectures)-232(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 207.644 0 Td [(min)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -337.022 0 Td [([123])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 130.082 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 121.258 Td [(names,)-250(which)-250(seem)-250(at)-250(first)-250(sight)-250(to)-250(contradict)-250(each)-250(other.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(142)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(406.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(143)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Father)-344(d'Elia)-345(devotes)-344(the)-345(whole)-344(second)-344(chapter)-345(of)-344(his)-345(introduction)-344(to)-345(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(consideration)-201(of)-202(a)-201(suitable)-202(rendition)-201(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 138.34 0 Td [(San)-201(Min)-202(Chu)-201(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.246 0 Td [(,)-211(which)-202(he)-201(calls)-201(the)-202(Triple)]TJ -189.586 -10.959 Td [(Demism.)-292(\050Work)-264(cited,)-267(pp.)-292(36-49.\051)-291(Again)-264(on)-264(p.)-292(402,)-267(he)-264(explains)-264(that,)-267(while)-264(he)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(had)-312(translated)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 53.397 0 Td [(min)-312(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.956 0 Td [(as)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 10.264 0 Td [(socialism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.669 0 Td [(in)-312(the)-311(first)-312(French)-311(edition)-312(of)-312(his)-311(work,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+673 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 674 0 R
+/Resources 672 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 646 0 R
+>> endobj
+665 0 obj <<
+/D [673 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+669 0 obj <<
+/D [673 0 R /XYZ 93.543 377.831 null]
+>> endobj
+675 0 obj <<
+/D [673 0 R /XYZ 170.864 137.719 null]
+>> endobj
+672 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+678 0 obj <<
+/Length 6827
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(Ideology.)-13364(129)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf -49.691 -30.759 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.451 0 Td [(,)-348(he)-329(might)-329(have)-328(succeeded)-329(in)-329(rounding)-328(off)-329(his)-328(discussion)]TJ -25.451 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(principle.)]TJ 11.956 -16.39 Td [(There)-374(are)-375(two)-374(methods)-375(by)-374(means)-375(of)-374(which)-375(the)-374(principle)-374(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -11.956 -13.549 Td [(min)-280(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.931 0 Td [(may)-280(be)-281(examined.)-341(It)-280(might)-280(be)-281(described)-280(on)-280(the)-281(basis)]TJ -47.931 -13.549 Td [(of)-298(the)-299(various)-298(definitions)-299(which)-298(Sun)-298(Yat-sen)-299(gave)-298(it)-299(in)-298(his)-298(four)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lectures)-245(and)-245(in)-245(other)-245(speeches)-245(and)-245(papers,)-246(and)-245(outlined,)-246(point)-244(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(point,)-374(by)-349(means)-349(of)-349(the)-349(various)-349(functions)-349(and)-349(limits)-349(that)-349(he)-349(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-262(it.)-286(This)-262(would)-262(also)-262(permit)-262(some)-262(consideration)-262(of)-262(the)-261(relation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.845 0 Td [(min)-253(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.33 0 Td [(to)-253(various)-253(other)-252(theories)-253(of)-253(political)-253(economy.)-258(The)]TJ -59.175 -13.549 Td [(other)-422(approach)-421(may)-422(be)-421(a)-422(less)-421(academic)-422(one,)-464(but)-422(perhaps)-421(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(altogether)-387(unprofitable.)-660(By)-387(means)-387(of)-387(a)-387(reconsideration)-387(of)-386(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-225(two)-225(principles,)-230(and)-225(of)-225(the)-225(structure)-225(and)-225(meaning)-225(of)-225(the)-224(three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principles)-229(as)-228(a)-229(whole,)-233(it)-229(is)-228(possible)-229(to)-229(surmise,)-232(if)-229(not)-229(to)-228(establish,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-326(meaning)-326(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 70.654 0 Td [(min)-326(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.37 0 Td [(,)-345(that)-326(is,)-345(to)-325(discover)-326(it)-326(through)-326(a)-326(sort)]TJ -116.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-272(political)-272(triangulation:)-294(the)-272(first)-272(two)-272(principles)-272(being)-272(given,)-277(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(what)-250(third)-250(principle)-250(do)-250(they)-250(lead?)]TJ 11.956 -16.39 Td [(This)-444(latter)-445(method)-444(may)-445(be)-444(taken)-444(first,)-493(since)-445(it)-444(will)-444(afford)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(a)-456(general)-457(view)-456(of)-456(the)-456(three)-456(principles)-457(which)-456(will)-456(permit)-456(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orientation)-174(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 60.142 0 Td [(min)-173(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.6 0 Td [(with)-173(reference)-174(to)-173(the)-174(nationalist)-173(ideology)]TJ -105.742 -13.549 Td [(as)-380(a)-380(whole,)-412(and)-380(prepare)-380(the)-379(student)-380(for)-380(a)-380(solution)-380(of)-380(some)-379(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 241.731 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 228.978 Td [(he)-373(now)-373(renders)-373(it)-373(as)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 79.466 0 Td [(the)-373(economic)-373(Demism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 84.731 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 10.812 0 Td [(sociology)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 34.369 0 Td [(.)-619(The)-373(most)-373(current)]TJ -209.378 -9.411 Td [(translation,)-356(that)-334(of)-334(Frank)-335(Price,)-355(cited,)-356(gives)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 162.762 0 Td [(the)-334(principle)-335(of)-334(livelihood)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.172 0 Td [(.)-503(Paul)]TJ -257.934 -10.959 Td [(Linebarger)-308(gave)-307(it)-308(as)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 79.75 0 Td [(socialism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.633 0 Td [(as)-308(far)-307(back)-308(as)-307(1917)-308(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 76.528 0 Td [(The)-308(Chinese)-307(Nationalist)]TJ -192.911 -10.959 Td [(Monthly)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 29.885 0 Td [(,)-334(December,)-333(1917,)-334(Chicago\051)-317(in)-316(Chicago,)-334(at)-317(the)-317(time)-316(when)-317(Lin)-317(Shen,)]TJ -29.885 -10.959 Td [(Frank)-284(C.)-284(Lee)-284(and)-284(he)-283(were)-284(all)-284(working)-284(for)-284(Sun)-284(in)-284(that)-284(city.)-351(Dr.)-352(H.)-284(H.)-284(Kung,)-292(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(high)-271(government)-271(official)-271(related)-270(by)-271(marriage)-271(to)-271(Mme.)-312(Sun)-271(Yat-sen,)-276(speaks)-271(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-332(three)-332(principles)-332(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 83.621 0 Td [(liberty)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.411 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 5.402 0 Td [(democracy)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.336 0 Td [(,)-352(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 21.326 0 Td [(economic)-332(well-being)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.169 0 Td [(\050preface)]TJ -251.265 -10.959 Td [(to)-331(Hs\374,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 29.782 0 Td [(Sun)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 13.449 0 Td [(,)-351(cited,)-352(p.)-493(xvi\051.)-493(Dr.)-494(V.)-331(K.)-331(Wellington)-331(Koo,)-351(one)-331(of)-332(C)1(hina's)-332(most)]TJ -43.231 -10.959 Td [(eminent)-357(diplomats,)-384(speaks)-357(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 110.922 0 Td [(social)-357(organization)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 73.66 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Memoranda)-357(Presented)-357(to)]TJ -187.568 -10.959 Td [(the)-312(Lytton)-313(Commission)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 83.815 0 Td [(,)-328(New)-312(York)-313(City,)-327(n.)-437(d.\051.)-437(Citations)-313(could)-312(be)-312(presented)]TJ -83.815 -10.958 Td [(almost)-298(indefinitely.)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 73.69 0 Td [(Min)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 17.113 0 Td [(means)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 25.578 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(people,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 26.146 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.649 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 15.616 0 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 23.587 0 Td [(means)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 25.578 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(life;)-321(vitality,)-310(the)]TJ -221.919 -10.959 Td [(living,)-280(birth,)-279(means)-274(of)-273(living)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 103.575 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.435 0 Td [(according)-274(to)-273(the)-274(dictionary)-274(\050S.)-273(Wells)-274(Williams,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -110.01 -10.959 Td [(A)-307(Syllabic)-308(Dictionary)-307(of)-308(the)-307(Chinese)-308(Language)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 172.447 0 Td [(,)-322(Tungchou,)-322(1909\051.)-422(The)-307(mere)]TJ -172.447 -10.959 Td [(terms)-396(are)-396(of)-396(very)-396(little)-396(help)-396(in)-396(solving)-396(the)-396(riddle)-396(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 197.942 0 Td [(min)-396(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.919 0 Td [(.)-688(Laborious)]TJ -235.861 -10.959 Td [(examination)-372(is)-371(needed,)-402(and)-372(even)-372(this)-371(will)-372(not,)-402(perhaps,)-402(lead)-372(us)-371(to)-372(anything)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(more)-199(than)-199(probability.)-233(Sun)-199(Yat-sen,)-209(in)-199(his)-199(lectures,)-209(called)-199(it)-199(by)-199(several)-199(different)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+677 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 678 0 R
+/Resources 676 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 679 0 R
+>> endobj
+676 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+682 0 obj <<
+/Length 5319
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(130The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-273(apparent)-273(contradictions)-273(which)-273(are)-273(to)-273(be)-273(found)-273(in)-273(the)-272(various)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(specific)-250(definitions)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 97.866 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.541 0 Td [(.)]TJ -130.451 -13.739 Td [(Accepting)-329(the)-329(elementary)-328(thesis)-329(of)-329(the)-329(necessary)-328(awakening)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-304(the)-304(race-nation,)-317(and)-303(its)-304(equally)-304(necessary)-304(self-rule,)-317(both)-304(as)-303(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 30.401 0 Td [(vis-\340-vis)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.088 0 Td [(other)-287(nations,)-296(and)-286(as)-287(a)-287(world)-287(by)-286(itself,)-296(one)-287(may)]TJ -70.489 -13.549 Td [(see)-251(that)-251(these)-251(are)-250(each)-251(social)-251(problems)-251(of)-251(organization)-251(which)-250(do)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-325(necessarily)-324(involve)-649(the)-325(physical)-325(conditions)-324(of)-325(the)-324(country,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([124])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(although,)-241(as)-239(a)-240(matter)-239(of)-239(application,)-241(they)-239(would)-239(be)-239(ineffectual)-239(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-215(country)-214(which)-215(did)-215(not)-214(have)-215(the)-215(adequate)-214(means)-215(of)-214(self-support.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-414(Yat-sen)-415(was)-414(interested)-414(in)-414(seeing)-415(the)-414(Chinese)-414(people)-414(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-299(civilization)-298(survive,)-311(and)-298(by)-299(survival)-298(he)-298(meant)-299(not)-298(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-209(continuation)-209(of)-209(social)-209(organization)-209(and)-209(moral)-209(and)-209(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(excellence,)-303(but,)-303(more)-292(than)-292(these,)-303(the)-292(actual)-292(continued)-292(existence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-280(the)-281(great)-280(bulk)-280(of)-280(the)-281(population.)-340(The)-281(most)-280(vital)-280(problem)-280(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-235(of)-235(the)-236(continued)-235(existence)-235(of)-235(the)-236(Chinese)-235(as)-235(a)-235(people,)-238(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-251(threatened)-250(by)-251(the)-251(constant)-250(expansion)-251(of)-251(the)-250(West)-251(and)-250(might)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conceivably)-300(share)-300(the)-299(fate)-300(of)-300(the)-300(American)-300(Indians)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 225.858 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-300(remnant)]TJ -236.767 -13.549 Td [(of)-219(a)-219(once)-219(great)-219(race)-218(living)-219(on)-219(the)-219(charity)-219(of)-219(their)-219(conquerors.)-239(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-317(expressly)-317(recognized)-317(this)-317(problem)-317(as)-317(the)-317(supreme)-316(one,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(requiring)-389(immediate)-390(attention.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 135.453 3.959 Td [(144)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.739 -3.959 Td [(Nationalism)-389(and)-390(democracy)]TJ -155.192 -13.549 Td [(would)-244(have)-243(no)-244(effect)-244(if)-244(the)-243(race)-244(did)-244(not)-243(survive)-244(to)-244(practise)-243(them.)]TJ 11.956 -13.739 Td [(The)-335(old)-336(Chinese)-335(society)-336(may)-335(be)-336(conceived)-335(as)-336(a)-335(vast)-335(system)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-356(living)-357(men,)-383(who)-356(survived)-356(by)-357(eating)-356(and)-356(breeding,)-383(and)-356(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-262(connected)-262(with)-262(one)-261(another)-262(in)-262(time)-262(by)-262(the)-262(proper)-261(attention)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-297(the)-296(ancestral)-297(cults,)-308(and)-297(in)-297(space)-296(by)-297(a)-297(common)-296(consciousness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-353(themselves)-352(as)-353(the)-353(standard-bearers)-353(of)-352(the)-353(civilization)-353(of)-352(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)-323(Sun)-275(Yat-sen,)-281(although)-274(a)-274(Christian,)-281(was)-275(not)-274(unmindful)-274(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-364(outlook;)-420(he)-364(too)-364(was)-364(sensible)-364(of)-363(the)-364(meaning)-364(of)-364(the)-363(living)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race)-337(through)-337(the)-337(centuries.)-510(He)-337(dutifully)-337(informed)-337(the)-336(Emperor)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(T'ai)-297(Tsung)-298(of)-297(Ming)-297(that)-298(the)-297(Manchus)-297(had)-298(been)-297(driven)-297(from)-297(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(throne,)-282(and)-275(some)-275(years)-275(later)-276(he)-275(expressed)-275(the)-275(deepest)-275(reverence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-233(the)-232(ancestral)-233(cult.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 91.526 3.959 Td [(145)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.118 -3.959 Td [(But)-233(in)-232(facing)-233(the)-232(emergency)-233(with)-233(which)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.967 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.154 Td [(144)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(91-92.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(145)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 44.596 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-337(cited,)-337(Bk.)-458(IV,)-319(p.)-458(62:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 85.112 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(I)-319(must)-320(confess)-319(that)-320(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+681 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 682 0 R
+/Resources 680 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 679 0 R
+>> endobj
+683 0 obj <<
+/D [681 0 R /XYZ 199.305 436.69 null]
+>> endobj
+680 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+684 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index30) >>
+endobj
+687 0 obj
+(The Economic Background of Min Sheng.)
+endobj
+690 0 obj <<
+/Length 4789
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Economic)-250(Background)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 134.52 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-7338(131)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -181.484 -30.759 Td [(his)-419(race)-419(was)-419(confronted,)-461(Sun)-419(Yat-sen)-419(could)-419(not)-419(overlook)-418(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practical)-250(question)-250(of)-250(physical)-250(survival.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([125])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -13.788 Td [(He)-384(was,)-417(therefore,)-418(materialistic)-384(in)-384(so)-384(far)-384(as)-384(his)-384(recognit)1(ion)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-334(the)-335(importance)-334(of)-334(the)-334(material)-335(well-being)-334(of)-334(the)-334(race-nation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(made)-214(him)-213(so.)-238(At)-213(this)-214(point)-213(he)-214(may)-213(be)-214(found)-213(sympathetic)-214(with)-213(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxians,)-223(though)-215(his)-216(ideology)-216(as)-216(a)-215(whole)-216(is)-216(profoundly)-215(Chinese.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-222(destitution,)-227(the)-221(economic)-222(weakness,)-227(the)-222(slow)-221(progress)-222(of)-221(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(native)-340(land)-340(were)-340(a)-340(torture)-339(to)-340(his)-340(conscience.)-520(In)-340(a)-340(world)-340(of)-339(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-279(grinding)-280(poverty,)-287(where)-279(war,)-287(pestilence,)-287(and)-279(famine)-279(made)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(even)-349(mere)-348(existence)-348(uncertain,)-374(he)-348(could)-349(not)-348(possibly)-348(overlook)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(problem)-335(of)-334(the)-334(adequate)-334(material)-334(care)-335(of)-334(the)-334(vast)-334(populace)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-250(constituted)-250(the)-250(race-nation.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.788 Td [(Min)-344(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.777 0 Td [(,)-367(accordingly,)-368(meant)-344(primarily)-344(the)-344(survival)-344(of)-344(the)]TJ -58.733 -13.549 Td [(race-nation,)-386(as)-358(nationalism)-359(was)-358(its)-358(awakening,)-386(and)-358(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-468(self-control.)-903(No)-468(one)-468(of)-467(these)-468(could)-468(be)-468(effective)-467(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-323(two)-322(others.)-468(In)-322(the)-322(fundamentals)-323(of)-322(Sun)-323(Yat-sen's)-322(ideology,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-297(necessity)-297(for)-297(survival)-297(and)-297(prosperity)-297(is)-297(superlative)-297(and)-297(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evident.)-1021(All)-507(other)-507(features)-507(of)-507(the)-507(doctrine)-506(are,)-572(as)-507(it)-506(were,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(optional.)-342(The)-281(first)-281(two)-281(principles)-280(definitely)-281(required)-281(a)-281(third)-280(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-272(give)-272(them)-273(a)-272(body)-272(of)-272(persons)-273(upon)-272(which)-272(to)-272(operate;)-283(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(did)-334(not)-334(necessarily)-335(require)-334(that)-334(the)-334(third)-334(principle)-334(advance)-334(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(specific)-211(doctrine.)-237(If)-210(this)-211(be)-210(the)-211(case,)-218(it)-211(is)-211(evident)-210(that)-211(the)-210(question)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-388(the)-388(content)-388(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 80.555 0 Td [(min)-388(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(,)-423(while)-388(important,)-422(is)-388(secondary)-388(to)]TJ -126.603 -13.549 Td [(the)-383(first)-383(premises)-383(of)-383(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 112.994 0 Td [(San)-383(Min)-383(Chu)-383(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 68.29 0 Td [(.)-383(The)-383(need)-383(for)-383(a)-383(third)]TJ -181.284 -13.549 Td [(principle)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 38.782 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(one)-294(of)-294(popular)-295(subsistence)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 117.487 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-294(the)-294(ideology)-295(is)-294(vital;)]TJ -178.087 -13.55 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 16.059 0 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.665 0 Td [(would)-250(be)-250(crippled)-250(without)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -82.724 -60.192 Td [(The)-250(Economic)-250(Background)-250(of)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 194.594 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 67.937 0 Td [(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 107.843 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 99.019 Td [(idea)-256(of)-256(using)-256(the)-255(sacred)-256(cult)-256(of)-256(ancestor)-256(worship)-256(as)-256(a)-255(political)-256(machine)-256(is)-256(very)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(abhorrent)-252(to)-251(me.)-255(In)-252(fact,)-252(I)-251(think)-252(that)-251(even)-252(the)-252(rashest)-251(fool)-252(would)-251(never)-252(attempt)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-201(use)-201(this)-201(intimate)-201(cult)-201(with)-201(its)-200(exclusively)-201(domestic)-201(privacy)-201(as)-201(a)-201(revolutionary)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(instrument.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 40.6 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+689 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 690 0 R
+/Resources 688 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 679 0 R
+>> endobj
+691 0 obj <<
+/D [689 0 R /XYZ 46.771 502.248 null]
+>> endobj
+685 0 obj <<
+/D [689 0 R /XYZ 46.771 153.826 null]
+>> endobj
+688 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+694 0 obj <<
+/Length 5147
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(132The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(What)-262(was)-262(the)-262(nature)-262(of)-262(the)-262(background)-262(which)-262(decided)-262(Sun)-261(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen)-243(to)-243(draw)-243(an)-242(economic)-243(program)-243(into)-243(the)-243(total)-243(of)-243(his)-242(nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-487(for)-487(the)-486(regeneration)-487(of)-487(China)-487(through)-487(a)-486(nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution?)-652(Was)-383(Sun)-384(Yat-sen)-384(dissatisfied)-768(with)-384(the)-383(economic)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([126])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(order)-348(of)-348(the)-347(old)-348(society?)-544(Was)-347(he)-348(interested)-348(in)-348(a)-347(reconstitution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-279(the)-278(economic)-279(system)-279(for)-278(the)-279(sake)-279(of)-278(defense)-279(against)-278(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers?)]TJ 11.956 -16.703 Td [(He)-328(was)-329(unquestionably)-328(dissatisfied)-328(with)-329(the)-328(economic)-328(order)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-234(things)-234(in)-233(the)-234(old)-234(society,)-237(but)-234(it)-233(was)-234(a)-234(dissatisfaction)-234(with)-233(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-353(old)-352(order)-353(had)-353(failed)-352(to)-353(achieve)-352(rather)-353(than)-353(a)-352(feeling)-353(of)-352(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(injustice)-197(of)-197(the)-197(Chinese)-198(distributive)-197(system.)-232(He)-197(was)-197(bitter)-197(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-399(taxation)-398(system)-398(which)-399(worked)-398(out)-399(unevenly,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 212.42 3.959 Td [(146)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.205 -3.959 Td [(and)-398(against)]TJ -229.625 -13.549 Td [(the)-327(extortions)-328(of)-327(the)-327(internal-transit)-328(revenue)-327(officials)-327(under)-327(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Empire.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 34.844 3.959 Td [(147)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.769 -3.959 Td [(He)-268(was)-268(deeply)-268(impressed)-268(by)-268(his)-268(first)-268(encounter)-268(with)]TJ -50.613 -13.549 Td [(Western)-362(mechanical)-362(achievement)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.067 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-362(S.)-362(S.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 42.771 0 Td [(Grannoch)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.236 0 Td [(,)-390(which)]TJ -246.983 -13.549 Td [(took)-259(him)-260(from)-259(Kwangtung)-259(to)-260(Honolulu.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 175.054 3.959 Td [(148)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.486 -3.959 Td [(But)-259(he)-260(had)-259(served)-259(in)]TJ -190.54 -13.549 Td [(the)-336(shop)-337(of)-336(his)-336(brother)-337(as)-336(a)-337(young)-336(boy,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 176.911 3.959 Td [(149)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.358 -3.959 Td [(and)-336(knew)-337(the)-336(small)]TJ -193.269 -13.549 Td [(farm)-180(life)-181(of)-180(South)-181(China)-180(intimately.)-227(On)-181(the)-180(basis)-181(of)-180(this)-180(first-hand)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(knowledge,)-288(and)-281(his)-281(many)-280(years)-281(of)-281(association)-280(with)-281(the)-280(working)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-359(of)-359(China,)-387(he)-359(was)-359(not)-359(likely)-359(to)-359(attack)-359(the)-359(old)-359(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system)-250(for)-250(its)-250(injustice)-250(so)-250(much)-250(as)-250(for)-250(its)-250(inadequacy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 233.313 3.959 Td [(150)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -221.358 -20.661 Td [(That)-552(there)-551(were)-552(injustices)-551(in)-552(the)-552(old)-551(system)-552(of)-552(Chinese)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(economy,)-408(no)-377(one)-376(can)-377(deny,)-408(but)-377(these)-376(injustices)-377(were)-376(scarcely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sufficient)-156(to)-156(provoke,)-174(of)-156(themselves)-156(alone,)-175(the)-156(complete)-155(alteration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-572(economic)-571(outlook)-571(that)-572(Sun)-571(Yat-sen)-572(proposed.)-1214(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capitalism)-501(had)-500(not)-501(reached)-501(the)-500(state)-501(of)-501(industrial)-500(capitalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(until)-213(after)-213(its)-213(contact)-213(with)-213(the)-213(West;)-225(at)-213(the)-213(most)-213(it)-213(was)-213(a)-213(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sort)-501(of)-501(usury-capitalism)-501(practised)-501(by)-501(the)-501(three)-500(economically)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 132.285 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 125.472 Td [(146)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 44.721 0 Td [(Sun)-330(Yat-sen)-331(and)-331(the)-330(Chinese)-331(Republic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 140.338 0 Td [(,)-351(New)-330(York,)-351(1925,)-350(pp.)]TJ -197.015 -10.959 Td [(68-9.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(147)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-250(same,)-250(pp.)-250(135-139.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(148)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-250(same,)-250(pp.)-250(104-105.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(149)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-250(same,)-250(pp.)-250(122-123.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(150)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(472.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+693 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 694 0 R
+/Resources 692 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 679 0 R
+>> endobj
+695 0 obj <<
+/D [693 0 R /XYZ 286.469 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+692 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+698 0 obj <<
+/Length 6509
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Economic)-250(Background)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 134.52 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.964 0 Td [(.)-7338(133)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -181.484 -30.759 Td [(dominant)-610(groups)-609(of)-610(old)-609(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 146.601 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(landholders,)-700(officials,)-699(and)]TJ -157.51 -13.549 Td [(merchant-usurers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 78.459 3.959 Td [(151)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.883 -3.959 Td [(The)-272(disturbances)-271(which)-271(hurt)-272(the)-271(economic)]TJ -94.342 -13.549 Td [(condition)-422(of)-211(the)-211(country,)-219(and)-211(thereby)-211(led)-211(to)-211(greater)-211(disturbances,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([127])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(had)-378(involved)-379(China)-378(in)-378(a)-379(vicious)-378(cycle)-378(of)-379(decline)-378(which)-378(could)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scarcely)-197(be)-198(blamed)-197(on)-197(any)-197(one)-198(feature)-197(or)-197(any)-197(one)-198(group)-197(in)-197(the)-197(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economy.)-227(The)-183(essential)-182(fault)-182(lay)-182(with)-182(the)-182(condition)-182(of)-182(the)-182(country)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-335(a)-335(whole,)-357(directly)-335(affected)-335(by)-335(the)-335(economic)-335(consequences)-335(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-250(trade)-250(and)-250(partial)-250(industrialization.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.327 3.959 Td [(152)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -174.371 -19.242 Td [(Sun)-429(Yat-sen's)-430(positive)-429(dissatisfaction)-429(with)-430(the)-429(economy)-429(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(his)-450(time)-450(arose)-450(from)-449(the)-450(position)-450(which)-450(he)-450(felt)-450(China)-450(had)-449(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-355(modern)-355(business)-354(world.)-565(He)-354(believed)-355(that,)-381(by)-355(virtue)-355(of)-354(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-442(oppression)-442(of)-441(the)-442(Chinese)-442(by)-442(the)-442(Western)-441(powers,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China)-268(had)-268(been)-268(degraded)-269(to)-268(the)-268(position)-268(of)-268(the)-268(lowest)-268(nation)-268(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(earth)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 21.808 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-209(the)-210(Chinese)-209(were)-210(even)-209(more)-210(unfortunate)-209(than)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 216.408 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(slaves)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(without)-318(a)-319(country,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 81.182 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.316 0 Td [(such)-318(as)-319(the)-318(Koreans)-318(and)-319(the)-318(Annamites.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 178.679 3.959 Td [(153)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-261(particular)-261(forms)-262(of)-261(this)-261(oppression,)-264(and)-261(Sun)-261(Yat-sen's)-261(plans)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-259(meeting)-258(it,)-261(may)-259(be)-259(more)-259(aptly)-258(described)-259(in)-259(the)-258(consideration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-550(his)-550(program)-550(of)-550(economic)-549(national)-550(regeneration.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 238.672 3.958 Td [(154)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 24.995 -3.958 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.55 Td [(Chinese)-493(nation)-494(occupied)-493(the)-494(ignominious)-493(position)-494(of)-493(a)-493(sub-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(colony)-388(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 43.013 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-388(Sun)-388(himself)-387(termed)-388(it)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 112.07 0 Td [(\024\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.753 0 Td [(a)-388(hypo-colony)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 64.22 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 8.015 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Our)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td [(people)-162(are)-163(realizing)-162(that)-162(to)-163(be)-162(a)-162(semi-colony)-163(is)-162(a)-162(national)-162(disgrace;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-234(our)-234(case)-234(is)-234(worse)-234(than)-235(that;)-239(our)-234(country)-234(is)-234(in)-234(the)-234(position)-234(of)-234(a)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 220.046 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 213.15 Td [(151)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Karl)-465(A.)-465(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 74.253 0 Td [(Wirtschaft)-465(und)-465(Gesellschaft)-465(Chinas)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 133.065 0 Td [(,)-519(Leipzig,)-519(1931.)]TJ -219.274 -10.959 Td [(The)-309(author,)-323(the)-309(German)-309(Marxian)-309(who)-308(wrote)-309(the)-309(best)-309(Marxist)-309(critique)-308(of)-309(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen,)-227(is)-222(the)-222(only)-221(scholar)-222(to)-222(seek)-221(a)-222(really)-222(complete)-221(picture)-222(of)-222(the)-221(old)-222(Chinese)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(economy)-308(by)-308(the)-308(technique)-308(of)-308(modern)-308(Western)-308(economic)-308(analysis.)-424(Described)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-261(the)-261(author)-261(as)-261(an)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 70.461 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(attempt,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 29.141 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.32 0 Td [(the)-261(first)-261(volume)-261(of)-260(this)-261(work)-261(runs)-261(to)-261(737)-261(pages.)]TJ -109.903 -10.959 Td [(It)-256(is)-256(valuable)-256(for)-256(the)-256(large)-256(amount)-256(of)-256(statistical)-256(material)-256(which)-256(it)-256(contains,)-258(and)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(for)-250(its)-250(systematic)-250(method;)-250(its)-250(Marxian)-250(bias)-250(narrows)-250(its)-250(interest)-250(considerably.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(152)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Both)-317(works)-318(of)-317(Wittfogel,)-335(cited)-317(above,)-334(are)-318(useful)-317(for)-318(the)-317(understanding)-318(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-375(transition)-375(from)-374(the)-375(old)-375(economy)-375(to)-375(the)-375(new.)-624(For)-375(a)-375(general)-374(view)-375(of)-375(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(economic)-227(situation)-227(and)-228(potentialities)-227(of)-227(China,)-232(see)-227(George)-227(B.)-227(Cressey,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 253.301 0 Td [(China's)]TJ -253.301 -10.958 Td [(Geographic)-429(Foundations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 92.017 0 Td [(,)-474(New)-430(York,)-474(1934.)-788(The)-430(bibliography)-429(on)-430(Chinese)]TJ -92.017 -10.959 Td [(economy)-247(to)-247(be)-248(found)-247(in)-247(Latourette,)-248(cited)-247(above,)-248(vol.)-249(II,)-247(pp.)-249(116-119,)-248(is)-247(useful.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(153)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(97.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(154)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(below,)-250(section)-250(on)-250(the)-250(national)-250(economic)-250(revolution.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+697 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 698 0 R
+/Resources 696 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 679 0 R
+>> endobj
+699 0 obj <<
+/D [697 0 R /XYZ 90.288 491.077 null]
+>> endobj
+696 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+700 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index31) >>
+endobj
+703 0 obj
+(The Three Meanings of Min Sheng.)
+endobj
+706 0 obj <<
+/Length 5014
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(134The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(sub-colony)-232(\050since)-232(it)-232(is)-232(the)-232(colony)-232(of)-232(all)-232(the)-232(Great)-232(Powers)-232(and)-231(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(merely)-248(subject)-248(to)-248(one)-248(of)-248(them\051,)-249(a)-248(position)-248(which)-248(is)-248(inferior)-248(to)-248(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ordinary)-250(colony)-250(such)-250(as)-250(Korea)-250(and)-250(Annam.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 189.349 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(155)]TJ -266.948 -3.959 Td [([128])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -15.396 Td [(What,)-286(then,)-285(were)-279(the)-278(positive)-279(implications)-278(of)-279(the)-278(principle)-278(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -11.956 -13.549 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.269 0 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(nationalist)-250(ideology?)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -47.269 -74.659 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Meanings)-250(of)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 152.506 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 67.937 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -220.443 -38.49 Td [(First,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 25.136 0 Td [(min)-213(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.455 0 Td [(is)-213(the)-212(doctrine)-213(leading)-213(the)-212(nationalist)-213(democracy)]TJ -71.591 -13.549 Td [(on)-217(its)-218(road)-217(to)-217(a)-218(high)-217(position)-217(among)-218(the)-217(nations)-218(of)-217(the)-217(earth;)-228(only)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-329(the)-329(material)-328(strength)-329(to)-329(be)-329(found)-328(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 199.583 0 Td [(min)-329(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.988 0 Td [(can)-329(the)]TJ -248.571 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-214(attain)-213(a)-214(position)-213(by)-214(which)-213(they)-214(can)-213(exert)-214(the)-213(full)-214(force)-213(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-288(new-formed)-288(state)-288(against)-288(the)-288(invaders)-288(and)-288(oppressors,)-297(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-364(able)-364(to)-364(lift)-365(up)-364(the)-364(populace)-364(so)-364(that)-364(democracy)-364(will)-364(possess)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-322(actual)-322(operative)-322(meaning.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 145.59 0 Td [(Min)-322(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.05 0 Td [(is)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 10.789 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(...)-466(the)-322(center)-322(of)]TJ -211.272 -13.549 Td [(politics,)-365(of)-342(economics,)-365(of)-342(all)-342(kinds)-342(of)-342(historical)-342(movements;)-387(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-369(similar)-369(to)-369(the)-369(center)-369(of)-369(gravity)-369(in)-369(space.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 193.69 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(156)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.478 -3.959 Td [(It)-369(provides)-369(the)]TJ -215.012 -13.549 Td [(implementation)-250(of)-250(nationalism)-250(and)-250(democracy.)]TJ 11.955 -15.396 Td [(Secondly,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 45.574 0 Td [(min)-194(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.058 0 Td [(means)-194(national)-195(enrichment.)-231(The)-195(problem)]TJ -103.587 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(China)-291(is)-291(primarily)-290(one)-291(of)-291(poverty.)-373(Sun)-291(wanted)-290(consideration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-292(the)-292(problem)-292(of)-292(the)-292(livelihood)-292(of)-292(the)-292(people)-292(to)-292(begin)-292(with)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supreme)-256(economic)-257(reality)-256(in)-257(China.)-269(What)-256(was)-257(this)-256(reality?)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 259.048 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(It)-256(is)]TJ -263.891 -13.55 Td [(the)-235(poverty)-235(from)-234(which)-235(we)-235(all)-235(suffer.)-244(The)-235(Chinese)-235(in)-235(general)-234(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poor;)-222(among)-208(them)-208(there)-208(is)-208(no)-208(privileged)-208(wealthy)-208(class,)-216(but)-208(only)-208(a)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 131.886 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 124.99 Td [(155)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-366(translation,)-394(cited,)-395(pp.)-597(186-187.)-596(The)-366(d'Elia)-366(translation)-365(gives)-366(a)-366(more)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(exact)-257(rendering)-256(of)-257(Sun)-256(Yat-sen's)-257(words)-256(\050p.)-270(97\051,)-258(but,)-258(by)-257(following)-256(Sun)-257(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-221(calling)-222(China)-221(a)-222(hypo-colony,)-227(is)-221(less)-222(immediately)-221(plain)-222(to)-221(the)-222(Western)-221(reader)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(than)-275(is)-276(the)-275(translation)-276(of)-275(Dr.)-326(Hs\374,)-282(who)-276(in)-275(this)-275(instance)-276(uses)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 216.432 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(sub)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 12.455 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.45 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 15.417 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(hypo)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 17.933 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(interchangeably.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(156)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(443.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+705 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 706 0 R
+/Resources 704 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 679 0 R
+>> endobj
+707 0 obj <<
+/D [705 0 R /XYZ 93.543 488.699 null]
+>> endobj
+701 0 obj <<
+/D [705 0 R /XYZ 93.543 430.551 null]
+>> endobj
+704 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+710 0 obj <<
+/Length 4761
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Meanings)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 105.426 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-10005(135)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -152.389 -30.759 Td [(generality)-223(of)-223(ordinary)-223(poor)-223(people.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 151.21 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(157)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.886 -3.959 Td [(However)-223(this)-223(enrichment)]TJ -170.94 -13.549 Td [(was)-250(to)-250(be)-250(brought)-250(about,)-250(it)-250(was)-250(imperative.)]TJ 11.956 -15.405 Td [(Thirdly,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 42.586 0 Td [(min)-573(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.066 0 Td [(,)-654(as)-573(the)-573(doctrine)-573(of)-573(enrichment,)-654(was)]TJ -102.608 -13.549 Td [(also)-484(the)-485(doctrine)-484(of)-484(economic)-484(justice.)-953(If)-485(the)-484(nation)-484(was)-484(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(become)-334(economically)-335(healthy,)-355(it)-335(could)-334(only)-335(do)-334(so)-335(on)-334(the)-334(basis)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-432(the)-432(proper)-433(distribution)-432(of)-432(property)-432(among)-433(its)-432(citizens.)-796(Its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wealth)-254(would)-253(not)-254(bring)-254(about)-254(well-being)-253(unless)-254(it)-254(were)-253(properly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distributed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([129])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -15.404 Td [(More)-345(briefly,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 63.217 0 Td [(min)-345(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.335 0 Td [(may)-345(be)-344(said)-345(to)-345(be)-344(the)-345(thesis)-345(of)-344(the)]TJ -124.508 -13.55 Td [(indispensability)-400(of:)-549(1\051)-400(a)-400(national)-400(economic)-400(revolution)-399(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperialism)-349(and)-349(for)-348(democracy;)-398(2\051)-349(an)-349(industrial)-349(revolution)-348(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-394(enrichment)-394(of)-394(China;)-466(and)-394(3\051)-394(a)-394(prophylactic)-394(against)-393(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution.)]TJ 11.956 -15.405 Td [(The)-169(significance)-170(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 84.304 0 Td [(min)-169(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.509 0 Td [(as)-169(the)-170(economic)-169(implementation)]TJ -141.769 -13.549 Td [(of)-151(nationalism)-151(and)-151(democracy)-150(is)-151(clear)-151(enough)-151(to)-151(require)-151(no)-150(further)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discussion.)-243(Its)-230(significance)-230(as)-230(a)-229(doctrine)-230(for)-230(the)-230(promotion)-230(of)-229(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrial)-250(revolution)-250(is)-250(considerable,)-250(and)-250(worth)-250(attention.)]TJ 11.956 -15.405 Td [(Western)-368(science)-368(was)-369(to)-368(sow)-368(the)-368(seed.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 177.622 0 Td [(Min)-368(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.06 0 Td [(economy)]TJ -240.638 -13.549 Td [(was)-379(to)-380(reap)-379(the)-380(harvest.)-638(By)-379(means)-380(of)-379(the)-379(details)-380(in)-379(Sun)-379(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sen's)-412(programs)-413(which)-412(he)-413(believed)-412(sufficient)-413(for)-412(the)-412(purposes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-313(modernization)-313(of)-313(China,)-329(which)-313(was)-313(to)-313(be)-313(a)-313(consequence)-313(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-354(science)-355(in)-354(the)-354(ideology,)-381(was)-354(to)-354(lead)-355(at)-354(the)-354(same)-354(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-414(the)-415(actual)-414(physical)-414(enrichment)-414(of)-415(the)-414(economic)-414(goods)-414(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(services)-254(of)-253(the)-254(country.)-260(The)-254(advocacy)-253(of)-254(industrial)-253(development)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is,)-246(of)-245(course,)-247(a)-245(commonplace)-245(in)-245(the)-246(Western)-245(world,)-246(but)-245(in)-245(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-255(was)-256(strikingly)-255(novel.)-266(Sun)-255(Yat-sen)-256(did)-255(not)-255(regard)-255(industrialism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-336(a)-335(necessary)-336(evil;)-378(he)-336(considered)-336(it)-335(a)-336(positive)-336(blessing,)-357(as)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(means)-250(of)-250(increasing)-250(the)-250(material)-250(welfare)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -15.405 Td [(Time)-323(and)-324(time)-323(again,)-341(Sun)-324(Yat-sen)-323(emphasized)-323(the)-323(necessity)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-417(modernization.)-751(His)-417(theory)-417(of)-417(nationalism)-417(led)-417(him)-417(to)-417(urge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-331(introduction)-330(of)-331(Western)-330(physical)-331(science)-330(into)-331(the)-330(ideology.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(His)-379(theory)-380(of)-379(democracy)-380(was)-379(justified)-379(in)-380(part)-379(by)-380(the)-379(fact)-379(that)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(157)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(452.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+709 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 710 0 R
+/Resources 708 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 712 0 R
+>> endobj
+711 0 obj <<
+/D [709 0 R /XYZ 46.771 421.377 null]
+>> endobj
+708 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+715 0 obj <<
+/Length 5145
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(136The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(democracy)-276(was)-277(to)-276(be)-276(regarded)-276(as)-277(a)-276(modernizing)-276(force.)-329(Now)-276(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principle)-359(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 55.705 0 Td [(min)-359(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.65 0 Td [(was)-359(also)-359(to)-359(lead)-360(to)-359(that)-359(great)-359(end)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 151.035 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(modernization)-414(of)-415(China)-414(to)-415(a)-414(degree)-414(to)-415(permit)-414(the)-414(race-nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-371(regain)-371(in)-370(the)-371(modern)-371(world,)-401(which)-371(encompassed)-371(the)-370(whole)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(planet,)-516(the)-463(position)-462(it)-463(had)-463(once)-463(had)-462(in)-463(the)-463(smaller)-463(world)-462(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Eastern)-250(Asia.)]TJ 11.956 -14.776 Td [(The)-265(wealth)-264(of)-265(old)-265(China)-264(had)-265(been)-265(one)-264(of)-265(the)-265(factors)-264(enabling)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(it)-545(to)-545(resist)-545(destruction)-545(at)-545(the)-545(spear-points)-545(of)-545(its)-1089(barbarian)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([130])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(conquerors.)-866(Sun)-456(Yat-sen)-455(knew)-456(this,)-507(and)-455(knew)-456(also)-455(that)-455(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-320(of)-320(the)-320(United)-320(States)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 127.301 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-320(had)-320(probably)-320(the)-320(greatest)]TJ -138.21 -13.549 Td [(concentration)-432(of)-431(social)-432(and)-431(physical)-432(wealth)-431(and)-432(power)-431(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-291(political)-290(system)-291(that)-291(the)-291(world)-290(had)-291(ever)-291(known)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 226.557 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(made)-291(that)]TJ -237.466 -13.55 Td [(nation)-237(impregnable)-238(in)-237(the)-237(modern)-238(world.)-245(Seeing)-238(that)-237(wealth)-237(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-268(only)-268(a)-268(blessing)-268(to)-268(individuals,)-272(but)-268(to)-268(nations)-268(as)-268(well,)-273(he)-267(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anxious)-334(that)-334(his)-334(beloved)-333(China)-334(should)-334(be)-334(guarded)-334(and)-333(assisted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-210(the)-209(strength)-209(that)-210(the)-209(ideology)-210(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 152.35 0 Td [(min)-209(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.1 0 Td [(,)-218(once)-209(accepted)-210(and)]TJ -196.45 -13.549 Td [(effectuated,)-250(could)-250(give)-250(it.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -14.777 Td [(Min)-183(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.014 0 Td [(is)-183(more)-183(than)-183(a)-182(vague)-183(aspiration)-183(for)-183(national)-183(welfare.)]TJ -58.97 -13.549 Td [(The)-573(general)-572(theory)-573(of)-573(nationalism)-572(and)-573(democracy)-572(required)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-428(additional)-429(point)-428(to)-428(make)-429(them)-428(effective)-428(in)-429(the)-428(realities)-428(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(international)-280(politics,)-288(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 115.013 0 Td [(min)-280(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.933 0 Td [(was)-280(to)-281(supply)-280(the)-281(hygienic)]TJ -162.946 -13.549 Td [(and)-341(economic)-342(strength)-341(that)-341(the)-342(Chinese)-341(race-nation)-341(needed)-341(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(competition)-250(and)-250(survival;)-250(but)-250(it)-250(was)-250(to)-250(do)-250(more.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -14.777 Td [(Min)-542(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 54.853 0 Td [(is)-542(at)-542(the)-542(same)-543(time)-542(the)-542(last)-542(step)-542(of)-542(Chinese)]TJ -66.809 -13.549 Td [(resistance)-201(and)-202(the)-201(first)-201(of)-201(Chinese)-202(submission)-201(to)-201(Western)-201(culture.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-201(seeking)-200(an)-201(economic)-201(policy)-200(and)-201(an)-201(ideology)-200(which)-201(would)-200(lead)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-270(increased)-270(wealth)-269(of)-270(the)-270(nation,)-274(the)-270(Chinese)-270(were)-270(preparing)-269(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(resist)-234(the)-234(West)-235(with)-234(its)-234(own)-234(weapons.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 166.165 0 Td [(Min)-234(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.134 0 Td [(is)-234(a)-234(submission)]TJ -214.299 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(that)-250(it)-250(is)-250(a)-250(deliberate)-250(declaration)-250(of)-250(industrial)-250(revolution.)]TJ 11.955 -14.777 Td [(It)-315(is)-315(beside)-315(the)-315(point)-315(to)-315(consider)-315(the)-315(ideological)-315(bases)-315(of)-315(the)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(Western)-240(industrial)-239(revolution.)-247(It)-239(was)-240(perhaps)-239(neither)-240(a)-239(voluntary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nor)-331(a)-330(deliberate)-331(process)-331(at)-330(all;)-371(no)-331(man)-331(in)-330(the)-331(first)-331(few)-330(decades)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-304(the)-304(nineteenth)-303(century)-304(could)-304(have)-304(foretold)-303(what)-304(the)-304(end)-304(of)-303(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(process)-245(of)-244(mechanization)-244(would)-245(bring,)-246(or)-244(was)-244(likely)-245(to)-244(advocate)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+714 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 715 0 R
+/Resources 713 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 712 0 R
+>> endobj
+716 0 obj <<
+/D [714 0 R /XYZ 327.036 422.103 null]
+>> endobj
+713 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+719 0 obj <<
+/Length 4542
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Meanings)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 105.426 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-10005(137)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -152.389 -30.759 Td [(the)-466(intentional)-466(following)-465(of)-466(a)-466(policy)-466(which)-466(would)-465(transform)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-376(orientation)-375(and)-376(organization)-376(of)-375(man)-376(more)-376(thoroughly)-375(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-384(any)-384(previous)-384(religious,)-417(political,)-418(and)-384(economic)-383(transition.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-504(industrial)-504(revolution)-504(of)-503(Euramerica,)-568(when)-504(viewed)-503(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-527(outside,)-597(presents)-527(the)-527(appearance)-527(of)-527(a)-527(colossal)-527(accident,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whether)-454(for)-454(good)-454(or)-455(for)-454(bad,)-505(which)-454(was)-454(but)-454(half-perceived)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([131])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(by)-405(the)-404(participants)-405(in)-404(it.)-714(Even)-405(today,)-443(when)-404(the)-405(ideology)-404(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(institutional)-300(outline)-299(of)-299(the)-300(agrarian-handicraft)-299(past)-299(is)-299(fading)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(swiftly)-310(away)-310(in)-310(the)-310(new)-310(brilliance)-310(of)-310(Western)-310(machine-culture,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-396(new)-396(certainty,)-432(the)-396(new)-396(order)-396(have)-396(not)-396(yet)-396(appeared.)-687(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-476(transition)-476(works)-476(its)-476(way)-476(beyond)-476(the)-476(knowledge)-476(or)-475(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intervention)-250(of)-250(individual)-250(men.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(This)-312(was)-313(decidedly)-312(not)-313(the)-312(case)-312(in)-313(China.)-437(Industrialism)-312(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(something)-232(which)-231(could)-232(be)-231(studied)-232(from)-231(the)-232(outside,)-235(which)-231(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-248(appraised,)-248(and)-247(then)-248(acclaimed)-247(or)-248(resisted.)-249(Emperor)-248(Meiji)-247(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-269(Genro,)-275(with)-269(a)-270(flash)-269(of)-270(intuition)-269(or)-270(an)-269(intellectual)-269(penetration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-299(unparalleled)-298(in)-298(the)-299(political)-298(history)-299(of)-298(the)-299(world,)-310(guided)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Japan)-347(into)-347(the)-348(swift)-347(current)-347(of)-347(mechanical)-347(progress;)-396(the)-347(island)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(empire)-270(swept)-270(ahead)-269(of)-270(Asia,)-275(abreast)-269(of)-270(the)-270(most)-270(powerful)-269(states)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-330(the)-331(world.)-491(The)-331(Chinese)-330(court,)-351(under)-330(the)-330(resolute,)-351(but)-330(blind,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(guidance)-317(of)-317(the)-318(Empress)-317(Dowager,)-334(made)-317(a)-317(few)-317(feeble)-317(gestures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-348(favor)-349(of)-348(modernization,)-373(but)-348(vigorously)-349(opposed)-348(any)-348(change)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-377(might)-377(seriously)-377(modify)-377(the)-377(order)-377(of)-377(Chinese)-377(society)-377(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-278(position)-278(of)-279(the)-278(Manchus.)-334(In)-279(the)-278(shadow)-278(of)-278(the)-278(foreign)-278(guns,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrialism)-242(crept)-242(into)-242(China,)-243(along)-242(the)-242(coasts)-242(and)-242(up)-242(the)-241(banks)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-212(the)-212(navigable)-212(rivers.)-237(One)-212(might)-212(suppose)-212(that)-212(the)-212(Chinese)-212(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-244(a)-244(position)-244(to)-244(choose,)-245(deliberately,)-245(for)-244(or)-244(against)-244(industrialism.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(They)-327(were)-328(not;)-366(in)-327(China,)-347(as)-328(in)-327(the)-327(West,)-347(the)-328(machine)-327(age)-327(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appeared)-250(largely)-250(as)-250(an)-250(accident.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-417(is)-418(here)-417(that)-418(the)-417(significance)-418(of)-417(Sun)-418(Yat-sen's)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 222.306 0 Td [(min)-417(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -234.262 -13.549 Td [(becomes)-312(apparent.)-437(Above)-312(all)-313(other)-312(subsidiary)-312(meanings,)-328(it)-312(is)-312(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deliberate)-379(declaration)-379(of)-380(the)-379(industrial)-379(revolution.)-637(Modernism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-282(been)-282(an)-282(accident;)-298(Sun)-282(Yat-sen)-282(wished)-282(to)-282(transform)-282(it)-282(into)-281(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(program.)-444(What)-315(would)-314(be)-315(the)-315(ideological)-314(consequences)-315(of)-314(such)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+718 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 719 0 R
+/Resources 717 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 712 0 R
+>> endobj
+720 0 obj <<
+/D [718 0 R /XYZ 327.401 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+717 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+723 0 obj <<
+/Length 5693
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(138The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(an)-250(attitude?)]TJ 11.956 -14.652 Td [(In)-217(the)-216(first)-217(place,)-223(a)-217(plan)-217(was)-216(indicated)-217(for)-217(almost)-216(every)-217(type)-216(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(human)-415(behavior.)-743(Sun)-415(Yat-sen)-414(himself)-415(drafted)-414(a)-829(preliminary)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([132])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(scheme)-696(for)-695(a)-696(modern)-695(manufacturing)-696(and)-695(communications)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 33.033 3.959 Td [(158)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.67 -3.959 Td [(The)-509(road)-510(that)-509(China)-510(was)-509(to)-509(take)-510(would)-509(not)-510(be)]TJ -56.703 -13.549 Td [(the)-481(miserable,)-540(halting)-481(progress)-482(of)-481(industrialism,)-539(complicated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-660(delays)-660(and)-659(wars,)-763(which)-659(the)-660(West)-660(had)-660(known)-660(in)-659(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(painful)-327(centuries)-327(of)-328(readjustment)-327(from)-327(the)-327(medieval)-327(to)-327(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilization;)-767(China)-594(would)-595(not)-594(stumble)-594(forward,)-681(but)-594(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deliberately)-556(select)-557(the)-556(swiftest)-556(and)-556(easiest)-557(way)-556(to)-556(a)-556(sound)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrialism,)-250(and)-250(then)-250(take)-250(it.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -14.652 Td [(Min)-310(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.784 0 Td [(thus)-310(not)-310(only)-309(provides)-310(the)-310(Chinese)-310(with)-309(a)-310(way)-310(to)]TJ -61.74 -13.549 Td [(make)-269(their)-270(nationalism,)-274(their)-269(democracy,)-275(and)-269(their)-269(stateification)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(felt)-211(in)-211(the)-211(hour)-212(of)-211(their)-211(ultimate)-211(triumph;)-224(it)-211(gives)-211(them)-211(something)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(do)-250(to)-250(bring)-250(about)-250(that)-250(triumph.)]TJ 11.956 -14.651 Td [(On)-401(the)-401(basis)-400(of)-401(the)-401(outlines)-401(of)-400(the)-401(ideology)-401(and)-401(the)-400(social)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(system)-281(that)-281(Sun)-281(Yat-sen)-281(proposed,)-289(viewed)-281(from)-281(the)-281(perspective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(the)-335(old)-335(Confucian)-335(world-society,)-356(the)-335(reader)-335(will)-335(realize)-334(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-273(declaration)-272(of)-273(the)-272(industrial)-273(revolution)-272(is)-273(the)-272(boldest)-273(of)-272(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen's)-205(acts,)-214(and)-204(that)-205(the)-205(meaning)-205(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 167.668 0 Td [(min)-205(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.282 0 Td [(as)-205(a)-205(program)-204(of)]TJ -213.95 -13.549 Td [(complete)-334(modernization)-334(and)-335(reconstruction)-334(is)-334(superior)-334(to)-334(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possible)-293(meanings)-292(it)-293(may)-293(have,)-303(in)-293(regard)-292(to)-293(theoretical)-292(national)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 219.313 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 212.417 Td [(158)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(His)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 16.127 0 Td [(International)-410(Development)-409(of)-410(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 134.547 0 Td [(,)-450(New)-409(York,)-450(1922)-409(\050republished)]TJ -162.63 -10.959 Td [(1929\051,)-397(is)-368(a)-367(colossal)-368(plan)-367(which)-368(could)-367(only)-368(be)-367(compared)-368(with)-368(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 245.76 0 Td [(Piatiletka)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -245.76 -10.959 Td [(or)-467(with)-468(the)-467(New)-468(Deal)-467(in)-467(the)-468(United)-467(States,)-522(since)-467(Sun)-468(Yat-sen)-467(suggested)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 13.45 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(in)-203(order)-202(to)-203(avoid)-202(the)-203(consequences)-203(of)-202(a)-203(post-war)-202(depression)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 210.57 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(the)-203(nations)]TJ -241.953 -10.959 Td [(of)-406(the)-406(world)-407(might)-406(cooperate)-406(in)-406(the)-406(equal)-407(exploitation)-406(of)-406(Chinese)-406(national)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(resources)-245(with)-245(the)-245(Chinese.)-248(He)-245(proposed)-245(the)-245(modernization)-245(of)-244(China)-245(by)-245(a)-245(vast)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(international)-369(loan)-369(which)-369(could)-369(permit)-369(the)-369(Western)-369(nations)-369(to)-369(maintain)-369(their)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(war-time)-259(peak)-259(production,)-261(supplying)-258(China)-259(\0501929)-259(ed.,)-261(p.)-276(8\051.)-277(He)-258(concludes)-259(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(work:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 23.084 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-233(a)-233(nutshell,)-236(it)-233(is)-233(my)-233(idea)-233(to)-233(make)-233(capitalism)-233(create)-233(socialism)-233(in)-233(China)]TJ -27.065 -10.959 Td [(so)-241(that)-241(these)-242(two)-241(economic)-241(forces)-241(of)-241(human)-241(civilization)-241(will)-242(work)-241(side)-241(by)-241(side)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-315(future)-314(civilization)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 74.377 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.801 0 Td [(\050p.)-444(237\051.)-443(The)-315(work)-314(is,)-331(however,)-330(generally)-315(regarded)-314(as)]TJ -81.178 -10.959 Td [(a)-286(transportation)-286(plan,)-295(since)-286(Sun)-286(Yat-sen)-287(sketched)-286(out)-286(a)-286(railway)-286(map)-286(of)-286(China)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-274(would)-274(require)-275(decades)-274(to)-274(realize,)-280(and)-274(which)-274(overshadowed,)-281(by)-274(its)-274(very)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(magnitude,)-250(the)-250(other)-250(aspects)-250(of)-250(his)-250(proposals.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+722 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 723 0 R
+/Resources 721 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 712 0 R
+>> endobj
+724 0 obj <<
+/D [722 0 R /XYZ 318.749 489.974 null]
+>> endobj
+721 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+725 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index32) >>
+endobj
+728 0 obj
+(Western Influences: Henry George, Marxism and Maurice William.)
+endobj
+731 0 obj <<
+/Length 4031
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 311.038 548.934 Td [(139)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -264.267 -30.759 Td [(or)-364(social)-365(revolution.)-593(There)-364(is)-364(nothing)-365(remote)-364(or)-364(philosophical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(about)-264(the)-264(significance)-263(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 110.882 0 Td [(min)-264(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.57 0 Td [(when)-264(so)-264(viewed;)-270(it)-264(is)-264(a)-264(plan)]TJ -158.452 -13.549 Td [(to)-364(which)-364(a)-364(Lenin)-365(or)-364(a)-364(Henry)-364(Ford)-364(might)-364(subscribe)-364(with)-364(equal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fervor)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 26.651 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(although)-433(a)-434(Tagore)-433(would)-434(deplore)-867(it.)-800(It)-434(is)-433(here)-433(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.464 0 Td [([133])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(Sun)-384(Yat-sen)-384(appears)-384(as)-384(the)-384(champion)-384(of)-384(the)-384(West)-384(against)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(traditional)-326(technological)-327(stagnation)-326(of)-326(China.)-479(Yet)-327(just)-326(there,)-345(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-323(supreme)-322(point)-323(of)-323(his)-323(Westernism,)-340(we)-323(must)-323(remember)-322(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-198(was)-197(fighting)-198(for:)-223(the)-198(life)-197(of)-198(a)-197(race-nation)-198(and)-197(a)-198(civilization)-197(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-381(contradictory)-381(to)-381(the)-381(West.)-643(The)-381(stability)-381(of)-381(Confucianism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-420(not)-420(serve)-420(as)-421(a)-420(cloak)-420(for)-420(reaction)-420(and)-420(stagnant)-420(thought.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(For)-316(its)-317(own)-316(good,)-333(nay,)-333(its)-317(own)-316(life,)-333(Chinese)-317(civilization)-316(had)-316(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modernize)-292(\050i.)-374(e.,)-302(Westernize)-291(economically\051)-292(in)-291(order)-292(to)-291(compete)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-415(a)-415(West-ruled)-414(world.)-745(But)-415(what,)-456(more)-415(specifically,)-456(was)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(socio-economic)-373(position)-373(of)-373(Sun)-373(Yat-sen?)-619(Was)-373(he)-373(a)-372(Marxian?)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Was)-250(he)-250(a)-250(liberal?)-250(Was)-250(he)-250(neither?)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -70.28 Td [(Western)-267(Influences:)-283(Henry)-267(George,)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Marxism)-250(and)-250(Maurice)-250(William.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -36.057 Td [(As)-643(previously)-643(stated)-643(there)-642(are)-643(three)-643(parts)-643(which)-643(may)-642(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinguished)-271(in)-271(the)-271(ideology)-272(of)-271(the)-271(principle)-271(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 212.138 0 Td [(min)-271(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.772 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 6.146 0 Td [(Min)]TJ -263.056 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.093 0 Td [(is,)-170(first,)-171(the)-150(economic)-151(aspect)-150(of)-151(the)-150(national)-151(revolution)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 229.297 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.55 Td [(creation)-180(of)-180(an)-180(active)-179(race-nation)-180(of)-180(China)-180(implementing)-180(its)-179(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by,)-475(second,)-475(technological)-430(revolution.)-790(Third,)-475(it)-430(connotes)-429(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-483(necessity)-483(of)-483(a)-482(social)-483(revolution)-483(of)-483(some)-483(kind.)-948(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commentators)-254(have)-254(been)-254(prone)-254(to)-254(ignore)-254(the)-254(significance)-254(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.571 0 Td [(in)-286(the)-286(first)-286(two)-286(of)-286(these)-286(meanings,)-295(and)-286(have)-285(concentrated)]TJ -28.571 -13.549 Td [(on)-200(disputation)-200(concerning)-200(the)-200(third)-200(part.)-233(The)-200(question)-200(of)-200(the)-199(right)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(system)-192(of)-192(distribution)-192(has)-191(become)-192(so)-192(prominent)-192(in)-192(much)-191(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolutionary)-266(thought)-266(that,)-270(to)-267(many,)-270(it)-266(sums)-266(up)-266(the)-266(whole)-266(moral)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+730 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 731 0 R
+/Resources 729 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 712 0 R
+>> endobj
+732 0 obj <<
+/D [730 0 R /XYZ 241.883 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+726 0 obj <<
+/D [730 0 R /XYZ 46.771 301.131 null]
+>> endobj
+729 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+735 0 obj <<
+/Length 5970
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(140The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(issue)-334(concerning)-333(what)-334(is)-334(good)-333(and)-334(bad)-334(in)-333(society.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 223.334 3.959 Td [(159)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.918 -3.959 Td [(They)-334(are)]TJ -241.252 -13.549 Td [(uninterested)-273(in)-274(or)-273(ignorant)-547(of)-273(the)-273(great)-274(importance)-273(that)-273(the)-273(first)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([134])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(two)-392(aspects)-391(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 69.773 0 Td [(min)-392(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.359 0 Td [(possess)-392(for)-391(the)-392(Chinese)-391(mind.)-675(The)]TJ -120.132 -13.549 Td [(third)-295(part,)-306(the)-295(application)-295(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 127.406 0 Td [(min)-295(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.249 0 Td [(to)-295(the)-295(problems)-295(that)-295(are)]TJ -175.655 -13.55 Td [(in)-359(the)-359(West)-359(the)-359(cause)-360(of)-359(social)-359(revolution,)-386(and)-359(to)-359(the)-359(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(application)-282(of)-282(social)-282(revolution)-282(to)-282(China,)-290(is)-282(important,)-290(but)-282(is)-281(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-250(means)-250(the)-250(complete)-250(picture.)]TJ 11.956 -18.267 Td [(In)-348(attempting)-347(to)-348(state)-348(the)-348(definitive)-347(position)-348(of)-348(Sun)-347(Yat-sen)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(on)-256(this)-256(question)-256(several)-256(points)-257(must)-256(be)-256(kept)-256(in)-256(mind.)-268(The)-256(first)-256(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-288(Sun)-287(Yat-sen,)-297(born)-288(a)-288(Chinese)-287(of)-288(the)-288(nineteenth)-287(century,)-297(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-213(intellectual)-213(orientation)-213(of)-213(a)-212(member)-213(of)-213(the)-213(world-society,)-220(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-276(accepter)-276(of)-276(the)-276(Confucian)-276(ideology.)-328(Enough)-276(has)-276(been)-275(shown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-303(the)-303(background)-304(of)-303(his)-303(theories)-303(to)-303(demonstrate)-303(their)-303(harmony)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-362(and)-362(relevance)-362(to)-361(society)-362(which)-362(had)-362(endured)-362(in)-362(China)-361(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries)-359(before)-360(the)-359(coming)-360(of)-359(the)-359(West.)-578(The)-360(second)-359(point)-359(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-427(remembered)-427(is)-427(that)-426(Westerners)-427(are)-427(prone)-427(to)-427(overlook)-426(this)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 294.388 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.565 Td [(is)-258(a)-258(quite)-259(subordinate)-258(one)-258(in)-258(comparison)-258(to)-258(the)-258(examination)-259(of)-258(his)-258(ideology)-258(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-250(whole,)-249(but)-250(some)-250(persons)-249(will)-250(regard)-250(it)-249(as)-250(the)-249(only)-250(really)-250(important)-249(point)-250(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(could)-250(be)-250(raised)-250(concerning)-250(him.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.395 Td [(159)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(At)-281(the)-282(risk)-281(of)-281(digression,)-289(one)-282(might)-281(comment)-281(on)-282(an)-281(interesting)-281(element)-282(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(the)-262(Euramerican)-261(ideology)-262(which)-262(is)-262(in)-261(sharp)-262(contrast)-262(to)-261(the)-262(Chinese.)-285(The)-262(West)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has,)-289(apparently,)-288(always)-281(been)-281(devoted)-281(to)-281(dichotomies)-281(of)-281(morality.)-343(The)-281(Greeks)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(had)-184(reason)-184(and)-184(unenlightenment,)-197(and)-184(whole)-184(series)-184(of)-183(ideals)-184(that)-184(could)-184(be)-184(fought)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(for)-357(and)-358(against,)-384(but)-357(the)-358(real)-357(division)-357(of)-358(good)-357(and)-357(bad)-358(in)-357(the)-357(West)-358(came,)-384(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(course,)-272(with)-267(Christianity,)-271(which)-268(accustomed)-267(Westerners)-267(to)-268(think)-267(for)-267(centuries)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-394(terms)-395(of)-394(holiness)-394(versus)-394(evil)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 117.795 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(they)-394(being,)-431(geographically,)-430(holy,)-430(and)-395(the)]TJ -126.762 -10.959 Td [(outsiders)-222(\050heathen\051,)-228(evil.)-241(Now)-222(that)-222(the)-222(supernatural)-223(foundations)-222(of)-222(Christianity)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(have)-400(been)-400(shaken)-400(by)-400(the)-400(progress)-399(of)-400(scientific)-400(and)-400(intellectual)-400(uncertainty,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(many)-252(Westerners)-253(find)-252(an)-253(emotional)-252(and)-252(an)-253(intellectual)-252(satisfaction)-253(in)-252(dividing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-457(world)-457(into)-456(pure)-457(and)-457(unclean)-457(along)-457(lines)-457(of)-456(sometimes)-457(rather)-457(abstruse)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(economic)-421(questions.)-762(This)-421(new)-421(morality)-421(seems)-421(to)-421(be)-420(based)-421(on)-421(distributive)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(economics)-340(rather)-340(than)-340(on)-339(deity.)-520(It)-340(is)-340(employed,)-362(of)-340(course,)-362(by)-340(the)-340(Marxians,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(but)-301(their)-300(adversaries,)-314(in)-301(opposing)-300(them)-301(with)-301(equal)-300(passion,)-314(fall)-301(into)-300(the)-301(same)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(habit.)-242(It)-224(is)-225(shocking)-225(and)-225(unbelievable)-224(to)-225(such)-225(persons)-224(to)-225(discover)-225(that)-225(there)-224(is)-225(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(society)-260(whose)-260(ideology)-259(does)-260(not)-260(center)-260(around)-260(the)-260(all-meaningful)-259(point)-260(of)-260(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ownership)-255(of)-256(the)-255(means)-256(of)-255(production.)-266(Their)-256(only)-255(reaction)-255(is)-256(a)-255(negation)-256(of)-255(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(possibility)-255(of)-255(such)-255(thought,)-257(or,)-256(at)-256(least,)-256(of)-255(its)-255(realism.)-266(The)-255(intellectual)-255(position)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+734 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 735 0 R
+/Resources 733 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 712 0 R
+>> endobj
+736 0 obj <<
+/D [734 0 R /XYZ 212.728 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+733 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+739 0 obj <<
+/Length 5751
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 311.038 548.934 Td [(141)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -264.267 -30.759 Td [(background)-273(and)-272(see)-273(only)-272(the)-273(Western)-273(influences)-272(which)-273(they)-272(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-292(such)-292(a)-292(good)-292(position)-292(to)-292(detect.)-376(Sun)-292(Yat-sen's)-292(mind)-292(grew)-292(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(changed.)-235(His)-206(preferences)-206(in)-412(Western)-206(beliefs)-206(changed)-206(frequently.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([135])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(A)-287(few)-287(Westerners,)-296(seeing)-287(only)-286(this,)-296(are)-287(apt)-287(to)-287(call)-287(Sun)-286(unstable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(devoid)-250(of)-250(reason.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.917 3.959 Td [(160)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -81.961 -19.342 Td [(It)-442(would,)-491(indeed,)-490(be)-442(strange)-442(to)-443(find)-442(any)-442(Western)-443(pol)1(itical)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(or)-371(ideological)-371(leader)-371(who)-371(thought)-371(in)-371(precisely)-371(the)-371(same)-371(terms)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(after)-350(the)-350(world)-350(war)-351(and)-350(the)-350(Russian)-350(revolution)-350(as)-350(before.)-550(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-205(was,)-214(like)-205(many)-205(other)-205(receptive-minded)-205(leaders,)-213(sensitive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-299(the)-298(new)-299(doctrines)-298(of)-299(Wilson)-299(and)-298(Lenin)-299(as)-298(they)-299(were)-298(shouted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-293(the)-293(world.)-378(He)-293(was,)-304(perhaps,)-303(less)-293(affected)-293(by)-293(them)-292(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-323(leaders,)-341(because)-323(his)-323(ideology)-323(was)-323(so)-323(largely)-323(rooted)-322(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(ideology)-250(of)-250(old)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -15.383 Td [(Apart)-545(from)-546(the)-545(winds)-546(of)-545(doctrine)-546(that)-545(blew)-546(through)-545(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(world)-217(during)-217(Sun's)-217(life-period,)-224(and)-217(the)-217(generally)-217(known)-217(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influences)-278(to)-278(which)-277(he)-278(was)-278(exposed,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 160.875 3.958 Td [(161)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.559 -3.958 Td [(there)-278(were)-278(three)-277(writers)]TJ -176.434 -13.55 Td [(whose)-317(influence)-318(has)-317(been)-318(supposed)-317(to)-318(have)-317(been)-318(critical)-317(in)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-345(of)-346(his)-345(thinking.)-535(These)-346(three)-345(were)-345(Henry)-345(George,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 272.173 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 259.421 Td [(of)-288(Sun)-289(Yat-sen)-288(in)-289(the)-288(modern)-288(world)-289(would)-288(be)-289(more)-288(clearly)-288(appreciated)-289(if)-288(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(intellectuals)-375(of)-374(the)-375(West)-374(were)-375(not)-375(adjusting)-374(their)-375(ideological)-374(and)-375(emotional)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(habits)-267(from)-267(religion)-267(to)-267(economics,)-271(and)-267(meanwhile)-267(judging)-266(all)-267(men)-267(and)-267(events)]TJ 0 -7.989 Td [(in)-207(economic)-206(terms.)-236(The)-206(present)-207(discussion)-206(of)-207(Sun)-206(Yat-sen's)-207(economic)-206(ideology)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -5.978 Td [(160)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-339(cited,)-340(p.)-465(345,)-339(quotes)-322(Nathaniel)-321(Peffer:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 165.532 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)-465(Peffer)-321(said)-322(that)-321(Dr.)-465(Sun)]TJ -181.469 -10.958 Td [(never)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 23.758 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(attained)-429(intellectual)-428(maturity,)-474(and)-428(he)-429(was)-428(completely)-429(devoid)-429(of)-428(the)]TJ -26.744 -10.959 Td [(faculty)-200(of)-201(reason.)-233(He)-201(functioned)-200(mentally)-201(in)-200(sporadic)-200(hunches.)-234(It)-200(was)-201(typical)-200(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(him)-247(that)-247(he)-246(met)-247(Joffe,)-248(read)-246(the)-247(Communist)-247(Manifesto,)-247(and)-247(turned)-247(Communist,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-194(then)-193(read)-194(one)-194(book)-193(by)-194(an)-193(American)-194(of)-194(whom)-193(he)-194(knew)-194(nothing,)-204(and)-194(rejected)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(communism)-284(all)-285(in)-284(a)-284(few)-285(months.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 119.098 0 Td [(\031)-167(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.011 0 Td [(Sun)-284(Yat-sen)-285(knew)-284(Marxism,)-293(years)-284(before)]TJ -130.109 -10.959 Td [(the)-313(Russian)-312(Revolution.)-437(The)-313(Communist)-312(Manifesto)-313(was)-312(not)-313(new)-312(to)-313(him.)-437(He)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-273(extraordinarily)-273(well)-273(read)-273(in)-273(Western)-273(political)-272(and)-273(economic)-273(thought.)-319(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen)-283(never)-282(turned)-283(Communist,)-290(nor)-283(did)-282(he)-283(subsequently)-283(reject)-282(communism)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(any)-250(more)-250(than)-250(he)-250(had)-250(done)-250(for)-250(years.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(161)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-301(author)-302(hopes,)-314(at)-302(some)-301(future)-301(time,)-315(to)-301(be)-301(able)-302(to)-301(fill)-302(in)-301(the)-302(intellectual)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(background)-361(of)-361(Sun)-361(Yat-sen)-360(much)-361(more)-361(thoroughly)-361(than)-361(he)-361(is)-361(able)-360(to)-361(at)-361(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(present,)-228(for)-222(lack)-222(of)-222(materials.)-241(One)-222(interesting)-222(method)-223(would)-222(involve)-222(the)-222(listing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-348(every)-349(Western)-348(book)-348(with)-348(which)-348(Sun)-349(Yat-sen)-348(can)-348(be)-348(shown)-349(to)-348(have)-348(been)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(acquainted.)-229(It)-187(might)-187(be)-187(a)-187(fairly)-187(accurate)-187(gauge)-186(of)-187(the)-187(breadth)-187(of)-187(his)-187(information.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+738 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 739 0 R
+/Resources 737 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 741 0 R
+>> endobj
+740 0 obj <<
+/D [738 0 R /XYZ 169.066 491.077 null]
+>> endobj
+737 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+744 0 obj <<
+/Length 6183
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(142The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Karl)-269(Marx,)-274(and)-268(Maurice)-269(William)-269(of)-269(New)-269(York.)-307(A)-269(much)-268(greater)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amount)-183(of)-182(material)-183(is)-182(needed)-182(for)-183(a)-182(detailed)-183(study)-182(of)-183(the)-182(influences)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-278(various)-279(individual)-278(theories)-279(on)-278(Sun)-279(Yat-sen)-278(than)-279(for)-278(a)-278(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exposition)-336(of)-336(his)-336(political)-336(doctrines)-336(as)-336(a)-336(whole.)-508(At)-336(the)-336(present)]TJ 4.978 -13.55 Td [(time)-456(scarcely)-456(enough)-457(has)-456(been)-456(written)-456(to)-457(permit)-456(any)-456(really)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -77.733 0 Td [([136])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(authoritative)-230(description)-230(of)-230(the)-230(relations)-230(between)-230(the)-230(ideology)-229(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-321(Yat-sen)-321(and)-321(the)-321(thought)-320(of)-321(these)-321(three)-321(men.)-463(It)-321(is)-320(possible,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nevertheless,)-357(to)-335(trace)-335(certain)-335(general)-336(outlines)-335(which)-335(may)-335(serve)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-302(clarify)-302(the)-302(possible)-303(influence)-302(that)-302(was)-302(exercised)-302(on)-302(Sun,)-315(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-365(correct)-365(some)-365(current)-365(misapprehensions)-365(as)-365(to)-365(the)-365(nature)-365(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extent)-250(of)-250(that)-250(influence.)]TJ 11.956 -15.09 Td [(Sun)-303(Yat-sen's)-302(opposition)-303(to)-303(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 141.504 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(unearned)-303(increment)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 86.909 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.145 0 Td [(shows)]TJ -253.357 -13.55 Td [(the)-290(influence)-290(of)-290(the)-290(thought)-290(of)-290(Henry)-290(George.)-370(Sun)-290(proposed)-289(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ingenious)-327(scheme)-326(for)-327(the)-326(government)-326(confiscation)-327(of)-326(unearned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(increment)-549(in)-548(an)-548(economy)-549(which)-548(would)-549(nevertheless)-548(permit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(private)-386(ownership)-385(of)-386(land.)-657(\050Incidentally,)-420(he)-385(terms)-386(this,)-420(in)-385(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(second)-431(lecture)-431(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 84.989 0 Td [(min)-431(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.515 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 7.922 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(communism,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.673 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.544 0 Td [(which)-431(indicates)]TJ -210.486 -13.549 Td [(a)-420(use)-419(of)-419(the)-420(word)-419(different,)-462(in)-420(this)-419(respect)-420(at)-419(least,)-462(from)-419(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conventional)-306(Western)-306(use.\051)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 120.286 3.959 Td [(162)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.016 -3.959 Td [(The)-306(land)-306(problem)-306(was)-306(of)-306(course)]TJ -137.302 -13.549 Td [(a)-345(very)-346(old)-345(one)-346(in)-345(China,)-370(although)-345(accentuated)-346(in)-345(the)-345(disorders)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(resulting)-498(from)-498(the)-499(impact)-498(of)-498(the)-498(West.)-995(There)-498(can)-498(be)-498(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(question)-221(that)-221(Sun's)-222(particular)-221(method)-221(of)-221(solving)-221(the)-221(problem)-221(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influenced)-250(by)-250(the)-250(idea)-250(of)-250(unearned)-250(increment.)]TJ 11.956 -15.091 Td [(He)-242(knew)-241(of)-242(Henry)-242(George)-241(in)-242(1897,)-243(the)-242(year)-242(the)-241(latter)-242(died,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 256.221 3.959 Td [(163)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(and)-378(advocated)-378(redistribution)-378(of)-378(the)-378(land)-378(in)-378(the)-378(party)-378(oath,)-409(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(platform,)-464(and)-421(the)-421(slogans)-420(of)-421(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 152.544 0 Td [(Tung)-421(Meng)-421(Hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 77.408 0 Td [(of)-421(1905.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 38.225 3.958 Td [(164)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 164.756 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 157.944 Td [(162)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-341(translation,)-363(cited,)-364(pp.)-522(461-468.)-523(Father)-340(d'Elia's)-341(note)-341(on)-341(the)-341(relative)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(positions)-266(of)-266(Henry)-266(George)-266(and)-266(Sun)-266(\050p.)-299(466\051)-266(is)-266(interesting.)-298(For)-266(a)-266(discussion)-266(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-257(actual)-256(program)-257(proposed)-256(by)-257(Sun,)-258(see)-257(below,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 174.816 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-257(Program)-256(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 59.193 0 Td [(Min)-257(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 38.659 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(section)-250(on)-250(land)-250(policy.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(163)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Lyon)-250(Sharman,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 57.528 0 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.59 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(58.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -111.825 -7.31 Td [(164)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-350(same,)-375(pp.)-551(98-99.)-551(There)-350(is)-350(an)-351(inconsistency)-350(of)-350(wording)-350(here,)-376(which)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(may)-265(or)-264(may)-265(not)-265(be)-264(the)-265(fault)-265(of)-264(the)-265(translator.)-294(The)-264(oath)-265(refers)-265(to)-264(the)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 243.778 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(equitable)]TJ -247.759 -10.959 Td [(redistribution)-285(of)-285(the)-284(land)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 89.845 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.535 0 Td [(\050p.)-354(98\051;)-302(the)-285(platform)-285(speaks)-285(of)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 113.463 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-285(nationalization)]TJ -213.824 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(land)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 25.151 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(\050p.)-250(98\051;)-250(and)-250(one)-250(of)-250(the)-250(slogans)-250(is)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 119.288 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Equalize)-250(land-ownership!)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 92.381 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+743 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 744 0 R
+/Resources 742 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 741 0 R
+>> endobj
+745 0 obj <<
+/D [743 0 R /XYZ 93.543 463.978 null]
+>> endobj
+742 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+748 0 obj <<
+/Length 5878
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 311.038 548.934 Td [(143)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -264.267 -30.759 Td [(Since,)-539(even)-482(at)-481(the)-482(time)-482(of)-481(the)-482(Canton-Moscow)-481(Entente,)-539(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(land)-358(policy)-358(never)-359(approached)-358(the)-358(Marxist-Leninist)-358(program)-358(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalization)-335(or)-335(collectivization)-335(of)-335(land,)-356(but)-335(remained)-335(one)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(redistribution)-538(and)-268(confiscation)-269(of)-269(unearned)-269(increment,)-273(it)-269(is)-268(safe)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([137])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(to)-211(say)-212(that)-211(Sun)-211(kept)-211(the)-212(theory)-211(of)-211(George)-212(in)-211(mind,)-219(although)-211(he)-211(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-207(means)-207(followed)-207(George)-207(to)-207(the)-207(latter's)-207(ultimate)-207(conclusions.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(165)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(It)-263(may)-264(thus)-263(be)-264(inferred)-263(that)-263(the)-264(influence)-263(of)-264(Henry)-263(George)-263(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-172(nationalist)-171(ideology)-172(of)-171(Sun)-172(Yat-sen)-171(was)-172(slight,)-187(but)-171(permanent.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(An)-250(idea)-250(was)-250(borrowed;)-250(the)-250(scheme)-250(of)-250(things)-250(was)-250(not.)]TJ 11.956 -15.018 Td [(Sun)-157(Yat-sen)-157(encountered)-156(Marxism)-157(for)-157(the)-157(first)-157(recorded)-157(time)-156(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(London)-219(in)-220(1897,)-225(when)-219(he)-220(met)-219(a)-219(group)-220(of)-219(Russian)-219(revolutionaries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-332(also)-332(read)-331(in)-332(the)-332(subject.)-496(The)-331(fact)-332(that)-332(Sun)-332(was)-332(exposed)-331(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxism)-295(proves)-295(little)-295(except)-295(that)-295(he)-295(had)-295(had)-295(the)-295(opportunity)-294(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taking)-275(up)-275(Marxism)-276(and)-275(did)-275(not)-275(do)-275(so.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 165.561 3.958 Td [(166)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.005 -3.958 Td [(Again,)-282(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 48.793 0 Td [(Tung)-275(Meng)]TJ -230.359 -13.55 Td [(Hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.807 0 Td [(manifesto)-224(of)-224(1905)-224(may)-224(have)-223(been)-224(influenced)-224(by)-224(Marxism.)-241(It)]TJ -18.807 -13.549 Td [(was)-253(not,)-255(however,)-254(until)-253(the)-254(development)-253(of)-254(his)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 207.568 0 Td [(Three)-253(Principles)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -207.568 -13.549 Td [(that)-301(the)-301(question)-301(of)-302(Marxian)-301(influence)-301(was)-301(raised.)-403(Sun)-301(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-186(his)-185(first)-186(speech)-185(on)-186(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 120.003 0 Td [(Principles)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.871 0 Td [(in)-186(Brussels)-185(in)-186(the)-185(spring)-186(of)]TJ -166.874 -13.549 Td [(1905.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 24.546 3.958 Td [(167)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.261 -3.958 Td [(By)-252(1907)-253(the)-252(three)-253(principles)-252(had)-253(taken)-252(on)-253(a)-252(clear)-252(form:)]TJ -39.807 -13.55 Td [(nationalism,)-382(democracy,)-382(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 132.185 0 Td [(min)-355(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.692 0 Td [(,)-382(which)-355(the)-356(Chinese)-355(of)]TJ -177.877 -13.549 Td [(that)-306(time)-306(seem)-306(to)-307(have)-306(translated)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 149.715 0 Td [(socialism)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.554 0 Td [(when)-306(referring)-306(to)-306(it)]TJ -194.269 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(Western)-250(languages.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 96.644 3.959 Td [(168)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -84.688 -18.976 Td [(The)-221(most)-221(careful)-221(Marxian)-221(critic)-221(of)-221(Sun)-221(Yat-sen,)-227(writing)-221(of)-221(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(principle)-260(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 53.55 0 Td [(min)-260(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.495 0 Td [(and)-260(its)-261(two)-260(main)-260(planks,)-263(land)-261(reform)-260(and)]TJ -101.045 -13.549 Td [(state)-213(capitalism,)-220(says:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 96.643 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(This)-213(very)-213(vague)-213(program,)-220(which)-213(does)-213(not)]TJ -101.487 -13.55 Td [(refer)-320(to)-320(class)-320(interests)-320(nor)-320(to)-320(the)-320(class)-320(struggle)-320(as)-320(the)-320(means)-320(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 165.001 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 158.104 Td [(165)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-330(also)-330(the)-330(discussion)-330(in)-331(Tsui,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 118.812 0 Td [(Canton-Moscow)-330(Entente)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 89.629 0 Td [(,)-350(cited,)-350(pp.)-491(371-)]TJ -220.397 -10.959 Td [(376;)-594(and)-480(in)-479(Li)-480(Ti-tsun,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 95.022 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-480(Sunyatsenian)-479(principle)-479(of)-480(Livelihood,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 159.897 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 8.281 0 Td [(The)]TJ -267.181 -10.958 Td [(Chinese)-367(Students')-368(Monthly)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 97.667 0 Td [(,)-397(XXIV)-367(\050March)-367(1929\051,)-396(pp.)-602(230.)-602(Li)-367(declares)-367(that)]TJ -97.667 -10.959 Td [(Sun)-350(envisioned)-350(immediate)-350(redistribution)-351(but)-350(ultimate)-350(socialization,)-375(but)-350(does)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(not)-250(cite)-250(his)-250(source)-250(for)-250(this.)-250(Li's)-250(discussion)-250(of)-250(sources)-250(is)-250(good)-250(otherwise.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(166)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sharman,)-520(p.)-899(58;)-574(the)-467(same)-466(authority)-466(for)-466(the)-467(statement)-466(as)-466(to)-466(the)-467(1905)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(manifesto.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(167)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sharman,)-250(p.)-250(94.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(168)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 38.851 0 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.59 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(61.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+747 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 748 0 R
+/Resources 746 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 741 0 R
+>> endobj
+749 0 obj <<
+/D [747 0 R /XYZ 108.492 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+746 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+752 0 obj <<
+/Length 6528
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(144The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(breaking)-226(privileged)-227(class)-226(interests,)-231(was)-226(objectively)-226(not)-226(socialism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-280(all,)-288(but)-280(something)-560(else)-280(altogether:)-310(Lenin)-280(coined)-280(the)-280(formula,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([138])]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(subjective)-357(socialism,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 92.074 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.529 0 Td [(for)-357(it.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 25.408 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(169)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.349 -3.959 Td [(He)-357(adds,)-384(later:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 71.01 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Hence)-357(Sun's)]TJ -225.691 -13.549 Td [(socialism)-259(meant,)-262(on)-259(the)-259(lips)-259(of)-259(the)-259(Chinese)-259(bourgeoisie,)-261(nothing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-443(a)-443(sort)-443(of)-443(declaration)-444(for)-443(a)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 144.107 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(social)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 25.451 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.466 0 Td [(economic)-443(policy,)-492(that)]TJ -181.657 -13.549 Td [(is,)-391(a)-363(policy)-364(friendly)-363(to)-363(the)-363(masses.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 156.182 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(170)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.414 -3.959 Td [(T'ang)-363(Liang-li)-363(declares)]TJ -177.44 -13.549 Td [(that)-267(the)-267(third)-267(principle)-268(at)-267(this)-267(time)-267(adopted)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 189.973 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(a)-267(frankly)-267(socialistic)]TJ -194.816 -13.549 Td [(attitude,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 35.455 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(171)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.639 -3.959 Td [(but)-292(implies)-292(elsewhere)-292(that)-292(its)-293(inadequacy)-292(was)-292(seen)]TJ -55.938 -13.549 Td [(by)-330(a)-330(Chinese)-330(Marxist,)-350(Chu)-330(Chih-hsin.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 169.729 3.958 Td [(172)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.796 -3.958 Td [(This)-330(evidence,)-350(as)-330(far)]TJ -187.525 -13.55 Td [(as)-364(it)-364(goes,)-392(shows)-364(that)-364(Sun)-364(Yat-sen)-364(had)-364(had)-364(the)-364(opportunity)-363(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(become)-232(acquainted)-232(with)-232(Marxism,)-235(and)-232(that)-232(even)-232(on)-232(the)-231(occasion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-389(the)-390(first)-389(formulation)-390(of)-389(the)-389(principle)-390(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 195.777 0 Td [(min)-389(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.311 0 Td [(he)-389(used)]TJ -246.088 -13.549 Td [(none)-271(of)-271(its)-271(tenets.)-314(The)-271(revolutionary)-271(critic,)-276(T'ang)-271(Liang-li,)-276(who,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-240(devoted)-240(and)-240(brilliant)-241(Nationalist)-240(in)-240(action,)-242(writes)-240(with)-240(a)-240(sort)-240(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(European)-161(left-liberal)-161(orientation,)-179(suggests)-161(that)-161(the)-161(Third)-160(Principle)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grew)-207(with)-206(the)-207(growth)-207(of)-206(capitalist)-207(industrialism)-207(in)-206(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 246.211 3.959 Td [(173)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.023 -3.959 Td [(This)]TJ -261.234 -13.549 Td [(is)-300(true:)-350(economic)-300(maladjustment)-300(would)-300(emphasize)-300(the)-300(need)-300(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-257(reconstruction)-257(with)-257(reference)-258(to)-257(the)-257(economy.)-271(There)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-250(no)-250(need)-250(to)-250(resort)-250(to)-250(Marxian)-250(analysis.)]TJ 11.956 -17.834 Td [(That)-379(the)-378(third)-379(principle)-378(meant)-379(something)-379(to)-378(Sun)-379(Yat-sen)-378(is)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(shown)-335(by)-334(the)-335(fact)-334(that)-335(when)-334(Sung)-335(Chiao-jen,)-356(who)-334(a)-335(few)-334(years)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(later)-506(was)-507(to)-506(become)-506(one)-507(of)-506(the)-506(most)-507(celebrated)-506(martyrs)-506(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-383(revolution,)-415(suggested)-383(in)-383(the)-382(period)-383(of)-382(the)-383(first)-382(provisional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Republic)-525(at)-526(Nanking)-525(that)-525(the)-525(Third)-526(Principle)-525(had)-525(better)-525(be)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 186.995 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 180.183 Td [(169)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 40.239 0 Td [(Sun)-374(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.702 0 Td [(,)-405(cited,)-405(p.)-621(66:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 57.395 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Dieses)-374(sehr)-374(unpr\344zise)-374(Programm,)]TJ -157.274 -10.959 Td [(das)-336(die)-336(Frage)-336(der)-336(Klasseninteressen)-336(und)-335(des)-336(Klassenkampfes)-336(als)-336(des)-336(Mittels)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(zur)-277(Brechung)-277(privilegierter)-277(Klasseninteressen)-277(nicht)-277(aufwirft,)-283(war)-277(objektiv)-277(gar)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(nicht)-437(Sozialismus,)-483(sondern)-437(etwas)-436(durchaus)-437(anderes:)-623(Lenin)-437(hat)-436(die)-437(Formel)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\030)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Subjektiver)-250(Sozialismus)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 84.93 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.227 0 Td [(daf\374r)-250(gepr\344gt.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 50.292 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -143.186 -7.31 Td [(170)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 38.58 0 Td [(Sun)-212(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.251 0 Td [(,)-220(cited,)-219(p.)-238(67:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 48.239 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(So)-212(bedeutete)-212(denn)-213(Suns)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 86.308 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Sozialismus)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 43.343 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf -277.644 -10.959 Td [(im)-391(Munde)-391(der)-392(Chinesischen)-391(Bourgeoisie)-391(nichts)-391(als)-391(ein)-392(Art)-391(Bekenntness)-391(zu)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(einer)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 20.166 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(sozialen,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.624 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.227 0 Td [(d.h.)-250(massenfreundlichen)-250(Wirtschaftspolitik.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 156.643 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -216.397 -7.311 Td [(171)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(T'ang,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(46.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(172)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(T'ang,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(172.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(173)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(T'ang,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(172.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+751 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 752 0 R
+/Resources 750 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 741 0 R
+>> endobj
+753 0 obj <<
+/D [751 0 R /XYZ 186.76 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+750 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+756 0 obj <<
+/Length 4960
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 311.038 548.934 Td [(145)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -264.267 -30.759 Td [(omitted)-339(altogether,)-360(Sun)-339(was)-338(enraged,)-721(and)-339(declared)-338(that)-339(if)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 26.757 0 Td [([139])]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.992 0 Td [(were)-324(to)-325(be)-325(given)-324(up,)-343(the)-325(whole)-324(revolution)-325(might)-324(as)-325(well)]TJ -28.992 -13.549 Td [(be)-250(abandoned.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 63.011 3.959 Td [(174)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -51.055 -17.879 Td [(Since)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 31.359 0 Td [(min)-653(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.933 0 Td [(,)-753(in)-653(its)-652(third)-653(significance,)-753(that)-653(of)-652(the)]TJ -92.248 -13.549 Td [(development)-530(of)-530(a)-529(socially)-530(just)-530(distributive)-530(system,)-600(was)-529(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxian)-359(nor)-359(yet)-358(unimportant,)-386(it)-359(may)-359(be)-359(contrasted)-359(once)-358(again)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-419(the)-418(communist)-419(doctrines,)-461(and)-418(then)-419(studied)-418(for)-419(its)-418(actual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(content.)-673(In)-390(contrasting)-391(it)-391(with)-391(Marxism,)-426(it)-391(might)-391(be)-391(of)-390(value)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-311(observe,)-327(first,)-327(the)-311(criticism)-311(that)-311(the)-312(Marxians)-311(levy)-311(against)-311(it,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-254(second,)-255(the)-254(distinctions)-254(that)-254(nationalist)-254(and)-254(European)-253(critics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-250(between)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 65.433 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.269 0 Td [(and)-250(communism.)]TJ -100.746 -13.92 Td [(Dr.)-923(Karl)-474(Wittfogel,)-531(the)-474(German)-474(Marxist)-475(whose)-474(work)-474(on)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-502(Yat-sen)-503(is)-502(the)-502(most)-502(satisfactory)-502(of)-503(its)-502(kind,)-565(points)-502(out)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-394(apparent)-395(contradictions)-394(in)-395(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 156.033 0 Td [(San)-394(Min)-395(Chu)-394(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 68.664 0 Td [(:)-394(on)-395(the)-394(one)]TJ -224.697 -13.549 Td [(hand,)-255(statements)-254(which)-254(are)-254(not)-254(only)-254(objectively)-254(but)-253(subjectively)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(friendly)-222(to)-222(capitalism)-222(\050on)-222(the)-222(excellence)-222(of)-221(the)-222(Ford)-222(plant;)-232(on)-221(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessity)-232(for)-233(the)-232(co\366peration)-233(of)-232(capital)-232(and)-233(labor\051)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 215.266 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(on)-232(the)-233(other,)]TJ -226.175 -13.549 Td [(the)-238(unmerciful)-237(condemnation)-238(of)-237(capitalism;)-242(on)-237(the)-238(one)-237(hand,)-240(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(declaration)-368(that)-368(there)-368(is)-367(no)-368(capitalism)-368(in)-368(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 212.31 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(on)-368(the)-368(other,)]TJ -223.219 -13.549 Td [(that)-274(capitalism)-274(must)-274(be)-274(destroyed)-274(as)-274(it)-274(appears;)-286(on)-274(the)-274(right,)-280(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(statement)-299(that)-299(communism)-300(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 140.932 0 Td [(min)-299(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.342 0 Td [(are)-299(opposed)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.943 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(on)-299(the)]TJ -253.126 -13.549 Td [(left,)-424(t)1(hat)-389(the)-389(communist)-389(doctrines)-389(are)-388(a)-389(subsidiary)-389(part)-389(of)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-290(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 53.598 0 Td [(min)-290(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.979 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 3.959 Td [(175)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.492 -3.959 Td [(How,)-300(asks)-290(Wittfogel,)-300(does)-290(this)-290(all)-290(fit)]TJ -117.796 -13.549 Td [(together?)-453(He)-317(answers)-318(by)-317(pointing)-317(out)-318(the)-317(significance)-318(of)-317(Sun's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theses)-326(when)-327(considered)-326(in)-326(relation)-327(to)-326(the)-326(dialectical-materialist)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interpretation)-250(of)-250(recent)-250(Far)-250(Eastern)-250(history:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -24.492 Td [(His)-250(three)-250(principles)-250(incorporate)]TJ 0 -18.742 Td [(in)-265(their)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 30.989 0 Td [(development)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 52.643 0 Td [(the)-265(objective)-266(change)-265(in)-266(the)]TJ -30.372 -12.821 Td [(socio-economic)-250(situation)-250(of)-250(China,)]TJ -53.26 -12.822 Td [(in)-251(their)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 30.707 0 Td [(contradictions)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 59.466 0 Td [(the)-251(real)-251(contradictions)-252(of)-251(the)-251(Chinese)]TJ -36.913 -12.822 Td [(revolution,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.967 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.154 Td [(174)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(T'ang,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(171-172.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(175)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(117-118.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+755 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 756 0 R
+/Resources 754 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 741 0 R
+>> endobj
+757 0 obj <<
+/D [755 0 R /XYZ 216.602 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+754 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+760 0 obj <<
+/Length 5054
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(146The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(in)-250(their)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 30.683 0 Td [(latest)-250(tendencies)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 67.936 0 Td [(the)-250(transposition)-250(of)-250(the)-250(social)-250(center)]TJ -45.359 -12.822 Td [(of)-256(gravity)-256(of)-256(the)-256(revolution,)-258(which)-256(sets)-256(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(classes)-250(in)-251(action,)-501(and)-250(whose)-251(aim)-250(is)-251(no)-250(longer)-251(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -145.652 0 Td [([140])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 145.652 -12.821 Td [(bourgeois)-273(capitalist)-273(one,)-278(but)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(proletarian-socialist)-268(and)-269(peasant)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(agrarian-revolutionary.)]TJ -36.994 -22.339 Td [(Sun)-437(Yat-sen)-437(is)-437(according)-437(to)-438(this)-437(not)-437(only)-437(the)-437(hitherto)]TJ -16.266 -12.822 Td [(most)-277(powerful)-277(representative)-278(of)-277(the)-277(bourgeois-national,)-284(anti-)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(imperialist)-378(revolutions)-377(of)-378(awakening)-377(Asia;)-442(he)-377(points)-378(at)-377(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(same)-372(time)-371(outwards)-372(over)-372(the)-371(bourgeois)-372(class)-372(limitations)-371(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-259(first)-260(step)-259(of)-260(the)-259(Asiatic)-260(movement)-259(for)-259(liberation.)-279(To)-259(deny)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(this)-430(were)-431(portentuous,)-475(even)-431(for)-430(the)-431(proletarian)-430(communist)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(movement)-250(of)-250(Eastern)-250(Asia.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 107.378 3.615 Td [(176)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -115.059 -32.062 Td [(The)-344(modifications)-344(which)-345(the)-344(Marxians)-344(have)-344(introduced)-344(into)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(their)-482(programs)-482(with)-482(respect)-482(to)-482(the)-482(class)-482(struggle)-482(in)-482(colonial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(countries)-438(do)-438(not)-438(imply)-438(a)-438(corresponding)-438(modification)-438(of)-438(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology.)-513(The)-338(determinism)-338(adopted)-337(from)-338(Hegel,)-360(the)-337(economic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interpretation)-211(of)-210(history)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 102.766 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(these)-211(and)-210(other)-211(dogmas)-210(are)-211(held)-211(by)-210(the)]TJ -113.675 -13.549 Td [(Marxians)-250(to)-250(be)-250(universally)-250(valid)-250(despite)-250(their)-250(Western)-250(origin.)]TJ 11.956 -14.565 Td [(We)-421(have)-421(seen)-420(what)-421(Sun's)-421(chief)-421(Marxian)-421(exegete)-421(thinks)-420(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(him.)-303(Now)-267(it)-268(may)-267(be)-267(worth)-268(while)-267(to)-268(consider)-267(the)-268(actual)-267(relations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-343(Sun's)-344(doctrines)-343(with)-343(some)-343(of)-344(those)-343(in)-343(Marxism.)-530(In)-343(the)-343(first)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 208.27 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.458 Td [(176)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)-436(cited,)-435(p.)-696(140:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 97.905 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)-696(Seine)-398(Drei)-399(Prinzipien)-398(verk\366rpern)-399(in)-399(ihrer)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -113.842 -10.959 Td [(Entwicklung)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.249 0 Td [(den)-158(objektiven)-158(Wandel)-158(der)-158(\366konomisch-sozialen)-158(Situation)-158(Chinas,)]TJ -46.249 -10.959 Td [(in)-250(ihren)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 29.883 0 Td [(Widerspr\374chen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 57.025 0 Td [(die)-250(realen)-250(Widerspr\374che)-250(der)-250(chinesischen)-249(Revolution,)]TJ -86.908 -10.959 Td [(in)-482(ihren)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 34.052 0 Td [(j\374ngsten)-482(Tendenzen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.387 0 Td [(die)-482(Verlagerung)-483(des)-482(sozialen)-483(Schwerpunktes)]TJ -111.439 -10.959 Td [(der)-549(Revolution,)-624(die)-549(Klassen)-549(in)-549(Aktion)-550(setzt,)-624(deren)-549(Ziel)-549(nicht)-549(mehr)-549(ein)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(b\374rgerlich-kapitalistisches,)-573(sondern)-509(ein)-509(proletarisch-sozialistisches)-508(und)-509(ein)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bauerlich-agrar-revolution\344res)-250(ist.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.956 -10.958 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Sun)-410(Yat-sen)-410(ist)-411(demnach)-410(nicht)-410(nur)-410(der)-410(bisher)-410(m\344chtigste)-411(Repr\344sentant)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(der)-562(b\374rgerlich-nationalen,)-640(antiimperialistischen)-561(Revolutionen)-562(des)-562(erwach-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(enden)-505(Asiens)-506(\374berhaupt,)-569(er)-505(weist)-505(zugleich)-505(\374ber)-506(die)-505(b\374rgerliche)-505(Klassen-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(schranke)-452(dieser)-453(ersten)-452(Etappe)-453(der)-452(asiatischen)-453(Befreiungsbewegung)-452(hinaus.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Dies)-432(zu)-431(verkennen,)-477(w\344re)-431(verh\344ngnisvoll,)-477(gerade)-432(auch)-431(f\374r)-432(die)-431(proletarisch-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(kommunistische)-250(Bewegung)-250(Ostasiens)-250(selbst.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 160.893 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+759 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 760 0 R
+/Resources 758 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 741 0 R
+>> endobj
+761 0 obj <<
+/D [759 0 R /XYZ 235.485 492.531 null]
+>> endobj
+758 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+764 0 obj <<
+/Length 5631
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 311.038 548.934 Td [(147)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -264.267 -30.759 Td [(place,)-213(Sun)-205(Yat-sen,)-213(during)-204(his)-204(stay)-205(in)-204(Shanghai,)-213(1919-1922)-204(\050with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(interruptions\051,)-500(was)-450(very)-449(much)-450(interested)-450(in)-450(Communism)-449(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(friendly)-253(to)-252(the)-252(Russian)-253(people,)-253(but)-253(not)-252(at)-253(all)-252(inclined)-253(to)-252(adopt)-252(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 40.909 3.958 Td [(177)]TJ 250.115 -3.958 Td [([141])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -13.55 Td [(In)-189(reference)-189(to)-189(specific)-190(points)-189(of)-189(the)-189(Communist)-189(ideology,)-202(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-322(was)-321(indebted)-322(to)-321(the)-322(Communi)1(sts)-322(for)-321(the)-322(application)-321(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(principle)-293(of)-293(nationalism,)-304(as)-293(a)-293(means)-293(of)-293(propaganda,)-303(as)-293(anti-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperialism,)-414(although,)-413(as)-381(we)-381(have)-380(seen,)-414(it)-381(was)-380(fundamentally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-417(thesis)-418(for)-417(the)-417(readjustment)-417(of)-417(the)-418(Chinese)-417(society)-417(from)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideological)-495(basis)-494(of)-495(a)-494(world-society)-494(over)-495(to)-494(a)-495(national)-494(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(among)-361(national)-362(states.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 99.694 3.959 Td [(178)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.824 -3.959 Td [(Second,)-389(his)-361(habit)-362(of)-361(taking)-361(Western)]TJ -118.518 -13.549 Td [(doctrines)-295(and)-295(applying)-295(them)-294(to)-295(the)-295(Chinese)-295(nation)-295(instead)-295(of)-294(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-191(individuals,)-202(led)-191(him)-191(to)-191(apply)-190(nationalism)-191(to)-191(the)-191(class)-190(war)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-342(the)-343(oppressed)-342(nations)-342(against)-342(the)-342(oppressing)-343(nations.)-526(There)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-285(no)-284(justification)-285(of)-284(intra-national)-284(class)-285(war)-284(in)-285(the)-284(nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-509(of)-508(Sun)-509(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 117.546 3.959 Td [(179)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.647 -3.959 Td [(In)-509(his)-508(doctrine)-509(of)-509(democracy,)]TJ -141.193 -13.549 Td [(his)-395(application)-395(of)-395(a)-395(class-system)-395(based)-395(on)-395(intellect)-395(was)-395(a)-395(flat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(denial)-432(of)-431(the)-432(superior)-431(significance)-432(of)-431(the)-432(Marxian)-431(economic-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-454(ideology,)-505(as)-454(was)-453(his)-454(favoring)-454(of)-454(the)-454(development)-454(of)-453(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(five-power)-245(liberal)-245(government)-245(through)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 172.475 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 31.67 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.426 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.88 0 Td [(in)-245(place)]TJ -246.451 -13.549 Td [(of)-456(a)-455(dictatorship)-456(of)-455(the)-456(proletariat)-455(operating)-456(through)-455(soviets.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Finally,)-574(in)-510(relation)-510(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 106.889 0 Td [(min)-510(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.374 0 Td [(,)-574(his)-510(use)-510(of)-509(the)-510(Confucian)]TJ -154.263 -13.549 Td [(philosophy)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 48.491 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-454(interpretation)-455(of)-454(history)-455(through)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 170.226 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(was)-454(a)]TJ -253.866 -13.549 Td [(contradiction)-369(of)-368(the)-369(materialist)-369(interpretation)-368(of)-369(history)-369(by)-368(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 197.633 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 190.82 Td [(177)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Statement)-583(of)-583(Judge)-583(Linebarger)-584(to)-583(the)-583(author.)-1249(See)-583(also)-584(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-325(references)-310(to)-310(Communism)-311(which)-310(occur)-310(throughout)-310(the)-310(whole)]TJ -51.808 -10.958 Td [(book.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(178)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-534(cited,)-533(p.)-932(144.)-931(It)-477(would)-477(involve)-477(a)-477(duplication)-477(of)-477(effort)-477(for)-477(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(present)-384(author)-383(to)-383(repeat)-384(the)-383(material)-384(of)-383(Dr.)-651(Tsui's)-383(excellent)-384(monograph)-383(on)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Sun)-393(Yat-sen)-392(and)-393(the)-392(Bolsheviks.)-678(Since)-393(the)-392(purpose)-393(of)-392(the)-393(present)-392(work)-393(is)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-302(undertake)-303(an)-302(exposition)-302(of)-303(the)-302(Nationalist)-302(political)-302(ideology)-303(and)-302(programs)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(against)-336(the)-336(background)-336(of)-336(the)-336(old)-336(Chinese)-336(ideology,)-358(such)-336(an)-336(emphasis)-336(upon)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(one)-373(comparatively)-373(small)-374(point)-373(in)-373(Sun)-373(Yat-sen's)-373(doctrines)-374(would)-373(be)-373(entirely)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(disproportionate)-298(as)-297(well)-298(as)-298(superfluous.)-393(The)-297(reader)-298(is)-297(referred)-298(to)-298(the)-297(work)-298(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Dr.)-250(Tsui)-250(for)-250(any)-250(details)-250(of)-250(these)-250(relations)-250(that)-250(he)-250(may)-250(wish)-250(to)-250(examine.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(179)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(Tsui,)-250(cited,)-250(and)-250(section)-250(below,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(class)-250(struggle)-250(of)-250(the)-250(nations.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+763 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 764 0 R
+/Resources 762 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 766 0 R
+>> endobj
+765 0 obj <<
+/D [763 0 R /XYZ 46.771 475.149 null]
+>> endobj
+762 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+769 0 obj <<
+/Length 5520
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(148The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Marxians.)-454(It)-319(also)-318(contradicted)-318(the)-318(class)-318(struggle;)-352(the)-318(loyalty)-318(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-296(Chinese)-297(to)-296(the)-297(race-nation)-296(was)-296(to)-297(be)-296(the)-296(supreme)-297(loyalty;)-319(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-262(to)-262(develop)-261(from)-262(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 108.807 0 Td [(ta)-262(chia)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30.129 0 Td [(,)-265(the)-261(great)-262(family)-262(of)-262(all)-262(Chinese;)]TJ -138.936 -13.549 Td [(and)-442(class)-442(lines)-442(within)-441(it)-442(could)-442(not)-442(transcend)-442(its)-441(significance.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Furthermore,)-308(purely)-297(as)-296(a)-297(matter)-296(of)-297(economic)-296(development,)-308(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-331(regarded)-662(the)-330(class)-331(struggle)-331(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 176.125 0 Td [(pathological)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 58.776 0 Td [(in)-331(society.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -307.656 0 Td [([142])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(He)-282(said,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 39.259 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Out)-282(of)-282(his)-282(studies)-281(of)-282(the)-282(social)-282(question,)-290(Marx)-282(gained)]TJ -44.102 -13.549 Td [(no)-356(other)-357(advantage)-356(than)-356(a)-357(knowledge)-356(of)-356(the)-357(diseases)-356(of)-356(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(evolution;)-203(he)-180(failed)-180(to)-179(see)-180(the)-180(principle)-179(of)-180(social)-180(evolution.)-226(Hence)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(we)-213(can)-212(say)-213(that)-213(Marx)-212(was)-213(a)-213(pathologist)-212(rather)-213(than)-213(a)-212(physiologist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-307(society.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.072 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(180)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.805 -3.959 Td [(Finally,)-322(he)-307(did)-307(not)-307(accept)-308(the)-307(Marxian)-307(theory)-307(of)]TJ -66.721 -13.549 Td [(surplus)-230(value)-230(or)-230(of)-230(the)-230(inevitable)-229(collapse)-230(of)-230(capitalism.)-244(He)-229(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spoke)-365(of)-365(capitalism)-365(and)-365(socialism)-365(as)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 169.327 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(two)-365(economic)-365(forces)-365(of)]TJ -174.17 -13.549 Td [(human)-377(civilization)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 82.899 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.957 0 Td [(which)-377(might)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 60.35 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(work)-377(side)-377(by)-377(side)-377(in)-377(future)]TJ -157.049 -13.55 Td [(civilization.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 51.818 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(181)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -44.707 -18.5 Td [(All)-327(in)-327(all,)-346(it)-327(may)-327(safely)-327(be)-327(said)-327(that)-328(Sun)-327(Yat-sen's)-327(ideology,)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(as)-445(an)-445(adjustment)-445(of)-444(the)-445(old)-445(Chinese)-445(ideology)-445(to)-445(the)-444(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world,)-293(was)-284(not)-284(inspired)-284(by)-284(the)-284(Marxist;)-301(that)-284(through)-284(the)-284(greater)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-369(of)-369(his)-368(life,)-399(he)-369(was)-369(acquainted)-368(with)-369(Marxism,)-399(and)-369(did)-368(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(avail)-427(himself)-426(of)-427(the)-426(opportunities)-427(he)-426(had)-427(for)-426(adopting)-427(it,)-470(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(consistently)-300(rejected)-300(it;)-326(and)-300(that)-300(while)-300(the)-300(Communists)-300(were)-300(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-361(use)-362(to)-361(him)-362(in)-361(the)-362(formulation)-361(and)-362(implementation)-361(of)-361(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(program,)-488(they)-440(affected)-441(his)-440(ideology,)-488(either)-441(generally)-440(or)-440(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reference)-250(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 54.513 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(,)-250(imperceptibly)-250(if)-250(at)-250(all.)]TJ -87.1 -14.541 Td [(This)-440(conclusion)-441(is)-440(of)-441(significance)-440(in)-440(the)-441(estimation)-440(of)-441(the)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(influence)-457(of)-458(Maurice)-457(William)-458(upon)-457(the)-457(thought)-458(of)-457(Sun)-457(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen.)-796(It)-432(is,)-478(briefly,)-477(the)-432(thesis)-432(of)-432(Dr.)-796(William)-432(that)-432(it)-432(was)-432(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(own)-528(book)-528(which)-529(saved)-528(China)-528(from)-528(Bolshevism)-528(by)-528(making)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-511(anti-Marxian)-511(out)-510(of)-511(Sun)-511(after)-511(he)-510(had)-511(fallen)-511(prey)-511(to)-510(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Bolshevist)-510(philosophy.)-1032(Dr.)-1031(William)-510(writes)-511(of)-510(the)-510(lectures)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-460(Nationalism)-459(and)-460(Democracy;)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 154.511 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(In)-460(these)-459(lectures)-460(Dr.)-879(Sun)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 98.842 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.03 Td [(180)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-290(translation,)-301(cited,)-300(p.)-371(450.)-371(See)-291(also)-290(Tsui,)-300(cited,)-301(pp.)-371(353-354;)-310(and)-291(Li,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(229)-250(and)-250(following.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(181)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Sun,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 18.434 0 Td [(Development)-250(of)-250(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 80.689 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(237.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+768 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 769 0 R
+/Resources 767 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 766 0 R
+>> endobj
+770 0 obj <<
+/D [768 0 R /XYZ 172.849 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+767 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+773 0 obj <<
+/Length 5246
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 311.038 548.934 Td [(149)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -264.267 -30.759 Td [(makes)-383(clear)-383(that)-384(his)-383(position)-383(is)-383(strongly)-383(pro-Russian)-383(and)-383(pro-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxian,)-259(that)-258(he)-257(endorses)-258(the)-257(class)-258(struggle,)-259(repudiates)-257(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy,)-354(and)-333(advocates)-334(China's)-333(co\366peration)-333(with)-333(Bolshevist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Russia)-296(against)-295(capitalist)-591(nations.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 146.533 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.958 Td [(182)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.678 -3.958 Td [(Dr.)-387(William)-295(then)-296(goes)-295(on)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 123.97 0 Td [([143])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(to)-319(show,)-336(quite)-318(convincingly,)-336(that)-319(Sun)-318(Yat-sen,)-336(with)-319(very)-318(slight)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(acknowledgments,)-446(quoted)-407(William's)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 166.907 0 Td [(The)-407(Social)-407(Interpretation)]TJ -166.907 -13.549 Td [(of)-303(History)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.834 0 Td [(almost)-303(verbatim)-304(for)-303(paragraph)-304(after)-303(paragraph)-303(in)-304(the)]TJ -47.834 -13.549 Td [(lectures)-250(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 50.291 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(.)]TJ -82.877 -16.047 Td [(It)-280(would)-279(be)-280(unjust)-279(and)-280(untruthful)-280(to)-279(deny)-280(the)-279(great)-280(value)-279(that)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(William's)-343(book)-343(had)-343(for)-343(Sun)-343(Yat-sen,)-366(who)-343(did)-343(quote)-343(it)-343(and)-343(use)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(its)-348(arguments.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 62.276 3.959 Td [(183)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.376 -3.959 Td [(On)-348(the)-347(other)-348(hand,)-372(it)-347(is)-348(a)-348(manifest)-347(absurdity)]TJ -80.652 -13.549 Td [(to)-434(assume)-433(that)-434(Sun)-434(Yat-sen,)-480(having)-433(once)-434(been)-434(a)-433(communist,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suddenly)-458(reversed)-457(his)-458(position)-457(after)-457(reading)-458(one)-457(book)-458(by)-457(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(American)-304(of)-304(whom)-304(he)-304(knew)-303(nothing.)-412(Even)-304(Dr.)-412(William)-303(writes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-491(a)-490(tone)-491(of)-490(mild)-491(surprise)-490(when)-490(he)-491(speaks)-490(of)-491(the)-490(terrific)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(volte-face)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.742 0 Td [(which)-250(he)-250(thinks)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(performed.)]TJ -33.786 -16.046 Td [(There)-208(are)-208(two)-208(necessary)-207(comments)-208(to)-208(be)-208(made)-208(on)-208(the)-207(question)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(of)-261(the)-261(influence)-261(of)-261(Maurice)-261(William.)-283(In)-261(the)-262(first)-261(place,)-263(Sun)-261(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen)-276(had)-276(never)-275(swerved)-276(from)-276(the)-275(interpretation)-276(of)-276(history)-276(by)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.572 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(,)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(which)-279(may)-278(be)-279(interpreted)-278(as)-279(the)-279(humane)-278(or)-279(social)-278(interpretation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-218(history.)-239(Enough)-218(of)-217(the)-218(old)-218(Chinese)-217(ideology)-218(has)-218(been)-217(outlined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(above)-321(to)-320(make)-321(clear)-320(what)-321(this)-320(outlook)-321(was.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 193.84 3.958 Td [(184)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.488 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-321(Yat-sen,)-338(in)]TJ -211.328 -13.55 Td [(short,)-403(never)-372(having)-373(been)-372(a)-373(Marxian,)-403(was)-372(not)-373(converted)-372(to)-372(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-310(interpretation)-310(of)-310(history)-310(as)-309(put)-310(forth)-310(by)-310(Dr.)-430(William.)-429(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(found)-239(in)-239(the)-239(latter's)-239(book,)-242(perhaps)-239(more)-239(clearly)-239(than)-239(in)-239(any)-239(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-220(work)-220(an)-220(analysis)-220(of)-220(society)-220(that)-220(coincided)-220(with)-220(his)-220(own,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-359(he)-358(had)-359(developed)-358(from)-359(the)-359(old)-358(Chinese)-359(philosophy)-358(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(morality)-426(as)-425(rendered)-426(by)-425(Confucius.)-777(Consequently)-425(he)-426(said)-425(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(William's)-304(rejection)-305(of)-304(the)-304(materialistic)-305(interpretation)-304(of)-304(history,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.921 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 114.108 Td [(182)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Maurice)-250(William,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 65.992 0 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(Versus)-250(Communism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 116.312 0 Td [(,)-250(Baltimore,)-250(1932,)-250(p.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -194.01 -7.311 Td [(183)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(William,)-502(in)-452(his)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 61.672 0 Td [(Sun)-452(Yat-sen)-451(Versus)-452(Communism)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 121.735 0 Td [(,)-502(cited,)-502(proves)-452(beyond)]TJ -195.363 -10.958 Td [(doubt)-330(that)-331(Sun)-330(Yat-sen)-331(was)-330(strongly)-330(indebted)-331(to)-330(him)-330(for)-331(many)-330(anti-Marxian)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(arguments.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(184)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(above,)-250(Chapter)-250(One,)-250(second,)-250(third,)-250(and)-250(fourth)-250(sections.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+772 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 773 0 R
+/Resources 771 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 766 0 R
+>> endobj
+774 0 obj <<
+/D [772 0 R /XYZ 155.836 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+771 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+777 0 obj <<
+/Length 5316
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(150The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(That)-198(sounds)-197(perfectly)-198(reasonable)-198(...)-233(t)1(he)-198(greatest)-198(discovery)-198(of)-197(the)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(American)-193(scholar)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 78.72 0 Td [(fits)-193(in)-192(perfectly)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.3 0 Td [(with)-192(the)-193(\050third\051)-385(principle)-192(of)-193(our)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -217.775 0 Td [([144])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Party.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 25.757 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(185)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.256 -3.959 Td [(The)-349(accomplishment)-348(of)-349(Maurice)-348(William,)-373(therefore,)]TJ -46.856 -13.549 Td [(was)-400(a)-401(great)-400(one,)-438(but)-400(one)-400(which)-400(has)-400(been)-401(misunderstood.)-700(He)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(formulated)-272(a)-271(doctrine)-272(of)-272(social)-271(evolution)-272(which)-272(tallied)-271(perfectly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-476(Chinese)-476(ideology,)-532(and)-476(did)-476(this)-476(without)-476(being)-475(informed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-406(Chinese)-405(thought.)-717(He)-405(did)-406(not)-405(change)-406(the)-405(main)-406(currents)-405(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun's)-450(thought,)-499(which)-450(were)-450(consistent)-450(through)-449(the)-450(years.)-849(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-251(present)-250(Sun)-251(with)-250(several)-251(telling)-250(supplementary)-251(arguments)-250(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Western)-263(economic)-263(terms,)-266(by)-263(means)-263(of)-263(which)-263(he)-263(could)-262(reconcile)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-334(interpretation)-333(of)-334(social)-334(history)-334(not)-333(only)-334(with)-334(Confucian)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 267.299 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -267.299 -13.549 Td [(but)-250(also)-250(with)-250(modern)-250(Western)-250(economics.)]TJ 11.956 -13.739 Td [(The)-169(other)-168(point)-169(to)-169(be)-169(considered)-168(in)-169(relation)-169(to)-169(Maurice)-168(William)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(is)-211(a)-210(matter)-211(of)-210(dates.)-237(The)-211(thesis)-211(of)-210(Maurice)-211(William,)-218(that)-211(Sun)-210(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen,)-284(after)-278(having)-277(turned)-277(Marxian)-278(or)-277(near-Marxian,)-284(was)-277(returned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-423(democratic)-423(liberal)-423(thought)-424(by)-423(William's)-423(book,)-466(is)-423(based)-423(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(contrast)-380(of)-380(the)-380(first)-381(twelve)-380(lectures)-380(in)-380(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 192.535 0 Td [(San)-380(Min)-380(Chu)-380(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.342 0 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(last)-315(four)-316(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 71.32 0 Td [(min)-315(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.253 0 Td [(.)-445(Dr.)-446(William)-315(believes)-315(that)-315(Sun)-316(read)]TJ -116.573 -13.549 Td [(his)-410(book)-410(in)-410(the)-410(meantime)-410(and)-410(changed)-410(his)-410(mind.)-731(A)-409(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commentator)-291(points)-290(out)-291(that)-291(Sun)-291(Yat-sen)-290(referred)-291(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 233.822 0 Td [(The)-291(Social)]TJ -233.822 -13.549 Td [(Interpretation)-351(of)-351(History)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 113.918 0 Td [(in)-351(a)-351(speech)-351(on)-352(January)-351(21,)-376(1924;)-402(his)]TJ -113.918 -13.55 Td [(first)-210(lecture)-211(on)-210(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 80.673 0 Td [(San)-210(Min)-210(Chu)-211(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 64.93 0 Td [(was)-210(given)-210(January)-211(24,)-218(1924.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 122.574 3.959 Td [(186)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Hence,)-495(in)-445(the)-446(twelve)-446(lectures)-445(that)-446(Dr.)-837(William)-446(interprets)-445(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxian,)-365(Sun)-342(Yat-sen)-341(was)-342(speaking)-342(from)-342(a)-342(background)-341(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(included)-456(not)-455(only)-456(Marxism,)-507(but)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 152.384 0 Td [(The)-456(Social)-455(Interpretation)-456(of)]TJ -152.384 -13.549 Td [(History)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.728 0 Td [(,)-250(as)-250(well.)]TJ -20.773 -13.739 Td [(Only)-480(on)-480(the)-480(third)-480(part)-480(does)-480(the)-480(influence)-480(of)-480(the)-480(Western)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(thinkers)-300(appear)-301(unmistakably.)-400(Henry)-301(George)-300(gave)-300(Sun)-300(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-417(idea)-418(of)-417(the)-418(unearned)-417(increment,)-459(but)-418(Sun)-417(Yat-sen,)-459(instead)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-337(accepting)-337(the)-337(whole)-336(body)-337(of)-337(doctrine)-337(that)-337(George)-337(put)-336(forth,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(simply)-187(kept)-186(this)-187(one)-187(idea,)-199(and)-187(built)-187(a)-187(novel)-186(land-policy)-187(of)-187(his)-186(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-259(it.)-277(Marxism)-259(may)-259(have)-259(influenced)-259(the)-259(verbal)-259(tone)-259(of)-259(Sun)-259(Yat-)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.967 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(185)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(423.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(186)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(121-123,)-250(n.)-250(72.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+776 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 777 0 R
+/Resources 775 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 766 0 R
+>> endobj
+778 0 obj <<
+/D [776 0 R /XYZ 305.463 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+775 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+779 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index33) >>
+endobj
+782 0 obj
+(Min Sheng as a Socio-Economic Doctrine.)
+endobj
+785 0 obj <<
+/Length 4650
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(a)-250(Socio-Economic)-250(Doctrine.)-7227(151)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -49.691 -30.759 Td [(sen's)-210(lectures,)-218(but)-209(it)-210(did)-210(not)-210(affect)-209(his)-210(ideology,)-218(although)-210(it)-209(shows)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-372(definite)-743(imprint)-372(upon)-371(his)-372(programs.)-615(Maurice)-372(William)-371(gave)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([145])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-212(Yat-sen)-212(a)-211(set)-212(of)-212(arguments)-211(in)-212(modern)-212(economic)-212(terms)-211(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-328(attached)-329(to)-328(his)-328(ideological)-329(thesis)-328(of)-328(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 192.27 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.913 0 Td [(interpretation)-328(of)]TJ -209.183 -13.55 Td [(history,)-188(which)-172(he)-172(based)-172(upon)-173(Confucianism.)-224(There)-172(is)-172(no)-172(evidence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-329(show)-329(that)-329(at)-329(any)-329(time)-329(in)-329(his)-329(life)-329(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-329(abandoned)-329(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-346(ideological)-347(orientation)-346(and)-347(fell)-346(under)-346(the)-347(sway)-346(of)-346(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-291(thinker.)-372(The)-291(strong)-291(consistency)-291(in)-291(the)-291(ideology)-291(of)-290(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-276(is)-276(a)-276(consistency)-276(rooted)-275(in)-276(the)-276(old)-276(Chinese)-276(ideology.)-327(On)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(minor)-345(points)-345(of)-345(doctrine)-345(he)-345(showed)-345(the)-345(influence)-345(of)-345(the)-345(West;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-276(influence)-276(cannot)-276(be)-275(considered)-276(solely)-276(by)-276(itself.)-328(The)-275(present)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discussion)-417(of)-417(Western)-417(influences)-417(may,)-459(by)-417(its)-417(length,)-459(imply)-417(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disproportionate)-421(emphasis)-421(of)-422(Western)-421(thought)-421(in)-421(the)-421(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doctrines)-400(of)-399(Sun)-400(Yat-sen,)-437(but)-399(in)-400(a)-400(work)-399(written)-400(primarily)-399(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Westerners,)-250(this)-250(may)-250(be)-250(found)-250(excusable.)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 0 -53.831 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 71.882 0 Td [(as)-250(a)-250(Socio-Economic)-250(Doctrine.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -71.882 -27.153 Td [(If)-339(one)-338(were)-339(to)-338(attempt)-339(to)-338(define)-339(the)-338(relations)-339(of)-338(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 235.123 0 Td [(min)-338(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -235.123 -13.55 Td [(ideology)-303(to)-303(the)-304(various)-303(types)-303(of)-303(Western)-303(economic)-303(doctrines)-303(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(present)-320(current,)-338(certain)-320(misapprehensions)-319(may)-320(be)-320(eliminated)-320(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-357(outset.)-570(First:)-463(Capitalism)-357(in)-357(its)-356(Western)-357(form)-357(was)-356(opposed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-467(Sun)-468(Yat-sen;)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 81.322 0 Td [(min)-467(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.01 0 Td [(was)-467(to)-468(put)-467(through)-467(the)-467(national)]TJ -133.332 -13.549 Td [(economic)-631(revolution)-631(of)-630(enrichment)-631(through)-631(a)-630(deliberately-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(planned)-316(industrialization,)-333(but)-317(in)-316(doing)-317(so)-316(was)-317(to)-316(prevent)-316(China)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-427(going)-426(through)-427(all)-426(the)-426(painful)-427(stages)-426(which)-427(attended)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(growth)-394(of)-394(capitalism)-394(in)-394(the)-394(West.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 160.738 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(We)-394(want,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 43.374 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.143 0 Td [(said)-394(Sun)-394(Yat-)]TJ -218.099 -13.549 Td [(sen,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.193 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(a)-484(preventive)-485(remedy;)-601(a)-485(remedy)-484(which)-485(will)-484(thwart)-484(the)]TJ -28.037 -13.549 Td [(accumulation)-446(of)-445(large)-446(private)-445(capitals)-446(and)-445(so)-446(preserve)-445(future)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-320(from)-321(the)-320(great)-321(inconvenience)-320(of)-321(the)-320(inequality)-320(between)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rich)-253(and)-253(poor.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 60.96 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(187)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.213 -3.959 Td [(And)-253(yet)-253(he)-253(looked)-253(forward)-253(to)-253(a)-253(society)-253(which)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(187)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(472.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+784 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 785 0 R
+/Resources 783 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 766 0 R
+>> endobj
+786 0 obj <<
+/D [784 0 R /XYZ 93.052 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+780 0 obj <<
+/D [784 0 R /XYZ 46.771 306.395 null]
+>> endobj
+783 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+789 0 obj <<
+/Length 4998
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(152The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(would)-415(ultimately)-416(be)-415(communistic,)-456(although)-416(never)-415(in)-415(its)-415(strict)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxian)-411(sense.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 83.801 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(We)-411(may)-411(say)-411(that)-411(communism)-412(is)-411(the)-411(ideal)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -161.399 0 Td [([146])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-291(livelihood,)-302(and)-291(that)-291(the)-291(doctrine)-291(of)-291(livelihood)-291(is)-291(the)-291(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(application)-355(of)-356(communism;)-408(such)-355(is)-355(the)-356(difference)-355(between)-355(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doctrine)-251(of)-250(Marx)-251(and)-250(the)-251(doctrine)-250(of)-250(the)-251(Kuomintang.)-251(In)-251(the)-250(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(analysis,)-306(there)-296(is)-295(no)-295(real)-295(difference)-295(in)-295(the)-295(principles)-295(of)-295(the)-295(two;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(where)-395(they)-394(differ)-395(is)-395(in)-394(method.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 142.412 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(188)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.759 -3.959 Td [(This)-395(is)-394(sufficient)-395(to)-395(show)]TJ -164.015 -13.549 Td [(that)-445(Sun)-445(Yat-sen)-445(was)-445(not)-445(an)-445(orthodox)-445(Western)-445(apologist)-445(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capitalism;)-313(as)-292(a)-291(Chinese,)-303(it)-292(would)-291(have)-292(been)-292(hard)-292(for)-292(him)-292(to)-291(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(one,)-281(for)-274(the)-275(logically)-274(consistent)-275(capitalist)-274(ideology)-274(is)-275(one)-274(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(minimizes)-389(all)-390(human)-389(relationships)-390(excepting)-389(those)-389(individual-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contractual)-387(ones)-387(based)-387(on)-386(money)-387(bargains.)-661(The)-387(marketing)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(goods)-384(and)-385(services)-384(in)-384(such)-385(a)-384(way)-384(as)-385(to)-384(disturb)-384(the)-384(traditional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forms)-433(of)-432(Chinese)-433(society)-433(would)-433(have)-432(been)-433(repugnant)-433(to)-432(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -14.589 Td [(Second:)-832(if)-540(Sun)-541(Yat-sen's)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 125.696 0 Td [(min)-541(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 53.615 0 Td [(ideology)-541(cannot)-541(be)]TJ -191.267 -13.549 Td [(associated)-497(with)-497(capitalism,)-558(it)-497(can)-496(as)-497(little)-497(be)-497(affiliated)-496(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxism)-362(or)-361(the)-362(single-tax.)-585(What,)-389(then,)-390(in)-361(relation)-362(to)-361(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(socio-economic)-393(thought,)-429(is)-394(it?)-680(We)-393(have)-393(seen)-394(that)-393(the)-393(state)-393(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(proposed)-156(was)-156(liberal-protective,)-175(and)-156(that)-156(the)-156(society)-156(from)-156(which)-156(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-231(derived)-232(and)-231(to)-232(which)-231(it)-232(was)-231(to)-231(lead)-232(back)-231(was)-232(one)-231(of)-231(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laissez-faire,)-487(bordering)-439(almost)-440(on)-439(anarchism.)-818(These)-439(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(features)-309(are)-310(enough)-309(to)-310(distinguish)-309(it)-309(from)-310(the)-309(Western)-309(varieties)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-358(socialism,)-385(anarchism)-358(and)-358(syndicalism,)-385(since)-358(the)-358(ingredients)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(these)-334(ideologies)-334(of)-335(the)-334(West)-335(and)-334(that)-335(of)-334(Sun)-335(Yat-sen,)-355(while)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(coincident)-250(on)-250(some)-250(points,)-250(cannot)-250(be)-250(fitted)-250(together.)]TJ 11.956 -14.589 Td [(Superficially,)-608(there)-537(is)-537(a)-537(certain)-537(resemblance)-537(between)-536(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-515(of)-516(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 77.464 0 Td [(San)-515(Min)-516(Chu)-515(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 78.239 0 Td [(and)-515(that)-516(of)-515(Fascism.)-1046(The)]TJ -155.703 -13.549 Td [(resemblances)-516(may)-516(be)-516(found)-516(in)-516(the)-516(emphasis)-516(on)-516(the)-516(nation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(rejection)-295(of)-295(the)-295(class)-295(war)-295(and)-295(of)-295(Marxism,)-306(the)-295(upholding)-295(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tradition,)-197(and)-185(the)-184(inclusion)-184(of)-184(a)-185(doctrine)-184(of)-184(intellectual)-184(inequality.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 91.869 Td [(188)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-300(translation,)-314(cited,)-313(p.)-401(422.)-402(The)-300(Hs\374)-301(version)-300(will)-301(be)-300(cited)-301(from)-300(time)-301(to)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(time,)-280(whenever)-273(Father)-274(d'Elia's)-273(interesting)-274(neologisms)-273(might)-274(make)-273(the)-274(citation)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(too)-250(disharmonious,)-250(in)-250(wording,)-250(with)-250(the)-250(comment.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+788 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 789 0 R
+/Resources 787 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 766 0 R
+>> endobj
+790 0 obj <<
+/D [788 0 R /XYZ 169.344 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+787 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+793 0 obj <<
+/Length 5723
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(a)-250(Socio-Economic)-250(Doctrine.)-7227(153)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -49.691 -30.759 Td [(But)-329(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-328(seeks)-329(to)-329(reconcile)-657(all)-329(this)-329(with)-329(democracy)-328(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([147])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(a)-453(form)-454(even)-453(more)-454(republican)-453(than)-454(that)-453(of)-454(the)-453(United)-453(States.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-405(scheme)-405(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 72.03 0 Td [(min)-405(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.78 0 Td [(,)-444(with)-405(its)-405(election,)-445(recall,)-444(initiative)]TJ -121.81 -13.549 Td [(and)-416(referendum,)-457(and)-416(with)-415(its)-416(definite)-416(demands)-416(of)-415(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(freedom,)-433(is)-396(in)-396(contradiction)-396(to)-396(the)-396(teachings)-396(of)-396(Fascism.)-688(His)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condemnation)-372(of)-372(Caesarism)-372(is)-372(unequivocal:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 201.607 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Therefore,)-403(if)-372(the)]TJ -206.451 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-170(Revolution)-171(has)-170(not)-170(until)-170(now)-171(been)-170(crowned)-170(with)-170(success,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-157(is)-157(because)-157(the)-158(ambitions)-157(for)-157(the)-157(throne)-157(have)-157(not)-157(been)-157(completely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rooted)-183(out)-183(nor)-183(suppressed)-184(altogether.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 158.569 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(189)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.451 -3.958 Td [(With)-183(these)-183(fundamental)]TJ -177.864 -13.55 Td [(and)-208(irreconcilable)-208(distinctions,)-216(it)-208(is)-207(hard)-208(to)-208(find)-208(any)-208(possibility)-207(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agreement)-209(between)-209(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 101.955 0 Td [(San)-209(Min)-209(Chu)-209(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 64.873 0 Td [(and)-209(the)-209(Fascist)-209(ideologies,)]TJ -166.828 -13.549 Td [(although)-323(the)-322(transitional)-323(program)-322(of)-323(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 181.094 0 Td [(San)-323(Min)-322(Chu)-323(I)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 66.312 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(in)-323(its)]TJ -258.315 -13.549 Td [(advocacy)-278(of)-277(provisional)-278(party)-277(dictatorship,)-285(etc.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 206.693 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(has)-278(something)]TJ -217.602 -13.549 Td [(in)-228(common)-228(with)-228(Fascism)-228(as)-228(well)-228(as)-228(with)-228(Communism)-228(as)-227(applied)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(Soviet)-250(Union.)]TJ 11.956 -16.007 Td [(A)-511(recent)-511(well-received)-511(work)-511(on)-511(modern)-511(political)-511(thought)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(describes)-297(a)-298(category)-297(of)-298(Western)-297(thinkers)-297(whose)-298(ideas)-297(are)-297(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-420(accord)-420(with)-420(those)-420(contained)-420(in)-420(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 176.29 0 Td [(min)-420(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.978 0 Td [(ideology.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 40.909 3.959 Td [(190)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Professor)-266(Francis)-266(W.)-266(Coker)-266(of)-266(Yale,)-270(after)-266(reviewing)-266(the)-265(leading)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(types)-163(of)-162(socialist)-163(and)-162(liberal)-163(thought,)-180(describes)-163(a)-162(group)-163(who)-162(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-263(called)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 42.089 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(empirical)-263(collectivists.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 98.924 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.713 0 Td [(The)-263(men)-263(to)-263(whom)-263(he)-263(applies)]TJ -153.569 -13.549 Td [(this)-473(term)-473(reject)-473(socialist)-473(doctrines)-473(of)-473(economic)-472(determinism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(labor-created)-357(value,)-384(and)-357(class)-357(war.)-571(They)-357(oppose,)-384(on)-357(the)-357(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hand,)-246(the)-245(making)-245(of)-245(a)-245(fetish)-245(of)-245(private)-245(ownership,)-246(and)-245(recognize)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-410(the)-409(vast)-410(mass)-409(of)-409(ordinary)-410(men)-409(in)-410(modern)-409(society)-410(do)-409(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(always)-290(receive)-290(their)-290(just)-290(share)-290(of)-290(the)-290(produce)-290(of)-290(industry.)-370(They)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offer)-275(no)-275(single)-276(panacea)-275(for)-275(all)-275(economic)-276(troubles,)-281(and)-275(lay)-275(down)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(no)-207(absolute)-208(and)-207(unchallengeable)-207(dogma)-208(concerning)-207(the)-207(rightness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-235(wrongness)-236(of)-235(public)-236(or)-235(private)-235(ownership.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 195.069 3.958 Td [(191)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.128 -3.958 Td [(Professor)-235(Coker)]TJ -206.009 -13.55 Td [(outlines)-384(their)-384(general)-384(point)-383(of)-384(view)-384(by)-384(examining)-384(their)-384(ideas)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 286.836 0 Td [([148])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 109.962 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.149 Td [(189)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(294.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(190)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Francis)-345(W.)-344(Coker,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 70.743 0 Td [(Recent)-345(Political)-344(Thought)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 91.362 0 Td [(,)-368(New)-345(York)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 43.989 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(London,)-368(1934,)]TJ -227.017 -10.959 Td [(pp.)-250(545-562,)-250(Ch.)-250(XX,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 80.196 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Empirical)-250(Collectivism.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 85.682 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -169.609 -7.311 Td [(191)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Coker,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(546-547.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+792 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 793 0 R
+/Resources 791 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 796 0 R
+>> endobj
+794 0 obj <<
+/D [792 0 R /XYZ 207.054 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+795 0 obj <<
+/D [792 0 R /XYZ 46.771 122.79 null]
+>> endobj
+791 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+799 0 obj <<
+/Length 5147
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(154The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(with)-251(reference)-251(to)-251(several)-251(conspicuous)-251(economic)-251(problems)-251(of)-251(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(present)-365(day:)-479(public)-365(ownership;)-422(labor)-365(legislation;)-422(regulation)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prices;)-250(taxation;)-250(and)-250(land)-250(policies.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 149.378 3.959 Td [(192)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -137.422 -20.054 Td [(According)-343(to)-343(Coker,)-367(the)-343(empirical)-343(collectivist)-343(is)-343(not)-343(willing)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(to)-242(forgo)-242(the)-242(profit)-242(motive)-242(except)-241(where)-242(necessary.)-248(He)-242(is)-241(anxious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-440(see)-439(a)-440(great)-439(part)-440(of)-439(the)-440(ruthlessness)-439(of)-440(private)-439(competition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(eliminated,)-242(and)-240(capital)-241(generally)-240(subjected)-240(to)-240(a)-240(regulation)-240(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-308(prevent)-309(its)-308(use)-309(as)-308(an)-308(instrument)-309(of)-308(harm)-309(to)-308(the)-308(community)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-331(a)-332(whole.)-494(While)-332(not)-331(committed)-332(to)-331(public)-332(ownership)-331(of)-331(large)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enterprises)-369(as)-369(a)-369(matter)-369(of)-369(theory,)-399(he)-369(has)-369(little)-369(objection)-369(to)-369(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governmental)-431(operation)-431(of)-431(those)-431(which)-431(could,)-476(as)-431(a)-431(matter)-430(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practical)-407(expediency,)-446(be)-407(managed)-407(by)-407(the)-407(state)-407(on)-407(a)-407(nonprofit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(basis.)]TJ 11.956 -16.095 Td [(Sun)-288(Yat-sen's)-287(position)-288(greatly)-288(resembles)-288(this,)-297(with)-288(respect)-287(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(his)-463(more)-464(immediate)-463(objectives.)-890(Speaking)-463(of)-463(public)-463(utilities,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-604(said)-603(to)-604(Judge)-603(Linebarger:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.479 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(There)-604(are)-603(so)-604(many)-603(public)]TJ -154.323 -13.549 Td [(utilities)-236(needed)-237(in)-236(China)-236(at)-236(the)-237(present)-236(time,)-239(that)-236(the)-236(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(can't)-374(monopolize)-375(all)-374(of)-374(them)-375(for)-374(the)-374(advantage)-375(of)-374(the)-374(masses.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Moreover,)-548(public)-488(utilities)-488(involve)-488(risks)-488(which)-488(a)-488(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cannot)-459(afford)-459(to)-459(take.)-877(Although)-459(the)-459(risks)-459(are)-459(comparatively)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(small)-510(in)-510(single)-510(cases,)-574(the)-510(entire)-510(aggregate)-510(of)-510(such)-510(risks,)-574(if)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assumed)-305(by)-304(the)-304(government,)-319(would)-304(be)-305(of)-304(crushing)-304(proportions.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Private)-660(initiative)-661(and)-660(capital)-661(can)-660(best)-661(perform)-660(the)-660(public)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(utility)-438(development)-439(of)-438(China.)-815(We)-438(should,)-486(however,)-485(be)-438(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(careful)-362(to)-361(limit)-362(the)-361(control)-362(of)-362(these)-361(public)-362(utilities)-361(enterprises,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(while)-501(at)-501(the)-500(same)-501(time)-501(encouraging)-501(private)-501(development)-500(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(much)-486(as)-486(possible.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 82.413 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(193)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.752 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-486(had,)-544(however,)-545(already)-486(spoken)-486(of)]TJ -105.009 -13.549 Td [(nationalization:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 75.087 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(I)-455(think)-456(that)-455(when)-456(I)-455(hold)-456(power)-911(again,)-506(we)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -152.686 0 Td [([149])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(should)-216(institute)-216(a)-215(nationalization)-216(program)-216(through)-216(a)-216(cautious)-215(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 120.76 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 113.947 Td [(192)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Coker,)-602(cited,)-602(pp.)-1096(548-549.)-1095(Throughout)-532(the)-532(discussion)-532(of)-532(empirical)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(collectivism)-274(the)-275(present)-274(author)-274(will)-274(cite,)-281(by)-274(and)-274(large,)-280(the)-275(categories)-274(given)-274(by)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Coker.)-250(Any)-249(special)-250(exceptions)-249(will)-250(be)-249(noted,)-250(but)-250(otherwise)-249(the)-250(discussion)-249(will)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(be)-250(based)-250(on)-250(Coker's)-250(chapter)-250(on)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 113.667 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Empirical)-250(Collectivism,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 85.683 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(cited)-250(above.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -209.304 -7.311 Td [(193)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 43.818 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(Book)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(31.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+798 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 799 0 R
+/Resources 797 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 796 0 R
+>> endobj
+800 0 obj <<
+/D [798 0 R /XYZ 324.598 147.255 null]
+>> endobj
+797 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+803 0 obj <<
+/Length 5635
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(a)-250(Socio-Economic)-250(Doctrine.)-7227(155)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -49.691 -30.759 Td [(experimental)-200(evolution)-199(of)-200(\0501\051)-200(public)-200(utilities;)-216(\0502\051)-200(public)-199(domains;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\0503\051)-296(industrial)-296(combines,)-308(syndicates,)-307(and)-296(cartels;)-319(\0504\051)-296(co\366perative)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(department)-239(stores)-238(and)-239(other)-239(merchandising)-239(agencies.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 230.242 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(194)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.058 -3.959 Td [(It)-239(must)]TJ -250.143 -13.549 Td [(be)-543(remembered)-543(that)-542(there)-543(were)-543(two)-543(considerations)-543(back)-542(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(anything)-334(that)-334(Sun)-334(Yat-sen)-334(said)-334(concerning)-334(national)-334(ownership:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first,)-306(China)-294(had)-295(already)-294(ventured)-295(into)-294(broad)-295(national)-294(ownership)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-238(communications)-238(and)-238(transport,)-241(even)-238(though)-238(these)-238(were)-238(in)-238(bad)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(condition)-349(and)-349(heavily)-349(indebted;)-399(second,)-373(there)-349(was)-349(no)-349(question)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-473(expropriation)-473(of)-474(capital,)-529(but)-473(rather)-473(the)-473(free)-473(alternative)-473(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(public)-370(and)-370(private)-370(industry.)-610(An)-370(incidental)-370(problem)-370(that)-369(arises)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-494(connection)-495(with)-494(the)-494(joint)-494(development)-495(of)-494(the)-494(country)-494(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(public)-340(and)-340(by)-341(private)-340(capital)-340(is)-340(the)-340(use)-341(of)-340(foreign)-340(capital.)-520(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-275(was)-275(opposed)-275(to)-274(imperialism,)-281(but)-275(he)-275(did)-275(not)-275(believe)-274(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-462(use)-462(of)-462(foreign)-461(capital)-462(at)-462(fair)-462(rates)-462(of)-462(interest)-461(constituted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(submission)-369(to)-369(imperialism.)-607(He)-369(said,)-398(in)-369(Canton,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 219.609 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.868 0 Td [(...)-607(we)-369(shall)]TJ -228.477 -13.549 Td [(certainly)-476(have)-476(to)-477(borrow)-476(foreign)-476(capital)-476(in)-476(order)-476(to)-476(develop)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(means)-321(of)-322(communication)-321(and)-322(transportation,)-339(and)-322(we)-321(cannot)-321(do)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(otherwise)-240(than)-240(have)-240(recourse)-239(to)-240(those)-240(foreigners)-240(who)-240(are)-240(men)-239(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(knowledge)-306(and)-307(of)-306(experience)-306(to)-306(manage)-306(these)-307(industries.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 253.327 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(195)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.794 -3.958 Td [(It)]TJ -273.965 -13.55 Td [(may)-233(thus)-233(be)-233(said)-232(that)-233(Sun)-233(Yat-sen)-233(had)-233(no)-233(fixed)-233(prejudice)-232(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(private)-470(capital)-470(or)-469(against)-470(foreign)-470(capital,)-525(when)-470(properly)-469(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(justly)-232(regulated,)-235(although)-232(in)-232(general)-232(he)-232(favored)-232(the)-232(ownership)-231(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(large)-250(enterprises)-250(by)-250(the)-250(state.)]TJ 11.956 -17.013 Td [(Second)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 32.116 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(to)-671(follow)-671(again)-671(Professor)-671(Coker)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 157.741 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-671(Western)]TJ -223.631 -13.549 Td [(empirical)-389(collectivists)-388(favor)-389(labor)-389(legislation,)-423(and)-388(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intervention)-470(for)-469(the)-470(protection)-470(of)-470(the)-469(living)-470(standards)-470(of)-469(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(working)-396(classes.)-688(This,)-433(while)-395(it)-396(did)-396(not)-396(figure)-792(conspicuously)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([150])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(in)-361(the)-362(theories)-361(of)-362(Sun)-361(Yat-sen,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 138.789 3.959 Td [(196)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.7 -3.959 Td [(was)-361(a)-362(striking)-361(feature)-362(of)-361(all)]TJ -155.489 -13.549 Td [(his)-374(practical)-373(programs.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 102.376 3.959 Td [(197)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.23 -3.959 Td [(In)-374(his)-373(address)-374(to)-374(Chinese)-374(labor,)-404(on)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 121.165 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 114.352 Td [(194)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 43.818 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(Book)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(30.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -107.332 -7.394 Td [(195)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(475.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(196)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See,)-312(however,)-312(the)-300(d'Elia)-300(translation,)-312(cited,)-312(pp.)-399(298-301,)-312(for)-300(a)-300(reference)-300(to)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(labor)-213(unions)-213(and)-213(a)-212(statement)-213(for)-213(their)-213(need)-213(of)-213(competent)-212(and)-213(honest)-213(leadership.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(197)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-310(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 55.251 0 Td [(Sun)-310(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.129 0 Td [(,)-325(cited,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 27.743 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Die)-310(Arbeiter,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 47.845 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.761 0 Td [(pp.)-430(97-99.)-430(T'ang,)-325(Hs\374,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+802 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 803 0 R
+/Resources 801 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 796 0 R
+>> endobj
+804 0 obj <<
+/D [802 0 R /XYZ 260.66 162.433 null]
+>> endobj
+801 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+807 0 obj <<
+/Length 5907
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(156The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-318(international)-318(Labor)-318(Day,)-335(1924,)-335(he)-318(urged)-318(that)-318(Chinese)-317(labor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organize)-306(in)-306(order)-306(to)-307(fight)-306(for)-306(its)-306(own)-306(cause)-306(and)-306(that)-306(of)-306(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(liberation.)-555(It)-352(had)-351(nothing)-352(to)-351(fear)-352(from)-352(Chinese)-351(capitalism,)-377(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(everything)-278(from)-278(foreign)-278(imperialistic)-278(capitalism.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 213.616 3.958 Td [(198)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.093 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-278(did)-278(not)]TJ -229.709 -13.55 Td [(make)-324(a)-324(special)-324(hero)-324(class)-324(out)-324(of)-324(the)-324(workers;)-361(he)-324(did,)-342(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advocate)-322(their)-321(organization)-322(for)-322(the)-322(purpose)-321(of)-322(getting)-322(their)-321(just)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(share)-305(of)-305(the)-305(national)-305(wealth,)-319(and)-305(for)-305(resistance)-305(to)-305(the)-305(West)-305(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Japan.)]TJ 11.956 -13.897 Td [(Third,)-181(the)-163(empirical)-163(collectivist)-164(tends)-163(to)-163(advocate)-163(price-control)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(by)-255(the)-255(state,)-256(if)-255(not)-255(over)-255(the)-255(whole)-255(range)-254(of)-255(commodities,)-257(at)-254(least)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-324(certain)-324(designated)-324(fields.)-471(Sun)-324(was,)-342(has)-324(been)-324(stated,)-343(in)-323(favor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-251(the)-250(regulation)-250(of)-251(capital)-250(at)-251(all)-250(points,)-251(and)-250(of)-251(public)-250(ownership)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-412(some.)-735(This)-411(naturally)-412(implies)-412(an)-411(approval)-412(of)-411(price-control.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-365(more)-366(specifically)-365(objected)-365(to)-366(undue)-365(profits)-365(by)-365(middlemen,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(when,)-291(in)-283(discussing)-282(salesmen,)-291(he)-283(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 172.965 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Under)-283(ideal)-282(conditions,)]TJ -177.808 -13.549 Td [(society)-382(does)-383(not)-382(need)-383(salesmen)-382(or)-383(any)-382(inducement)-383(to)-382(buy.)-647(If)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-403(thing)-402(is)-403(good,)-440(and)-403(the)-403(price)-402(reasonable,)-441(it)-402(should)-403(sell)-402(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-308(its)-308(own)-308(merits)-309(without)-308(any)-308(salesmanship.)-424(This)-308(vast)-308(army)-308(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(middlemen)-266(should)-266(hence)-266(be)-266(made)-266(to)-266(remember)-266(that)-266(they)-266(should)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(expect)-223(no)-223(more)-223(from)-223(the)-223(nonproductive)-223(calling)-223(in)-223(which)-223(they)-222(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(engaged)-258(than)-257(any)-258(other)-257(citizen)-258(obtains)-258(through)-257(harder)-258(labor.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(199)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(In)-208(this,)-215(too,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 53.579 0 Td [(min)-208(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.342 0 Td [(coincides)-207(with)-208(empirical)-207(collectivism;)-222(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -172.676 0 Td [([151])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(coincidence)-250(is)-250(made)-250(easy)-250(by)-250(the)-250(relative)-250(vagueness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(latter.)]TJ 11.956 -13.896 Td [(Fourth,)-337(in)-319(the)-319(words)-319(of)-320(Mr.)-457(Coker,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 161.105 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(many)-319(collectivists)-319(look)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 195.835 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 187.011 Td [(and)-285(the)-284(various)-285(biographies)-284(of)-285(Sun)-284(almost)-285(all)-284(contain)-285(references)-284(from)-285(time)-284(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(time)-250(to)-250(Sun's)-250(friendliness)-250(toward)-250(and)-250(approval)-250(of)-250(organized)-250(labor.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(198)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 38.738 0 Td [(Sun)-234(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.45 0 Td [(,)-237(cited,)-238(pp.)-245(325-329.)-244(The)-235(next)-234(speech)-234(of)-235(Sun)-234(Yat-sen)]TJ -93.144 -10.959 Td [(given)-384(in)-383(Wittfogel's)-384(work)-383(is)-384(Sun's)-383(indignant)-384(attack)-383(on)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 205.034 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-384(so-called)-383(Labor)]TJ -209.015 -10.959 Td [(Government)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 44.823 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.871 0 Td [(of)-434(England,)-480(which)-433(permitted)-434(the)-434(old)-434(methods)-434(of)-433(British)-434(Far)]TJ -52.694 -10.959 Td [(Eastern)-250(imperialism)-250(to)-250(continue.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(199)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 45.558 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-444(cited,)-444(Book)-405(III,)-406(p.)-715(18.)-716(This)-405(work,)-444(while)-406(it)]TJ -109.322 -10.959 Td [(cannot)-362(be)-362(given)-362(the)-362(weight)-362(of)-362(direct)-361(quotations)-362(from)-362(Sun's)-362(own)-362(writings)-362(or)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(speeches,)-241(does)-239(contain)-239(a)-239(good)-239(deal)-239(about)-239(the)-239(policies)-239(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 201.484 0 Td [(min)-239(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.654 0 Td [(which)-239(does)]TJ -240.138 -10.959 Td [(not)-221(appear)-220(elsewhere.)-241(The)-220(author)-221(has)-220(sought)-221(to)-221(avoid)-220(citation)-221(of)-221(it)-220(where)-221(direct)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sources)-254(are)-254(available,)-255(since)-253(the)-254(nature)-254(of)-254(the)-254(material)-254(makes)-254(it)-253(by)-254(no)-254(means)-254(so)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(authoritative)-250(as)-250(others)-250(might)-250(be.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+806 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 807 0 R
+/Resources 805 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 796 0 R
+>> endobj
+808 0 obj <<
+/D [806 0 R /XYZ 144.766 233.295 null]
+>> endobj
+805 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+811 0 obj <<
+/Length 5018
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(a)-250(Socio-Economic)-250(Doctrine.)-7227(157)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -49.691 -30.759 Td [(upon)-452(taxation)-451(as)-452(a)-451(rational)-451(and)-452(practical)-451(means)-452(for)-451(reducing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-397(differences)-397(in)-397(wealth)-397(and)-397(for)-397(achieving)-397(other)-397(desired)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-318(changes.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 83.749 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(200)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.922 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-318(Yat-sen)-318(agrees)-318(with)-318(this)-318(definitely;)]TJ -104.515 -13.549 Td [(his)-356(land)-356(policy)-356(is)-356(one)-356(based)-356(upon)-356(taxation)-356(and)-356(confiscation)-356(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-449(amount)-450(of)-449(the)-449(unearned)-450(increment)-449(\050which,)-499(not)-449(involving)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-482(confiscation)-482(of)-482(the)-481(land)-482(itself,)-540(is)-482(perhaps)-482(also)-481(taxation\051,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-362(proposes)-361(to)-362(apply)-362(taxes)-361(extensively.)-585(Quite)-362(apart)-362(from)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(question)-419(of)-418(distributive)-419(justice,)-461(a)-419(heavy)-418(tax)-419(burden)-419(would)-418(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessary)-250(in)-250(a)-250(country)-250(which)-250(was)-250(being)-250(rigorously)-250(developed.)]TJ 11.956 -17.103 Td [(Fifth,)-302(empirical)-291(collectivists)-291(believe)-292(in)-291(land)-291(control,)-302(not)-291(only)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(in)-425(the)-426(cities,)-469(but)-425(in)-425(the)-426(open)-425(country)-425(as)-425(well,)-470(as)-425(a)-425(matter)-425(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agrarian)-276(reform.)-329(We)-276(have)-276(seen)-276(that)-276(the)-276(land)-276(figured)-276(extensively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-222(the)-222(ideology)-223(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 78.782 0 Td [(min)-222(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.238 0 Td [(,)-228(and)-222(shall)-222(observe)-222(that)-222(Sun)-223(Yat-sen,)]TJ -123.02 -13.549 Td [(in)-405(his)-405(plans)-405(for)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 74.643 0 Td [(min)-405(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.234 0 Td [(,)-444(stressed)-405(the)-405(importance)-405(of)-405(proper)]TJ -120.877 -13.549 Td [(control)-250(of)-250(land.)]TJ 11.956 -17.103 Td [(In)-606(summing)-607(up)-606(the)-607(theory)-606(of)-607(distributive)-606(justice)-606(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(forms)-522(a)-522(third)-522(part)-523(of)-522(the)-522(principle)-522(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 183.72 0 Td [(min)-522(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.511 0 Td [(,)-590(one)-522(may)]TJ -231.231 -13.549 Td [(say)-438(that,)-486(as)-438(far)-439(as)-438(any)-438(comparison)-439(between)-438(a)-439(Chinese)-438(and)-438(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-343(idea)-343(is)-342(valid,)-366(the)-343(positive)-343(social-revolutionary)-342(content)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 14.669 0 Td [(min)-512(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.978 0 Td [(coincides)-512(with)-511(the)-512(doctrines)-512(of)-511(that)-512(group)-511(of)]TJ -67.647 -13.549 Td [(Western)-297(politico-economic)-298(writers)-297(whom)-298(Coker)-297(calls)-297(empirical)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(collectivists.)-511(The)-336(correspondence)-337(between)-337(the)-337(two)-337(may)-337(not)-336(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-334(mere)-333(coincidence)-334(of)-333(names,)-354(for)-334(in)-333(considering)-334(Sun)-333(Yat-sen's)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(min)-291(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.993 0 Td [(,)-302(one)-291(is)-291(struck)-292(by)-291(the)-291(empirical,)-302(almost)-291(opportunistic,)]TJ -44.993 -13.549 Td [(nature)-534(of)-535(the)-1068(theory.)-1103(A)-534(great)-534(part)-534(of)-535(the)-534(activity)-534(of)-534(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([152])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Chinese,)-241(whether)-239(material)-239(or)-239(intellectual,)-241(has)-239(been)-238(characterized)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-441(a)-440(sort)-440(of)-441(opportunism;)-536(not)-440(necessarily)-441(an)-440(opportunism)-440(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(insincerity,)-491(it)-443(may)-443(be)-443(more)-443(aptly)-443(described)-443(as)-443(a)-443(tendency)-443(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seek)-303(the)-303(golden)-302(mean,)-316(the)-303(reasonable)-303(in)-303(any)-303(situation.)-408(It)-303(is)-302(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(habit)-382(of)-382(compromise)-382(with)-382(circumstance,)-415(this)-382(bland)-382(and)-381(happy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disregard)-481(of)-481(absolutes)-480(in)-481(theory,)-539(which)-481(has)-480(preserved)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 250.325 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(with)]TJ -261.234 -13.55 Td [(rare)-369(exceptions)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 67.635 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-369(Chinese)-369(social)-368(mind)-369(from)-369(the)-369(torment)-369(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(200)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Coker,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(551.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+810 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 811 0 R
+/Resources 809 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 796 0 R
+>> endobj
+812 0 obj <<
+/D [810 0 R /XYZ 113.936 185.887 null]
+>> endobj
+809 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+815 0 obj <<
+/Length 4910
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(158The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(any)-503(really)-504(bitter)-503(and)-503(profound)-503(religious)-504(conflict,)-566(and)-503(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may,)-313(in)-300(these)-301(troubled)-300(times,)-313(keep)-300(even)-301(the)-300(most)-300(irreconcilable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enemies)-247(from)-247(becoming)-247(insane)-247(with)-247(intolerance.)-249(This)-247(fashion)-247(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(muddling)-212(through,)-219(of)-211(adhering)-212(to)-212(certain)-211(traditional)-212(general)-211(rules)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-233(reasonableness,)-237(while)-233(rendering)-233(lip-service)-234(to)-233(the)-233(doctrines)-233(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-313(moment,)-329(has)-313(been)-313(the)-313(despair)-313(of)-313(many)-313(Western)-312(students)-313(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China,)-173(who,)-172(embittered)-153(at)-154(the)-153(end,)-173(accuse)-153(the)-153(Chinese)-153(of)-153(complete)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(insincerity.)-264(They)-255(do)-255(not)-254(realize)-255(that)-255(it)-255(is)-254(the)-255(moderateness)-255(of)-254(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Confucian)-373(ideology,)-404(the)-374(humane)-373(and)-373(conciliatory)-373(outlook)-373(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(centuries)-208(of)-208(cramped)-209(civilized)-208(life)-208(have)-208(given)-208(the)-209(Chinese,)-216(that)-208(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-229(basis)-229(of)-229(this,)-233(and)-229(that)-229(this)-229(indisposition)-229(to)-229(adopt)-229(hard)-229(and)-229(fast)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(systems)-178(has)-179(been)-178(one)-179(of)-178(the)-179(ameliorating)-178(influences)-179(in)-178(the)-178(present)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(period)-576(of)-576(serious)-577(intellectual)-576(antagonisms.)-1228(Generalizations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concerning)-345(China)-344(are)-345(rarely)-344(worth)-345(much.)-534(It)-345(may)-344(be,)-368(however,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-260(the)-261(doctrine)-260(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 85.888 0 Td [(min)-260(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.654 0 Td [(,)-263(with)-260(respect)-260(to)-261(its)-260(positive)-260(socio-)]TJ -130.542 -13.549 Td [(economic)-215(content,)-223(may)-215(appear)-216(vague)-215(to)-215(the)-216(Western)-215(student,)-222(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-360(he)-359(may)-360(surmise)-359(it)-360(to)-360(be)-359(a)-360(mere)-359(cloak)-360(for)-360(demagogues.)-578(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-255(easily)-254(do)-255(that)-255(in)-254(the)-255(West,)-256(or)-254(in)-255(the)-255(hands)-254(of)-255(insincere)-254(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unscrupulous)-247(leaders.)-249(In)-247(China,)-248(however,)-247(it)-247(need)-247(not)-247(necessarily)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-205(been)-204(formulated)-205(more)-204(positively)-205(than)-204(it)-205(was,)-213(because,)-214(as)-204(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-208(seen,)-217(the)-208(intellectual)-208(temper)-208(of)-209(the)-208(Chinese)-208(makes)-208(any)-208(strict)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(adherence)-272(to)-271(a)-272(schedule)-271(or)-272(a)-271(plan)-272(impossible.)-314(It)-272(is)-272(easy,)-276(always,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-270(render)-270(the)-270(courtesies;)-279(it)-270(is)-270(hard)-270(to)-270(follow)-270(the)-270(specific)-269(content.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-432(Yat-sen)-433(apparently)-864(realized)-432(this,)-478(and)-433(wished)-432(to)-432(leave)-432(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([153])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(general)-402(body)-402(of)-402(doctrine)-402(which)-402(could)-402(be)-402(followed)-402(and)-402(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-252(not)-252(be)-253(likely)-252(to)-252(be)-252(violated.)-257(In)-252(any)-252(case,)-253(the)-252(theses)-252(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.451 0 Td [(,)-248(both)-246(ideologically)-247(and)-247(programmatically,)-248(can)-247(scarcely)-246(be)]TJ -25.451 -13.549 Td [(contrasted)-285(with)-284(the)-285(detailed)-284(schedules)-285(of)-285(social)-284(revolution)-285(to)-284(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(found)-250(in)-250(the)-250(West.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(Sun)-816(Yat-sen's)-816(frequent)-816(expressions)-816(of)-816(sympathy)-815(with)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(communism)-513(and)-513(socialism,)-578(and)-513(his)-513(occasional)-512(identification)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-260(the)-261(large)-260(principles)-261(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 110.544 0 Td [(min)-260(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.497 0 Td [(with)-260(them,)-263(are)-261(an)-260(indication)]TJ -158.041 -13.55 Td [(of)-319(his)-318(desire)-319(for)-318(ultimate)-319(collectivism.)-455(\050It)-319(may)-318(be)-319(remarked,)-335(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passing,)-360(that)-338(Sun)-338(Yat-sen)-339(used)-338(the)-338(word)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 184.528 0 Td [(collectivist)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.154 0 Td [(in)-338(a)-338(much)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+814 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 815 0 R
+/Resources 813 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 796 0 R
+>> endobj
+816 0 obj <<
+/D [814 0 R /XYZ 204.64 206.544 null]
+>> endobj
+813 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+817 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index34) >>
+endobj
+820 0 obj
+(Min Sheng as an Ethical Doctrine.)
+endobj
+823 0 obj <<
+/Length 4338
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(an)-250(Ethical)-250(Doctrine.)-10560(159)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -49.691 -30.759 Td [(more)-251(rigid)-250(sense)-251(than)-250(that)-251(employed)-250(by)-250(Coker.\051)-252(His)-250(concessions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-376(the)-377(economic)-376(situation)-376(of)-376(his)-377(time,)-407(the)-377(pragmatic,)-407(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(method)-378(in)-378(which)-378(he)-379(conceived)-378(and)-378(advocated)-378(his)-378(plans,)-410(are)-378(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manifestation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(empirical)-250(element)-250(in)-250(his)-250(collectivism.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.55 Td [(Ming)-172(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.231 0 Td [(cannot,)-188(however,)-187(be)-172(thought)-172(of)-172(as)-172(another)-172(Western)]TJ -64.187 -13.549 Td [(doctrine)-584(for)-585(national)-584(economic)-584(strength,)-668(national)-584(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reconstitution,)-619(and)-546(national)-545(distributive)-546(justice;)-693(it)-546(is)-545(also)-545(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(program)-250(for)-250(the)-250(improvement)-250(of)-250(the)-250(morale)-250(of)-250(the)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(How)-365(is)-366(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 53.77 0 Td [(min)-365(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.785 0 Td [(doctrine)-365(to)-366(fit)-365(in)-365(with)-366(the)-365(essentially)]TJ -115.511 -13.55 Td [(conservative)-557(spirit)-556(of)-557(the)-557(nationalist)-556(ideology?)-1170(If,)-634(as)-556(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proposed,)-498(the)-448(new)-448(ideology)-449(is)-448(to)-448(be)-449(compounded)-448(of)-448(the)-448(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(morality,)-279(the)-273(old)-272(knowledge,)-279(and)-273(modern)-273(physical)-273(science,)-278(how)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.253 0 Td [(min)-364(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.791 0 Td [(,)-393(referring)-365(to)-364(social)-364(as)-365(well)-364(as)-365(material)-364(programs,)]TJ -57.044 -13.549 Td [(to)-408(be)-408(developed)-408(in)-408(harmony)-407(with)-408(the)-408(old)-408(knowledge?)-724(In)-407(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(terminology)-165(of)-165(ultramodern)-166(Western)-165(political)-165(science,)-182(the)-165(ethical,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-379(moral,)-411(and)-379(the)-379(emotional)-379(are)-379(likely)-379(to)-379(appear)-379(as)-379(words)-379(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(derision.)-234(In)-202(a)-202(milieu)-201(characterized)-202(by)-202(the)-202(curiously)-201(warmblooded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-383(outlook)-382(of)-383(the)-383(Confucians,)-416(such)-382(terms)-383(are)-383(still)-382(relevant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-336(reality,)-358(still)-337(significant)-336(in)-337(the)-336(lives)-336(of)-337(men.)-509(The)-336(sentimental)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-455(intangible)-454(in)-455(politics;)-557(for)-454(that)-455(reason)-454(it)-455(is)-455(hard)-454(to)-455(fit)-454(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contemporary)-371(thought,)-401(but)-741(though)-371(it)-370(cannot)-371(be)-371(measured)-370(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([154])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(fully)-256(understood,)-258(its)-257(potency)-256(cannot)-256(be)-256(disregarded;)-260(and)-256(for)-256(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-250(it)-250(was)-250(of)-250(the)-250(utmost)-250(importance.)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 0 -57.312 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 71.882 0 Td [(as)-250(an)-250(Ethical)-250(Doctrine.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -71.882 -28.893 Td [(Reference)-504(has)-504(been)-504(made)-504(to)-504(the)-504(Confucian)-504(doctrine)-504(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.572 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(,)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(the)-453(fellow-feeling)-452(of)-453(all)-452(mankind)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 153.058 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(each)-453(man's)-452(consciousness)]TJ -163.967 -13.549 Td [(of)-397(membership)-397(in)-397(society.)-691(This)-397(doctrine)-397(was)-397(formulated)-397(in)-396(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-191(unacquainted)-191(with)-192(Greek)-191(logic,)-203(nor)-191(did)-191(it)-191(have)-191(the)-191(strange)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(European)-303(emphasis)-302(upon)-303(sheer)-302(intellectuality)-302(which)-303(has)-302(played)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-284(way)-285(through)-284(Western)-284(thought.)-353(Not,)-293(of)-284(course,)-293(as)-284(profoundly)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+822 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 823 0 R
+/Resources 821 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 825 0 R
+>> endobj
+824 0 obj <<
+/D [822 0 R /XYZ 169.829 247.191 null]
+>> endobj
+818 0 obj <<
+/D [822 0 R /XYZ 46.771 196.273 null]
+>> endobj
+821 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+828 0 obj <<
+/Length 5706
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(160The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(introspective)-361(as)-362(Christianity,)-389(nor)-362(appealing)-361(so)-362(distinctly)-361(to)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mystical)-441(in)-441(man's)-441(nature,)-489(it)-441(was)-441(nevertheless)-441(concerned)-441(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(man's)-169(inner)-170(life,)-185(as)-170(well)-169(as)-169(with)-170(the)-169(ethics)-169(of)-170(his)-169(outward)-169(behavior.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-285(Confucian)-284(was)-285(suffused)-284(throughout)-285(with)-285(the)-284(idea)-285(of)-284(virtue;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-415(moral)-414(and)-415(the)-414(physical)-415(were)-414(inextricably)-415(intertwined.)-743(Its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(non-logical)-314(content)-313(scarcely)-314(approached)-313(the)-314(form)-313(of)-314(a)-313(religion;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(commentators)-355(on)-356(the)-355(old)-356(ideology)-355(have)-355(not)-356(called)-355(it)-355(religious,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(despite)-406(the)-406(prominence)-406(of)-406(beliefs)-406(in)-406(the)-406(supernatural.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 243.381 3.959 Td [(201)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.286 -3.959 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td [(religion)-337(of)-337(the)-336(Chinese)-337(has)-337(been)-337(this-worldly,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.752 3.958 Td [(202)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.364 -3.958 Td [(but)-337(it)-337(has)-336(not)]TJ -221.116 -13.55 Td [(on)-301(that)-301(account)-300(been)-301(indifferent)-301(to)-300(the)-301(subjective)-301(aspects)-301(of)-300(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-250(life.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 45.448 3.959 Td [(203)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -33.492 -18.048 Td [(The)-496(nationalist)-495(ideology)-496(was)-495(designed)-496(as)-495(the)-496(inheritor)-495(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-366(successor)-365(to,)-395(the)-366(old)-366(ideology)-365(of)-366(China.)-597(The)-366(doctrine)-731(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([155])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(nationalism)-160(narrowed)-161(the)-160(field)-161(of)-160(the)-161(application)-160(of)-160(Confucianism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-362(the)-362(whole)-361(civilized)-362(world)-362(to)-361(the)-362(state-ized)-362(society)-362(of)-361(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-172(race-nation.)-225(The)-172(doctrine)-172(of)-173(democracy)-172(implemented)-172(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-313(teachings)-314(of)-313(popular)-313(power)-314(and)-313(intellectual)-313(leadership)-313(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-359(political)-358(mechanism)-359(designed)-358(to)-358(bring)-359(forth)-358(the)-359(full)-358(strength)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-484(both.)-953(And)-484(the)-485(doctrine)-484(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 144.974 0 Td [(min)-484(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.381 0 Td [(was)-484(the)-485(economic)]TJ -197.355 -13.55 Td [(application)-250(of)-250(the)-250(old)-250(social)-250(ethos.)]TJ 11.956 -14.089 Td [(It)-263(is)-263(in)-263(this)-263(last)-263(significance,)-266(rather)-263(than)-263(in)-263(any)-263(of)-263(its)-263(practical)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(meanings)-324(of)-324(recovery,)-342(development,)-342(and)-324(reform,)-343(that)-324(Sun)-323(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen)-206(spoke)-206(most)-207(of)-206(it)-206(to)-206(one)-207(of)-206(his)-206(followers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 186.6 3.959 Td [(204)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.022 -3.959 Td [(He)-206(was)-206(concerned)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 208.752 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 201.94 Td [(201)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(E.)-203(D.)-202(Harvey,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 50.598 0 Td [(The)-203(Mind)-202(of)-203(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 66.725 0 Td [(,)-212(New)-203(Haven,)-212(1933,)-212(deals)-202(extensively)-203(with)]TJ -129.279 -10.959 Td [(these)-321(supernatural)-321(elements.)-464(The)-321(reader)-322(who)-321(turns)-321(to)-321(it)-321(should)-322(keep)-321(in)-321(mind)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-377(fact)-377(that)-377(the)-377(supernatural)-377(plays)-377(a)-376(r\364le)-377(in)-377(China)-377(distinctly)-377(less)-377(important)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(than)-371(that)-371(which)-371(it)-371(did,)-401(say,)-401(in)-371(medieval)-370(Europe,)-402(and)-370(that)-371(a)-371(strong)-371(agnostic,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(rather)-282(than)-281(a)-282(skeptical,)-289(spirit)-282(among)-282(the)-281(Chinese)-282(has)-281(preserved)-282(them)-281(from)-282(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(grossest)-250(errors)-250(of)-250(superstition.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(202)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Latourette,)-457(cited,)-457(p.)-747(129.)-746(Dr.)-747(Latourette's)-416(sketch)-415(of)-416(Chinese)-416(religious)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(thought)-307(is)-307(especially)-307(good,)-321(as)-307(indeed)-307(it)-307(might)-307(be,)-321(since)-307(he)-307(is)-307(one)-307(of)-307(the)-307(most)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(celebrated)-250(American)-250(scholars)-250(in)-250(the)-250(field)-250(of)-250(Western)-250(religion)-250(in)-250(China.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(203)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(H.)-250(G.)-250(Creel,)-250(work)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(127.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(204)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-278(author)-277(cannot)-278(give)-277(a)-278(documentary)-277(citation)-278(for)-278(this)-277(observation.)-333(It)-278(was)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(communicated)-312(to)-313(him)-312(many)-313(times)-312(by)-313(his)-312(father,)-328(Judge)-313(Paul)-312(Linebarger,)-328(who)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(stated)-311(that)-311(Sun)-311(Yat-sen)-312(was)-311(most)-311(apt)-311(to)-311(talk)-311(in)-311(terms)-312(of)-311(morality)-311(and)-311(morale)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+827 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 828 0 R
+/Resources 826 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 825 0 R
+>> endobj
+829 0 obj <<
+/D [827 0 R /XYZ 361.096 355.045 null]
+>> endobj
+826 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+832 0 obj <<
+/Length 6209
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.691 0 Td [(as)-250(an)-250(Ethical)-250(Doctrine.)-10560(161)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -49.691 -30.759 Td [(with)-401(it)-402(as)-401(a)-401(moral)-402(force.)-704(His)-401(work)-402(was,)-439(among)-401(other)-401(things,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-361(work)-362(of)-361(moral)-361(transformation)-361(of)-362(individual)-361(motives.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 244.233 3.959 Td [(205)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.823 -3.959 Td [(Min)]TJ -263.056 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.722 0 Td [(must,)-312(in)-300(addition)-300(to)-300(its)-300(other)-299(meanings)-300(be)-300(regarded)-300(as)-300(an)]TJ -28.722 -13.549 Td [(attempt)-299(to)-298(extend)-298(the)-299(Chinese)-298(ideology)-299(to)-298(economic)-299(matters,)-310(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lead)-175(the)-176(Chinese)-175(to)-175(follow)-175(their)-175(old)-176(ethics.)-225(Sun)-175(Yat-sen)-175(had)-175(ample)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-260(in)-259(his)-260(visits)-260(to)-259(the)-260(West)-259(to)-260(observe)-260(the)-259(ravages)-260(that)-259(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilization)-248(had)-248(inflicted)-247(upon)-248(the)-248(older)-248(Western)-495(moral)-248(life,)-248(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([156])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(did)-387(not)-386(desire)-387(that)-386(China)-387(should)-386(also)-387(follow)-386(the)-387(same)-386(course.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-329(humanity)-328(of)-329(the)-328(old)-329(tradition)-329(must)-328(be)-329(kept)-328(by)-329(the)-328(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-402(their)-402(venture)-402(into)-402(the)-402(elaborate)-402(and)-402(dangerous)-402(economy)-402(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-256(life;)-260(the)-256(machine)-257(civilization)-256(was)-257(needed,)-258(and)-256(was)-256(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(desirable,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 42.109 3.959 Td [(206)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.827 -3.959 Td [(but)-297(it)-298(could)-297(not)-298(overthrow)-297(the)-297(humane)-298(civilization)]TJ -57.936 -13.549 Td [(that)-290(preceded)-289(it)-290(and)-289(was)-290(to)-289(continue)-290(on)-289(beneath)-290(and)-289(throughout)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)]TJ 11.956 -17.088 Td [(In)-335(this)-336(manner)-335(a)-335(follower)-336(of)-335(Sun)-335(Yat-sen)-336(seeks)-335(to)-335(recall)-335(his)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(words:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 32.433 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(I)-250(should)-251(say)-250(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 74.563 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.28 0 Td [(focuses)-250(our)-251(ethical)-250(tradition)]TJ -159.12 -13.549 Td [(even)-415(more)-414(than)-415(the)-415(other)-415(two)-414(principles;)-497(after)-415(a)-415(Chinese)-414(has)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 283.59 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 274.766 Td [(by)-402(preference.)-705(The)-402(fact)-402(that)-401(Sun)-402(Yat-sen)-402(came)-402(from)-402(a)-401(Chinese)-402(Confucian)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(background)-240(into)-240(a)-240(Western)-240(Christian)-240(one)-240(cannot)-240(be)-240(ignored.)-246(He)-240(did)-240(not)-240(permit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-340(Christianity)-340(to)-340(sway)-340(him)-340(from)-340(what)-339(he)-340(considered)-340(his)-340(necessary)-340(lines)-340(of)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(behavior)-242(in)-242(politics;)-245(it)-242(did)-243(not,)-243(for)-243(example,)-243(prevent)-242(him)-243(from)-242(being)-242(extremely)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(cordial)-364(to)-365(the)-364(Soviet)-365(Union)-364(at)-364(the)-365(time)-364(that)-365(that)-364(state)-364(was)-365(still)-364(more)-365(or)-364(less)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(outcaste.)-422(And)-307(yet,)-322(speaking)-307(of)-307(the)-307(Christian)-308(God,)-321(he)-307(is)-308(reputably)-307(reported)-307(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(have)-208(said:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 37.786 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(God)-208(sent)-208(me)-208(to)-209(China)-208(to)-208(free)-208(her)-208(from)-208(bondage)-208(and)-208(oppression,)-217(and)]TJ -41.767 -10.959 Td [(I)-250(have)-250(not)-249(been)-250(disobedient)-250(to)-250(the)-249(Heavenly)-250(mission)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 187.757 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(;)-250(and,)-250(again,)-249(to)-250(have)-250(said)]TJ -191.738 -10.959 Td [(on)-229(the)-229(day)-230(before)-229(his)-229(death:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 100.571 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(I)-229(am)-229(a)-229(Christian;)-237(God)-229(sent)-229(me)-229(to)-229(fight)-229(evil)-229(for)-230(my)]TJ -104.552 -10.959 Td [(people.)-249(Jesus)-247(was)-247(a)-247(revolutionist;)-248(so)-247(am)-247(I.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 150.51 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.196 0 Td [(\050Both)-247(quotations)-247(from)-247(appendix)-247(to)]TJ -156.706 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(p.)-250(718.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(205)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sun)-211(Yat-sen)-211(authorized)-211(the)-211(biography,)-219(cited,)-219(which)-211(Judge)-212(Linebarger)-211(wrote)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(of)-399(him.)-696(It)-398(was)-399(a)-399(propaganda)-398(work,)-436(and)-399(neither)-399(he)-398(nor)-399(the)-399(author)-398(had)-399(any)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(particular)-412(expectation)-411(that)-412(it)-411(would)-412(ever)-411(be)-412(regarded)-411(as)-412(a)-411(source,)-452(or)-412(as)-411(an)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(academically)-207(prepared)-206(document.)-236(The)-207(last)-206(chapter)-207(of)-207(this)-206(authorized)-207(biography)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(bears)-216(the)-216(title,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 51.937 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Conclusion:)-233(Sun)-216(the)-216(Moral)-216(Force.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 120.719 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.917 0 Td [(This,)-223(perhaps,)-222(is)-216(significant)]TJ -182.554 -10.959 Td [(as)-250(to)-250(Sun's)-250(own)-250(attitude.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(206)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Note)-369(the)-370(contrast)-369(between)-369(the)-370(thought)-369(of)-369(Sun)-370(in)-369(this)-370(respect)-369(and)-369(that)-370(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Tagore)-381(or)-381(Gandhi.)-642(This)-381(has)-381(been)-380(pointed)-381(out)-381(by)-381(many)-380(Western)-381(writers)-381(on)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(China.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+831 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 832 0 R
+/Resources 830 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 825 0 R
+>> endobj
+833 0 obj <<
+/D [831 0 R /XYZ 260.814 436.88 null]
+>> endobj
+830 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F19 13 0 R /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+836 0 obj <<
+/Length 3001
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(162The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(become)-282(nationalistic)-281(and)-282(democratic,)-290(he)-281(will)-282(become)-281(socialized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-243(the)-243(idea)-243(of)-242(his)-243(own)-243(personality)-243(as)-243(an)-243(instrument)-243(of)-242(good)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-224(human)-224(welfare.)-241(In)-224(this)-224(proud)-224(feeling)-224(of)-224(importance)-224(to)-224(and)-223(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-289(world,)-300(egotism)-289(gives)-289(way)-290(to)-289(altruism....)-368(So,)-299(I)-290(say)-289(again)-289(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(min)-278(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.874 0 Td [(is)-278(an)-278(et)1(hical)-278(endeavor)-278(...)-333(this,)-285(the)-278(final)-277(principle)-278(\050and)]TJ -47.874 -13.549 Td [(yet,)-337(the)-319(first)-320(principle)-319(which)-319(I)-320(discovered,)-336(in)-320(the)-319(bitterness)-319(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(poverty)-275(of)-274(my)-274(boyhood)-275(days\051,)-281(will)-274(come)-275(imperceptibly)-274(into)-274(our)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lives.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.335 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(207)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -16.222 -17.508 Td [(In)-534(a)-533(philosophy)-534(for)-534(intellectuals)-533(such)-534(attitudes)-534(need)-533(not,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(perhaps,)-443(be)-405(reckoned)-404(with;)-482(in)-404(an)-405(ideology)-404(for)-405(revolution)-404(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reconstitution,)-375(perhaps)-349(they)-350(should.)-549(Sun)-350(Yat-sen)-350(conceived)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-320(own)-319(work)-320(and)-320(his)-320(ideology)-319(not)-320(only)-320(as)-319(political)-320(acts)-320(but)-319(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(moral)-335(forces;)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 62.915 0 Td [(min)-335(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.13 0 Td [(was)-335(at)-336(once)-335(to)-335(invigorate)-335(the)-336(national)]TJ -112.045 -13.549 Td [(economy,)-186(to)-170(industrialize)-170(the)-170(material)-170(civilization,)-186(and)-170(to)-170(institute)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(distributive)-261(justice,)-264(and)-262(in)-261(addition)-261(to)-262(this,)-264(it)-261(was)-262(to)-261(open)-261(a)-261(new,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(humane)-435(epoch)-435(in)-435(economic)-434(relations.)-805(That)-435(is)-435(why)-435(the)-434(term,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instead)-250(of)-250(being)-250(translated,)-250(is)-250(left)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Chinese:)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 215.738 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -333.036 -29.651 Td [([157])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(207)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 43.818 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(Book)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(20.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+835 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 836 0 R
+/Resources 834 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 825 0 R
+>> endobj
+837 0 obj <<
+/D [835 0 R /XYZ 93.543 271.737 null]
+>> endobj
+834 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+838 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index35) >>
+endobj
+841 0 obj
+(Chapter V. The Programs of Nationalism.)
+endobj
+842 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index36) >>
+endobj
+845 0 obj
+(Kuomintang.)
+endobj
+848 0 obj <<
+/Length 3286
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-269(V.)-269(The)-270(Programs)-269(of)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td [(Nationalism.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -79.96 Td [(Kuomintang.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -30.429 Td [(Sun)-623(Yat-sen)-623(was)-623(a)-622(political)-623(leader)-623(as)-623(well)-623(as)-623(a)-622(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosopher.)-460(His)-320(growth)-320(as)-320(a)-320(thinker)-320(was)-320(intimately)-319(associated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-442(the)-442(development)-443(of)-442(his)-442(political)-442(activities.)-827(It)-442(would)-442(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difficult)-253(to)-253(say)-253(which)-253(came)-253(first,)-254(either)-253(in)-253(time)-253(or)-252(in)-253(importance,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-267(his)-268(life)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 41.595 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(his)-267(teachings)-268(or)-267(his)-268(work.)-302(At)-267(times)-268(the)-267(line)-268(between)]TJ -52.504 -13.549 Td [(the)-179(two)-179(becomes)-178(vague.)-227(Sun)-178(made)-179(vital)-179(commitments)-178(concerning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-364(ideology)-365(in)-364(furthering)-365(his)-364(revolutionary)-365(work.)-593(These)-364(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-445(be)-445(sifted)-445(out)-445(from)-445(other)-445(utterances)-445(bearing)-445(only)-445(upon)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immediate)-217(situation.)-239(This)-216(is)-217(not)-217(easy,)-223(but)-217(neither)-216(is)-217(it)-216(impossible.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Lyon)-487(Sharman)-488(wrote,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 105.978 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(It)-487(might)-488(be)-487(cogently)-488(argued)-487(that,)-547(in)]TJ -110.821 -13.549 Td [(dealing)-409(with)-408(an)-409(easily)-409(absorbent,)-448(propagandist)-409(mind)-409(like)-408(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen's)-358(one)-358(should)-357(not)-358(look)-358(to)-358(the)-357(shifting)-358(ideas)-358(for)-358(his)-357(real)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opinions,)-210(but)-200(to)-200(those)-199(formulations)-200(which)-200(he)-200(clung)-200(to)-199(tenaciously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-250(his)-250(life.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.364 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(208)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -39.252 -17.742 Td [(The)-201(ideology)-201(of)-201(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 86.329 0 Td [(San)-201(Min)-201(Chu)-201(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 64.521 0 Td [(provides)-201(a)-201(broad)-201(scheme)-201(of)]TJ -162.806 -13.549 Td [(terms)-223(and)-223(values)-222(by)-223(means)-223(of)-223(which)-222(the)-223(Chinese)-223(of)-223(the)-222(twentieth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(century)-374(could)-373(orient)-374(themselves)-374(simultaneously)-373(in)-374(the)-373(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-448(and)-449(in)-448(the)-449(continuing)-448(world)-449(of)-448(Confucian)-448(civilization.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Between)-188(this)-188(philosophy)-189(and)-188(the)-188(necessity)-188(of)-188(immediate)-188(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action)-296(there)-296(stands)-296(an)-296(intermediate)-296(step)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 174.297 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-296(of)-296(the)-296(plans.)-388(The)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(208)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sharman,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(282.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+847 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 848 0 R
+/Resources 846 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 825 0 R
+>> endobj
+839 0 obj <<
+/D [847 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+843 0 obj <<
+/D [847 0 R /XYZ 46.771 411.939 null]
+>> endobj
+846 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+851 0 obj <<
+/Length 6065
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(164The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(plans)-289(provide)-290(a)-289(theory)-290(of)-289(means)-290(leading)-289(to)-290(the)-289(establishment)-289(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-317(ends)-316(set)-317(up)-317(in)-316(the)-317(ideology.)-450(The)-316(ideology,)-334(left)-316(on)-317(paper)-316(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(itself,)-228(could)-223(not)-222(bring)-223(about)-222(China's)-223(salvation;)-231(it)-223(had)-222(to)-223(be)-222(spread)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-275(implemented)-276(with)-275(political)-276(action.)-326(Sun)-276(Yat-sen)-275(planned)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(programs)-341(and)-341(activities)-341(of)-341(the)-341(Chinese)-341(revolutionaries)-341(in)-340(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(detail;)-501(he)-417(proposed)-418(policies)-834(reaching)-417(far)-418(out)-417(into)-417(the)-417(future.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([158])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(While,)-502(since)-452(his)-451(death,)-502(these)-452(plans)-452(have)-451(been)-452(modified)-452(to)-451(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(greater)-307(or)-308(less)-307(degree,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 97.593 3.959 Td [(209)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.962 -3.959 Td [(they)-307(have)-308(not)-307(lost)-307(all)-308(relevance)-307(to)-307(the)]TJ -113.555 -13.549 Td [(course)-317(of)-317(affairs)-317(in)-316(China,)-334(and,)-334(in)-316(any)-317(case,)-334(possess)-317(an)-316(interest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-250(their)-250(own)-251(in)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of)-251(political)-250(thought,)-250(as)-250(illustrating)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-249(doctrines)-249(to)-249(which)-248(Sun)-249(Yat-sen's)-249(ideology)-249(led)-249(him.)-249(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-369(problem)-369(the)-369(plans)-370(had)-369(to)-369(include)-369(was)-369(that)-369(of)-369(providing)-369(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tool)-250(by)-250(which)-250(they)-250(could)-250(be)-250(set)-250(in)-250(motion.)]TJ 11.956 -18.555 Td [(What)-487(instrument)-487(could)-487(preach)-487(nationalism)-487(to)-487(the)-486(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(people)-218(and)-218(awaken)-218(them,)-224(and,)-224(having)-218(awakened)-218(them,)-225(lead)-217(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-342(to)-342(a)-342(victorious)-342(defense)-342(of)-342(their)-342(race)-342(and)-342(civilization?)-526(Sun's)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 295.942 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 289.129 Td [(209)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-343(reader)-343(must)-343(bear)-343(in)-344(mind)-343(the)-343(fact)-343(that)-343(what)-343(is)-343(presented)-343(here)-344(is)-343(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen's)-285(political)-286(program)-285(for)-285(China.)-356(In)-285(many)-285(instances)-285(the)-286(course)-285(of)-285(affairs)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has)-348(deviated)-349(quite)-348(definitely)-348(from)-349(that)-348(program,)-373(and)-348(it)-349(can)-348(be)-348(only)-349(a)-348(matter)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-284(conjecture)-283(as)-284(to)-284(what)-284(Sun)-283(Yat-sen)-284(would)-284(do)-283(were)-284(he)-284(to)-284(return)-283(and)-284(observe)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-292(Nationalist)-292(movement)-292(as)-293(it)-292(now)-292(is.)-376(It)-292(is)-293(manifestly)-292(impossible)-292(to)-292(trace)-292(all)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(the)-247(changes)-247(in)-247(this)-247(program.)-249(The)-248(actual)-247(developments)-247(have)-247(conformed)-247(only)-247(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(part)-331(with)-330(Sun)-331(Yat-sen's)-330(plans,)-351(although)-331(the)-330(leaders)-331(seek)-331(to)-330(have)-331(it)-330(appear)-331(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(though)-237(they)-237(are)-237(following)-237(as)-237(close)-237(to)-237(Sun)-237(Yat-sen's)-237(democratic)-237(politics)-237(as)-237(they)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(can.)-240(Many)-221(persons)-221(who)-221(were)-220(close)-221(to)-221(Sun)-221(Yat-sen,)-226(such)-221(as)-221(Mme.)-240(Sun)-221(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(believe)-268(that)-267(the)-268(National)-267(Government)-268(has)-267(betrayed)-268(the)-267(theory)-268(of)-268(Sun)-267(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-209(that)-210(Generalissimo)-209(Chiang)-209(Chieh-shih)-209(has)-210(made)-209(himself)-209(the)-210(autocrat)-209(of)-209(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(National)-199(Government.)-233(It)-198(is,)-209(of)-199(course,)-209(impossible)-199(within)-198(the)-199(scope)-199(of)-198(this)-199(thesis)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-375(enter)-375(into)-375(this)-376(dispute.)-625(Who)-375(rules)-375(the)-375(Soviet)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 177.842 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(Stalin,)-406(or)-376(the)-375(Communist)]TJ -186.809 -10.959 Td [(Party?)-595(Who)-365(rules)-365(China)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 91.073 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(Chiang)-365(Chieh-shih,)-394(or)-365(the)-365(Kuomintang?)-595(In)-365(each)]TJ -100.039 -10.959 Td [(case)-357(there)-356(is)-357(the)-357(question)-357(of)-356(whether)-357(the)-357(leader)-356(could)-357(get)-357(along)-356(without)-357(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(party,)-276(and)-271(whether)-271(the)-271(party)-271(could)-271(get)-271(along)-271(without)-271(the)-271(leader,)-276(as)-271(well)-271(as)-271(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(question)-232(of)-232(the)-232(leader's)-232(sincerity.)-244(These)-232(issues,)-235(however)-232(burning)-232(they)-232(might)-232(be)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-276(real)-275(life,)-283(could)-275(not)-276(be)-276(adequately)-275(treated)-276(in)-276(a)-275(work)-276(such)-276(as)-275(this.)-327(The)-276(author)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(has)-319(sought)-320(to)-319(present)-319(Sun)-319(Yat-sen's)-319(theory)-320(of)-319(applied)-319(politics.)-458(Where)-319(events)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-224(Sun)-224(Yat-sen)-224(foresaw)-224(have)-224(come)-224(to)-224(pass,)-229(the)-224(author)-224(has)-224(referred)-224(to)-224(them.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(He)-352(does)-353(not)-352(wish)-352(to)-353(be)-352(understood)-352(as)-353(presenting)-352(a)-352(description)-352(of)-353(the)-352(whole)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+850 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 851 0 R
+/Resources 849 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 825 0 R
+>> endobj
+852 0 obj <<
+/D [850 0 R /XYZ 224.166 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+849 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+855 0 obj <<
+/Length 5121
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Kuomintang.)-18974(165)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(answer)-358(was:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 59.882 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-358(Kuomintang.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 78.142 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.75 0 Td [(The)-358(nationalist)-358(revolutionary)]TJ -151.618 -13.549 Td [(party)-230(was)-230(the)-230(designated)-231(heir)-230(to)-230(the)-230(leadership)-230(of)-230(the)-230(people,)-234(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-289(in)-290(his)-289(life-time)-290(Sun)-289(Yat-sen)-290(worked)-289(through)-290(the)-289(party)-289(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-250(almost)-250(entirely)-250(his)-250(own)-250(creation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([159])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -14.124 Td [(This)-569(party)-568(had)-569(begun)-569(as)-569(a)-568(small)-569(group)-569(of)-569(the)-568(personal)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(followers)-389(of)-390(Sun)-389(Yat-sen)-390(in)-389(the)-390(days)-389(when)-390(he)-389(was)-389(struggling)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(against)-338(the)-337(Manchu)-338(monarchy)-337(almost)-338(singlehanded.)-512(Gradually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-569(group)-569(increased)-569(and)-569(became)-569(a)-569(federation)-569(of)-569(the)-568(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(secret)-505(orders)-504(which)-505(had)-504(resisted)-505(the)-504(Manchus)-505(for)-504(centuries.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-605(developed)-605(into)-605(a)-605(modern)-605(parliamentary)-605(party)-605(under)-605(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(name)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 30.545 0 Td [(Kuomintang)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 53.945 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(literally)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 40.853 0 Td [(nation)-634(people)-634(party)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 93.827 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(with)-634(the)]TJ -240.988 -13.55 Td [(inauguration)-759(of)-759(the)-759(first)-759(republic,)-886(but)-759(was)-759(soon)-759(driven)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(underground)-576(by)-577(the)-576(would-be)-577(emperor)-576(Y\374an)-576(Shih-k'ai.)-1229(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emerged)-422(again)-423(in)-422(South)-422(China)-423(at)-422(the)-422(end)-423(of)-422(the)-422(World)-422(War,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-205(reorganized)-204(after)-205(the)-204(Communist)-205(model)-205(\050so)-204(far)-205(as)-204(intra-party)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization)-380(was)-379(concerned\051)-380(before)-380(the)-379(death)-380(of)-380(Sun)-379(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(led)-258(the)-258(revolution)-258(to)-259(the)-258(North,)-260(and,)-260(now,)-260(though)-258(somewhat)-258(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(united)-248(than)-249(before,)-248(rules)-249(the)-248(greater)-248(part)-249(of)-248(China)-248(in)-249(the)-248(name)-248(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(Three)-250(Principles.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 90.589 3.959 Td [(210)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -78.633 -18.083 Td [(Confucius)-463(preached)-464(the)-463(slow)-463(transformation)-464(of)-463(society)-463(by)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(means)-450(of)-451(an)-450(intellectual)-450(leaven,)-500(scholar)-451(class,)-500(which,)-500(by)-450(re-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forming)-343(and)-342(clarifying)-343(the)-342(ideology,)-366(could)-343(gradually)-342(minimize)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conflict)-428(among)-429(men)-428(and)-429(bring)-428(about)-429(an)-428(epoch)-429(of)-428(concord)-428(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-332(all)-331(men)-332(would)-331(live)-332(by)-331(reason)-332(as)-332(found)-331(in)-332(tradition.)-494(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(function)-328(of)-328(the)-328(Kuomintang)-327(was,)-348(in)-328(Sun's)-327(mind,)-348(only)-327(remotely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(similar.)-239(The)-218(Kuomintang)-218(was)-218(designed)-218(to)-218(intervene)-218(in)-218(a)-218(chaos)-217(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wars)-305(and)-304(corrupt)-304(politics,)-319(to)-304(propagate)-305(the)-304(nationalist)-304(ideology,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-236(avert)-235(a)-236(tragic)-235(fate)-235(which)-236(would)-235(otherwise)-236(be)-235(inevitable)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 140.88 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 132.056 Td [(course)-250(of)-250(events)-250(in)-250(China.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(210)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Here,)-375(again,)-375(one)-350(must)-350(remember)-350(that)-350(Mme.)-550(Sun)-351(Yat-sen,)-375(Eugene)-350(Chen,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(and)-258(others)-257(charge)-258(that)-257(the)-258(Party)-258(no)-257(longer)-258(rules,)-259(that)-258(it)-257(has)-258(been)-257(prostituted)-258(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chiang)-259(Chieh-shih,)-262(and)-259(now)-260(serves)-259(only)-259(to)-260(cloak)-259(a)-259(military)-260(despotism.)-278(It)-259(may)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(be)-329(noted,)-348(so)-329(far)-329(as)-329(the)-329(other)-329(side)-328(of)-329(the)-329(question)-329(is)-329(concerned,)-348(that)-329(a)-329(greater)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(number)-246(of)-245(the)-246(persons)-246(who)-245(were)-246(eminent)-245(in)-246(the)-246(Party)-245(before)-246(Sun)-245(Yat-sen)-246(died)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(have)-250(remained)-250(in)-250(it)-250(than)-250(have)-250(left)-250(it.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+854 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 855 0 R
+/Resources 853 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 857 0 R
+>> endobj
+856 0 obj <<
+/D [854 0 R /XYZ 46.771 475.149 null]
+>> endobj
+853 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+860 0 obj <<
+/Length 5788
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(166The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(disappearance)-459(of)-460(China)-459(from)-460(the)-459(map)-459(of)-460(the)-459(world,)-512(and)-459(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extinction)-292(not)-292(only)-292(of)-292(Chinese)-292(civilization)-292(but)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 203.36 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-292(Sun)-292(Yat-sen)]TJ -214.269 -13.549 Td [(thought)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 33.338 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(race)-250(as)-250(well.)]TJ -32.292 -18.114 Td [(In)-405(the)-405(days)-405(before)-406(the)-405(downfall)-405(of)-405(the)-405(monarchy,)-444(and)-810(for)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -84.711 0 Td [([160])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(few)-275(years)-276(of)-275(defeat)-275(under)-275(the)-276(first)-275(republic,)-281(the)-275(Kuomintang)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-327(not)-327(highly)-327(organized.)-481(Sun)-327(Yat-sen's)-327(genius)-327(for)-327(leadership,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-310(the)-309(fervor)-310(of)-309(his)-309(adherents)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 136.238 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)-309(can)-310(be)-309(understood)-310(only)]TJ -147.147 -13.549 Td [(at)-362(first-hand,)-390(and)-362(cannot)-362(be)-362(explained)-362(in)-362(rational)-362(terms)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 248.525 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(were)]TJ -259.434 -13.549 Td [(sufficient)-268(to)-267(hold)-268(the)-267(party)-268(together.)-303(But)-267(there)-268(was)-267(far)-268(too)-267(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(discord)-339(as)-339(to)-338(final)-339(principles)-339(as)-339(well)-338(as)-339(to)-339(points)-339(of)-338(immediate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action,)-329(and)-313(party)-313(activities)-313(were)-313(not)-313(so)-313(specialized)-313(as)-312(to)-313(permit)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(maximum)-415(efficiency.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 95.121 3.959 Td [(211)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.595 -3.959 Td [(Furthermore,)-457(there)-415(was)-416(the)-415(question)]TJ -115.716 -13.549 Td [(of)-434(the)-435(relations)-434(of)-434(the)-434(party)-435(and)-434(the)-434(state.)-803(It)-434(was)-434(somewhat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absurd)-359(for)-359(the)-358(partizans)-359(of)-359(Sun)-359(Yat-sen,)-386(having)-359(brought)-358(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-467(revolution,)-521(to)-467(stand)-466(back)-467(and)-467(let)-467(whomever)-467(would)-466(walk)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(away)-348(with)-347(it.)-544(The)-347(party's)-348(power)-348(had)-348(ebbed)-347(with)-348(its)-348(success)-347(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(1911.)-389(There)-296(had)-296(to)-296(be)-296(some)-296(way)-297(of)-296(keeping)-296(the)-296(party)-296(in)-296(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(after)-449(it)-448(had)-449(achieved)-448(the)-449(overthrow)-448(of)-449(its)-449(enemies,)-498(and)-448(won)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-417(revolutionary)-418(control)-417(of)-418(the)-417(country.)-752(Reorganization)-417(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(definitely)-207(necessary)-206(if)-207(party)-206(effectiveness)-207(were)-206(to)-207(be)-206(raised)-207(to)-206(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(point)-265(of)-264(guaranteeing)-265(the)-265(success)-264(of)-265(the)-265(next)-264(revolution)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 243.059 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(which)]TJ -253.968 -13.55 Td [(Sun)-394(did)-395(not)-394(live)-394(to)-395(see)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 105.148 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-394(party)-395(supremacy)-394(to)-394(the)-395(point)-394(of)]TJ -116.057 -13.549 Td [(assuring)-459(the)-459(Nationalists)-459(control)-459(of)-459(the)-459(government)-459(after)-459(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-250(had)-250(been)-250(accomplished.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 186.353 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 179.54 Td [(211)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(See)-317(T'ang,)-333(work)-317(cited)-317(for)-316(an)-317(excellent)-317(description)-317(of)-316(the)-317(mutations)-317(of)-317(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(revolutionary)-292(party.)-374(T'ang)-292(criticizes)-291(the)-292(present)-291(personnel)-292(of)-292(the)-291(Kuomintang)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(severely,)-328(but)-312(the)-313(reader)-312(must)-312(keep)-313(in)-312(mind)-312(the)-312(fact)-313(that)-312(he)-312(has)-313(since)-312(become)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(reconciled)-239(with)-238(the)-239(present)-239(leadership,)-241(and)-238(make)-239(allowances)-239(for)-238(the)-239(somewhat)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(emphatic)-359(indignation)-358(voiced)-359(at)-359(the)-358(time)-359(of)-358(writing)-359(the)-359(book.)-575(The)-359(brilliance)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-359(the)-359(author)-359(guarantees)-359(that)-359(the)-359(story)-359(is)-359(well)-359(told,)-387(but)-359(it)-359(is)-359(not)-359(told)-359(for)-359(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(last)-339(time.)-515(See)-338(also,)-361(Min-ch'ien)-339(T.)-338(Z.)-339(Tyau,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 161.611 0 Td [(Two)-338(Years)-339(of)-338(Nationalist)-339(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 116.778 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(Shanghai,)-445(1930,)-444(for)-406(a)-405(summary)-406(that)-406(is)-405(as)-406(excellent)-405(as)-406(it)-406(is)-405(short.)-717(Various)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(changes)-212(have)-213(occurred)-212(in)-213(party)-212(function,)-220(organization,)-220(and)-212(personnel)-213(since)-212(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(time,)-219(but)-211(they)-211(have)-211(not)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 81.112 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(to)-211(the)-211(knowledge)-211(of)-211(the)-212(author)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 108.076 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(been)-211(completely)-211(and)]TJ -207.122 -10.959 Td [(adequately)-250(covered)-250(by)-250(any)-250(one)-250(work.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+859 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 860 0 R
+/Resources 858 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 857 0 R
+>> endobj
+861 0 obj <<
+/D [859 0 R /XYZ 357.033 472.963 null]
+>> endobj
+858 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+864 0 obj <<
+/Length 5337
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Kuomintang.)-18974(167)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Reorganization)-479(was)-480(effected)-479(through)-480(the)-479(assistance)-480(of)-479(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Communists)-382(during)-381(the)-382(period)-381(of)-381(the)-382(Canton-Moscow)-381(entente)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\0501923-1927\051.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 57.262 3.959 Td [(212)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.562 -3.959 Td [(Under)-445(the)-445(leadership)-445(of)-445(the)-890(extraordinarily)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 212.2 0 Td [([161])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(able)-490(Michael)-489(Borodin,)-550(the)-489(Soviet)-490(advisers)-489(sent)-490(from)-489(Russia)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(completely)-366(re-shaped)-366(the)-366(internal)-366(structure)-366(of)-366(the)-366(Kuomintang)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-202(won)-203(for)-202(themselves)-202(positions)-203(of)-202(considerable)-202(confidence)-202(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influence,)-215(which)-207(they)-206(lost)-206(only)-207(when)-206(they)-207(attempted)-206(to)-206(transform)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-312(principles)-311(and)-312(objectives)-312(of)-311(the)-312(Party)-312(as)-311(thoroughly)-312(as)-311(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-250(the)-250(organization.)]TJ 11.956 -14.96 Td [(The)-391(Kuomintang)-390(of)-391(today,)-426(which)-391(is)-391(irreconcilably)-390(opposed)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-469(Marxism,)-523(still)-469(bears)-468(the)-469(imprint)-469(of)-468(Communist)-469(design.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(213)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Though)-417(the)-417(working)-418(details)-417(of)-417(the)-417(Party)-417(organization)-417(do)-417(not,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-421(the)-422(most)-421(part,)-465(appear)-421(directly)-422(relevant)-421(to)-422(the)-421(principle)-421(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(min)-342(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.816 0 Td [(of)-342(Sun)-341(Yat-sen,)-365(the)-342(arrangements)-342(for)-341(Party)-342(control)]TJ -52.816 -13.549 Td [(illustrate)-255(the)-255(curious)-255(compromise)-255(between)-255(Chinese)-255(and)-254(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-480(patterns,)-537(on)-479(the)-480(one)-479(hand,)-537(and)-480(the)-479(revolutionary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(requirements)-493(of)-492(absolutism,)-553(on)-493(the)-492(other,)-553(which)-493(have)-492(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-325(republicanism)-325(seem)-324(a)-325(sham,)-344(if)-325(not)-324(a)-325(farce,)-344(to)-324(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(scholars)-417(who)-418(expect)-417(to)-417(find)-417(in)-417(China)-418(the)-417(same)-417(openness)-417(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(freedom)-189(in)-188(democratic)-189(government)-188(to)-189(which)-188(they)-189(are)-188(accustomed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-250(home.)]TJ 11.956 -14.959 Td [(During)-502(the)-502(life-time)-502(of)-502(Sun)-502(there)-502(was)-502(no)-502(question)-502(of)-502(an)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 219.39 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 212.577 Td [(212)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(For)-253(a)-252(history)-253(of)-253(this)-252(period,)-254(see)-252(T'ang,)-254(Sharman,)-253(or)-253(Tsui)-253(Shu-chin,)-253(all)-253(cited)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(above.)-260(The)-254(Communist)-253(side)-254(of)-253(the)-253(story)-254(is)-253(told)-254(by)-253(Harold)-253(Isaacs)-254(\050editor\051,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 264.697 0 Td [(Five)]TJ -264.697 -10.959 Td [(Years)-323(of)-323(Kuomintang)-322(Reaction)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 112.298 0 Td [(,)-341(Shanghai,)-341(1932,)-341(and)-323(in)-322(the)-323(various)-323(works)-323(of)]TJ -112.298 -10.959 Td [(the)-380(Stalinist)-380(and)-380(Trotskyist)-380(groups)-380(concerning)-380(the)-380(intervention)-380(of)-380(the)-380(Third)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Internationale)-293(in)-293(China.)-378(Two)-292(graphic)-293(personal)-293(accounts)-293(cast)-292(in)-293(semi-fictional)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(form,)-248(are)-247(Oscar)-247(Erdberg,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 91.522 0 Td [(Tales)-247(of)-247(Modern)-247(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 83.36 0 Td [(,)-248(Moscow,)-247(1932,)-248(and)-247(Vincent)]TJ -174.882 -10.959 Td [(Sheean,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 30.429 0 Td [(Personal)-255(History)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 61.559 0 Td [(,)-256(New)-254(York,)-256(1935;)-257(these)-254(present)-255(the)-254(Communist)-255(and)]TJ -91.988 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(left-liberal)-250(viewpoints,)-249(respectively.)-250(The)-250(dramatic)-250(story)-250(of)-249(the)-250(Entente,)-250(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(separation,)-284(and)-277(the)-277(ensuing)-277(conflict)-277(are)-277(not)-278(yet)-277(remote)-277(enough)-277(to)-277(have)-277(cooled)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(into)-250(material)-250(ready)-250(for)-250(the)-250(historian.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(213)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-202(Kuomintang,)-211(in)-202(accepting)-202(the)-202(Communist)-201(administrative)-202(structure,)-212(was)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(not)-342(violating)-342(traditional)-343(Chinese)-342(patterns)-342(altogether.)-526(It)-343(has)-342(been)-342(pointed)-342(out)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-369(the)-369(revised)-369(structure)-369(of)-370(the)-369(Kuomintang)-369(resembled)-369(older)-369(Chinese)-369(guild)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(patterns)-250(as)-250(well)-250(as)-250(the)-250(new)-250(Russian)-250(style)-250(\050Sharman,)-250(work)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(262\051.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+863 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 864 0 R
+/Resources 862 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 857 0 R
+>> endobj
+865 0 obj <<
+/D [863 0 R /XYZ 257.714 491.077 null]
+>> endobj
+862 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+868 0 obj <<
+/Length 4970
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(168The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(elective)-268(headship)-269(for)-268(the)-269(Party.)-305(In)-268(spite)-269(of)-268(the)-268(fact)-269(that)-268(the)-268(party)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stood)-299(for)-298(democracy,)-311(it)-299(seemed)-299(impossible)-597(that)-299(any)-298(alternative)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([162])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(to)-435(Sun)-436(Yat-sen)-435(himself)-435(should)-435(be)-435(considered.)-806(Sun)-435(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(complete)-371(willingness)-371(to)-371(continue)-370(as)-371(head)-371(of)-371(the)-371(Party)-370(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(troubling)-406(to)-406(have)-406(himself)-406(elected)-406(from)-406(time)-406(to)-406(time)-406(has)-406(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(variously)-287(interpreted:)-323(his)-287(friends)-286(term)-287(it)-287(the)-286(humble)-287(and)-286(natural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(recognition)-431(of)-430(a)-431(celebrated)-431(fact;)-521(his)-431(enemies)-430(regard)-431(it)-431(as)-430(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hallucination)-313(of)-313(an)-313(egotism)-313(as)-312(distorted)-313(as)-313(it)-313(was)-313(colossal.)-438(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(truth)-263(would)-263(appear)-263(to)-264(be)-263(that)-263(Sun)-263(regarded)-263(the)-263(initiation)-263(and)-263(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(guidance)-327(of)-327(the)-327(Nationalist)-327(revolution)-327(as)-327(his)-327(particular)-326(mission)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-223(life.)-241(He)-223(was,)-228(in)-223(a)-222(sense,)-229(the)-222(intellectual)-223(proprietor)-223(of)-223(the)-222(Three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Principles.)-377(Unselfish)-293(in)-292(all)-293(personal)-292(matters,)-303(he)-293(had)-292(few)-292(doubts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-351(his)-351(own)-351(capacity)-350(when)-351(he)-351(had)-351(discovered)-351(what)-351(he)-350(believed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-297(be)-297(his)-297(duty,)-309(and)-297(unquestioningly)-297(set)-297(out)-297(to)-297(perform)-297(it.)-390(In)-297(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lawlessness)-293(and)-292(tumult)-293(of)-292(the)-293(revolution,)-303(it)-292(would)-293(have)-292(seemed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(absurd)-373(for)-373(Sun)-372(Yat-sen)-373(to)-373(submit)-372(to)-373(the)-373(periodical)-373(formula)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(re\353lection)-439(for)-440(the)-439(sake)-439(of)-439(any)-440(merely)-439(theoretical)-439(harmony)-439(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action)-250(and)-250(theory.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Not)-404(only)-404(was)-404(Sun)-404(Yat-sen)-404(the)-404(leader)-404(of)-404(the)-404(Party;)-481(he)-404(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(not)-355(even)-354(to)-355(have)-355(a)-355(successor.)-564(The)-354(first)-355(revised)-355(constitution)-354(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-290(Kuomintang)-290(provided)-289(for)-290(his)-290(life-time)-290(headship;)-310(the)-289(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stipulated)-246(that)-245(the)-246(post)-246(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 112.79 0 Td [(Tsung)-246(Li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 41.13 0 Td [(should)-246(never)-245(be)-246(filled)-245(by)-246(any)]TJ -153.92 -13.549 Td [(other)-208(person.)-236(As)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 73.457 0 Td [(Tsung)-208(Li)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 38.037 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-208(Party)-208(Leader,)-216(it)-208(is)-207(still)-208(customary)]TJ -122.403 -13.549 Td [(to)-394(refer)-395(to)-394(Sun)-395(Yat-sen)-394(in)-394(China)-395(today.)-683(This,)-431(again,)-430(was)-394(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-512(display)-512(of)-511(a)-512(superhuman)-512(vanity)-511(so)-512(much)-512(as)-512(a)-511(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(requirement)-445(designed)-445(to)-445(offset)-445(the)-445(possibility)-445(of)-445(conflict)-445(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(intrigue)-267(among)-268(the)-267(most)-268(conspicuous)-267(party)-267(chiefs,)-272(which)-267(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(quite)-312(probably)-311(arise)-312(should)-311(the)-312(question)-311(of)-312(a)-311(succession)-312(to)-311(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-242(ever)-242(be)-241(mentioned.)-248(There)-241(was,)-244(of)-242(course,)-243(the)-242(element)-241(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(respect)-320(in)-320(this)-320(gesture)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 97.126 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-320(implication)-320(that)-320(the)-320(magistral)-320(chair)]TJ -108.035 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(was)-250(too)-250(high)-250(a)-250(place)-250(for)-250(any)-250(common)-250(man)-250(to)-250(sit.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(So)-348(far)-349(as)-348(leadership)-348(was)-348(concerned)-349(the)-348(Kuomintang)-348(was)-348(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(autocracy)-417(until)-417(the)-418(death)-417(of)-417(Sun)-417(Yat-sen.)-752(In)-417(all)-834(other)-417(party)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([163])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(matters)-404(attempts)-403(were)-404(made)-404(to)-403(cultivate)-404(democratic)-404(form)-403(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+867 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 868 0 R
+/Resources 866 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 857 0 R
+>> endobj
+869 0 obj <<
+/D [867 0 R /XYZ 286.234 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+870 0 obj <<
+/D [867 0 R /XYZ 320.235 79.691 null]
+>> endobj
+866 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+873 0 obj <<
+/Length 4751
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Kuomintang.)-18974(169)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(instil)-492(democratic)-493(morale.)-977(The)-492(prudence)-492(of)-493(this)-492(choice)-492(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seem)-433(to)-434(have)-433(been)-433(borne)-434(out)-433(by)-433(the)-434(course)-433(of)-433(history,)-479(since)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-281(Communists)-280(did)-280(not)-281(become)-280(ambitious,)-289(nor)-280(the)-280(Nationalists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(jealous,)-485(to)-438(the)-438(point)-439(of)-438(open)-438(conflict)-438(until)-438(after)-438(the)-438(death)-438(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Sun)-476(Yat-sen.)-926(Western)-476(thought)-475(will)-476(have)-475(to)-476(make)-475(extensive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(allowances)-300(before)-300(it)-299(can)-300(comprehend)-300(a)-300(democratic)-300(Party)-299(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(operated)-525(under)-525(the)-525(unquestioned)-525(authority)-525(of)-525(a)-525(single)-525(man,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(without)-344(recourse)-344(to)-344(the)-344(formula)-344(of)-344(a)-344(plebiscite)-344(or)-344(election)-344(to)-344(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(boss-ship)-238(in)-237(the)-238(form)-238(of)-237(a)-238(nominal)-238(post)-237(made)-238(significant)-238(only)-237(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-250(personal)-250(conspicuousness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(incumbent.)]TJ 11.956 -16.143 Td [(Had)-336(Karl)-336(Marx)-336(lived)-336(to)-335(work)-336(in)-336(the)-336(Russian)-336(Revolution,)-357(he)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(might)-212(have)-211(occupied)-212(a)-211(position)-212(analogous)-211(to)-212(that)-211(which)-212(Sun)-211(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen)-345(did)-346(in)-345(the)-346(Chinese.)-536(In)-345(other)-345(respects)-346(the)-345(new)-345(Kuomintang)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(organization)-232(was)-232(remarkably)-232(like)-232(the)-232(Communist.)-244(There)-232(was)-231(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extraordinarily)-196(complex,)-208(but)-196(somehow)-196(effective,)-208(mechanism)-196(of)-196(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Party)-264(Congress,)-267(a)-263(Central)-264(Executive)-263(Committee,)-267(and)-264(a)-263(Standing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Committee.)-752(There)-417(was)-418(a)-417(Political)-417(Bureau)-418(and)-417(an)-417(agency)-417(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overseas)-266(agitation.)-298(There)-266(were)-266(also)-266(the)-266(wide)-266(ramifications)-266(of)-265(an)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(extensive)-320(net)-321(work)-320(of)-320(auxiliary)-321(organizations)-320(designed)-320(to)-320(draw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strength)-419(from)-419(every)-418(popular)-419(enthusiasm,)-461(and)-419(deflect)-419(it)-419(to)-418(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cause)-331(of)-332(the)-331(Nationalist)-332(revolution.)-494(In)-331(due)-332(time)-331(these)-331(agencies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-204(turned)-204(about)-205(and)-204(swung)-204(into)-204(action)-204(against)-204(the)-204(Communists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-250(had)-250(attempted)-250(to)-250(master)-250(them.)]TJ 11.956 -16.144 Td [(The)-336(precise)-336(details)-336(of)-336(Kuomintang)-336(organization)-336(need)-336(not)-336(be)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(described.)-246(In)-238(general)-238(the)-237(pattern)-238(of)-238(authority)-238(proceeded)-238(from)-237(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-359(membership,)-386(by)-359(a)-359(sequence)-359(of)-359(indirect)-358(elections,)-387(to)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inner)-305(group)-304(of)-305(the)-305(Central)-304(Executive)-305(Committee,)-318(a)-305(body)-304(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possesses)-178(as)-178(much)-178(power)-178(in)-177(China)-178(as)-178(does)-178(its)-178(Soviet)-178(prototype.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.958 Td [(214)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(An)-438(instance)-437(of)-438(its)-875(power)-438(may)-437(be)-438(given:)-625(representatives)-437(are)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([164])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(214)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Here,)-211(again,)-211(one)-201(might)-201(refer)-202(to)-201(the)-201(disputes)-201(as)-202(to)-201(the)-201(orthodoxy)-201(and)-202(integrity)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(of)-328(the)-328(present)-329(leadership.)-484(The)-328(pre\353minence)-329(of)-328(Generalissimo)-328(Chiang)-328(Chieh-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(shih,)-300(which)-290(cannot)-290(be)-290(doubted,)-300(is)-290(seen)-290(by)-289(persons)-290(friendly)-290(to)-290(him)-290(as)-290(a)-290(strong)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-290(beneficent)-291(influence)-290(upon)-290(the)-291(C.)-290(E.)-290(C.)-291(Persons)-290(hostile)-290(to)-290(him)-291(charge)-290(that)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(he)-250(has)-250(packed)-250(the)-250(C.)-250(E.)-250(C.)-250(with)-250(his)-250(adherents,)-250(and)-250(controls)-250(it)-250(as)-250(he)-250(chooses.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+872 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 873 0 R
+/Resources 871 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 857 0 R
+>> endobj
+874 0 obj <<
+/D [872 0 R /XYZ 134.342 133.609 null]
+>> endobj
+871 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+877 0 obj <<
+/Length 5371
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(170The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(sent)-450(by)-451(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 56.557 0 Td [(tang)-450(pu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.133 0 Td [(\050Party)-450(Branches\051)-451(to)-450(the)-451(Party)-450(Congress;)]TJ -96.69 -13.549 Td [(in)-425(the)-425(event)-425(that)-425(delegates)-425(do)-425(not)-425(or)-425(cannot)-426(come,)-468(the)-425(C.)-425(E.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(C.)-403(has)-404(the)-403(power)-403(of)-404(appointing)-403(persons)-403(to)-404(serve)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 225.328 0 Td [(pro)-403(tempore)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -225.328 -13.549 Td [(as)-331(the)-331(representatives)-330(of)-331(the)-331(otherwise)-331(unrepresented)-330(branches.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Since)-313(the)-313(same)-313(committee)-313(examines)-313(delegates')-314(credentials,)-328(it)-313(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apparent)-359(that)-358(the)-359(trustworthiness)-359(of)-359(the)-358(Party)-359(Congress)-359(can)-358(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(assured)-416(in)-416(the)-416(same)-416(manner)-416(that,)-457(to)-416(the)-416(understanding)-416(of)-415(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(present)-295(author,)-305(the)-295(earlier)-294(All-Union)-295(Congresses)-294(of)-295(Soviets)-294(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-345(C.)-346(P.)-345(were)-345(assured)-345(in)-346(the)-345(Russian)-345(Revolution.)-536(The)-345(pattern)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(given)-334(the)-334(Kuomintang)-333(by)-334(the)-334(Russians)-333(gave)-334(the)-334(Party)-334(a)-333(strong)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(central)-411(control)-412(able)-411(to)-412(assure)-411(orthodoxy)-412(within)-411(the)-411(Party;)-492(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(some)-267(years,)-270(as)-267(a)-266(matter)-267(of)-266(history,)-271(differences)-266(of)-267(opinion)-266(within)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(Party)-334(could)-334(only)-334(be)-333(expressed)-334(by)-334(schism)-334(\050as)-334(in)-334(the)-334(case)-333(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 16.988 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Kuomintang)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 54.545 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.501 0 Td [(of)-335(Wang)-335(Ch'ing-wei\051.)-506(While)-335(the)-336(aim)-335(of)-335(the)]TJ -84.878 -13.55 Td [(Party)-219(was)-220(democracy,)-225(it)-219(cannot)-219(be)-220(said)-219(truthfully)-219(that)-219(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(worked)-288(in)-289(a)-288(militant)-289(Party)-288(engaged)-288(in)-289(turning)-288(an)-289(anarchy)-288(into)-288(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution.)-333(The)-278(requirements)-278(of)-278(revolutionary)-278(endeavor,)-284(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-359(things,)-386(seem)-359(to)-358(include)-359(an)-359(iron-handed)-359(leadership)-359(of)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(right)-324(sort.)-474(Such)-324(leadership)-325(could,)-343(in)-324(the)-325(Sun)-324(Yat-sen)-324(ideology,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-250(justified)-250(by)-250(reference)-250(to)-250(the)-250(three)-250(stages)-250(of)-250(the)-250(revolution.)]TJ 11.956 -16.109 Td [(The)-153(Kuomintang)-154(remained,)-172(so)-154(far)-153(as)-154(leadership)-153(was)-153(concerned,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-458(creature)-458(of)-457(Sun)-458(Yat-sen.)-873(In)-458(structure)-458(it)-458(was)-457(extensively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(reorganized)-549(to)-548(resemble)-548(the)-549(Communist)-548(hierarchy)-549(found)-548(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Russia,)-442(with)-404(the)-403(administrative)-404(and)-403(legislative)-404(systems)-403(united)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-179(grades)-179(of)-179(conferences)-179(and)-179(committees.)-226(The)-179(Kuomintang)-179(also)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(took)-272(over)-272(the)-272(Communist)-272(system)-272(of)-272(a)-272(registered)-272(and)-272(disciplined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(membership.)-618(To)-373(the)-373(time)-372(of)-373(the)-373(reorganization)-373(in)-372(1923-1924,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-546(Party)-273(had)-272(apparently)-273(admitted)-273(and)-273(expelled)-273(members)-273(in)-272(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([165])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(informal,)-447(but)-408(effective,)-447(manner)-407(employed)-408(by)-407(the)-408(old)-407(Chinese)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(hui)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(associations;)-255(guilds;)-256(or)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 102.888 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(tongs)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 23.64 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.753 0 Td [(for)-254(centuries.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 57.595 3.958 Td [(215)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.299 -3.958 Td [(Without)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 109.724 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.828 Td [(215)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(An)-265(interesting)-265(piece)-265(of)-265(research)-265(could)-265(deal)-265(with)-265(the)-265(method)-266(of)-265(recruitment)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(and)-480(registration)-480(in)-480(the)-480(Kuomintang)-480(before)-480(the)-480(coming)-480(of)-480(the)-480(Communist)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(advisers.)-245(There)-233(was)-234(rarely)-234(any)-234(doubt)-233(as)-234(to)-234(who)-234(was,)-237(or)-234(was)-233(not,)-237(a)-234(member,)-237(but)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(there)-320(was)-321(constant)-320(trouble)-320(as)-320(to)-320(the)-321(good)-320(standing)-320(of)-320(members.)-461(Recruitment)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+876 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 877 0 R
+/Resources 875 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 857 0 R
+>> endobj
+878 0 obj <<
+/D [876 0 R /XYZ 109.851 149.787 null]
+>> endobj
+875 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+881 0 obj <<
+/Length 5065
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Kuomintang.)-18974(171)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(a)-240(complete)-240(system)-240(of)-240(personnel)-240(book-keeping,)-242(it)-240(was)-239(impossible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-390(keep)-390(adequate)-391(records)-390(of)-390(the)-390(performance)-390(of)-390(each)-390(member)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-204(comb)-205(through)-204(the)-204(membership)-204(for)-205(the)-204(purpose)-204(of)-204(eliminating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undesirables)-415(and)-414(inactives.)-744(At)-414(the)-415(time)-414(of)-415(the)-414(reorganization)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-382(membership)-383(was)-382(required)-382(to)-383(be)-382(re\353nrolled;)-449(in)-382(many)-382(cases)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certificates)-240(of)-239(membership)-240(were)-240(granted)-239(\050in)-240(physical)-239(appearance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(resembling)-413(a)-413(European)-413(passport\051)-412(which,)-454(in)-413(view)-413(of)-413(the)-412(Party)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power,)-626(entailed)-550(a)-551(considerable)-550(grant)-551(of)-550(privileges)-551(with)-550(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-442(or)-443(less)-442(corresponding)-442(burden)-443(of)-442(duties.)-827(Party)-442(finances)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(notably)-320(improved.)-459(In)-320(time)-320(this)-320(systematic)-320(method)-320(of)-319(recording)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(membership)-192(was)-192(applied)-192(for)-192(the)-192(purposes)-192(of)-192(ousting)-192(persons)-191(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Communist)-245(or)-246(pro-Communist)-245(views,)-246(or)-245(eliminating)-245(individuals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too)-383(friendly)-382(with)-383(foreign)-382(interests)-383(believed)-382(antagonistic)-383(to)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Party)-392(or)-392(its)-392(purposes.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 104.147 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Party)-392(purges)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.39 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.121 0 Td [(have)-392(been)-392(frequent)-392(and)]TJ -174.502 -13.55 Td [(drastic)-250(since)-250(the)-250(organization)-250(of)-250(a)-250(complete)-250(membership)-250(record.)]TJ 11.956 -17.7 Td [(The)-432(Kuomintang,)-478(as)-433(it)-432(was)-433(re-formed)-432(just)-433(before)-432(its)-432(swift)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(rise)-414(to)-413(power)-414(and)-413(as)-414(it)-414(has)-413(essentially)-414(remained)-413(since,)-455(was)-413(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well-organized)-376(body)-375(of)-376(persons,)-406(subject)-376(to)-375(varying)-376(degrees)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Party)-278(discipline,)-284(and)-278(trained)-278(in)-277(the)-278(methods)-278(of)-277(propaganda.)-333(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leadership)-283(was)-283(in)-282(the)-283(hands)-283(of)-283(Sun)-282(Yat-sen)-283(and,)-291(after)-283(his)-282(death,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-453(the)-453(hands)-453(of)-453(his)-453(most)-453(trusted)-453(military)-453(and)-453(political)-453(aides.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-310(membership,)-326(drawn)-310(from)-310(all)-310(parts)-311(of)-310(China)-310(and)-310(the)-310(world,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-405(made)-809(up)-404(of)-405(persons)-405(from)-404(almost)-405(every)-404(class)-405(in)-404(society;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([166])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(representation)-429(was)-429(on)-430(the)-429(Russian)-429(plan,)-474(tending)-429(to)-429(centralize)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-295(in)-295(the)-295(C.)-295(E.)-294(C.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 94.565 3.959 Td [(216)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.67 -3.959 Td [(Intra-party)-295(democracy)-295(was)-295(not,)-306(for)-295(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 173.757 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 164.933 Td [(seems)-451(to)-450(have)-451(been)-450(on)-451(a)-450(basis)-451(of)-450(oath-taking,)-501(initiation,)-501(etc.;)-551(what)-450(Party)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(discipline)-201(there)-200(was)-201(seems)-201(to)-201(have)-200(been)-201(applied)-201(only)-200(in)-201(the)-201(most)-200(extreme)-201(cases,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(then)-250(crudely.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(216)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-194(is)-194(interesting)-195(to)-194(note)-194(that)-194(the)-194(Kuomintang)-195(is)-194(to)-194(a)-194(certain)-194(degree)-195(democratic)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(in)-227(representing)-228(the)-227(various)-227(occupational)-228(groups)-227(in)-227(China.)-243(Tyau,)-232(cited)-227(above,)-232(p.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(25)-292(and)-291(following,)-302(lists)-291(the)-292(percentages)-292(in)-291(the)-292(membership)-291(in)-292(the)-291(Kuomintang)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(according)-184(to)-184(occupation,)-198(as)-184(they)-184(stood)-184(in)-184(1930:)-217(Party)-185(work,)-197(5.84%;)-206(government)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(service,)-460(6.61%;)-501(army)-418(and)-418(navy,)-459(3.26%;)-502(police,)-459(4.09%;)-502(labor)-417(\050in)-418(general\051,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(7.32%;)-386(agriculture,)-364(10.43%;)-386(navigation,)-364(1.20%;)-386(railway,)-364(1.14%;)-386(commerce,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(10.47%;)-219(students,)-212(10.47%;)-218(teaching,)-213(21.31%;)-218(independent)-203(professions,)-212(1.66%;)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+880 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 881 0 R
+/Resources 879 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 883 0 R
+>> endobj
+882 0 obj <<
+/D [880 0 R /XYZ 96.191 215.942 null]
+>> endobj
+879 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+886 0 obj <<
+/Length 4516
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(172The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(most)-231(part,)-234(put)-231(into)-231(practice)-231(because)-230(of)-231(the)-231(disturbed)-231(political)-230(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-234(conditions.)-244(The)-234(Party)-234(and)-233(its)-234(predecessors)-234(have,)-237(in)-233(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forty-odd)-362(years)-362(of)-363(their)-362(combined)-362(existence,)-390(been)-362(facing)-362(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amounted)-312(to)-312(a)-311(state)-312(of)-312(perpetual)-311(emergency.)-436(Sometimes)-311(badly,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-413(more)-413(often)-413(effectively,)-453(they)-413(have)-413(struggled)-413(to)-413(establish)-412(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-378(which)-379(in)-378(turn)-378(can)-379(found)-378(the)-378(democratic)-379(ideology)-378(of)-378(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-320(which)-319(the)-319(democracy)-320(of)-319(the)-320(future)-319(must,)-337(they)-320(believe,)-336(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(based.)]TJ 11.956 -14.137 Td [(Sun)-269(did)-270(not)-269(state)-269(definitely)-270(that)-269(the)-269(Party)-270(was)-269(to)-269(be)-269(dissolved)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(after)-521(the)-521(task)-521(of)-520(its)-521(dictatorship)-521(was)-521(completed,)-589(and)-520(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-451(won)-451(a)-452(stable)-451(democratic)-451(government.)-854(That)-451(decision,)-501(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perpetuating)-317(the)-318(Party)-317(as)-317(one)-317(of)-317(many)-318(competing)-317(parties)-317(in)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-316(democracy,)-333(or)-316(of)-316(abolishing)-316(it)-317(altogether,)-332(was)-316(presumably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-325(be)-324(left)-325(to)-324(the)-325(Party)-324(leaders)-325(of)-325(the)-324(time.)-474(A)-324(precedent)-325(may)-324(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(found)-312(in)-311(the)-312(behavior)-312(of)-311(Sun)-312(himself)-312(after)-311(the)-312(establishment)-311(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-293(Republic)-292(in)-293(1912;)-314(he)-293(continued)-293(the)-292(Nationalist)-293(Party)-293(as)-292(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-243(the)-242(chief)-243(parties)-242(in)-243(the)-243(parliamentary)-242(republic.)-248(Y\374an)-242(Shih-k'ai)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(soon)-271(drove)-271(it)-271(underground)-271(again.)-313(From)-271(this)-271(it)-271(might)-271(be)-271(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-264(conclude)-264(that)-264(the)-264(Party)-264(having)-264(done)-264(with)-264(its)-264(trusteeship,)-267(need)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-290(commit)-290(suicide)-290(as)-289(a)-290(party,)-300(but)-290(could)-290(continue)-290(in)-290(some)-289(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-250(another.)]TJ 11.956 -14.137 Td [(The)-317(Kuomintang)-317(forms)-317(the)-317(link)-317(between)-317(the)-317(theories)-317(of)-317(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-362(the)-361(realities)-362(of)-361(the)-362(revolutionary)-362(struggle;)-834(it)-362(ties)-361(together)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([167])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(his)-405(plans)-404(for)-405(a)-404(new)-405(democracy)-405(in)-404(China)-405(and)-404(his)-405(strategies)-404(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-291(conflicts)-291(of)-291(the)-291(moment.)-373(First)-291(instrument)-291(of)-291(the)-291(ideology,)-301(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bears)-305(the)-304(burden)-305(of)-305(bringing)-304(about)-305(the)-305(revolution,)-318(and)-304(bringing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-223(country)-222(to)-223(the)-223(stage)-222(of)-223(testing)-223(the)-222(administrative)-223(and)-222(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theories)-557(of)-557(the)-558(founder,)-634(and)-557(simultaneously)-557(inculcating)-557(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-490(principle)-489(in)-490(the)-489(minds)-490(of)-489(those)-490(who)-489(are)-490(to)-489(bear)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-237(heritage)-237(of)-237(Chinese)-236(organization)-237(and)-237(culture)-237(on)-237(to)-237(the)-236(future.)]TJ 11.956 -14.137 Td [(The)-808(genius)-807(of)-808(Sun)-808(Yat-sen,)-947(the)-808(Communist)-808(gift)-807(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(organization,)-407(and)-375(the)-376(fervor)-375(of)-375(the)-376(membership)-375(brought)-375(about)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 86.05 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 77.101 Td [(social)-406(work,)-444(1.68%;)-484(unemployed,)-444(O.54%;)-484(unclassified,)-445(3.13%;)-483(incomplete)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(returns,)-250(15.09%.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+885 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 886 0 R
+/Resources 884 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 883 0 R
+>> endobj
+887 0 obj <<
+/D [885 0 R /XYZ 304.764 218.917 null]
+>> endobj
+884 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+888 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index37) >>
+endobj
+891 0 obj
+(The Dragon Throne and State Allegiance.)
+endobj
+895 0 obj <<
+/Length 4463
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Dragon)-250(Throne)-250(and)-250(State)-250(Allegiance.)-7506(173)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-265(defeat)-264(or)-265(submission)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 106.833 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(however)-265(nominal)-264(the)-265(latter)-265(may)-264(have)]TJ -117.742 -13.549 Td [(been)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 20.597 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-293(the)-292(warlords.)-378(By)-293(what)-292(stages,)-304(according)-292(to)-293(the)-292(theory)]TJ -31.506 -13.549 Td [(of)-340(Sun)-340(Yat-sen,)-362(could)-340(national)-340(unity)-340(be)-340(realized?)-520(What,)-362(given)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power,)-221(should)-214(the)-214(Kuomintang)-214(do)-213(to)-214(guarantee)-214(the)-214(success)-214(of)-213(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(revolution?)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -62.593 Td [(The)-250(Dragon)-250(Throne)-250(and)-250(State)-250(Allegiance.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.787 Td [(The)-486(first)-486(task)-486(which)-486(the)-486(Kuomintang,)-545(once)-486(established,)-544(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-427(perform)-426(was)-427(a)-427(necessary)-427(preliminary)-426(to)-427(the)-427(other)-426(portions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-394(its)-395(work)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.42 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(such)-394(as)-395(the)-394(leading)-395(of)-394(the)-394(first)-395(steps)-394(against)-395(the)]TJ -61.329 -13.549 Td [(Western)-281(inroads,)-288(the)-281(opening)-281(up)-281(of)-281(the)-281(democratic)-281(technique)-280(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(government,)-332(and)-315(the)-316(initiation)-315(of)-316(the)-315(first)-316(phases)-315(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 232.647 0 Td [(min)-315(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.256 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(That)-257(task)-257(was)-257(to)-257(awaken)-257(the)-257(Chinese)-257(to)-257(the)-257(fact)-257(that)-257(they)-257(were)-257(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nation,)-254(and)-253(not)-253(only)-253(a)-253(nation,)-253(but)-253(an)-253(abused)-253(and)-253(endangered)-253(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(well.)]TJ 11.956 -14.055 Td [(We)-441(have)-441(seen)-440(that)-441(Sun)-441(Yat-sen)-441(regarded)-441(nationalism)-441(as)-440(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(precious)-367(treasure)-366(which)-367(the)-366(Chinese)-367(had)-366(lost.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.864 3.959 Td [(217)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.995 -3.959 Td [(He)-366(had)-367(said,)]TJ -223.859 -13.549 Td [(many)-175(years)-176(before,)-190(in)-175(his)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 108.788 0 Td [(Kidnapped)-175(in)-176(London)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.529 0 Td [(,)-190(that)-175(the)-176(Manchus)]TJ -202.317 -13.55 Td [(had)-549(followed)-548(a)-549(deliberate)-548(policy)-548(of)-549(intellectual)-548(suppression)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(designed)-456(to)-456(extinguish)-455(or)-456(divert)-456(Chinese)-456(nationalism,)-507(and)-455(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-295(the)-295(great)-295(masses)-296(of)-295(Chinese)-295(on)-295(whom)-295(the)-295(Manchu)-295(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(depended)-445(oblivious)-445(to)-445(the)-445(fact)-445(that)-445(they)-445(were)-445(the)-445(humiliated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slaves)-402(of)-403(alien)-804(conquerors.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 125.705 3.959 Td [(218)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.163 -3.959 Td [(Again,)-440(in)-403(the)-402(third)-402(lecture)-402(on)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 145.156 0 Td [([168])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(nationalism,)-543(he)-485(said)-485(that)-485(while)-484(the)-485(Emperors)-485(Kang)-485(Hsi)-484(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Ch'ien)-325(Lung)-326(were)-325(at)-326(least)-325(honest)-326(in)-325(acknowledging)-325(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-219(be)-220(Manchus,)-225(extenuating)-220(their)-219(presence)-219(on)-220(the)-219(Dragon)-219(Throne)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-359(claiming)-359(the)-359(imperial)-359(hero-sages,)-386(Shun)-359(and)-358(Wen)-359(Wang,)-386(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(antiquity)-176(as)-175(fellow-barbarians,)-191(the)-176(Manchu)-175(Emperors)-176(after)-175(Ch'ien)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.883 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.071 Td [(217)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(above,)-250(pp.)-250(59)-250(and)-250(following.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(218)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 48.562 0 Td [(Kidnapped)-250(in)-250(London)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 78.213 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 26.397 0 Td [(passim)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 24.909 0 Td [(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+894 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 895 0 R
+/Resources 893 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 883 0 R
+/Annots [ 892 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+892 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [113.26 73.974 122.227 85.094]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg059) >>
+>> endobj
+889 0 obj <<
+/D [894 0 R /XYZ 46.771 439.996 null]
+>> endobj
+896 0 obj <<
+/D [894 0 R /XYZ 116.892 165.855 null]
+>> endobj
+893 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+899 0 obj <<
+/Length 5907
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(174The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Lung)-313(did)-313(everything)-313(they)-313(could)-313(to)-313(suppress)-313(Chinese)-312(nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideas.)-1022(They)-508(even)-507(did)-508(not)-507(hesitate)-508(to)-507(revise)-508(the)-507(classics)-507(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(history)-350(in)-350(order)-350(to)-350(obliterate)-350(whatever)-350(historical)-350(consciousness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-207(Chinese)-207(may)-207(have)-207(had)-207(of)-207(themselves.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 177.46 3.958 Td [(219)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.024 -3.958 Td [(Sun)-207(Yat-sen)-207(pointed)]TJ -192.484 -13.55 Td [(out)-427(that)-426(the)-427(strong)-426(group-consciousness)-426(of)-427(the)-426(Jews)-427(has)-426(kept)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Judea)-275(living)-274(through)-275(the)-274(centuries,)-281(even)-275(though)-274(the)-275(Jewish)-274(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-402(obliterated)-402(and)-402(the)-402(Jews)-402(themselves)-402(scattered)-402(to)-402(the)-402(four)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(winds.)-621(He)-374(also)-374(praised)-373(the)-374(Poles,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 153.372 3.959 Td [(220)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.867 -3.959 Td [(who)-374(were)-373(subjugated)-374(by)]TJ -170.239 -13.549 Td [(aliens)-340(as)-340(were)-340(the)-340(Chinese,)-362(but)-340(kept)-340(their)-340(nationalist)-340(ideas)-340(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-260(consequently)-261(restored)-260(as)-260(an)-260(honored)-261(nation)-260(after)-260(the)-260(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war.)-279(Hence,)-262(the)-259(first)-260(step)-260(in)-259(the)-260(program)-259(of)-260(Chinese)-259(nationalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-381(to)-381(be)-381(the)-382(creation)-381(of)-381(a)-381(consciousness)-381(of)-381(that)-381(nationalism.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-383(the)-382(Chinese)-383(did)-383(not)-383(regain)-382(their)-383(nationalism,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 218.288 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(that)-383(precious)]TJ -223.132 -13.549 Td [(treasure)-294(which)-294(makes)-294(possible)-295(the)-294(subsistence)-294(of)-294(humanity,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(221)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(they)-171(might)-172(meet)-171(the)-171(fate)-172(of)-171(the)-171(Miao)-172(tribes)-171(whom)-171(the)-172(Chinese)-342(had)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([169])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(pushed)-309(back)-310(into)-309(desolate)-309(lands)-309(and)-310(who)-309(faced)-309(an)-309(ignominious)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extinction.)]TJ 11.956 -15.495 Td [(This)-225(consciousness)-225(of)-225(themselves)-225(as)-225(a)-225(race-national)-225(unity)-224(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(not)-313(of)-313(itself)-313(enough.)-438(The)-313(Chinese)-313(had)-313(lost)-313(the)-313(favored)-312(position)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-215(they)-214(had)-215(held)-215(since)-214(before)-215(the)-215(beginning)-214(of)-215(recorded)-214(history,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-301(were)-302(no)-301(longer)-302(in)-301(a)-301(position)-302(to)-301(view)-301(the)-302(frailties)-301(of)-301(outside)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nations)-210(with)-211(the)-210(charity)-211(to)-210(which)-210(their)-211(once)-210(impregnable)-210(position)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 219.551 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 212.738 Td [(219)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(122-123.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(220)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-343(present)-343(instances)-344(are)-343(all)-343(taken)-343(from)-344(the)-343(third)-343(lecture)-343(on)-344(nationalism,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(d'Elia)-439(translation,)-486(cited)-438(pp.)-816(127-128.)-817(The)-438(Hs\374)-439(translation,)-486(in)-439(spite)-438(of)-439(its)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(many)-375(merits,)-407(is)-375(not)-375(strong)-375(on)-375(geography.)-626(Thus,)-406(in)-376(the)-375(translation)-375(referring)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-321(Poland)-321(which)-321(has)-321(just)-321(been)-321(cited,)-338(the)-321(Hs\374)-321(reading)-321(runs:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 217.983 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Although)-321(Persia)]TJ -221.964 -10.959 Td [(was)-423(partitioned)-424(by)-423(foreigners)-423(over)-423(a)-424(century)-423(ago,)-467(Persian)-423(nationalism)-423(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(not)-319(lost;)-353(consequently)-318(the)-319(Persians)-319(have)-318(been)-319(able)-318(to)-319(restore)-319(their)-318(country)-319(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(independence;)-318(and)-295(now)-295(Persia)-295(has)-296(the)-295(status)-295(of)-295(a)-295(second)-295(or)-296(third)-295(class)-295(power)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-299(Europe)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 35.556 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.666 0 Td [(\050p.)-398(208\051,)-312(this)-299(in)-300(spite)-299(of)-300(the)-299(fact)-299(that)-300(Persia)-299(is)-300(translated)-299(correctly)]TJ -42.222 -10.959 Td [(further)-340(on)-340(\050p.)-520(327\051.)-521(Another)-340(misreading)-340(is:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 164.839 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(After)-340(the)-340(war,)-363(two)-340(new)-340(Slavic)]TJ -168.82 -10.959 Td [(states)-315(were)-315(born,)-331(namely)-315(Czechoslovakia)-315(and)-315(Jugoslovakia)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 216.051 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.805 0 Td [(\050p.)-445(217\051.)-444(These)]TJ -222.856 -10.958 Td [(minor)-237(errors)-237(are,)-239(however,)-240(among)-237(the)-237(very)-237(few)-237(which)-236(can)-237(be)-237(discovered)-237(in)-237(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(whole)-250(book,)-250(and)-250(do)-250(not)-250(mar)-250(the)-250(text)-250(to)-250(any)-250(appreciable)-250(extent.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(221)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(132.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+898 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 899 0 R
+/Resources 897 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 883 0 R
+>> endobj
+900 0 obj <<
+/D [898 0 R /XYZ 356.551 328.486 null]
+>> endobj
+897 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+903 0 obj <<
+/Length 5587
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Dragon)-250(Throne)-250(and)-250(State)-250(Allegiance.)-7506(175)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(had)-306(entitled)-306(them.)-418(It)-306(was)-306(no)-306(longer)-306(a)-306(mere)-306(question)-306(of)-305(pushing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-156(a)-156(recognition)-156(that)-156(China,)-175(hitherto)-156(regarded)-156(by)-156(the)-155(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-379(the)-378(ecumene)-379(of)-379(civilization,)-410(was)-379(a)-379(nation,)-411(and)-378(not)-379(even)-378(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equal)-296(to)-296(the)-296(other)-296(nations.)-388(This)-296(idea)-296(had)-296(to)-296(be)-296(developed)-296(into)-296(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(force.)]TJ 11.956 -15.82 Td [(Sun)-195(Yat-sen)-196(wrote,)-206(of)-196(the)-195(significance)-196(of)-195(philosophy)-196(in)-195(action:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -11.956 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(What)-352(is)-352(a)-353(principle?)-556(A)-352(principle)-352(is)-352(an)-353(idea,)-377(a)-353(belief,)-377(a)-352(force.)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(As)-500(a)-499(rule,)-562(when)-499(men)-500(search)-499(for)-500(the)-499(truth)-500(of)-499(a)-500(thesis,)-561(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-435(reflect)-435(upon)-435(it,)-481(then)-435(their)-435(reflections)-435(grow)-435(into)-435(a)-434(belief,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-392(that)-391(belief)-392(becomes)-392(a)-392(force.)-675(Hence)-392(in)-391(order)-392(to)-392(be)-391(firmly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(established,)-423(a)-389(principle)-389(must)-389(pass)-388(through)-389(the)-389(different)-388(stages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-447(idea,)-495(belief,)-496(and)-446(force.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 119 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(222)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.324 -3.959 Td [(No)-447(more)-446(definite)-447(statement)-446(of)]TJ -141.168 -13.549 Td [(the)-387(ideological)-386(consequences)-387(of)-387(thought)-386(could)-387(be)-387(found.)-659(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-251(appreciated)-251(this,)-251(and)-250(realized)-251(that,)-251(in)-251(the)-251(carrying)-251(out)-250(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-248(ideology,)-248(the)-247(first)-248(necessity)-247(was)-248(the)-248(adoption)-247(of)-248(the)-247(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(itself.)-513(All)-338(other)-337(steps)-338(must)-338(be)-337(secondary.)-513(The)-338(grouping)-338(of)-337(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(important)-291(steps)-290(in)-291(the)-290(fulfillment)-290(of)-291(the)-290(program)-291(of)-290(nationalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-429(have)-429(differed)-430(from)-429(time)-429(to)-429(time,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 173.217 3.959 Td [(223)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.625 -3.959 Td [(but)-429(the)-429(actual)-430(work)]TJ -190.842 -13.549 Td [(of)-478(Sun)-478(Yat-sen)-477(was)-478(based)-956(upon)-477(the)-478(method)-478(indicated:)-705(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([170])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(establishment)-272(of)-272(at)-272(least)-272(the)-272(preliminary)-272(notions)-272(of)-272(the)-272(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-334(a)-334(prerequisite)-334(to)-334(effective)-334(social)-334(action.)-502(\050In)-334(this)-334(connection,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-269(in)-270(anticipation)-269(of)-269(further)-269(discussion,)-274(it)-270(might)-269(be)-269(pointed)-269(out)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-340(the)-341(advantage)-340(of)-340(the)-340(Moscow-Canton)-341(entente)-340(was)-340(not)-340(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gained)-251(from)-250(the)-250(superior)-251(appeal)-250(of)-251(the)-250(Communist)-251(ideology,)-250(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-437(the)-437(superior)-438(agitation)-437(techniques)-437(which)-437(the)-437(Nationalists)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(learned)-269(from)-268(the)-269(Communists,)-273(and)-268(which)-269(enabled)-268(them)-269(to)-268(bring)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 164.595 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 157.783 Td [(222)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(63.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(223)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(T'ang,)-390(cited,)-390(pp.)-585(168)-362(and)-362(following,)-389(gives)-362(the)-362(various)-362(documents)-362(of)-362(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(First)-391(National)-390(Congress)-391(of)-390(the)-390(Kuomintang,)-426(which)-391(place)-390(the)-391(application)-390(of)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(nationalism)-164(first)-163(in)-164(their)-163(programs.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 123.657 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-163(Manifesto)-164(On)-163(Going)-164(to)-163(Peking,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 125.129 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.447 0 Td [(issued)]TJ -258.214 -10.959 Td [(by)-233(Sun)-233(November)-233(10,)-236(1924,)-237(refers)-233(to)-233(various)-233(points)-233(to)-233(be)-232(achieved;)-239(the)-233(first)-233(is,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(National)-308(freedom)-308(from)-309(external)-308(restriction)-308(will)-308(enable)-308(China)-309(to)-308(develop)-308(her)]TJ -3.982 -10.959 Td [(national)-275(economy)-275(and)-274(to)-275(increase)-275(her)-274(productivity.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 183.367 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.444 0 Td [(\050Hs\374)-275(translation,)-281(p.)-324(148.\051)]TJ -189.811 -10.959 Td [(This)-280(might)-279(imply)-279(that)-280(the)-279(execution)-280(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 142.075 0 Td [(min)-279(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 39.379 0 Td [(was)-280(to)-279(be)-279(coincidental)-280(with)]TJ -181.454 -10.959 Td [(or)-250(anterior)-250(to)-250(the)-250(fulfillment)-250(of)-250(nationalism;)-250(it)-250(probably)-250(does)-250(not.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+902 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 903 0 R
+/Resources 901 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 883 0 R
+>> endobj
+904 0 obj <<
+/D [902 0 R /XYZ 174.624 272.019 null]
+>> endobj
+901 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+907 0 obj <<
+/Length 5105
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(176The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(into)-279(play)-280(the)-279(full)-279(latent)-279(social)-280(force)-279(in)-279(Sun)-279(Yat-sen's)-280(ideas.\051)-337(But)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(if)-335(mere)-336(national-consciousness)-335(were)-335(insufficient)-336(of)-335(itself,)-356(what)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(else)-250(was)-250(needed?)]TJ 11.956 -14.296 Td [(Loyalty)-211(was)-212(necessary.)-237(Being)-212(aware)-211(of)-212(themselves)-211(as)-211(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(would)-324(not)-325(help)-324(them,)-343(unless)-325(they)-324(united)-325(and)-324(were)-325(loyal)-324(to)-324(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(union.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 35.939 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(To)-422(say)-422(that)-422(what)-422(the)-423(ancients)-422(understood)-422(by)-422(loyalty)]TJ -40.783 -13.549 Td [(was)-378(loyalty)-377(toward)-378(the)-378(emperor,)-409(and)-378(that,)-409(since)-378(we)-378(no)-377(longer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-331(an)-330(emperor,)-351(we)-330(\050need)-331(no)-330(longer\051)-330(speak)-331(of)-330(loyalty,)-351(and)-330(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(believe)-319(that)-319(we)-319(can)-319(act)-319(as)-318(we)-319(please)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 161.872 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)-319(is)-319(a)-319(grave)-319(error.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 90.552 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(224)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Sun)-217(Yat-sen)-217(thus)-217(points)-217(out)-217(one)-217(of)-217(the)-217(most)-217(tragically)-217(perplexing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(problems)-250(of)-250(the)-250(new)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -14.295 Td [(He)-202(was)-202(urging)-201(return)-202(to)-202(the)-202(ancient)-202(morality.)-234(The)-202(ancient)-201(code)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-213(loyalty)-213(was)-213(one)-213(built)-212(up)-213(to)-213(the)-213(emperor.)-238(Although)-213(the)-212(emperor)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(did)-437(not)-436(have)-437(much)-437(power,)-483(in)-437(comparison)-436(with)-437(some)-436(despots)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-340(have)-340(changed)-341(history,)-362(he)-341(was)-340(nevertheless)-340(the)-340(man)-340(at)-340(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apex)-276(of)-276(society.)-328(The)-276(Confucian)-276(society)-276(was)-276(one)-276(built)-276(in)-276(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-346(the)-346(grand)-345(design)-346(of)-346(an)-346(enormous)-345(family;)-394(a)-346(design)-345(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was,)-306(nevertheless,)-305(flexible)-295(enough)-294(to)-295(permit)-294(the)-295(deposition)-294(of)-294(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(wicked)-350(or)-351(mad)-350(emperor)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 107.193 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(something)-350(which)-351(the)-350(Japanese)-350(order)]TJ -118.102 -13.549 Td [(of)-381(things)-380(could)-381(not)-381(in)-381(theory,)-413(although)-381(it)-381(did)-380(in)-381(fact,)-413(tolerate.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Filial)-243(piety)-244(was)-243(piety)-243(toward)-244(one's)-243(own)-243(family)-244(head;)-245(loyalty)-243(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(piety)-250(toward)-250(the)-250(family)-250(head)-250(of)-250(all)-250(civilized)-250(society.)]TJ 11.956 -14.295 Td [(Many)-350(writers)-350(have)-349(pointed)-350(out)-350(the)-350(discord)-350(and)-349(unhappiness)]TJ -7.679 -13.55 Td [(which)-392(the)-392(abolition)-392(of)-392(the)-392(Empire)-392(brought)-392(to)-392(many)-392(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -77.033 0 Td [([171])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(Their)-464(code)-464(of)-464(honor)-465(was)-464(outraged;)-571(the)-464(embodiment)-464(of)-464(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-268(stability)-268(was)-268(gone.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 110.277 3.959 Td [(225)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.766 -3.959 Td [(The)-268(critics)-268(who)-268(made)-268(the)-267(comment)]TJ -126.043 -13.549 Td [(could)-383(not,)-416(of)-383(course,)-416(deny)-383(the)-383(general)-383(trend)-383(away)-383(of)-383(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization)-417(throughout)-418(the)-417(world)-417(from)-417(monarchy.)-752(They)-417(did)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(question)-192(the)-192(competence)-192(of)-192(the)-192(Chinese)-192(to)-192(make)-192(the)-192(readjustment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-611(the)-611(present)-611(stage)-611(of)-611(their)-611(history,)-701(or)-611(believed)-611(that)-611(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-414(could)-413(not)-413(preserve)-414(their)-413(traditional)-414(civilization)-413(under)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 98.926 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 92.113 Td [(224)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(187.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(225)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Discussions)-320(of)-320(this)-320(are)-320(to)-319(be)-320(found)-320(in)-320(Sir)-320(Reginald)-320(Johnston's)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 228.927 0 Td [(Twilight)-320(in)]TJ -240.883 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(Forbidden)-250(City)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 68.243 0 Td [(,)-250(cited.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+906 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 907 0 R
+/Resources 905 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 883 0 R
+>> endobj
+908 0 obj <<
+/D [906 0 R /XYZ 93.543 204.305 null]
+>> endobj
+905 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+911 0 obj <<
+/Length 4781
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Dragon)-250(Throne)-250(and)-250(State)-250(Allegiance.)-7506(177)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(a)-405(governmental)-404(system)-405(which)-404(was)-405(alien)-404(to)-404(the)-405(form)-404(if)-405(not)-404(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-453(spirit)-453(of)-453(the)-453(Chinese)-453(tradition.)-859(Although)-453(their)-453(criticisms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-266(be)-267(influenced)-266(too)-266(heavily)-266(by)-267(an)-266(antiquarian)-266(appreciation)-266(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-346(excellencies)-345(of)-346(the)-345(Chinese)-346(Imperial)-345(system,)-370(or)-345(a)-346(desire)-345(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(preserve)-233(China)-233(as)-232(a)-233(sort)-233(of)-233(vast)-232(museum)-233(with)-233(all)-233(its)-232(quaintnesses)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-393(yesteryear,)-429(there)-393(is)-393(some)-393(point)-393(to)-393(what)-393(they)-394(say,)-428(since)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transition)-238(to)-237(national-state)-238(allegiance)-237(was)-238(not)-237(an)-238(easy)-238(one.)-245(There)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-341(two)-341(factors)-340(involved)-341(in)-341(it,)-363(besides)-341(the)-341(tremendousness)-340(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-340(educational)-340(task)-340(of)-340(convincing)-340(almost)-340(half)-340(a)-340(billion)-340(people)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-294(they)-293(were)-294(no)-294(longer)-293(ruled)-294(by)-294(a)-293(properly)-294(deputized)-294(agent)-293(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(universe,)-331(but)-315(were)-315(quite)-315(free)-315(to)-315(manage)-315(their)-315(world)-315(as)-314(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(collectively)-357(saw)-357(fit.)-571(These)-357(factors)-357(were,)-384(first,)-383(the)-357(necessity)-357(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(preventing)-288(any)-288(possible)-288(resurrection)-288(of)-288(the)-288(Dragon)-288(Throne,)-297(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(second,)-250(the)-250(inculcation)-250(of)-250(allegiance)-250(to)-250(an)-250(intangible)-250(state.)]TJ 11.956 -13.764 Td [(Sun)-410(Yat-sen)-409(pointed)-410(out)-409(the)-410(enormous)-410(waste)-409(of)-410(blood)-409(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(wealth)-467(involved)-466(in)-467(the)-467(change)-467(from)-466(one)-467(dynasty)-467(to)-466(another,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(when)-450(the)-451(highest)-450(post)-451(in)-450(the)-451(whole)-450(world)-451(was)-450(suddenly)-450(left)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(open)-503(for)-504(the)-503(strongest)-503(man)-503(to)-503(seize.)-1010(Republicanism)-503(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consequently)-461(tend)-461(to)-461(prevent)-460(civil)-461(wars)-461(in)-461(the)-461(future;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.669 3.959 Td [(226)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.63 -3.959 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(cumbersome,)-366(murderous)-343(old)-342(method)-343(of)-343(expressing)-343(the)-342(popular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will,)-317(as)-303(the)-304(Confucian)-303(ideology)-304(provided,)-317(was)-303(to)-304(be)-303(done)-303(away)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with,)-445(and)-406(peaceful)-405(changes)-812(of)-406(political)-406(personnel)-405(developed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([172])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(He)-293(asserted)-292(that)-293(the)-293(T'ai)-293(P'ing)-292(rebels,)-304(of)-292(whose)-293(memory)-293(he)-292(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fond,)-424(had)-389(failed)-388(in)-389(their)-389(fierce)-389(attempt)-389(to)-389(establish)-389(a)-388(fantastic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pseudo-Christian,)-326(proletarian,)-325(collectivistic)-310(dynasty)-311(in)-310(the)-310(sixth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-446(seventh)-445(decade)-446(of)-445(the)-445(nineteenth)-446(century)-445(because)-446(of)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(dispute)-273(that)-274(arose)-273(within)-274(their)-273(ranks)-273(as)-274(to)-273(leadership.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 231.406 3.959 Td [(227)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.947 -3.959 Td [(He)-273(also)]TJ -247.353 -13.549 Td [(pointed)-239(out)-240(that)-239(many)-239(of)-239(the)-239(militarists)-240(under)-239(the)-239(Republic)-239(knew)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well)-248(that)-248(the)-248(Dragon)-248(Throne)-248(was)-248(empty,)-248(but)-248(did)-248(not)-248(know)-248(that)-248(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-250(gone.)]TJ 11.956 -13.764 Td [(The)-194(story)-194(of)-193(the)-194(eradication)-194(of)-194(monarchy)-194(from)-194(Chinese)-193(society)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(is)-298(an)-298(interesting)-298(one,)-310(relevant)-298(to)-298(the)-298(question)-298(of)-298(the)-298(old)-298(and)-298(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.883 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 81.071 Td [(226)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(244.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(227)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(245-247.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+910 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 911 0 R
+/Resources 909 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 913 0 R
+>> endobj
+912 0 obj <<
+/D [910 0 R /XYZ 174.868 233.427 null]
+>> endobj
+909 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+916 0 obj <<
+/Length 4594
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(178The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(new)-275(loyalty.)-325(Sun)-274(Yat-sen's)-275(full)-275(force)-275(was)-275(thrown)-275(at)-275(first)-274(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-316(Manchus.)-449(He)-317(taught)-316(the)-316(other)-317(two)-316(principles)-316(of)-316(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 18.206 0 Td [(min)-225(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.267 0 Td [(,)-230(but)-225(in)-225(his)-224(earlier)-225(years)-225(he)-225(attracted)-225(most)-225(attention)]TJ -62.473 -13.549 Td [(by)-273(his)-272(anti-Manchu)-273(activities.)-318(Now,)-278(in)-273(allowing)-272(the)-273(principle)-272(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nationalism)-335(to)-334(do)-335(the)-334(work)-335(of)-334(the)-335(principle)-334(of)-335(democracy,)-355(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-325(was)-325(using)-325(the)-325(anti-dynastic)-325(revolutionary)-324(potentialities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-393(the)-393(situation)-393(to)-393(push)-393(along)-393(an)-393(anti-monarchical)-392(movement.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-473(Chinese)-473(constitutional)-473(arrangement)-473(was)-473(such,)-529(under)-473(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Manchus,)-390(that)-361(a)-362(foreign)-362(monarch,)-390(who)-361(was)-362(a)-362(sovereign)-362(in)-361(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(own)-385(right,)-420(quite)-385(apart)-385(from)-386(China,)-419(sat)-385(on)-386(the)-385(Chinese)-385(throne.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-265(Manchu)-265(Emperor)-265(occupied)-264(the)-265(Dragon)-265(Throne.)-295(Many)-264(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(willing)-233(to)-234(rebel)-233(against)-233(a)-233(Manchu;)-239(they)-234(might)-233(have)-233(hesitated)-233(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-250(indigenous)-250(prince)-250(occupied)-250(that)-250(position.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(On)-282(the)-281(occasion)-282(of)-282(the)-282(establishment)-282(of)-281(the)-282(first)-282(Republic,)-289(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(1912,)-225(the)-220(Manchu)-219(Emperor)-219(was)-219(allowed)-220(to)-219(continue)-219(residence)-219(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Peking.)-272(Retaining)-257(his)-257(dynastic)-257(title)-257(and)-258(the)-257(use)-257(of)-257(the)-257(Forbidden)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(City,)-257(he)-255(was)-256(to)-255(receive)-256(a)-255(stipend)-256(from)-255(the)-256(Chinese)-255(Republic)-255(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-351(be)-350(entitled)-351(to)-351(all)-350(the)-351(privileges)-351(normally)-350(accorded)-351(a)-350(foreign)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(emperor)-451(by)-450(international)-451(law.)-851(There)-451(is)-450(a)-451(remote)-450(possibility,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(although)-347(the)-346(truth)-346(of)-347(this)-346(surmise)-347(cannot)-346(be)-347(substantiated,)-370(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-518(was)-260(left)-259(there)-259(as)-259(a)-259(sort)-259(of)-260(scarecrow,)-261(to)-259(prevent)-259(anyone)-259(from)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([173])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(seizing)-288(the)-287(throne.)-362(Constitutional)-288(difficulties)-287(would)-288(have)-287(arisen)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(if)-254(a)-254(pensioned)-254(Manchu)-255(Emperor)-254(and)-254(a)-254(native)-254(caesarian)-254(Emperor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-250(to)-250(attempt)-250(to)-250(occupy)-250(the)-250(same)-250(throne.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(This)-517(peculiar)-516(arrangement)-517(does)-517(not)-516(seem)-517(to)-517(have)-516(helped)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(matters)-430(much.)-789(There)-430(was)-429(not)-430(enough)-430(pro-Manchu)-429(sentiment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-362(support)-362(any)-361(restoration)-362(movement)-362(on)-362(a)-361(large)-362(scale,)-390(such)-361(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-315(reactionary)-315(insurrection,)-331(and)-315(the)-315(personal)-315(unpopularity)-315(of)-314(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-314(man,)-330(Y\374an)-314(Shih-k'ai,)-329(who,)-330(as)-314(dictator)-314(of)-314(the)-314(first)-313(Republic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(\0501912-1916\051,)-320(sought)-307(the)-306(throne,)-320(was)-306(enough)-307(to)-306(keep)-306(any)-306(active)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monarchical)-232(movement)-232(from)-232(succeeding.)-244(The)-232(one)-232(attempt)-232(of)-232(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Manchu)-250(partizans,)-250(in)-250(1917,)-250(failed)-250(utterly.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(That)-388(is)-388(not)-388(to)-389(say)-388(that)-388(the)-388(Dragon)-388(Throne)-388(was)-388(not)-388(missed.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(A)-442(general)-443(relaxation)-442(of)-443(political)-442(ethics)-443(was)-442(observable.)-827(The)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+915 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 916 0 R
+/Resources 914 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 913 0 R
+>> endobj
+917 0 obj <<
+/D [915 0 R /XYZ 106.669 245.555 null]
+>> endobj
+914 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+920 0 obj <<
+/Length 4863
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Dragon)-250(Throne)-250(and)-250(State)-250(Allegiance.)-7506(179)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(old)-356(tradition)-356(could)-356(not)-356(easily)-356(be)-356(reconciled)-356(to)-356(a)-356(juristic)-355(notion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-503(outside.)-1010(Sun)-503(Yat-sen)-503(sought)-503(most)-503(eagerly)-503(to)-503(impress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upon)-362(the)-362(Chinese)-362(the)-361(necessity)-362(for)-362(state)-362(allegiance)-362(in)-362(place)-361(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(monarchical)-261(devotion:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 100.959 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(At)-261(present)-261(everybody)-261(says)-262(that)-261(morality)]TJ -105.803 -13.55 Td [(was)-212(overthrown)-212(with)-212(the)-213(advent)-212(of)-212(the)-212(republic.)-237(The)-212(main)-212(reason)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-224(right)-224(here.)-242(Reasonably)-224(speaking)-224(we)-224(must)-224(practice)-224(loyalty)-224(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-227(a)-228(republican)-227(regime,)-232(not)-228(loyalty)-227(to)-228(a)-227(sovereign,)-232(but)-227(loyalty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(toward)-265(the)-265(nation,)-269(loyalty)-266(toward)-265(the)-265(people,)-269(loyalty)-265(toward)-265(our)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(four)-159(hundred)-158(million)-159(men.)-219(Of)-159(course,)-177(loyalty)-158(toward)-159(four)-158(hundred)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(million)-204(men)-204(is)-204(something)-204(much)-204(more)-204(exalted)-204(than)-204(loyalty)-204(toward)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-281(single)-281(man.)-342(Hence)-281(we)-281(must)-280(preserve)-281(the)-281(excellent)-281(virtue)-280(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loyalty.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 33.033 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(228)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.014 -3.959 Td [(A)-235(curious)-235(emphasis)-234(on)-235(the)-235(physical)-235(object)-234(of)-235(loyalty)]TJ -52.891 -13.549 Td [(is)-278(present)-278(here.)-333(The)-278(Chinese,)-285(having)-278(no)-278(background)-278(of)-277(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(juristic)-413(hypostatizations,)-453(were)-413(unable)-413(to)-412(be)-413(faithful)-413(to)-413(a)-412(legal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fiction;)-272(expressing)-265(state)-264(allegiance,)-268(Sun)-530(Yat-sen)-264(had)-265(to)-264(put)-265(it)-264(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([174])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(its)-250(most)-250(tangible)-250(form,)-250(that)-250(of)-250(a)-250(concord)-250(of)-250(human)-250(beings.)]TJ 11.955 -19.736 Td [(Nevertheless,)-417(under)-383(the)-383(republic,)-417(the)-383(old)-384(virtue)-383(of)-383(personal)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(loyalty)-353(should)-354(not)-353(interfere)-353(with)-354(state)-353(allegiance.)-560(Sun)-353(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-328(willing)-327(and)-328(anxious)-327(that)-328(the)-328(Chinese)-327(should)-328(consider)-327(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(loyalty)-312(as)-313(being)-312(directed)-313(to)-313(the)-312(nation;)-344(he)-312(did)-313(not)-312(wish)-313(that)-312(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(officials)-236(of)-237(the)-237(nation,)-239(as)-236(men,)-240(should)-236(get)-237(it.)-245(In)-237(that)-236(case)-237(the)-236(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(purpose)-259(of)-259(democracy)-259(would)-259(be)-260(defeated,)-261(and)-259(a)-259(monarchy)-259(or)-259(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(oligarchy)-262(set)-262(up)-263(with)-262(the)-262(formulae)-262(of)-262(a)-263(democracy.)-286(Sun)-262(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-253(as)-253(radically)-254(republican)-253(as)-253(any)-253(early)-253(American.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 224.825 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(In)-253(regard)-253(to)]TJ -229.669 -13.55 Td [(the)-204(government)-204(of)-205(the)-204(nation,)-213(fundamentally,)-214(it)-204(is)-204(the)-204(people)-204(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-185(the)-186(power,)-198(but)-185(the)-186(administration)-185(of)-185(the)-186(government)-185(must)-185(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entrusted)-281(to)-281(experts)-281(who)-280(have)-281(the)-281(capacity.)-343(We)-281(need)-281(not)-280(regard)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(those)-303(experts)-303(as)-302(stately)-303(and)-303(honorable)-303(presidents)-303(and)-302(ministers,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-257(merely)-256(as)-257(chauffeurs)-257(of)-257(automobiles,)-258(as)-257(sentinels)-257(who)-256(guard)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-311(gate,)-326(as)-311(cooks)-312(who)-311(prepare)-311(the)-311(food,)-326(as)-311(doctors)-311(who)-311(attend)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-411(sicknesses,)-452(as)-412(carpenters)-411(who)-411(build)-412(houses,)-452(as)-411(tailors)-411(who)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 80.91 Td [(228)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-364(translation,)-392(cited,)-392(p.)-590(187.)-591(Numerals)-364(have)-363(been)-364(written)-363(out)-364(by)-364(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(present)-250(author.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+919 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 920 0 R
+/Resources 918 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 913 0 R
+>> endobj
+921 0 obj <<
+/D [919 0 R /XYZ 223.421 328.486 null]
+>> endobj
+918 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+922 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index38) >>
+endobj
+925 0 obj
+(Economic Nationalism.)
+endobj
+928 0 obj <<
+/Length 4283
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(180The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(make)-390(clothes.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 61.512 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(229)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.704 -3.959 Td [(State)-390(allegiance)-389(had)-390(to)-389(be)-390(directed)-390(between)]TJ -83.06 -13.549 Td [(the)-433(Scylla)-433(of)-433(a)-432(monarchical)-433(restoration)-433(and)-433(the)-433(Charybdis)-432(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nominally)-253(republican)-254(personal)-253(government.)-260(The)-253(old)-254(form)-253(had)-253(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-345(discarded,)-368(and)-345(the)-345(old)-344(habits)-345(turned)-345(in)-345(a)-344(new)-345(direction,)-368(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-250(in)-250(the)-250(easiest)-250(direction)-250(that)-250(they)-250(might)-250(take.)]TJ 11.956 -13.906 Td [(The)-363(problem)-363(of)-364(the)-363(supplanting)-363(of)-363(the)-364(Dragon)-363(Throne)-363(by)-363(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(state)-170(was)-170(not)-170(an)-169(easy)-170(one.)-223(In)-170(the)-170(preparation)-170(of)-170(the)-170(Chinese)-169(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-356(the)-356(initiation)-357(of)-356(an)-356(active)-356(program)-356(of)-357(nationalism,)-382(the)-356(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elements)-331(of)-331(the)-332(nationalist)-331(ideology)-331(had)-331(to)-332(be)-331(inculcated.)-493(This)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(involved)-246(race-consciousness.)-249(But)-246(the)-247(idea)-246(of)-246(race-consciousness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-205(national-consciousness)-204(could)-205(not)-204(be)-205(exerted)-205(as)-204(a)-205(force)-204(unless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-209(conscious)-210(union)-209(of)-209(the)-210(Chinese)-209(race-nation)-209(was)-209(accompanied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-346(the)-345(erection)-346(of)-345(a)-346(powerful)-345(democratic)-346(state,)-369(and)-346(unless)-345(this)]TJ 4.299 -13.549 Td [(state)-394(fell)-394(heir)-394(to)-394(the)-394(loyalty)-394(which)-394(had)-394(once)-394(been)-394(shown)-394(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -77.054 0 Td [([175])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(Throne,)-238(or)-236(even)-236(a)-235(higher)-236(loyalty.)-245(This)-236(loyalty)-235(had)-236(to)-235(be)-236(based)-235(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(two)-275(suppositions)-275(that)-275(the)-275(Empire)-275(was)-274(gone)-275(forever,)-282(and)-274(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personal)-282(loyalty,)-291(even)-282(under)-282(the)-283(forms)-282(of)-282(a)-283(republic,)-290(should)-282(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-224(allowed)-224(to)-224(take)-224(its)-224(place.)-241(Only)-224(with)-224(a)-224(genuine)-224(state-allegiance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(advance)-250(to)-250(their)-250(national)-250(salvation.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -61.255 Td [(Economic)-250(Nationalism.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.043 Td [(The)-310(ideological)-311(establishment)-310(of)-310(a)-311(race-national)-310(outlook)-310(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-160(far-reaching)-160(consequences)-160(that)-160(might)-160(well)-160(continue)-159(working)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-621(out)-621(for)-622(centuries.)-1363(The)-621(immediate)-621(exercise)-621(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-550(sense)-551(of)-550(unity)-551(was)-550(to)-551(be)-550(developed)-551(through)-550(a)-550(loyalty)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-440(state)-440(allegiance,)-487(which)-440(would)-439(also)-440(of)-440(itself)-440(be)-439(significant.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(These)-483(two)-483(new)-483(patterns)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 110.939 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(the)-483(one)-483(ideological,)-542(and)-483(the)-483(other)]TJ -121.849 -13.549 Td [(institutional)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.135 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(running)-445(through)-445(the)-445(Chinese)-445(society)-445(and)-444(social)]TJ -63.044 -13.549 Td [(mind)-425(were)-426(vitally)-425(necessary.)-777(But)-425(after)-426(the)-425(institutional)-425(habit)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(229)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(365.)-250(Italics)-250(are)-250(omitted.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+927 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 928 0 R
+/Resources 926 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 913 0 R
+>> endobj
+929 0 obj <<
+/D [927 0 R /XYZ 93.543 341.679 null]
+>> endobj
+923 0 obj <<
+/D [927 0 R /XYZ 93.543 250.545 null]
+>> endobj
+926 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+932 0 obj <<
+/Length 5541
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Economic)-250(Nationalism.)-14780(181)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-564(state-allegiance)-565(had)-564(been)-564(developed,)-643(what)-564(was)-564(the)-564(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-408(state,)-448(the)-408(instrument)-409(of)-408(the)-408(awakened)-408(race-nation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-342(do)-343(in)-342(the)-343(way)-342(of)-343(practical)-342(policies)-342(to)-343(give)-342(effect)-343(to)-342(the)-342(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(consciousness)-250(and)-250(strength)-250(of)-250(Chinese)-250(nationalism?)]TJ 11.956 -16.693 Td [(Sun)-306(Yat-sen,)-321(whose)-307(principles)-306(tended)-307(to)-306(develop)-306(themselves)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(in)-370(terms)-369(of)-370(threes,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 82.686 3.959 Td [(230)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.81 -3.959 Td [(cited)-369(three)-370(perils)-369(constituting)-370(a)-369(threat)-370(to)]TJ -99.496 -13.549 Td [(the)-291(Chinese)-291(society.)-374(The)-291(first)-291(was)-291(the)-291(peril)-291(to)-291(the)-291(Chinese)-291(race,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-253(was)-253(faced)-253(with)-253(the)-253(possibility)-506(of)-253(decline)-253(in)-253(an)-253(expanding)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([176])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Western)-231(World)-231(and)-230(might)-231(even)-231(become)-230(vestigial)-231(or)-231(extinct.)-243(This)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peril)-218(was)-218(to)-218(be)-218(fought)-218(with)-218(race-nationalism.)-239(The)-218(second)-218(was)-218(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(peril)-280(to)-280(the)-281(Chinese)-280(polity,)-288(the)-280(danger)-280(that)-280(China)-280(might)-280(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(politically)-171(appurtenant)-170(to)-171(some)-170(foreign)-170(power)-171(of)-170(group)-171(of)-170(powers.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-217(was)-218(to)-217(be)-218(fought)-217(with)-218(democratic)-217(race-nationalism.)-239(And)-217(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(last,)-320(and)-306(most)-306(insidious,)-319(was)-306(the)-306(peril)-306(to)-306(the)-306(Chinese)-305(economy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-417(looting)-418(of)-417(China)-417(by)-417(the)-417(unfair)-418(economic)-417(measures)-417(of)-417(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(great)-264(powers,)-268(to)-264(be)-264(met)-264(by)-264(a)-264(nationalist)-264(economic)-264(program.)-292(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-192(was)-192(most)-193(apprehensive)-192(of)-192(the)-192(combined)-192(strength)-192(of)-192(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-297(pressures:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 72.425 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(...)-391(I)-297(fear)-297(that)-297(our)-297(people)-297(are)-297(in)-297(a)-297(very)-297(difficult)]TJ -77.268 -13.549 Td [(position;)-386(and)-341(I)-340(fear)-341(that)-340(we)-341(may)-340(perish)-341(in)-341(the)-340(near)-341(future.)-521(We)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-401(threatened)-401(by)-401(the)-401(three)-401(forces)-401(I)-401(have)-401(mentioned:)-551(namely,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-382(increase)-383(of)-382(foreign)-382(population,)-416(the)-382(political)-383(force,)-415(and)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(economic)-250(force)-250(of)-250(the)-250(foreigners.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 145.102 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(231)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -137.99 -20.652 Td [(Of)-401(the)-401(three)-401(forms)-402(of)-401(the)-401(foreign)-401(oppression)-401(of)-402(China,)-438(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(economic,)-462(because)-420(it)-420(did)-420(not)-420(show)-420(itself)-419(so)-420(readily,)-463(and)-419(was)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 186.513 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 179.701 Td [(230)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(This)-177(is)-176(not)-177(due)-177(to)-176(any)-177(mystical)-177(veneration)-176(of)-177(numbers,)-191(or)-177(religious)-177(influence.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(In)-312(spreading)-313(doctrines)-312(which)-312(would)-313(have)-312(to)-312(be)-313(followed)-312(by)-312(the)-313(unlettered)-312(as)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(well)-265(as)-264(by)-265(the)-264(scholars,)-269(Sun)-264(Yat-sen)-265(found)-264(it)-265(necessary)-264(to)-265(develop)-265(the)-264(general)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(outline)-200(of)-200(his)-200(principles)-201(in)-200(such)-200(a)-200(way)-200(as)-200(to)-200(give)-201(them)-200(a)-200(considerable)-200(mnemonic)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(appeal.)-684(Thus,)-431(the)-395(three)-395(principles)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 127.143 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(and)-395(the)-395(three)-394(French)-395(\050liberty,)-431(equality,)]TJ -136.109 -10.959 Td [(fraternity\051)-401(and)-401(American)-400(\050of,)-439(by,)-438(for)-401(the)-401(people\051)-401(principles)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 221.645 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(and)-401(the)-401(triple)]TJ -230.611 -10.959 Td [(foreign)-244(aggression,)-245(the)-243(four)-244(popular)-243(powers,)-245(the)-244(five)-244(governmental)-243(rights.)-248(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(use)-299(of)-298(the)-299(number)-298(three)-299(permitted)-298(Sun)-299(Yat-sen)-298(to)-299(weave)-298(together)-299(the)-298(various)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(strands)-275(of)-275(his)-275(teaching,)-281(and)-275(to)-275(attain)-275(a)-274(considerable)-275(degree)-275(of)-275(cross-reference.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(It)-250(cannot)-250(be)-250(shown)-250(to)-250(have)-250(induced)-250(any)-250(actual)-250(distortion)-250(of)-250(his)-250(theories.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(231)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(213.)-250(See)-250(also)-250(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(p.)-250(134.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+931 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 932 0 R
+/Resources 930 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 913 0 R
+>> endobj
+933 0 obj <<
+/D [931 0 R /XYZ 208.774 420.187 null]
+>> endobj
+930 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+936 0 obj <<
+/Length 4691
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(182The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(already)-255(working)-255(full)-256(force,)-256(was)-255(the)-255(most)-256(dangerous.)-265(It)-255(was)-255(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-233(oppression)-232(that)-233(China)-233(had)-232(sunk)-233(to)-233(the)-232(degraded)-233(position)-233(of)-232(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sub-colony.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 54.832 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(This)-277(economic)-278(oppression,)-284(this)-277(immense)-278(tribute)-277(is)]TJ -59.675 -13.549 Td [(a)-246(thing)-245(which)-246(we)-245(did)-246(not)-246(dream)-245(of;)-247(it)-246(is)-245(something)-246(which)-245(cannot)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-271(easily)-271(detected,)-277(and)-271(hence)-271(we)-271(do)-272(not)-271(feel)-271(the)-271(awful)-271(shame)-271(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 8.793 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(232)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -1.681 -20.239 Td [(Sun)-688(Yat-sen,)-797(as)-688(stated)-687(above,)-798(was)-687(not)-688(hostile)-688(to)-687(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(development)-229(of)-230(that)-229(portion)-229(of)-229(foreign)-230(capital)-229(which)-229(he)-229(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-371(fairly)-370(employed)-371(in)-371(China,)-401(and)-370(spent)-371(a)-371(great)-370(part)-371(of)-371(his)-370(life)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-335(seeking)-334(to)-334(introduce)-335(capital)-334(from)-335(outside.)-503(He)-335(did,)-355(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-189(a)-189(distinction)-189(between)-189(the)-189(just)-189(operation)-189(of)-189(economic)-189(forces,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-291(the)-290(unjust)-291(combination)-290(of)-290(the)-291(economic)-290(with)-291(the)-290(politically)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(oppressive.)-249(Foreign)-247(capital)-247(in)-247(China)-247(was)-247(not)-247(oppressive)-247(because)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-776(was)-389(capital;)-457(it)-388(was)-388(oppressive)-389(because)-388(it)-388(held)-388(a)-388(privileged)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([177])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(position,)-288(and)-281(because)-281(it)-280(was)-281(reinforced)-281(by)-280(political)-281(and)-280(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sanctions.)-520(There)-340(is)-340(no)-340(implication)-340(in)-340(Sun)-340(Yat-sen's)-340(works)-340(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-329(operations)-329(of)-328(finance,)-349(when)-328(not)-329(unjustly)-329(interfered)-329(with)-328(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-257(action,)-258(could,)-258(even)-256(when)-257(adverse)-256(to)-257(China,)-258(be)-256(regarded)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-250(wrong)-250(of)-250(themselves.)]TJ 11.956 -16.28 Td [(In)-326(what)-326(ways,)-345(then,)-344(did)-326(foreign)-326(capital)-326(so)-326(invest)-326(its)-325(position)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(with)-209(unjust)-209(non-economic)-209(advantages)-209(that)-209(it)-209(constituted)-209(a)-208(burden)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-335(an)-336(oppression?)-505(There)-336(were,)-356(according)-335(to)-336(Sun)-335(Yat-sen,)-356(six)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(headings)-341(under)-341(which)-341(the)-341(various)-341(types)-341(of)-341(economic)-341(incursion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-163(be)-163(classified,)-181(with)-163(the)-163(consequence)-163(that)-163(a)-163(total)-163(of)-163(one)-163(billion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(two)-244(hundred)-243(million)-244(Chinese)-244(dollars)-243(were)-244(unjustly)-244(exacted)-243(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(Chinese)-250(economy)-250(every)-250(year)-250(by)-250(the)-250(foreigners.)]TJ 11.956 -16.281 Td [(First,)-377(the)-351(control)-352(of)-351(the)-351(Customs)-352(services)-351(having,)-377(by)-351(treaty,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(been)-431(surrendered)-431(by)-431(China,)-477(and)-431(a)-431(standard)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 202.758 0 Td [(ad)-431(valorem)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 56.065 0 Td [(tariff)]TJ -258.823 -13.549 Td [(having)-384(also)-384(been)-384(set)-384(by)-384(treaty,)-417(the)-384(Chinese)-384(had)-384(to)-384(leave)-383(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(markets)-404(open)-403(to)-404(whatever)-404(foreign)-403(commerce)-404(might)-404(choose)-403(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(come.)-534(They)-344(were)-345(not)-344(in)-344(a)-345(position)-344(to)-345(foster)-344(their)-345(new)-344(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industries)-515(by)-515(erecting)-515(a)-515(protective)-515(tariff,)-581(as)-515(had)-515(the)-515(United)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(232)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(114.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+935 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 936 0 R
+/Resources 934 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 913 0 R
+>> endobj
+937 0 obj <<
+/D [935 0 R /XYZ 103.844 339.304 null]
+>> endobj
+934 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+940 0 obj <<
+/Length 4957
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Economic)-250(Nationalism.)-14780(183)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(States)-267(in)-266(the)-267(days)-266(of)-267(its)-266(great)-267(industrial)-266(development.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 232.639 3.959 Td [(233)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.722 -3.959 Td [(China's)]TJ -248.361 -13.549 Td [(adverse)-312(balance)-312(in)-312(trade)-312(constituted)-312(a)-312(heavy)-312(loss)-312(to)-312(the)-311(already)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inadequate)-278(capital)-277(of)-278(the)-278(impoverished)-278(nation.)-333(Furthermore,)-284(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(amount)-303(of)-304(the)-303(possible)-303(revenue)-303(which)-304(could)-303(be)-303(collected)-303(under)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-213(autonomous)-213(tariff)-214(system)-213(was)-213(lost.)-238(Again,)-220(foreign)-213(goods)-213(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-204(required,)-214(by)-204(treaty)-204(stipulation,)-213(to)-205(pay)-204(the)-204(internal)-204(transit)-204(taxes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-154(Chinese)-155(goods)-154(had)-155(to)-154(pay.)-218(As)-155(a)-154(result,)-174(the)-154(customs)-154(situation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(really)-346(amounted)-347(to)-346(the)-347(development)-346(of)-346(a)-347(protective)-346(system)-346(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreign)-196(goods)-197(in)-196(China,)-207(to)-197(the)-196(direct)-197(financial)-196(loss)-197(of)-196(the)-196(Chinese,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-171(to)-170(the)-171(detriment)-170(of)-171(their)-171(industrial)-170(development.)-224(He)-170(estimated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-284(half)-284(a)-284(billion)-284(dollars,)-292(Chinese,)-292(was)-284(lost)-284(yearly,)-293(through)-283(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(politically)-280(established)-281(economic)-561(oppression.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 197.374 3.959 Td [(234)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.176 -3.959 Td [(Obviously,)-288(one)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 77.474 0 Td [([178])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-208(the)-207(first)-208(steps)-207(of)-208(Chinese)-208(economic)-207(nationalism)-208(had)-207(to)-208(be)-207(tariff)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(autonomy.)]TJ 11.956 -16.799 Td [(Second,)-560(the)-499(foreign)-498(banks)-498(occupied)-499(an)-498(unfair)-498(position)-498(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(China.)-895(They)-466(had)-465(won)-465(a)-465(virtual)-465(monopoly)-465(of)-466(banking,)-518(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-600(consequence)-599(that)-600(the)-599(Chinese)-600(banks)-600(had)-599(to)-600(appear)-599(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marginal)-155(competitors,)-174(weak)-155(and)-155(unsound)-155(because)-155(the)-155(people)-154(were)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(poisoned)-191(by)-191(economic)-191(oppression.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 148.963 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(235)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.536 -3.959 Td [(The)-191(foreign)-191(banks)-191(issued)]TJ -173.187 -13.549 Td [(paper)-210(money,)-218(which)-210(gave)-211(them)-210(cost-free)-210(capital;)-223(they)-210(discounted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-287(paper)-287(too)-286(heavily;)-305(and)-287(they)-287(paid)-287(either)-286(no)-287(or)-287(very)-286(little)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(interest)-244(on)-244(deposits.)-248(In)-245(some)-244(cases)-244(they)-244(actually)-244(charged)-244(interest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-336(deposits.)-508(A)-336(second)-336(step)-336(of)-336(economic)-336(nationalism)-336(had)-336(to)-336(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-343(elimination)-343(of)-343(the)-343(privileged)-343(position)-343(of)-343(the)-343(foreign)-343(banks,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-371(were)-370(not)-371(subject)-371(to)-371(Chinese)-370(jurisdiction,)-401(and)-371(were)-370(thus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(able)-250(to)-250(compete)-250(unfairly)-250(with)-250(the)-250(native)-250(banks.)]TJ 11.956 -16.799 Td [(Third,)-176(economic)-158(oppression)-157(manifested)-158(itself)-158(in)-158(transport)1(ation,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(chiefly)-266(by)-266(water.)-297(The)-266(economic)-266(impotence)-266(of)-266(the)-266(Chinese)-265(made)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 131.963 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 125.151 Td [(233)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(101.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(234)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-266(translation,)-270(cited,)-270(p.)-298(113.)-298(The)-266(whole)-266(present)-267(discussion)-266(of)-266(economic)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(oppression)-330(is)-329(drawn)-330(from)-329(the)-330(latter)-329(part)-330(of)-329(the)-330(second)-329(lecture.)-489(Except)-330(in)-329(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(case)-411(of)-411(direct)-411(quotation,)-451(no)-411(further)-411(reference)-411(will)-410(be)-411(given)-411(to)-411(this)-411(section,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-250(occurs)-250(at)-250(pp.)-250(97-115)-250(of)-250(the)-250(d'Elia)-250(translation.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(235)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(106.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+939 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 940 0 R
+/Resources 938 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 942 0 R
+>> endobj
+941 0 obj <<
+/D [939 0 R /XYZ 191.09 369.134 null]
+>> endobj
+938 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+945 0 obj <<
+/Length 4514
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(184The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(them)-207(use)-207(foreign)-207(bottoms)-208(almost)-207(altogether;)-221(the)-207(possible)-207(revenue)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-248(could)-248(be)-249(saved)-248(or)-248(perhaps)-248(actually)-249(gained)-248(from)-248(the)-248(use)-248(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(native)-250(shipping)-250(was)-250(lost.)]TJ 11.956 -16.281 Td [(Fourth,)-604(the)-533(Western)-534(territorial)-533(concessions)-533(constituted)-533(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(economic)-387(disadvantage)-387(to)-386(the)-387(Chinese.)-660(Wrested)-387(from)-387(the)-386(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Manchu)-226(government,)-231(they)-226(gave)-226(the)-226(foreigners)-226(a)-226(strangle-hold)-226(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-386(Chinese)-386(economy.)-659(Besides,)-420(they)-386(represented)-386(a)-386(direct)-386(loss)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-354(the)-355(Chinese)-354(by)-355(means)-354(of)-355(the)-354(following)-355(items:)-459(taxes)-354(paid)-354(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-401(foreign)-401(authorities)-401(in)-400(the)-401(conceded)-401(ports,)-439(which)-401(was)-400(paid)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-295(the)-294(Chinese)-295(and)-295(lost)-294(to)-295(China;)-317(land)-295(rents)-294(paid)-295(by)-295(Chinese)-294(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreign)-358(individuals,)-385(who)-357(adopted)-358(this)-358(means)-358(of)-357(supplementing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-257(tribute)-257(levied)-256(from)-257(the)-257(Chinese)-257(in)-257(the)-256(form)-257(of)-257(taxes;)-520(finally,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([179])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-470(unearned)-470(increment)-470(paid)-469(out)-470(by)-470(Chinese)-470(to)-470(foreign)-469(land)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(speculators,)-334(which)-317(amounted)-317(to)-317(an)-318(actual)-317(loss)-317(to)-317(China.)-451(Under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-375(nationalist)-376(economic)-375(program,)-406(not)-376(only)-375(would)-375(the)-375(favorable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-470(of)-470(the)-470(foreign)-470(banks)-470(be)-470(reduced)-470(to)-470(one)-469(comparable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-383(that)-383(of)-384(the)-383(Chinese)-383(banks,)-417(but)-383(the)-383(concessions)-383(would)-383(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abolished.)-605(Taxes)-368(would)-369(go)-368(to)-368(the)-369(Chinese)-368(state,)-398(the)-368(land)-368(rent)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(system)-369(would)-369(be)-369(corrected,)-398(and)-369(unearned)-369(increment)-369(would)-368(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(confiscated)-411(under)-410(a)-411(somewhat)-411(novel)-410(tax)-411(scheme)-411(proposed)-410(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -16.28 Td [(Fifth,)-191(the)-177(Chinese)-176(lost)-176(by)-177(reason)-176(of)-177(various)-176(foreign)-176(monopolies)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(or)-359(special)-359(concessions.)-577(Such)-359(enterprises)-359(as)-359(the)-359(Kailan)-358(Mining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Administration)-326(and)-326(the)-326(South)-326(Manchuria)-326(Railway)-326(were)-326(wholly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreign,)-208(and)-198(were,)-208(by)-198(privileges)-197(politically)-198(obtained,)-208(in)-198(a)-197(position)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-387(prevent)-387(Chinese)-387(competition.)-660(This)-387(too)-387(had)-387(to)-387(be)-386(corrected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-220(a)-220(system)-220(of)-220(economic)-220(nationalism.)-240(The)-220(new)-220(state,)-225(initiated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-276(the)-275(Kuomintang)-276(and)-275(carried)-276(on)-275(by)-276(the)-275(people,)-282(had)-275(to)-276(be)-275(able)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-295(assure)-295(the)-295(Chinese)-295(an)-295(equality)-295(of)-295(economic)-295(privilege)-295(in)-295(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-250(country.)]TJ 11.956 -16.28 Td [(Sixth,)-194(the)-179(foreigners)-180(introduced)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 137.973 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(speculation)-180(and)-179(various)-180(other)]TJ -154.773 -13.55 Td [(sorts)-194(of)-193(swindle)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 67.859 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.957 0 Td [(into)-194(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.877 3.959 Td [(236)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.976 -3.959 Td [(They)-194(had)-193(exchanges)-194(and)-194(lotteries)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(236)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(113.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+944 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 945 0 R
+/Resources 943 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 942 0 R
+>> endobj
+946 0 obj <<
+/D [944 0 R /XYZ 340.124 366.403 null]
+>> endobj
+943 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+949 0 obj <<
+/Length 5353
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Economic)-250(Nationalism.)-14780(185)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(by)-250(which)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(lost)-250(tens)-250(of)-250(millions)-250(of)-250(dollars)-250(yearly.)]TJ 11.956 -15.372 Td [(Under)-301(these)-301(six)-302(headings)-301(Sun)-301(Yat-sen)-301(estimated)-301(the)-301(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(tribute)-395(to)-395(Western)-394(imperialism)-395(to)-395(be)-394(not)-395(less)-395(than)-395(one)-394(billion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(two)-251(hundred)-250(millions)-251(a)-251(year,)-251(silver.)-251(There)-251(were,)-251(of)-251(course,)-250(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(forms)-189(of)-189(exaction)-190(which)-189(the)-189(Westerners)-189(practised)-189(on)-189(the)-189(Chinese,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(such)-279(as)-278(the)-279(requirement)-278(of)-279(war)-278(indemnities)-279(for)-278(the)-279(various)-278(wars)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-381(they)-380(had)-380(fought)-381(with)-380(China.)-642(Furthermore,)-413(the)-380(possible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wealth)-251(which)-250(China)-251(might)-251(have)-250(gained)-251(from)-251(continued)-250(relations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-351(her)-350(lost)-351(vassal)-351(states)-350(was)-351(diverted)-351(to)-350(the)-351(Western)-350(powers)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-332(Japan.)-495(Sun)-332(Yat-sen)-331(also)-332(referred)-332(to)-332(the)-663(possible)-332(losses)-331(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([180])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-369(overseas,)-398(which)-369(they)-369(suffered)-369(because)-369(China)-369(was)-368(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powerful)-195(enough)-195(to)-195(watch)-195(their)-195(rights)-195(and)-195(to)-195(assure)-195(them)-195(equality)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(opportunity.)]TJ 11.956 -15.372 Td [(Sun)-252(Yat-sen)-252(did)-252(not)-253(expect)-252(that)-252(forces)-252(other)-252(than)-252(those)-252(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(political)-294(nationalism)-294(exerted)-295(upon)-294(the)-294(economic)-294(situation)-294(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(save)-238(the)-239(Chinese.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 78.479 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(If)-238(we)-239(do)-238(not)-239(find)-238(remedies)-238(to)-239(that)-238(big)-239(leakage)]TJ -83.323 -13.549 Td [(of)-213($1,200,000,000.00)-213(per)-213(year,)-220(that)-213(sum)-213(will)-213(increase)-213(every)-213(year;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-364(is)-364(no)-365(reason)-364(why)-364(it)-364(should)-365(naturally)-364(decrease)-364(of)-364(its)-364(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accord.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 31.8 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(237)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.459 -3.958 Td [(The)-367(danger)-367(was)-367(great,)-397(and)-367(the)-367(Chinese)-367(had)-368(to)-367(use)]TJ -53.103 -13.55 Td [(their)-350(nationalism)-350(to)-349(offset)-350(the)-350(imperialist)-350(economic)-349(oppression)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-276(was)-275(not)-276(only)-275(impoverishing)-276(the)-275(nation)-276(from)-275(year)-276(to)-275(year,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-380(which)-381(was)-380(actually)-381(preventing)-380(the)-380(development)-381(of)-380(a)-380(new,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strong,)-250(modern)-250(national)-250(economy.)]TJ 11.956 -15.372 Td [(What)-683(is)-683(the)-684(relation)-683(of)-683(the)-683(sub-principle)-683(of)-683(economic)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(nationalism)-633(to)-633(the)-633(principle)-633(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 155.121 0 Td [(min)-633(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.718 0 Td [(?)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(238)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.711 -3.959 Td [(Economic)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 175.554 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 168.742 Td [(237)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(113.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(238)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(In)-525(referring)-525(to)-524(a)-525(sub-principle,)-594(the)-524(author)-525(is)-525(following)-525(Sun)-525(Yat-sen's)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(arrangement)-320(of)-320(his)-320(ideas,)-337(even)-320(though)-320(the)-320(exact)-320(term,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 199.934 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(sub-principle,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 49.558 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.849 0 Td [(is)-320(not)]TJ -260.322 -10.959 Td [(to)-366(be)-365(found)-366(in)-366(Sun's)-365(works.)-597(Each)-366(of)-366(the)-365(three)-366(principles)-366(can)-365(be)-366(considered)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(with)-307(respect)-308(to)-307(national)-307(unity,)-322(national)-308(autonomy,)-321(and)-308(national)-307(survival.)-422(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(correlation)-375(of)-374(the)-375(three)-374(principles,)-406(each)-375(with)-374(itself)-375(and)-374(then)-375(the)-374(two)-375(others,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(logically)-363(leads)-363(to)-364(the)-363(appearance)-363(of)-363(nine)-363(sub-principles.)-590(The)-363(writer)-363(has)-363(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(followed)-170(any)-170(artificial)-170(compulsion)-170(of)-171(numbers,)-186(merely)-170(for)-170(the)-170(sake)-170(of)-170(producing)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-361(pretty)-361(outline,)-388(but)-361(has)-361(followed)-361(Sun)-361(Yat-sen)-361(in)-361(seeking)-360(to)-361(make)-361(clear)-361(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(specific)-368(relations)-368(of)-368(each)-368(of)-368(the)-368(three)-368(principles)-368(to)-368(the)-368(three)-368(cardinal)-368(points)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+948 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 949 0 R
+/Resources 947 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 942 0 R
+>> endobj
+950 0 obj <<
+/D [948 0 R /XYZ 245.636 394.409 null]
+>> endobj
+947 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+953 0 obj <<
+/Length 5338
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(186The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(nationalism)-359(was)-359(the)-359(preliminary)-359(remedy.)-577(The)-359(program)-359(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.157 0 Td [(was)-248(positive.)-249(It)-248(was)-248(the)-248(means)-248(of)-248(creating)-248(a)-248(wealthy)-248(state,)]TJ -28.157 -13.549 Td [(a)-411(modern,)-451(just)-411(economic)-411(society.)-732(But)-411(the)-411(old)-411(oppressions)-410(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperialism,)-313(lingering)-301(on,)-313(had)-300(to)-301(be)-300(cleared)-301(away)-300(before)-300(China)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-357(really)-357(initiate)-358(such)-357(a)-357(program.)-572(Not)-357(only)-357(was)-357(it)-357(the)-357(duty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-261(the)-262(Chinese)-261(national)-262(and)-261(nationalist)-262(state)-261(to)-262(fight)-261(the)-261(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(methods)-257(of)-257(Western)-257(imperialism;)-261(the)-257(Chinese)-257(people)-257(could)-257(help)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-250(using)-250(that)-250(old)-250(Asiatic)-250(weapon)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 143.324 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-250(boycott.)]TJ -142.277 -15.032 Td [(Sun)-176(Yat-sen)-177(was)-176(pleased)-177(and)-176(impressed)-177(with)-176(the)-176(consequences)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-436(Gandhi's)-436(policy)-436(of)-437(non-co\366peration.)-808(He)-872(pointed)-436(out)-436(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([181])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(even)-412(India,)-452(which)-411(was)-412(a)-412(subject)-411(country,)-452(could)-412(practise)-411(non-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(co\366peration)-177(to)-178(the)-177(extreme)-178(discomfort)-177(of)-178(the)-177(British.)-226(The)-177(creation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-290(race-nationalism,)-300(and)-289(of)-290(allegiance)-290(to)-290(a)-290(strong)-290(Chinese)-289(state,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-269(take)-269(time.)-306(Non-co\366peration)-269(did)-269(not.)-306(It)-269(was)-269(a)-269(tool)-269(at)-268(hand.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-293(reason)-292(why)-293(India)-293(gained)-292(results)-293(from)-293(the)-292(non-co\366peration)]TJ -4.844 -13.55 Td [(policy)-473(was)-472(that)-472(it)-473(could)-472(be)-473(practised)-472(by)-473(all)-472(the)-473(citizens.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(239)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-461(Chinese)-461(could)-461(begin)-461(their)-461(economic)-461(nationalist)-461(program)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(immediately.)]TJ 11.956 -15.032 Td [(Sun)-391(Yat-sen)-391(pointed)-391(out)-391(that)-391(the)-391(basis)-391(for)-391(the)-391(weakness)-390(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(China,)-232(and)-229(its)-228(exploitation)-228(by)-228(the)-228(foreigners,)-232(was)-228(the)-228(inadequacy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-200(the)-201(Chinese)-200(ideology.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 107.58 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-200(reason)-201(why)-200(we)-200(suffer)-201(from)-200(foreign)]TJ -112.423 -13.55 Td [(oppression)-379(is)-378(our)-379(ignorance;)-443(we)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.21 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(are)-379(born)-378(in)-379(a)-379(stupor)-378(and)-379(die)]TJ -152.843 -13.549 Td [(in)-295(a)-295(dream)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 47.027 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 2.727 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(240)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.67 -3.959 Td [(Conscious)-295(of)-295(the)-295(peril)-295(of)-294(the)-295(foreign)-295(economic)]TJ -73.901 -13.549 Td [(oppression,)-423(the)-389(Chinese)-388(had)-389(to)-389(exert)-388(economic)-389(nationalism)-388(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clear)-430(the)-430(way)-430(for)-429(the)-430(positive)-430(initiation)-430(of)-430(a)-430(program)-430(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.451 0 Td [(.)-268(In)-256(practising)-256(economic)-257(nationalism,)-257(there)-256(were)-256(two)-256(ways)]TJ -25.451 -13.55 Td [(that)-228(the)-228(Chinese)-228(could)-227(make)-228(the)-228(force)-228(of)-228(their)-228(national)-228(union)-227(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(national)-316(spirit)-315(felt:)-381(first,)-332(through)-316(the)-316(actual)-315(advancement)-316(of)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(programs)-384(of)-384(the)-384(whole)-384(of)-384(nationalism)-384(and)-384(the)-384(progress)-384(of)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-225(and)-224(economic)-225(condition)-224(of)-225(the)-225(country;)-233(second,)-229(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(non-co\366peration,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.954 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(...)-910(a)-470(negative)-470(boycott)-470(which)-470(weakens)-470(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 97.205 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 88.381 Td [(which)-250(they)-250(embody.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(239)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(179-180.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(240)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(180.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+952 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 953 0 R
+/Resources 951 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 942 0 R
+>> endobj
+954 0 obj <<
+/D [952 0 R /XYZ 296.867 394.75 null]
+>> endobj
+951 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+955 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index39) >>
+endobj
+958 0 obj
+(Political Nationalism for National Autonomy.)
+endobj
+961 0 obj <<
+/Length 3924
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Political)-250(Nationalism)-250(for)-250(National)-250(Autonomy.)-5863(187)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(action)-306(of)-307(imperialism,)-320(protects)-306(national)-307(standing,)-320(and)-306(preserves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-250(destruction.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 75.142 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(241)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -79.986 -62.578 Td [(Political)-270(Nationalism)-269(for)-270(National)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Autonomy.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.578 Td [(After)-389(the)-389(first)-389(steps)-388(of)-389(resistance)-389(to)-389(economic)-389(oppression,)-423(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-369(nationalists)-369(would)-368(have)-369(to)-369(launch)-369(a)-369(counter-attack)-368(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-417(political)-418(oppression)-417(practised)-417(upon)-418(China)-417(by)-417(the)-417(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers.)-1005(In)-501(his)-502(discussion)-502(of)-501(this,)-1129(Sun)-502(Yat-sen)-501(described,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([182])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(though)-253(briefly,)-254(the)-253(past,)-254(the)-254(contemporary,)-254(and)-253(the)-253(future)-253(of)-253(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(oppression,)-199(and)-186(referred)-185(to)-186(its)-186(methods.)-229(His)-186(theory)-186(also)-185(contained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-253(answers)-253(to)-253(this)-254(oppression)-253(which)-253(need)-253(to)-253(be)-253(examined)-253(in)-253(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(consideration)-247(of)-247(his)-246(theoretical)-247(program)-247(of)-247(Chinese)-246(nationalism:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first,)-224(the)-217(question)-218(of)-217(China's)-217(nationalist)-218(program)-217(of)-217(political)-217(anti-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imperialism;)-351(second,)-334(the)-317(nature)-317(of)-318(the)-317(ultimate)-317(development)-317(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalism)-224(and)-224(a)-224(national)-224(state;)-233(and)-223(third,)-230(the)-224(theory)-224(of)-224(the)-223(class)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war)-325(of)-325(the)-325(nations.)-475(In)-325(view)-325(of)-325(the)-325(fact)-325(that)-325(this)-325(last)-325(is)-325(a)-325(theory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-280(itself,)-288(and)-280(one)-280(quite)-281(significant)-280(in)-280(the)-280(distinction)-280(between)-280(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doctrines)-232(of)-231(Sun)-232(Yat-sen)-231(and)-232(those)-231(of)-232(Marxism-Leninism,)-235(it)-231(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-251(considered)-250(separately.)-252(The)-251(first)-251(two)-250(questions)-251(of)-251(the)-250(program)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-248(nationalism)-248(are,)-249(then:)-249(what)-248(is)-248(to)-248(be)-248(the)-248(negative)-248(action)-248(for)-248(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advancement)-318(of)-317(China's)-318(national)-318(political)-317(strength,)-335(in)-317(opposing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-304(political)-304(power)-304(of)-304(the)-304(West?)-412(and)-304(what)-304(is)-304(to)-304(be)-304(the)-303(positive,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(internal)-250(program)-250(of)-250(Chinese)-250(nationalism?)]TJ 11.956 -13.613 Td [(As)-635(has)-634(been)-635(stated)-634(Sun)-635(Yat-sen)-634(used)-635(the)-634(anti-dynastic)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(sentiment)-601(current)-600(in)-601(the)-601(last)-600(years)-601(of)-601(the)-600(Manchus)-601(as)-600(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instrument)-161(by)-162(means)-161(of)-161(which)-161(he)-162(could)-161(foster)-161(an)-161(anti-monarchical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement.)-1127(The)-542(great)-542(significance)-542(of)-543(his)-542(nationalism)-542(as)-542(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nationalism)-353(of)-353(Chinese)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 106.704 0 Td [(vis-\340-vis)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.812 0 Td [(their)-353(Oriental-barbarian)-353(rulers)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(241)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(180.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+960 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 961 0 R
+/Resources 959 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 942 0 R
+>> endobj
+956 0 obj <<
+/D [960 0 R /XYZ 46.771 482.453 null]
+>> endobj
+962 0 obj <<
+/D [960 0 R /XYZ 214.866 355.266 null]
+>> endobj
+959 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+965 0 obj <<
+/Length 4788
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(188The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(quite)-438(overshadowed)-439(its)-438(importance)-438(as)-439(a)-438(teaching)-438(designed)-438(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(protect)-511(China)-512(against)-511(its)-511(Western-barbarian)-512(exploiters.)-1033(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(triumph)-262(of)-263(the)-262(Republicans)-263(was)-262(so)-262(startling)-263(that,)-265(for)-263(a)-262(time,)-265(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-320(seems)-320(to)-321(have)-320(believed)-320(that)-320(nationalism)-320(could)-320(develop)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-415(it)1(self,)-456(that)-415(the)-414(Chinese,)-456(free)-414(from)-415(their)-414(Manchu)-414(overlords,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-279(develop)-278(a)-279(strong)-279(race-national)-278(consciousness)-279(without)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessity)-228(of)-228(any)-228(political)-227(or)-228(party)-228(fostering)-228(of)-228(such)-228(an)-228(element)-227(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-204(ideology.)-235(Afire)-204(with)-204(all)-204(the)-204(idealism)-204(of)-204(the)-204(false)-203(dawn)-204(of)-204(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-254(Republic,)-255(Sun)-254(Yat-sen)-254(dropped)-254(the)-254(principle)-254(of)-253(nationalism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-254(his)-255(program,)-255(and)-255(converted)-254(his)-255(fierce)-254(conspiratorial)-254(league)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(into)-1026(a)-513(parliamentary)-513(party)-513(designed)-513(to)-513(enter)-513(into)-513(amicable)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([183])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(competition)-510(with)-511(the)-510(other)-510(parties)-511(of)-510(the)-510(new)-511(era.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 237.533 3.959 Td [(242)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.701 -3.959 Td [(This)]TJ -261.234 -13.549 Td [(pleasant)-370(possibility)-370(did)-369(not)-370(develop.)-609(The)-370(work)-370(of)-369(nationalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-433(by)-432(no)-433(means)-432(done.)-798(The)-433(concept)-432(of)-433(state-allegiance)-432(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-367(entered)-367(into)-367(the)-367(Chinese)-368(ideology)-367(as)-367(yet,)-396(and)-367(the)-367(usurper-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(President)-252(Y\374an)-253(Shih-k'ai)-252(was)-252(able)-252(to)-253(gather)-252(his)-252(henchmen)-252(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-263(and)-263(plan)-264(for)-263(a)-263(powerful)-263(modern)-264(Empire)-263(of)-263(which)-263(he)-263(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-250(forced)-250(by)-250(apparently)-250(popular)-250(acclamation)-250(to)-250(assume)-250(control.)]TJ 11.956 -19.663 Td [(The)-166(further)-166(necessity)-167(for)-166(nationalism)-166(appeared)-166(in)-166(several)-166(ways.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(First,)-341(the)-322(Chinese)-323(had)-322(not)-323(become)-322(nationalistic)-322(enough)-323(in)-322(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attitude)-302(toward)-303(the)-302(powers.)-407(Sun)-303(Yat-sen,)-315(with)-303(his)-302(reluctance)-302(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enter)-280(into)-281(violent)-280(disagreement)-281(with)-280(the)-281(old)-280(ideology,)-288(was)-280(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unwilling)-378(that)-378(chauvinism)-377(should)-378(be)-378(allowed)-378(in)-378(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 248.547 3.959 Td [(243)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.363 -3.959 Td [(He)]TJ -267.91 -13.549 Td [(hoped)-429(that)-429(the)-430(Western)-429(powers,)-474(seeing)-429(a)-429(fair)-429(bargain,)-474(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-568(willing)-569(to)-568(invest)-569(in)-568(China)-568(sufficient)-569(capital)-568(to)-568(advance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-326(industrial)-325(conditions.)-478(Instead,)-344(he)-326(saw)-326(Japanese)-325(capital)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pouring)-263(into)-262(Peking)-263(for)-262(illegitimate)-263(purposes,)-266(and)-262(accepted)-263(by)-262(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(prostituted)-462(government)-462(of)-463(politicians.)-886(With)-462(the)-462(continuation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-551(the)-551(unfavorable)-551(financial)-552(policy)-551(of)-551(the)-551(powers,)-626(and)-551(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continuing)-476(remoteness)-477(of)-476(any)-476(really)-477(helpful)-476(loans,)-533(he)-476(began)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-352(think)-352(that)-353(the)-352(Chinese)-352(had)-352(to)-352(rely)-353(on)-352(their)-352(own)-352(strength)-352(for)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.883 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(242)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(113-114.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(243)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 43.818 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(21)-250(and)-250(following,)-250(Book)-250(I.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+964 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 965 0 R
+/Resources 963 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 942 0 R
+>> endobj
+966 0 obj <<
+/D [964 0 R /XYZ 116.115 382.683 null]
+>> endobj
+963 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+969 0 obj <<
+/Length 5899
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Political)-250(Nationalism)-250(for)-250(National)-250(Autonomy.)-5863(189)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-408(salvation.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 66.572 3.959 Td [(244)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.364 -3.959 Td [(Second,)-448(he)-408(realized)-409(that)-408(the)-817(foreigners)-408(in)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 204.088 0 Td [([184])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(China)-251(were)-250(not)-251(generally)-251(interested)-251(in)-250(a)-251(strong,)-251(modern)-250(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state)-475(if)-476(that)-475(state)-475(were)-476(to)-475(be)-475(developed)-476(by)-475(Chinese)-475(and)-475(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-442(themselves.)-826(Sun)-442(had)-442(understood)-442(from)-442(the)-442(beginning)-442(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-484(great)-484(aim)-484(of)-483(nationalism)-484(was)-484(to)-484(readjust)-484(the)-484(old)-483(world-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-266(to)-266(nationhood)-266(in)-266(the)-266(modern)-266(world;)-274(he)-266(had)-266(not,)-269(perhaps,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(realized)-301(that)-301(the)-300(appearance)-301(of)-301(this)-300(nationhood)-301(was)-301(going)-301(to)-300(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opposed)-427(by)-427(foreigners.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 103.542 3.959 Td [(245)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.979 -3.959 Td [(When)-427(he)-427(came)-428(to)-427(power)-427(in)-427(1912,)]TJ -124.521 -13.549 Td [(he)-429(thought)-429(that)-429(the)-429(immediate)-429(end)-429(of)-429(nationalism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 227.907 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(liberation)]TJ -238.816 -13.55 Td [(of)-381(China)-380(from)-381(Manchu)-380(overlordship)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.854 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(had)-381(been)-380(achieved.)-641(He)]TJ -174.763 -13.549 Td [(was)-286(preoccupied)-285(with)-286(the)-286(domestic)-285(problems)-286(of)-286(democracy)-285(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(min)-367(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.815 0 Td [(.)-600(When,)-396(however,)-396(the)-366(foreign)-367(powers)-366(refused)-367(to)-367(let)]TJ -45.815 -13.549 Td [(his)-417(government)-418(at)-417(Canton)-417(exercise)-418(even)-417(the)-417(limited)-417(authority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permitted)-414(the)-414(Chinese)-415(by)-414(the)-414(treaties)-414(over)-414(their)-414(own)-414(customs)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(service,)-545(and)-487(did)-486(not)-486(let)-486(Sun)-487(take)-486(the)-486(surplus)-486(funds)-486(allowed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-378(Chinese)-379(\050after)-378(payment)-379(of)-378(interest)-379(due)-378(on)-379(the)-378(money)-378(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-335(lent)-335(various)-335(Chinese)-335(governments\051,)-356(his)-335(appreciation)-335(of)-334(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(active)-337(propagation)-338(of)-337(nationalism)-337(was)-337(heightened.)-512(He)-337(realized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-345(the)-344(Chinese)-345(had)-344(to)-345(fight)-344(their)-345(own)-345(battles,)-368(and)-344(that,)-368(while)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 252.35 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 245.538 Td [(244)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Among)-381(the)-381(persons)-381(whom)-381(he)-381(entrusted)-381(with)-381(the)-381(task)-381(of)-381(seeking)-381(foreign)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(capital)-464(for)-463(the)-464(just)-463(and)-464(honorable)-463(national)-464(development)-463(of)-464(China)-463(through)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(international)-284(means)-283(were)-284(George)-284(Bronson)-284(Rea)-283(and)-284(Paul)-284(Linebarger.)-351(Mr.)-351(Rea)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)-284(given)-283(a)-284(power)-284(of)-283(attorney)-284(by)-284(Sun)-283(to)-284(secure)-283(loans)-284(for)-284(railway)-283(purposes)-284(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(an)-342(unlimited)-342(amount.)-526(Mr.)-526(Rea)-342(never)-342(used)-342(the)-342(document,)-365(but)-342(kept)-342(it)-342(among)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-393(papers.)-680(\050Statement)-394(of)-393(Mr.)-680(Rea)-393(to)-394(the)-393(author)-393(in)-394(Washington,)-429(spring)-393(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(1934,)-347(at)-327(the)-327(time)-327(that)-327(the)-328(former)-327(was)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 139.938 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Special)-327(Counsellor)-327(to)-328(the)-327(Ministry)-327(of)]TJ -143.92 -10.958 Td [(Foreign)-406(Affairs)-406(of)-406(Manchoukuo,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 121.235 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.621 0 Td [(despite)-406(his)-406(former)-406(Chinese)-406(connections.\051)]TJ -128.856 -10.959 Td [(Judge)-301(Linebarger)-301(was)-301(also)-300(unsuccessful.)-403(Sun)-301(Yat-sen)-301(was)-300(more)-301(interested)-301(in)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(having)-265(Judge)-265(Linebarger)-265(stop)-265(any)-265(assistance)-265(offered)-264(by)-265(the)-265(Consortium)-265(to)-265(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Northern)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 34.611 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Republic)-250(of)-250(China)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 65.75 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(than)-250(in)-250(having)-250(him)-250(procure)-250(any)-250(actual)-250(funds.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -110.315 -7.394 Td [(245)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-384(is)-384(obvious)-385(that)-384(a)-384(strong)-384(China)-384(would)-385(be)-384(a)-384(horrid)-384(nightmare)-384(to)-385(Japan.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Not)-377(only)-377(would)-377(the)-377(Chinese)-377(thwart)-378(the)-377(use)-377(of)-377(their)-377(man-power)-377(and)-377(natural)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(resources,)-318(as)-304(stepping)-304(stones)-304(to)-304(Asiatic)-304(or)-304(world)-304(hegemony;)-331(they)-304(might)-304(even)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(equal)-436(the)-436(Japanese)-435(in)-436(audacity,)-482(and)-436(think)-436(of)-436(restoring)-436(the)-435(Japanese)-436(to)-436(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(position)-231(of)-231(Chinese)-231(vassals)-231(which)-231(they)-231(had)-231(enjoyed)-231(in)-231(the)-231(time)-231(of)-231(Yoshemitsu,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(third)-250(Ashikaga)-250(Shogun.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+968 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 969 0 R
+/Resources 967 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 971 0 R
+>> endobj
+970 0 obj <<
+/D [968 0 R /XYZ 265.778 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+967 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+974 0 obj <<
+/Length 4699
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(190The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(they)-348(might)-348(find)-349(individual)-348(friends)-348(among)-348(the)-349(Westerners,)-372(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-479(scarcely)-478(hope)-479(for)-479(a)-478(policy)-479(of)-479(the)-478(great)-479(powers)-478(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-334(actually)-333(foster)-334(the)-334(growth)-333(of)-334(the)-334(new)-333(national)-334(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(246)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Simultaneously,)-280(he)-274(found)-275(his)-274(advocacy)-274(of)-274(a)-274(nationalist)-274(program)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(receiving)-309(unexpected)-309(support)-309(from)-309(the)-309(Soviet)-309(Union.)-427(His)-308(early)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contacts)-194(with)-194(the)-194(Russians,)-205(who)-194(were)-194(the)-194(only)-194(foreigners)-193(actually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(willing)-389(to)-390(intervene)-389(in)-389(his)-389(behalf)-389(with)-390(shipments)-389(of)-389(arms)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(money,)-333(made)-317(him)-316(interested)-317(in)-316(the)-317(doctrines)-316(lying)-317(behind)-316(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(actions,)-251(so)-250(inconsistent)-251(with)-250(those)-251(of)-250(the)-251(other)-501(Western)-250(powers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([185])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(In)-364(the)-364(Communist)-364(support)-363(of)-364(his)-364(nationalism)-364(as)-364(a)-364(stage)-364(in)-363(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(struggle)-250(against)-251(imperialism,)-250(he)-251(found)-250(his)-250(third)-251(justification)-250(of)-250(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(return,)-250(with)-250(full)-250(emphasis,)-250(to)-250(the)-250(program)-250(of)-250(nationalism.)]TJ 11.956 -18.621 Td [(Hence,)-564(at)-502(the)-502(time)-501(that)-502(he)-502(delivered)-501(his)-502(sixteen)-501(lectures,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(which)-451(represent)-452(the)-451(final)-451(and)-451(most)-452(authoritative)-451(stage)-451(of)-451(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principles,)-484(and)-438(the)-437(one)-438(with)-437(which)-438(the)-437(present)-438(work)-437(is)-437(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concerned,)-326(he)-312(had)-311(returned)-311(to)-311(an)-311(advocacy)-311(of)-311(nationalism)-311(after)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-373(temporary)-373(hope)-373(that)-373(enough)-373(work)-373(had)-373(been)-373(done)-373(along)-372(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(line.)-823(In)-441(expelling)-441(the)-441(alien)-441(Manchu)-441(rulers)-441(of)-441(China,)-488(he)-441(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hoped)-275(that)-274(the)-275(old)-275(Chinese)-275(nationalism)-274(might)-275(revive,)-281(as)-275(soon)-274(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-284(was)-285(free)-284(of)-284(the)-284(police)-284(restrictions)-285(had)-284(placed)-284(on)-284(race-national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(propaganda)-253(by)-253(the)-252(Empire.)-259(He)-253(had)-252(found)-253(that)-253(this)-253(suspension)-252(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-334(nationalist)-335(campaign)-334(was)-334(premature)-335(because)-334(nationalism)-334(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-345(firmly)-346(entrenched)-345(itself)-345(in)-345(the)-346(Chinese)-345(social)-345(mind.)-536(In)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(first)-405(place,)-444(state)-406(allegiance)-405(was)-405(weak;)-483(usurpers,)-444(dictators)-405(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(military)-207(commandants)-207(strode)-207(about)-207(the)-207(Chinese)-207(countryside)-206(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(personal)-255(armies)-256(at)-255(their)-256(heels.)-266(Secondly,)-257(the)-255(foreign)-256(powers,)-256(out)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-283(respect)-283(to)-283(whom,)-291(perhaps,)-291(a)-283(vigorous)-283(patriotic)-283(campaign)-282(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-307(been)-308(carried)-307(out,)-322(did)-307(not)-307(show)-308(themselves)-307(anxious)-307(to)-307(assist)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 26.062 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(at)-248(least,)-248(not)-248(as)-247(anxious)-248(as)-248(Sun)-247(Yat-sen)-248(expected)-248(them)-247(to)]TJ -36.971 -13.549 Td [(be.)-585(Third,)-390(the)-361(inspiration)-362(offered)-362(by)-361(a)-362(power)-362(which,)-389(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(temporarily)-389(submerged,)-424(had)-389(recently)-389(been)-389(counted)-389(among)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(great)-225(powers)-226(of)-225(the)-226(world,)-230(and)-226(which)-225(had)-226(rejected)-225(the)-225(aggressive)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(246)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(115-116.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+973 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 974 0 R
+/Resources 972 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 971 0 R
+>> endobj
+975 0 obj <<
+/D [973 0 R /XYZ 298.125 409.782 null]
+>> endobj
+972 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+978 0 obj <<
+/Length 5194
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Political)-250(Nationalism)-250(for)-250(National)-250(Autonomy.)-5863(191)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(policy)-271(which)-271(the)-271(rest)-271(of)-271(the)-271(Western)-271(nations,)-276(to)-271(a)-271(greater)-271(or)-271(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(degree,)-317(pursued)-304(in)-303(the)-304(Far)-303(East,)-317(was)-304(sufficient)-303(to)-304(convince)-303(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-424(of)-424(the)-424(justice)-425(of)-424(the)-424(doctrines)-424(of)-424(that)-424(power.)-772(Soviet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Russia)-211(did)-211(not)-212(stop)-211(with)-211(words;)-224(it)-212(offered)-211(to)-211(associate)-211(with)-211(China)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(as)-251(an)-250(equal,)-251(and)-250(the)-251(Soviet)-251(representative)-250(in)-251(Peking)-250(was)-251(the)-250(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diplomat)-250(to)-250(be)-250(given)-250(the)-250(title)-250(of)-250(ambassador)-250(to)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -14.544 Td [(The)-416(sharpening)-416(of)-415(the)-416(nationalist)-416(policy)-416(into)-416(a)-416(program)-415(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(anti-imperialism)-434(seems)-434(to)-434(have)-434(been)-434(the)-434(direct)-434(result)-434(of)-867(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([186])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(Communist)-350(teachings,)-375(one)-350(of)-350(the)-350(conspicuous)-350(contributions)-350(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-198(Marxians)-197(to)-198(the)-197(programmatic)-198(part)-198(of)-197(the)-198(theories)-197(of)-198(Sun)-197(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen.)-231(As)-193(earlier)-193(stated,)-204(their)-193(ideology)-192(influenced)-193(his)-193(almost)-193(not)-192(all.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Their)-185(programs,)-198(on)-185(the)-186(other)-185(hand,)-198(were)-185(such)-185(an)-185(inspiration)-185(to)-185(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-247(nationalists)-248(that)-247(the)-248(latter)-247(had)-247(no)-248(hesitation)-247(in)-247(accepting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them.)-585(Hu)-362(Han-min,)-390(one)-361(of)-362(the)-362(moderate)-362(Kuomintang)-361(leaders,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-167(would)-167(certainly)-167(not)-167(go)-166(out)-167(of)-167(his)-167(way)-167(to)-167(give)-167(the)-166(Communists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(credit)-299(which)-298(they)-299(did)-299(not)-299(deserve,)-310(stated)-299(unequivocally)-299(that)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-323(did)-322(not)-323(have)-322(the)-323(slogan,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.484 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Down)-323(with)-322(Imperialism!)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 109.452 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.363 0 Td [(in)]TJ -272.143 -13.549 Td [(the)-270(1911)-269(revolution,)-274(and)-270(gave)-269(much)-270(credit)-269(to)-270(the)-269(Bolsheviks)-269(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-250(anti-imperialist)-250(lesson)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 187.265 3.958 Td [(247)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -175.309 -18.503 Td [(In)-405(describing)-406(the)-405(political)-406(aggression)-405(of)-406(the)-405(Western)-405(states)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(upon)-456(the)-456(Chinese)-456(society,)-507(Sun)-456(Yat-sen)-456(began)-456(by)-456(contrasting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(nature)-340(of)-341(the)-340(inter-state)-340(vassalage)-341(which)-340(the)-341(peripheral)-340(Far)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Eastern)-362(states)-362(had)-362(once)-361(owed)-362(to)-362(the)-362(Chinese)-362(core-society.)-585(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stated)-519(that)-519(the)-519(Chinese)-519(did)-519(not)-519(practise)-519(aggression)-519(on)-519(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(neighbors,)-448(and)-409(that)-409(the)-409(submission)-408(of)-409(the)-409(neighboring)-408(realms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-240(a)-240(submission)-239(based)-240(on)-240(respect)-240(and)-240(not)-239(on)-240(compulsion.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 258.029 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(If)-240(at)]TJ -262.873 -13.549 Td [(that)-309(time)-308(all)-309(small)-308(states)-309(of)-308(Malaysia)-308(wanted)-309(to)-308(pay)-309(tribute)-308(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(adopt)-402(Chinese)-402(customs,)-441(it)-402(was)-402(because)-402(they)-402(admired)-402(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilization)-500(and)-501(spontaneously)-500(wished)-501(to)-500(submit)-500(themselves;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-563(was)-563(not)-563(because)-563(China)-563(oppressed)-563(them)-563(through)-563(military)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(force.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 25.135 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(248)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.772 -3.959 Td [(Even)-304(the)-305(position)-304(of)-304(the)-304(Philippines,)-318(which)-304(Sun)-305(Yat-)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.842 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 92.03 Td [(247)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hu)-250(Han-min,)-250(cited)-250(in)-250(Tsui,)-250(work)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(118,)-250(n.)-250(63.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(248)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-453(translation,)-504(cited,)-504(p.)-859(152.)-859(For)-453(a)-453(full)-453(discussion)-453(of)-453(this)-453(curious)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(relationship)-255(between)-254(China)-255(and)-255(her)-255(vassal)-254(states,)-256(see)-255(Djang)-255(Chu)-254(\050Chang)-255(Tso\051,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+977 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 978 0 R
+/Resources 976 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 971 0 R
+>> endobj
+979 0 obj <<
+/D [977 0 R /XYZ 309.336 422.336 null]
+>> endobj
+976 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+982 0 obj <<
+/Length 5012
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(192The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(sen)-316(thought)-315(a)-316(very)-316(profitable)-316(and)-315(pleasant)-316(one)-316(under)-315(American)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rule,)-267(was)-264(not)-263(satisfactory)-264(to)-263(the)-264(Filipinos)-263(of)-264(modern)-264(times,)-266(who,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unlike)-497(the)-498(citizens)-497(of)-498(the)-995(vassal)-497(states)-497(of)-498(old)-497(China,)-559(were)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([187])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(dissatisfied)-250(with)-250(their)-250(subordinate)-250(positions.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 192.425 3.958 Td [(249)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -180.469 -68.662 Td [(He)-481(pointed)-482(out)-481(that)-482(this)-481(benevolent)-482(Chinese)-481(position)-481(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(destroyed)-208(as)-208(the)-208(West)-207(appeared)-208(and)-208(annexed)-208(these)-208(various)-207(states,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-327(the)-327(exception)-326(of)-327(Siam.)-481(He)-326(then)-327(emphasized)-327(that)-327(this)-326(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-291(been)-291(done)-291(in)-291(the)-291(past)-291(with)-291(a)-291(view)-291(to)-291(the)-291(division)-290(of)-291(China)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 294.43 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F19 8.9664 Tf 93.543 285.481 Td [(The)-227(Chinese)-228(Suzerainty)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 84.271 0 Td [(,)-232(Johns)-227(Hopkins)-227(University)-227(doctoral)-228(dissertation,)-232(1935.)]TJ -84.271 -10.959 Td [(The)-219(submission)-219(to)-218(China)-219(was,)-225(among)-219(other)-218(things,)-225(a)-219(means)-219(by)-219(which)-218(the)-219(rulers)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-235(the)-235(peripheral)-234(states)-235(could)-235(get)-234(themselves)-235(recognized)-235(by)-235(an)-234(authority)-235(higher)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(than)-250(themselves,)-250(thus)-250(legitimizing)-250(their)-250(position.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(249)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-514(translation,)-580(cited,)-580(p.)-1043(153.)-1042(Sun)-514(Yat-sen)-514(seems)-514(to)-514(have)-515(had)-514(a)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(high)-333(opinion)-334(of)-333(the)-334(American)-333(administration)-333(of)-334(the)-333(Philippines,)-354(saying:)-417(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(United)-269(States)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 50.658 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(...)-308(even)-269(allows)-270(the)-269(Filipinos)-269(to)-270(send)-269(delegations)-270(to)-269(Congress)-269(in)]TJ -54.639 -10.959 Td [(Washington.)-225(Not)-176(only)-177(does)-176(the)-176(United)-176(States)-176(require)-176(no)-176(annual)-176(tribute)-176(in)-176(money)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(from)-257(them,)-258(but,)-258(on)-257(the)-257(contrary,)-258(she)-256(gives)-257(the)-257(Filipinos)-256(considerable)-257(subsidies)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-243(build)-243(and)-243(maintain)-243(their)-242(roads)-243(and)-243(to)-243(promote)-243(education.)-247(It)-243(seems)-243(as)-243(though)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(so)-394(humanitarian)-395(a)-394(treatment)-394(would)-395(be)-394(regarded)-394(as)-394(the)-395(utmost)-394(benevolence.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Still,)-248(until)-247(the)-247(present)-247(day,)-248(the)-247(Filipinos)-247(do)-247(not)-247(boast)-247(of)-247(being)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 221.873 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.986 0 Td [(Americanized)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 50.293 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 2.985 0 Td [(;)]TJ -278.137 -10.959 Td [(they)-319(are)-319(daily)-319(clamoring)-320(for)-319(independence)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 154.739 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.842 0 Td [(\050d'Elia)-319(translation,)-337(p.)-457(153\051.)-457(This)]TJ -161.581 -10.959 Td [(statement)-359(is)-358(interesting)-359(in)-358(two)-359(connections.)-576(In)-358(the)-359(first)-359(place,)-385(although)-359(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen)-359(had)-358(once)-358(thought)-359(of)-358(sending)-359(men,)-386(money,)-385(or)-359(munitions)-358(to)-359(help)-358(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Filipino)-242(nationalists)-242(in)-241(their)-242(struggles)-242(against)-242(the)-241(Americans,)-244(he)-242(seems)-241(to)-242(have)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(conceived)-216(a)-217(warm)-216(admiration)-217(for)-216(the)-216(American)-217(administration)-216(in)-217(those)-216(islands.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Secondly,)-296(the)-287(reader)-287(may)-287(consider)-287(that)-287(Sun)-286(Yat-sen,)-297(at)-286(the)-287(time)-287(that)-287(he)-287(made)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(this)-217(comment,)-224(was)-217(in)-217(the)-218(course)-217(of)-217(attacking)-217(imperialism.)-239(If)-218(Sun)-217(Yat-sen)-217(could)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(offer)-254(so)-254(enthusiastic)-255(an)-254(apology)-254(for)-254(the)-254(Americans)-254(in)-255(the)-254(Philippines,)-255(it)-254(shows)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-297(he)-296(must)-297(have)-296(let)-297(the)-296(abstract)-297(principle)-296(ride,)-308(and)-297(judged)-296(only)-297(on)-297(the)-296(basis)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+981 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 982 0 R
+/Resources 980 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 971 0 R
+>> endobj
+983 0 obj <<
+/D [981 0 R /XYZ 217.024 491.077 null]
+>> endobj
+980 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+986 0 obj <<
+/Length 5564
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Political)-250(Nationalism)-250(for)-250(National)-250(Autonomy.)-5863(193)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(between)-250(the)-250(various)-250(great)-250(powers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 148.746 3.959 Td [(250)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -136.79 -20.015 Td [(This)-336(partitioning)-337(had)-336(been)-336(retarded,)-358(but)-337(the)-336(danger)-336(was)-337(stil)1(l)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(present.)-570(The)-356(Chinese)-357(revolution)-357(of)-356(1911)-357(may)-356(have)-357(shown)-356(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers)-250(that)-250(there)-250(was)-250(some)-250(nationalism)-250(still)-250(left)-250(in)-250(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.32 3.959 Td [(251)]TJ 37.704 -3.959 Td [([188])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -16.056 Td [(The)-394(military)-395(danger)-394(was)-395(tremendous.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 176.451 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Political)-394(power)-395(can)]TJ -193.25 -13.549 Td [(exterminate)-404(a)-405(nation)-404(in)-404(a)-404(morning's)-405(time.)-713(China)-404(who)-404(is)-404(now)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(suffering)-420(through)-420(the)-421(political)-420(oppression)-420(of)-421(the)-420(powers)-420(is)-420(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(danger)-370(of)-370(perishing)-370(at)-370(any)-370(moment.)-611(She)-370(is)-370(not)-370(safe)-370(from)-370(one)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(day)-240(to)-239(the)-240(other.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 70.558 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(252)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.067 -3.959 Td [(Japan)-240(could)-239(conquer)-240(China)-240(in)-239(ten)-240(days.)-246(The)]TJ -90.469 -13.549 Td [(United)-401(States)-400(could)-401(do)-401(it)-400(in)-401(one)-401(month.)-702(England)-401(would)-400(take)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(two)-324(months)-323(at)-324(the)-324(most,)-342(as)-324(would)-324(France.)-471(The)-324(reason)-324(why)-323(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers)-256(did)-256(not)-256(settle)-256(the)-256(Chinese)-256(question)-256(by)-256(t)1(aking)-256(the)-256(country)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-222(because)-222(of)-222(their)-222(mutual)-222(distrust;)-231(it)-222(was)-222(not)-222(due)-222(to)-222(any)-222(fear)-222(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China.)-432(No)-311(one)-310(country)-311(would)-311(start)-311(forth)-310(on)-311(such)-311(an)-310(adventure,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(lest)-374(it)-374(become)-375(involved)-374(with)-374(the)-374(others)-374(and)-375(start)-374(a)-374(new)-374(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 19.08 3.959 Td [(253)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.125 -20.015 Td [(If)-380(this)-379(were)-380(the)-379(case,)-412(the)-380(danger)-380(from)-379(diplomacy)-380(would)-379(be)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(greater)-355(even)-355(than)-354(that)-355(of)-355(war.)-564(A)-355(nation)-355(could)-355(be)-354(extinguished)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-423(the)-423(stroke)-423(of)-423(a)-423(pen.)-770(The)-423(Chinese)-423(had)-423(no)-423(reason)-423(to)-423(pride)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(themselves)-264(on)-263(their)-264(possible)-263(military)-264(power,)-267(their)-263(diplomacy,)-267(or)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 240.327 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 231.503 Td [(of)-270(his)-269(own)-270(observation.)-308(To)-270(the)-269(orthodox)-270(Communist)-269(the)-270(American)-269(rule)-270(of)-269(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Philippines)-253(is)-252(peculiarly)-253(wicked)-252(because)-253(of)-252(the)-253(American)-252(denial)-253(of)-252(imperialist)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(practises.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(250)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Some)-363(of)-363(the)-363(older)-363(books)-363(on)-363(China)-363(give)-363(interesting)-363(maps)-363(of)-363(that)-363(country)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(divided)-278(up)-277(into)-278(spheres)-278(of)-277(influence)-278(between)-278(the)-277(various)-278(powers.)-333(It)-277(was)-278(quite)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fashionable)-236(among)-235(journalists)-236(to)-235(sketch)-236(the)-236(various)-235(Chinese)-236(possessions)-235(of)-236(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(great)-388(powers;)-456(the)-388(powers)-388(never)-388(got)-388(around)-387(to)-388(the)-388(partition.)-663(The)-388(American)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(declaration)-290(of)-289(the)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 66.055 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Open)-290(Door)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 40.444 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.578 0 Td [(may)-290(have)-289(had)-290(something)-289(to)-290(do)-290(with)-289(this,)-300(and)]TJ -117.058 -10.958 Td [(the)-359(British)-359(enunciation)-358(of)-359(the)-359(same)-359(doctrine)-358(probably)-359(carried)-359(weight.)-576(For)-359(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(time,)-215(however,)-215(the)-207(Europeans)-206(seemed)-206(quite)-207(convinced)-206(of)-206(the)-207(almost)-206(immediate)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(break-up)-318(of)-318(China)-318(into)-319(three)-318(or)-318(four)-318(big)-318(colonies.)-455(Lord)-318(Charles)-318(Beresford,)-335(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(prominent)-318(English)-319(peer,)-335(wrote)-318(a)-318(work)-319(which)-318(was)-318(extremely)-318(popular;)-353(its)-318(title)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(was)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 16.185 0 Td [(The)-250(Break-Up)-250(of)-250(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 86.669 0 Td [(\050London,)-250(1899\051.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -102.604 -7.394 Td [(251)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(93.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.395 Td [(252)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(165.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.394 Td [(253)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(165-170.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+985 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 986 0 R
+/Resources 984 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 971 0 R
+>> endobj
+987 0 obj <<
+/D [985 0 R /XYZ 46.771 472.654 null]
+>> endobj
+984 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+990 0 obj <<
+/Length 4462
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(194The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(their)-234(present)-234(independence.)-244(Their)-234(military)-234(power)-234(was)-233(practically)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nil.)-962(Their)-488(diplomacy)-487(amounted)-488(to)-487(nothing.)-962(It)-488(was)-487(not)-487(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-383(but)-382(the)-383(aggressors)-382(themselves)-383(that)-382(had)-383(brought)-382(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-199(long-enduring)-198(stalemate)-199(with)-198(respect)-199(to)-198(the)-199(Chinese)-198(question.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(The)-340(Washington)-339(Conference)-340(was)-340(an)-339(attempt)-340(on)-340(the)-339(part)-340(of)-339(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreigners)-217(to)-216(apportion)-217(their)-216(rights)-216(and)-217(interests)-216(in)-217(China)-216(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fighting.)-825(This)-441(made)-442(possible)-441(the)-442(reduction)-441(of)-442(armaments.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(254)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(The)-263(present)-263(position)-263(of)-263(China)-263(was)-263(not)-263(one)-263(in)-263(which)-263(the)-263(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-307(take)-307(pride.)-420(It)-307(was)-307(humiliating.)-421(China,)-321(because)-307(it)-307(was)-306(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-337(colony)-336(of)-337(one)-336(great)-337(power,)-358(was)-336(the)-337(sub-colony)-336(of)-337(all.)-509(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-400(were)-399(not)-400(even)-399(on)-400(a)-400(par)-399(with)-400(the)-399(colonial)-400(subjects)-399(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-250(countries.)]TJ 11.956 -17.075 Td [(The)-391(shameful)-391(and)-392(dangerous)-391(position)-391(thus)-391(outlined)-391(by)-391(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(could)-273(be)-273(remedied)-272(only)-273(by)-273(the)-272(development)-273(of)-546(nationalism)-272(and)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([189])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(carrying-on)-250(of)-250(the)-250(struggle)-250(against)-250(imperialism.)]TJ 11.956 -17.075 Td [(Anti-imperialism)-669(was)-669(the)-669(fruit)-669(of)-669(his)-669(contact)-669(with)-669(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Bolsheviks.)-929(His)-476(nationalism)-477(had)-476(approached)-476(their)-476(programs)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-443(national)-442(liberation,)-491(but)-443(the)-442(precise)-443(verbal)-443(formulation)-442(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-445(been)-445(adopted)-445(until)-445(he)-445(came)-445(in)-445(contact)-445(with)-445(the)-445(Marxian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dialecticians)-449(of)-448(the)-449(Third)-448(International.)-846(His)-448(anti-imperialism)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(differed)-520(from)-521(theirs)-520(in)-520(several)-520(important)-520(respects.)-1061(He)-520(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opposed)-439(to)-440(political)-439(intervention)-440(for)-439(economic)-439(purposes;)-534(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-410(imperialism,)-450(and)-409(unjust.)-730(The)-410(economic)-410(consequences)-409(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-296(intervention)-296(were)-295(no)-296(better)-296(than)-296(the)-296(intervention)-295(itself.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nevertheless,)-439(at)-401(no)-401(time)-401(did)-401(he)-401(offer)-401(an)-400(unqualified)-401(rejection)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-445(capitalism.)-837(He)-445(sought)-446(loans)-445(for)-446(China,)-494(and)-445(distinguished)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-395(capital)-394(which)-395(came)-394(to)-395(China)-395(in)-394(such)-395(a)-394(manner)-395(as)-394(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profit)-369(the)-369(Chinese)-369(as)-369(well)-369(as)-369(its)-369(owners,)-399(and)-369(that)-369(which)-369(came)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(solely)-473(to)-472(profit)-473(the)-473(capitalists)-472(advancing)-473(it,)-528(to)-473(the)-472(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disadvantage)-258(of)-258(the)-258(Chinese.)-274(In)-258(his)-258(ideology,)-260(Sun)-258(Yat-sen)-257(never)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(appears)-229(to)-228(have)-229(accepted)-229(the)-228(Marxian)-229(thesis)-229(of)-228(the)-229(inevitable)-228(fall)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-236(capitalism,)-239(nor)-237(does)-236(he)-236(seem)-236(to)-237(have)-236(thought)-236(that)-236(imperialism)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.847 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(254)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(170.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+989 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 990 0 R
+/Resources 988 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 971 0 R
+>> endobj
+991 0 obj <<
+/D [989 0 R /XYZ 301.557 338.51 null]
+>> endobj
+988 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+994 0 obj <<
+/Length 4627
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Political)-250(Nationalism)-250(for)-250(National)-250(Autonomy.)-5863(195)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-250(a)-250(necessary)-250(and)-250(final)-250(stage)-250(in)-250(the)-250(history)-250(of)-250(capitalism.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(In)-164(short,)-181(his)-164(program)-164(of)-164(anti-imperialism)-164(and)-164(the)-164(foreign)-164(policy)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-375(Chinese)-375(political)-375(nationalism,)-407(seem)-375(to)-375(be)-375(quite)-375(comparable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-290(the)-290(policy)-290(held)-289(by)-290(the)-290(Soviets,)-300(apart)-290(from)-290(those)-290(attitudes)-289(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(activities)-411(which)-411(their)-412(peculiar)-411(ideology)-411(imposed.)-733(In)-411(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(matters,)-342(in)-324(affairs)-324(and)-324(actions)-323(which)-324(he)-324(could)-324(observe)-324(with)-323(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(own)-299(eyes,)-311(Sun)-298(Yat-sen)-299(was)-299(in)-298(accord)-299(with)-299(the)-298(anti-imperialism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-589(Soviet)-588(Russia)-589(and)-588(of)-589(his)-589(Communist)-588(advisers.)-1266(In)-588(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(deeper)-452(implications)-452(of)-452(anti-imperialism)-452(and)-452(in)-452(the)-452(pattern)-452(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-481(Marxian-Leninist)-480(ideology)-481(underlying)-480(it)-480(in)-481(the)-480(U.S.S.R.,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-417(showed)-418(little)-417(interest.)-752(Ideologically)-417(he)-417(remained)-417(Chinese;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(programmatically)-250(he)-250(was)-250(willing)-250(to)-250(learn)-250(from)-250(the)-250(Russians.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([190])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -15.185 Td [(The)-231(internal)-230(program)-231(of)-231(his)-231(nationalism)-230(was)-231(one)-231(which)-230(seems)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-188(have)-188(been)-188(influenced)-189(by)-188(the)-188(outlook)-188(developed)-188(by)-188(himself.)-229(His)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vigorous)-269(denunciation)-269(of)-269(Utopian)-269(cosmopolitanism)-269(prevents)-269(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(being)-278(considered)-278(an)-277(internationalist.)-334(He)-277(had,)-285(on)-278(the)-278(occasion)-277(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-251(institution)-250(of)-250(the)-251(first)-250(Republic,)-251(been)-251(in)-250(favor)-250(of)-251(the)-250(freedom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-412(nations)-412(even)-412(when)-411(that)-412(freedom)-412(might)-412(be)-412(exercised)-412(at)-411(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expense)-326(of)-325(the)-326(Chinese.)-477(The)-326(Republic)-325(might)-326(conceivably)-325(have)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(taken)-162(the)-162(attitude)-162(that)-163(it)-162(had)-162(fallen)-162(heir)-162(to)-162(the)-162(overlordship)-162(enjoyed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-243(the)-243(Manchu)-243(Empire,)-244(and)-243(consequently)-243(refused)-243(representation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-464(the)-464(Mongols,)-518(Manchus,)-517(Tibetans,)-518(and)-464(Mohammedans.)-892(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was,)-459(however,)-460(called)-417(the)-417(Republic)-418(of)-417(Chung)-418(Hua)-417(\050instead)-417(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-394(Republic)-394(of)-394(Han\051,)-430(and)-394(a)-394(five-striped)-394(flag,)-430(representing)-394(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(five)-379(constituent)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 73.105 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(races,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 25.134 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.975 0 Td [(was)-379(adopted.)-636(Sun)-378(Yat-sen)-379(later)-378(gave)]TJ -112.058 -13.549 Td [(a)-466(graphic)-467(description)-466(of)-466(the)-467(world-wide)-466(appeal)-466(of)-466(Woodrow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wilson's)-428(principle)-428(of)-428(national)-428(self-determination.)-784(He)-428(did)-428(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(think)-287(that)-287(the)-287(principle,)-296(once)-286(enunciated,)-297(could)-286(be)-287(recalled;)-305(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stated)-389(that)-390(the)-389(defeat)-390(of)-389(the)-389(minor)-390(and)-389(colonial)-390(nations)-389(at)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Versailles)-349(Conference,)-374(which)-349(drafted)-349(a)-349(very)-349(unjust)-350(treaty,)-373(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-250(instance)-250(of)-250(the)-250(deceitfulness)-250(of)-250(the)-250(great)-250(powers.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td [(His)-335(nationalism)-335(did)-335(not)-335(go)-335(so)-335(far)-335(as)-335(to)-335(permit)-335(his)-335(endorsing)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-238(entrance)-238(of)-238(the)-239(People's)-238(Republic)-238(of)-238(Outer)-238(Mongolia)-238(into)-238(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Soviet)-362(Union.)-584(This)-362(doctrine)-362(of)-361(nationalism)-362(as)-361(a)-362(correlative)-361(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+993 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 994 0 R
+/Resources 992 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 996 0 R
+>> endobj
+995 0 obj <<
+/D [993 0 R /XYZ 46.771 365.119 null]
+>> endobj
+992 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+999 0 obj <<
+/Length 4588
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(196The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(democratic)-301(national)-301(autonomy)-302(was)-301(his)-301(second)-301(principle,)-314(that)-301(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy;)-225(his)-213(first)-213(principle,)-220(that)-213(of)-212(race-nationalism,)-221(had)-212(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(implications)-309(for)-308(the)-309(destiny)-309(of)-308(Mongolia.)-426(His)-309(positive)-308(program)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-347(nationalism)-347(was)-347(dedicated,)-372(in)-347(its)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.275 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(political)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 35.76 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.63 0 Td [(exercise,)-371(to)-347(the)]TJ -212.509 -13.55 Td [(throwing-off)-322(of)-322(the)-322(imperialist)-321(bondage)-322(and)-322(the)-322(exercise)-322(of)-321(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(self-rule)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(It)-441(is)-441(only)-441(if)-441(one)-441(realizes)-441(that)-441(these)-441(three)-441(sub-principles)-441(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(nationalism)-348(were)-348(re-emphases)-349(of)-348(the)-348(three)-348(principles)-348(that)-348(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(position)-294(in)-294(the)-294(theory)-293(of)-294(the)-294(nationalist)-294(program)-294(becomes)-293(clear.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Nationalism)-255(was)-255(to)-255(clear)-256(the)-255(way)-255(for)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 166.472 0 Td [(min)-255(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.381 0 Td [(by)-255(resisting)-255(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -286.608 0 Td [([191])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(Western)-254(economic)-254(oppression)-254(of)-254(the)-254(Chinese,)-255(and)-254(thus)-254(allowing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-437(Chinese)-436(to)-437(enrich)-436(themselves.)-810(Nationalism)-436(was)-437(to)-436(strike)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(down)-299(the)-299(political)-300(oppression)-299(of)-299(imperialism)-299(by)-299(eradicating)-299(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-367(holds)-367(of)-366(the)-367(West)-367(upon)-367(China,)-396(and)-367(thus)-367(allowing)-366(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-477(people)-477(to)-476(rule)-477(itself.)-931(So)-476(long)-477(as)-477(China)-477(was)-477(at)-476(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(mercy)-295(of)-295(Western)-294(power,)-306(any)-295(self-government)-295(that)-295(the)-294(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-423(attempt)-423(would)-423(have)-423(to)-423(be)-423(essayed)-423(at)-423(the)-423(sufferance)-422(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-381(aggressors.)-641(Finally,)-414(nationalism)-380(was)-381(to)-380(reinforce)-381(itself)-380(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-366(application)-365(of)-366(race-nationalism)-366(to)-365(race-kinship;)-424(China)-365(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-379(only)-379(to)-379(be)-380(self-ruling)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 114.115 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(it)-379(was)-379(to)-379(help)-380(the)-379(other)-379(nations)-379(of)]TJ -125.024 -13.55 Td [(Asia)-414(restore)-414(their)-414(autonomy)-414(and)-414(shield)-414(them)-414(with)-414(its)-414(tutelary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(benevolence.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(When)-531(one)-530(considers)-531(that)-530(to)-531(Sun)-530(Yat-sen)-531(democracy)-530(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(autonomy)-240(are)-240(inextricably)-241(associated,)-242(the)-240(full)-240(significance)-240(of)-240(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stressing)-420(nationalism)-420(as)-420(a)-421(means)-420(to)-420(democracy)-420(appears.)-760(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-434(people)-434(could)-434(not)-434(rule)-434(themselves)-434(if)-434(they)-434(were)-434(to)-433(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intimidated)-336(by)-337(the)-336(Western)-337(powers)-336(and)-336(Japan.)-510(They)-336(could)-336(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(rule)-260(themselves)-260(completely)-260(if)-260(large)-260(portions)-260(of)-260(them)-260(were)-260(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alien)-397(jurisdiction)-397(in)-397(the)-396(treaty)-397(ports.)-691(These)-397(forms)-397(of)-396(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(oppression)-217(were)-218(wounds)-217(in)-217(the)-217(body)-218(of)-217(Chinese)-217(society.)-239(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalism,)-256(associated)-254(with)-255(democracy,)-256(required)-254(that)-255(the)-254(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-408(people)-408(be)-409(associated)-408(in)-408(one)-408(race-nation)-408(and)-408(that)-408(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(race-nation)-383(rule)-383(itself)-383(through)-383(the)-383(mechanism)-383(of)-383(a)-382(democratic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(state.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+998 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 999 0 R
+/Resources 997 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 996 0 R
+>> endobj
+1000 0 obj <<
+/D [998 0 R /XYZ 257.232 393.778 null]
+>> endobj
+997 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1001 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index40) >>
+endobj
+1004 0 obj
+(The Class War of the Nations.)
+endobj
+1007 0 obj <<
+/Length 4028
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Class)-250(War)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nations.)-12115(197)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Here)-245(the)-245(code)-245(of)-246(values)-245(imposed)-245(by)-245(Sun)-245(Yat-sen's)-245(thinking)-245(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(terms)-326(of)-325(the)-326(old)-326(ideology)-325(becomes)-326(apparent.)-477(The)-325(development)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-307(nationalism)-308(in)-307(China,)-322(while)-307(it)-307(threatened)-308(no)-307(one)-307(outside)-307(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sought)-422(only)-421(for)-422(the)-422(justification)-422(of)-421(China's)-422(interests)-422(at)-421(home,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-413(an)-412(accentuation)-413(of)-412(the)-413(exist)1(ence)-413(of)-412(the)-413(race-nation.)-737(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race-nation,)-244(freeing)-243(itself)-243(\050political)-242(nationalism\051)-243(and)-243(ruling)-242(itself)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050democracy\051,)-535(was)-479(to)-478(become)-478(more)-479(conscious)-478(of)-478(itself.)-935(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(implicitly)-355(denied)-355(the)-355(immediate)-355(necessity)-355(for)-355(a)-355(general)-354(world-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(authority;)-1023(perhaps)-424(he)-424(did)-424(so)-424(because)-425(he)-424(realized)-424(that)-424(in)-424(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([192])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(present)-358(world,)-385(any)-358(supreme)-358(authority)-358(would)-358(be)-358(predominantly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western.)-530(The)-344(Chinese)-343(race-nation,)-367(once)-344(politically)-343(free,)-367(had)-343(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(definite)-390(duty)-389(to)-390(perform)-389(on)-390(behalf)-389(of)-390(its)-389(peripheral)-390(states)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-293(behalf)-294(of)-293(the)-293(suppressed)-293(states)-294(of)-293(the)-293(whole)-293(world.)-380(The)-293(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(demand,)-366(however,)-365(was)-343(for)-342(the)-342(freedom)-343(of)-342(China;)-389(others)-342(could)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-250(be)-250(helped)-250(by)-250(China)-250(until)-250(China)-250(herself)-250(was)-250(free.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-495(political)-495(application)-495(of)-495(nationalism)-495(envisaged)-495(\0501\051)-494(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(elimination)-278(of)-278(existing)-279(foreign)-278(political)-278(control)-278(\050imperialism\051)-278(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China;)-212(\0502\051)-194(the)-193(strengthening)-193(of)-194(the)-193(country)-194(to)-193(such)-193(a)-194(degree)-193(that)-193(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-248(no)-247(longer)-248(be)-248(a)-248(hypo-colony)-247(or)-248(sub-colony,)-248(and)-248(would)-247(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(have)-206(to)-207(live)-206(under)-206(the)-206(constant)-207(threat)-206(of)-206(invasion)-206(or)-207(partition;)-220(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\0503\051)-248(the)-248(resulting)-248(free)-249(exercise)-248(of)-248(self-rule)-248(by)-248(the)-248(Chinese)-248(people,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-409(a)-409(nationalist)-410(democracy,)-449(so)-409(arranged)-409(that)-409(self-rule)-409(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-329(did)-329(not)-328(conflict)-329(with)-329(the)-329(equal)-328(right)-329(of)-329(self-rule)-329(of)-328(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peoples)-250(but,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(contrary,)-250(helped)-250(them.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -57.312 Td [(The)-250(Class)-250(War)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nations.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -28.893 Td [(Now)-440(come)-440(to)-440(a)-440(consideration)-440(of)-440(the)-440(second)-440(part)-440(of)-440(the)-440(sub-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(principle)-427(of)-427(political)-427(nationalism.)-781(This)-427(is)-427(the)-427(theory)-427(held)-427(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-540(concerning)-540(the)-540(class)-540(war)-539(of)-540(the)-540(nations.)-1120(It)-540(serves)-539(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(illustrate)-374(three)-373(points)-374(in)-373(Sun)-374(Yat-sen's)-373(thought:)-497(first,)-405(that)-373(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(never)-397(permitted)-396(a)-397(Western)-397(theory)-396(to)-397(disturb)-397(the)-396(fundamentals)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1006 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1007 0 R
+/Resources 1005 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 996 0 R
+>> endobj
+1008 0 obj <<
+/D [1006 0 R /XYZ 94.775 409.782 null]
+>> endobj
+1002 0 obj <<
+/D [1006 0 R /XYZ 46.771 182.713 null]
+>> endobj
+1005 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1011 0 obj <<
+/Length 5370
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(198The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-387(Chinese)-388(ideology)-387(as)-388(he)-387(wished)-388(to)-387(re-orient)-388(it;)-456(second,)-421(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-341(frequently)-341(took)-341(Western)-341(political)-341(theories)-341(which)-341(had)-341(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developed)-410(in)-411(connection)-410(with)-410(the)-411(relations)-410(of)-410(individuals)-410(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applied)-283(them)-284(to)-283(the)-284(relations)-283(of)-283(nations;)-301(and)-283(third,)-292(that)-283(Sun)-283(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(so)-313(much)-314(impressed)-313(with)-313(the)-314(cordiality)-313(and)-313(friendship)-313(proffered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-222(by)-223(the)-222(Communists)-223(that)-222(he)-222(sought)-223(to)-222(co\366perate)-223(with)-222(them)-222(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(far)-250(as)-250(his)-250(Chinese)-250(ideology)-250(permitted)-250(him.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 185.138 3.959 Td [(255)]TJ -257.893 -3.959 Td [([193])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -14.983 Td [(One)-533(notes)-533(that)-532(the)-533(question)-533(of)-533(distributive)-533(justice)-533(is)-532(not)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(as)-443(pressing)-443(in)-442(China)-443(as)-443(it)-442(is)-443(in)-443(the)-443(modern)-442(West.)-829(One)-442(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(observes)-345(that)-345(the)-345(old)-345(Chinese)-345(ideology)-345(was)-345(an)-345(ideology)-345(of)-344(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(totalitarian)-198(society,)-208(which)-197(rejected)-198(any)-198(higher)-197(allegiance)-198(of)-197(states)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-387(of)-386(classes.)-661(And)-386(one)-387(sees)-387(that)-386(Sun)-387(Yat-sen,)-421(in)-387(proposing)-386(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(democracy,)-231(suggested)-226(an)-225(ideology)-226(which)-226(would)-226(continue)-226(the)-225(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-188(thesis)-189(of)-188(eventual)-188(popular)-189(sovereignty)-188(as)-188(reconciled)-188(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(administration)-186(by)-187(an)-186(intellectually)-186(disciplined)-186(elite.)-229(Each)-186(of)-186(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-167(points)-168(prevented)-167(Sun)-168(from)-167(endorsing)-168(the)-167(intra-national)-167(class)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(struggle.)]TJ 11.956 -14.983 Td [(He)-296(regarded)-297(the)-296(class)-297(struggle,)-308(not)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 153.535 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)-296(do)-297(the)-296(Marxians)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 84.234 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)]TJ -271.543 -13.549 Td [(a)-744(feature)-744(of)-744(every)-744(kind)-744(of)-744(economically)-744(unequal)-744(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization,)-516(but)-463(as)-463(a)-462(pathological)-463(development)-463(to)-463(be)-462(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-405(disordered)-405(societies.)-716(He)-405(considered)-405(the)-405(Marxian)-405(teachings)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-456(this)-457(respect)-456(to)-456(be)-457(as)-456(different)-456(from)-457(really)-456(adequate)-456(social)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 219.313 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 212.417 Td [(255)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-391(Communists)-391(envision)-391(three)-391(types)-391(of)-391(conflict)-391(to)-391(be)-391(produced)-391(by)-391(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(contradictions)-238(of)-238(imperialism:)-245(intra-national)-238(class)-238(war,)-241(international)-238(class)-238(war,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-207(inter-imperialist)-207(war.)-236(The)-207(first)-207(is)-207(the)-207(struggle)-207(of)-207(the)-207(proletariat)-207(of)-207(the)-207(whole)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(world)-418(against)-417(the)-418(various)-418(national)-418(bourgeois)-417(governments;)-502(the)-417(second,)-460(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(struggle)-215(of)-215(the)-215(oppressed)-216(peoples,)-222(under)-215(revolutionary)-215(bourgeois)-215(or)-215(proletarian)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(leadership,)-354(against)-333(the)-333(oppressions)-333(of)-333(Western)-333(imperialism;)-374(and)-333(the)-333(last,)-354(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(conflict)-406(of)-406(the)-406(various)-406(imperialist)-406(powers)-406(with)-406(one)-406(another.)-718(Sun)-406(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(theory)-290(agreed)-290(definitely)-290(with)-290(the)-290(second)-290(point,)-300(the)-290(international)-290(class)-290(war;)-310(he)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(seems)-314(to)-314(have)-313(admitted)-314(the)-314(probability)-314(of)-313(class)-314(war)-314(within)-314(the)-314(nations)-313(of)-314(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(West,)-193(and)-178(of)-179(inter-imperialist)-178(war,)-193(but)-178(he)-178(did)-179(not)-178(draw)-179(the)-178(three)-178(types)-179(of)-178(conflict)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(together)-278(and)-277(because)-278(of)-278(them)-278(predicate)-277(an)-278(Armageddon)-278(and)-277(a)-278(millenium.)-333(His)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(flexible,)-348(pragmatic)-328(thought)-328(never)-328(ran)-329(to)-328(extremes;)-367(although)-328(he)-328(agreed,)-348(more)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or)-399(less)-399(distinctly,)-437(with)-399(the)-399(Bolshevik)-400(premises)-399(of)-399(the)-399(three)-400(conflicts)-399(of)-399(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(imperialist)-250(epoch,)-250(he)-250(did)-250(not)-250(follow)-250(them)-250(to)-250(their)-250(conclusion.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1010 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1011 0 R
+/Resources 1009 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 996 0 R
+>> endobj
+1012 0 obj <<
+/D [1010 0 R /XYZ 93.543 434.502 null]
+>> endobj
+1009 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1015 0 obj <<
+/Length 4803
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Class)-250(War)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nations.)-12115(199)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(doctrines)-379(as)-379(pathology)-379(is)-379(from)-379(physiology)-379(in)-379(medical)-379(science.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-202(mobility)-202(of)-203(the)-202(old)-202(Chinese)-202(society,)-212(combined)-202(with)-202(the)-202(drags)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(imposed)-424(by)-423(family,)-467(village,)-467(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 151.314 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(,)-467(had)-423(resulted)-424(in)-423(a)-424(social)]TJ -165.256 -13.549 Td [(order)-372(which)-372(by)-372(and)-371(large)-372(was)-372(remarkably)-372(just.)-616(By)-371(presenting)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-311(principle)-310(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 71.366 0 Td [(min)-311(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.592 0 Td [(as)-311(a)-310(cardinal)-311(point)-310(in)-311(an)-311(ideology)-310(to)]TJ -119.958 -13.549 Td [(be)-386(made)-385(up)-386(of)-385(old)-386(Chinese)-386(morality,)-419(old)-386(Chinese)-385(knowledge,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-329(Western)-330(science,)-349(he)-329(hoped)-329(to)-329(avoid)-330(the)-329(evils)-329(of)-329(capitalism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-382(the)-382(course)-382(of)-382(ethically)-382(sound)-382(enrichment,)-415(development)-382(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(arrangement)-250(of)-250(China's)-250(economy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([194])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -17.078 Td [(At)-663(the)-663(same)-664(time)-663(Sun)-663(was)-663(faced)-664(with)-663(the)-663(spectre)-663(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(imperialism,)-348(and)-329(had)-329(to)-328(recognize)-329(that)-329(this)-328(unjust)-329(but)-328(effective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(alliance)-390(of)-389(economic)-390(exploitation)-390(and)-389(political)-390(subjection)-389(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-359(irreconcilable)-359(enemy)-359(to)-360(Chinese)-359(national)-359(freedom.)-577(He)-359(saw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-471(Russia)-470(an)-470(ally,)-526(and)-471(did)-470(not)-471(see)-470(it)-471(figuratively.)-911(Years)-470(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disappointment)-562(had)-562(taught)-562(him)-562(that)-562(altruism)-562(is)-562(rare)-562(in)-562(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(international)-492(financial)-491(relations)-492(of)-491(the)-491(modern)-492(world.)-974(After)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seeking)-467(everywhere)-467(else,)-522(he)-467(found)-467(the)-468(Russians,)-521(as)-467(it)-467(were,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-355(his)-354(door-step)-355(offering)-354(him)-355(help.)-563(This)-355(convinced)-354(him)-355(as)-354(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-283(could)-282(have.)-349(He)-282(regarded)-283(Russia)-283(as)-283(a)-282(new)-283(kind)-283(of)-282(power,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-462(ascribed)-462(the)-462(general)-461(hatred)-462(for)-462(the)-462(Soviet)-462(to)-462(their)-461(stand)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-368(capitalism)-368(and)-368(imperialism:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.998 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Then)-368(all)-368(the)-367(countries)-368(of)]TJ -168.842 -13.55 Td [(the)-295(world)-294(grew)-295(afraid)-294(of)-295(Russia.)-384(This)-294(fear)-295(of)-294(Russia,)-306(which)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(different)-299(countries)-299(entertain)-299(at)-299(present,)-311(is)-299(more)-299(terrible)-299(than)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fear)-367(they)-368(formerly)-367(held,)-397(because)-367(this)-367(policy)-368(of)-367(peace)-367(not)-367(only)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(overthrew)-251(the)-251(Russian)-250(imperialism,)-251(but)-251(\050purposed\051)-251(to)-250(overthrow)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(also)-445(imperialism)-444(in)-445(the)-444(\050whole)-445(world\051.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 177.873 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(256)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.304 -3.958 Td [(This)-445(fight)-444(against)]TJ -200.021 -13.55 Td [(imperialism)-250(was)-250(a)-250(good)-250(work)-250(in)-250(the)-250(mind)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -17.078 Td [(In)-275(considering)-274(the)-275(principles)-274(of)-275(Sun)-274(more)-275(than)-274(a)-275(decade)-274(after)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(they)-280(were)-279(pronounced,)-287(one)-280(cannot)-280(permit)-279(one's)-280(own)-279(knowledge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-231(the)-232(events)-231(of)-231(the)-232(last)-231(eleven)-231(years)-232(to)-231(make)-231(one)-232(demand)-231(of)-231(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-314(a)-315(similar)-314(background.)-444(That)-314(would)-315(amount)-314(to)-314(requiring)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-219(he)-219(be)-219(a)-220(prophet.)-239(At)-219(the)-220(time)-219(when)-219(he)-219(spoke)-219(of)-219(the)-219(excellence)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.847 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(256)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(75.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1014 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1015 0 R
+/Resources 1013 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 996 0 R
+>> endobj
+1016 0 obj <<
+/D [1014 0 R /XYZ 46.771 407.403 null]
+>> endobj
+1013 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1019 0 obj <<
+/Length 5220
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(200The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-412(Russia)-413(he)-412(had)-413(no)-412(reason)-413(to)-412(question)-413(the)-412(good)-413(faith)-412(of)-412(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Communists)-296(who)-296(were)-296(helping)-295(him.)-388(It)-296(is)-296(conceivable)-296(that)-295(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-198(Bolsheviks)-198(who)-198(were)-198(aiding)-198(and)-198(advising)-198(the)-198(Nationalists)-197(did)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-305(realize)-305(how)-305(soon)-305(the)-304(parting)-305(of)-305(the)-305(ways)-305(would)-305(come,)-318(how)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(much)-323(the)-323(two)-322(ideologies)-323(differed)-323(from)-323(one)-323(another,)-341(how)-322(much)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(each)-335(of)-335(the)-335(two)-336(parties)-335(endangered)-335(the)-335(other's)-335(position.)-505(At)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-307(Sun)-307(spoke,)-322(the)-307(Communists)-307(were)-307(his)-307(allies)-307(in)-307(the)-307(struggle)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-359(imperialism;)-826(they)-359(had)-359(agreed)-359(from)-359(the)-359(beginning)-358(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([195])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(China)-225(was)-224(a)-225(country)-224(not)-224(suited)-225(to)-224(communism;)-233(and)-225(Sun)-224(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(relying)-331(on)-332(them)-331(not)-331(to)-331(use)-332(him)-331(in)-331(some)-332(wider)-331(policy)-331(of)-331(theirs,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-272(no)-272(cause)-272(to)-272(mistrust)-272(or)-272(fear)-272(them.)-316(What)-272(has)-272(happened)-271(since)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-200(history.)-234(Sun)-200(Yat-sen)-200(can)-201(scarcely)-200(be)-200(required)-201(to)-200(have)-200(predicted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)-577(His)-359(comments)-359(on)-359(imperialism,)-386(therefore,)-386(must)-359(be)-359(accepted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-273(face)-274(value)-273(in)-273(a)-274(consideration)-273(of)-273(the)-274(nationalist)-273(program)-273(in)-273(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(theories.)]TJ 11.956 -13.784 Td [(The)-308(method)-307(by)-308(means)-308(of)-307(which)-308(Sun)-308(reconciled)-307(his)-308(denial)-307(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-214(superiority)-213(of)-214(class)-213(to)-214(nation)-214(is)-213(an)-214(interesting)-214(one,)-220(profoundly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(significant)-410(as)-410(a)-410(clue)-411(to)-410(the)-410(understanding)-410(of)-410(his)-410(thought.)-730(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(estimates)-414(the)-415(population)-414(of)-415(the)-414(world)-414(at)-415(1500)-414(million.)-743(Now,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-404(this)-403(total)-404(400)-403(million)-404(are)-403(members)-404(of)-403(the)-404(white)-404(race,)-441(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constitute)-167(the)-168(most)-167(powerful)-167(and)-167(prosperous)-168(people)-167(in)-167(the)-167(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 30.751 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(This)-207(white)-208(race)-207(regards)-208(\050its)-207(400,000,000)-208(representatives\051)]TJ -35.595 -13.549 Td [(as)-231(the)-232(unit)-231(which)-232(must)-231(swallow)-231(up)-232(the)-231(other,)-235(colored)-232(races.)-243(Thus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-208(Red)-208(tribes)-207(of)-208(America)-208(have)-208(already)-208(been)-208(exterminated....)-235(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yellow)-354(Asiatic)-354(race)-355(is)-354(now)-354(oppressed)-354(by)-355(the)-354(Whites,)-380(and)-354(it)-354(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possible)-376(that)-377(it)-376(will)-376(be)-377(exterminated)-376(before)-377(long.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 221.144 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(257)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.559 -3.959 Td [(Thus,)-408(as)]TJ -242.547 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-405(viewed)-405(it,)-444(imperialism)-405(before)-406(the)-405(war)-405(was)-405(racial)-405(as)-405(well)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-326(economic.)-477(The)-326(White)-326(Peril)-326(was)-326(a)-325(reality.)-478(This)-326(emphasis)-325(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(doctrine)-298(of)-299(race)-298(shows)-299(the)-299(emphasis)-298(that)-299(Sun)-298(put)-299(upon)-298(race)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(once)-223(he)-223(had)-223(narrowed)-223(down)-223(the)-223(old)-223(world-society)-223(to)-223(the)-222(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(race-nation.)-351(The)-284(most)-283(vigorous)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 141.273 0 Td [(Rassenpolitiker)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 67.876 0 Td [(,)-292(such)-284(as)-283(Homer)]TJ -209.149 -13.549 Td [(Lea)-326(or)-327(Lothrop)-326(Stoddard,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 113.388 3.959 Td [(258)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.22 -3.959 Td [(would)-326(approve)-327(heartily)-326(of)-326(such)-326(a)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -202.363 0 Td [([196])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 88.05 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.154 Td [(257)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(pp.)-250(148-149.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.394 Td [(258)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Such)-511(works)-511(as)-511(Lea's)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 84.185 0 Td [(The)-511(Valor)-511(of)-511(Ignorance)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 91.448 0 Td [(,)-576(New)-511(York,)-576(1909,)-577(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1018 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1019 0 R
+/Resources 1017 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 996 0 R
+>> endobj
+1020 0 obj <<
+/D [1018 0 R /XYZ 188.028 423.331 null]
+>> endobj
+1021 0 obj <<
+/D [1018 0 R /XYZ 374.173 97.915 null]
+>> endobj
+1017 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1024 0 obj <<
+/Length 5794
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Class)-250(War)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Nations.)-12115(201)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(system)-207(of)-207(calculation)-208(in)-207(politics.)-236(Sun)-207(Yat-sen)-207(differed)-207(with)-207(them,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-313(he)-313(differed)-313(with)-313(the)-313(Marxians,)-329(and)-313(with)-313(the)-313(race-theorists)-313(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(general,)-274(by)-270(not)-270(following)-269(any)-270(one)-269(Western)-270(absolute)-269(to)-270(the)-269(bitter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(end,)-250(whether)-250(it)-250(was)-250(the)-250(class)-250(war)-250(or)-250(the)-250(race)-250(struggle.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(Russia)-333(fitted)-332(into)-333(this)-333(picture)-332(of)-333(race)-333(struggle.)-498(One)-332(hundred)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-248(fifty)-247(million)-248(Russians)-248(left)-247(the)-248(camp)-248(of)-247(the)-248(400)-248(million)-247(white)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(oppressors,)-374(and)-349(came)-349(over)-349(to)-350(the)-349(just)-349(side)-349(of)-349(the)-349(1100)-349(million)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(members)-331(of)-331(oppressed)-331(nations.)-493(Consequently)-331(the)-331(figures)-330(came)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(out)-479(somewhat)-479(more)-479(favorably)-479(for)-479(the)-479(oppressed,)-536(in)-479(spite)-478(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-316(fact)-315(that)-316(the)-315(imperialist)-315(powers)-316(were)-315(still)-316(economically)-315(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(militarily)-240(supreme.)-246(Sun)-240(Yat-sen)-239(quoted)-240(an)-239(apocryphal)-240(remark)-239(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Lenin's:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 39.201 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(There)-332(are)-331(in)-332(the)-332(world)-331(two)-332(categories)-332(of)-331(people;)-373(one)]TJ -44.045 -13.549 Td [(is)-238(composed)-238(of)-239(1,250,000,000)-238(men)-238(and)-238(the)-238(other)-238(of)-238(250,000,000)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(men.)-225(These)-175(1,250,000,000)-175(men)-175(are)-175(oppressed)-175(by)-175(the)-175(250,000,000)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(men.)-422(The)-308(oppressors)-307(act)-308(against)-307(nature,)-322(and)-307(in)-308(defiance)-307(of)-307(her.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(We)-332(who)-332(oppose)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 75.694 0 Td [(might)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.668 0 Td [(are)-332(following)-332(her.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.645 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(259)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.074 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-332(regarded)-332(the)]TJ -204.924 -13.549 Td [(Russian)-168(Revolution)-168(as)-169(a)-168(shift)-168(in)-168(the)-168(race-struggle,)-185(in)-168(which)-168(Russia)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-297(come)-298(over)-297(to)-297(the)-297(side)-298(of)-297(the)-297(oppressed)-297(nations.)-392(\050He)-297(did,)-309(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(course,)-246(refer)-245(to)-246(Germany)-245(as)-245(an)-245(oppressed)-246(nation)-245(at)-245(another)-245(time,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-255(did)-255(not)-255(include,)-256(so)-255(far)-255(as)-255(we)-255(can)-255(tell,)-256(the)-255(German)-254(population)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(thesis)-250(under)-250(consideration.\051)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(On)-251(this)-252(basis)-251(China)-252(was)-251(to)-252(join)-251(Russia)-252(in)-251(the)-252(class)-251(struggle)-251(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-318(nations.)-453(The)-318(struggle)-317(was)-318(to)-318(be)-317(between)-318(the)-318(oppressed)-317(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 210.645 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 197.893 Td [(Stoddard's)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 40.773 0 Td [(The)-367(Rising)-368(Tide)-367(of)-367(Color)-367(Against)-368(White)-367(World)-367(Supremacy)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 217.131 0 Td [(,)-397(New)]TJ -257.904 -10.959 Td [(York,)-322(1920,)-322(make)-308(precisely)-308(the)-307(same)-308(sort)-308(of)-307(statements,)-322(although,)-322(of)-308(course,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(they)-473(regard)-472(the)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 62.006 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Saxon)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 22.416 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.218 0 Td [(or)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.705 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Teutonic)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.875 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.218 0 Td [(race)-472(as)-473(the)-472(logical)-473(master-race)-472(of)]TJ -152.4 -10.958 Td [(the)-528(world.)-1082(Since)-528(Lea)-527(was)-528(associated)-527(for)-528(some)-527(time)-528(with)-528(Sun)-527(Yat-sen,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(accompanying)-391(him)-390(from)-391(Europe)-390(to)-390(Nanking)-391(in)-390(1911,)-426(and)-391(undoubtedly)-390(had)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(plenty)-357(of)-357(time)-357(to)-357(talk)-357(with)-358(him,)-383(it)-357(may)-358(be)-357(that)-357(some)-357(of)-357(the)-357(particular)-357(terms)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(used)-295(by)-296(Sun)-295(in)-295(this)-295(discussion)-296(are)-295(those)-295(which)-296(he)-295(may)-295(have)-295(developed)-296(in)-295(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(probable)-207(conversations)-207(with)-206(Lea.)-236(Nothing)-207(more)-206(definite)-207(than)-207(this)-207(can)-206(be)-207(stated.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.394 Td [(259)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Quoted)-355(by)-355(Sun)-355(in)-355(d'Elia)-355(translation,)-381(cited,)-381(p.)-565(138.)-565(The)-355(remark)-355(does)-355(not)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(sound)-263(like)-263(Lenin.)-290(A)-263(Communist)-263(would)-264(not)-263(invoke)-263(nature,)-266(nor)-264(would)-263(he)-263(count)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-334(whole)-333(membership)-333(of)-334(an)-333(imperialist)-334(nation)-333(as)-334(imperialist.)-500(The)-334(world,)-354(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(him,)-376(is)-350(misguided)-351(by)-351(a)-350(tiny)-351(handful)-351(of)-350(capitalists)-351(and)-350(traditional)-351(ideologues)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(their)-250(hangers-on,)-250(not)-250(by)-250(the)-250(masses)-250(of)-250(any)-250(nation.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1023 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1024 0 R
+/Resources 1022 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1025 0 R
+>> endobj
+1022 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1026 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index41) >>
+endobj
+1029 0 obj
+(Racial Nationalism and Pan-Asia.)
+endobj
+1032 0 obj <<
+/Length 4579
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(202The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-392(oppressors)-392(among)-392(the)-392(nations,)-427(and)-392(not)-392(between)-392(the)-391(races,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-389(it)-390(might)-389(have)-390(been)-389(had)-389(not)-390(Russia)-389(come)-389(over)-390(to)-389(the)-389(cause)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-436(international)-436(equality.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.625 3.959 Td [(260)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30.092 -3.959 Td [(After)-436(the)-436(class)-436(struggle)-437(of)-436(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -214.472 0 Td [([197])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(nations)-389(had)-389(been)-388(done)-389(with,)-424(the)-388(time)-389(for)-389(the)-389(consideration)-388(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(cosmopolitanism)-250(would)-250(have)-250(arrived.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(In)-607(taking)-607(class)-607(lines)-607(in)-607(a)-607(scheme)-606(of)-607(nations,)-697(Sun)-606(was)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(reconciling)-660(the)-661(requirements)-660(of)-661(the)-660(old)-661(ideology)-660(and)-660(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(international)-435(struggle)-434(against)-435(imperialism.)-804(It)-435(is)-434(characteristic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-435(his)-435(deep)-435(adherence)-436(to)-435(what)-435(he)-435(believed)-435(to)-435(be)-435(the)-435(scheme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-410(realities)-409(in)-410(political)-409(affairs)-409(that)-410(he)-409(did)-410(not)-409(violate)-410(his)-409(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(well-knit)-480(ideology)-479(in)-480(adopting)-480(the)-479(Marxian)-480(ideology)-480(for)-479(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(anti-imperialist)-335(struggle,)-356(but)-335(sought)-335(to)-335(preserve)-335(the)-334(marvellous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unity)-339(of)-340(his)-339(own)-340(society)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 108.75 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-339(society)-340(which)-339(he)-340(believed)-339(to)-340(have)]TJ -119.659 -13.549 Td [(been)-286(the)-286(most)-286(nearly)-287(perfect)-286(of)-286(its)-286(time.)-358(The)-286(race-interpretation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-374(the)-374(international)-375(class)-374(struggle)-374(is)-374(at)-375(one)-374(and)-374(the)-374(same)-374(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-377(assertion)-377(of)-378(the)-377(natural)-377(and)-377(indestructible)-377(unity)-377(of)-377(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society,)-386(and)-359(the)-359(recognition)-359(of)-359(the)-359(fact)-359(that)-359(China)-359(and)-358(Russia,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(together)-323(with)-322(the)-323(smaller)-323(nations,)-341(had)-322(a)-323(common)-323(cause)-322(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(great)-250(advances)-250(of)-250(modern)-250(imperialism.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -63.78 Td [(Racial)-250(Nationalism)-250(and)-250(Pan-Asia.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.446 Td [(The)-308(dual)-309(orientation)-308(of)-308(Sun)-309(Yat-sen's)-308(anti-imperialist)-308(programs)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-290(already)-289(been)-290(made)-289(partly)-290(evident)-289(in)-290(the)-289(examination)-290(of)-289(this)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.663 Td [(260)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Note,)-274(however,)-274(the)-269(reference)-269(in)-269(d'Elia)-269(translation,)-274(cited,)-274(p.)-307(76,)-274(or)-269(the)-270(Price)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(translation,)-305(p.)-381(18.)-381(Sun)-293(Yat-sen)-294(speaks)-294(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 151.339 0 Td [(international)-294(wars,)-304(within)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.935 0 Td [(races,)-305(on)]TJ -248.274 -10.958 Td [(the)-321(lines)-321(of)-322(social)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 67.803 0 Td [(classes)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 25.402 0 Td [(.)-464(He)-321(may)-321(have)-321(meant)-321(international)-322(wars)-321(within)-321(the)]TJ -93.205 -10.959 Td [(races)-300(and)-299(across)-300(race)-299(lines)-300(on)-299(the)-300(basis)-300(of)-299(the)-300(oppressed)-299(nations)-300(of)-299(the)-300(world)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(fighting)-305(the)-306(oppressing)-305(nations.)-416(He)-305(may,)-319(however,)-319(have)-306(meant)-305(intra-national)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(class)-456(wars.)-869(Since)-457(he)-456(recognized)-457(the)-456(presence)-456(of)-457(the)-456(class)-456(conflict)-457(in)-456(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(developed)-282(capitalistic)-281(states)-282(of)-282(the)-281(West,)-290(this)-281(would)-282(not)-282(necessarily)-281(imply)-282(his)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(expectation)-250(of)-250(an)-250(intra-national)-250(class)-250(war)-250(in)-250(China.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1031 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1032 0 R
+/Resources 1030 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1025 0 R
+>> endobj
+1033 0 obj <<
+/D [1031 0 R /XYZ 226.441 491.077 null]
+>> endobj
+1027 0 obj <<
+/D [1031 0 R /XYZ 93.543 246.906 null]
+>> endobj
+1030 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1036 0 obj <<
+/Length 4986
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Racial)-250(Nationalism)-250(and)-250(Pan-Asia.)-10670(203)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(belief)-199(in)-199(a)-200(class)-199(war)-199(of)-199(the)-200(nations.)-233(A)-199(much)-199(more)-199(nearly)-199(complete)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(exposition)-394(of)-395(this)-394(doctrine,)-431(although)-394(with)-394(the)-395(emphasis)-394(on)-394(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(racial)-312(rather)-312(than)-311(on)-312(its)-312(economic)-312(aspects,)-327(is)-311(to)-312(be)-312(found)-312(in)-311(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(third)-310(sub-principle)-310(of)-309(the)-310(nationalist)-310(program:)-370(the)-309(race-national)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(aspect)-372(of)-372(the)-372(national)-371(revolution.)-616(Each)-372(of)-372(the)-372(three)-371(principles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-344(to)-344(contribute)-345(to)-344(this)-344(implementation)-344(of)-344(nationalism.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 263.056 0 Td [(Min)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 27.968 0 Td [([198])]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.83 0 Td [(was)-310(to)-309(provide)-310(the)-310(foundation)-309(for)-310(economic)-310(nationalism.)]TJ -28.83 -13.549 Td [(Democracy)-418(was)-417(to)-418(follow)-418(and)-417(reinforce)-418(political)-417(nationalism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-420(would)-421(clear)-420(away)-421(the)-420(political)-420(imperialism)-421(and)-420(let)-420(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Chinese,)-231(inculcated)-227(with)-226(state-allegiance,)-231(really)-227(rule)-226(themselves.)]TJ 11.956 -13.812 Td [(At)-290(the)-291(end)-290(of)-291(his)-290(life,)-301(even)-290(after)-291(he)-290(had)-291(delivered)-290(the)-290(sixteen)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(lectures)-287(on)-287(the)-286(three)-287(principles,)-296(Sun)-287(Yat-sen)-287(issued)-287(another)-286(call)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-250(the)-251(fulfillment)-250(in)-250(action)-250(of)-251(his)-250(principle)-250(of)-251(nationalism.)-250(This,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(too,)-246(praised)-244(Russia)-245(and)-244(stressed)-245(the)-244(significance)-245(of)-244(the)-244(defection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-316(Russia)-315(from)-316(the)-315(band)-316(of)-316(the)-315(white)-316(oppressing)-315(powers;)-349(but)-315(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-271(important)-270(as)-271(showing)-270(the)-271(wider)-270(implications)-270(of)-271(Sun)-270(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race-national)-322(doctrines.)-467(During)-323(the)-322(greater)-322(part)-322(of)-323(his)-322(life,)-340(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(spoke)-392(of)-392(the)-392(Chinese)-393(race-nation)-392(alone.)-676(His)-392(racial)-392(theory)-392(led)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-356(into)-356(no)-356(wider)-356(implications,)-382(such)-356(as)-356(the)-356(political)-356(reality)-356(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race)-248(kinship.)-249(In)-247(this)-248(last)-247(pronouncement,)-248(he)-248(recognized)-247(the)-247(wide)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sweep)-446(of)-445(consequences)-446(to)-445(which)-446(his)-445(premises)-446(of)-445(race-reality)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-313(led)-313(him.)-439(This)-313(call)-313(was)-313(issued)-313(in)-313(his)-313(celebrated)-312(Pan-Asiatic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Speech)-250(of)-250(November)-250(28,)-250(1924,)-250(given)-250(in)-250(Kobe,)-250(Japan.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 233.291 3.959 Td [(261)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -221.335 -17.771 Td [(The)-305(content)-305(of)-305(the)-305(speech)-305(is)-305(narrower)-305(than)-305(the)-305(configuration)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-198(auxiliary)-198(doctrines)-199(which)-198(may)-198(be)-198(discussed)-198(in)-198(connection)-198(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it.)-627(These)-376(are:)-501(the)-376(race)-376(orientation)-375(of)-376(the)-376(Chinese)-375(race-nation;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-394(possibility)-394(of)-394(Pan-Asia;)-465(and)-394(the)-394(necessary)-394(function)-394(of)-393(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(future)-292(Chinese)-291(society)-292(as)-291(the)-292(protector)-291(and)-292(teacher)-291(of)-292(Asia,)-301(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-230(the)-230(whole)-230(world.)-243(These)-230(points)-230(in)-230(his)-230(theoretical)-230(program)-229(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(still)-315(far)-315(in)-314(the)-315(future)-315(when)-315(he)-314(spoke)-315(of)-315(them,)-331(and)-314(consequently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-276(not)-276(receive)-276(much)-276(attention.)-327(In)-276(the)-276(light)-276(of)-276(the)-275(developments)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-344(the)-345(last)-344(several)-345(years,)-368(and)-344(the)-344(continued)-345(references)-344(to)-344(Sun's)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 80.91 Td [(261)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 39.866 0 Td [(Sun)-341(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.403 0 Td [(,)-363(pp.)-522(331-337,)-363(gives)-341(the)-340(whole)-341(text)-341(of)-340(the)-341(speech.)]TJ -95.225 -10.959 Td [(Sharman,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 36.359 0 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.59 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(304,)-250(refers)-250(to)-250(it.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1035 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1036 0 R
+/Resources 1034 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1025 0 R
+>> endobj
+1037 0 obj <<
+/D [1035 0 R /XYZ 304.017 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+1034 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1040 0 obj <<
+/Length 5933
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(204The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Pan-Asia)-287(which)-287(Japanese)-287(officials)-287(and)-287(propagandists)-287(have)-286(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(making,)-250(this)-250(part)-250(of)-250(his)-250(program)-250(requires)-250(new)-250(attention.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([199])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -18.949 Td [(The)-250(speech)-250(itself)-249(is)-250(a)-250(re-statement)-250(of)-249(the)-250(race-class)-250(war)-250(of)-249(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(nations.)-243(He)-229(points)-229(out)-229(that)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 116.578 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(It)-229(is)-229(contrary)-229(to)-228(justice)-229(and)-229(humanity)]TJ -121.422 -13.549 Td [(that)-211(a)-212(minority)-211(of)-212(four)-211(hundred)-212(million)-211(should)-212(oppress)-211(a)-211(majority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-289(nine)-288(hundred)-288(million....)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 115.5 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(262)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 15.601 -3.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-289(Europeans)-288(hold)-288(us)-289(Asiatics)]TJ -140.787 -13.549 Td [(down)-278(through)-279(the)-278(power)-278(of)-278(their)-279(material)-278(accomplishments.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(263)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(He)-253(then)-253(goes)-253(on)-253(to)-253(stress)-253(the)-253(necessity)-253(of)-253(emulating)-253(the)-253(material)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-213(of)-214(the)-213(West)-214(not)-213(in)-213(order)-214(to)-213(copy)-213(the)-214(West)-213(in)-213(politics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-340(imperialism)-340(as)-340(well,)-362(but)-340(solely)-340(for)-340(the)-340(purpose)-340(of)-339(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defense.)-774(He)-424(praises)-425(Japan,)-468(Turkey,)-468(and)-425(the)-424(Soviet)-425(Union)-424(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(leaders)-384(of)-384(the)-384(oppressed)-384(class)-384(of)-384(nations)-384(and)-384(predicts)-384(that)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-356(will)-356(come)-356(when)-356(China)-356(will)-356(resume)-356(the)-356(position)-356(she)-355(once)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(had)-231(of)-230(a)-231(great)-230(and)-231(benevolent)-230(power.)-244(He)-230(distinguishes,)-234(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-293(the)-294(position)-293(of)-294(China)-293(in)-293(the)-294(past)-293(and)-294(Great)-293(Britain)-293(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-285(United)-284(States)-285(in)-285(the)-284(present.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 144.526 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If)-285(we)-284(look)-285(back)-285(two)-284(thousand)]TJ -149.369 -13.549 Td [(five)-384(hundred)-383(years,)-417(we)-383(see)-384(that)-383(China)-384(was)-383(the)-384(most)-383(powerful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-322(of)-323(the)-322(world.)-467(It)-322(then)-322(occupied)-323(the)-322(position)-322(which)-322(Great)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Britain)-294(and)-295(the)-294(United)-294(States)-294(do)-295(today.)-383(But)-294(while)-294(Great)-294(Britain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-376(the)-375(United)-376(States)-375(today)-376(are)-375(only)-376(two)-375(of)-376(a)-375(series)-376(of)-375(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers,)-498(China)-449(was)-448(then)-449(the)-448(only)-448(world)-449(power.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 218.999 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(264)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.346 -3.959 Td [(Sun)-448(also)]TJ -241.189 -13.549 Td [(refers)-273(to)-274(the)-273(significant)-273(position)-274(of)-273(Turkey)-273(and)-274(Japan)-273(as)-273(the)-273(two)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(bulwarks)-299(of)-298(Asia,)-311(and)-299(emphasizes)-298(the)-299(strangely)-298(just)-299(position)-298(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Russia.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 186.674 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 179.861 Td [(262)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 42.721 0 Td [(Sun)-595(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 45.687 0 Td [(,)-682(p.)-1286(335.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 53.829 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Es)-595(ist)-596(gegen)-595(Gerechtigkeit)-595(und)]TJ -158.174 -10.958 Td [(Menschlichkeit,)-215(dass)-207(eine)-207(Minderheit)-207(von)-207(vierhundert)-206(Millionen)-207(eine)-207(Mehrheit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(von)-250(neunhundert)-250(Millionen)-250(unterdr\374ckt....)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 150.671 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -150.422 -7.311 Td [(263)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 38.806 0 Td [(Sun)-244(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.534 0 Td [(,)-245(p.)-248(333.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.299 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Die)-244(Europ\344er)-243(halten)-244(uns)-244(Asiaten)-244(durch)-243(die)]TJ -128.576 -10.959 Td [(Macht)-250(ihrer)-250(materiellen)-250(Errungenschaften)-250(zu)-250(Boden.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 188.743 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -188.494 -7.31 Td [(264)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 39.093 0 Td [(Sun)-272(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.784 0 Td [(,)-277(cited,)-277(p.)-315(333.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 54.944 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Wenn)-272(wir)-271(zweitausendf\374nf-hundert)]TJ -152.758 -10.959 Td [(Jahre)-453(zur\374ckdenken,)-504(so)-453(war)-453(China)-453(damals)-454(das)-453(m\344chtigste)-453(Volk)-453(der)-453(Welt.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Es)-377(nahm)-378(damals)-377(eine)-378(Stellung)-377(ein)-377(wie)-378(heute)-377(Grossbritannien)-378(und)-377(Amerika.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Doch)-398(w\344hrend)-398(Grossbritannien)-398(und)-398(die)-399(Vereinigten)-398(Staaten)-398(heute)-398(zur)-398(zwei)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(unter)-252(einer)-253(Reihe)-252(von)-252(Weltm\344chten)-253(sind,)-252(war)-253(China)-252(damals)-252(die)-253(einzige)-252(grosse)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Macht.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 25.151 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1039 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1040 0 R
+/Resources 1038 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1025 0 R
+>> endobj
+1041 0 obj <<
+/D [1039 0 R /XYZ 93.543 502.248 null]
+>> endobj
+1038 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1044 0 obj <<
+/Length 5346
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Racial)-250(Nationalism)-250(and)-250(Pan-Asia.)-10670(205)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(In)-398(his)-397(earlier)-398(days)-397(Sun)-398(Yat-sen)-398(had)-397(been)-398(preoccupied)-397(with)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-307(problems,)-321(but)-307(not)-307(so)-307(much)-307(so)-307(as)-307(to)-307(prevent)-614(his)-306(taking)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([200])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(a)-346(friendly)-347(interest)-346(in)-346(the)-346(nationalist)-347(revolutions)-346(of)-346(the)-346(Koreans)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-372(the)-372(Japanese,)-402(and)-372(the)-372(Filipinos)-372(against)-372(the)-371(Americans.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(This)-208(interest)-208(seems)-209(to)-208(have)-208(been)-208(a)-208(personally)-209(political)-208(one,)-216(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-456(a)-455(preliminary)-456(to)-455(a)-456(definition)-455(of)-455(policy.)-867(He)-455(said)-456(to)-455(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Filipinos:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 44.408 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Let)-221(us)-222(know)-221(one)-222(another)-221(and)-222(we)-221(shall)-222(love)-221(each)-222(other)]TJ -49.252 -13.549 Td [(more.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 25.146 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(265)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.226 -3.959 Td [(The)-346(transformation)-346(of)-346(the)-345(ideology)-346(in)-346(China)-346(did)-346(not)]TJ -46.216 -13.549 Td [(necessarily)-309(lead)-309(to)-309(the)-309(development)-309(of)-309(outside)-309(affiliations.)-426(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Confucian)-182(world-society,)-195(becoming)-182(the)-182(Chinese)-182(race-nation,)-195(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(be)-250(independent.)]TJ 11.956 -18.329 Td [(In)-285(the)-286(development)-285(of)-285(his)-286(emphasis)-285(upon)-285(race)-286(kinship)-285(on)-285(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(achievement)-161(of)-162(race-nationalism,)-179(Sun)-161(Yat-sen)-161(initiated)-161(a)-161(program)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-253(may)-253(not)-253(be)-253(without)-253(great)-253(meaning)-253(in)-253(the)-253(furthering)-253(of)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalist)-390(program.)-668(He)-390(showed)-390(that)-389(the)-390(Chinese)-389(race-nation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(having)-238(racial)-238(affinities)-238(with)-238(the)-238(other)-238(Asiatic)-238(nations,)-240(was)-238(bound)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-473(them)-472(nationally)-473(in)-472(policy)-473(in)-473(two)-472(ways:)-695(racially,)-528(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 260.634 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(as)]TJ -271.543 -13.549 Td [(noted)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 24.24 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(anti-imperialistically.)-1109(This)-536(theory)-536(would)-536(permit)-536(the)]TJ -35.15 -13.55 Td [(Chinese)-223(to)-222(be)-223(drawn)-223(into)-222(a)-223(Pan-Asiatic)-223(movement)-222(as)-223(well)-223(as)-222(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-322(anti-imperialist)-322(struggle.)-467(This)-322(theory)-322(may)-323(now)-322(be)-322(used)-322(as)-322(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(justification)-183(for)-182(either)-183(alternative)-182(in)-183(the)-182(event)-183(of)-182(China's)-183(having)-182(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(choose)-157(aides)-157(in)-158(Russo-Japanese)-157(conflict.)-219(China)-157(is)-157(bound)-157(to)-157(Russia)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-181(the)-181(theory)-181(of)-182(the)-181(class)-181(war)-181(of)-181(the)-181(nations,)-195(but)-181(could)-181(declare)-181(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Russia)-331(had)-332(merely)-331(devised)-331(a)-332(new)-331(form)-331(for)-332(imperialism.)-493(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-288(bound)-289(to)-288(Japan)-288(by)-289(the)-288(common)-288(heritage)-289(of)-288(Asiatic)-288(blood)-288(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(civilization,)-242(but)-241(could)-240(declare)-240(that)-241(Japan)-240(had)-240(gone)-241(over)-240(to)-240(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 269.721 0 Td [(pa)]TJ -269.721 -13.549 Td [(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.789 0 Td [(side)-353(of)-352(Western)-353(imperialism,)-378(and)-353(prostituted)-353(herself)-352(to)-353(the)]TJ -17.789 -13.549 Td [(status)-463(of)-463(another)-463(Westernized-imperialized)-463(aggressive)-462(power.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 131.642 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 124.746 Td [(265)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Ponce,)-369(work)-345(cited,)-369(p.)-536(xiv:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 101.397 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Conozc\341monos)-345(y)-346(nos)-345(amaremos)-345(m\341s)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 135.411 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(dec\355a)]TJ -261.711 -10.959 Td [(el)-342(gran)-342(Sun)-341(Yat-sen)-342(\341)-342(sus)-341(amigos)-342(orientales.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 164.14 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.045 0 Td [(This)-342(work)-341(is,)-365(by)-342(the)-342(way,)-364(the)]TJ -171.185 -10.959 Td [(most)-338(extensive)-337(for)-338(its)-337(account)-338(of)-337(Sun's)-338(associations)-337(with)-338(Koreans,)-359(Filipinos,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-231(Japanese.)-244(It)-231(has)-231(been)-231(completely)-231(overlooked)-232(by)-231(the)-231(various)-231(biographers)-231(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-308(commentators)-307(on)-308(Sun,)-322(with)-308(the)-307(exception)-308(of)-308(Judge)-307(Linebarger,)-322(to)-308(whom)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(presented)-250(a)-250(copy)-250(of)-250(the)-250(work.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1043 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1044 0 R
+/Resources 1042 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1025 0 R
+>> endobj
+1045 0 obj <<
+/D [1043 0 R /XYZ 280.701 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+1042 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1048 0 obj <<
+/Length 5300
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(206The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Whatever)-421(the)-422(interpretations)-421(of)-421(this)-843(doctrine)-421(may)-421(be,)-464(it)-421(will)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([201])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(afford)-319(the)-319(Chinese)-319(a)-318(basis)-319(for)-319(their)-319(foreign)-319(policy)-319(based)-319(on)-318(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.938 0 Td [(.)]TJ -51.982 -16.815 Td [(When)-348(Sun)-348(Yat-sen)-349(spoke,)-372(Russia)-349(and)-348(China)-348(had)-348(not)-348(fought)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(over)-327(the)-327(Chinese)-327(Eastern)-327(Railway)-327(and)-327(the)-327(Chinese)-326(Communist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(problem,)-311(nor)-299(had)-299(Japan)-298(and)-299(China)-299(entered)-299(into)-299(the)-298(Manchurian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conflict.)-1217(He)-572(was)-572(therefore)-572(in)-572(no)-573(position)-572(to)-572(see)-572(that)-572(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(expressions)-445(of)-446(approval)-445(for)-445(Pan-Asianism)-446(and)-445(for)-445(pro-Soviet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(foreign)-290(policy)-290(might)-290(conflict.)-370(In)-290(one)-290(breath)-290(he)-290(praised)-290(Japan)-289(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-251(leader)-250(and)-251(inspirer)-251(of)-250(modern)-251(Asia,)-251(and)-250(lauded)-251(Russia)-251(as)-250(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(pioneer)-278(in)-278(a)-277(new,)-285(just)-278(policy)-278(on)-278(the)-277(part)-278(of)-278(the)-278(Western)-277(powers.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-213(saw)-214(little)-213(hope)-214(that)-213(the)-213(example)-214(of)-213(the)-213(Soviet)-214(Union)-213(would)-213(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followed)-253(by)-254(any)-253(other)-253(Western)-254(power,)-254(although)-253(he)-254(did)-253(state)-253(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-212(was)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 43.385 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.151 0 Td [(...)-237(in)-212(England)-211(and)-212(America)-211(a)-212(small)-211(number)-212(of)-211(people,)]TJ -50.536 -13.55 Td [(who)-373(defend)-373(these)-373(our)-373(ideals)-373(in)-373(harmony)-373(with)-373(a)-373(general)-372(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(movement.)-366(As)-289(far)-289(as)-289(the)-288(other)-289(barbarian)-289(nations)-289(are)-288(concerned,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-238(might)-238(be)-238(among)-238(them)-238(people)-238(who)-238(are)-238(inspired)-238(by)-238(the)-237(same)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(convictions.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 53.029 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(266)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.349 -3.959 Td [(The)-265(possibility)-266(of)-265(finding)-266(allies)-265(in)-266(the)-265(West)-265(did)]TJ -73.222 -13.549 Td [(not)-250(appear)-250(to)-250(be)-250(a)-250(great)-250(one)-250(to)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -16.815 Td [(Sun)-241(did)-241(something)-241(in)-240(this)-241(speech)-241(which)-241(he)-241(had)-241(rarely)-240(hitherto)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(done.)-307(He)-269(generalized)-269(about)-269(the)-269(whole)-269(character)-269(of)-269(the)-269(East,)-273(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(included)-404(in)-404(that)-403(everything)-404(which)-404(the)-404(Westerners)-404(regarded)-403(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Eastern,)-336(from)-319(Turkey)-318(to)-319(Japan.)-456(We)-319(have)-318(seen)-319(that)-319(the)-318(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-439(of)-440(Eastern)-439(Asia)-439(had)-439(little)-439(in)-440(common)-439(with)-439(the)-439(middle)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-353(near)-354(East.)-559(In)-354(this)-353(speech)-353(Sun)-353(accepted)-354(the)-353(Western)-353(idea)-353(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-356(related)-357(Orient)-356(and)-356(speaks)-356(of)-356(Asiatic)-357(ideals)-356(of)-356(kindliness)-356(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(justice.)-620(This)-374(is)-373(most)-373(strange.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 139.086 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If)-373(we)-374(Asiatics)-373(struggle)-374(for)-373(the)]TJ -143.929 -13.549 Td [(creation)-346(of)-346(a)-345(pan-Asiatic)-346(united)-346(front,)-370(we)-346(must)-345(consider)-346(...)-537(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(what)-214(fundamental)-215(constitution)-214(we)-214(wish)-215(to)-214(erect)-214(this)-215(united)-428(front.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([202])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 113.787 Td [(266)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 38.826 0 Td [(Sun)-246(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.558 0 Td [(,)-247(p.)-249(337:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.582 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(In)-246(England)-247(und)-246(Amerika)-247(gibt)-246(es)-247(immerhin)]TJ -128.903 -10.959 Td [(eine)-264(kleine)-263(Zahl)-263(von)-264(Menschen,)-267(die)-263(diese)-264(unsere)-263(Ideale)-264(im)-263(Einklang)-264(mit)-263(einer)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(allgemeinen)-354(Weltbewegung)-355(verteidigen.)-562(Was)-355(die)-354(anderen)-354(Barbarennationen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(anbelangt,)-425(so)-390(d\374rfte)-390(es)-390(auch)-390(in)-390(ihren)-389(Reihen)-390(Menschen)-390(geben,)-425(die)-390(von)-390(der)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(gleichen)-250(\334berzeugung)-250(beseelt)-250(sind.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 127.493 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1047 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1048 0 R
+/Resources 1046 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1025 0 R
+>> endobj
+1049 0 obj <<
+/D [1047 0 R /XYZ 260.128 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+1050 0 obj <<
+/D [1047 0 R /XYZ 347.9 132.267 null]
+>> endobj
+1046 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1053 0 obj <<
+/Length 5167
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Racial)-250(Nationalism)-250(and)-250(Pan-Asia.)-10670(207)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(We)-362(must)-362(lay)-362(at)-361(the)-362(foundations)-362(whatever)-362(has)-362(been)-362(the)-361(special)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peculiarity)-324(of)-324(our)-324(Eastern)-323(culture;)-361(we)-324(must)-324(place)-324(our)-323(emphasis)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-382(moral)-381(value,)-414(on)-382(kindliness)-381(and)-382(justice.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 190.166 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(267)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.615 -3.959 Td [(This)-381(Pan-Asian)]TJ -211.625 -13.549 Td [(doctrine)-334(had)-334(been)-335(the)-334(topic)-334(of)-334(frequent)-334(discussion)-334(by)-334(Japanese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-281(Russians.)-342(The)-281(former)-281(naturally)-281(saw)-280(it)-281(as)-281(a)-281(great)-280(resurgency)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-381(Asia)-380(under)-381(the)-380(glorious)-380(leadership)-381(of)-380(the)-381(Japanese)-380(Throne.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-237(Russians)-236(found)-237(pan-Asianism)-237(to)-236(be)-237(a)-237(convenient)-236(instrument)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-480(the)-479(national)-480(and)-480(colonial)-479(struggle)-480(against)-480(imperialism)-479(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communism.)]TJ 11.956 -13.633 Td [(Sun)-479(Yat-sen)-480(joined)-479(neither)-479(of)-480(these)-479(particular)-479(pan-Asiatic)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(outlooks.)-449(The)-316(foreign)-316(policy)-316(of)-317(the)-316(Chinese)-316(race-nation)-316(was)-316(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fight)-243(oppressors,)-245(and)-243(to)-244(join)-243(the)-243(rest)-244(of)-243(Asia)-243(in)-244(a)-243(struggle)-243(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(white)-235(imperialist)-234(domination.)-245(But)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 146.895 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(here)-235(is)-234(the)-235(distinction)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 93.132 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(how)]TJ -261.844 -13.549 Td [(was)-431(China)-431(to)-431(do)-431(these)-431(things?)-793(Sun)-431(Yat-sen)-431(never)-431(urged)-431(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-452(to)-451(accept)-452(the)-451(leadership)-452(of)-452(the)-451(Western)-452(or)-451(Japanese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(states,)-364(however)-341(friendly)-341(they)-341(might)-341(be.)-524(China)-341(was)-341(to)-341(follow)-341(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(policy)-369(of)-369(friendship)-368(and)-369(co\366peration)-369(with)-369(those)-369(powers)-368(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-349(friendly)-349(to)-349(her)-349(and)-350(to)-349(the)-349(cause)-349(of)-349(justice)-349(throughout)-349(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world.)-270(Sun)-257(praised)-256(the)-257(old)-257(system)-256(of)-257(Eastern)-257(Asia,)-258(by)-257(which)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peripheral)-281(states)-280(stood)-281(in)-281(vassalage)-281(to)-280(China,)-289(a)-281(vassalage)-280(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-371(regarded)-371(as)-371(mutually)-371(voluntary)-371(and)-371(not)-371(imperialistic)-370(in)-371(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unpleasant)-250(sense)-250(of)-250(the)-250(word.)]TJ 11.955 -13.633 Td [(In)-193(the)-192(end,)-204(he)-193(believed)-192(Chinese)-193(society)-193(should)-192(resume)-193(the)-193(duty)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(which)-195(it)-195(had)-195(held)-195(for)-195(so)-195(many)-195(centuries)-195(in)-195(relation)-194(to)-195(its)-195(barbarian)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(neighbors.)-584(China)-362(should)-361(be)-362(rightly)-361(governed)-362(and)-361(should)-362(set)-361(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constant)-454(instance)-455(of)-454(political)-454(propriety.)-864(Sun)-454(even)-454(advocated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ultimate)-389(intervention)-388(by)-777(the)-389(Chinese,)-423(a)-389(policy)-388(of)-389(helping)-388(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.023 0 Td [([203])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(weak)-364(and)-364(lifting)-364(up)-364(the)-364(fallen.)-592(He)-364(concluded)-363(his)-364(sixth)-364(lecture)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 142.517 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 135.704 Td [(267)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 39.725 0 Td [(Sun)-328(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.289 0 Td [(,)-348(p.)-483(335:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 36.004 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Wenn)-328(wir)-328(Asiaten)-328(nach)-328(der)-328(Herstellung)]TJ -134.955 -10.958 Td [(einer)-349(panasiatischen)-349(Einheitsfront)-348(streben,)-374(m\374ssen)-349(wir)-349(selbst)-348(in)-349(unserer)-349(Zeit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(daran)-291(denken,)-300(auf)-291(welcher)-290(grundlegenden)-291(Auffassung)-290(wir)-291(diese)-290(Einheitsfront)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(errichten)-413(wollen.)-739(Wir)-413(sollen)-413(dasjenige)-413(zugrunde)-413(legen,)-453(was)-413(die)-413(besondere)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Eigent\374mlichkeit)-431(unserer)-432(\366stlichen)-431(Kultur)-431(gewesen)-432(ist,)-476(wir)-432(sollten)-431(unseren)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Nachdruck)-289(legen)-288(auf)-289(die)-289(moralischen)-288(Werte,)-298(auf)-289(G\374te)-289(und)-288(Gerechtigkeit.)-366(Sie)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sollen)-250(das)-250(Fundament)-250(der)-250(Einheit)-250(ganz)-250(Asiens)-250(werden.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 196.732 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1052 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1053 0 R
+/Resources 1051 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1055 0 R
+>> endobj
+1054 0 obj <<
+/D [1052 0 R /XYZ 158.881 165.729 null]
+>> endobj
+1051 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1056 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index42) >>
+endobj
+1059 0 obj
+(The General Program of Nationalism.)
+endobj
+1062 0 obj <<
+/Length 4592
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(208The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(on)-367(nationalism)-366(by)-367(saying:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 121.521 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(If)-367(we)-366(want)-367(to)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 65.681 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.632 0 Td [(govern)-367(the)-366(country)]TJ -195.677 -13.549 Td [(rightly)-347(and)-347(pacify)-348(the)-347(world,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 128.767 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.421 0 Td [(we)-347(must,)-372(first)-347(of)-347(all,)-371(restore)-348(our)]TJ -136.188 -13.549 Td [(nationalism)-375(together)-375(with)-375(our)-375(national)-375(standing,)-406(and)-375(unify)-375(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-334(on)-334(the)-334(basis)-334(of)-334(the)-334(morality)-334(and)-334(peach)-334(which)-334(are)-334(proper)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(\050to)-250(us\051,)-250(in)-250(order)-250(to)-250(achieve)-250(an)-250(ideal)-250(government.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 209.651 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(268)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -202.539 -17.508 Td [(We)-230(may)-230(conclude)-230(that)-230(his)-230(racial)-230(sub-principle)-230(in)-230(a)-230(program)-230(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(nationalism)-206(involved:)-228(1\051)-206(orientation)-206(of)-206(Chinese)-206(foreign)-206(policy)-206(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-266(basis)-267(of)-266(blood)-266(kinship)-266(as)-266(well)-267(as)-266(on)-266(the)-266(basis)-267(of)-266(class)-266(war)-266(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-271(nations;)-281(2\051)-271(advocacy)-271(of)-271(a)-271(pan-Asiatic)-270(movement;)-282(and)-271(3\051)-270(use)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-216(China's)-215(resurgence)-216(of)-215(national)-215(power)-216(to)-215(restore)-216(the)-215(benevolent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hegemony)-324(which)-324(the)-324(Chinese)-324(had)-324(exercised)-324(over)-324(Eastern)-323(Asia,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(possibly)-250(to)-250(extend)-250(it)-250(over)-250(the)-250(whole)-250(world.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -53.832 Td [(The)-250(General)-250(Program)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -27.153 Td [(It)-192(may)-193(be)-192(worthwhile)-193(to)-192(attempt)-192(a)-193(view)-192(of)-193(the)-192(nationalist)-192(program)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-232(Sun)-231(Yat-sen)-232(as)-232(a)-231(whole.)-244(The)-232(variety)-232(of)-231(materials)-232(covered,)-235(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-322(intricate)-321(system)-322(of)-322(cross-reference)-321(employed)-322(by)-322(Sun,)-339(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-364(difficult)-364(to)-364(summarize)-364(this)-364(part)-364(of)-364(his)-364(doctrines)-364(on)-364(a)-363(simple)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(temporal)-347(basis.)-539(The)-347(plans)-347(for)-346(the)-347(advancement)-346(of)-347(the)-346(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race-nation)-368(do)-367(not)-368(succeed)-368(each)-367(other)-368(in)-368(an)-367(orderly)-368(pattern)-367(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(future)-336(years,)-356(one)-336(stage)-335(following)-336(another.)-506(They)-336(mirror,)-356(rather,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-434(deep)-434(conflict)-434(of)-434(forces)-435(in)-434(the)-434(mind)-434(of)-434(Sun,)-480(and)-434(bring)-434(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-390(surface)-389(of)-390(his)-390(teachings)-390(some)-389(of)-390(the)-390(almost)-389(irreconcilable)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(attitudes)-480(and)-479(projects)-480(which)-480(he)-479(had)-480(to)-479(put)-480(together.)-939(In)-479(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-334(part)-334(of)-334(his)-333(doctrines)-334(we)-334(do)-334(not)-334(find)-334(such)-333(contrasts;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-233(ideology,)-237(a)-233(readjustment)-233(of)-233(the)-233(ideology)-234(of)-233(old)-233(China,)-236(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(impact)-275(of)-275(the)-275(new)-275(world,)-281(to)-275(conditions)-275(developing)-275(after)-274(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(impact,)-220(is)-213(fairly)-213(homogeneous)-213(and)-213(consistent.)-238(It)-213(does)-213(not)-212(possess)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-309(rigid)-310(and)-309(iron-bound)-309(consistency)-309(required)-310(to)-309(meet)-309(the)-309(logic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-800(the)-399(West;)-475(but,)-437(in)-400(a)-400(country)-400(not)-399(given)-400(to)-400(the)-400(following)-399(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([204])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(268)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(207.)-250(Italics)-250(omitted.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1061 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1062 0 R
+/Resources 1060 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1055 0 R
+>> endobj
+1057 0 obj <<
+/D [1061 0 R /XYZ 93.543 347.043 null]
+>> endobj
+1063 0 obj <<
+/D [1061 0 R /XYZ 106.992 84.911 null]
+>> endobj
+1060 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1066 0 obj <<
+/Length 4636
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(General)-250(Program)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-9088(209)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(absolutes,)-223(it)-216(was)-216(as)-216(stable)-216(as)-216(it)-216(needed)-216(to)-217(be.)-238(His)-216(programs)-216(do)-216(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(display)-326(the)-327(same)-326(high)-327(level)-326(of)-326(consistency.)-480(They)-326(were)-326(derived)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-411(his)-411(ideology,)-451(but,)-452(in)-411(being)-411(derived)-411(from)-411(it,)-451(they)-411(had)-411(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conform)-229(with)-229(the)-229(realities)-229(of)-229(the)-229(revolutionary)-229(situation)-229(in)-228(words)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(addressed)-368(to)-369(men)-368(in)-368(that)-368(situation.)-605(As)-368(Wittfogel)-368(has)-369(said,)-397(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contradictions)-309(of)-310(the)-309(actual)-310(situation)-309(in)-309(China)-310(were)-309(reflected)-309(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-343(words)-344(of)-343(Sun)-343(Yat-sen;)-390(Marxians,)-367(however,)-366(would)-343(suppose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-322(these)-321(contradictions)-322(ran)-321(through)-322(the)-322(whole)-321(of)-322(the)-321(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-336(plans.)-507(It)-336(may)-336(be)-336(found)-335(that)-336(in)-336(the)-336(old)-336(security)-335(transmitted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-354(Sun)-354(from)-354(the)-354(Confucian)-354(ideology)-354(to)-354(his)-354(own,)-380(there)-354(is)-353(little)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contradiction;)-250(in)-250(his)-250(programs)-250(we)-250(shall)-250(find)-250(much)-250(more.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td [(This)-466(does)-465(not)-466(mean,)-519(of)-466(course,)-520(that)-465(Sun)-466(Yat-sen)-465(planned)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(things)-449(which)-449(were)-450(inherently)-449(incompatible)-449(with)-449(one)-449(another.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(What)-309(he)-308(did)-309(do)-309(was)-308(to)-309(advocate)-309(courses)-308(of)-309(action)-309(which)-308(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possibly)-344(have)-345(all)-344(been)-344(carried)-345(out)-344(at)-344(the)-345(same)-344(time,)-368(but)-344(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-362(much)-362(more)-362(probably)-362(present)-362(themselves)-362(as)-361(alternatives.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(His)-283(ardor)-283(in)-283(the)-283(cause)-284(of)-283(revolution,)-291(and)-283(his)-283(profound)-283(sincerity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(frequently)-285(led)-284(him)-285(to)-285(over-assess)-285(the)-284(genuineness)-285(of)-285(the)-284(cordial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(protestations)-461(of)-461(others;)-567(he)-461(found)-460(it)-461(possible)-461(to)-461(praise)-461(Japan,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Turkey,)-260(and)-258(the)-257(Soviet)-258(Union)-258(in)-258(the)-257(same)-258(speech,)-260(and)-258(to)-257(predict)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-449(harmonious)-449(combination,)-499(not)-449(only)-449(of)-449(the)-449(various)-449(Asiatic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(nationalisms)-280(with)-280(each)-280(other,)-288(but)-280(of)-279(all)-280(the)-280(nations)-280(of)-280(Asia)-280(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-261(international)-261(communism.)-282(The)-261(advantage,)-263(therefore,)-263(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-371(present)-371(treatment,)-401(which)-370(seeks)-371(to)-371(dissever)-371(the)-371(ideology)-370(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-280(Yat-sen)-280(from)-280(his)-280(plans,)-288(may)-279(rest)-280(in)-280(large)-280(part)-280(upon)-280(the)-280(fact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-275(the)-274(ideology,)-281(based)-275(in)-275(the)-275(almost)-274(timeless)-275(scheme)-275(of)-274(things)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-467(China,)-520(depended)-467(little)-466(upon)-467(the)-466(political)-467(situations)-466(of)-466(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(moment,)-332(while)-316(his)-316(plans,)-332(inextricably)-316(associated)-316(with)-316(the)-315(main)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(currents)-301(of)-302(the)-301(contemporary)-301(political)-302(situation,)-314(may)-301(have)-301(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(invalidated)-291(as)-291(plans)-291(by)-291(the)-291(great)-291(political)-291(changes)-291(that)-290(occurred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(after)-248(his)-249(death.)-249(That)-248(is)-249(not)-248(to)-248(say,)-498(however,)-248(that)-249(his)-248(plans)-248(are)-248(no)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([205])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(longer)-261(of)-260(importance.)-282(The)-261(Chinese)-260(nationalists)-261(may)-260(still)-261(refer)-260(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-270(for)-269(suggestions)-270(as)-269(to)-270(their)-269(general)-270(course)-269(of)-270(action,)-274(should)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-259(wish)-259(to)-259(remain)-259(orthodox)-258(to)-259(the)-259(teachings)-259(of)-259(Sun.)-277(The)-258(plans)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1065 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1066 0 R
+/Resources 1064 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1055 0 R
+>> endobj
+1067 0 obj <<
+/D [1065 0 R /XYZ 194.501 106.79 null]
+>> endobj
+1064 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1070 0 obj <<
+/Length 4656
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(210The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(also)-251(show)-251(how)-250(the)-251(ideology)-251(may)-250(be)-251(developed)-251(with)-251(reference)-250(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prevailing)-250(conditions.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Clearly,)-479(some)-434(changes)-434(in)-433(the)-434(plans)-433(will)-434(have)-433(to)-434(be)-433(made;)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(some)-415(of)-414(the)-415(changes)-414(which)-414(have)-415(been)-414(made)-415(are)-414(undoubtedly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(justified.)-1510(Now)-670(that)-670(war)-670(between)-670(the)-670(Soviet)-670(Union)-669(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Japan)-557(has)-556(ceased)-557(to)-557(be)-556(improbable,)-634(it)-556(is)-557(difficult)-557(to)-556(think)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-569(the)-568(co\366rdination)-569(of)-569(a)-569(pan-Asiatic)-568(crusade)-569(with)-569(a)-568(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(struggle)-439(against)-439(imperialism.)-817(Chinese)-438(nationalists,)-487(no)-438(longer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-289(good)-290(terms)-289(with)-290(the)-289(Japanese)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 144.253 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-289(on)-290(worse)-289(terms)-290(with)-289(the)]TJ -155.162 -13.549 Td [(Communists)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 55.167 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(must)-199(depend)-199(upon)-198(themselves)-199(and)-199(upon)-199(their)-198(own)]TJ -66.077 -13.55 Td [(nation)-323(much)-323(more)-323(than)-323(Sun)-323(expected.)-469(At)-323(the)-323(time)-323(of)-323(his)-323(death)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-238(1925)-238(the)-238(Japanese)-238(hostility)-237(to)-238(the)-238(Kuomintang,)-241(which)-237(became)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-251(strikingly)-250(evident)-250(at)-251(Tsinanfu)-250(in)-251(1928-9,)-250(and)-251(the)-250(fundamental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(incompatibility)-285(of)-285(the)-285(Kuomintang)-285(and)-285(the)-285(Communist)-285(Party)-284(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China,)-402(had)-371(not)-371(manifested)-371(themselves.)-614(On)-371(the)-372(other)-371(hand,)-401(he)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(could)-225(not)-225(have)-225(foreseen)-225(that)-225(the)-225(imperialist)-225(nations,)-230(by)-225(no)-225(means)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cordial)-382(to)-382(the)-382(Chinese)-382(Nationalists,)-415(would)-382(become)-382(as)-381(friendly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-430(the)-429(Chinese)-430(nationalism)-430(as)-429(they)-430(have.)-789(The)-430(United)-429(States,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-469(instance,)-525(while)-469(not)-469(acting)-469(positively)-470(against)-469(the)-469(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(restrictions)-226(of)-226(Western)-227(imperialism)-226(\050including)-226(its)-226(own\051)-226(in)-226(China,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-379(been)-379(friendly)-379(to)-379(the)-380(Nanking)-379(government,)-411(and)-379(as)-379(far)-379(as)-379(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rigid)-416(policy)-415(of)-416(neutrality)-415(permitted)-416(it,)-457(took)-416(the)-415(side)-416(of)-415(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(against)-242(Japan)-242(in)-241(the)-242(Manchurian)-242(conflict)-242(in)-242(and)-241(after)-242(1931.)-247(Such)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developments)-439(cannot)-439(easily)-439(be)-439(reconciled)-439(to)-439(the)-439(letter)-439(of)-439(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(plans)-230(of)-230(Sun)-230(Yat-sen,)-235(and,)-234(unless)-230(infallibility)-230(is)-230(expected)-230(of)-230(him,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(there)-250(is)-250(no)-250(reason)-250(why)-250(they)-250(should.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([206])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -16.004 Td [(His)-474(plans)-475(possess)-474(an)-474(interest)-474(far)-474(more)-475(than)-474(academic.)-923(It)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(is)-385(not)-384(the)-385(province)-385(of)-385(this)-384(work)-385(to)-385(judge)-384(the)-385(degree)-385(to)-384(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-356(Nationalists)-356(carried)-357(out)-356(the)-356(doctrines)-356(of)-356(Sun,)-383(nor)-356(to)-356(assess)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-315(relative)-316(positions)-315(of)-316(such)-315(leaders)-315(as)-316(Chiang)-315(Chieh-shih)-315(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wang)-321(Ching-wei)-321(with)-322(respect)-321(to)-321(orthodoxy.)-464(The)-321(plans)-321(may)-321(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(presented)-409(simply)-408(as)-409(a)-408(part)-409(of)-409(the)-408(theory)-409(of)-409(Sun)-408(Yat-sen,)-448(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(where)-372(there)-373(is)-372(possibility)-373(of)-372(disagreement,)-403(of)-372(his)-373(theory)-372(in)-372(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(final)-312(and)-311(most)-312(authoritative)-312(stage:)-373(the)-312(sixteen)-311(lectures)-312(of)-311(1924,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1069 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1070 0 R
+/Resources 1068 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1055 0 R
+>> endobj
+1071 0 obj <<
+/D [1069 0 R /XYZ 93.543 174.612 null]
+>> endobj
+1068 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1074 0 obj <<
+/Length 4586
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(General)-250(Program)-250(of)-250(Nationalism.)-9088(211)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-250(the)-250(other)-250(significant)-250(writings)-250(of)-250(the)-250(last)-250(years)-250(of)-250(his)-250(life.)]TJ 11.956 -13.921 Td [(The)-319(first)-318(part)-319(of)-319(his)-318(plans)-319(for)-319(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 159.464 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(those)-319(dealing)-318(with)-319(the)]TJ -182.329 -13.549 Td [(applications)-461(of)-461(nationalism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 122.78 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(may)-461(be)-461(more)-461(easily)-461(digested)-461(in)]TJ -133.689 -13.549 Td [(outline)-250(form:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -24.5 Td [(1.)-231(The)-194(Kuomintang)-193(was)-194(to)-193(be)-194(the)-193(instrument)-194(of)-194(the)-193(revolution.)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Re-formed)-264(under)-263(the)-264(influence)-264(of)-264(the)-263(Communist)-264(advisers,)-267(it)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(had)-218(become)-217(a)-218(powerful)-217(weapon)-218(of)-217(agitation.)-239(It)-218(was,)-224(as)-218(will)-217(be)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(seen)-267(in)-266(the)-267(discussion)-266(of)-267(the)-267(plans)-266(for)-267(democracy,)-271(to)-266(become)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(a)-475(governing)-475(system)-475(as)-475(well.)-924(Its)-475(primary)-475(purpose)-475(was)-475(to)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(carry)-295(out)-296(the)-295(advancement)-296(of)-295(nationalism)-295(by)-296(the)-295(elimination)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(of)-349(the)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 27.158 0 Td [(tuchuns)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 34.128 0 Td [(and)-349(other)-350(anti-national)-349(groups)-349(in)-349(China,)-374(and)]TJ -61.286 -12.822 Td [(by)-328(an)-327(application)-328(of)-327(the)-328(three)-327(principles,)-347(one)-328(by)-328(one,)-347(of)-327(the)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(nationalist)-250(program.)]TJ 17.828 -13.194 Td [(2.)-1287(The)-595(Kuomintang)-596(should)-595(foster)-596(the)-595(ideology)-596(of)]TJ -17.828 -12.822 Td [(nationalism)-309(and)-310(arouse)-309(the)-310(Chinese)-309(people)-309(to)-310(the)-309(precarious)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(position)-522(of)-523(their)-522(country.)-1067(In)-522(order)-523(to)-522(make)-522(nationalism)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(politically)-331(effective,)-351(state)-332(allegiance)-331(had)-331(to)-331(supplant)-331(the)-331(old)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(personal)-426(allegiance)-425(to)-426(the)-426(Dragon)-425(Throne,)-470(or)-425(the)-426(personal)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(allegiance)-250(to)-250(the)-250(neo-feudal)-250(militarists.)]TJ 13.707 -13.194 Td [(3.)-226(Nationalism)-178(should)-177(be)-178(exerted)-178(economically,)-192(to)-177(develop)]TJ -13.707 -12.822 Td [(the)-306(country)-305(in)-306(accord)-306(with)-306(the)-305(ideology)-306(of)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 172.59 0 Td [(min)-306(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 43.836 0 Td [(and)-306(to)]TJ -216.426 -12.822 Td [(clear)-265(away)-264(imperialist)-265(economic)-265(oppression)-264(which)-265(interfered)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(with)-250(both)-250(nationalism)-250(and)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 105.208 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 40.27 0 Td [(.)]TJ -131.135 -13.194 Td [(4.)-247(Nationalism)-243(had)-242(to)-242(be)-242(exerted)-242(politically,)-244(for)-242(two)-242(ends:)]TJ -14.343 -12.822 Td [(Chinese)-233(demo)-1(cracy,)-236(and)-234(Chinese)-233(autonomy,)-237(which)-234(Sun)-233(often)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(spoke)-409(of)-409(as)-409(one.)-726(This)-409(had)-409(to)-409(be)-409(done)-409(by)-408(active)-409(political)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 271.387 0 Td [([207])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -271.387 -12.822 Td [(resistance)-318(to)-319(aggression)-318(and)-318(by)-319(the)-318(advancement)-318(of)-319(a)-318(China)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(state-ized)-250(and)-250(democratic.)]TJ 15.94 -13.194 Td [(5.)-712(Nationalism)-404(had)-404(also)-404(to)-404(be)-404(exercised)-404(politically,)-443(in)]TJ -15.94 -12.822 Td [(another)-250(manner:)-250(in)-251(the)-250(class)-250(war)-250(of)-250(the)-250(nations.)-251(China)-250(should)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(fight)-312(the)-312(racial)-312(and)-312(economic)-312(oppression)-312(of)-312(the)-312(ruling)-312(white)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(powers,)-276(in)-272(common)-271(with)-271(the)-271(other)-272(oppressed)-271(nations)-271(and)-271(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(one)-250(benevolent)-250(white)-250(nation)-250(\050Soviet)-250(Russia\051.)]TJ 15.552 -13.193 Td [(6.)-594(Nationalism)-365(had)-365(to)-364(reinforce)-365(itself)-365(through)-365(its)-364(racial)]TJ -15.552 -12.822 Td [(kinships.)-502(China)-334(had)-334(to)-334(help)-334(her)-333(fellow)-334(Asiatic)-334(nations,)-355(in)-334(a)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1073 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1074 0 R
+/Resources 1072 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1055 0 R
+>> endobj
+1075 0 obj <<
+/D [1073 0 R /XYZ 307.765 182.282 null]
+>> endobj
+1072 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1078 0 obj <<
+/Length 4128
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(212The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(pan-Asia)-391(movement,)-427(and)-392(restore)-391(justice)-391(to)-392(Asia)-391(and)-392(to)-391(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(world.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -23.367 Td [(This)-320(recapitulation)-321(serves)-320(to)-320(show)-321(the)-320(curious)-320(developments)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-280(Sun)-279(Yat-sen's)-280(nationalist)-280(program.)-339(Originally)-279(based)-280(upon)-279(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology,)-185(then)-169(influenced)-168(by)-169(the)-168(race-orientation)-169(of)-169(a)-168(good)-169(deal)-168(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-267(political)-268(thought,)-272(and)-267(finally)-267(reconciled)-268(to)-267(the)-267(programmatic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessities)-415(of)-416(his)-415(Communist)-415(allies,)-457(it)-415(is)-416(surprising)-415(not)-415(in)-415(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(diversity)-331(but)-331(in)-331(its)-331(homogeneity)-331(under)-331(the)-331(circumstances.)-492(This)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mixture)-173(of)-173(elements,)-189(which)-173(appears)-174(much)-173(more)-173(distinctly)-173(in)-173(Sun's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-163(words)-163(than)-163(it)-163(does)-164(in)-163(a)-163(rephrasing,)-180(led)-163(some)-163(Western)-163(students)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(who)-440(dealt)-440(with)-439(Sun)-440(to)-440(believe)-440(that)-439(his)-440(mind)-440(was)-440(a)-439(cauldron)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(filled)-350(with)-350(a)-350(political)-350(witch-brew.)-550(If)-350(it)-350(is)-350(remembered)-350(that)-350(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(points)-235(discussed)-234(were)-234(programmatic)-235(points,)-238(which)-234(changed)-234(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(various)-334(political)-334(developments)-334(encountered)-334(by)-334(Sun)-334(and)-333(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(followers,)-311(and)-298(not)-299(the)-299(fundamental)-298(premises)-299(of)-298(his)-299(thought)-298(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(action)-311(\050which)-311(remained)-311(surprisingly)-311(constant,)-326(as)-311(far)-311(as)-311(one)-310(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(judge,)-262(throughout)-259(his)-259(life\051,)-262(the)-259(inner)-260(consistency)-259(of)-259(Sun)-259(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(will)-448(appear.)-843(These)-447(plans)-448(could)-448(not)-447(have)-448(endured)-448(under)-447(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(circumstances,)-482(since)-436(they)-436(were)-436(set)-436(in)-436(a)-436(particular)-436(time.)-807(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-250(may.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(In)-263(turning)-263(from)-263(the)-263(nationalist)-263(to)-263(the)-263(democratic)-263(plans)-263(of)-263(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(Yat-sen,)-305(we)-294(encounter)-294(a)-295(distinct)-294(change)-294(in)-294(the)-294(type)-294(of)-294(material.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Orderly)-386(and)-387(precise)-386(instead)-386(of)-387(chaotic)-386(and)-386(near-contradictory,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-295(democratic)-296(plans)-295(of)-295(Sun)-295(Yat-sen)-591(present)-295(a)-295(detailed)-295(scheme)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([208])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-328(government)-329(based)-328(squarely)-328(on)-328(his)-328(democratic)-329(ideology,)-347(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-528(no)-528(concessions)-529(to)-528(the)-528(politics)-528(of)-529(the)-528(moment.)-1084(Here)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-473(nationalism)-473(finds)-473(its)-472(clearest)-473(expression.)-919(The)-472(respective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(autonomies)-309(of)-308(the)-309(individual,)-323(the)-309(clan,)-323(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 191.145 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.395 0 Td [(and)-309(the)-308(nation)]TJ -217.54 -13.549 Td [(are)-307(account)1(ed)-307(for;)-335(the)-306(nature)-307(of)-306(the)-307(democratic)-306(nationalist)-306(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(becomes)-222(clear.)-241(Programmatically,)-228(it)-222(is)-222(the)-223(clearest,)-228(and,)-227(perhaps,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(soundest,)-250(part)-250(of)-250(Sun's)-250(work.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 -29.64 Td [([209])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1077 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1078 0 R
+/Resources 1076 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1055 0 R
+>> endobj
+1079 0 obj <<
+/D [1077 0 R /XYZ 257.686 197.453 null]
+>> endobj
+1080 0 obj <<
+/D [1077 0 R /XYZ 93.543 72.968 null]
+>> endobj
+1076 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1081 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index43) >>
+endobj
+1084 0 obj
+(Chapter VI. The Programs of Democracy.)
+endobj
+1085 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index44) >>
+endobj
+1088 0 obj
+(The Three Stages of Revolution.)
+endobj
+1091 0 obj <<
+/Length 3556
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-267(VI.)-268(The)-267(Programs)-267(of)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td [(Democracy.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -70.875 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Stages)-250(of)-250(Revolution.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -27.245 Td [(Sun)-259(Yat-sen's)-258(doctrine)-259(of)-258(the)-259(three)-259(stages)-258(of)-259(revolution)-258(attracted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-383(considerable)-382(degree)-383(of)-383(attention.)-647(By)-383(the)-383(three)-382(stages)-383(of)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-262(he)-261(meant)-262(\0501\051)-262(the)-261(acquisition)-262(of)-262(political)-261(power)-262(by)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(teachers)-237(of)-236(the)-237(new)-237(ideology)-236(\050the)-237(revolution\051,)-239(\0502\051)-237(the)-237(teaching)-236(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-293(new)-293(ideology)-293(\050tutelage\051,)-304(and)-293(\0503\051)-293(the)-293(practice)-292(of)-293(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-383(the)-384(people)-383(in)-383(accord)-383(with)-384(the)-383(new)-383(ideology)-383(\050constitutional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy\051.)-508(Enough)-335(of)-336(Sun)-336(Yat-sen's)-336(teaching)-336(concerning)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(new)-253(ideology)-253(has)-253(been)-253(shown)-253(to)-253(make)-253(clear)-253(that)-253(this)-253(proposal)-253(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(merely)-273(a)-274(logical)-273(extension)-274(of)-273(his)-273(doctrine)-274(of)-273(the)-274(three)-273(classes)-273(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(men.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Western)-448(writers)-447(who)-448(have)-448(acquainted)-447(themselves)-448(with)-447(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(theory)-335(seem,)-356(in)-335(some)-335(instances,)-357(inclined)-334(to)-335(identify)-335(it)-335(with)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxist)-317(theory)-316(of)-317(the)-317(dictatorship)-316(of)-317(the)-317(proletariat,)-333(into)-316(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(proletarian)-272(revolution)-273(is)-272(to)-272(be)-272(divided)-272(into)-272(three)-272(stages)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(conquest)-376(of)-377(political)-376(power)-376(by)-376(the)-377(masses;)-439(the)-376(dictatorship)-376(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-406(proletariat;)-483(and)-406(the)-406(inauguration)-406(\050in)-405(the)-406(remote)-406(future\051)-405(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-417(non-governmental)-418(class-less)-417(society.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 181.808 3.959 Td [(269)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.654 -3.959 Td [(It)-417(scarcely)-417(seems)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 131.558 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 124.746 Td [(269)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-288(article)-289(by)-289(Tsui,)-298(cited,)-298(p.)-365(177)-289(and)-288(following,)-299(goes)-288(into)-289(a)-288(quite)-289(detailed)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(comparison)-342(of)-342(the)-342(Chinese)-342(Nationalist)-342(and)-342(the)-342(Marxian)-342(Communist)-342(theories)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-370(the)-370(three)-370(stages)-370(of)-370(revolution.)-611(He)-370(draws)-370(attention)-370(to)-370(the)-370(fact)-370(that,)-400(while)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-360(Communists)-360(do)-360(not)-360(speak)-360(of)-360("three)-360(stages")-360(and)-360(prefer)-360(to)-360(emphasize)-360(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(transitional)-400(stage)-401(of)-400(the)-401(dictatorship)-400(of)-400(the)-401(proletariat,)-438(the)-400(two)-401(theories)-400(are)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(similar)-250(almost)-250(to)-250(the)-250(point)-250(of)-250(being)-250(identical.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1090 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1091 0 R
+/Resources 1089 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1092 0 R
+>> endobj
+1082 0 obj <<
+/D [1090 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1086 0 obj <<
+/D [1090 0 R /XYZ 46.771 413.877 null]
+>> endobj
+1089 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1095 0 obj <<
+/Length 4886
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(214The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(necessary)-262(to)-262(go)-263(so)-262(far)-262(afield)-262(to)-262(discover)-263(the)-262(origin)-262(of)-262(the)-262(theory.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(As)-357(a)-356(matter)-357(of)-356(record,)-384(Sun)-356(Yat-sen)-357(made)-356(his)-357(earliest)-356(recorded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(announcement)-394(of)-393(this)-394(theory)-394(in)-393(1905,)-430(when)-394(he)-393(was)-394(not)-394(at)-393(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(under)-383(the)-383(influence)-383(of)-383(Marxism,)-416(although)-383(he)-383(was)-383(acquainted)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([210])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(with)-266(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 31.092 3.959 Td [(270)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.707 -3.959 Td [(Finally,)-270(the)-266(theory)-266(forms)-266(so)-266(necessary)-266(a)-266(link)-267(between)]TJ -46.799 -13.549 Td [(his)-473(theory)-472(of)-473(Kuomintang)-473(control)-472(of)-473(the)-473(revolution,)-528(and)-472(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equally)-422(insistent)-423(demand)-422(for)-422(ultimate)-422(democracy,)-466(that)-422(it)-422(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-343(regarded)-342(as)-343(a)-342(logically)-343(necessary)-342(part)-343(of)-342(his)-343(complete)-342(plan.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-397(coincidence)-397(between)-396(his)-397(and)-397(the)-397(Marxian)-397(theories)-396(would)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(consequently)-425(appear)-425(as)-426(a)-425(tribute)-425(to)-425(his)-425(acumen;)-513(this)-425(was)-425(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(view)-328(that)-327(the)-328(Communists)-327(took)-327(when)-328(they)-327(discovered)-328(that)-327(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-321(was)-320(afraid)-321(of)-321(the)-320(weaknesses)-321(of)-321(immediate)-320(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(a)-250(country)-250(not)-250(fit)-250(for)-250(it.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td [(One)-324(might)-325(also)-324(observe)-324(that,)-343(once)-325(the)-324(premise)-324(of)-324(revolution)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(for)-493(a)-492(purpose)-493(is)-492(accepted,)-554(the)-492(three)-493(stages)-493(fit)-492(well)-493(into)-492(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scheme)-485(of)-485(age-old)-485(traditional)-485(political)-485(thought)-485(advocated)-484(by)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-334(Confucians.)-501(Confucius)-334(did)-334(not)-333(see)-334(the)-334(value)-334(of)-333(revolution,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(although)-285(he)-285(condoned)-285(it)-286(in)-285(specific)-285(instances.)-355(He)-286(did,)-293(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(believe)-506(in)-507(tutelage)-506(and)-506(looked)-507(forward)-506(to)-506(an)-507(age)-506(when)-506(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-345(would)-345(have)-345(so)-344(impregnated)-345(the)-345(minds)-345(of)-345(men)-345(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 272.143 0 Td [(ta)]TJ -272.143 -13.549 Td [(t'ung)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.803 0 Td [(\050the)-190(Confucian)-190(Utopia\051)-190(would)-190(be)-190(reached,)-202(and,)-202(presumably,)]TJ -23.803 -13.549 Td [(government)-269(would)-269(become)-269(superfluous.)-307(That)-269(which)-269(Sun)-269(sought)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-528(achieve)-529(by)-528(revolution)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 114.854 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-528(placing)-529(of)-528(political)-529(power)-528(in)]TJ -125.763 -13.549 Td [(the)-414(hands)-413(of)-414(the)-414(ideological)-413(reformers)-414(\050or,)-455(in)-413(the)-414(case)-414(of)-413(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxist)-399(theory,)-436(the)-398(proletariat,)-436(actually)-399(the)-399(Communist)-398(party,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-519(trustee\051)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 48.686 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(Confucius)-519(sought,)-586(not)-519(by)-519(advocating)-519(a)-519(general)]TJ -59.595 -13.549 Td [(conspiracy)-532(of)-532(scholars)-533(for)-532(an)-532(oligarchy)-532(of)-532(the)-532(intellectuals,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(but)-478(the)-479(more)-478(peaceful)-479(method)-478(of)-479(urging)-478(princes)-479(to)-478(take)-478(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advice)-291(of)-291(scholars)-292(in)-291(government,)-301(so)-292(that)-291(the)-291(ideology)-291(could)-291(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(established)-227(\050by)-226(the)-227(introduction)-227(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 151.139 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(correct)-227(names,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 63.356 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 7.316 0 Td [(ch\352ng)-227(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.342 0 Td [(\051)]TJ -276.997 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(ideological)-250(control)-250(introduced.)]TJ 11.955 -17.1 Td [(The)-527(three)-526(stages)-527(of)-527(revolution)-526(may)-527(resemble)-527(Communist)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(270)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(181.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1094 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1095 0 R
+/Resources 1093 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1092 0 R
+>> endobj
+1096 0 obj <<
+/D [1094 0 R /XYZ 374.173 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+1093 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1099 0 obj <<
+/Length 4312
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Stages)-250(of)-250(Revolution.)-11198(215)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(doctrine;)-241(they)-237(may)-236(have)-237(been)-236(influenced)-236(by)-237(Confucian)-236(teaching;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whatever)-174(their)-174(origin,)-190(they)-174(play)-174(an)-174(extremely)-174(important)-174(part)-174(in)-174(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(doctrines)-275(of)-275(Sun)-275(Yat-sen,)-281(and)-275(in)-275(the)-550(politics)-275(springing)-275(from)-275(his)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([211])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(principles.)-242(If)-228(the)-227(Kuomintang)-227(is)-227(the)-227(instrument)-227(of)-227(the)-227(revolution,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-341(three)-341(stages)-341(are)-341(its)-340(process.)-523(The)-341(clearest)-341(exposition)-341(of)-340(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-489(of)-490(the)-489(three)-489(stages)-490(is)-489(found)-489(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 182.681 0 Td [(The)-489(Fundamentals)-490(of)]TJ -182.681 -13.549 Td [(National)-274(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 107.231 0 Td [(,)-279(a)-274(manifesto)-273(which)-274(Sun)-273(Yat-sen)-274(issued)]TJ -107.231 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(1924:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -26.763 Td [(3.)-226(The)-178(next)-178(element)-178(of)-179(reconstruction)-178(is)-178(democracy.)-226(To)-178(enable)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-244(people)-245(to)-245(be)-244(competent)-245(in)-244(their)-245(knowledge)-244(of)-245(politics,)-245(the)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(government)-269(should)-268(undertake)-269(to)-269(train)-268(and)-269(guide)-269(them)-268(so)-269(that)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(they)-219(may)-219(know)-220(how)-219(to)-219(exercise)-219(their)-219(rights)-220(of)-219(election,)-225(recall,)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(initiative,)-250(and)-250(referendum....)]TJ 13.759 -13.646 Td [(5.)-228(The)-183(order)-183(of)-182(reconstruction)-183(is)-183(divided)-183(into)-183(three)-183(periods,)]TJ -13.759 -12.822 Td [(viz.)]TJ 0 -20.559 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(a)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.932 0 Td [(\051)-250(Period)-250(of)-250(Military)-250(Operations;)]TJ -8.216 -12.821 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(b)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.932 0 Td [(\051)-250(Period)-250(of)-250(Political)-250(Tutelage;)]TJ -8.216 -12.822 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(c)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(\051)-250(Period)-250(of)-250(Constitutional)-250(Government.)]TJ 8.537 -21.383 Td [(6.)-791(During)-430(the)-431(period)-430(of)-431(military)-430(operations)-430(the)-431(entire)]TJ -16.2 -12.822 Td [(country)-439(should)-440(be)-439(subject)-440(to)-439(military)-440(rule.)-818(To)-440(hasten)-439(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(unification)-345(of)-344(the)-345(country,)-368(the)-344(Government)-345(to)-345(be)-344(controlled)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(by)-295(the)-296(Kuomintang)-295(should)-295(employ)-295(military)-296(force)-295(to)-295(conquer)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(all)-312(opposition)-312(in)-312(the)-312(country)-312(and)-311(propagate)-312(the)-312(principles)-312(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-250(Party)-250(so)-250(that)-250(the)-250(people)-250(may)-250(be)-250(enlightened.)]TJ 15.435 -13.646 Td [(7.)-558(The)-353(period)-353(of)-353(political)-353(tutelage)-353(in)-353(a)-352(province)-353(should)]TJ -15.435 -12.822 Td [(begin)-303(and)-303(military)-303(rule)-303(should)-303(cease)-303(as)-303(soon)-303(as)-303(order)-303(within)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-250(province)-250(is)-250(completely)-250(restored....)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -27.49 Td [(He)-397(then)-396(goes)-397(on)-396(to)-397(describe)-396(the)-397(method)-396(by)-397(which)-396(tutelage)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(shall)-390(be)-390(applied,)-426(and)-390(when)-390(it)-390(should)-390(end.)-671(It)-390(should)-390(end,)-425(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(declares,)-345(in)-325(each)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 77.8 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.581 0 Td [(\050district;)-363(township\051)-326(as)-325(the)-326(people)-326(of)-325(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -104.381 -13.55 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.106 0 Td [(become)-374(self-governing,)-404(through)-374(learning)-373(and)-374(practice)-374(in)]TJ -27.106 -13.549 Td [(the)-406(democratic)-405(techniques.)-717(As)-405(soon)-406(as)-405(all)-406(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 216.026 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.453 0 Td [(within)-406(a)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1098 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1099 0 R
+/Resources 1097 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1092 0 R
+>> endobj
+1100 0 obj <<
+/D [1098 0 R /XYZ 208.121 491.077 null]
+>> endobj
+1097 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1104 0 obj <<
+/Length 5715
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(216The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(province)-289(are)-290(self-governing,)-299(the)-289(provincial)-290(government)-289(shall)-289(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(released)-250(to)-250(democratic)-250(control.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.463 Td [(23.)-321(When)-274(more)-274(than)-274(one)-273(half)-274(of)-274(the)-274(provinces)-274(in)-273(the)-274(country)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(have)-287(reached)-286(the)-287(constitutional)-286(government)-287(stage,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 201.94 0 Td [(i.)-360(e.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.148 0 Td [(more)]TJ -217.339 -12.822 Td [(than)-380(one)-380(half)-380(of)-380(the)-381(provinces)-380(have)-380(local)-380(self-government)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -96.141 0 Td [([212])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 92.392 -12.822 Td [(full)-288(established)-288(in)-288(all)-288(their)-288(districts,)-298(there)-288(shall)-288(be)-288(a)-288(National)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Congress)-306(to)-305(decide)-306(on)-306(the)-305(adoption)-306(and)-306(promulgation)-305(of)-306(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Constitution....)]TJ 14.421 -14.386 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 3.284 0 Td [(Signed)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 26.847 0 Td [(\051)-250(S)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 11.234 0 Td [(UN)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 13.974 0 Td [(W)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 9.311 0 Td [(EN)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -64.57 -14.387 Td [(12th)-258(day,)-260(4th)-259(month,)-260(13th)-258(year)-258(of)-258(the)-259(Republic)-258(\050April)-258(12,)]TJ -14.501 -12.821 Td [(1924\051.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 25.476 3.615 Td [(271)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -33.157 -34.806 Td [(Sun)-297(Yat-sen)-296(was)-297(emphatic)-297(about)-296(the)-297(necessity)-297(of)-296(a)-297(period)-296(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(tutelage.)-524(The)-341(dismal)-341(farce)-341(of)-342(the)-341(first)-341(Republic)-341(in)-341(1912,)-364(when)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-455(inexperience)-455(and)-455(apathy)-455(of)-455(the)-455(people,)-506(coupled)-455(with)-455(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(venality)-240(of)-240(the)-240(militarists)-240(and)-240(politicians,)-242(very)-240(nearly)-239(discredited)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 284.983 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 278.17 Td [(271)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tyau,)-285(cited,)-285(p.)-333(439)-278(and)-278(following.)-334(It)-277(is)-278(also)-278(available)-278(in)-278(Hs\374,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 223.592 0 Td [(Sun)-278(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.841 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(cited)-350(above,)-375(p.)-551(85)-350(and)-350(following.)-550(The)-351(Tyau)-350(translation)-350(was)-350(preferred)-350(since)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it)-347(was)-348(written)-347(by)-347(an)-347(official)-348(of)-347(the)-347(Ministry)-347(of)-348(Foreign)-347(Affairs,)-372(and)-347(may)-347(be)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(regarded)-342(as)-341(the)-342(work)-341(of)-342(a)-341(Government)-342(spokesman.)-524(It)-342(is)-341(interesting,)-365(by)-341(way)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(of)-377(contrast,)-408(to)-376(quote)-377(a)-376(passage)-377(from)-376(the)-377(Constitution)-376(of)-377(the)-377(Chinese)-376(Soviet)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Republic,)-361(so-called:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 76.541 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-338(Chinese)-339(Soviet)-338(Government)-339(is)-338(building)-339(up)-338(a)-339(state)]TJ -80.522 -10.959 Td [(of)-322(the)-322(democratic)-323(dictatorship)-322([sic!])-466(of)-323(the)-322(workers)-322(and)-322(peasants.)-467(All)-322(power)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(shall)-405(be)-406(vested)-405(in)-405(the)-405(Soviets)-406(of)-405(Workers,)-444(Peasants,)-444(and)-405(Red)-406(Army)-405(men.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 276.649 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -276.649 -10.959 Td [(Fundamental)-337(Laws)-336(of)-336(the)-337(Chinese)-336(Soviet)-337(Republic)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 185.468 0 Td [(,)-358(New)-337(York,)-358(1934,)-358(p.)-509(18.)]TJ -185.468 -10.959 Td [(The)-184(absence)-184(of)-184(an)-184(acknowledged)-184(period)-184(of)-185(tutelage,)-197(in)-184(view)-184(of)-184(the)-184(unfamiliarity)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-240(the)-241(Chinese)-240(people)-241(with)-240(democratic)-240(forms,)-243(is)-240(significant.)-247(The)-240(constitutional)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(jurisprudence)-332(of)-331(the)-332(Chinese)-332(Communists)-331(is,)-352(however,)-352(primarily)-332(a)-331(matter)-332(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(academic)-230(interest,)-235(since)-230(the)-231(Soviets,)-234(where)-230(they)-231(have)-230(existed,)-235(have)-230(existed)-231(in)-230(a)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(state)-268(of)-268(perpetual)-269(emergency,)-272(shielded)-269(by)-268(the)-268(Red)-268(Terror)-268(and)-269(other)-268(devices)-268(of)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(revolutionary)-283(control.)-348(The)-283(contrast)-282(between)-283(a)-283(pronouncement)-283(of)-282(Sun)-283(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-229(a)-229(constitution)-229(is)-230(a)-229(fair)-229(one,)-233(since)-229(the)-229(writings)-229(of)-230(Sun)-229(Yat-sen)-229(form)-229(the)-229(final)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(authority)-301(in)-300(the)-301(Nationalist)-301(movement)-300(and)-301(government;)-326(in)-300(a)-301(dispute)-301(as)-300(to)-301(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(higher)-247(validity)-248(of)-247(a)-248(governmental)-247(provision)-248(or)-247(a)-247(flat)-248(contrary)-247(statement)-248(of)-247(Sun)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Yat-sen,)-286(there)-278(can)-279(be)-278(little)-279(question)-278(as)-279(to)-279(which)-278(would)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 197.109 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.967 0 Td [(or,)-286(in)-278(the)-279(eyes)-278(of)-279(the)]TJ -206.076 -10.959 Td [(Nationalists,)-250(should)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 71.238 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(prevail.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1103 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1104 0 R
+/Resources 1102 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1092 0 R
+/Annots [ 1101 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1101 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [152.79 260.115 161.757 269.562]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg085) >>
+>> endobj
+1105 0 obj <<
+/D [1103 0 R /XYZ 113.18 448.519 null]
+>> endobj
+1102 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1108 0 obj <<
+/Length 4559
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Stages)-250(of)-250(Revolution.)-11198(217)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Chinese)-328(democracy,)-347(convinced)-328(Sun)-328(Yat-sen)-328(that)-328(effective)-327(self-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-278(could)-279(be)-278(built)-279(up)-278(only)-279(as)-278(the)-279(citizens)-278(became)-278(ready)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-402(it.)-707(A)-402(considerable)-402(number)-402(of)-402(the)-402(disputes)-402(concerning)-402(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-258(of)-257(self-government)-258(to)-258(be)-257(employed)-258(by)-258(the)-257(policy-making)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(groups)-490(of)-490(the)-490(National)-490(\050Kuomintang-controlled\051)-490(Government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-271(centered)-271(on)-271(the)-271(point)-271(of)-271(criteria)-271(for)-271(self-government.)-313(Even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-492(the)-493(insertion)-492(of)-493(a)-492(transition)-493(stage,)-553(and)-492(with)-493(a)-984(certain)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([213])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(amount)-470(of)-469(tutelage,)-525(difficulties)-470(are)-469(being)-470(encountered)-470(in)-469(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(application)-403(of)-403(this)-404(theory)-403(of)-403(the)-403(introduction)-403(of)-403(constitutional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(government)-545(as)-546(soon)-545(as)-545(the)-545(people)-545(in)-546(a)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 194.225 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.977 0 Td [(are)-545(prepared)]TJ -223.202 -13.549 Td [(for)-444(it.)-830(Other)-444(considerations,)-492(military)-443(or)-444(political,)-492(may)-443(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-378(venture)-377(beyond)-378(the)-377(secure)-377(confines)-378(of)-377(a)-378(benevolent)-377(Party)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(despotism)-254(dangerous;)-256(and)-253(the)-254(efficacy)-254(of)-254(tutelage)-254(can)-254(always)-253(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(questioned.)-458(The)-319(period)-320(of)-319(tutelage)-319(was)-320(set)-319(for)-319(1930-1935;)-354(it)-319(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possible,)-306(however,)-305(that)-295(the)-295(three)-294(stages)-295(cannot)-294(be)-295(gone)-294(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-191(quickly)-191(as)-191(possible,)-203(since)-191(the)-191(Japanese)-191(invasions)-191(and)-191(the)-191(world)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-196(depression)-195(exercised)-196(a)-195(thoroughly)-196(disturbing)-195(influence)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(throughout)-250(the)-250(country.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(A)-298(final)-298(point)-298(may)-298(be)-299(made)-298(with)-298(regard)-298(to)-298(the)-298(three)-298(stages)-298(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(revolution)-276(as)-275(Sun)-276(Yat-sen)-275(planned)-276(them.)-326(Always)-275(impetuous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-282(optimistic)-281(in)-282(revolutionary)-281(endeavor,)-289(Sun)-282(Yat-sen)-281(expected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-275(the)-275(military)-275(conquest)-275(would)-275(be)-275(rapid,)-281(the)-275(period)-275(of)-274(tutelage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(continue)-349(a)-348(few)-349(years,)-374(and)-348(constitutional)-349(democracy)-349(endure)-348(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ages,)-474(until)-429(in)-429(the)-429(end)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 103.587 0 Td [(ta)-429(t'ung)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 39.581 0 Td [(should)-429(reign)-429(upon)-429(earth.)-788(The)]TJ -143.168 -13.549 Td [(transition)-260(period)-261(was)-260(not,)-263(as)-260(in)-261(the)-260(theory)-260(of)-261(the)-260(Confucians)-260(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-200(Marxians,)-210(an)-200(indefinite)-201(period)-200(beginning)-200(with)-200(the)-200(present)-200(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(leading)-315(on)-314(down)-315(to)-315(the)-314(age)-315(of)-315(the)-314(near-perfection)-315(of)-314(humanity.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(It)-369(was)-369(to)-369(Sun)-369(Yat-sen,)-398(in)-369(his)-369(more)-369(concrete)-369(plans,)-399(an)-368(interval)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-404(the)-404(anarchy)-403(and)-404(tyranny)-404(of)-404(the)-404(warlord)-403(dictatorships)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-318(the)-317(coming)-318(of)-318(Nationalist)-318(democracy.)-453(It)-317(was)-318(not)-318(a)-317(scheme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(government)-250(in)-250(itself.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(To)-737(recapitulate:)-1224(Sun)-737(Yat-sen)-737(believed)-737(that)-737(revolution)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(proceeded)-493(or)-493(should)-494(proceed)-493(by)-493(three)-493(stages)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 209.195 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-493(\050military\051)]TJ -220.104 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-487(proper;)-605(the)-487(period)-486(of)-487(tutelage;)-605(and)-487(the)-487(period)-486(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1107 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1108 0 R
+/Resources 1106 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1092 0 R
+>> endobj
+1109 0 obj <<
+/D [1107 0 R /XYZ 292.346 436.88 null]
+>> endobj
+1106 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1110 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index45) >>
+endobj
+1113 0 obj
+(The Adjustment of Democracy to China.)
+endobj
+1116 0 obj <<
+/Length 3953
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(218The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(constitutional)-257(democracy.)-273(His)-257(theory)-258(resembles)-257(the)-257(Communist,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(although)-478(it)-479(provides)-478(for)-478(a)-478(dictatorship)-478(of)-957(the)-478(patriotic)-478(elite)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([214])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(\050Kuomintang\051)-340(and)-339(not)-340(of)-339(any)-340(one)-339(class)-340(such)-339(as)-340(the)-339(proletariat;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-323(also)-323(resembles)-323(the)-322(Confucian)-323(with)-323(respect)-323(to)-323(the)-323(concepts)-322(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(tutelage)-326(and)-325(eventual)-326(harmony.)-476(Military)-326(conquest)-325(was)-326(to)-325(yield)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(swiftly)-412(to)-412(tutelage;)-493(tutelage)-412(was)-412(to)-412(lead,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 190.038 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.523 0 Td [(by)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 15.403 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-452(into)]TJ -255.993 -13.549 Td [(democracy.)-427(With)-309(the)-309(establishment)-309(of)-309(democracy)-309(in)-309(more)-309(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one-half)-335(of)-335(the)-335(provinces,)-356(constitutional)-335(government)-335(was)-335(to)-334(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inaugurated)-406(and)-405(the)-406(expedient)-406(of)-405(Party)-406(dictatorship)-405(dispensed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with.)]TJ 11.956 -16.109 Td [(This)-352(theory,)-378(announced)-353(as)-352(early)-352(as)-353(1905,)-377(Sun)-353(did)-352(not)-352(insist)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(upon)-302(when)-302(the)-302(first)-302(Republic)-302(was)-302(proclaimed)-302(in)-302(1912,)-315(with)-301(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(tragic)-369(results)-369(which)-368(the)-369(history)-369(of)-369(that)-369(unfortunate)-368(experiment)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(shows.)-233(In)-200(the)-200(experience)-199(derived)-200(from)-199(that)-200(great)-200(enthusiasm,)-209(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appreciated)-354(the)-354(necessity)-353(of)-354(knowledge)-354(before)-353(action.)-562(He)-353(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(willing)-346(to)-346(defer)-347(the)-346(enjoyment)-346(of)-346(democracy)-346(until)-346(the)-346(stability)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-292(the)-292(democratic)-293(idea)-292(in)-292(the)-292(minds)-292(of)-293(the)-292(people)-292(was)-292(such)-292(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-427(could)-426(be)-427(entrusted)-427(with)-427(the)-426(familiar)-427(devices)-427(of)-426(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(self-government.)]TJ 11.956 -16.109 Td [(What)-503(kind)-502(of)-503(a)-503(democratic)-502(organization)-503(did)-503(Sun)-502(Yat-sen)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(propose)-484(to)-483(develop)-484(in)-484(China)-483(on)-484(the)-484(basis)-483(of)-484(his)-483(Nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-348(democratic)-348(ideology?)-544(Having)-348(established)-348(the)-348(fundamental)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ideas)-265(of)-265(national)-266(unity,)-269(and)-265(the)-265(national)-265(self-control,)-269(and)-265(having)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(allowed)-410(for)-411(the)-410(necessity)-411(of)-410(an)-411(instrument)-410(of)-410(revolution)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(Kuomintang)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 54.546 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-496(a)-497(process)-496(of)-497(revolution)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 128.908 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-496(three)-497(stages,)]TJ -205.272 -13.549 Td [(what)-248(mechanisms)-247(of)-248(government)-247(did)-247(Sun)-248(advocate)-247(to)-248(permit)-247(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-306(of)-307(China)-306(to)-306(govern)-306(themselves)-306(in)-307(accord)-306(with)-306(the)-306(Three)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Principles?)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -81.084 Td [(The)-250(Adjustment)-250(of)-250(Democracy)-250(to)-250(China.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1115 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1116 0 R
+/Resources 1114 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1092 0 R
+>> endobj
+1117 0 obj <<
+/D [1115 0 R /XYZ 290.045 504.626 null]
+>> endobj
+1111 0 obj <<
+/D [1115 0 R /XYZ 93.543 112.8 null]
+>> endobj
+1114 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1120 0 obj <<
+/Length 5121
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Adjustment)-250(of)-250(Democracy)-250(to)-250(China.)-7893(219)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(It)-248(is)-247(apparent)-248(that,)-248(even)-248(with)-247(tutelage,)-248(the)-248(democratic)-247(techniques)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-295(the)-295(West)-295(could)-295(impair)-295(the)-295(attainment)-295(of)-295(democracy)-295(in)-295(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-188(they)-187(applied)-188(in)-187(an)-188(unmodified)-187(form,)-200(and)-188(without)-187(concession)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-269(the)-269(ideological)-269(and)-269(institutional)-538(backgrounds)-269(of)-269(the)-268(Chinese.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([215])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td [(The)-334(Westerner)-335(need)-334(only)-334(contemplate)-335(the)-334(political)-334(structure)-334(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-192(Roman)-192(Republic)-192(to)-192(realize)-192(how)-192(much)-192(this)-192(modern)-192(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-180(the)-180(peculiar)-179(institution)-180(of)-180(his)-180(race,)-194(bred)-179(in)-180(his)-180(bone)-180(and)-179(running,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sacred)-206(and)-207(ancient,)-215(deep)-206(within)-207(his)-206(mind.)-236(The)-206(particular)-206(methods)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-292(democracy,)-302(so)-292(peculiarly)-292(European,)-302(which)-292(the)-291(modern)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 253.358 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(that)]TJ -264.267 -13.55 Td [(is,)-480(Western)-433(or)-434(Westernized)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 124.659 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(world)-434(employs,)-479(is)-434(no)-434(less)-433(alien)]TJ -135.568 -13.549 Td [(to)-314(the)-315(imperial)-314(anarchy)-315(of)-314(traditional)-315(China)-314(than)-315(is)-314(the)-314(Papacy.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-463(Yat-sen,)-516(beholding)-462(the)-463(accomplishments)-462(of)-463(the)-463(West)-462(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practical)-524(matters,)-592(had)-523(few)-524(illusions)-524(about)-523(the)-524(excellence)-523(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-306(shibboleths,)-321(such)-306(as)-306(parliamentarism)-307(or)-306(liberty,)-320(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-459(profoundly)-460(concerned)-459(with)-460(effecting)-459(the)-460(self-rule)-459(of)-459(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-463(people)-464(without)-463(leading)-464(them)-463(into)-463(the)-464(labyrinth)-463(of)-463(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strange)-250(and)-250(uncongenial)-250(political)-250(system.)]TJ 11.956 -17.255 Td [(In)-288(advocating)-287(democracy)-288(he)-288(did)-287(not)-288(necessarily)-288(advocate)-287(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(adoption)-298(of)-297(strange)-298(devices)-297(from)-298(the)-297(West.)-393(While)-297(believing,)-309(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-389(have)-389(seen,)-424(in)-389(the)-389(necessity)-389(of)-389(the)-389(self-rule)-389(of)-388(the)-389(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(race-nation,)-349(he)-330(by)-329(no)-330(means)-329(desired)-330(to)-329(take)-330(over)-329(the)-329(particular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(parliamentary)-501(forms)-500(which)-501(the)-500(West)-501(had)-500(developed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 244.53 3.959 Td [(272)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.38 -3.959 Td [(He)]TJ -267.91 -13.549 Td [(criticised)-355(the)-355(weakness)-356(of)-355(Western)-355(political)-355(and)-355(social)-355(science)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-234(contrasted)-235(with)-234(the)-235(strength)-234(of)-234(Western)-235(technology:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 239.291 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(It)-234(would)]TJ -244.135 -13.549 Td [(be)-366(a)-367(gross)-366(error)-366(to)-366(believe)-367(that)-366(just)-366(as)-367(we)-366(imitate)-366(the)-366(material)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sciences)-378(of)-378(the)-378(foreigners,)-410(so)-378(we)-378(ought)-378(likewise)-378(to)-378(copy)-378(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(politics.)-247(The)-239(material)-240(civilization)-239(of)-240(the)-239(foreigners)-240(changes)-239(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(day)-182(to)-183(day;)-204(we)-183(attempt)-182(to)-182(imitate)-182(it,)-196(and)-182(we)-183(find)-182(it)-182(difficult)-182(to)-182(keep)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(step)-298(with)-297(it.)-393(But)-297(there)-298(is)-298(a)-297(vast)-298(difference)-297(between)-298(the)-297(progress)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(272)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-426(is)-426(interesting)-426(to)-427(note)-426(that)-426(the)-426(institution)-426(which)-426(most)-426(Western)-427(writers)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(would)-332(incline)-332(to)-332(regard)-332(as)-332(the)-333(very)-332(key-stone)-332(of)-332(democracy,)-352(parliament,)-353(has)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(a)-290(quite)-289(inferior)-290(place)-289(in)-290(the)-289(Sun)-290(Yat-sen)-289(system.)-369(In)-289(the)-290(National)-289(Government)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-267(China,)-270(the)-267(Legislative)-267(Yuan)-266(is)-267(more)-266(like)-267(a)-267(department)-266(than)-267(like)-266(a)-267(chamber.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(This)-207(question,)-215(however,)-215(will)-206(be)-207(discussed)-206(under)-207(the)-206(heading)-207(of)-206(the)-207(Five)-206(Rights.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1119 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1120 0 R
+/Resources 1118 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1122 0 R
+>> endobj
+1121 0 obj <<
+/D [1119 0 R /XYZ 199.626 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+1118 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1125 0 obj <<
+/Length 5330
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(220The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-457(foreign)-458(politics)-915(and)-457(the)-457(progress)-458(of)-457(material)-457(civilization;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([216])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-384(speed)-384(of)-384(\050the)-384(first\051)-385(is)-384(very)-384(slow.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 164.758 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(273)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.644 -3.959 Td [(And)-384(he)-384(said)-384(later,)-418(in)]TJ -186.245 -13.549 Td [(speaking)-270(of)-270(the)-270(democracy)-271(of)-270(the)-270(first)-270(Republic:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 215.272 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(China)-270(wanted)]TJ -220.116 -13.549 Td [(to)-334(be)-334(in)-334(line)-334(with)-334(foreign)-334(countries)-334(and)-334(to)-334(practice)-334(democracy;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(accordingly)-224(she)-225(set)-224(up)-225(her)-224(representative)-225(government.)-241(But)-224(China)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(has)-309(not)-310(learned)-309(anything)-310(about)-309(the)-309(good)-310(sides)-309(of)-309(representative)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governments)-295(in)-295(Europe)-295(and)-295(in)-295(America,)-306(and)-295(as)-295(to)-295(the)-295(bad)-295(sides)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-200(these)-200(governments,)-210(they)-200(have)-200(increased)-200(tenfold,)-210(a)-199(hundredfold)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-289(China,)-299(even)-289(to)-289(the)-289(point)-289(of)-289(making)-289(swine,)-298(filthy)-289(and)-289(corrupt,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(out)-347(of)-347(government)-346(representatives,)-371(a)-347(thing)-347(which)-347(has)-347(not)-346(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(witnessed)-387(in)-387(other)-386(countries)-387(since)-387(the)-387(days)-386(of)-387(antiquity.)-660(This)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-410(truly)-410(a)-409(peculiar)-410(phenomenon)-410(of)-410(representative)-409(government.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Hence,)-437(China)-400(not)-399(only)-400(failed)-399(to)-400(learn)-400(well)-399(anything)-400(from)-399(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-281(governments)-281(of)-282(other)-281(countries,)-289(but)-281(she)-281(learned)-281(evil)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(practices)-404(from)-403(them.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 93.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(274)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.858 -3.959 Td [(This)-404(farce-democracy)-403(was)-404(as)-404(bad)-404(as)]TJ -115.034 -13.549 Td [(no)-304(government)-303(at)-304(all.)-411(Sun)-304(Yat-sen)-304(had)-303(to)-304(reject)-304(any)-303(suggestion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-317(China)-317(imitate)-317(the)-318(example)-317(of)-317(some)-317(of)-317(the)-317(South)-317(American)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations)-215(in)-215(borrowing)-214(the)-215(American)-215(Constitution)-215(and)-214(proclaiming)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(United)-239(States)-239(of)-239(China.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 101.451 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.449 0 Td [(The)-239(problem)-239(was)-239(not)-238(to)-239(be)-239(solved)-239(so)]TJ -121.193 -13.55 Td [(easily.)]TJ 11.955 -13.86 Td [(In)-422(approaching)-421(Sun)-422(Yat-sen's)-422(solution)-421(the)-422(Western)-422(student)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(must)-318(again)-318(remember)-318(two)-318(quite)-318(important)-318(distinctions)-318(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-320(democracy)-321(of)-320(Sun)-320(Yat-sen)-321(and)-320(the)-320(democracy)-321(of)-320(the)-320(West.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen's)-250(principle)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 115.894 0 Td [(min)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.817 0 Td [(was)-250(the)-250(self-control)-250(of)-251(the)]TJ -166.711 -13.549 Td [(whole)-259(people)-258(first,)-261(and)-259(a)-258(government)-259(by)-259(the)-258(mass)-259(of)-258(individuals)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(making)-359(up)-359(the)-359(people)-358(secondarily.)-577(The)-359(Chinese)-359(social)-358(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-260(well)-260(enough)-260(organized)-260(to)-260(permit)-260(the)-260(question)-260(of)-260(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-288(be)-288(a)-289(question)-288(of)-288(the)-288(nation)-289(as)-288(a)-288(whole,)-298(rather)-288(than)-288(a)-288(question)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-456(the)-455(reconciliation)-456(of)-455(particular)-456(interests)-455(within)-456(the)-455(nation.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Special)-408(interests)-408(already)-408(found)-409(their)-408(outlet)-408(in)-816(the)-408(recognized)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([217])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(social)-310(patterns)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 63.372 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(so)-310(reminiscent)-310(of)-310(the)-310(institutions)-310(envisaged)-310(by)]TJ -74.281 -13.549 Td [(the)-312(pluralists)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.742 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(of)-312(the)-313(ancient)-312(order.)-437(In)-312(the)-313(second)-312(place,)-328(China)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.883 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(273)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(341.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.311 Td [(274)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(342.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1124 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1125 0 R
+/Resources 1123 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1122 0 R
+>> endobj
+1126 0 obj <<
+/D [1124 0 R /XYZ 181.232 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+1127 0 obj <<
+/D [1124 0 R /XYZ 304.079 124.937 null]
+>> endobj
+1123 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1130 0 obj <<
+/Length 4732
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Adjustment)-250(of)-250(Democracy)-250(to)-250(China.)-7893(221)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(was)-511(already)-512(a)-511(society)-511(which)-512(was)-511(highly)-511(organized)-511(socially,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(although)-439(politically)-440(in)-439(ruins;)-534(the)-440(democratic)-439(government)-439(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-245(Yat-sen)-245(planned)-245(had)-244(infinitely)-245(less)-245(governing)-245(to)-245(do)-245(than)-244(did)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Western)-319(governments.)-455(The)-319(new)-319(Nationalist)-318(government)-319(had)-318(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fit)-306(into)-306(rather)-306(than)-306(supplant)-307(the)-306(old)-306(order.)-418(As)-306(a)-306(consequence)-306(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-219(distinctions,)-226(one)-219(may)-219(expect)-219(to)-220(find)-219(much)-219(less)-219(emphasis)-219(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-228(exact)-229(methods)-228(of)-229(popular)-228(control)-229(of)-228(the)-229(government)-228(than)-228(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-193(in)-193(a)-193(similar)-193(Western)-193(plan;)-212(and)-193(one)-193(must)-193(anticipate)-193(meeting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-262(ancient)-262(devices)-262(and)-262(offices)-262(which)-262(the)-262(usage)-262(of)-262(centuries)-262(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(hallowed)-250(and)-250(made)-250(true)-250(to)-250(the)-250(Chinese.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td [(One)-416(may)-416(find)-416(that)-416(democracy)-416(in)-416(China)-416(is)-416(not)-416(so)-416(radical)-416(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(novelty)-404(as)-404(it)-405(might)-404(at)-404(first)-404(thought)-404(be)-405(esteemed.)-712(A)-404(figure)-404(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(speech,)-221(which)-215(somewhat)-214(anticipates)-214(the)-215(exposition,)-221(may)-214(serve)-214(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prepare)-255(one)-255(for)-255(some)-254(of)-255(the)-255(seeming)-255(omissions)-255(of)-255(Sun)-254(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(plan)-241(for)-242(a)-241(democracy.)-247(The)-241(suggestion)-242(is)-241(this:)-246(that)-241(the)-241(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-298(Sun)-298(Yat-sen)-298(is,)-311(roughly,)-310(a)-298(modernization)-298(of)-298(the)-298(old)-298(Imperial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system,)-471(with)-427(the)-427(Emperor)-427(\050as)-426(the)-427(head)-427(of)-427(the)-427(academic)-426(civil)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(service\051)-308(removed,)-321(and)-308(the)-307(majority)-308(placed)-307(in)-308(his)-307(stead.)-422(Neither)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-227(the)-227(old)-227(system)-227(nor)-226(in)-227(the)-227(new)-227(were)-227(the)-227(minorities)-227(the)-227(object)-226(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profound)-320(concern,)-338(for,)-338(to)-320(the)-321(Chinese,)-337(the)-321(notion)-320(of)-320(a)-320(minority)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050as)-266(against)-266(the)-267(greater)-266(mass)-266(of)-266(the)-266(tradition-following)-266(people\051)-266(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-388(odd)-387(one.)-663(The)-388(rule)-388(of)-387(the)-388(Son)-388(of)-387(Heaven)-388(\050so)-388(far)-387(as)-388(it)-387(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(government)-329(at)-330(all\051)-329(was)-330(to)-329(be)-329(replaced)-330(by)-329(the)-329(rule)-330(of)-329(the)-329(whole)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-275(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 35.719 0 Td [(min)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.364 0 Td [(,)-281(which)-276(is)-275(more)-275(similar)-275(to)-275(the)-276(German)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 170.43 0 Td [(Volk)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.999 0 Td [(than)-275(the)]TJ -245.512 -13.549 Td [(English)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 37.833 0 Td [(people)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 29.083 0 Td [(\051.)-736(The)-412(first)-412(Sun)-412(Yat-sen)-412(called)-412(monarchy;)-492(the)]TJ -66.916 -13.549 Td [(second,)-250(democracy.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td [(The)-243(old)-243(ideology)-243(was)-243(to)-243(yield)-243(to)-242(the)-243(new,)-245(but)-243(even)-243(the)-243(new)-242(as)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(a)-335(review)-334(of)-334(it)-335(has)-334(shown,)-356(was)-335(not)-334(broad)-335(enough)-334(completely)-334(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supplant)-217(the)-217(old.)-239(The)-217(essential)-217(continuity)-434(of)-217(Chinese)-217(civilization)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([218])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(was)-262(not)-262(to)-262(be)-262(broken.)-287(Democracy)-262(as)-262(a)-262(Western)-262(institution)-262(could)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-315(nothing)-314(more)-315(than)-315(a)-314(sham,)-331(as)-315(the)-314(parliaments)-315(at)-315(Peking)-314(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(showed;)-278(democracy)-269(in)-268(China)-269(had)-268(to)-269(be)-269(not)-268(only)-269(democracy,)-273(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-250(as)-250(well.)]TJ 11.955 -15.186 Td [(It)-290(is)-291(not,)-300(therefore,)-301(extraordinarily)-290(strange)-290(to)-291(find)-290(the)-290(ancient)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1129 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1130 0 R
+/Resources 1128 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1122 0 R
+>> endobj
+1131 0 obj <<
+/D [1129 0 R /XYZ 226.971 135.525 null]
+>> endobj
+1128 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1132 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index46) >>
+endobj
+1135 0 obj
+(The Four Powers.)
+endobj
+1138 0 obj <<
+/Length 4192
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(222The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(institutions)-467(of)-467(the)-467(Empire)-466(surviving)-467(by)-467(the)-467(side)-467(of)-467(the)-466(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extreme)-270(methods)-271(of)-270(popular)-270(government.)-311(The)-270(censorate)-270(and)-270(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(referendum,)-480(the)-434(examination)-433(system)-434(and)-434(the)-434(recall,)-480(all)-433(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work)-306(together)-306(in)-307(the)-306(democracy)-306(planned)-306(by)-307(Sun)-306(Yat-sen.)-418(Even)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-445(the)-445(idea)-445(of)-446(popular)-445(rule)-445(adopted)-445(in)-445(the)-445(formal)-445(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(manner,)-409(Sun)-376(Yat-sen)-377(proposed)-377(to)-377(continue)-377(the)-377(idea)-377(of)-376(natural)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-381(ineradicable)-380(class)-381(differences)-381(between)-381(men.)-642(The)-380(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy)-427(was)-427(not)-426(to)-427(be)-427(any)-427(mere)-427(imitation)-427(of)-426(the)-427(West;)-515(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-245(to)-245(be)-245(the)-246(fundamentally)-245(new)-245(fusion)-245(of)-245(Chinese)-245(and)-245(Western)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(methods,)-195(and)-181(offered)-181(as)-182(the)-181(solution)-181(for)-181(the)-181(political)-181(readjustment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Chinese)-250(society)-250(in)-250(a)-250(world)-250(no)-250(longer)-250(safe)-250(for)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -73.644 Td [(The)-250(Four)-250(Powers.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -37.925 Td [(Sun)-278(Yat-sen)-279(divided)-278(all)-278(men)-279(into)-278(three)-278(categories:)-307(the)-278(geniuses,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-371(followers,)-402(and)-372(the)-371(unthinking.)-615(To)-371(reconcile)-372(this)-371(theory)-371(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(natural)-478(inequality)-477(with)-478(democracy,)-534(he)-478(distinguished)-477(between)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.997 0 Td [(,)-476(the)-431(right)-431(to)-430(rule)-431(as)-431(sovereign,)-476(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 170.681 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.207 0 Td [(,)-476(the)-431(right)-431(to)]TJ -220.885 -13.549 Td [(administer)-376(as)-376(an)-376(official.)-627(He)-376(furthermore)-376(considered)-376(the)-375(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(similar)-356(to)-357(a)-356(machine.)-570(How)-356(should)-357(the)-356(unthinking,)-383(who)-356(would)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possess)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 36.737 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.997 0 Td [(,)-397(the)-367(right)-368(to)-368(rule,)-397(be)-367(granted)-368(that)-367(right)-368(without)]TJ -65.734 -13.549 Td [(attempting)-250(to)-250(usurp)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 87.578 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.208 0 Td [(?)]TJ -96.83 -15.283 Td [(This)-237(was)-238(to)-237(be)-237(accomplished)-237(by)-238(two)-237(means.)-246(The)-237(Four)-237(Powers)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(were)-220(to)-220(be)-220(given)-220(to)-220(the)-220(people,)-226(in)-220(order)-220(to)-220(assure)-220(their)-219(possession)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 12.56 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.996 0 Td [(.)-455(The)-318(Five)-318(Rights)-319(were)-318(to)-318(assure)-319(that)-318(the)-318(government)]TJ -41.556 -13.549 Td [(might)-313(be)-313(protected)-313(in)-313(its)-313(right)-313(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 148.15 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.207 0 Td [(,)-329(in)-313(its)-313(right)-313(to)-313(have)-313(only)]TJ -169.357 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(most)-276(competent)-275(officials.)-328(Together)-275(the)-276(Four)-276(Powers)-276(and)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Five)-339(Rights)-340(implement)-678(a)-339(scheme)-339(of)-340(government)-339(so)-339(novel)-339(that)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([219])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(Sun)-323(Yat-sen)-322(himself)-323(believed)-323(it)-322(to)-323(be)-323(a)-322(definite)-323(contribution)-322(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-362(method.)-584(The)-362(learned)-362(Jesuit)-361(translator)-362(of)-361(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 242.747 0 Td [(San)-362(Min)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1137 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1138 0 R
+/Resources 1136 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1122 0 R
+>> endobj
+1133 0 obj <<
+/D [1137 0 R /XYZ 93.543 351.553 null]
+>> endobj
+1139 0 obj <<
+/D [1137 0 R /XYZ 199.206 93.24 null]
+>> endobj
+1136 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1142 0 obj <<
+/Length 5433
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Four)-250(Powers.)-17086(223)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(Chin)-437(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 34.383 0 Td [(does)-437(not)-437(even)-437(term)-437(it)-437(democracy,)-484(but)-437(neo-democracy)]TJ -34.383 -13.549 Td [(instead.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 33.633 3.959 Td [(275)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -21.677 -17.519 Td [(The)-218(Four)-219(Powers)-218(represent)-219(an)-218(almost)-218(extreme)-219(limit)-218(of)-218(popular)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(control.)-890(Sun)-463(Yat-sen)-463(divided)-464(the)-463(four)-463(into)-464(two)-463(groups:)-676(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(first)-316(two)-315(are)-316(powers)-315(of)-316(the)-316(people)-315(over)-316(the)-315(administrators)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 256.39 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(power)-360(of)-359(election)-360(and)-359(the)-360(power)-359(of)-360(recall;)-414(the)-359(second)-360(two)-359(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers)-273(of)-273(the)-273(people)-273(over)-273(the)-273(laws)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 153.586 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-273(power)-273(of)-273(initiative)-273(and)]TJ -164.495 -13.549 Td [(the)-287(power)-287(of)-287(referendum.)-361(Having)-287(secured)-287(the)-287(government)-287(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(undue)-456(interference,)-508(Sun)-457(Yat-sen)-456(had)-456(no)-457(reluctance)-456(in)-456(giving)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-225(powers)-224(to)-225(the)-224(people.)-242(He)-224(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 158.352 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(As)-225(for)-224(our)-225(China,)-229(since)-225(she)]TJ -163.195 -13.549 Td [(had)-234(no)-234(old)-234(democratic)-234(system,)-237(she)-234(ought)-234(to)-234(be)-234(able)-234(to)-234(make)-234(very)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(good)-250(use)-250(of)-250(this)-250(most)-250(recent)-250(and)-250(excellent)-250(invention.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 229.974 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(276)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -222.862 -17.519 Td [(These)-324(four)-323(powers)-324(are)-323(perhaps)-324(the)-324(most)-323(Western)-324(element)-323(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-299(whole)-299(theory)-299(of)-300(Sun.)-397(History)-299(does)-299(not)-299(record)-299(the)-299(technique)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-295(which)-295(the)-295(Chinese)-295(chose)-296(Yao)-295(to)-295(be)-295(their)-295(Emperor,)-306(and)-295(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(where)-369(actions)-369(comparable)-369(to)-369(elections)-369(were)-369(performed,)-398(it)-369(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-354(by)-354(use)-354(of)-354(the)-354(ballot-box)-354(or)-354(the)-354(voting)-354(machine,)-380(or)-354(drilling)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(on)-318(an)-317(appointed)-318(field.)-452(The)-318(Chinese)-317(way)-318(of)-317(getting)-318(things)-317(done)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(never)-420(tended)-419(that)-419(much)-420(to)-419(formality.)-759(A)-419(man)-420(who)-419(wanted)-419(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-385(a)-385(village)-385(head)-385(might)-384(be)-385(quietly)-385(chosen)-385(head)-385(by)-385(a)-385(cabal)-384(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-433(most)-433(influential)-433(persons,)-479(or)-434(at)-433(a)-433(meeting)-433(of)-433(many)-433(of)-433(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(villagers.)-418(He)-306(might)-307(even)-306(decide)-306(to)-306(be)-306(head,)-320(and)-306(act)-306(as)-306(head,)-320(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-329(hope)-328(that)-329(people)-328(would)-329(pay)-329(attention)-328(to)-329(him)-328(and)-329(think)-328(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-322(was)-323(head.)-466(The)-323(Four)-322(Powers)-322(represent)-645(a)-322(distinct)-322(innovation)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([220])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(in)-275(Chinese)-275(politics)-274(for,)-281(apart)-275(from)-275(a)-275(few)-275(ridiculous)-274(comic-opera)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(performances)-176(under)-176(the)-176(first)-176(Republic,)-191(and)-176(the)-176(spurious)-176(plebiscite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-192(the)-192(attempted)-192(usurpation)-192(of)-193(Y\374an)-192(Shih-k'ai,)-203(the)-192(voting)-192(method)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(has)-245(been)-244(a)-245(technique)-244(unknown)-245(in)-245(China.)-248(It)-244(is)-245(distinctly)-244(Western.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 142.761 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 135.865 Td [(275)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(A)-196(discussion)-196(of)-196(the)-196(four)-196(powers)-195(and)-196(the)-196(five)-196(rights)-196(is)-196(to)-196(be)-196(found)-196(in)-196(Li)-196(Chao-)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(wei,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 17.77 0 Td [(La)-280(Souverainet\351)-281(Nationale)-280(d'apr\350s)-280(la)-280(Doctrine)-281(Politique)-280(de)-280(Sun-Yet-Sin)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 260.619 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(Dijon,)-243(1934.)-248(This)-241(work,)-244(a)-242(doctoral)-241(thesis)-242(submitted)-242(to)-242(the)-242(University)-241(of)-242(Dijon,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(treats)-302(the)-303(Western)-302(theory)-302(of)-303(democracy)-302(and)-302(Sun's)-303(theory)-302(comparatively.)-407(It)-302(is)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(excellent)-228(in)-227(portraying)-228(the)-227(legal)-228(outline)-227(of)-228(the)-227(Chinese)-228(governmental)-227(structure,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-250(points)-250(out)-250(many)-250(significant)-250(analogies)-250(between)-250(the)-250(two)-250(theories.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.311 Td [(276)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(391.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1141 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1142 0 R
+/Resources 1140 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1122 0 R
+>> endobj
+1143 0 obj <<
+/D [1141 0 R /XYZ 233.214 206.523 null]
+>> endobj
+1140 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1146 0 obj <<
+/Length 4570
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(224The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Another)-428(distinction)-429(may)-428(be)-429(made)-428(with)-428(a)-429(certain)-428(degree)-428(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(reservation)-380(and)-379(hesitancy.)-639(It)-380(is)-379(this:)-509(the)-380(Chinese,)-412(without)-379(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elaborate)-452(system)-452(of)-453(expedient)-452(fictions)-452(which)-452(the)-452(West)-452(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(juristic)-234(law,)-237(were)-234(and)-234(are)-234(unable)-234(to)-234(conceive)-234(of)-234(corporate)-234(action.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(A)-354(law)-354(passed)-354(by)-354(the)-354(Peking)-354(parliament)-354(was)-354(not)-354(passed)-354(by)-354(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dictator)-248(in)-247(parliament,)-248(or)-248(the)-247(people)-248(in)-247(parliament;)-248(it)-248(was)-247(simply)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(passed)-324(by)-324(parliament,)-343(and)-324(was)-325(parliament's)-324(responsibility.)-472(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(only)-306(kind)-306(of)-306(law)-306(that)-306(the)-306(people)-306(could)-306(pass)-306(would)-306(be)-306(one)-305(upon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-250(they)-250(themselves)-250(had)-250(voted.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Seen)-678(in)-679(this)-678(light,)-786(the)-679(Four)-678(Powers)-679(assume)-678(a)-678(further)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(significance)-422(greater)-421(than)-422(t)1(he)-422(Western)-421(political)-422(scientist)-421(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attribute)-272(to)-271(them.)-315(In)-271(America)-272(there)-271(is)-272(little)-271(difference)-272(between)-271(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(law)-280(which)-281(the)-280(people)-280(of)-280(Oregon)-281(pass)-280(in)-280(the)-280(legislature,)-288(and)-280(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-272(they)-273(pass)-272(in)-272(a)-273(referendum.)-317(To)-272(the)-272(Chinese)-273(there)-272(is)-272(all)-272(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(difference)-364(in)-364(the)-364(world.)-591(The)-364(one)-364(is)-364(an)-364(act)-364(of)-364(the)-363(government,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-456(not)-455(of)-456(the)-456(people;)-558(the)-456(other,)-507(the)-455(act)-456(of)-456(the)-455(people,)-507(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-346(of)-345(the)-346(government.)-536(The)-346(people)-345(may)-346(have)-345(powers)-346(over)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government,)-245(but)-244(never,)-245(by)-244(the)-244(wildest)-244(swing)-244(of)-244(imagination,)-245(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-217(discover)-217(themselves)-216(personified)-217(in)-217(it.)-239(A)-217(Chinese)-216(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-225(almost)-225(a)-225(dyarchy)-225(of)-225(majority)-225(and)-225(officialdom,)-230(the)-225(one)-225(revising)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-250(checking)-250(the)-250(other.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td [(Sun)-360(Yat-sen)-361(did)-360(not)-360(comment)-360(on)-361(the)-360(frequency)-360(with)-360(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(he)-335(expected)-335(these)-335(powers)-334(to)-335(be)-335(exercised,)-356(nor)-335(has)-335(the)-334(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-248(of)-248(democratic)-248(China)-247(gone)-248(far)-248(enough)-248(to)-248(afford)-247(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(test)-247(of)-248(experience;)-248(it)-247(is)-248(consequently)-247(impossible)-248(to)-247(state)-247(whether)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(these)-340(powers)-340(were)-340(to)-341(be,)-362(or)-340(shall)-340(be,)-363(exercised)-340(constantly)-340(as)-340(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(matter)-184(of)-184(course,)-197(or)-184(whether)-183(they)-184(shall)-184(be)-184(employed)-184(by)-184(the)-183(people)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(only)-407(as)-814(courses)-407(for)-407(emergency)-407(action,)-446(when)-407(the)-407(government)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([221])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(arouses)-356(their)-357(displeasure.)-569(The)-356(latter)-356(seems)-357(the)-356(more)-356(probable,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-335(view)-334(of)-335(the)-334(background)-335(of)-334(Chinese)-335(tradition,)-355(and)-335(the)-334(strong)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(propensities)-229(of)-228(the)-229(Chinese)-229(to)-229(avoid)-228(getting)-229(involved)-229(in)-228(anything)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-287(does)-286(not)-287(concern)-287(them)-286(immediately)-287(and)-287(personally.)-359(This)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(probability)-452(is)-452(made)-453(the)-452(more)-452(plausible)-452(by)-452(the)-452(self-corrective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(devices)-317(in)-316(the)-317(governmental)-316(system,)-333(which)-317(may)-316(seem)-317(to)-316(imply)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1145 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1146 0 R
+/Resources 1144 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1122 0 R
+>> endobj
+1147 0 obj <<
+/D [1145 0 R /XYZ 130.907 147.437 null]
+>> endobj
+1144 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1148 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index47) >>
+endobj
+1151 0 obj
+(The Five Rights.)
+endobj
+1154 0 obj <<
+/Length 4538
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Five)-250(Rights.)-17529(225)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(that)-373(an)-373(extensive)-373(use)-373(of)-373(the)-373(popular)-373(corrective)-373(power)-373(was)-373(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(contemplated)-250(by)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -13.677 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(said:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -23.277 Td [(Now)-359(we)-359(separate)-359(power)-359(from)-359(capacity)-359(and)-358(we)-359(say)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 210.418 0 Td [(that)-359(the)]TJ -210.418 -12.822 Td [(people)-266(are)-266(the)-265(engineers)-266(and)-266(the)-266(government)-266(is)-265(the)-266(machine)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 238.891 0 Td [(.)]TJ -238.891 -12.821 Td [(On)-299(the)-299(one)-300(hand,)-311(we)-299(want)-299(the)-300(machinery)-299(of)-299(the)-299(government)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(to)-245(be)-245(all-powerful,)-246(able)-245(to)-245(do)-245(anything,)-246(and)-245(on)-245(the)-245(other)-245(hand)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(we)-308(want)-309(the)-308(engineer,)-323(the)-309(people,)-323(to)-308(have)-309(great)-308(power)-309(so)-308(as)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(to)-250(be)-250(able)-250(to)-250(control)-250(that)-250(all-powerful)-250(machine.)]TJ 16.024 -12.949 Td [(But)-413(what)-412(must)-413(be)-412(the)-413(mutual)-412(rights)-413(of)-412(the)-413(people)-412(and)]TJ -16.024 -12.822 Td [(of)-437(the)-437(government)-438(in)-437(order)-437(that)-437(they)-437(might)-438(balance?)-811(We)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(have)-258(just)-259(explained)-258(that.)-275(On)-258(the)-259(people's)-258(side)-258(there)-259(should)-258(be)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-291(four)-292(rights)-291(of)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 70.663 0 Td [(election)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 31.226 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 5.442 0 Td [(recall)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 23.02 0 Td [(,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 5.442 0 Td [(initiative)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 35.072 0 Td [(,)-302(and)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 22.558 0 Td [(referendum)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 45.468 0 Td [(.)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(On)-416(the)-415(government's)-416(side)-416(there)-416(must)-415(be)-416(five)-416(powers....)-747(If)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(the)-479(four)-479(governing)-478(powers)-479(of)-479(the)-479(people)-479(control)-478(the)-479(five)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(administrative)-264(powers)-264(of)-264(the)-263(government,)-268(then)-263(we)-264(shall)-264(have)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 0 -12.822 Td [(a)-250(perfect)-250(political-democratic)-250(machine)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 153.674 0 Td [(....)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 9.863 3.615 Td [(277)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -183.174 -62.804 Td [(The)-250(Five)-250(Rights.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.896 Td [(Sun)-265(Yat-sen)-264(implemented)-265(his)-264(theory)-265(of)-264(democracy)-265(by)-264(assigning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Four)-336(Powers)-337(to)-336(the)-337(people)-336(and)-337(Five)-336(Rights)-337(to)-336(the)-336(government.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-430(latter)-429(doctrine)-430(is)-429(one)-430(of)-429(the)-429(most)-430(disputed)-429(points)-430(in)-429(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proposal.)-897(Some)-466(writers)-466(see)-465(in)-466(it)-466(nothing)-465(more)-466(than)-466(a)-465(crass)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(conjunction)-365(of)-365(the)-365(theory)-365(of)-365(Montesquieu)-365(and)-365(the)-365(practices)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-482(Chinese)-482(Imperial)-481(system.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 134.24 3.959 Td [(278)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.765 -3.959 Td [(His)-482(followers)-482(are)-481(disposed)]TJ -157.005 -13.549 Td [(to)-576(regard)-576(the)-577(doctrine)-1152(of)-576(the)-577(Five)-576(Rights)-576(as)-576(the)-576(product)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([222])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.76 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.947 Td [(277)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(395.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.31 Td [(278)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-254(unfavorable)-253(view)-254(of)-254(the)-254(Five)-254(Powers)-253(is)-254(taken)-254(by)-254(Dr.)-261(Jermyn)-254(Chi-hung)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(Lynn)-372(in)-372(his)-372(excellent)-373(little)-372(book,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 125.649 0 Td [(Political)-372(Parties)-372(in)-372(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 95.702 0 Td [(,)-403(Peiping,)-402(1930.)]TJ -221.351 -10.959 Td [(Since)-265(Dr.)-296(Lynn)-265(speaks)-265(kindly)-265(and)-266(hopefully)-265(of)-265(the)-265(plans)-265(of)-266(Wu)-265(Pei-fu,)-269(one)-265(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-272(war-lords)-272(hostile)-271(to)-272(Sun)-272(Yat-sen)-272(and)-272(the)-271(whole)-272(Nationalist)-272(movement,)-277(his)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1153 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1154 0 R
+/Resources 1152 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1156 0 R
+>> endobj
+1149 0 obj <<
+/D [1153 0 R /XYZ 46.771 276.491 null]
+>> endobj
+1155 0 obj <<
+/D [1153 0 R /XYZ 157.345 130.481 null]
+>> endobj
+1152 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1159 0 obj <<
+/Length 4660
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(226The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-519(intrepid)-519(imagination,)-586(which)-519(succeeded)-519(in)-519(reconciling)-519(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(traditional)-383(scheme)-382(of)-383(Chinese)-382(things)-383(with)-382(the)-383(requirements)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-250(self-government.)]TJ 11.956 -14.198 Td [(Sun)-794(made)-794(the)-794(point)-794(that)-794(both)-794(Chinese)-794(and)-794(Western)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(governments)-453(had)-454(in)-453(the)-453(past)-454(had)-453(tripartite)-453(governments.)-860(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(illustrated)-250(this)-250(by)-250(a)-250(diagram:)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 124.844 3.959 Td [(279)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -105.207 -29.843 Td [(C)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.578 0 Td [(ONSTITUTION)-309(OF)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 68.238 0 Td [(C)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.579 0 Td [(HINA)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -81.395 -19.856 Td [(The)-250(Examining)-250(Power)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 94.506 0 Td [(Kao)-250(Shih)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 65.125 0 Td [(\051)]TJ -159.631 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Imperial)-250(Power)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 84.634 0 Td [(Chun)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 50.054 0 Td [(\051)]TJ -125.812 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Legislative)-250(Power)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Executive)-250(Power)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Judicial)-250(Power)]TJ -8.876 -12.821 Td [(The)-250(Power)-250(to)-250(Impeach)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 95.315 0 Td [(Tan)-250(k'\352)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 57.363 0 Td [(\051)]TJ -138.257 -20.505 Td [(F)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 5.483 0 Td [(OREIGN)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 32.569 0 Td [(C)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.579 0 Td [(ONSTITUTIONS)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -59.052 -19.856 Td [(The)-250(Legislative)-250(Power)-250(combined)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Power)-250(to)-250(Impeach)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Executive)-250(Power)-250(combined)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Examining)-250(Power)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Judicial)-250(Power)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.682 -33.646 Td [(Sun)-292(Yat-sen)-293(believed)-292(that)-292(in)-292(separating)-293(the)-292(Five)-292(Rights)-293(from)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(one)-452(another)-451(he)-452(would)-451(make)-452(clear)-452(certain)-451(differentiations)-903(of)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([223])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 218.551 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 205.799 Td [(criticism)-181(of)-181(Sun)-182(Yat-sen)-181(need)-181(not)-181(be)-181(taken)-181(as)-182(completely)-181(impartial.)-227(It)-181(represents)]TJ 0 -7.989 Td [(a)-276(point)-275(that)-276(has)-275(been)-276(made)-275(time)-276(and)-275(time)-276(again)-275(by)-276(persons)-275(antagonistic)-276(to)-275(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 52.552 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf -40.596 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-286(Wu)-286(Chuan)-286(Hsien)-286(Fa)-286(is)-286(also)-286(no)-286(discovery)-286(of)-286(Dr.)-358(Sun's.)-359(As)-286(is)-286(known,)]TJ -15.937 -10.959 Td [(the)-292(three)-292(power)-292(constitution,)-302(consisting)-292(of)-292(the)-292(legislative,)-302(judiciary)-292([sic!])-376(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(executive)-407(functions,)-445(was)-407(originally)-406(developed,)-446(more)-406(or)-407(less)-406(unconsciously,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-334(the)-333(English,)-354(whose)-334(constitution)-333(was)-334(critically)-333(examined)-334(by)-333(Montesquieu,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(and)-391(its)-391(working)-391(elaborately)-391(described)-391(by)-391(him)-391(for)-391(the)-391(benefit)-391(of)-391(his)-391(fellow-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(countrymen.)-415(And)-305(the)-305(unwritten)-306(constitution)-305(of)-305(Old)-305(China)-305(contained)-305(the)-305(civil)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(service)-356(examination)-357(and)-356(an)-356(independent)-357(Board)-356(of)-356(Censors.)-569(Now)-357(the)-356(much-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(advertised)-419(Wu)-419(Chuan)-419(Hsien)-419(Fa)-419(or)-419(Five-Power)-419(constitution)-419(only)-419(added)-419(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(systems)-421(of)-422(state)-421(examination)-421(and)-422(public)-421(censure)-422(to)-421(the)-421(traditional)-422(form)-421(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(constitution)-250(first)-250(advocated)-250(by)-250(the)-250(French)-250(jurist.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 172.092 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(P.)-250(66,)-250(work)-250(cited.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -178.066 -7.311 Td [(279)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(104.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1158 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1159 0 R
+/Resources 1157 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1156 0 R
+>> endobj
+1160 0 obj <<
+/D [1158 0 R /XYZ 360.159 226.731 null]
+>> endobj
+1157 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1163 0 obj <<
+/Length 4339
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Five)-250(Rights.)-17529(227)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(function)-334(which)-335(had)-334(led)-335(to)-334(numberless)-335(disputes)-334(in)-334(the)-335(past,)-355(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-250(present)-250(to)-250(the)-250(world)-250(a)-250(model)-250(government.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Thus)-347(far,)-371(the)-346(Five)-347(Rights)-347(seem)-347(the)-346(complement)-347(of)-347(the)-346(Four)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Powers.)-237(The)-211(two)-211(sets)-212(of)-211(controls,)-219(of)-211(people)-211(over)-211(the)-211(government,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-465(of)-465(the)-464(government)-465(over)-465(the)-465(people,)-518(assure)-465(China)-465(that)-464(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(neo-democratic)-326(administration)-326(will)-326(have)-326(no)-326(less)-326(continuity)-326(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(power)-443(than)-443(did)-443(its)-443(Imperial)-443(predecessor,)-491(and)-443(nevertheless)-442(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(subject)-209(to)-208(the)-209(will)-209(of)-208(the)-209(majority)-208(of)-209(the)-209(four)-208(hundred)-209(odd)-208(million)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sovereigns.)-625(Contemplated)-375(in)-375(this)-375(manner,)-406(the)-375(Five)-375(Rights)-375(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(an)-335(amalgamation)-335(of)-334(the)-335(Western)-335(theory)-335(upon)-335(the)-334(Chinese,)-356(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(significant)-533(as)-532(a)-533(novelty)-532(in)-532(democratic)-533(administrative)-532(theory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rather)-265(than)-264(as)-265(institutions)-264(altering)-265(the)-264(fundamental)-265(premises)-264(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(methods)-250(of)-250(democracy.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(If,)-514(however,)-514(a)-462(further)-461(step)-462(is)-461(taken,)-514(and)-462(the)-461(Five)-461(Powers)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(are)-277(associated)-277(with)-278(Sun)-277(Yat-sen's)-277(doctrine)-277(of)-277(the)-277(three)-277(naturally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unequal)-232(classes)-232(of)-232(men,)-235(they)-232(assume)-232(a)-232(somewhat)-232(less)-231(superficial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(significance.)-1176(If)-558(the)-559(rule)-558(of)-559(the)-558(people)-559(is)-558(placed)-559(over)-558(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(administration)-429(by)-429(the)-429(geniuses,)-474(the)-429(geniuses)-429(must)-429(be)-428(assured)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-426(method)-426(of)-425(entering)-426(the)-426(government)-425(service.)-778(The)-425(oligarchy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-373(the)-373(intellectuals)-372(is)-373(to)-373(be)-372(reconciled)-373(with)-373(the)-373(dictatorship)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-475(majority.)-925(The)-475(old)-475(Chinese)-475(system)-475(of)-475(a)-475(trained)-475(class)-474(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scholars,)-239(entrance)-237(to)-236(which)-237(was)-236(open)-237(on)-236(a)-237(competitive)-236(system)-236(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(members)-275(of)-276(almost)-275(all)-275(classes)-275(of)-276(society,)-281(had)-276(to)-275(be)-275(preserved)-275(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-285(new)-285(China,)-294(and)-285(at)-285(the)-285(same)-285(time)-285(disciplined)-285(and)-285(purified)-285(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unworthy)-335(or)-335(unsuitable)-335(elements,)-356(while)-335(simultaneously)-335(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(the)-250(policy-making)-250(authority)-250(of)-250(the)-250(majority.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-386(preservation)-386(of)-386(a)-386(leader)-386(class)-386(was)-386(to)-386(be)-386(assured)-386(by)-386(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(examination)-419(division)-420(in)-419(the)-419(new)-420(democratic)-419(government,)-461(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-487(purification)-486(and)-487(discipline)-487(continued)-486(by)-487(a)-487(supervisory)-486(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(censoring)-362(division.)-584(The)-362(administrati)1(ve)-362(setup)-361(of)-362(the)-361(nationalist)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(democracy)-321(would)-321(appear)-321(as)-321(follows,)-678(when)-321(the)-321(present)-321(official)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([224])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(translations)-371(of)-371(the)-371(Chinese)-371(names)-371(for)-371(the)-371(divisions)-371(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 237.202 0 Td [(Yuan)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.429 0 Td [(\051)-371(are)]TJ -259.631 -13.549 Td [(adopted:)]TJ 8.182 -18.459 Td [(1.)-500(The)-250(division)-250(of)-250(the)-250(executive)-250(\050Executive)-250(Yuan\051.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1162 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1163 0 R
+/Resources 1161 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1156 0 R
+>> endobj
+1164 0 obj <<
+/D [1162 0 R /XYZ 213.225 111.699 null]
+>> endobj
+1161 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1167 0 obj <<
+/Length 4296
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(228The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 8.182 -30.759 Td [(2.)-500(The)-250(division)-250(of)-250(the)-250(legislative)-250(\050Legislative)-250(Yuan\051.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(3.)-500(The)-250(division)-250(of)-250(the)-250(judicial)-250(\050Judicial)-250(Yuan\051.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(4.)-500(The)-389(division)-388(of)-389(censorship,)-423(impeachment)-389(and)-388(accounting)]TJ 13.637 -13.549 Td [(\050Control)-250(Yuan\051.)]TJ -13.637 -13.55 Td [(5.)-500(And)-334(the)-334(division)-333(of)-334(the)-334(examination)-334(system)-333(\050Examination)]TJ 13.637 -13.549 Td [(Yuan\051.)]TJ -9.863 -18.459 Td [(It)-521(is)-521(an)-521(illustration)-521(of)-521(the)-521(further)-521(difference)-521(between)-521(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(democracy)-383(of)-382(Sun)-383(Yat-sen)-382(and)-383(Western)-382(democracy,)-416(that)-382(each)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-284(the)-285(divisions,)-293(even)-284(the)-284(legislative,)-293(was)-284(to)-285(have)-284(a)-284(single)-284(head.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-244(whole)-244(government)-243(was)-244(to)-244(be)-244(departmentally,)-245(not)-243(camerally,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organized.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(The)-329(system)-329(of)-329(Five)-329(Powers)-329(emphasizes)-329(the)-329(implied)-328(dyarchy)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-374(government)-374(and)-374(people)-375(in)-374(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 152.344 0 Td [(San)-374(Min)-374(Chu)-374(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.081 0 Td [(by)-374(assigning)]TJ -224.425 -13.549 Td [(to)-297(the)-296(government)-297(itself)-296(functions)-297(which,)-308(in)-297(the)-296(usual)-297(course)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(events,)-371(are)-347(supposed)-347(to)-347(be)-347(exercised)-347(by)-347(the)-347(people)-346(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-320(Western)-321(democracies.)-460(The)-320(people)-321(are)-320(supposed)-320(to)-320(eliminate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unfit)-377(officials)-377(and)-378(decide)-377(on)-377(the)-377(merits)-377(and)-377(trustworthiness)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(incumbents.)-431(By)-310(the)-311(expedient)-310(of)-310(non-re\353lection,)-326(the)-310(people)-310(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(supposed)-369(to)-368(remove)-369(officials,)-399(who)-368(are)-369(incapable)-369(or)-368(unsuitable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-498(public)-498(office.)-995(The)-498(two)-499(functions)-498(have)-498(been)-498(taken)-498(over)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-349(the)-349(Examination)-349(and)-349(Control)-349(Yuans,)-373(respectively;)-399(the)-348(Four)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Powers)-458(of)-458(the)-458(people)-458(are)-458(not,)-510(in)-458(all)-458(probability,)-510(instruments)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-521(continual)-520(popular)-521(i)1(ntrigue)-521(and)-520(meddling)-521(in)-520(government,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but)-355(almost)-354(revolutionary)-355(implements)-355(for)-354(shifting)-355(the)-355(course)-354(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(composition)-250(of)-250(the)-250(government.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-200(Five)-200(Rights)-199(are)-200(instruments)-200(for)-200(the)-200(self-government)-200(of)-199(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(official)-219(class)-219(\050Examination)-218(and)-219(Control\051,)-225(and)-219(for)-219(the)-218(government)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-574(the)-574(people)-574(by)-574(the)-574(official)-574(class)-574(\050Executive,)-655(Legislative,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-473(Judicial\051.)-918(The)-473(Four)-473(Powers)-472(are)-473(the)-473(instruments)-473(for)-472(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-219(of)-219(the)-218(official)-219(class)-438(by)-219(the)-218(people.)-240(Out)-219(of)-219(the)-218(checks)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([225])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(and)-345(balances)-346(of)-345(government)-345(and)-346(people)-345(the)-345(integrity,)-369(efficacy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(stability)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen's)-250(democracy)-250(was)-250(to)-250(be)-250(assured.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(The)-365(exercise)-366(of)-365(the)-366(Four)-365(Rights)-366(of)-365(the)-365(people)-366(could,)-394(in)-365(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(theory)-427(of)-427(Sun)-426(Yat-sen,)-472(be)-426(used)-427(to)-427(check)-427(the)-427(development)-426(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1166 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1167 0 R
+/Resources 1165 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1156 0 R
+>> endobj
+1168 0 obj <<
+/D [1166 0 R /XYZ 232.722 120.339 null]
+>> endobj
+1165 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1171 0 obj <<
+/Length 5231
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Five)-250(Rights.)-17529(229)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(an)-303(arrogant,)-317(inefficient)-303(or)-304(irresponsible)-303(bureaucracy,)-317(in)-303(that)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-198(would)-197(assist)-198(in)-197(the)-198(selection)-197(of)-197(officials)-198(and)-197(would)-198(be)-197(able)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-184(remove)-184(incompetents)-184(at)-184(any)-184(time.)-228(The)-184(civil)-184(service)-184(mechanism)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-316(the)-316(government)-315(would,)-333(on)-315(the)-316(other)-316(hand,)-332(resist)-316(the)-316(too)-315(free)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(play)-204(of)-205(popular)-204(caprice.)-235(No)-204(incompetent)-204(person)-205(would)-204(be)-204(elected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-351(office,)-376(since)-351(the)-351(civil)-351(service)-351(would)-351(extend)-351(even)-351(to)-351(elective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(offices.)-234(The)-202(voters)-203(could)-202(remove)-202(a)-203(bad)-202(official)-202(but)-203(they)-202(could)-202(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(replace)-267(him)-266(with)-267(an)-266(untrained)-267(person;)-274(they)-267(would)-266(have)-267(to)-266(select)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-390(candidate)-390(from)-390(the)-390(roster)-390(of)-390(scholar-officials)-390(eligible)-389(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-285(rank)-285(of)-284(the)-285(office)-285(in)-285(question.)-354(The)-285(people)-285(were)-285(to)-284(supervise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-275(operations)-275(of)-274(the)-275(age-old)-275(Chinese)-275(civil)-275(service,)-281(as)-274(revivified)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-269(the)-268(nationalists;)-278(they)-269(were)-269(to)-268(appoint)-269(and)-269(remove)-268(officers,)-273(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(repeal)-265(and)-265(enact)-265(laws;)-273(but)-265(in)-265(no)-265(case)-265(were)-265(they)-265(to)-265(tear)-265(down)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(structure)-303(of)-304(the)-303(civil)-304(service)-303(and)-303(inaugurate)-304(a)-303(spoils)-303(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(such)-229(as)-229(that)-229(found)-229(in)-229(the)-229(United)-229(States.)-243(This)-229(blending)-229(of)-228(extreme)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy)-219(and)-219(traditional)-218(administrative)-219(hierarchy)-219(would)-218(result,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen,)-250(in)-250(perfect)-250(government.)]TJ 11.956 -15.889 Td [(The)-313(democratic)-312(nationalist)-313(government)-313(was)-312(to)-313(supersede)-312(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Empire.)-838(In)-446(between)-446(there)-446(was)-446(no)-446(central)-446(government,)-494(since)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-260(various)-260(military)-260(leaders)-260(paid)-260(scant)-260(respect)-260(to)-260(the)-260(unfortunate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clique)-184(of)-184(diplomats)-184(and)-184(officials)-184(who)-184(carried)-184(on)-184(the)-184(few)-184(functions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(left)-175(to)-174(the)-175(powerless)-175(Peking)-175(government.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 174.661 3.959 Td [(280)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.907 -3.959 Td [(The)-175(new)-174(government)]TJ -189.568 -13.549 Td [(was)-329(not,)-349(therefore,)-699(so)-329(much)-329(a)-330(new)-329(political)-329(order)-330(to)-329(be)-329(set)-329(up)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([226])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.023 -13.549 Td [(in)-441(place)-441(of)-440(the)-441(old)-441(as)-441(a)-441(political)-440(order)-441(to)-441(be)-441(built)-441(up)-441(out)-440(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(military)-267(chaos.)-301(The)-267(social)-266(system,)-272(although)-267(shaken)-266(and)-267(affected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-211(Western)-212(ideas,)-219(continued)-211(much)-211(as)-212(usual,)-219(and)-211(was)-212(to)-211(be)-211(woven)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 164.435 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 157.622 Td [(280)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(For)-363(an)-363(intensively)-364(vivid)-363(description)-363(of)-363(this)-364(government,)-391(which)-363(Sun)-364(Yat-)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(sen's)-337(planned)-337(democracy)-338(was)-337(to)-337(relegate)-337(to)-337(limbo,)-359(see)-338(B.)-337(L.)-337(Putnam)-337(Weale,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(The)-426(Vanished)-426(Empire)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 80.858 0 Td [(,)-470(London,)-470(1926.)-777(Putnam)-426(Weale)-426(was)-426(the)-426(pseudonym)]TJ -80.858 -10.958 Td [(of)-337(Bertram)-336(Lennox)-337(Simpson,)-358(an)-337(Englishman)-336(born)-337(and)-337(reared)-336(in)-337(China,)-358(who)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(understood)-412(and)-411(participated)-411(in)-412(Chinese)-411(life)-412(and)-411(policies)-412(as)-411(have)-412(few)-411(since)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-448(days)-447(of)-448(Marco)-447(Polo;)-546(he)-448(was)-447(an)-448(advisor)-447(to)-448(the)-448(insurrectionary)-447(Peking)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Nationalist)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 39.353 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.527 0 Td [(Government)-396(of)-395(1931)-396(when)-395(he)-396(was)-395(shot)-396(to)-395(death)-396(in)-395(his)-396(home)]TJ -50.862 -10.959 Td [(at)-393(Tientsin.)-679(Few)-393(other)-393(Westerners)-393(have)-392(left)-393(such)-393(a)-393(wealth)-393(of)-393(accurate)-393(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sympathetic)-250(material)-250(about)-250(modern)-250(China.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1170 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1171 0 R
+/Resources 1169 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1156 0 R
+>> endobj
+1172 0 obj <<
+/D [1170 0 R /XYZ 133.712 217.753 null]
+>> endobj
+1169 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1175 0 obj <<
+/Length 4817
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(230The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(into)-250(the)-250(new)-250(socio-political)-250(patterns)-250(that)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(projected.)]TJ 11.956 -17.771 Td [(The)-303(Nationalist)-304(government)-303(was)-303(to)-303(be)-304(the)-303(nation's)-303(answer)-303(to)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-446(foreign)-446(aggression.)-837(The)-446(White)-445(Peril,)-495(which)-446(had)-445(flooded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Asia,)-627(could)-552(only)-551(be)-552(held)-552(back)-551(by)-552(the)-552(dykes)-551(of)-552(a)-551(militant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalist)-402(movement,)-440(expressing)-402(itself)-402(in)-402(a)-402(formal)-402(state)-402(such)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-362(the)-362(Westerners)-362(themselves)-362(had)-362(developed,)-390(and)-362(which)-362(fitted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-321(to)-321(undertake)-322(the)-321(conquest)-321(of)-321(the)-322(world.)-463(This)-321(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-349(to)-350(be)-349(the)-349(agent)-350(of)-349(the)-349(whole)-350(Chinese)-349(people)-349(who,)-374(casting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(off)-419(the)-418(oppression)-419(of)-418(the)-419(militarists)-419(and)-418(the)-419(imperialists,)-460(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-411(rise)-410(again)-411(with)-410(its)-411(ancient)-410(power,)-451(formidable)-410(and)-411(ready)-410(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fight)-288(if)-288(necessary,)-298(more)-287(ready)-288(to)-288(bring)-288(about)-288(world-co\366peration)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-376(peace)-375(if)-376(possible.)-626(It)-376(was)-375(to)-376(be)-375(a)-376(government)-375(made)-376(up)-375(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-371(trained)-371(officialdom)-372(such)-371(as)-371(ancient)-371(China)-371(had)-371(possessed)-371(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(centuries,)-254(which)-254(had)-253(led)-253(to)-254(the)-253(integration)-253(of)-254(control)-253(and)-253(culture)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(\050in)-316(the)-317(narrowest)-316(sense)-317(of)-316(the)-316(word\051,)-333(and)-317(of)-316(a)-317(people)-316(ruling)-316(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(checking)-346(that)-347(officialdom:)-442(an)-347(all-powerful)-346(state-machine)-346(ruled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-261(an)-261(all-powerful)-261(people.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 115.486 3.958 Td [(281)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.543 -3.958 Td [(A)-261(state)-261(was)-261(to)-261(appear)-261(in)-261(the)-261(world)]TJ -131.029 -13.55 Td [(of)-422(states)-422(and)-422(enclose)-421(the)-422(Chinese)-422(people,)-465(by)-422(political)-421(power,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-250(effectively)-250(than)-250(could)-250(the)-250(Great)-250(Wall.)]TJ 11.956 -17.771 Td [(This)-620(aspect)-619(of)-620(democracy,)-712(the)-620(self-rule)-620(of)-620(the)-619(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(society)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 34.977 0 Td [(vis-\340-vis)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 41.032 0 Td [(the)-373(linked)-373(despotism)-374(of)-373(militarists,)-404(renegades)]TJ -76.009 -13.549 Td [(and)-512(imperialists,)-577(was,)-578(although)-512(the)-512(most)-512(important)-512(facet)-511(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy,)-476(not)-431(the)-431(whole)-431(story.)-792(In)-431(order)-431(to)-431(systematize)-430(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(loose)-313(democracy)-314(of)-313(old)-314(China,)-329(in)-313(order)-314(to)-627(lead)-313(all)-314(force)-313(to)-313(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([227])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(top,)-452(where)-412(it)-411(could)-412(be)-412(exerted)-411(outwards,)-452(the)-412(democratic)-411(plan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(had)-351(to)-352(plan)-351(links)-351(with)-352(the)-351(traditional)-351(system.)-554(The)-351(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(could)-356(not)-355(be)-356(democratic)-355(if)-356(it)-356(were)-355(not)-356(tied)-355(to)-356(the)-356(people.)-566(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-226(could)-225(not)-226(govern)-225(themselves,)-230(as)-226(apart)-225(from)-226(governing)-225(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(officialdom)-211(making)-212(up)-211(the)-212(National)-211(government,)-220(unless)-211(they)-211(had)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(mechanisms)-314(with)-313(which)-314(to)-314(do)-314(so.)-441(Although)-313(the)-314(family,)-330(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 266.688 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -266.688 -13.549 Td [(and)-424(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 38.342 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.657 0 Td [(provided)-424(self-government,)-468(this)-425(self-government)]TJ -65.999 -13.549 Td [(had)-278(to)-279(be)-278(associated)-278(with)-279(the)-278(scheme)-278(of)-279(nationalist)-278(and)-278(national)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(281)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(399.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1174 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1175 0 R
+/Resources 1173 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1156 0 R
+>> endobj
+1176 0 obj <<
+/D [1174 0 R /XYZ 283.768 198.101 null]
+>> endobj
+1173 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1177 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index48) >>
+endobj
+1180 0 obj
+(Confederacy Versus Centralism.)
+endobj
+1183 0 obj <<
+/Length 3796
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Confederacy)-250(Versus)-250(Centralism.)-11199(231)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(self-government)-329(in)-329(order)-328(to)-329(guarantee)-329(the)-329(latter's)-328(effectiveness.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Beyond)-229(or)-228(beneath)-229(the)-228(national)-229(democracy)-228(of)-229(China)-228(there)-229(was)-228(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-263(a)-263(system)-262(of)-263(democracy)-263(\050the)-262(politicalization,)-266(as)-263(it)-263(were,)-266(of)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-281(social)-282(organs\051)-281(running)-281(through)-281(society.)-344(What)-281(these)-281(separate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-378(subordinate)-378(organs)-378(were)-379(to)-378(be,)-410(what)-378(relations)-378(they)-378(were)-378(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-268(with)-267(the)-268(national)-268(government,)-272(and)-267(what)-268(other)-267(intermediate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(institutions)-328(were)-327(to)-328(facilitate)-327(those)-327(relations)-328(must)-327(be)-328(studied)-327(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(gain)-250(a)-250(complete)-250(picture)-250(of)-250(the)-250(democracy)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -70.938 Td [(Confederacy)-250(Versus)-250(Centralism.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -36.422 Td [(One)-494(of)-494(the)-494(most)-494(involved)-494(questions)-494(in)-494(the)-494(political)-494(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-408(the)-408(Chinese)-408(revolution)-408(has)-408(been)-408(the)-408(problem)-408(of)-408(provincial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(autonomy.)-236(The)-207(Chinese)-207(provinces)-208(differ)-207(considerably)-207(more)-207(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-305(another)-305(in)-305(economic)-304(conditions,)-319(language)-305(and)-305(race)-305(than)-304(do)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-348(American)-349(states;)-397(it)-349(has)-348(been)-348(said)-349(that)-348(one)-348(of)-349(the)-348(causes)-348(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(overthrow)-335(of)-334(the)-335(Manchu)-334(monarchy)-335(was)-334(the)-334(encroachment)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-373(the)-372(Imperial)-373(central)-372(power,)-404(in)-372(its)-373(last)-372(desperate)-373(attempts)-372(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modernize)-486(itself)-487(and)-486(cope)-486(with)-486(the)-486(last)-487(crisis,)-545(upon)-486(the)-486(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(autonomy)-483(of)-482(the)-482(provinces.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 126.987 3.959 Td [(282)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.788 -3.959 Td [(Institutionally,)-541(the)-482(provinces)]TJ -149.775 -13.549 Td [(were)-362(relatively)-363(independent;)-418(this)-362(degree)-363(of)-362(independence)-362(was,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(however,)-218(minimized)-210(by)-211(the)-210(general)-210(unimportance)-210(of)-210(government)]TJ 5.528 -13.549 Td [(in)-507(Chinese)-506(society.)-1020(The)-507(Chinese,)-571(toward)-506(each)-507(other,)-571(feel)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 285.496 0 Td [([228])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(conscious)-439(of)-439(family,)-486(village)-438(and)-439(provincial)-439(ties;)-533(face)-439(to)-438(face)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-497(the)-496(foreigners,)-558(they)-497(are)-496(beginning)-497(to)-496(know)-496(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-379(Chinese.)-638(Until)-379(the)-379(wave)-380(of)-379(nationalism)-379(swept)-379(the)-379(country,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(provincial)-208(rivalry)-208(was)-209(a)-208(live)-208(issue;)-222(even)-208(today,)-217(it)-208(cannot)-208(be)-208(called)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forgotten.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 87.722 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 80.91 Td [(282)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Harold)-502(Monk)-502(Vinacke,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 92.508 0 Td [(Modern)-502(Constitutional)-502(Development)-502(in)-502(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 173.925 0 Td [(,)]TJ -278.389 -10.959 Td [(Princeton,)-250(1920,)-250(p.)-250(100.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1182 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1183 0 R
+/Resources 1181 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1185 0 R
+>> endobj
+1178 0 obj <<
+/D [1182 0 R /XYZ 46.771 393.403 null]
+>> endobj
+1184 0 obj <<
+/D [1182 0 R /XYZ 46.771 166.93 null]
+>> endobj
+1181 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1188 0 obj <<
+/Length 5498
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(232The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-667(Yat-sen's)-668(opinions)-667(on)-667(many)-668(points)-667(of)-667(government)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(remained)-426(stable)-425(through)-426(his)-426(life.)-777(The)-425(fundamental)-426(ideas)-425(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideals)-304(seem)-304(to)-303(have)-304(been)-304(expanded,)-317(rather)-304(than)-304(changed,)-317(as)-303(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(theory)-384(met)-384(the)-384(test)-384(of)-384(his)-384(growing)-384(experience)-384(and)-384(the)-383(lessons)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-286(the)-286(revolution;)-304(but)-285(even)-286(with)-286(expansion,)-295(they)-286(remain,)-295(for)-285(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(most)-250(part,)-250(consistent.)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(was)-250(steadfast)-250(in)-250(his)-250(beliefs.)]TJ 11.956 -17.338 Td [(This)-268(cannot)-268(be)-269(said)-268(of)-268(his)-268(and)-269(his)-268(successors')-268(opinions)-268(on)-268(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(problem)-412(of)-412(province)-413(versus)-412(nation.)-737(There)-412(is)-412(no)-412(one)-412(doctrine)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dealing)-370(with)-370(the)-370(question)-370(of)-370(provincial)-370(autonomy.)-610(There)-369(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-369(a)-369(trend,)-399(however,)-399(which)-369(can)-370(be)-369(described)-369(as)-369(a)-369(swing)-369(from)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(definite)-297(emphasis)-297(upon)-297(the)-297(province)-297(toward)-297(neglect)-297(of)-297(that)-296(unit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-201(administration.)-233(This)-201(trend)-200(may)-200(be)-201(illustrated)-200(by)-201(several)-200(points.)]TJ 11.956 -17.338 Td [(At)-358(the)-357(time)-358(of)-358(the)-358(first)-357(Republic)-358(the)-358(provinces)-358(were)-357(treated)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(much)-392(as)-391(are)-392(states)-391(in)-392(the)-391(United)-391(States.)-675(The)-391(members)-392(of)-391(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Senate)-380(of)-380(the)-380(Republic)-380(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 111.111 0 Td [(Ts'an)-380(Yi)-380(Yuan)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.372 0 Td [(\051)-380(were)-380(to)-380(be)-380(elected)-380(by)]TJ -174.483 -13.549 Td [(the)-229(Assemblies)-229(of)-229(the)-229(provinces,)-233(and,)-233(when)-229(representing)-229(persons)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-244(under)-245(the)-244(jurisdiction)-244(of)-244(a)-245(provincial)-244(Assembly,)-245(by)-244(Electoral)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Colleges.)-221(The)-165(House)-164(of)-164(Representatives)-164(was)-165(to)-164(be)-164(elected)-164(directly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-379(the)-379(people,)-411(in)-379(the)-379(proportion)-379(of)-379(one)-379(member)-379(to)-379(each)-378(eight)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hundred)-297(thousand)-296(of)-297(population,)-308(with)-297(the)-297(reservation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 234.368 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(again)-297(in)]TJ -245.277 -13.549 Td [(propitiation)-302(of)-302(provincial)-303(vanity)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 141.399 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.91 0 Td [(that)-302(no)-302(province)-303(should)-302(have)]TJ -152.309 -13.55 Td [(less)-200(than)-201(ten)-200(representatives.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 123.196 3.959 Td [(283)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.999 -3.959 Td [(The)-401(first)-200(Republic)-200(was)-201(distinctly)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -210.951 0 Td [([229])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(federal)-250(although)-250(by)-250(no)-250(means)-250(confederate.)]TJ 11.955 -17.338 Td [(Sun)-287(Yat-sen)-287(did)-287(not)-287(immediately)-286(shift)-287(from)-287(this)-287(position.)-361(As)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(late)-222(as)-223(1919-1922,)-228(when)-222(he)-223(was)-222(preparing)-223(his)-222(official)-222(biography,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(he)-341(spoke)-341(enthusiastically)-340(to)-341(his)-341(biographer)-341(of)-341(the)-340(potentialities)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 153.476 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 146.663 Td [(283)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Vinacke,)-362(cited,)-362(p.)-518(141)-340(and)-339(following.)-519(While)-339(Dr.)-519(Vinacke's)-340(book)-339(is)-340(now)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(out)-252(of)-252(date,)-253(it)-252(contains)-252(excellent)-252(material)-252(for)-252(the)-252(period)-252(covered,)-253(roughly)-252(1898)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(to)-338(1919.)-514(He)-338(quotes)-338(Morse's)-339(comment)-338(on)-338(the)-338(provinces)-338(with)-338(approval:)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 262.706 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)]TJ -266.687 -10.959 Td [(Provinces)-169(are)-168(satrapies)-169(to)-168(the)-169(extent)-168(that)-169(so)-168(long)-169(as)-168(the)-169(tribute)-169(and)-168(matriculations)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(are)-176(duly)-175(paid,)-191(and)-175(the)-176(general)-176(policy)-175(of)-176(the)-175(central)-176(administration)-176(followed,)-190(they)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(are)-257(free)-258(to)-257(administer)-257(their)-258(own)-257(affairs)-257(in)-258(detail)-257(as)-257(may)-258(seem)-257(best)-257(to)-258(their)-257(own)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(provincial)-327(authorities.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 79.386 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.911 0 Td [(\050Hosea)-327(Ballou)-326(Morse,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 83.417 0 Td [(The)-327(Trade)-326(and)-327(Administration)]TJ -169.714 -10.959 Td [(of)-250(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 31.141 0 Td [(,)-250(London,)-250(1913,)-250(p.)-250(46,)-250(quoted)-250(in)-250(Vinacke,)-250(work)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(5.\051)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1187 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1188 0 R
+/Resources 1186 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1185 0 R
+>> endobj
+1189 0 obj <<
+/D [1187 0 R /XYZ 250.887 226.064 null]
+>> endobj
+1186 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1192 0 obj <<
+/Length 5072
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Confederacy)-250(Versus)-250(Centralism.)-11199(233)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-334(democratic)-333(provincial)-334(home)-334(rule.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 160.282 3.959 Td [(284)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.917 -3.959 Td [(He)-334(still)-333(believed)-334(in)-334(the)]TJ -178.199 -13.549 Td [(importance)-367(of)-368(the)-367(provinces)-368(as)-367(units)-368(of)-367(a)-368(future)-367(democracy)-367(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China.)]TJ 11.956 -13.68 Td [(From)-462(the)-462(time)-462(that)-462(Sun)-462(went)-462(South,)-515(and)-462(the)-462(Kuomintang)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(was)-575(reorganized,)-657(to)-575(the)-576(present,)-656(the)-576(tendency)-575(in)-575(the)-575(Sun-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Kuomintang)-437(theory)-437(seems)-438(to)-437(have)-437(been)-437(toward)-437(minimization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-512(the)-512(importance)-512(of)-511(the)-512(provinces)-512(in)-512(the)-512(democracy)-512(to)-511(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(set)-415(up.)-744(The)-415(Party)-414(Declaration)-415(of)-415(the)-414(Kuomintang)-415(at)-415(its)-414(First)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(National)-174(Convention)-174(in)-174(1924)-174(in)-174(Canton)-174(criticised)-174(several)-174(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(viewpoints)-175(prevalent;)-199(among)-175(these)-175(was)-174(that)-175(of)-175(the)-174(Confederalists,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(so)-589(called.)-1268(The)-590(Declaration)-589(states,)-674(in)-590(part:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 218.819 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Undoubtedly)]TJ -223.663 -13.549 Td [(regional)-402(self-government)-402(is)-402(in)-402(entire)-402(accord)-402(with)-402(the)-402(spirit)-401(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democracy)-541(and)-541(is)-542(a)-541(great)-541(need)-541(of)-541(our)-542(nation.)-1123(But)-541(a)-541(true)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(regional)-237(self-government)-237(can)-238(be)-237(realized)-237(only)-237(when)-237(our)-237(national)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(independence)-156(is)-156(won,)-175(for)-156(without)-156(national)-156(freedom,)-174(local)-156(freedom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-328(impossible....)-486(Many)-328(social,)-348(economic)-329(and)-328(political)-328(problems)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(facing)-262(the)-261(individual)-262(provinces)-262(can)-261(be)-262(solved)-262(only)-261(by)-262(the)-261(nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-497(a)-498(whole.)-991(So)-498(the)-497(success)-497(of)-497(the)-498(peoples')-497(revolution)-497(is)-497(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prerequisite)-250(to)-250(the)-250(realization)-250(of)-250(provincial)-250(autonomy.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 235.418 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(285)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -228.306 -17.639 Td [(Sun)-331(Yat-sen)-332(himself)-331(stated,)-352(a)-331(few)-332(months)-331(earlier,)-352(a)-331(point)-331(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(view)-250(which)-250(may)-250(seem)-250(inconsistent)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Party)-250(Declaration:)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([230])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -271.387 -23.295 Td [(18.)-469(The)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 35.471 0 Td [(Hsien)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 26.195 0 Td [(is)-323(the)-323(unit)-323(of)-322(self-government.)-469(The)-323(province)]TJ -61.666 -12.822 Td [(links)-189(up)-188(and)-189(provides)-189(means)-188(of)-189(co-operation)-189(between)-188(the)-189(Cen-)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(tral)-224(Government)-224(and)-223(the)-224(local)-224(governments)-224(of)-224(the)-224(districts.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 230.503 3.615 Td [(286)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -238.184 -27.638 Td [(Whatever)-402(the)-402(occasion)-403(for)-402(the)-402(slight)-402(difference)-402(of)-402(opinion,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(it)-406(has)-406(been)-406(the)-406(policy)-406(of)-406(the)-406(Kuomintang)-406(to)-406(emphasize)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 257.601 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -257.601 -13.549 Td [(rather)-420(than)-420(provinces)-420(as)-421(units)-420(of)-420(self-government.)-760(The)-420(Party)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(itself)-261(is)-260(quite)-261(centralized.)-282(The)-260(Resum\351)-261(of)-260(the)-261(Kuomintang)-260(Third)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(National)-506(Congress)-506(Resolutions)-506(Concerning)-506(Political)-506(Matters,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 110.045 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.233 Td [(284)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Paul)-246(M.)-246(W.)-246(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 87.271 0 Td [(Conversations)-246(with)-246(Sun)-246(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 114.226 0 Td [(,)-247(mss.,)-247(1934;)-247(Book)]TJ -213.453 -10.959 Td [(two,)-250(Chapter)-250(Five,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 68.988 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Democratic)-250(Provincial)-250(Home)-250(Rule.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 126.506 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -199.225 -7.394 Td [(285)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(124.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(286)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Tyau,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(441.)-250(From)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 93.393 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(The)-250(Outline)-250(of)-250(National)-250(Reconstruction.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 144.69 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1191 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1192 0 R
+/Resources 1190 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1185 0 R
+>> endobj
+1193 0 obj <<
+/D [1191 0 R /XYZ 46.771 244.551 null]
+>> endobj
+1190 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1194 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index49) >>
+endobj
+1197 0 obj
+(The Hsien in a Democracy.)
+endobj
+1200 0 obj <<
+/Length 5121
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(234The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(adopted)-300(March)-299(27,)-313(1929,)-312(states)-299(unequivocally:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 210.706 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-300(traditional)]TJ -215.55 -13.549 Td [(policy)-263(of)-263(attaching)-263(greater)-263(importance)-263(to)-263(provincial)-262(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(than)-317(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 34.197 0 Td [(Hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.913 0 Td [(or)-317(district)-318(government)-317(must)-317(be)-318(corrected)-317(or)-317(even)]TJ -63.11 -13.549 Td [(reversed.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 39.677 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.613 0 Td [(It)-437(adds,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 39.439 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-437(provincial)-437(government,)-484(on)-438(the)-437(other)]TJ -93.573 -13.55 Td [(hand,)-442(shall)-404(act)-404(only)-404(as)-404(a)-404(supervisor)-404(of)-404(local)-403(self-government,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(standing)-262(in)-261(between)-262(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 106.556 0 Td [(Hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.305 0 Td [(or)-262(district)-261(government)-262(on)-262(the)-261(one)]TJ -134.861 -13.549 Td [(hand,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(Central)-250(Government)-250(on)-250(the)-250(other.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 208.145 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(287)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -201.033 -19.277 Td [(The)-444(province)-443(is)-444(thus)-443(reduced)-444(to)-444(the)-443(lowest)-444(possible)-443(level.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(It)-704(is)-705(not)-704(probable)-704(that)-704(this)-705(tendency)-704(was)-704(influenced)-704(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxism,)-604(but)-533(it)-533(certainly)-533(resembled)-533(the)-533(Marxian)-533(idea)-532(of)-533(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(vast)-222(confederation)-221(of)-222(self-governing)-221(communes,)-228(acting,)-227(by)-221(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(proletarian)-335(metempsychosis,)-357(as)-335(a)-336(highly)-335(centralized)-335(instrument)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-528(revolution.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 62.425 3.959 Td [(288)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 24.286 -3.959 Td [(The)-528(doctrine)-528(of)-529(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 98.181 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(-province-nation)]TJ -207.921 -13.549 Td [(relationship)-383(which)-384(places)-383(emphasis)-383(upon)-383(the)-384(first)-383(and)-383(the)-383(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-575(the)-574(authoritative)-575(one,)-656(and)-575(is)-574(quite)-575(harmonious)-575(with)-574(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(earlier)-347(picture)-347(of)-347(Imperial)-347(China)-347(which,)-371(apart)-347(from)-347(the)-346(strictly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(governmental,)-462(was)-420(a)-420(vast)-419(confederacy)-420(of)-420(largely)-419(autonomous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communities.)-877(In)-459(the)-459(picture)-459(of)-459(the)-459(new)-459(democratic)-458(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-603(which)-604(emerges)-603(from)-604(this)-603(doctrine,)-692(the)-603(central)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(government)-158(may)-159(be)-158(regarded)-159(as)-158(a)-158(centralism)-159(versus)-158(the)-158(provinces,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-362(a)-361(super-government)-362(in)-361(relation)-362(to)-361(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 191.215 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(;)-417(that)-362(is,)-389(while)]TJ -214.244 -13.549 Td [(the)-619(people)-310(govern)-310(themselves)-309(as)-310(groups)-310(in)-309(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 212.194 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-325(they)-309(will)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -307.979 0 Td [([231])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td [(govern)-358(themselves)-359(as)-358(one)-359(people)-358(in)-359(the)-358(National)-358(Government.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-279(province)-279(will)-278(remain)-279(as)-279(a)-279(convenient)-279(intermediary)-278(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(two.)]TJ 11.955 -15.318 Td [(This)-325(is)-325(one)-325(of)-326(the)-325(few)-325(doctrines)-325(of)-325(Sun)-325(Yat-sen)-325(upon)-326(which)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(no)-581(one)-581(definitive)-581(and)-580(final)-581(pronouncement)-581(is)-581(to)-581(be)-580(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-536(concerning)-536(which,)-608(consequently,)-608(recourse)-536(must)-536(be)-536(had)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-373(the)-372(history)-373(of)-373(the)-372(development)-373(of)-373(the)-372(Sun)-373(Yat-sen)-372(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(philosophy.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 109.801 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 102.988 Td [(287)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tyau,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(450.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(288)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(V.)-386(I.)-386(Lenin,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 47.785 0 Td [(State)-386(and)-386(Revolution)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 77.152 0 Td [(,)-420(New)-386(York,)-419(1932.)-658(Lenin's)-386(discussion)]TJ -136.893 -10.959 Td [(of)-310(Marx's)-310(point,)-324(p.)-430(39)-310(and)-309(following,)-325(is)-310(stimulating)-310(although)-309(inclining)-310(to)-310(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ingenious.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1199 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1200 0 R
+/Resources 1198 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1185 0 R
+>> endobj
+1201 0 obj <<
+/D [1199 0 R /XYZ 110.253 231.873 null]
+>> endobj
+1198 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1204 0 obj <<
+/Length 5517
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 19.691 0 Td [(Hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.178 0 Td [(in)-250(a)-250(Democracy.)-13255(235)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 15.7808 Tf -47.869 -30.759 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 28.485 0 Td [(Hsien)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 40.762 0 Td [(in)-250(a)-250(Democracy.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -69.247 -38.172 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 22.005 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-515(or)-462(district,)-515(was)-462(one)-462(of)-462(the)-462(most)-462(important)-462(social)]TJ -45.034 -13.549 Td [(institutions)-635(in)-635(old)-635(China.)-1405(The)-635(lowest)-635(official,)-731(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 257.601 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -257.601 -13.549 Td [(Magistrate,)-397(represented)-368(the)-368(Empire)-368(to)-368(the)-368(people)-368(of)-368(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 254.874 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)]TJ -277.903 -13.549 Td [(while)-495(within)-495(the)-495(villages)-495(or)-495(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 154.207 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.429 0 Td [(the)-495(people)-495(enjoyed)-495(a)]TJ -182.636 -13.55 Td [(very)-478(high)-478(degree)-478(of)-477(autonomy.)-934(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 176.519 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.242 0 Td [(was)-478(the)-478(meeting)]TJ -204.761 -13.549 Td [(point)-449(of)-448(the)-449(political)-448(system)-449(and)-448(the)-449(extra-legal)-448(government,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(generally)-485(of)-485(a)-486(very)-485(vaguely)-485(organized)-485(nature,)-544(by)-485(which)-485(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-291(managed)-291(their)-291(own)-291(affairs)-291(in)-291(accord)-291(with)-291(tradition.)-373(An)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(estimate)-364(of)-364(the)-364(position)-365(of)-364(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 140.191 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.001 0 Td [(may)-364(be)-364(gleaned)-364(from)-365(the)]TJ -167.192 -13.549 Td [(fact)-362(that)-361(China)-362(has)-362(approximately)-361(four)-362(hundred)-362(eighty)-361(million)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(inhabitants;)-278(apart)-269(from)-269(the)-268(cities)-269(and)-269(towns,)-273(there)-269(are)-269(about)-268(half)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-284(million)-284(villages;)-301(and)-284(the)-284(whole)-284(country,)-292(with)-284(the)-284(exception)-284(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certain)-270(Special)-270(Municipalities,)-275(such)-270(as)-270(Shanghai,)-275(is)-270(divided)-270(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nineteen)-250(hundred)-250(and)-250(forty-three)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 146.018 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.728 3.959 Td [(289)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -159.819 -19.291 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 22.139 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.03 0 Td [(,)-531(however)-474(significant)-475(they)-474(may)-475(be)-474(in)-475(the)-474(social)]TJ -57.125 -13.549 Td [(system)-258(of)-258(China,)-259(both)-258(past)-258(and)-258(present,)-259(cannot)-258(be)-258(described)-258(in)-257(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(work)-324(such)-324(as)-324(this.)-471(It)-324(is)-324(not)-324(inappropriate,)-342(however,)-343(to)-323(reiterate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-463(they)-464(form)-463(what)-464(is)-463(perhaps)-463(the)-464(most)-463(important)-463(grouping)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(within)-289(China,)-299(and)-288(that)-289(much)-289(of)-578(Chinese)-289(life)-289(is)-289(centred)-289(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 257.601 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 33.423 0 Td [([232])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(affairs.)-264(It)-255(is)-255(by)-254(reason)-255(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 109.776 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.808 0 Td [(autonomy)-255(that)-254(the)-255(Chinese)-255(social)]TJ -135.584 -13.549 Td [(system)-331(has)-331(been)-332(so)-331(elastic)-331(as)-331(to)-332(permit)-331(the)-331(shocks)-331(of)-331(invasion,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(insurrection,)-471(conquest,)-472(famine)-427(and)-427(flood)-427(to)-427(pass)-427(through)-427(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(over)-250(China)-250(without)-250(disrupting)-250(Chinese)-250(social)-250(organization.)]TJ 11.956 -15.332 Td [(Sun)-308(once)-307(quoted)-308(the)-307(old)-308(Chinese)-307(proverb)-308(about)-307(the)-308(Lu)-307(Shan)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(\050mountains\051:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 58.297 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(We)-216(cannot)-215(find)-216(the)-216(real)-216(shape)-215(of)-216(the)-216(Lu)-216(Shan)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 193.86 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(for)]TJ -267.91 -13.549 Td [(we)-185(ourselves)-185(are)-185(on)-186(it.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 95.024 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.863 0 Td [(From)-185(the)-185(viewpoint)-185(of)-186(the)-185(Western)-185(reader)]TJ -101.887 -13.549 Td [(this)-298(proverb)-299(could)-298(be)-299(turned)-298(against)-298(Sun)-299(in)-298(his)-299(treatment)-298(of)-298(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(.)-221(He)-164(was)-163(passionately)-164(emphatic)-164(in)-163(discussing)-164(the)-163(importance)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(289)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-356(number)-356(of)-356(the)-356(villages)-356(is)-356(taken)-356(from)-356(Tawney,)-383(Richard)-356(Henry,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 250.239 0 Td [(Land)]TJ -262.195 -10.959 Td [(and)-240(Labor)-241(in)-240(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.735 0 Td [(,)-242(London,)-243(1932;)-243(and)-240(the)-241(number)-240(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 126.715 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 21.083 0 Td [(from)-240(Tyau,)-243(cited,)]TJ -218.533 -10.959 Td [(p.)-250(85.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1203 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1204 0 R
+/Resources 1202 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1185 0 R
+>> endobj
+1195 0 obj <<
+/D [1203 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1205 0 obj <<
+/D [1203 0 R /XYZ 187.903 234.335 null]
+>> endobj
+1202 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1206 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index50) >>
+endobj
+1209 0 obj
+(The Family System.)
+endobj
+1212 0 obj <<
+/Length 4153
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(236The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-209(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 26.981 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.31 0 Td [(with)-209(his)-209(foreign)-209(friends;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 103.803 3.959 Td [(290)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.884 -3.959 Td [(in)-209(his)-209(writings,)-217(addressed)]TJ -170.978 -13.549 Td [(to)-313(his)-313(countrymen,)-329(he,)-329(as)-313(they,)-329(simply)-313(assumed)-313(the)-313(importance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 27.873 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.756 0 Td [(without)-250(troubling)-250(to)-250(make)-250(any)-250(cardinal)-250(point)-250(of)-250(it.)]TJ -41.673 -16.218 Td [(The)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 21.227 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.293 0 Td [(is)-391(in)-391(the)-391(unit)-390(of)-391(the)-391(most)-391(direct)-391(self-government)]TJ -60.476 -13.55 Td [(of)-365(the)-365(people,)-394(without)-365(the)-365(interference)-365(of)-365(any)-365(elaborate)-365(set-up)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-234(officialdom.)-244(Apart)-234(from)-233(its)-234(age-old)-233(importance,)-237(it)-234(will)-233(gain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(further)-250(significance)-250(in)-250(the)-250(democracy)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ 11.956 -16.218 Td [(Some)-284(of)-284(the)-284(functions)-284(to)-284(be)-284(assigned)-284(to)-284(the)-284(people)-284(in)-284(a)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 245.645 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -257.601 -13.549 Td [(are)-180(assessment,)-193(registration,)-194(taxation,)-194(and/or)-179(purchase)-180(of)-180(all)-179(lands)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-351(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 29.479 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(;)-402(the)-351(collection)-351(of)-351(all)-351(unearned)-351(increment)-351(on)-351(lands)]TJ -52.508 -13.549 Td [(within)-393(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 49.793 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(;)-465(land)-393(profits)-393(to)-393(be)-394(subjected)-393(to)-393(collection)-393(by)]TJ -72.822 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 16.107 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-256(and)-254(disbursement)-254(for)-255(public)-254(improvements,)-256(charitable)]TJ -39.136 -13.549 Td [(work,)-290(or)-281(other)-282(public)-281(service.)-345(Add)-282(this)-281(to)-282(the)-282(fact)-281(that)-282(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 257.601 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -257.601 -13.549 Td [(have)-244(been)-245(the)-244(chief)-245(agencies)-244(for)-245(police,)-245(health,)-246(charity,)-245(religious)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(activity)-350(and)-350(the)-349(regulative)-350(control)-350(of)-350(custom)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 199.84 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(sometimes)-350(with)]TJ -210.749 -13.549 Td [(the)-342(assistance)-342(of)-341(persons)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 110.558 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(through)-342(the)-342(centuries,)-364(and)-342(the)-342(great)]TJ -121.467 -13.549 Td [(importance)-376(of)-376(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 83.797 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.129 0 Td [(in)-376(the)-376(nationalist)-375(democracy)-376(becomes)]TJ -110.926 -13.549 Td [(more)-250(clear.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 -32.592 Td [([233])]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 72.756 -81.965 Td [(The)-250(Family)-250(System.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -42.604 Td [(Sun)-257(Yat-sen's)-258(democracy)-257(differs)-257(further)-258(from)-257(the)-257(parliamentary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(mechanical)-408(democracy)-409(of)-408(the)-408(West)-408(in)-409(that)-408(it)-408(incorporates)-408(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 91.869 Td [(290)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 45.887 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-481(cited)-434(above;)-527(throughout)-435(this)-434(volume,)-481(Judge)]TJ -109.651 -10.959 Td [(Linebarger)-436(recalls)-436(references)-437(made)-436(by)-436(Sun)-436(Yat-sen)-436(to)-437(him)-436(concerning)-436(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 0 -10.959 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 18.928 0 Td [(.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1211 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1212 0 R
+/Resources 1210 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1185 0 R
+>> endobj
+1213 0 obj <<
+/D [1211 0 R /XYZ 93.543 249.909 null]
+>> endobj
+1207 0 obj <<
+/D [1211 0 R /XYZ 93.543 217.414 null]
+>> endobj
+1210 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1216 0 obj <<
+/Length 5439
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Family)-250(System.)-16140(237)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(family)-352(system.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 65.359 3.959 Td [(291)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.526 -3.959 Td [(Of)-352(course)-352(Sun)-353(understood)-352(the)-352(extraordinary)]TJ -83.885 -13.549 Td [(part)-368(that)-368(the)-368(family)-367(plays)-368(in)-368(China)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 156.796 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-368(part)-368(more)-367(conspicuous,)]TJ -167.705 -13.549 Td [(perhaps,)-494(than)-446(in)-445(any)-446(other)-445(country.)-837(He)-445(pointed)-446(out)-445(that)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(family)-278(required)-278(in)-279(China)-278(much)-278(of)-278(the)-279(loyalty)-278(which)-278(in)-278(the)-278(West)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(is)-263(given)-263(to)-264(the)-263(state.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 90.702 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Among)-263(the)-263(Chinese)-264(people)-263(the)-263(family)-263(and)]TJ -95.546 -13.549 Td [(kinship)-218(ties)-217(are)-218(very)-217(strong.)-239(Not)-218(infrequently)-217(the)-218(people)-217(sacrifice)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-269(lives)-270(and)-269(homes)-270(for)-269(some)-270(affair)-269(of)-270(kinship;)-279(for)-269(instance,)-274(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Kuangtung,)-292(two)-284(clans)-284(may)-284(fight)-283(regardless)-284(of)-284(life)-284(and)-283(property.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(On)-220(the)-219(other)-220(hand,)-226(our)-219(people)-220(hesitate)-220(to)-219(sacrifice)-220(themselves)-219(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-245(national)-245(cause.)-249(The)-245(spirit)-245(of)-245(unity)-246(has)-245(not)-245(extended)-245(beyond)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(family)-250(and)-250(clan)-250(relationships.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 129.077 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(292)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -121.964 -19.308 Td [(Speaking)-342(of)-343(the)-342(early)-342(Emperors)-343(and)-342(the)-343(revolution,)-365(he)-342(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -11.956 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(You)-256(see,)-257(gentlemen,)-257(the)-256(methodology)-255(of)-256(Yao,)-257(like)-256(that)-256(of)-255(ours,)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(was)-331(to)-331(begin)-331(his)-331(moral)-331(and)-331(political)-331(teachings)-331(with)-331(the)-330(family,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then)-262(the)-263(nation-group,)-265(then)-262(the)-263(world.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 165.836 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(293)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.315 -3.958 Td [(How)-262(did)-263(Sun)-262(Yat-sen)]TJ -185.995 -13.55 Td [(propose)-170(to)-169(join)-170(the)-169(strength)-170(of)-169(the)-169(family)-170(spirit)-169(and)-170(of)-169(nationalism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(the)-250(common)-250(advantage?)]TJ 11.956 -15.349 Td [(He)-900(planned)-900(to)-900(reorganize)-900(the)-900(already)-900(existing)-900(clan)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(organizations)-300(in)-300(each)-301(district.)-400(These)-300(organizations)-300(have)-300(existed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-214(time)-215(immemorial)-214(for)-215(the)-214(purposes)-215(of)-214(preserving)-429(clan)-214(unity,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([234])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(commemorating)-299(clan)-299(ancestry,)-311(performing)-299(charitable)-299(functions,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-417(acting)-418(as)-417(a)-417(focus)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 98.182 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(although)-417(this)-417(last)-418(was)-417(not)-417(an)-417(avowed)]TJ -109.091 -13.549 Td [(purpose)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 34.539 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(for)-574(clan)-574(defense.)-1222(The)-574(reorganization)-573(which)-574(Sun)]TJ -45.448 -13.549 Td [(proposed)-501(would)-501(probably)-500(have)-501(involved)-501(some)-500(systematizing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-365(the)-365(organization)-365(for)-365(the)-365(purposes)-365(of)-365(uniformity)-365(and)-364(official)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(record,)-250(as)-250(well)-250(as)-250(effectiveness.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 164.756 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 157.944 Td [(291)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(It)-230(is)-230(but)-230(fair)-230(to)-230(state,)-234(at)-230(the)-230(beginning,)-234(that)-230(this)-230(point)-230(of)-230(the)-230(family)-230(system)-230(as)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(one)-229(of)-229(the)-229(institutions)-229(of)-229(the)-229(democratic)-229(nation)-229(has)-229(been)-229(very)-229(largely)-229(neglected)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(by)-472(the)-472(Kuomintang)-472(and)-472(the)-472(National)-472(Government.)-915(To)-472(the)-472(knowledge)-472(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-349(author,)-373(no)-348(plan)-349(has)-348(ever)-349(been)-348(drafted)-349(either)-348(by)-349(Party)-348(or)-349(by)-348(Government)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(which)-289(would)-288(erect)-289(the)-288(system)-289(that)-289(Sun)-288(Yat-sen)-289(proposed.)-366(It)-288(is)-289(not)-288(beyond)-289(all)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(conjecture)-302(that)-302(Sun's)-302(suggestion)-302(may)-302(at)-302(a)-302(later)-302(date)-302(seem)-302(more)-302(practicable)-302(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-250(leaders)-250(than)-250(now)-250(appears,)-250(and)-250(be)-250(put)-250(into)-250(operation)-250(in)-250(some)-250(manner.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.25 -7.31 Td [(292)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(164.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(293)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(243.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1215 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1216 0 R
+/Resources 1214 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1218 0 R
+>> endobj
+1217 0 obj <<
+/D [1215 0 R /XYZ 279.392 257.141 null]
+>> endobj
+1214 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1221 0 obj <<
+/Length 4894
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(238The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Once)-361(the)-360(district)-361(headquarters)-361(were)-360(reorganized,)-389(they)-360(could)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(be)-598(combined)-598(throughout)-598(a)-598(province)-598(into)-598(a)-598(provincial)-597(clan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization.)-910(Such)-470(organizations)-470(already)-470(exist,)-525(but)-470(they)-469(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(neither)-420(systematic)-421(nor)-420(general.)-761(After)-420(the)-421(clan)-420(was)-420(organized)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(on)-530(a)-530(provincial)-530(basis)-530(throughout)-530(the)-530(provinces,)-600(the)-530(various)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provincial)-244(organizations)-244(could)-244(be)-244(gathered)-244(together)-244(in)-244(a)-243(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clan)-250(organization.)]TJ 11.956 -16.827 Td [(It)-358(is)-357(only)-358(when)-357(one)-358(contemplates)-357(the)-358(strength)-357(of)-358(the)-357(family)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(system)-237(in)-236(China)-237(that)-236(the)-237(boldness)-236(of)-237(this)-236(plan)-237(becomes)-236(apparent.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(A)-570(series)-570(of)-570(vast)-571(national)-570(clan)-570(organizations)-570(would)-570(include)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(practically)-316(every)-315(Chinese.)-447(Not)-315(content)-316(with)-315(this,)-332(Sun)-315(proposed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(inter-clan)-281(organizations,)-290(certain)-281(clans)-281(being)-281(more)-282(related)-281(to)-281(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(another.)-827(A)-442(further)-442(series)-443(of)-442(national)-442(inter-clan)-442(organizations)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(would)-370(draw)-370(together)-370(the)-370(allegiance)-370(of)-370(numberless)-369(individuals.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(There)-423(was)-423(always)-422(the)-423(possibility)-423(that)-422(a)-423(convention)-423(of)-423(all)-422(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clans)-210(might)-211(be)-210(called)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 91.111 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(although)-210(Sun)-211(was)-210(not)-210(sanguine)-210(about)-211(this)]TJ -102.02 -13.549 Td [(last.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 17.88 3.959 Td [(294)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -5.924 -20.786 Td [(This)-817(methodology,)-959(according)-817(to)-817(Sun)-817(Yat-sen,)-958(would)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(automatically)-511(bring)-511(about)-511(nationalism.)-1033(The)-511(Chinese)-510(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-311(already)-312(vigorously)-311(attached)-311(to)-312(their)-311(families)-311(and)-312(clans.)-433(A)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(union)-389(of)-390(all)-389(the)-389(families)-390(and)-389(clans)-389(would)-390(lead)-389(the)-389(Chinese)-389(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(realize)-347(that)-347(they)-347(were)-347(one)-347(people)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 149.177 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(one)-347(enormous)-347(family,)-371(as)-347(it)]TJ -160.086 -13.549 Td [(were)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 21.197 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(and)-289(cause)-289(them)-289(to)-578(join)-289(together)-289(as)-289(a)-289(nation.)-367(Since)-289(there)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -104.861 0 Td [([235])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(are)-318(only)-319(about)-318(four)-319(hundred)-318(surnames)-319(in)-318(China,)-336(the)-318(alliance)-318(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-326(clans)-327(was)-326(not)-326(so)-327(far-fetched)-326(a)-326(suggestion)-327(as)-326(it)-326(might)-326(seem.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Some)-359(clans)-358(have)-358(a)-359(membership)-358(running)-359(into)-358(the)-359(millions,)-385(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(clan)-296(spirit)-296(is)-295(so)-296(great)-296(that,)-307(in)-296(spite)-295(of)-296(the)-296(absence)-296(of)-295(legislation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-200(Chinese)-201(marriage)-200(system)-201(is)-200(still)-201(largely)-200(exogamic)-201(on)-200(this)-200(clan)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(basis.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 113.787 Td [(294)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-401(material)-402(concerning)-401(the)-402(clans)-402(has)-401(been)-402(taken)-401(from)-402(the)-401(fifth)-402(lecture)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(on)-349(Nationalism)-349(\050Hs\374,)-374(cited,)-373(p.)-547(240)-349(and)-349(following;)-398(d'Elia,)-374(cited,)-373(p.)-547(174)-349(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(following\051.)-284(Judge)-261(Linebarger)-261(recorded)-262(Sun)-261(Yat-sen's)-261(mention)-262(of)-261(a)-261(convention)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-365(the)-366(clans)-365(in)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 56.934 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-394(cited)-366(above,)-394(Book)-365(One,)-395(Chapter)-365(Eight,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 153.964 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)]TJ -266.687 -10.959 Td [(Clans)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Nation.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 71.731 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1220 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1221 0 R
+/Resources 1219 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1218 0 R
+>> endobj
+1222 0 obj <<
+/D [1220 0 R /XYZ 208.548 213.536 null]
+>> endobj
+1219 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1225 0 obj <<
+/Length 2264
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Family)-250(System.)-16140(239)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-366(suggestion)-367(of)-366(clan)-367(organization)-366(is)-367(relevant)-366(to)-367(Sun)-366(Yat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(sen's)-323(democracy,)-340(in)-323(that)-323(the)-322(clan)-323(was)-323(one)-322(of)-323(the)-322(democratizing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(influences)-488(in)-488(old)-487(China.)-964(An)-487(individual)-488(who)-488(failed)-488(to)-487(exert)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appreciable)-216(pressure)-216(on)-217(the)-216(government,)-223(or)-216(on)-216(some)-216(other)-216(group,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(might)-341(appeal)-341(to)-341(his)-341(clan)-340(for)-341(assistance.)-523(The)-341(Chinese)-341(record)-340(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(relationships)-240(was)-239(kept)-240(so)-240(extensively)-239(that)-240(there)-240(were)-239(few)-240(men)-239(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wealth)-346(or)-347(power)-346(who)-346(did)-346(not)-347(have)-346(their)-346(kinsmen)-346(commanding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-239(assistance.)-247(The)-239(non-political)-239(authority)-240(of)-239(the)-239(family)-239(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(controlled)-267(many)-268(things)-267(which)-267(have)-267(been)-267(within)-268(the)-267(scope)-267(of)-267(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(police)-245(power)-246(in)-245(the)-246(West,)-246(and)-245(the)-246(adjustments)-245(of)-246(society)-245(and)-245(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual)-390(were)-389(frequently)-390(mitigated)-389(in)-390(their)-389(harshness)-390(by)-389(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(entrance)-224(of)-224(the)-225(clan)-224(upon)-224(the)-224(scene.)-242(A)-224(stable)-224(Chinese)-224(democracy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-470(a)-469(clan)-470(system)-470(would)-470(be)-469(remarkably)-470(like)-470(the)-469(traditional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(system.)-544(The)-348(recourse)-348(of)-348(political)-348(democracy)-348(would)-348(have)-348(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(added,)-432(but)-395(the)-396(familiar)-395(methods)-396(of)-395(political)-396(pressure)-395(upwards)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-399(the)-398(clan)-399(to)-399(the)-398(government)-399(might,)-436(not)-398(inconceivably,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prove)-250(the)-250(more)-250(efficacious.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 -29.64 Td [([236])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1224 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1225 0 R
+/Resources 1223 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1218 0 R
+>> endobj
+1226 0 obj <<
+/D [1224 0 R /XYZ 46.771 271.748 null]
+>> endobj
+1223 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1227 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index51) >>
+endobj
+1230 0 obj
+(Chapter VII. The Programs of Min Sheng.)
+endobj
+1231 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index52) >>
+endobj
+1234 0 obj
+(The Three Programs of Min Sheng.)
+endobj
+1237 0 obj <<
+/Length 3010
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Chapter)-255(VII.)-255(The)-255(Programs)-255(of)]TJ/F19 18.9589 Tf 233.202 0 Td [(Min)]TJ -233.202 -54.943 Td [(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.336 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -46.336 -82.51 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Programs)-250(of)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 150.755 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 67.936 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -218.691 -31.41 Td [(The)-222(new)-222(ideology)-221(of)-222(Sun)-222(Yat-sen,)-228(as)-221(has)-222(been)-222(shown,)-227(demanded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(three)-398(fulfilments)-398(of)-397(the)-398(doctrine)-398(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 162.976 0 Td [(min)-398(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.154 0 Td [(:)-545(a)-398(nationalistic)]TJ -209.13 -13.549 Td [(economic)-425(revolution,)-468(a)-425(deliberate)-425(industrial)-425(revolution,)-469(and)-424(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(social)-364(revolution.)-594(The)-364(last)-365(was)-364(to)-365(be)-364(accomplished)-364(negatively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rather)-293(than)-293(positively.)-380(It)-293(was)-293(to)-294(aim)-293(at)-293(the)-293(reconstruction)-293(of)-293(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-406(economy)-406(in)-406(such)-407(a)-406(manner)-406(as)-406(to)-406(avoid)-406(the)-406(necessity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-397(class)-397(war.)-691(Since)-397(Chinese)-397(society)-397(was)-397(to)-397(be)-397(revolutionized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-398(the)-398(development)-397(of)-398(a)-398(nation)-398(and)-398(a)-397(state,)-435(with)-398(all)-398(that)-397(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(implied,)-246(and)-246(was)-245(to)-246(be)-245(changed)-246(by)-245(a)-246(transition)-245(from)-246(a)-245(handicraft)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economy)-461(to)-461(an)-460(industrial)-461(one,)-513(Sun)-461(Yat-sen)-461(hoped)-461(that)-460(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(changes)-427(would)-426(permit)-427(the)-426(social)-426(revolution)-427(to)-426(develop)-427(at)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(same)-348(time)-348(as)-348(the)-348(others,)-372(and)-348(did)-348(not)-348(plan)-348(for)-348(it)-348(separately)-348(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distinctly.)-382(The)-294(three)-294(revolutions,)-305(all)-294(of)-294(them)-294(economic,)-305(were)-293(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(develop)-270(simultaneously,)-274(and)-270(all)-269(together)-270(were)-269(to)-270(form)-269(a)-270(third)-269(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(process)-250(of)-250(readjustment.)]TJ 11.956 -13.979 Td [(In)-546(considering)-545(the)-546(actual)-545(plans)-546(for)-546(carrying)-545(out)-546(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 252.31 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.266 -13.55 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.547 0 Td [(principle,)-292(the)-284(student)-284(encounters)-284(difficulties.)-351(The)-284(general)]TJ -28.547 -13.549 Td [(philosophical)-346(position)-346(of)-346(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 131.463 0 Td [(min)-346(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.362 0 Td [(ideology)-346(in)-346(relation)-346(to)]TJ -180.825 -13.549 Td [(the)-274(ideologies)-275(of)-274(nationalism)-274(and)-274(democracy,)-281(and)-274(in)-274(connection)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1236 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1237 0 R
+/Resources 1235 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1218 0 R
+>> endobj
+1228 0 obj <<
+/D [1236 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1232 0 obj <<
+/D [1236 0 R /XYZ 93.543 376.32 null]
+>> endobj
+1235 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1240 0 obj <<
+/Length 6151
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Programs)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 104.215 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-10116(241)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -151.178 -30.759 Td [(with)-321(such)-321(foreign)-322(philosophies)-321(as)-321(capitalism)-321(and)-321(Marxism,)-339(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(already)-259(been)-259(set)-260(forth.)-277(The)-259(direct)-260(plans)-259(that)-259(Sun)-259(Yat-sen)-259(had)-259(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-214(industrial)-213(revolution)-214(in)-214(China)-214(are)-213(also)-214(clear,)-221(since)-214(he)-213(outlined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them,)-624(laboriously)-550(although)-549(tentatively,)-625(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 200.695 0 Td [(The)-549(International)]TJ -200.695 -13.55 Td [(Development)-420(of)-420(China)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 101.878 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 3.032 3.959 Td [(295)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.961 -3.959 Td [(but)-420(whereas)-420(the)-420(ideology)-420(and)-839(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 168.153 0 Td [([237])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(actual)-261(physical)-261(blueprints)-261(can)-261(be)-261(understood)-261(clearly)-261(enough,)-263(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(general)-438(lines)-439(of)-438(practical)-439(governmental)-438(policy)-439(with)-438(regard)-438(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-284(matters)-283(have)-284(not)-283(been)-284(formulat)1(ed)-284(in)-283(such)-284(a)-283(way)-284(as)-283(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(make)-250(them)-250(indisputable.)]TJ 11.956 -29.175 Td [(Sun)-369(Yat-sen)-368(was)-369(averse)-369(to)-369(tying)-368(the)-369(hands)-369(of)-369(his)-368(followers)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-230(successors)-229(with)-230(respect)-230(to)-229(economic)-230(policy.)-243(He)-230(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 249.125 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(While)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td [(there)-201(are)-201(many)-201(undertakings)-200(which)-201(can)-201(be)-201(conducted)-201(by)-201(the)-200(State)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-366(advantage,)-395(others)-367(cannot)-366(be)-366(conducted)-366(effectively)-366(except)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(under)-301(competition.)-405(I)-301(have)-302(no)-301(hard-and-fast)-302(dogma.)-404(Much)-301(must)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 296.025 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 289.129 Td [(295)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(There)-386(are)-387(three)-386(excellent)-387(discussions)-386(of)-387(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 165.683 0 Td [(min)-386(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.299 0 Td [(programs.)-659(Wou,)]TJ -218.938 -10.959 Td [(cited,)-341(gives)-323(a)-323(clear)-322(precis)-323(of)-323(the)-323(doctrine.)-468(Hung)-323(Jair,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 197.149 0 Td [(Les)-323(id\351es)-322(\351conomiques)]TJ -197.149 -10.959 Td [(de)-282(Sun)-282(Yat)-282(Sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 54.408 0 Td [(,)-290(Toulouse,)-290(1934,)-290(and)-282(Tsiang)-282(Kuen,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 132.506 0 Td [(Les)-282(origines)-282(\351conomiques)]TJ -186.914 -10.959 Td [(et)-311(politiques)-310(du)-311(socialisme)-310(de)-311(Sun)-310(Yat)-311(Sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 154.983 0 Td [(,)-326(Paris,)-325(1933,)-326(cover)-311(essentially)-310(the)]TJ -154.983 -10.959 Td [(same)-216(ground,)-222(although)-215(they)-216(are)-216(both)-215(doctoral)-216(dissertations)-215(submitted)-216(to)-215(French)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(universities.)-621(The)-373(former)-374(deals)-374(primarily)-373(with)-374(the)-373(theory)-374(of)-373(Sun's)-374(economic)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(ideas,)-462(contrasting)-420(them)-420(with)-420(the)-420(economic)-420(thought)-420(of)-419(Adam)-420(Smith)-420(and)-420(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-444(Marxians.)-833(The)-444(latter)-445(gives)-444(a)-444(rather)-444(extensive)-445(historical)-444(and)-444(statistical)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(background)-441(to)-441(Sun's)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 80.215 0 Td [(min)-441(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.32 0 Td [(,)-488(and)-441(traces)-441(the)-441(Chinese)-440(economic)-441(system,)]TJ -118.535 -10.959 Td [(whence)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 29.424 0 Td [(min)-228(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.449 0 Td [(was)-228(derived)-227(in)-228(part,)-232(quite)-227(fully.)-243(These)-227(authors)-228(have)-227(covered)]TJ -67.873 -10.959 Td [(the)-374(field)-373(so)-374(widely)-374(that)-373(the)-374(present)-373(work)-374(need)-374(not)-373(enter)-374(into)-373(the)-374(discussion)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-333(the)-333(precise)-334(immediate)-333(policies)-333(to)-333(be)-333(advocated)-333(under)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 208.661 0 Td [(min)-333(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.355 0 Td [(.)-499(Enough)]TJ -246.016 -10.959 Td [(will)-357(be)-356(given)-357(to)-356(describe)-357(the)-356(relations)-357(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 154.073 0 Td [(min)-356(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 40.761 0 Td [(with)-357(the)-356(more)-357(formally)]TJ -194.834 -10.959 Td [(political)-287(principles)-287(of)-287(nationalism)-287(and)-287(democracy,)-296(and)-287(to)-287(afford)-287(the)-287(reader)-287(an)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(opportunity)-201(to)-200(assess)-201(its)-201(scope)-200(and)-201(significance)-201(for)-200(himself.)-234(The)-201(works)-200(of)-201(Hung)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(Jair,)-205(Tsiang)-194(Kuen,)-205(Wou)-193(Saofong,)-205(and)-194(Li)-194(Ti-tsun)-193(all)-194(measure)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 214.152 0 Td [(min)-194(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.842 0 Td [(in)-194(terms)]TJ -251.994 -10.959 Td [(of)-369(classical)-369(Western)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 77.652 0 Td [(laissez-faire)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 47.146 0 Td [(economics)-369(and)-369(then)-369(in)-369(terms)-370(of)-369(Marxism;)]TJ -124.798 -10.959 Td [(they)-205(all)-204(proceed)-205(in)-204(considerable)-205(detail)-204(to)-205(recapitulate)-204(the)-205(various)-205(concrete)-204(plans)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(that)-307(Sun)-307(projected.)-422(The)-307(present)-307(author)-307(will)-307(not)-307(enter)-308(into)-307(the)-307(minutiae)-307(of)-307(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(problems)-280(of)-280(clothing,)-287(of)-280(transport,)-288(of)-279(communications,)-288(etc.,)-287(inasmuch)-280(as)-280(they)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(have)-289(already)-288(been)-289(dealt)-288(with)-289(and)-288(because)-289(they)-288(are)-289(not)-288(directly)-289(relevant)-289(to)-288(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1239 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1240 0 R
+/Resources 1238 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1218 0 R
+>> endobj
+1241 0 obj <<
+/D [1239 0 R /XYZ 309.49 463.978 null]
+>> endobj
+1238 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1244 0 obj <<
+/Length 5266
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(242The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(be)-250(left)-250(to)-250(the)-250(lessons)-250(of)-250(experience.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 153.6 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(296)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -146.488 -17.586 Td [(It)-285(would)-285(be)-286(inexpedient)-285(to)-285(go)-285(into)-286(details)-285(about)-285(railway)-285(lines)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-297(other)-297(modern)-297(industrial)-297(enterprises)-297(by)-297(means)-297(of)-297(which)-296(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sought)-432(to)-432(modernize)-431(China.)-796(On)-431(the)-432(other)-432(hand,)-477(it)-432(would)-431(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-364(waste)-365(of)-364(time)-364(merely)-365(to)-364(repeat)-364(the)-365(main)-364(economic)-364(theses)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(new)-273(ideology.)-316(Accordingly,)-278(the)-273(examination)-272(of)-272(the)-272(program)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 14.003 0 Td [(min)-451(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.644 0 Td [(will)-451(be)-450(restricted)-451(to)-450(the)-451(consideration)-450(of)-451(those)]TJ -65.647 -13.549 Td [(features)-341(that)-341(affected)-681(the)-341(state,)-364(either)-340(directly)-341(or)-341(indirectly,)-363(or)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([238])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(which)-266(had)-266(an)-267(important)-266(bearing)-266(upon)-266(the)-266(proposed)-266(future)-266(social)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(organization)-321(of)-321(the)-321(Chinese.)-464(Among)-321(the)-321(topics)-321(to)-321(be)-321(discussed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(are)-305(the)-305(political)-304(nature)-305(of)-305(the)-305(national)-304(economic)-305(revolution,)-318(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-232(effect)-231(of)-232(the)-232(industrial)-231(revolution)-232(upon)-232(the)-231(Chinese,)-235(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-323(expediency)-324(of)-323(Sun's)-324(plans)-323(for)-323(that)-324(revolution;)-360(the)-323(nature)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-368(social)-368(revolution)-368(which)-368(was)-368(to)-368(accompany)-368(these)-368(two)-367(first,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(especially)-270(with)-270(reference)-269(to)-270(the)-270(problem)-270(of)-269(land,)-275(the)-270(problem)-269(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capital,)-257(and)-255(the)-255(problem)-256(of)-255(the)-255(class)-256(struggle;)-258(the)-255(sphere)-255(of)-255(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action)-232(in)-233(the)-232(new)-233(economy;)-238(and)-232(the)-233(nature)-232(of)-233(that)-232(ideal)-232(economy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-195(would)-196(be)-195(realized)-195(when)-195(the)-195(Chinese)-196(should)-195(have)-195(carried)-195(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(completion)-261(the)-260(programs)-261(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 124.084 0 Td [(min)-261(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.657 0 Td [(.)-282(Railway)-260(maps)-261(and)-261(other)]TJ -168.741 -13.55 Td [(designs)-389(of)-388(Sun,)-424(which)-388(have)-389(proved)-389(such)-388(an)-389(inspiration)-389(in)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modernization)-341(of)-341(China)-342(and)-341(which)-341(represent)-341(a)-341(pioneer)-341(attempt)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-284(state)-285(planning,)-293(will)-284(have)-285(to)-284(be)-284(left)-285(to)-284(the)-285(consideration)-284(of)-284(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economists)-250(and)-250(the)-250(geographers.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 142.396 3.959 Td [(297)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -130.44 -17.586 Td [(The)-558(program)-557(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 81.263 0 Td [(min)-558(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 53.983 0 Td [(was)-558(vitally)-557(important)-558(to)-558(the)]TJ -147.202 -13.549 Td [(realization)-216(of)-216(the)-216(Nationalist)-215(revolution)-216(as)-216(a)-216(whole,)-223(so)-215(important,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(indeed,)-250(that)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(put)-250(it)-250(first)-250(in)-250(one)-250(of)-250(his)-250(plans:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.03 Td [(The)-367(first)-368(step)-367(in)-368(reconstruction)-367(is)-368(to)-367(promote)-368(the)-367(economic)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(well-being)-182(of)-183(the)-182(people)-183(by)-182(providing)-183(for)-182(their)-183(four)-182(necessities)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 134.01 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 121.258 Td [(political)-250(or)-250(ideological)-250(features)-250(of)-250(Sun's)-250(thought.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.311 Td [(296)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Tsui,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(378,)-250(n.)-250(125.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.707 -7.31 Td [(297)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(The)-336(International)-336(Development)-336(of)-336(China)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 152.041 0 Td [(was)-336(welcomed)-336(as)-336(an)-336(interesting)]TJ -163.997 -10.959 Td [(fantasy)-376(in)-376(a)-375(world)-376(which)-376(had)-376(not)-376(yet)-375(heard)-376(of)-376(the)-376(Five)-376(Year)-375(Plans)-376(and)-376(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(programs)-229(of)-229(the)-229(New)-228(Deal.)-243(The)-229(fact)-229(that)-229(Sun)-229(Yat-sen)-229(was)-229(a)-228(few)-229(years)-229(ahead)-229(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(his)-196(contemporaries)-196(gave)-196(him)-196(the)-196(air)-196(of)-196(a)-196(dreamer,)-207(which)-196(was)-196(scarcely)-196(deserved.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1243 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1244 0 R
+/Resources 1242 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1218 0 R
+>> endobj
+1245 0 obj <<
+/D [1243 0 R /XYZ 190.715 423.253 null]
+>> endobj
+1242 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1248 0 obj <<
+/Length 5492
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Programs)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 104.215 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-10116(243)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf -131.541 -30.759 Td [(of)-202(life,)-212(namely,)-211(food,)-212(clothing,)-211(shelter,)-212(and)-202(transportation.)-234(For)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(this)-494(purpose,)-554(the)-494(Government)-494(will,)-554(with)-494(the)-493(people's)-494(co-)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(operation,)-259(develop)-257(agriculture)-258(to)-257(give)-257(the)-258(people)-257(an)-257(adequate)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(food)-250(supply,)-250(promote)-250(textile)-250(industries)-249(to)-250(solve)-250(their)-250(clothing)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(problem,)-446(institute)-408(gigantic)-407(housing)-407(schemes)-407(to)-407(provide)-407(for)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(them)-205(decent)-205(living)-205(quarters,)-214(and)-205(build)-205(roads)-204(and)-205(canals)-205(so)-205(that)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(they)-250(may)-250(have)-250(convenient)-250(means)-250(of)-250(travel.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 271.387 0 Td [([239])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -256.966 -14.43 Td [(Next)-250(is)-250(the)-250(promotion)-250(of)-250(democracy....)]TJ 0 -14.43 Td [(The)-250(third)-250(step)-250(is)-250(the)-250(development)-250(of)-250(nationalism....)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 200.809 3.616 Td [(298)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -222.911 -35.024 Td [(The)-159(plans)-158(for)-159(realizing)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 97.808 0 Td [(min)-159(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.276 0 Td [(were)-159(to)-158(be)-159(the)-159(most)-158(necessary)]TJ -155.04 -13.549 Td [(and)-319(the)-319(most)-319(difficult.)-456(In)-319(the)-319(change)-319(from)-319(a)-319(world-society)-319(to)-318(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(race-nation,)-318(the)-305(Chinese)-305(had)-305(their)-304(own)-305(social)-305(solidarity)-305(and)-304(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(experience)-212(of)-212(the)-212(Western)-213(nations)-212(to)-212(guide)-212(them.)-237(There)-212(was)-212(little)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-354(the)-354(development)-354(of)-355(a)-354(nation)-354(that)-354(had)-354(not)-354(already)-354(been)-354(tried)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(elsewhere.)-677(The)-392(only)-393(real)-392(obstacles)-392(were)-393(the)-392(ignorance)-392(of)-392(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people,)-295(in)-285(relation)-286(to)-286(the)-286(new)-285(social)-286(environment)-286(in)-286(which)-285(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(whole)-402(society)-402(was)-401(involved,)-440(and)-402(the)-402(possibility)-402(of)-401(opposition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-250(the)-250(politically)-250(oppressing)-250(powers.)]TJ 11.956 -15.158 Td [(In)-354(the)-355(development)-354(of)-354(democracy)-354(the)-355(Chinese)-354(could)-354(rely)-354(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(part)-362(upon)-362(the)-361(experience)-362(of)-362(the)-362(West.)-585(The)-362(Kuomintang)-361(could)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(observe)-286(the)-286(machinery)-285(of)-286(democratic)-286(states)-286(in)-286(regular)-285(operation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(abroad.)-661(Although)-388(the)-387(new)-387(democracy)-387(of)-387(the)-387(five)-387(powers)-387(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-279(four)-278(rights)-279(was)-278(differed)-279(from)-278(the)-279(democratic)-278(methods)-279(of)-278(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(West,)-208(still,)-209(as)-197(in)-198(mechanics,)-208(certain)-198(fundamental)-198(rules)-198(of)-197(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization)-367(in)-366(its)-367(technical)-367(details)-366(could)-367(be)-367(relied)-366(upon.)-600(The)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 164.435 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 157.622 Td [(298)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-384(translation,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 61.726 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-384(Outline)-384(of)-384(National)-383(Reconstruction,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 149.491 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.423 0 Td [(p.)-652(85.)-651(Two)]TJ -234.577 -10.959 Td [(points)-395(of)-395(detail)-396(may)-395(be)-395(noted)-395(here.)-686(In)-395(the)-395(first)-395(place,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 206.752 0 Td [(min)-395(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.454 0 Td [(has)-395(been)]TJ -248.206 -10.959 Td [(emphasized)-233(by)-233(being)-233(placed)-232(first,)-237(although)-233(Sun)-232(Yat-sen)-233(generally)-233(arranged)-233(his)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(principles)-220(in)-219(their)-220(logical)-219(order:)-235(nationalism,)-226(democracy,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 204.286 0 Td [(min)-220(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.337 0 Td [(.)-240(Secondly,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf -240.623 -10.959 Td [(min)-292(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.985 0 Td [(,)-302(although)-292(emphasized,)-302(is)-292(dealt)-292(with)-292(in)-292(one)-292(single)-292(paragraph)-291(in)-292(this)]TJ -36.985 -10.959 Td [(vitally)-204(important)-204(document.)-234(The)-204(question)-204(of)-204(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 171.219 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 20.756 0 Td [(is)-204(given)-204(eight)-204(paragraphs)]TJ -191.975 -10.959 Td [(to)-233(the)-232(one)-233(on)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 48.193 0 Td [(min)-233(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.455 0 Td [(.)-244(This)-233(is)-233(indicative)-232(of)-233(the)-233(point)-233(stressed)-232(above,)-236(namely,)]TJ -84.648 -10.959 Td [(that)-317(Sun)-317(Yat-sen,)-333(while)-317(he)-317(was)-317(sure)-317(of)-316(the)-317(importance)-317(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 212.43 0 Td [(min)-317(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 37.209 0 Td [(,)-334(did)-316(not)]TJ -249.639 -10.959 Td [(believe)-250(in)-250(hard)-250(and)-250(fast)-250(rules)-250(concerning)-250(its)-250(development.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1247 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1248 0 R
+/Resources 1246 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1250 0 R
+>> endobj
+1249 0 obj <<
+/D [1247 0 R /XYZ 46.771 439.094 null]
+>> endobj
+1246 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1251 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index53) >>
+endobj
+1254 0 obj
+(The National Economic Revolution.)
+endobj
+1258 0 obj <<
+/Length 4237
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(244The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(Chinese)-348(people)-348(had)-348(a)-348(democratic)-348(background)-348(in)-348(the)-348(autonomy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(various)-250(extra-political)-250(units.)]TJ 11.956 -13.886 Td [(In)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 12.746 0 Td [(min)-335(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.132 0 Td [(neither)-335(the)-336(experience)-335(of)-336(the)-335(West)-336(nor)-335(the)-335(old)]TJ -73.834 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-387(background)-387(would)-387(be)-387(of)-387(much)-387(value.)-661(More)-387(than)-386(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(other)-248(two)-247(principles)-248(and)-248(programs,)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 155.007 0 Td [(min)-248(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.219 0 Td [(sought)-248(to)-247(alter)-248(the)]TJ -202.226 -13.549 Td [(constitution)-397(and)-397(nature)-397(of)-396(Chinese)-397(society.)-691(Yet)-397(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 234.486 0 Td [(min)-397(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -234.486 -13.549 Td [(the)-462(Chinese)-462(were)-461(to)-462(be)-923(guided)-462(only)-462(negatively)-462(by)-461(Western)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([240])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(experience.)-301(Into)-267(their)-267(society,)-271(passing)-267(through)-267(a)-267(great)-267(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(upheaval,)-334(they)-318(must)-317(introduce,)-335(by)-317(a)-318(trial-and-error)-317(method,)-334(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(requirements)-250(for)-250(economic)-250(unity,)-250(efficiency,)-250(and)-250(justice.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -61.069 Td [(The)-250(National)-250(Economic)-250(Revolution.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -30.94 Td [(After)-461(the)-461(pitiable)-461(failure)-460(of)-461(the)-461(1912)-461(Republic,)-514(Sun)-460(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(began)-390(to)-389(place)-390(an)-390(especially)-390(heavy)-389(emphasis)-390(on)-390(the)-389(necessity)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-445(a)-445(national)-446(economic)-445(revolution)-445(which)-445(would)-445(carry)-445(on)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(achievements)-454(of)-455(the)-454(national)-455(political)-454(revolution.)-863(He)-454(placed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(an)-395(even)-394(greater)-395(stress)-394(upon)-395(the)-395(necessity)-394(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 204.084 0 Td [(min)-395(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.423 0 Td [(in)-395(the)]TJ -254.507 -13.549 Td [(revolutionary)-535(ideology,)-605(and)-535(became)-535(more)-534(and)-535(more)-534(clearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(conscious)-327(of)-327(the)-327(danger)-327(imperialism)-327(constituted)-327(to)-327(the)-326(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(race-nation.)-497(He)-332(believed)-332(that,)-353(as)-332(the)-332(1912)-332(revolution)-332(had)-332(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(created)-413(by)-413(the)-413(sword,)-453(the)-413(new)-413(economic)-413(revolution)-413(might)-412(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(furthered)-532(by)-532(the)-532(pen,)-602(and)-532(with)-532(this)-532(in)-532(mind)-532(he)-532(wrote)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(The)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(International)-316(Development)-316(of)-316(China)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 160.638 0 Td [(.)-448(At)-316(the)-316(time)-316(that)-316(he)-316(wrote)]TJ -160.638 -13.549 Td [(this)-189(work,)-201(he)-189(seems)-189(to)-189(have)-189(been)-189(convinced)-189(of)-189(the)-189(fruitlessness)-188(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(purely)-219(military)-220(effort,)-225(and)-220(the)-219(superior)-219(value)-220(of)-219(pacific)-219(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(organization.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 57.262 3.959 Td [(299)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -45.306 -17.844 Td [(This)-188(organization)-187(was)-188(to)-187(be)-188(effected)-188(through)-187(capital)-188(brought)-187(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(from)-226(the)-227(outside.)-242(As)-226(it)-226(developed)-226(that)-227(capital)-226(would)-226(not)-226(come)-226(in,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-167(instead)-168(of)-167(continuing)-167(the)-168(terrific)-167(pace)-167(of)-168(production)-167(which)-167(the)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(299)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Work)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(232.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1257 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1258 0 R
+/Resources 1256 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1250 0 R
+/Annots [ 1255 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1255 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [159.037 62.854 172.486 73.974]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg232) >>
+>> endobj
+1259 0 obj <<
+/D [1257 0 R /XYZ 207.191 436.544 null]
+>> endobj
+1252 0 obj <<
+/D [1257 0 R /XYZ 93.543 370.354 null]
+>> endobj
+1256 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1263 0 obj <<
+/Length 5442
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(National)-250(Economic)-250(Revolution.)-9725(245)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(World)-308(War)-309(had)-308(demanded,)-323(the)-308(nations)-308(returned)-308(to)-308(comparative)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(laissez)-283(faire,)-291(and)-283(let)-283(their)-283(economies)-283(slump,)-291(Sun)-283(was)-282(persuaded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-395(the)-394(whole)-395(revolution)-394(would)-395(have)-394(to)-394(be)-395(carried)-394(on)-395(by)-394(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-382(themselves,)-414(with)-382(the)-381(possible)-382(help)-381(of)-382(the)-381(Communist)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Russians,)-332(and)-316(of)-316(Japan.)-447(He)-315(found)-316(the)-316(reorganized)-315(Kuomintang)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-318(be)-318(the)-318(instrument)-318(of)-318(this)-318(last)-318(revolution,)-335(both)-318(politically)-317(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratically,)-202(and)-191(began)-190(to)-191(emphasize)-190(Chinese)-191(resistance)-190(to)-190(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(outside,)-250(rather)-250(than)-250(appeal)-250(for)-250(help)-250(from)-250(the)-250(barbarian)-250(nations.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([241])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -15.139 Td [(It)-275(is)-275(this)-274(last)-275(attitude)-275(which)-275(one)-275(finds)-274(expressed)-275(in)-275(the)-275(acts)-274(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-256(last)-257(years)-256(of)-257(his)-256(life.)-269(The)-257(national)-256(revolution)-256(was)-257(to)-256(be)-256(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-346(reality)-347(by)-346(being)-346(intimately)-346(associated)-347(with)-346(the)-346(economic)-346(life)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-306(development)-306(of)-307(the)-306(country.)-419(The)-306(plans)-306(made)-306(for)-306(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-223(should)-222(be)-223(pushed)-223(as)-223(far)-222(as)-223(possible)-223(without)-222(waiting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-463(foreign)-462(help.)-888(The)-463(Chinese)-462(should)-463(use)-462(the)-463(instrument)-462(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-440(boycott)-440(as)-439(a)-440(sanction)-440(with)-440(which)-439(to)-440(give)-440(weight)-440(to)-439(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(national)-352(policy.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 68.99 3.959 Td [(300)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.522 -3.959 Td [(They)-352(had)-352(to)-352(practise)-352(economic)-353(nationalism)]TJ -87.512 -13.549 Td [(in)-328(order)-329(to)-328(rid)-328(themselves)-328(of)-328(the)-329(incubus)-328(of)-328(imperialism)-328(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-341(sucking)-342(the)-341(life-blood)-342(of)-341(their)-341(country.)-525(In)-341(this)-341(connection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-281(nationalism)-281(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 112.203 0 Td [(min)-281(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.877 0 Td [(,)-288(the)-281(economic)-281(aspect)-281(of)-280(the)]TJ -157.08 -13.549 Td [(nationalist)-248(program)-248(was)-247(to)-248(be)-248(the)-248(means,)-248(and)-248(the)-248(national)-247(aspect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-417(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 31.524 0 Td [(min)-417(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.92 0 Td [(program)-417(the)-418(consequence.)-752(Unless)-417(Chinese,)]TJ -82.444 -13.549 Td [(both)-258(as)-258(members)-258(of)-258(a)-258(state)-258(and)-258(as)-258(individuals)-258(stirred)-258(by)-258(national)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(sentiment,)-577(were)-511(moved)-512(to)-511(action)-512(against)-511(Western)-511(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aggression,)-250(they)-250(might)-250(consider)-250(themselves)-250(already)-250(doomed.)]TJ 11.956 -15.139 Td [(How)-530(did)-530(Sun)-531(propose)-530(to)-530(promote)-530(the)-530(national)-530(economic)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(revolution,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 47.575 3.959 Td [(301)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.931 -3.959 Td [(as)-221(distinguished)-222(from)-221(the)-222(industrial)-221(revolution)-222(and)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 164.595 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 157.783 Td [(300)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(above,)-250(p.)-250(180)-250(ff.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(301)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-422(author)-423(uses)-422(the)-422(term)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 98.616 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(national)-422(economic)-423(revolution)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 108.185 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.768 0 Td [(to)-422(distinguish)]TJ -230.506 -10.959 Td [(those)-442(parts)-442(of)-442(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 70.64 0 Td [(ming)-442(sh\352ng)-442(chu)-442(i)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 70.147 0 Td [(which)-442(treat)-442(the)-442(transformation)-442(of)-442(the)]TJ -140.787 -10.958 Td [(Chinese)-275(economy)-275(in)-275(relation)-275(to)-275(the)-276(development)-275(of)-275(a)-275(nation-state.)-325(Obviously,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(there)-331(is)-331(a)-332(great)-331(difference)-331(between)-331(the)-331(economy)-331(of)-332(a)-331(society)-331(regarding)-331(itself)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(as)-372(ecumenical,)-403(and)-373(one)-372(faced)-372(with)-373(the)-372(problem)-373(of)-372(dealing)-372(with)-373(other)-372(equal)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(societies.)-221(The)-161(presence)-162(of)-162(a)-162(state)-161(implies)-162(a)-162(certain)-162(minimum)-162(of)-161(state)-162(interference)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(with)-289(economic)-290(matters;)-309(the)-289(national)-289(economic)-290(revolution)-289(of)-289(Sun)-290(Yat-sen)-289(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(to)-293(give)-293(the)-294(Chinese)-293(economy)-293(a)-293(national)-294(character,)-304(coordinating)-293(the)-293(economic)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1262 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1263 0 R
+/Resources 1261 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1250 0 R
+/Annots [ 1260 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1260 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [108.777 150.686 122.227 161.806]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg180) >>
+>> endobj
+1264 0 obj <<
+/D [1262 0 R /XYZ 46.771 420.963 null]
+>> endobj
+1261 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1267 0 obj <<
+/Length 5638
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(246The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(the)-446(social)-446(revolution?)-839(He)-446(gave,)-495(in)-447(the)-446(first)-446(place,)-495(as)-446(earlier)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(stated,)-390(the)-362(economic)-362(part)-361(of)-362(his)-362(theories)-362(a)-362(greater)-362(weight)-361(than)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(they)-297(had)-296(hitherto)-297(enjoyed,)-308(and)-297(placed)-297(them)-296(first)-297(in)-297(his)-296(practical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(program.)-365(Secondly,)-299(he)-288(tended)-289(to)-288(associate)-288(the)-289(national)-288(political)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(revolution)-251(more)-251(and)-250(more)-251(with)-251(the)-250(real)-251(seat)-251(of)-251(economic)-250(power:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-261(working)-262(class.)-568(In)-261(this)-262(introduction)-261(of)-261(the)-262(working)-261(class)-261(into)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([242])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(the)-238(labors)-238(for)-238(the)-238(fulfilment)-238(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 134.342 0 Td [(min)-238(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 47.006 0 Td [(as)-238(a)-238(national)-238(economic)]TJ -181.348 -13.549 Td [(revolution,)-253(he)-252(was)-253(doing)-252(two)-252(things.)-258(He)-252(was)-252(hoping)-253(to)-252(bring)-252(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(standards)-303(of)-302(Chinese)-303(labor)-303(up)-302(to)-303(those)-303(of)-303(the)-302(West,)-316(and)-303(he)-302(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(making)-278(use)-279(of)-278(the)-278(political)-278(power)-279(of)-278(labor)-278(in)-279(China)-278(as)-278(an)-278(added)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(instrument)-250(of)-250(the)-250(national)-250(economic)-250(revolution.)]TJ 11.956 -18.188 Td [(The)-201(Chinese)-201(nation)-201(could)-201(and)-201(should)-201(not)-201(continue,)-211(as)-201(a)-200(nation,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(on)-316(a)-316(scale)-316(of)-316(living)-316(lower)-316(than)-316(that)-316(of)-316(the)-316(Western)-316(nations.)-447(He)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(urged)-341(the)-340(Chinese)-341(workers,)-363(as)-341(the)-340(class)-341(most)-341(affected,)-363(to)-340(fight)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-226(the)-226(economic)-227(advancement)-226(of)-226(themselves)-226(and)-226(of)-226(their)-226(nation.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Comrades,)-190(the)-176(people)-175(meeting)-175(here)-176(are)-175(all)-176(workers)-175(and)-175(represent)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(a)-216(part)-215(of)-216(the)-215(nation.)-239(A)-215(great)-216(responsibility)-216(rests)-215(on)-216(Chinese)-215(labor,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-225(if)-224(you)-224(are)-225(equal)-224(to)-225(the)-224(task,)-230(China)-225(will)-224(become)-224(a)-225(great)-224(nation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-272(you)-272(a)-272(mighty)-272(working)-273(class.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 143.013 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(302)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.422 -3.959 Td [(The)-272(Chinese)-272(workers)-272(were)]TJ -163.278 -13.549 Td [(performing)-291(not)-290(only)-291(a)-290(duty)-291(that)-291(they)-290(owed)-291(to)-290(themselves)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 250.936 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(they)]TJ -261.845 -13.549 Td [(were)-250(also)-250(acting)-250(patriotically.)]TJ 11.956 -18.189 Td [(In)-305(advancing)-304(the)-305(national)-305(economic)-304(revolution)-305(by)-304(advancing)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(themselves,)-396(they)-367(could)-367(not)-367(afford)-367(to)-367(lose)-367(sight)-367(of)-367(the)-366(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(part)-362(of)-361(the)-362(revolution.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 105.175 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Beyond)-362(the)-361(economic)-362(struggle)-362(for)-361(the)]TJ -110.019 -13.549 Td [(shortening)-313(of)-313(the)-314(working)-313(day)-313(and)-313(the)-313(increase)-313(of)-313(wages,)-329(there)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(are)-190(before)-189(you)-190(other)-189(much)-190(more)-189(important)-190(questions)-189(of)-190(a)-189(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(character.)-312(For)-271(our)-271(political)-271(objectives)-270(you)-271(must)-271(follow)-271(the)-270(three)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 140.88 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 132.056 Td [(with)-363(the)-363(other)-363(programs)-363(of)-363(nationalism.)-588(Hence,)-391(the)-363(significant)-363(stress)-363(in)-363(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(phrase)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 25.644 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(national)-250(economic)-250(revolution)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 105.095 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.223 0 Td [(should)-250(rest)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(word)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 95.384 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(national.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 31.131 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -271.19 -7.31 Td [(302)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 39.65 0 Td [(Sun)-321(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.228 0 Td [(,)-339(cited,)-339(p.)-464(329.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 58.722 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Genossen,)-339(die)-321(hier)-321(Versammelten)]TJ -157.536 -10.959 Td [(sind)-309(alle)-310(Arbeiter)-309(und)-310(stellen)-309(eine)-310(Teil)-309(der)-309(Nation)-310(dar.)-428(Auf)-310(den)-309(chinesischen)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Arbeitern)-497(lastet)-497(eine)-497(grosse)-497(Verantwortung)-496(und)-497(wenn)-497(ihr)-497(dieser)-497(Aufgabe)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(entsprechen)-322(werdet,)-339(so)-321(wird)-322(China)-321(eine)-322(grosse)-321(Nation)-322(und)-321(ihr)-322(eine)-321(m\344chtige)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Arbeiterklasse.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 54.032 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1266 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1267 0 R
+/Resources 1265 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1250 0 R
+>> endobj
+1268 0 obj <<
+/D [1266 0 R /XYZ 175.97 450.429 null]
+>> endobj
+1265 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1272 0 obj <<
+/Length 5744
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(National)-250(Economic)-250(Revolution.)-9725(247)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(principles)-346(and)-346(support)-346(the)-346(revolution.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 167.509 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(303)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.228 -3.959 Td [(The)-346(two)-346(parts)-346(of)-346(the)]TJ -188.58 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-250(could)-250(not)-250(be)-250(separated)-250(from)-250(one)-250(another.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([243])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -17.94 Td [(Besides)-397(the)-398(economic)-397(part)-397(of)-398(the)-397(national)-397(revolution,)-434(there)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(was)-448(another)-448(readjustment)-449(of)-448(which)-448(Sun)-448(did)-448(not)-448(often)-448(speak,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(because)-473(it)-473(was)-473(not)-473(an)-473(open)-473(problem)-473(which)-473(could)-473(be)-472(served)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-463(immediate)-462(political)-463(action.)-887(This)-462(was)-463(the)-462(problem)-463(of)-462(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transition)-262(of)-262(China)-262(from)-263(an)-262(autarchic)-262(to)-262(a)-262(trading)-262(economy.)-286(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(old)-389(Chinese)-388(world)-389(had)-388(been)-389(self-sustaining,)-423(so)-388(self-sustaining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-412(the)-412(Emperor)-412(Tao)-412(Kuang)-412(wrote)-412(to)-412(George)-412(III)-412(of)-411(England)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(that)-348(he)-348(did)-347(not)-348(desire)-348(anything)-347(that)-348(the)-348(barbarians)-348(might)-347(have,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(but,)-306(out)-295(of)-295(the)-295(mercy)-294(and)-295(the)-295(bounty)-295(of)-295(his)-295(heart,)-306(would)-294(permit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(them)-283(to)-284(come)-283(to)-283(China)-284(in)-283(order)-283(to)-284(purchase)-283(the)-283(excellent)-283(things)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-378(the)-378(Chinese)-378(possessed)-378(in)-378(such)-379(abundance.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 210.475 3.959 Td [(304)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.373 -3.959 Td [(The)-378(impact)]TJ -229.847 -13.549 Td [(of)-453(the)-452(West)-453(had)-453(had)-452(serious)-453(economic)-453(consequences,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 246.933 3.958 Td [(305)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.944 -3.958 Td [(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.55 Td [(the)-317(Chinese)-317(were)-317(in)-318(the)-317(unpleasant)-317(position)-317(of)-317(having)-317(their)-317(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-397(system)-398(disrupted)-397(without)-398(gaining)-397(the)-398(advantages)-397(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-331(nationally)-332(organized)-331(economy)-332(in)-331(return.)-495(They)-331(had)-332(the)-331(actual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(privilege)-191(of)-191(consuming)-192(a)-191(greater)-191(variety)-192(of)-191(goods)-191(than)-191(before,)-203(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-246(was)-246(offset)-246(by)-246(the)-246(fact)-246(that)-246(the)-246(presence)-246(of)-246(these)-246(goods)-246(threw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(their)-260(domestic)-260(markets)-259(and)-260(old)-260(native)-260(commercial)-260(system)-260(out)-259(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(balance,)-261(without)-258(offering)-259(a)-259(correspondingly)-258(large)-259(potentiality)-258(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreign)-204(export.)-235(Furthermore,)-213(the)-204(political)-204(position)-204(of)-204(the)-204(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(powers)-210(in)-210(China)-210(was)-211(such,)-218(as)-210(Sun)-210(Yat-sen)-210(complained,)-218(that)-210(trade)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-250(conducted)-250(on)-250(a)-250(somewhat)-250(inequitable)-250(basis.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 186.758 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 179.945 Td [(303)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 38.487 0 Td [(Sun)-199(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.136 0 Td [(,)-209(p.)-233(329.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 30.715 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Ausser)-199(dem)-200(wirtschaftlichen)-199(Kampf)-199(f\374r)-199(die)]TJ -127.275 -10.959 Td [(K\374rzung)-280(des)-280(Arbeitstages)-281(und)-280(die)-280(Erh\366hung)-280(der)-280(L\366hne)-281(stehen)-280(vor)-280(Euch)-280(noch)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(viel)-353(wichtigere)-353(Fragen)-354(von)-353(politischem)-353(Charakter.)-560(F\374r)-353(die)-353(politischen)-353(Ziele)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(m\374sst)-250(ihr)-250(meine)-250(Drei)-250(Prinzipien)-250(befolgen)-250(und)-250(die)-250(Revolution)-250(unterst\374tzen.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 267.476 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -267.226 -7.31 Td [(304)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Putnam)-353(Weale,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 59.1 0 Td [(The)-353(Vanished)-353(Empire)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 79.547 0 Td [(,)-379(London,)-378(1926,)-379(pp.)-558(145-147.)-559(The)]TJ -150.603 -10.959 Td [(same)-400(observation)-400(had)-400(been)-399(made)-400(to)-400(the)-400(Russian)-400(ambassador,)-437(Vladislavich,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(sent)-277(by)-277(Catherine)-278(I)-277(to)-277(Peking)-277(in)-277(1727.)-332(The)-277(Chinese)-277(said)-277(at)-277(that)-277(time,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 251.017 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.467 0 Td [(...)-331(that)]TJ -257.484 -10.959 Td [(foreign)-295(trade)-295(had)-296(no)-295(attraction)-295(for)-295(the)-296(people,)-306(who)-295(were)-296(amply)-295(supplied)-295(with)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(all)-291(the)-290(necessaries)-290(of)-291(life)-290(from)-291(the)-290(products)-291(of)-290(their)-291(own)-290(country.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 236.57 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.586 0 Td [(Sir)-290(Robert)]TJ -243.156 -10.959 Td [(K.)-244(Douglas,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 45.234 0 Td [(Europe)-244(and)-245(the)-244(Far)-244(East)-244(1506-1912)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 129.999 0 Td [(,)-245(New)-245(York,)-245(1913,)-246(pp.)-248(28-29.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -174.983 -7.394 Td [(305)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(See)-250(above,)-250(p.)-250(47)-250(ff.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1271 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1272 0 R
+/Resources 1270 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1250 0 R
+/Annots [ 1269 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1269 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [108.777 62.854 117.743 74.058]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >>
+>> endobj
+1273 0 obj <<
+/D [1271 0 R /XYZ 46.771 502.259 null]
+>> endobj
+1270 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1274 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index54) >>
+endobj
+1277 0 obj
+(The Industrial Revolution.)
+endobj
+1280 0 obj <<
+/Length 4284
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(248The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-408(consequences)-408(of)-408(a)-408(national)-408(economic)-408(revolution)-407(could)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(not)-332(but)-331(be)-332(far-reaching.)-494(The)-331(political)-332(changes)-331(in)-332(the)-331(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(situation)-272(demanded)-272(by)-273(Sun)-272(Yat-sen)-272(in)-272(his)-272(program)-272(of)-272(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nationalism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.913 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-458(return)-458(of)-459(tariff)-458(autonomy,)-1020(the)-458(retrocession)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -134.577 0 Td [([244])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td [(of)-325(the)-325(occupied)-325(concessions,)-344(etc.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 146.472 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(would)-325(have)-325(a)-325(great)-325(positive)]TJ -157.381 -13.549 Td [(and)-483(immediate)-484(effect;)-600(but)-483(there)-484(would)-483(be)-483(a)-484(long)-483(system)-483(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development,)-408(not)-377(to)-376(be)-377(so)-376(easily)-376(predicted)-377(or)-376(foreseen,)-408(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-372(inevitably)-372(appear)-371(as)-372(a)-372(result)-372(of)-371(Chinese)-372(nationhood.)-615(If)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-172(were)-173(to)-172(have)-173(a)-172(state)-172(strong)-173(enough)-172(to)-173(perform)-172(the)-172(economic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(functions)-291(which)-291(Sun)-291(wished)-291(to)-292(have)-291(imposed)-291(upon)-291(it,)-301(and)-291(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-395(take)-394(her)-395(place)-394(as)-395(one)-395(of)-394(the)-395(great)-394(importing)-395(and)-394(exporting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nations)-214(of)-215(the)-214(world,)-222(it)-214(is)-214(obvious)-215(that)-214(a)-215(real)-214(economic)-214(revolution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-250(have)-250(to)-250(be)-250(gone)-250(through.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Here)-203(again)-202(the)-203(liberal-national)-203(character)-202(of)-203(Sun's)-203(ideology)-202(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(programs)-337(with)-336(respect)-337(to)-336(relations)-336(with)-337(the)-336(West)-337(appears.)-509(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Fascist)-228(states)-228(of)-228(the)-227(present)-228(time)-228(exhibit)-228(a)-228(definite)-228(drift)-228(from)-227(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(trade)-272(to)-271(autarchy.)-315(In)-272(China)-271(the)-272(change)-272(from)-271(an)-272(autarchic)-271(world-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(society)-311(to)-311(a)-311(trading)-312(nation)-311(constituted)-311(the)-311(reverse.)-433(Sun)-311(Yat-sen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-295(not)-295(leave)-295(a)-295(large)-295(legacy)-295(of)-295(programs)-295(in)-295(this)-295(connection,)-306(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-250(foresaw)-250(the)-250(development)-250(and)-250(was)-250(much)-250(concerned)-250(about)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -57.311 Td [(The)-250(Industrial)-250(Revolution.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -28.893 Td [(The)-334(program)-334(of)-334(industrial)-334(revolution)-334(was)-334(planned)-334(by)-334(Sun)-333(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen)-308(with)-308(great)-308(care.)-425(The)-308(same)-308(belief)-308(which)-308(led)-308(him)-308(to)-308(urge)-308(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(social)-317(revolution)-317(also)-317(guided)-317(him)-317(in)-317(his)-317(plans)-317(for)-317(the)-316(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolutionizing)-283(of)-283(the)-284(Chinese)-283(economy,)-291(namely,)-292(his)-283(belief)-283(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(China)-384(could)-384(profit)-383(by)-384(the)-384(example)-384(of)-384(the)-384(West,)-417(that)-384(what)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(West)-262(had)-262(done)-261(wastefully)-262(and)-262(circuitously)-261(could)-262(be)-262(done)-262(by)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-225(deliberately)-225(and)-224(straightforwardly.)-242(He)-225(proposed)-225(that)-224(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(change)-274(from)-274(the)-273(old)-274(economy)-274(to)-274(the)-274(new)-273(be)-274(according)-274(to)-274(a)-273(well)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(thought)-288(out)-289(plan.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.068 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(However,)-298(China)-288(must)-289(develop)-288(her)-289(industries)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1279 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1280 0 R
+/Resources 1278 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1250 0 R
+>> endobj
+1281 0 obj <<
+/D [1279 0 R /XYZ 297.565 477.528 null]
+>> endobj
+1275 0 obj <<
+/D [1279 0 R /XYZ 93.543 236.92 null]
+>> endobj
+1278 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1284 0 obj <<
+/Length 4804
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Industrial)-250(Revolution.)-13641(249)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(by)-175(all)-176(means.)-225(Shall)-175(we)-175(follow)-175(the)-176(old)-175(path)-175(of)-175(western)-175(civilization?)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(This)-317(old)-318(path)-317(resembles)-317(the)-318(sea)-317(route)-317(of)-318(Columbus')-317(first)-317(trip)-317(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(America.)-479(He)-327(set)-326(out)-326(from)-327(Europe)-326(by)-327(a)-326(southwesterly)-326(direction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(through)-171(the)-171(Canary)-172(Islands)-171(to)-171(San)-171(Salvador,)-187(in)-171(the)-171(Bahama)-171(group.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(But)-310(nowadays)-619(navigators)-309(take)-309(a)-310(different)-309(direction)-310(to)-309(America)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([245])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(and)-289(find)-288(that)-289(the)-288(destination)-289(can)-289(be)-288(reached)-289(by)-288(a)-289(distance)-288(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(times)-261(shorter.)-282(The)-260(path)-261(of)-261(Western)-260(civilization)-261(was)-261(an)-260(unknown)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(one)-273(and)-274(those)-273(who)-273(went)-274(before)-273(groped)-273(in)-274(the)-273(dark)-273(as)-273(Columbus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(did)-305(on)-305(his)-305(first)-305(voyage)-305(to)-305(America.)-415(As)-306(a)-305(late)-305(comer,)-318(China)-305(can)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(greatly)-371(profit)-371(in)-371(covering)-371(the)-371(space)-371(by)-371(following)-371(the)-371(direction)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(already)-206(charted)-206(by)-206(western)-206(pioneers.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 157.728 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(306)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.702 -3.959 Td [(By)-206(calling)-206(in)-206(the)-206(help)-206(of)]TJ -177.273 -13.549 Td [(friends)-212(who)-212(were)-211(familiar)-212(with)-212(engineering)-211(and)-212(by)-212(using)-212(his)-211(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(very)-404(extensive)-404(knowledge)-403(of)-404(Chinese)-404(economic)-403(potentialities,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-262(Yat-sen)-262(drafted)-262(a)-262(broad)-262(long-range)-262(plan)-262(by)-262(means)-262(of)-261(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(China)-270(would)-270(be)-269(able)-270(to)-270(set)-270(forth)-270(on)-269(such)-270(a)-270(charted)-270(course)-270(in)-269(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrial)-333(revoluti)1(on.)-498(This)-332(plan,)-353(offered)-333(tentatively,)-353(was)-332(called)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-272(International)-272(Development)-272(of)-272(China)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 181.491 0 Td [(in)-272(the)-272(English)-272(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 82.776 0 Td [(The)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(Outline)-274(of)-274(Material)-274(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 157.404 0 Td [(in)-274(the)-274(Chinese)-274(version,)-280(both)]TJ -157.404 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(which)-250(Sun)-250(himself)-250(wrote.)]TJ 11.956 -14.055 Td [(This)-453(outline)-453(was)-453(originally)-453(prepared)-453(as)-453(a)-453(vast)-453(plan)-452(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(could)-291(be)-292(financed)-291(by)-292(the)-291(great)-291(powers,)-302(who)-292(would)-291(thereby)-291(find)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(markets)-219(for)-219(their)-219(glut)-219(of)-219(goods)-219(left)-219(over)-220(by)-219(the)-219(war.)-239(The)-219(loan)-219(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-230(be)-230(made)-230(on)-230(terms)-230(not)-230(unprofitable)-230(to)-230(the)-230(financial)-230(powers,)-233(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nevertheless)-353(equitable)-354(to)-353(the)-353(Chinese.)-560(Sun)-354(Yat-sen)-353(hoped)-353(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-198(these)-197(funds)-198(the)-197(Chinese)-198(state)-197(could)-197(make)-198(a)-197(venture)-198(into)-197(state)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(socialism.)-239(It)-216(was)-216(possible,)-223(in)-217(his)-216(opinion,)-223(to)-216(launch)-216(a)-216(co\366perative)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modern)-369(economy)-368(in)-369(China)-369(with)-368(the)-369(assistance)-369(of)-368(international)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capitalism,)-281(if)-275(the)-275(capital)-274(employed)-275(were)-275(to)-275(be)-275(remunerated)-274(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(attractive)-257(rates)-258(of)-257(interest,)-260(and)-257(if)-258(the)-257(plan)-258(were)-257(so)-258(designed)-257(as)-257(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(allow)-250(for)-250(its)-250(being)-250(financially)-250(worthwhile.)-250(He)-250(stated:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -25.17 Td [(Before)-814(entering)-813(into)-814(the)-814(details)-814(of)-813(this)-814(International)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(development)-250(scheme)-250(four)-250(principles)-250(have)-250(to)-250(be)-250(considered:)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(306)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(237.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1283 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1284 0 R
+/Resources 1282 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1286 0 R
+>> endobj
+1285 0 obj <<
+/D [1283 0 R /XYZ 112.913 463.978 null]
+>> endobj
+1282 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1289 0 obj <<
+/Length 4773
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(250The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 25.061 -30.759 Td [(1.)-729(The)-228(most)-229(remunerative)-229(field)-228(must)-229(be)-228(selected)-229(in)-229(order)-228(to)]TJ 12.329 -12.822 Td [(attract)-250(foreign)-250(capital.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -110.145 0 Td [([246])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 97.816 -13.419 Td [(2.)-500(The)-250(most)-250(urgent)-250(needs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(nation)-250(must)-250(be)-250(met.)]TJ 0 -13.419 Td [(3.)-500(The)-250(lines)-250(of)-250(least)-250(resistance)-250(must)-250(be)-250(followed.)]TJ 0 -13.419 Td [(4.)-500(The)-250(most)-250(suitable)-250(positions)-250(must)-250(be)-250(chosen.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 186.301 3.615 Td [(307)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -199.406 -29.969 Td [(He)-335(was)-336(not)-335(oblivious)-335(to)-336(the)-335(necessity)-335(of)-336(making)-335(each)-335(detail)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-589(his)-590(plan)-589(one)-589(which)-589(would)-589(not)-590(involve)-589(the)-589(tying-up)-589(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(unproductive)-200(capital,)-211(and)-200(did)-200(not)-200(propose)-201(to)-200(use)-200(capital)-200(advanced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-484(the)-484(purposes)-484(of)-484(the)-484(industrial)-484(revolution)-484(for)-484(the)-484(sake)-483(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(military)-250(or)-250(political)-250(advantage.)]TJ 11.956 -14.146 Td [(This)-341(may)-342(be)-341(shown)-342(in)-341(a)-342(concrete)-341(instance.)-524(He)-342(spoke)-341(of)-341(his)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(Great)-438(Northeastern)-439(railway)-438(system)-439(as)-438(a)-439(scheme)-438(which)-438(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-330(seem)-329(economically)-330(attractive,)-349(and)-329(then)-330(pointed)-330(out)-329(that,)-349(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-399(a)-400(railway)-399(system)-400(running)-399(between)-399(densely-populated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(areas,)-418(the)-384(latter)-384(would)-384(be)-383(infinitely)-384(the)-384(more)-384(preferable.)-652(But,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(said)-232(he,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 35.695 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(...)-244(a)-232(railway)-231(between)-232(a)-232(densely)-231(populated)-232(country)-232(and)-231(a)]TJ -40.539 -13.55 Td [(sparsely)-233(settled)-233(country)-233(will)-233(pay)-233(far)-233(better)-233(than)-233(one)-233(that)-233(runs)-232(end)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(end)-250(in)-250(a)-250(densely)-250(populated)-250(land.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 151.8 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(308)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -144.688 -18.105 Td [(Even)-391(though)-391(he)-391(came)-391(to)-391(despair)-391(of)-391(having)-391(this)-391(scheme)-391(for)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(the)-313(development)-314(of)-313(China)-313(carried)-314(out)-313(by)-313(international)-313(financial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(action,)-458(the)-416(expediency)-416(of)-416(his)-415(plans)-416(remained.)-748(He)-416(sought)-416(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fulfillment)-394(of)-393(this)-394(outline)-393(throughout)-394(his)-393(life;)-465(it)-394(has)-393(remained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-364(a)-364(part)-365(of)-364(his)-364(legacy,)-393(challenging)-364(the)-364(Chinese)-364(people)-364(by)-364(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(grandeur)-250(of)-250(its)-250(conception)-250(and)-250(the)-250(precision)-250(of)-250(its)-250(details.)]TJ 11.956 -14.147 Td [(It)-199(is)-199(a)-199(work)-198(which)-199(cannot)-199(easily)-199(be)-199(summarized)-199(in)-199(a)-198(discussion)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-509(political)-509(doctrines.)-1026(Fully)-509(comparable)-509(in)-509(grandeur)-509(to)-508(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Russian)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 39.038 0 Td [(Piatiletka)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 42.425 0 Td [(,)-452(it)-411(provides)-412(for)-411(a)-412(complete)-411(communication)]TJ -81.463 -13.549 Td [(system)-244(including)-245(all)-244(types)-244(of)-244(transport,)-246(the)-244(development)-244(of)-244(great)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(ports,)-341(colonization)-322(and)-323(reclamation)-323(projects,)-341(and)-322(the)-323(growth)-322(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vast)-362(industrial)-362(areas)-362(comparable)-362(to)-362(the)-362(Donbas)-362(or)-362(the)-361(Kuzbas.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-292(plan,)-304(while)-292(sound)-292(as)-293(a)-292(whole)-293(and)-292(not)-293(inexpedient)-292(in)-292(detail,)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 87.883 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 81.071 Td [(307)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(12.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.579 -7.311 Td [(308)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(21.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1288 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1289 0 R
+/Resources 1287 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1286 0 R
+>> endobj
+1290 0 obj <<
+/D [1288 0 R /XYZ 93.543 503.203 null]
+>> endobj
+1287 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1293 0 obj <<
+/Length 5005
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Industrial)-250(Revolution.)-13641(251)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(is)-384(not)-384(marked)-384(by)-383(that)-384(irregularity)-384(of)-384(proportion)-384(which)-384(marks)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([247])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(planning)-324(under)-323(capitalism;)-360(although)-324(not)-323(as)-324(fully)-323(worked)-324(out)-323(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-261(later)-260(Russian)-261(projects,)-263(Sun's)-260(plan,)-263(in)-261(1922,)-263(was)-260(considerably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-318(advanced)-317(than)-318(any)-318(Russian)-317(plan)-318(of)-317(that)-318(time.)-453(Sun)-317(shared)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-390(Lenin)-389(a)-390(passionate)-389(conviction)-390(of)-389(the)-390(inevitable)-389(necessity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-427(industrialization;)-515(but)-427(while)-426(Lenin)-427(saw)-427(in)-427(industrialism)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(strengthening)-269(of)-270(that)-269(revolutionary)-269(bulwark,)-274(the)-269(proletariat,)-274(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(believed)-250(in)-250(industrialism)-250(as)-250(a)-250(benefit)-250(to)-250(the)-250(whole)-250(nation.)]TJ 11.956 -16.144 Td [(This)-187(plan)-188(is)-187(the)-188(obvious)-187(fruit)-187(of)-188(Sun's)-187(advocacy)-188(of)-187(the)-188(adopti)1(on)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-272(the)-272(Western)-272(physical)-272(sciences.)-316(Here)-272(there)-272(is)-272(little)-272(trace)-272(of)-272(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-205(consistency)-206(with)-205(the)-206(old)-205(premises)-206(of)-205(Chinese)-205(society.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(He)-261(does)-260(not)-261(challenge)-261(them,)-263(but)-260(he)-261(does)-261(present)-260(a)-261(concrete)-260(plan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-275(refers)-276(only)-275(incidentally)-275(to)-275(the)-276(political)-275(or)-275(the)-275(ideological.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(It)-222(is)-222(heavy)-223(with)-222(the)-222(details)-222(of)-222(industrial)-223(revolution.)-240(Sun)-222(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enthusiasm)-417(shows)-417(clearly)-418(through)-417(the)-417(pages)-417(of)-417(this)-418(work;)-500(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(wrote)-286(it)-286(at)-285(a)-286(time)-286(when)-286(his)-285(health)-286(was)-286(still)-286(comparatively)-285(good,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-234(when)-234(he)-234(was)-234(not)-234(harassed)-234(by)-234(the)-234(almost)-234(explosive)-233(dynamics)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-374(the)-374(situation)-375(such)-374(as)-374(that)-374(in)-375(which)-374(he)-374(delivered)-374(the)-374(sixteen)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(lectures)-428(on)-427(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 72.158 0 Td [(San)-428(Min)-427(Chu)-428(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 69.747 0 Td [(.)-428(Here)-427(the)-428(practical)-427(aspects)-427(of)]TJ -141.905 -13.549 Td [(his)-301(thinking)-302(show)-301(forth,)-314(his)-302(willingness)-301(to)-302(consider)-301(and)-301(debate,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(profound)-341(and)-342(quiet)-341(enthusiasm)-341(for)-341(concrete)-341(projects)-341(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(animated)-250(him)-250(and)-250(which)-250(was)-250(so)-250(infectious)-250(among)-250(his)-250(followers.)]TJ 11.956 -16.143 Td [(It)-658(were,)-760(of)-658(course,)-760(unfeasable)-658(to)-658(attempt)-658(any)-657(detailed)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(description)-417(and)-417(assessment)-417(of)-417(the)-417(plan.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 179.389 3.959 Td [(309)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.645 -3.959 Td [(The)-417(great)-417(amount)]TJ -200.034 -13.549 Td [(of)-406(point)-406(by)-406(point)-406(elaboration)-406(worked)-406(over)-406(by)-406(Sun)-406(Yat-sen)-406(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order)-291(to)-291(make)-291(his)-291(plan)-291(appealing)-291(precludes)-291(the)-291(consideration)-290(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(any)-248(one)-247(project)-248(in)-248(detail)-247(as)-248(a)-248(sample.)-249(Failing)-248(this,)-248(the)-247(magnitude)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-167(the)-167(plan)-168(may)-167(be)-167(gauged)-167(by)-167(a)-168(recapitulation)-167(of)-167(the)-167(chief)-167(points)-167(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(each)-179(of)-179(his)-179(programs.)-453(It)-179(must)-179(be)-179(remembered,)-193(however,)-193(that)-179(each)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([248])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(309)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Wou)-268(Saofong,)-272(cited,)-273(gives)-268(an)-268(excellent)-268(summary)-268(of)-267(the)-268(plan,)-273(pp.)-304(184-202.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(There)-264(is)-264(no)-264(particular)-264(reason,)-268(however,)-268(why)-264(the)-264(work)-264(by)-264(Sun,)-268(which)-264(he)-264(wrote)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)-308(fluent)-309(and)-308(simple)-308(English,)-323(should)-308(not)-308(be)-309(consulted.)-425(The)-308(American)-308(edition)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(is)-454(so)-454(well)-454(put)-453(together)-454(with)-454(maps)-454(and)-454(outlines)-454(that)-454(a)-453(layman)-454(will)-454(find)-454(it)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(comprehensible)-250(and)-250(stimulating.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1292 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1293 0 R
+/Resources 1291 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1286 0 R
+>> endobj
+1294 0 obj <<
+/D [1292 0 R /XYZ 327.401 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+1295 0 obj <<
+/D [1292 0 R /XYZ 140.835 133.609 null]
+>> endobj
+1291 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1298 0 obj <<
+/Length 4501
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(252The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(one)-272(of)-272(these)-273(subheads)-272(might)-272(necessitate)-272(hundreds)-272(of)-272(millions)-272(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(dollars)-233(for)-233(execution,)-236(involving)-232(the)-233(building)-233(of)-233(several)-232(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(cities)-359(or)-358(the)-359(reconstruction)-358(of)-359(a)-359(whole)-358(industry)-359(throughout)-358(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(country.)-249(The)-247(printing)-246(industry,)-248(for)-247(example,)-247(not)-247(even)-246(mentioned)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-250(the)-250(general)-250(outline)-250(given)-250(below,)-250(was)-250(discussed)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -25.443 Td [(This)-429(industry)-430(provides)-429(man)-429(with)-429(intellectual)-430(food.)-788(It)-429(is)-429(a)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(necessity)-308(of)-307(modern)-308(society,)-322(without)-308(which)-307(mankind)-308(cannot)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(progress.)-568(All)-356(human)-356(activities)-356(are)-356(recorded,)-383(and)-356(all)-356(human)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(knowledge)-533(is)-532(stored)-533(in)-532(printing.)-1098(It)-533(is)-532(a)-533(great)-533(factor)-532(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(civilization.)-246(The)-237(progress)-237(and)-237(civilization)-238(of)-237(different)-237(nations)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(of)-309(the)-308(world)-309(are)-309(measured)-309(largely)-308(by)-309(the)-309(quantity)-308(of)-309(printed)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(matter)-399(they)-399(turned)-399(out)-399(annually.)-698(China,)-436(though)-399(the)-399(nation)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(that)-324(invented)-325(printing,)-343(is)-324(very)-324(backward)-324(in)-325(the)-324(development)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(of)-432(its)-432(printing)-432(industry.)-797(In)-432(our)-432(international)-432(Development)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Scheme,)-321(the)-307(printing)-307(industry)-307(must)-306(also)-307(be)-307(given)-307(a)-307(place.)-420(If)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(China)-238(is)-238(developed)-237(industrially)-238(according)-238(to)-238(the)-238(lines)-237(which)-238(I)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(suggested,)-250(the)-251(demand)-250(for)-251(printed)-250(matter)-250(will)-251(be)-250(exceedingly)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(great.)-814(In)-438(order)-438(to)-438(meet)-437(this)-438(demand)-438(efficiently,)-485(a)-438(system)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(of)-516(large)-515(printing)-516(houses)-515(must)-516(be)-515(established)-516(in)-516(all)-515(large)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(cities)-295(in)-295(the)-295(country,)-306(to)-296(undertake)-295(printing)-295(of)-295(all)-295(kinds,)-306(from)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(newspapers)-365(to)-364(encyclopedia)-365([sic!].)-594(The)-365(best)-364(modern)-365(books)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(on)-240(various)-240(subjects)-240(in)-240(different)-239(countries)-240(should)-240(be)-240(translated)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(into)-460(Chinese)-460(and)-460(published)-460(in)-460(cheap)-460(edition)-460(form)-460(for)-460(the)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(general)-278(public)-277(in)-278(China.)-333(All)-278(the)-278(publishing)-278(houses)-277(should)-278(be)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(organized)-358(under)-359(one)-358(common)-358(management,)-385(so)-359(as)-358(to)-358(secure)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-250(best)-250(economic)-250(results.)]TJ 15.472 -13.382 Td [(In)-357(order)-356(to)-357(make)-356(printed)-357(matter)-357(cheap,)-383(other)-356(subsidiary)]TJ -15.472 -12.822 Td [(industries)-414(must)-414(be)-415(developed)-414(at)-414(the)-414(same)-414(time.)-743(The)-414(most)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(important)-370(of)-371(these)-371(is)-370(the)-371(paper)-370(industry.)-612(At)-370(present)-371(all)-370(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(paper)-419(used)-420(by)-419(newspapers)-420(in)-419(China)-419(is)-420(imported.)-758(And)-419(the)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(demand)-215(for)-215(paper)-214(is)-215(increasing)-215(every)-215(day.)-238(China)-215(has)-214(plenty)-215(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(raw)-211(materials)-210(for)-211(making)-211(paper,)-218(such)-211(as)-211(the)-211(vast)-210(virgin)-211(forests)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(of)-263(the)-262(northwestern)-263(part)-263(of)-263(the)-262(country,)-266(and)-263(the)-263(wild)-262(reeds)-263(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-212(Yangtze)-212(and)-212(its)-212(neighboring)-212(swamps)-212(which)-212(would)-212(furnish)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(the)-175(best)-175(pulps.)-225(So,)-190(large)-176(plants)-175(for)-175(manufacturing)-175(paper)-175(should)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1297 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1298 0 R
+/Resources 1296 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1286 0 R
+>> endobj
+1296 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1301 0 obj <<
+/Length 2293
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Industrial)-250(Revolution.)-13641(253)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(be)-341(put)-341(up)-341(in)-341(suitable)-342(locations.)-523(Besides)-341(the)-341(paper)-341(factories,)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(ink)-228(factories,)-232(type)-456(foundries,)-233(printing)-228(machine)-228(factories,)-232(etc.,)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 271.387 0 Td [([249])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -271.387 -12.822 Td [(should)-233(be)-233(established)-233(under)-234(a)-233(central)-233(management)-233(to)-233(produce)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(everything)-250(that)-250(is)-250(needed)-250(in)-250(the)-250(printing)-250(industry.)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 194.507 3.615 Td [(310)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -202.188 -28.85 Td [(With)-229(this)-229(comment)-229(on)-229(printing)-229(as)-229(a)-229(small)-229(sample)-229(of)-229(the)-229(extent)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(of)-422(each)-422(minor)-422(project)-422(in)-423(the)-422(plans,)-465(let)-422(us)-422(observe)-422(Sun's)-422(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(summary:)]TJ 0 -20.871 Td [(I.)]TJ 21.818 -13.922 Td [(The)-250(Development)-250(of)-250(a)-250(Communications)-250(System.)]TJ 0 -20.871 Td [(\050a\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.923 Td [(100,000)-250(miles)-250(of)-250(Railways.)]TJ -21.818 -13.922 Td [(\050b\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.923 Td [(1,000,000)-250(miles)-250(of)-250(Macadam)-250(Roads.)]TJ -21.818 -13.923 Td [(\050c\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.922 Td [(Improvement)-250(of)-250(Existing)-250(Canals.)]TJ 0 -20.871 Td [(\0501\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.922 Td [(Hangchow-Tientsin)-250(Canals.)]TJ -21.818 -13.923 Td [(\0502\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.923 Td [(Sikiang-Yangtze)-250(Canals.)]TJ -43.636 -20.87 Td [(\050d\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.923 Td [(Construction)-250(of)-250(New)-250(Canals.)]TJ 0 -20.871 Td [(\0501\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.922 Td [(Liaoho-Sunghwakiang)-250(Canal.)]TJ -21.818 -13.923 Td [(\0502\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.923 Td [(Others)-250(to)-250(be)-250(projected.)]TJ -43.636 -20.87 Td [(\050e\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.923 Td [(River)-250(Conservancy.)]TJ 0 -20.871 Td [(\0501\051)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(310)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(220-221.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1300 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1301 0 R
+/Resources 1299 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1286 0 R
+>> endobj
+1302 0 obj <<
+/D [1300 0 R /XYZ 139.21 505.353 null]
+>> endobj
+1299 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1305 0 obj <<
+/Length 2453
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(254The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 65.455 -30.759 Td [(To)-473(regulate)-473(the)-473(Embankments)-473(and)-473(Channel)-473(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-313(Yangtze)-313(River)-314(from)-313(Hankow)-313(to)-313(the)-313(Sea)-313(thus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(facilitating)-343(Ocean-going)-344(ships)-343(to)-344(reach)-343(that)-343(Port)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-250(all)-250(seasons.)]TJ -21.818 -13.825 Td [(\0502\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.825 Td [(To)-668(regulate)-667(the)-668(Hoangho)-668(Embankments)-667(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Channel)-250(to)-250(prevent)-250(floods.)]TJ -21.818 -13.824 Td [(\0503\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.825 Td [(To)-250(regulate)-250(the)-250(Sikiang.)]TJ -21.818 -13.825 Td [(\0504\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.824 Td [(To)-250(regulate)-250(the)-250(Hwaiho.)]TJ -21.818 -13.825 Td [(\0505\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.824 Td [(To)-250(regulate)-250(various)-250(other)-250(rivers.)]TJ -43.636 -20.381 Td [(\050f\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.825 Td [(The)-326(Construction)-327(of)-326(more)-326(Telegraph)-327(Lines)-326(and)-326(Tele-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(phones)-250(and)-250(Wireless)-250(Systems)-250(all)-250(over)-250(the)-250(Country.)]TJ -43.637 -20.381 Td [(II.)]TJ 21.819 -13.824 Td [(The)-250(Development)-250(of)-250(Commercial)-250(Harbors.)]TJ 0 -20.381 Td [(\050a\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.825 Td [(Three)-770(largest)-769(Ocean)-770(Ports)-770(with)-770(future)-769(capacity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(equalling)-192(New)-192(York)-191(Harbor)-192(to)-192(be)-192(constructed)-192(in)-191(North,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Central)-250(and)-250(South)-250(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -116.392 0 Td [([250])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 94.574 -13.825 Td [(\050b\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.824 Td [(Various)-294(small)-294(Commercial)-295(and)-294(Fishing)-294(Harbors)-294(to)-294(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(constructed)-250(along)-250(the)-250(Coast.)]TJ -21.818 -13.825 Td [(\050c\051)]TJ 21.818 -13.825 Td [(Commercial)-239(Docks)-239(to)-239(be)-239(constructed)-239(along)-238(all)-239(naviga-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ble)-250(rivers.)]TJ -43.637 -20.381 Td [(III.)]TJ 21.819 -13.824 Td [(Modern)-315(Cities)-315(with)-315(public)-315(utilities)-315(to)-315(be)-315(constructed)-315(in)-315(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Railway)-250(Centers,)-250(Termini,)-250(and)-250(alongside)-250(Harbors.)]TJ -21.819 -13.825 Td [(IV.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1304 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1305 0 R
+/Resources 1303 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1286 0 R
+>> endobj
+1306 0 obj <<
+/D [1304 0 R /XYZ 93.543 209.976 null]
+>> endobj
+1303 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1309 0 obj <<
+/Length 3655
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Industrial)-250(Revolution.)-13641(255)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 21.819 -30.759 Td [(Water)-250(Power)-250(Development.)]TJ -21.819 -13.88 Td [(V.)]TJ 21.819 -13.88 Td [(Iron)-427(and)-426(Steel)-427(Works)-426(and)-427(Cement)-427(Works)-426(on)-427(the)-426(largest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scale)-250(in)-250(order)-250(to)-250(supply)-250(the)-250(above)-250(needs.)]TJ -21.819 -13.88 Td [(VI.)]TJ 21.819 -13.879 Td [(Mineral)-250(Development.)]TJ -21.819 -13.88 Td [(VII.)]TJ 21.819 -13.88 Td [(Agricultural)-250(Development.)]TJ -21.819 -13.88 Td [(VIII.)]TJ 21.819 -13.88 Td [(Irrigational)-494(Work)-494(on)-493(the)-494(largest)-494(scale)-494(in)-494(Mongolia)-493(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sinkiang.)]TJ -21.819 -13.88 Td [(IX.)]TJ 21.819 -13.879 Td [(Reforestation)-250(in)-250(Central)-250(and)-250(North)-250(China.)]TJ -21.819 -13.88 Td [(X.)]TJ 21.819 -13.88 Td [(Colonization)-284(in)-285(Manchuria,)-293(Mongolia,)-292(Sinkiang,)-293(Kokonor,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(Thibet.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 49.69 3.959 Td [(311)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -59.553 -24.616 Td [(The)-428(industrial)-428(revolution)-428(is)-428(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 142.137 0 Td [(min)-428(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.154 0 Td [(what)-428(the)-428(present)]TJ -205.247 -13.549 Td [(program)-223(of)-222(socialist)-223(construction)-223(is)-222(to)-223(the)-223(Marxians)-222(of)-223(the)-222(Soviet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Union,)-510(what)-458(prosperity)-457(is)-458(to)-458(American)-458(democracy.)-873(Without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrialization)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 75.81 0 Td [(min)-449(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.615 0 Td [(must)-449(remain)-449(an)-450(academic)-449(theory.)]TJ -127.425 -13.55 Td [(Sun's)-205(program)-205(gives)-205(a)-204(definite)-205(physical)-205(gauge)-205(by)-205(means)-205(of)-204(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-224(success)-223(of)-224(his)-223(followers)-224(can)-223(be)-224(told,)-228(and)-224(the)-223(extent)-224(of)-223(China's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(progress)-197(estimated.)-233(It)-197(provides)-198(a)-197(material)-197(foundation)-198(to)-197(the)-197(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(political)-250(changes)-250(in)-250(China.)]TJ 11.956 -13.88 Td [(The)-206(theory)-206(of)-206(Sun)-206(Yat-sen)-206(in)-206(connection)-206(with)-206(the)-206(cont)1(inuation)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-198(the)-199(old)-198(system)-198(is)-198(a)-198(significant)-199(one.)-232(His)-199(political)-198(doctrines,)-208(both)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-233(and)-233(programmatic,)-236(are)-233(original)-233(and)-233(not)-233(without)-233(great)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(meaning)-228(in)-229(the)-228(development)-228(of)-229(an)-228(adequate)-228(and)-229(just)-228(state)-228(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(modern)-251(China.)-250(But)-251(this)-250(work)-250(might)-251(have)-250(been)-250(done,)-250(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(perhaps)-257(not)-257(as)-257(well,)-258(by)-257(other)-257(leaders.)-270(The)-257(significance)-257(of)-257(Sun)-256(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-283(own)-284(lifetime)-283(lay)-283(in)-284(his)-283(deliberate)-283(championing)-567(of)-283(the)-283(cause)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([251])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-356(industrial)-356(revolution)-356(as)-356(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 136.983 0 Td [(sine)-356(qua)-356(non)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 61.95 0 Td [(of)-356(development)-356(in)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 69.951 Td [(311)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(6-8.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1308 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1309 0 R
+/Resources 1307 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1311 0 R
+>> endobj
+1310 0 obj <<
+/D [1308 0 R /XYZ 271.482 100.294 null]
+>> endobj
+1307 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1312 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index55) >>
+endobj
+1315 0 obj
+(The Social Revolution.)
+endobj
+1318 0 obj <<
+/Length 5044
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(256The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(China.)-689(In)-396(the)-396(epoch)-397(of)-396(the)-396(first)-397(Republic)-396(he)-396(relinquished)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Presidency)-180(in)-180(favor)-180(of)-180(Y\374an)-180(Shih-k'ai)-180(in)-180(order)-180(to)-180(be)-180(able)-180(to)-180(devote)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(his)-233(whole)-233(time)-233(to)-233(the)-233(advancement)-233(of)-233(the)-233(railway)-233(program)-233(of)-232(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Republic.)-240(In)-221(the)-220(years)-221(that)-221(he)-220(had)-221(to)-220(spend)-221(in)-220(exile,)-227(he)-220(constantly)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(studied)-237(and)-238(preached)-237(the)-238(necessity)-237(of)-238(modernizing)-237(China.)-246(Of)-237(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(slogan,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 33.634 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Modernization)-215(without)-215(Westernization!)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 171.94 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.19 0 Td [(modernization)]TJ -217.608 -13.549 Td [(is)-187(the)-188(industrial)-187(revolution,)-200(and)-188(non-Westernization)-187(the)-188(rest)-187(of)-187(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(programs)-295(and)-294(ideology.)-384(The)-295(unity)-295(of)-294(Sun)-295(Yat-sen's)-295(doctrines)-294(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(apparent;)-235(they)-226(are)-227(inseparable;)-234(but)-227(if)-227(one)-227(part)-226(were)-227(to)-227(be)-226(plucked)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(forth)-350(as)-351(his)-350(greatest)-350(contribution)-351(to)-350(the)-350(working)-351(politics)-350(of)-350(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(own)-235(time,)-238(it)-235(might)-235(conceivably)-235(be)-235(his)-235(activities)-235(and)-235(plans)-235(for)-234(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrial)-250(revolution.)]TJ 11.956 -19.58 Td [(He)-174(spoke)-175(feelingly)-174(and)-174(bitterly)-175(of)-174(the)-174(miserable)-175(lives)-174(which)-174(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(vast)-202(majority)-203(of)-202(his)-203(countrymen)-202(had)-202(to)-203(lead,)-212(of)-202(the)-202(expensiveness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-417(insecurity)-418(of)-417(their)-418(material)-417(existences,)-459(of)-418(the)-417(vast,)-459(tragic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(waste)-435(of)-435(human)-435(effort)-435(in)-435(the)-435(form)-435(of)-435(man-power)-435(in)-435(a)-435(world)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(where)-210(machine-power)-211(had)-210(rendered)-210(muscular)-210(work)-210(unnecessary.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(This)-469(miserable)-469(condition)-469(among)-469(the)-469(Chinese)-469(proletariat)-469([he)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(apparently)-373(means)-373(the)-373(whole)-372(working)-373(class])-373(is)-373(due)-373(to)-373(the)-372(non-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(development)-365(of)-365(the)-366(country,)-394(the)-365(crude)-365(methods)-365(of)-365(production,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-387(the)-388(wastefulness)-387(of)-387(labor.)-662(The)-388(radical)-387(cure)-387(for)-388(all)-387(this)-387(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(industrial)-438(development)-439(by)-438(foreign)-438(capital)-439(and)-438(experts)-438(for)-438(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(benefit)-236(of)-236(the)-236(whole)-236(nation....)-245(If)-236(foreign)-236(capital)-236(cannot)-236(be)-235(gotten,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(we)-311(will)-310(have)-311(to)-311(get)-311(at)-310(least)-311(their)-311(experts)-310(and)-311(inventors)-311(to)-310(make)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for)-405(us)-405(our)-405(own)-405(machinery....)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 130.369 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(312)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.87 -3.959 Td [(Howsoever)-405(the)-405(work)-405(was)-404(to)]TJ -152.083 -13.549 Td [(be)-336(done,)-358(it)-336(had)-336(to)-336(be)-336(done.)-508(In)-336(bringing)-336(China)-336(into)-336(the)-336(modern)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(world,)-393(in)-365(modernizing)-364(her)-365(economy,)-393(in)-365(assuring)-364(the)-365(justice)-364(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-220(new)-220(economy)-220(which)-220(was)-220(to)-220(emerge,)-226(Sun)-220(found)-220(the)-220(key)-220(in)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physical)-286(advancement)-286(of)-285(China,)-295(in)-286(the)-285(building)-572(of)-286(vast)-285(railway)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([252])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(systems,)-365(in)-341(creating)-342(ports)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 117.88 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(with)-342(future)-341(capacity)-342(equalling)-342(New)]TJ -122.724 -13.549 Td [(York)-291(harbor,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.796 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.022 0 Td [(in)-291(re-making)-292(the)-291(whole)-291(face)-292(of)-291(Eastern)-291(Asia)-291(as)-292(a)]TJ -64.818 -13.55 Td [(better)-250(home)-250(for)-250(his)-250(beloved)-250(race-nation.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(312)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(198.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1317 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1318 0 R
+/Resources 1316 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1311 0 R
+>> endobj
+1319 0 obj <<
+/D [1317 0 R /XYZ 305.443 132.767 null]
+>> endobj
+1316 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1322 0 obj <<
+/Length 5843
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Social)-250(Revolution.)-14974(257)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(The)-250(Social)-250(Revolution.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -33.681 Td [(In)-273(considering)-273(the)-272(social)-273(revolution)-273(which)-272(was)-273(to)-273(form)-273(the)-272(third)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(part)-357(of)-356(the)-357(program)-356(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 104.881 0 Td [(min)-357(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.705 0 Td [(,)-383(four)-357(questions)-356(appear,)-384(each)]TJ -150.586 -13.549 Td [(requiring)-316(examination.)-449(It)-316(is)-317(in)-316(this)-316(field)-317(of)-316(Sun's)-316(programs)-316(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-346(terms)-345(of)-346(the)-345(Western)-346(ideology)-345(are)-346(most)-345(relevant,)-370(since)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideological)-358(distinctions)-359(to)-358(be)-359(found)-358(in)-358(old)-359(China)-358(as)-358(contrasted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-278(the)-278(West)-278(do)-278(not)-278(apply)-278(so)-278(positively)-278(in)-278(problems)-278(that)-278(are)-278(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(appear)-306(in)-306(a)-306(society)-306(which)-306(is)-306(to)-306(be)-306(industrially)-306(modern.)-418(Even)-305(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this,)-389(however,)-390(some)-362(of)-361(the)-362(old)-361(Chinese)-362(ideas)-361(may)-362(continue)-361(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(use)-367(and)-368(give)-367(relevance)-367(to)-367(the)-367(terms)-368(with)-367(which)-367(Sun)-367(discusses)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-320(social)-319(revolution.)-459(Private)-319(property,)-337(that)-320(mysterious)-319(relation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(between)-299(an)-299(individual)-299(and)-299(certain)-299(goods)-299(and)-298(services,)-312(has)-298(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(almost)-321(a)-322(fetish)-321(in)-321(the)-322(West;)-357(the)-321(Chinese,)-339(already)-322(subject)-321(to)-321(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(collectivisms)-216(of)-217(the)-216(family,)-223(the)-217(village)-216(and)-216(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 202.272 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(,)-223(does)-216(not)-217(have)]TJ -216.214 -13.549 Td [(the)-350(deep)-350(attachment)-350(to)-350(this)-350(notion)-350(that)-350(Westerners)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 226.096 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(especially)]TJ -237.005 -13.549 Td [(those)-273(who)-273(do)-273(have)-272(property)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 122.186 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(are)-273(apt)-273(to)-273(develop.)-318(Consequently,)]TJ -133.095 -13.549 Td [(even)-425(though)-425(the)-425(discussion)-425(of)-425(Sun's)-425(programs)-425(with)-425(regard)-424(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distributive)-431(justice)-431(are)-432(remarkably)-431(like)-431(the)-431(discussions)-431(of)-431(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(same)-224(problem)-223(to)-224(be)-223(found)-224(in)-223(the)-224(West,)-229(the)-223(possibility,)-229(at)-224(least,)-228(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(certain)-207(minor)-207(though)-208(thoroughgoing)-207(differences)-207(must)-207(be)-207(allowed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(for,)-501(and)-450(not)-451(overlooked)-450(altogether.)-852(The)-451(four)-450(aspects)-451(to)-450(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(problem)-382(which)-381(one)-382(may)-381(distinguish)-382(in)-382(Sun's)-381(program)-382(for)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.267 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.267 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.397 0 Td [(are:)-290(what)-270(is)-270(to)-270(be)-270(the)-270(sphere)-270(of)-270(state)-270(action?)-310(what)-270(is)-270(to)-270(be)]TJ -28.397 -13.55 Td [(the)-278(treatment)-279(accorded)-278(private)-279(ownership)-278(of)-279(land?)-335(what)-279(is)-278(to)-278(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(position)-250(of)-250(private)-250(capital?)-250(and,)-250(what)-250(of)-250(the)-250(class)-250(struggle?)]TJ 11.956 -14.434 Td [(Sun)-582(Yat-sen)-583(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 94.196 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(In)-582(modern)-583(civilization,)-665(the)-583(material)]TJ -110.996 -13.549 Td [(essentials)-238(of)-237(life)-238(are)-238(five,)-240(namely:)-244(food,)-240(clothing,)-240(shelter,)-480(means)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([253])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(of)-296(locomotion,)-308(and)-297(the)-296(printed)-296(page.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 161.119 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(313)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.686 -3.959 Td [(At)-296(other)-297(times)-296(he)-296(may)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 113.787 Td [(313)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(International)-190(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.338 0 Td [(,)-202(p.)-231(199.)-230(Sun)-190(Yat-sen)-191(discussed)-190(only)-190(two)-191(of)-190(these)]TJ -108.294 -10.959 Td [(essentials)-286(\050food,)-295(clothing\051)-286(in)-287(his)-286(lectures)-286(on)-286(the)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 174.263 0 Td [(San)-286(Min)-286(Chu)-286(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 53.524 0 Td [(.)-358(According)-286(to)]TJ -227.787 -10.959 Td [(Tai)-350(Chi-tao,)-376(he)-350(was)-351(to)-350(have)-350(continued)-351(to)-350(speak)-351(on)-350(the)-350(topics)-351(of)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 240.039 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Housing,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 32.629 0 Td [(\035)]TJ -276.649 -10.959 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.982 0 Td [(Health,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 26.145 0 Td [(\035)-216(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.896 0 Td [(Death,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 23.654 0 Td [(\035)-216(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 9.896 0 Td [(Conclusions)-216(on)-215(Livelihood,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 98.767 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 5.915 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 14.881 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Conclusions)-216(on)-215(the)-216(San)]TJ -197.117 -10.959 Td [(Min)-337(Doctrine,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 51.587 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.005 0 Td [(but)-337(the)-338(only)-337(person)-337(who)-338(may)-337(know)-337(what)-337(he)-338(intended)-337(to)-337(say)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1321 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1322 0 R
+/Resources 1320 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1311 0 R
+>> endobj
+1313 0 obj <<
+/D [1321 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1323 0 obj <<
+/D [1321 0 R /XYZ 296.909 144.879 null]
+>> endobj
+1320 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1326 0 obj <<
+/Length 5246
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(258The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(have)-279(made)-279(slightly)-279(different)-279(arrangements)-279(of)-279(these)-278(fundamental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(necessities,)-398(but)-369(the)-368(essential)-369(content)-369(of)-368(the)-369(demands)-368(remained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(same.)]TJ 11.956 -15.67 Td [(Behind)-447(his)-446(demand)-447(for)-446(a)-447(program)-446(to)-447(carry)-446(out)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 221.988 0 Td [(min)-447(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -233.944 -13.549 Td [(there)-297(was)-297(the)-298(fundamental)-297(belief)-297(that)-297(a)-297(government)-297(which)-297(does)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-395(assure)-396(and)-395(promote)-395(the)-395(material)-395(welfare)-396(of)-395(the)-395(masses)-395(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(its)-391(citizens)-392(does)-391(not)-391(deserve)-392(to)-391(exist.)-674(To)-391(him)-392(the)-391(problem)-391(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(livelihood,)-251(the)-251(concrete)-250(aspect)-251(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 147.281 0 Td [(min)-251(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.549 0 Td [(,)-251(was)-251(one)-250(which)-251(had)]TJ -191.83 -13.549 Td [(to)-335(be)-334(faced)-335(by)-335(every)-334(government,)-356(and)-335(was)-334(a)-335(means)-335(of)-334(judging)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-276(righteousness)-276(of)-276(a)-276(government.)-328(He)-276(could)-276(not)-276(tolerate)-276(a)-276(state)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(which)-255(did)-255(not)-255(assure)-255(the)-254(people)-255(a)-255(fair)-255(subsistence.)-265(There)-255(was)-254(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(political)-357(or)-356(ethical)-357(value)-356(higher)-357(than)-357(life)-356(itself.)-570(A)-356(government)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-322(did)-322(not)-322(see)-322(that)-322(its)-322(subjects)-322(were)-322(fed,)-340(sheltered,)-340(clothed,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transported,)-601(and)-530(lettered)-530(to)-531(the)-530(degree)-531(which)-530(the)-530(economic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(level)-509(of)-509(its)-509(time)-508(permitted,)-574(was)-509(a)-509(government)-509(deserving)-508(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(destruction.)-646(Sun)-381(Yat-sen)-382(was)-382(not)-382(a)-382(doctrinaire)-382(on)-382(the)-381(subject)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-350(classes;)-399(he)-350(would)-350(tolerate)-349(inequality,)-375(so)-350(long)-349(as)-350(it)-350(could)-349(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(shown)-289(not)-289(to)-289(militate)-289(against)-289(the)-289(welfare)-289(of)-289(the)-289(people.)-367(He)-288(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(completely)-385(intolerant)-385(of)-385(any)-385(government,)-419(Eastern)-385(or)-385(Western,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-354(permitted)-354(its)-354(subjects)-354(to)-354(starve)-354(or)-354(to)-354(be)-354(degraded)-354(into)-354(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(nightmare)-411(existence)-410(of)-411(semi-starvation.)-732(Whatever)-411(the)-410(means,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(this)-297(end)-296(of)-296(popular)-297(livelihood,)-308(of)-297(a)-296(reasonable)-296(minimum)-297(on)-296(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scale)-325(of)-325(living)-325(for)-325(each)-324(and)-325(every)-325(citizen,)-344(had)-325(to)-325(prevail)-324(above)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(all)-250(others.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 43.026 3.959 Td [(314)]TJ -115.781 -3.959 Td [([254])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -15.67 Td [(Within)-336(the)-336(limits)-336(of)-336(this)-337(supreme)-336(criterion,)-357(Sun)-336(Yat-sen)-336(left)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(the)-301(government)-302(to)-301(its)-302(own)-301(choice)-302(in)-301(the)-302(matter)-301(of)-302(the)-301(sphere)-301(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 162.825 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 153.974 Td [(on)-397(these)-398(subjects)-397(is)-397(Mme.)-692(Sun)-397(Yat-sen.)-692(\050See)-397(Hs\374)-398(translation,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 239.221 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-397(Basic)]TJ -243.202 -10.959 Td [(Literature)-250(of)-250(Sunyatsenism,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 99.366 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.222 0 Td [(pp.)-250(39-40.\051)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -105.339 -7.311 Td [(314)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(This)-394(is)-393(based)-394(upon)-393(statements)-394(made)-394(by)-393(Judge)-394(Linebarger)-393(to)-394(the)-394(author.)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td [(According)-349(to)-348(him,)-374(Sun)-348(Yat-sen)-349(had)-349(few)-348(of)-349(the)-349(prejudices)-348(of)-349(class,)-373(one)-349(way)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(or)-330(the)-331(other,)-350(that)-330(affect)-330(the)-331(outlook)-330(of)-330(so)-330(many)-331(Western)-330(leaders.)-491(He)-330(did)-330(not)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(believe)-368(that)-367(the)-368(only)-367(possible)-368(solution)-367(to)-368(the)-367(problem)-368(of)-367(livelihood)-368(was)-367(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Marxian)-236(one,)-238(and)-236(was)-235(confident)-236(that)-235(the)-236(Chinese)-236(Nationalists)-235(would)-236(be)-235(able)-236(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(solve)-299(the)-300(problem.)-398(This)-300(question)-299(was)-300(to)-299(him)-300(paramount)-299(above)-299(all)-300(others;)-324(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(life)-250(of)-250(the)-250(masses)-250(of)-250(Chinese)-250(citizens)-250(was)-250(the)-250(life)-250(of)-250(China)-250(itself.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1325 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1326 0 R
+/Resources 1324 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1311 0 R
+>> endobj
+1327 0 obj <<
+/D [1325 0 R /XYZ 93.543 204.325 null]
+>> endobj
+1324 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1330 0 obj <<
+/Length 5377
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Social)-250(Revolution.)-14974(259)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(state)-407(action.)-721(If)-407(the)-407(system)-407(of)-407(private)-407(initiative)-407(could)-407(develop)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(more)-456(efficiently)-455(than)-456(could)-456(the)-455(government)-456(in)-456(certain)-455(fields,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(then)-415(leave)-415(those)-415(fields)-415(to)-415(private)-415(effort.)-745(If)-415(and)-415(when)-415(private)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(initiative)-487(failed)-486(to)-487(meet)-487(rigid)-486(requirements)-487(to)-487(be)-486(established)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(by)-379(the)-379(government)-379(it)-378(was)-379(not)-379(merely)-379(the)-379(privilege,)-411(it)-379(was)-378(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obligation)-348(of)-348(the)-347(government)-348(to)-348(intervene.)-543(Sun)-348(Yat-sen)-347(seems)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-334(have)-334(believed)-334(that)-333(government)-334(action)-334(would)-334(in)-334(the)-334(long)-333(run)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-438(desirable)-437(anyhow,)-485(but)-438(to)-437(have)-438(been)-438(enough)-437(of)-438(a)-437(political)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(realist)-359(at)-359(the)-359(same)-359(time)-359(to)-359(be)-359(willing)-359(to)-359(allow)-359(the)-358(government)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-382(considerable)-383(length)-382(of)-383(time)-382(in)-382(expanding)-383(its)-382(activities.)-647(In)-382(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(developing)-383(country)-383(like)-384(China)-383(it)-383(seemed)-383(to)-383(him)-383(probable)-383(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-325(ends)-324(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 53.036 0 Td [(ming)-325(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 54.35 0 Td [(could)-325(best)-324(be)-325(served)-324(in)-325(many)-324(fields)-325(by)]TJ -107.386 -13.549 Td [(private)-253(enterprise.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 81.631 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(All)-253(matters)-253(that)-254(can)-253(be)-253(and)-253(are)-253(better)-254(carried)]TJ -86.475 -13.549 Td [(out)-345(by)-345(private)-345(enterprise)-345(should)-345(be)-345(left)-345(to)-345(private)-345(hands)-345(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(should)-250(be)-250(encouraged)-250(and)-250(fully)-250(protected)-250(by)-250(liberal)-250(laws....)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 258.131 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(315)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -251.019 -19.93 Td [(From)-267(the)-268(outset,)-272(Sun)-267(Yat-sen's)-268(plan)-267(of)-268(empirical)-268(collect)1(ivism)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(demanded)-453(a)-453(fairly)-452(broad)-453(range)-453(of)-453(state)-452(action.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 224.789 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(All)-453(matters)]TJ -229.633 -13.549 Td [(that)-506(cannot)-507(be)-506(taken)-506(up)-506(by)-506(private)-507(concerns)-506(and)-506(those)-506(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(possess)-376(monopolistic)-375(character)-376(should)-376(be)-375(taken)-376(up)-376(as)-375(national)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undertakings.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 59.084 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(316)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 19.041 -3.959 Td [(This)-604(view)-604(of)-604(his)-604(may)-604(be)-604(traced,)-692(among)]TJ -82.969 -13.549 Td [(others,)-202(to)-189(three)-190(suppositions)-190(he)-189(entertained)-190(concerning)-189(Bismarck,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(concerning)-675("war)-676(socialism,")-675(and)-675(concerning)-675(the)-675(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-353(in)-353(China.)-560(Sun)-353(shows)-353(a)-353(certain)-353(grudging)-353(admiration)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(for)-260(Bismarck,)-264(whom)-260(he)-260(believed)-261(to)-260(have)-261(offset)-260(the)-261(rising)-260(tide)-260(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(democratic)-219(socialism)-219(in)-219(Germany)-219(by)-219(introducing)-219(state)-218(socialism,)]TJ 4.876 -13.549 Td [(in)-407(government)-408(control)-408(of)-407(railroads,)-447(etc.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 187.478 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(By)-408(this)-407(preventive)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 93.827 0 Td [([255])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(method)-247(he)-247(imperceptibly)-248(did)-247(away)-247(with)-247(the)-247(controversial)-247(issues,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-159(since)-159(the)-158(people)-159(had)-159(no)-159(reason)-158(to)-159(fight,)-177(a)-159(social)-159(revolution)-158(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(naturally)-265(averted.)-294(This)-265(was)-264(the)-265(very)-265(great)-265(anti-democratic)-264(move)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-315(Bismarck.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 57.07 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(317)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.894 -3.959 Td [(Secondly,)-332(he)-315(believed)-315(that)-316(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 137.663 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(...)-446(unification)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 110.045 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 103.149 Td [(315)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(11.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.578 -7.31 Td [(316)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-250(same,)-250(p.)-250(11.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -11.706 -7.311 Td [(317)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-311(translation,)-327(cited,)-327(p.)-435(326.)-434(The)-312(discussion)-312(of)-311(Bismarck)-312(runs)-311(from)-312(p.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(322)-277(to)-278(326;)-290(the)-278(length)-277(of)-277(the)-278(discussion)-277(shows)-277(what)-277(Sun)-278(thinks)-277(of)-277(Bismarck's)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1329 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1330 0 R
+/Resources 1328 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1311 0 R
+>> endobj
+1331 0 obj <<
+/D [1329 0 R /XYZ 46.771 177.023 null]
+>> endobj
+1328 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1334 0 obj <<
+/Length 5141
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(260The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(and)-334(nationalization)-335(of)-334(all)-335(the)-334(industries,)-356(which)-334(I)-335(might)-334(call)-334(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Second)-368(Industrial)-368(Revolution)-368(...)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 142.645 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.858 0 Td [(on)-368(account)-368(of)-368(the)-368(world)-368(war)]TJ -151.503 -13.549 Td [(would)-349(be)-348(even)-349(more)-349(significant)-349(than)-348(the)-349(first.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 205.691 3.959 Td [(318)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.411 -3.959 Td [(It)-349(intensified)]TJ -224.102 -13.549 Td [(the)-416(four)-416(elements)-416(of)-416(recent)-416(economic)-416(progress,)-457(which)-416(tended)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-462(prove)-462(the)-461(falsity)-462(of)-462(the)-461(Marxian)-462(predictions)-462(of)-462(the)-461(future)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-345(capitalism,)-369(namely:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 104.41 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(a.)-536(Social)-345(and)-345(industrial)-346(improvements)]TJ -109.253 -13.549 Td [(\050i.)-810(e.)-811(labor)-437(and)-436(welfare)-437(legislation\051;)-530(b.)-811(State)-437(ownership)-436(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-401(means)-402(of)-401(transportation)-402(and)-401(of)-401(communication;)-477(c.)-704(Direct)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taxes;)-217(d.)-234(Socialized)-200(distribution)-201(\050the)-200(co\366perative)-201(movement\051.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.958 Td [(319)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Finally,)-200(Sun)-187(believed)-187(that)-187(the)-188(magnitude)-187(of)-187(the)-187(Chinese)-187(industrial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-402(was)-401(such)-402(that)-402(no)-402(private)-401(capital)-402(could)-402(establish)-401(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foundations,)-336(and)-318(that)-318(the)-319(state)-318(had)-319(perforce)-318(to)-319(initiate)-318(the)-318(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(undertakings)-250(of)-250(industrialism.)]TJ 11.956 -15.032 Td [(Concerning)-300(Sun's)-299(beliefs)-300(regarding)-300(the)-299(sphere)-300(of)-300(state)-299(action)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in)-259(economic)-258(matters,)-261(one)-259(may)-258(say)-259(that)-259(his)-258(ideology)-259(of)-258(empirical)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(collectivism)-281(required)-282(a)-281(program)-281(calling)-281(for:)-313(1\051)-281(the)-281(protection)-281(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(private)-306(enterprise)-307(and)-306(the)-307(simultaneous)-306(launching)-307(of)-306(great)-306(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(enterprises)-395(at)-394(the)-395(beginning;)-467(2\051)-395(the)-394(intermediate)-395(pursuance)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-400(policy)-399(by)-400(means)-399(of)-400(which)-400(the)-399(state)-400(would)-399(be)-400(the)-399(guarantor)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-369(the)-369(livelihood)-369(of)-369(the)-369(people,)-399(and)-369(establish)-369(the)-369(sphere)-368(of)-369(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(own)-359(action)-359(according)-359(to)-359(whether)-359(or)-359(not)-359(private)-359(enterprise)-358(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sufficient)-331(to)-330(meet)-331(the)-330(needs)-331(of)-331(the)-330(people;)-371(and)-331(3\051)-330(a)-331(long)-330(range)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(trend)-250(toward)-250(complete)-250(collectivism.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.756 0 Td [([256])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -15.032 Td [(With)-390(respect)-391(to)-390(the)-391(question)-390(of)-390(land,)-426(Sun)-390(Yat-sen)-391(believed)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(in)-400(his)-400(own)-400(version)-400(of)-400(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 120.72 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(single)-400(tax,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 46.484 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.207 0 Td [(which)-400(was)-400(not,)-437(in)-400(his)]TJ -181.254 -13.549 Td [(programs,)-554(the)-494(single)-493(tax,)-555(since)-493(he)-494(foresaw)-493(other)-494(sources)-493(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(revenue)-473(for)-474(the)-473(state)-474(\050tariffs,)-529(revenue)-474(from)-473(state)-473(enterprises,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(etc.\051.)-487(According)-328(to)-329(the)-329(land-control)-329(system)-329(of)-329(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(land-owner)-218(would)-218(himself)-218(assess)-218(the)-218(value)-217(of)-218(his)-218(land.)-240(He)-217(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-323(prevented)-323(from)-323(over-assessing)-322(it)-323(by)-323(his)-323(own)-323(desire)-323(to)-322(avoid)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(paying)-318(too)-318(high)-318(a)-317(tax;)-352(and)-318(under-assessment)-318(would)-318(be)-317(avoided)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 97.205 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 88.381 Td [(acuteness,)-250(although)-250(he)-250(disapproved)-250(of)-250(Bismarck's)-250(anti-democratic)-250(stand.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(318)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(p.)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -108.579 -7.311 Td [(319)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(426.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1333 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1334 0 R
+/Resources 1332 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1311 0 R
+>> endobj
+1335 0 obj <<
+/D [1333 0 R /XYZ 93.543 216.243 null]
+>> endobj
+1332 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1338 0 obj <<
+/Length 6561
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Social)-250(Revolution.)-14974(261)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(by)-274(a)-273(provision)-274(that)-274(the)-273(state)-274(could)-273(at)-274(any)-274(time)-273(purchase)-274(the)-273(land)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-290(the)-289(price)-290(set)-290(by)-289(the)-290(owner.)-369(If)-290(the)-289(land)-290(were)-290(to)-289(go)-290(up)-290(in)-289(value)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-256(owner)-257(would)-256(have)-257(to)-256(pay)-257(the)-256(difference)-257(between)-256(the)-256(amount)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-245(he)-245(formerly)-245(assessed)-246(and)-245(the)-245(amount)-245(which)-245(he)-245(believed)-245(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-280(be)-280(worth)-281(at)-280(the)-280(later)-280(time.)-341(The)-280(money)-280(so)-280(paid)-280(would)-280(become)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(...)-579(a)-360(public)-359(fund)-360(as)-360(a)-359(reward,)-387(to)-360(all)-360(those)-359(who)-360(had)-359(improved)]TJ -4.844 -13.549 Td [(the)-334(community)-334(and)-335(who)-334(had)-334(advanced)-334(industry)-334(and)-334(commerce)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(around)-295(the)-294(land.)-384(The)-294(proposal)-295(that)-294(all)-295(future)-294(increment)-295(shall)-294(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(given)-309(to)-309(the)-310(community)-309(is)-309(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 136.603 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(equalization)-309(of)-309(land)-309(ownership)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 136.761 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -276.997 -13.55 Td [(advocated)-437(by)-437(the)-436(Kuomintang;)-530(it)-437(is)-437(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 187.088 0 Td [(Min-sheng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.422 0 Td [(Principle.)]TJ -238.51 -13.549 Td [(This)-299(form)-298(of)-298(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 76.047 0 Td [(Min-sheng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.914 0 Td [(Principle)-298(is)-299(communism,)-311(and)-298(since)]TJ -125.961 -13.549 Td [(the)-272(members)-272(of)-272(the)-272(Kuomintang)-272(support)-272(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 197.12 0 Td [(San)-272(Min)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 39.874 0 Td [(Principles)]TJ -236.994 -13.549 Td [(they)-315(should)-316(not)-315(oppose)-315(communism.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 163.159 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.283 0 Td [(Continuing)-315(directly,)-332(Sun)]TJ -171.442 -13.549 Td [(makes)-532(clear)-531(the)-532(nature)-531(of)-532(the)-532(empirical)-531(collectivism)-532(of)-531(his)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(min)-429(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.185 0 Td [(program,)-474(which)-430(he)-429(calls)-430(communism.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 181.146 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-429(great)]TJ -237.174 -13.549 Td [(aim)-423(of)-422(the)-423(Principle)-423(of)-422(Livelihood)-423(in)-423(our)-422(Three)-423(Principles)-422(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(communism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 53.946 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-370(share)-369(in)-370(property)-370(by)-370(all.)-609(But)-370(the)-369(communism)]TJ -64.855 -13.549 Td [(which)-438(we)-438(propose)-438(is)-439(a)-438(communism)-438(of)-438(the)-438(future,)-485(not)-438(of)-438(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(present.)-473(This)-325(communism)-324(of)-325(the)-324(future)-325(is)-324(a)-325(very)-324(just)-324(proposal,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-248(those)-249(who)-248(have)-248(had)-249(property)-248(in)-248(the)-249(past)-248(will)-248(not)-249(suffer)-248(at)-248(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-276(it.)-330(It)-276(is)-276(a)-277(very)-276(different)-277(thing)-276(from)-276(what)-277(is)-276(called)-277(in)-276(the)-276(West)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(nationalization)-289(of)-577(property,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 123.069 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.783 0 Td [(confiscation)-289(for)-289(the)-288(government's)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 157.539 0 Td [([257])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(use)-410(of)-411(private)-410(property)-410(which)-411(the)-410(people)-411(already)-410(possess.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 263.333 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(320)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -268.177 -17.508 Td [(Sun)-217(Yat-sen)-217(declared)-217(that)-218(the)-217(solution)-217(to)-217(the)-217(land)-217(problem)-217(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-250(half)-250(of)-250(the)-250(solution)-250(of)-250(the)-250(problem)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 177.251 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 2.727 3.958 Td [(321)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 175.554 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 168.742 Td [(320)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(Price)-424(translation,)-468(pp.)-774(434-435.)-773(In)-424(the)-425(d'Elia)-424(translation,)-468(pp.)-774(465-466.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(The)-365(Price)-365(translation)-364(has)-365(been)-365(quoted)-364(in)-365(this)-365(instance)-365(because)-364(Father)-365(d'Elia)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(translates)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 36.166 0 Td [(min)-257(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 38.968 0 Td [(as)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 9.769 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(the)-257(economic)-256(Demism,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 83.047 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.281 0 Td [(which)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 21.914 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(although)-256(interesting)]TJ -209.092 -10.959 Td [(when)-337(used)-338(consistently)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 84.746 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(might)-337(not)-337(be)-338(clear)-337(in)-337(its)-337(present)-338(context.)-511(Sun)-338(Yat-)]TJ -93.712 -10.959 Td [(sen's)-231(courteous)-231(use)-231(of)-230(the)-231(word)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 113.137 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(communism,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 46.581 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.05 0 Td [(in)-231(view)-231(of)-231(the)-230(Canton-Moscow)]TJ -169.749 -10.959 Td [(entente)-342(then)-341(existing,)-365(has)-342(caused)-341(a)-342(great)-342(deal)-341(of)-342(confusion.)-525(The)-341(reader)-342(may)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(judge)-250(for)-250(himself)-250(how)-250(much)-250(Sun's)-250(policy)-250(constitutes)-250(communism.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(321)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(One)-343(or)-343(two)-343(further)-344(points)-343(concerning)-343(the)-343(land)-343(policy)-343(may)-343(be)-344(mentioned.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(In)-352(the)-353(first)-352(place,)-378(it)-352(is)-352(the)-352(land)-353(which)-352(is)-352(to)-352(be)-352(taxed.)-557(A)-352(tax)-353(will)-352(be)-352(applied,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(according)-195(to)-194(this)-195(theory,)-206(on)-195(the)-194(land,)-206(and)-195(the)-194(increment)-195(will)-195(also)-194(be)-195(confiscated.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1337 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1338 0 R
+/Resources 1336 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1340 0 R
+>> endobj
+1339 0 obj <<
+/D [1337 0 R /XYZ 130.636 233.642 null]
+>> endobj
+1336 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1343 0 obj <<
+/Length 6162
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(262The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-163(Yat-sen)-163(believed)-164(in)-163(the)-163(restriction)-163(of)-164(private)-163(capital)-163(in)-163(such)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(a)-316(way)-316(as)-317(to)-316(assure)-316(its)-316(not)-317(becoming)-316(a)-316(socially)-316(disruptive)-316(force.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(That)-286(is)-286(a)-286(part)-286(of)-286(his)-286(ideology)-286(which)-286(we)-286(have)-286(already)-286(examined.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-398(the)-398(matter)-398(of)-398(an)-398(actual)-398(program,)-435(he)-398(believed)-398(in)-398(the)-398(use)-398(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.55 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(harnessed)-235(capital.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 77.386 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(322)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.014 -3.959 Td [(He)-235(had)-235(no)-234(real)-235(fear)-235(of)-235(capital;)-239(imperialist)]TJ -102.088 -13.549 Td [(foreign)-296(capital)-296(was)-296(one)-296(thing)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 128.648 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(the)-296(small)-296(native)-296(capital)-296(another.)]TJ -139.557 -13.549 Td [(The)-215(former)-215(was)-215(a)-216(pol)1(itical)-216(enemy.)-238(The)-215(latter)-215(was)-215(not)-215(formidable.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(In)-462(a)-462(speech)-463(on)-462(Red)-462(Labor)-462(Day,)-516(1924,)-515(when)-462(his)-462(sympathies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(were)-374(about)-375(as)-374(far)-375(Left)-374(as)-374(they)-375(ever)-374(were,)-406(in)-374(consideration)-374(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-328(kindliness)-329(of)-328(the)-328(Communist)-329(assistance)-328(to)-328(Canton,)-348(he)-328(said:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Chinese)-223(capitalists)-222(are)-223(not)-223(so)-445(strong)-223(that)-222(they)-223(could)-223(oppress)-222(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -77.599 0 Td [([258])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(Chinese)-219(workers,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 75.402 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(323)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.841 -3.959 Td [(and)-219(added)-219(that,)-225(the)-219(struggle)-218(being)-219(one)-219(with)]TJ -95.087 -13.549 Td [(imperialism,)-248(the)-246(destruction)-247(of)-247(the)-247(Chinese)-247(capitalists)-247(would)-246(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(solve)-250(the)-250(question.)]TJ 11.956 -16.27 Td [(The)-413(restriction)-413(of)-413(private)-414(capital)-413(to)-413(the)-413(point)-413(of)-413(keeping)-413(it)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(harmless,)-383(and)-356(thus)-356(avoiding)-356(the)-356(evils)-356(which)-356(would)-356(lead)-356(to)-356(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class)-255(war)-256(and)-255(a)-256(violent)-255(social)-256(revolution,)-257(was)-255(only)-256(half)-255(the)-255(story)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-225(capitalism)-226(in)-225(China)-225(which)-226(Sun)-225(Yat-sen)-225(wanted)-226(told)-225(in)-225(history.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-285(other)-284(half)-285(was)-285(the)-285(advancement)-284(of)-285(the)-285(industrial)-284(revolution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-491(the)-491(state,)-551(which)-490(was)-491(the)-491(only)-491(instrumentality)-491(capable)-490(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(doing)-377(this)-377(great)-377(work.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 106.78 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(China)-377(cannot)-377(be)-377(compared)-376(to)-377(foreign)]TJ -111.624 -13.549 Td [(countries.)-241(It)-224(is)-224(not)-224(sufficient)-223(\050for)-224(her\051)-224(to)-224(impose)-224(restrictions)-223(upon)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 217.753 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 93.543 208.929 Td [(These)-348(are)-347(two)-348(separate)-347(forms)-348(of)-347(revenue.)-543(Furthermore,)-372(lest)-348(all)-347(land-holders)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(simply)-189(surrender)-188(their)-188(land)-189(to)-188(the)-189(government,)-201(Sun)-188(makes)-189(clear)-188(that)-189(his)-188(taxation)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(program)-236(applies)-237(only)-236(to)-236(land.)-245(It)-237(would)-236(consequently)-236(be)-237(quite)-236(advantageous)-236(for)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(the)-332(owner)-332(to)-333(keep)-332(the)-332(land;)-373(the)-332(buildings)-333(on)-332(it)-332(would)-332(not)-332(be)-333(affected)-332(by)-332(the)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(increment-seizure)-270(program,)-276(and)-270(the)-271(land)-270(would)-271(be)-270(worth)-270(keeping.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 240.861 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-270(value)]TJ -244.842 -10.959 Td [(of)-200(the)-201(land)-200(as)-200(declared)-200(at)-201(present)-200(by)-200(the)-201(landowner)-200(will)-200(still)-200(remain)-201(the)-200(property)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(of)-281(each)-282(individual)-281(landowner.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 107.923 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.505 0 Td [(\050d'Elia)-281(translation,)-290(p.)-344(466;)-297(Father)-282(d'Elia's)-281(note)]TJ -114.428 -10.959 Td [(on)-290(this)-291(page)-290(is)-290(informing.\051)-371(The)-291(landowner)-290(might)-290(conceivably)-290(put)-291(a)-290(mortgage)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(on)-269(the)-268(land)-269(to)-269(pay)-269(the)-268(government)-269(the)-269(amount)-269(of)-268(the)-269(unearned)-269(increment,)-273(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(still)-299(make)-300(a)-299(handsome)-299(enough)-300(profit)-299(from)-300(the)-299(use)-299(of)-300(the)-299(land)-299(to)-300(amortize)-299(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(mortgage.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.31 Td [(322)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Linebarger,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 43.818 0 Td [(Conversations)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 51.808 0 Td [(,)-250(Book)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(25.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf -107.333 -7.311 Td [(323)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Wittfogel,)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 39.584 0 Td [(Sun)-316(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 43.178 0 Td [(,)-332(p.)-446(328.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 35.637 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(Die)-315(chinesischen)-316(Kapitalisten)-315(sind)-316(nicht)]TJ -134.336 -10.959 Td [(so)-250(stark,)-250(dass)-250(sie)-250(die)-250(chinesischen)-250(Arbeiter)-250(unterdr\374cken)-250(k\366nnten.)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 236.067 0 Td [(\035)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1342 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1343 0 R
+/Resources 1341 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1340 0 R
+>> endobj
+1344 0 obj <<
+/D [1342 0 R /XYZ 226.278 382.683 null]
+>> endobj
+1341 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1347 0 obj <<
+/Length 5560
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Social)-250(Revolution.)-14974(263)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(capital.)-534(Foreign)-345(countries)-345(are)-345(rich,)-368(while)-345(China)-344(is)-345(poor....)-534(For)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-313(reason)-313(China)-312(must)-313(not)-313(only)-313(restrict)-312(private)-313(capital,)-329(but)-312(she)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(must)-245(also)-244(develop)-245(the)-245(capital)-244(of)-245(the)-245(State.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 181.395 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.843 3.959 Td [(324)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.123 -3.959 Td [(The)-245(restrictions)-244(to)]TJ -201.361 -13.549 Td [(be)-248(placed)-247(upon)-248(private)-248(capital)-248(and)-247(upon)-248(private)-248(land)-247(speculation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(were)-382(negative;)-447(the)-382(development)-382(of)-381(state-owned)-382(capital)-382(and)-381(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(capital)-365(which)-364(the)-365(state)-365(could)-364(trust)-365(politically)-365(were)-364(positive,)-393(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(was)-266(the)-267(revenue)-266(which)-266(should)-266(be)-267(gained)-266(from)-266(the)-266(governmental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(seizure)-224(of)-224(unearned)-224(increment.)-242(In)-224(some)-224(cases)-224(the)-224(state)-224(would)-224(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(even)-260(have)-260(to)-261(trouble)-260(itself)-260(to)-260(confiscate)-260(the)-260(unearned)-260(increment;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-382(could)-383(itself)-382(develop)-382(the)-382(land)-383(and)-382(profit)-382(by)-383(its)-382(rise)-382(in)-382(value,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(applying)-417(the)-418(funds)-417(thus)-417(derived)-417(to)-417(the)-418(paying-off)-834(of)-417(foreign)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([259])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(loans)-250(or)-250(some)-250(socially)-250(constructive)-250(enterprise.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 201.785 3.959 Td [(325)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -189.829 -20.858 Td [(Ideologically,)-321(Sun)-306(Yat-sen)-307(was)-306(opposed)-307(to)-306(the)-306(intra-national)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(class)-444(war.)-831(Class)-444(war)-444(could,)-492(nevertheless,)-492(be)-444(justified)-444(in)-443(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(programs)-355(of)-354(Sun)-355(in)-355(two)-354(ways:)-459(1\051)-355(if)-355(it)-354(were)-355(international)-354(class)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(war,)-364(of)-341(the)-341(oppressed)-341(against)-341(the)-341(oppressing)-341(nations;)-386(and)-341(2\051)-341(if)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(it)-306(were)-307(the)-306(class)-306(war)-306(of)-306(the)-307(nationalist)-306(Chinese)-306(workers)-306(against)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(foreign)-409(imperialism.)-726(In)-409(these)-409(two)-409(cases)-409(Sun)-409(Yat-sen)-408(thought)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(class-war)-415(a)-415(good)-415(idea.)-745(He)-415(did)-415(not)-415(think)-415(class)-415(war)-415(necessary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-331(contemporary)-330(China,)-351(and)-331(hoped,)-350(by)-331(means)-331(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 220.168 0 Td [(min)-331(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.421 0 Td [(,)-351(to)]TJ -265.589 -13.549 Td [(develop)-230(an)-230(economy)-230(so)-230(healthy)-230(that)-230(the)-230(pathological)-229(phenomena)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-299(the)-299(class)-298(struggle)-299(would)-299(never)-299(appear.)-396(On)-299(the)-299(other)-298(hand,)-311(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(justice)-313(to)-313(Sun,)-328(and)-313(to)-313(those)-312(Marxians)-313(who)-313(would)-313(apologize)-312(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(him)-313(to)-313(their)-312(fellow-Marxians,)-329(there)-313(can)-312(be)-313(little)-313(doubt)-313(that)-312(Sun)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen)-258(would)-258(have)-258(approved)-258(of)-258(the)-258(class)-258(war,)-260(even)-258(in)-258(China,)-259(if)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 175.638 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 168.826 Td [(324)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-410(translation,)-451(cited,)-450(p.)-732(469.)-731(Italics)-410(omitted.)-731(For)-411(the)-410(discussion)-411(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(the)-388(relation)-388(of)-388(the)-389(program)-388(of)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 115.503 0 Td [(min)-388(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 41.328 0 Td [(to)-388(capitalism,)-423(see)-388(d'Elia's)-388(various)]TJ -156.831 -10.959 Td [(footnotes)-312(and)-311(appendices)-312(dealing)-312(with)-311(the)-312(subject.)-435(Father)-312(d'Elia,)-327(as)-311(a)-312(devout)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Catholic,)-220(does)-212(a)-212(thorough)-212(piece)-212(of)-212(work)-212(in)-212(demonstrating)-212(that)-212(Sun)-212(Yat-sen)-212(was)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(not)-217(a)-218(Bolshevik)-217(and)-218(not)-217(hostile)-217(to)-218(the)-217(Roman)-218(Catholic)-217(Church,)-224(and)-217(had)-218(a)-217(warm)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(although)-319(infrequently)-319(expressed)-319(admiration)-319(for)-320(that)-319(organization.)-457(Li)-319(Ti-tsun,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(in)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 10.233 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-363(Sunyatsenian)-364(Principle)-363(of)-363(Livelihood,)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 156.23 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 7.238 0 Td [(cited,)-392(tries)-363(to)-363(find)-363(the)-364(exact)]TJ -177.682 -10.959 Td [(shade)-264(of)-265(left)-264(orientation)-264(in)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 97.514 0 Td [(min)-264(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 36.738 0 Td [(,)-268(and)-264(digests)-264(the)-265(main)-264(policies.)-293(Wou)-264(and)]TJ -134.252 -10.959 Td [(Tsui,)-250(both)-250(cited,)-250(also)-250(discuss)-250(this)-250(point.)]TJ/F16 5.9776 Tf 0.249 -7.394 Td [(325)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(International)-250(Development)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 96.872 0 Td [(,)-250(pp.)-250(36-39.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1346 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1347 0 R
+/Resources 1345 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1340 0 R
+>> endobj
+1348 0 obj <<
+/D [1346 0 R /XYZ 277.705 382.683 null]
+>> endobj
+1345 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1351 0 obj <<
+/Length 4969
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(264The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(he)-295(had)-295(thought)-295(that)-295(Chinese)-295(capitalism)-295(had)-295(risen)-295(to)-295(such)-294(power)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-299(it)-298(obstructed)-299(the)-298(way)-298(of)-299(the)-298(Chinese)-299(nation)-298(to)-299(freedom)-298(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-181(health.)-227(Even)-180(in)-181(this)-181(he)-180(might)-181(not)-180(have)-181(set)-181(any)-180(particular)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(virtue)-319(upon)-320(the)-319(proletariat)-319(as)-319(such;)-354(the)-320(capitalists)-319(would)-319(be)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(enemies)-325(of)-324(the)-325(nation,)-343(and)-324(it)-325(would)-324(be)-325(the)-324(whole)-325(nation)-324(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(would)-250(have)-250(to)-250(dispose)-250(of)-250(them.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(A)-294(finically)-294(Scrupulous)-295(and)-294(detailed)-294(examination)-294(of)-294(Sun)-294(Yat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(sen's)-376(programs)-376(for)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 86.976 0 Td [(min)-376(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.016 0 Td [(is)-376(intellectually)-376(unremunerative,)]TJ -136.992 -13.549 Td [(since)-506(it)-506(has)-506(been)-507(established)-506(that)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 161.595 0 Td [(min)-506(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.858 0 Td [(may)-506(be)-506(called)]TJ -214.453 -13.55 Td [(empirical)-197(collectivism;)-214(collectivism)-196(which)-197(is)-196(empirical)-197(cannot)-196(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rigidly)-230(programmatic,)-233(or)-230(it)-230(loses)-229(its)-230(empirical)-230(character.)-243(Sun,)-233(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(accepting)-289(the)-289(dialectics)-289(of)-289(historical)-289(materialism,)-299(and)-289(following)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-348(traditionally)-348(Chinese)-348(pragmatic)-348(way)-349(of)-348(thinking,)-372(could)-348(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(orient)-442(his)-441(revolution)-442(in)-441(a)-442(world)-441(of)-442(economic)-441(predestinations.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(With)-272(the)-273(characteristic)-272(Chinese)-273(emphasis)-272(on)-272(men)-273(rather)-272(than)-272(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(rules)-256(and)-255(principles,)-257(Sun)-256(Yat-sen)-255(knew)-256(that)-255(if)-256(China)-511(were)-255(ruled)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([260])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(by)-275(the)-275(right)-276(sort)-275(of)-275(men,)-281(his)-276(programs)-275(would)-275(be)-275(carried)-275(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-295(accordance)-294(with)-295(the)-295(expediency)-294(of)-295(the)-294(moment.)-384(He)-295(does)-294(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(appear)-344(to)-344(have)-344(considered,)-367(as)-344(do)-344(some)-344(of)-344(the)-343(left)-344(wing,)-368(that)-343(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(was)-346(possible)-347(for)-346(the)-346(revolutionary)-346(movement)-347(to)-346(be)-346(diverted)-346(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-341(control)-341(of)-341(unworthy)-341(persons.)-523(Even)-341(had)-341(he)-341(foreseen)-341(such)-340(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(possible)-362(state)-361(of)-362(affairs,)-389(he)-362(would)-361(not,)-390(in)-361(all)-362(probability,)-389(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(settled)-320(his)-320(programs)-321(any)-320(more)-320(rigidly;)-355(he)-320(knew,)-338(from)-320(the)-320(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intimate)-299(and)-299(heart-breaking)-298(experience,)-311(how)-299(easy)-299(it)-299(is)-299(in)-298(China)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-438(pay)-437(lip-service)-438(to)-437(principles)-438(which)-438(are)-437(rejected.)-813(The)-437(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Republic)-250(had)-250(taught)-250(him)-250(that.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(One)-590(must)-591(consequently)-590(regard)-590(the)-591(programs)-590(of)-590(national)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(economic)-536(revolution,)-607(of)-536(industrial)-536(revolution,)-607(and)-536(of)-535(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(revolution)-297(as)-297(tentative)-297(and)-297(general)-297(outlines)-297(of)-297(the)-297(course)-297(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-365(wished)-364(the)-365(Nationalist)-364(Kuomintang)-364(and)-365(state)-364(to)-365(follow)-364(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(carrying)-300(out)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 56.845 0 Td [(min)-300(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.092 0 Td [(.)-401(Of)-301(these)-300(programs,)-313(the)-300(one)-301(least)-300(likely)]TJ -101.937 -13.549 Td [(to)-359(be)-360(affected)-359(by)-359(political)-360(or)-359(personal)-359(changes)-360(was)-359(that)-359(of)-359(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(industrial)-424(revolution,)-468(and)-424(it)-424(is)-424(this)-424(which)-424(is)-424(most)-424(detailed.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 268.177 3.959 Td [(326)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(326)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(By)-377(an)-376(irony)-377(of)-377(fate,)-408(the)-377(most)-377(conspicuous)-377(example)-376(of)-377(the)-377(realization)-377(of)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1350 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1351 0 R
+/Resources 1349 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1340 0 R
+>> endobj
+1352 0 obj <<
+/D [1350 0 R /XYZ 324.983 314.937 null]
+>> endobj
+1349 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1353 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index56) >>
+endobj
+1356 0 obj
+(The Utopia of Min Shêng.)
+endobj
+1359 0 obj <<
+/Length 5172
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Utopia)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 63.928 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-13809(265)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -110.891 -30.759 Td [(His)-329(great)-329(desire)-329(was)-328(that)-329(the)-329(Chinese)-329(race-nation)-329(continue,)-348(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(merely)-206(to)-206(subsist,)-214(but)-206(to)-206(thrive)-206(and)-205(multiply)-206(and)-206(become)-206(great,)-214(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-314(it)-315(could)-314(restore)-314(the)-315(ancient)-314(morality)-314(and)-315(wisdom)-314(of)-314(China,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(well)-250(as)-250(become)-250(proficient)-250(in)-250(the)-250(Western)-250(sciences.)]TJ 11.956 -13.786 Td [(A)-348(last)-348(suggestion)-348(may)-348(be)-348(made)-348(concerning)-348(the)-348(programs)-348(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-225(Yat-sen,)-230(before)-225(consideration)-225(of)-225(the)-225(Utopia)-450(which)-225(lay)-225(at)-224(the)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([261])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(end)-306(of)-306(the)-306(road)-306(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 83.329 0 Td [(min)-306(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.152 0 Td [(.)-418(His)-306(plans)-305(may)-306(continue)-306(to)-306(go)-306(on)]TJ -128.481 -13.549 Td [(in)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 10.995 0 Td [(min)-230(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.828 0 Td [(because)-230(they)-230(are)-229(so)-230(empirical.)-243(His)-230(nationalism)-230(may)]TJ -57.823 -13.549 Td [(be)-229(deflected)-229(or)-229(altered)-229(by)-229(the)-229(new)-229(situation)-229(in)-229(world)-229(politics.)-243(His)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(optimism)-390(concerning)-390(the)-389(rapidity)-390(of)-390(democratic)-389(developments)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(may)-331(not)-332(be)-331(justified)-331(by)-332(actual)-331(developments.)-494(The)-331(programs)-331(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(min)-181(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.77 0 Td [(are)-181(so)-182(general)-181(that)-181(they)-181(can)-182(be)-181(followed)-181(to)-182(some)-181(degree)]TJ -45.77 -13.549 Td [(by)-327(governments)-327(of)-327(almost)-327(any)-327(orientation)-327(along)-327(the)-326(Right-Left)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scale.)-229(The)-189(really)-188(important)-188(criterion)-188(in)-189(the)-188(programs)-188(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 236.762 0 Td [(min)-188(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -236.762 -13.549 Td [(is)-350(this:)-451(the)-350(people)-350(must)-350(live.)-550(It)-351(is)-350(a)-350(simple)-350(one)-350(to)-350(understand,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-364(may)-365(be)-364(a)-364(great)-365(force)-364(in)-364(the)-365(continued)-364(development)-364(of)-364(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(programs,)-250(to)-250(the)-250(last)-250(stage)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 128.771 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -173.313 -60.165 Td [(The)-250(Utopia)-250(of)]TJ/F19 15.7808 Tf 92.476 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 67.937 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -160.413 -30.438 Td [(Sun)-291(Yat-sen)-291(differs)-291(from)-290(the)-291(empirical)-291(collectivists)-291(of)-291(the)-290(West)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-216(that)-217(he)-216(has)-216(an)-216(end)-217(to)-216(his)-216(program,)-223(which)-216(is)-217(to)-216(be)-216(achieved)-216(over)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-239(considerable)-238(period)-239(of)-238(time.)-246(The)-239(means)-239(are)-238(such)-239(that)-238(he)-239(can)-238(be)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 173.596 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 8.9664 Tf 46.771 164.772 Td [(any)-259(one)-259(of)-259(these)-259(plans)-259(was)-259(the)-258(beginning)-259(of)-259(the)-259(port)-259(of)-259(Hulutao,)-261(which)-259(was)-259(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(be)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 11.098 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 3.981 0 Td [(The)-294(Great)-293(Northern)-294(Port)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 89.073 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 6.614 0 Td [(of)-294(Sun's)-293(vision.)-381(The)-294(National)-294(Government)-294(had)]TJ -110.766 -10.959 Td [(already)-229(started)-229(work)-229(on)-229(this)-228(port)-229(when)-229(the)-229(Japanese,)-233(invading)-229(Manchuria,)-233(took)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(it.)-457(There)-319(is)-319(so)-319(much)-319(pathos)-320(in)-319(Sun's)-319(own)-319(life)-319(that)-319(this)-319(frustation)-319(of)-319(his)-319(plans)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td [(after)-262(his)-261(death)-262(seems)-261(disappointing)-262(beyond)-261(words)-262(to)-262(his)-261(followers.)-285(In)-261(his)-262(own)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(trust)-295(in)-295(mankind,)-306(in)-295(the)-295(eagerness)-295(and)-295(the)-294(sincerity)-295(of)-295(his)-295(enthusiasms,)-306(in)-295(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(grandeur)-236(of)-236(his)-236(vision)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 78.069 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(here)-236(are)-236(to)-236(be)-236(found)-236(the)-236(most)-236(vital)-235(clues)-236(to)-236(the)-236(tragedy)]TJ -87.035 -10.959 Td [(of)-289(Sun)-289(Yat-sen.)-368(Like)-289(the)-290(other)-289(great)-289(founders)-289(of)-289(the)-290(earth's)-289(ideals,)-299(he)-289(charted)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(worlds)-252(within)-252(the)-253(vision)-252(but,)-253(perhaps,)-252(beyond)-252(the)-253(accomplishment)-252(of)-252(ordinary)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(men.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1358 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1359 0 R
+/Resources 1357 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1340 0 R
+>> endobj
+1360 0 obj <<
+/D [1358 0 R /XYZ 256.385 450.193 null]
+>> endobj
+1354 0 obj <<
+/D [1358 0 R /XYZ 46.771 276.012 null]
+>> endobj
+1357 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1363 0 obj <<
+/Length 6036
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(266The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(classified)-282(with)-282(those)-283(Western)-282(thinkers;)-298(his)-283(goal)-282(is)-282(one)-282(which)-282(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(took)-273(from)-273(the)-273(ideals)-274(in)-273(the)-273(old)-273(ideology)-273(and)-273(which)-273(he)-273(identified)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-274(those)-275(of)-274(the)-275(communists,)-280(although)-274(not)-275(necessarily)-274(with)-274(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Marxists.)-249(He)-245(said,)-247(at)-245(the)-246(end)-245(of)-246(his)-245(second)-246(lecture)-245(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 233.104 0 Td [(min)-246(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.493 0 Td [(:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -257.96 -26.627 Td [(Our)-354(way)-353(is)-354(community)-354(of)-353(industrial)-354(and)-354(social)-353(profits.)-561(We)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(cannot)-343(say,)-366(then,)-366(that)-343(the)-343(doctrine)-343(of)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 152.87 0 Td [(min)-343(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 44.568 0 Td [(is)-343(different)]TJ -197.438 -12.822 Td [(from)-308(communism.)-425(The)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 96.015 0 Td [(San)-308(Min)-308(Chu)-309(I)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 62.568 0 Td [(means)-308(a)-308(government)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf -158.583 -12.822 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(of)-351(the)-351(people,)-376(by)-351(the)-351(people,)-376(and)-351(for)-350(the)-351(people)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 195.436 0 Td [(\035\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 14.242 0 Td [(that)-351(is,)]TJ -214.057 -12.821 Td [(the)-252(state)-253(is)-252(the)-253(common)-252(property)-253(of)-253(all)-252(the)-253(people,)-253(its)-252(politics)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(are)-398(participated)-399(in)-398(by)-399(all,)-435(and)-399(its)-398(profits)-399(are)-398(shared)-399(by)-398(all.)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Then)-463(there)-463(will)-464(be)-463(not)-463(only)-463(communism)-463(in)-464(property,)-516(but)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(communism)-247(in)-246(everything)-247(else.)-249(Such)-247(will)-246(be)-247(the)-246(ultimate)-247(end)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(of)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 10.411 0 Td [(min)-223(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 40.001 0 Td [(,)-228(a)-223(state)-222(which)-223(Confucius)-223(calls)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 120.883 0 Td [(ta)-223(t'ung)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 31.712 0 Td [(or)-223(the)-222(age)]TJ -203.007 -12.822 Td [(of)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 10.681 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 4.379 0 Td [(great)-250(similarity.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 62.462 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 6.904 Tf 4.379 3.616 Td [(327)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -174.294 -18.773 Td [([262])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.712 -12.197 Td [(Perhaps)-341(no)-341(other)-341(passage)-341(from)-341(the)-341(works)-341(of)-341(Sun)-341(Yat-sen)-341(in)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(relation)-345(to)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 49.345 0 Td [(min)-345(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 49.344 0 Td [(could)-345(illustrate)-345(his)-345(position)-345(so)-346(aptly.)-535(He)]TJ -98.689 -13.549 Td [(describes)-307(his)-308(doctrine.)-422(He)-307(labels)-308(it)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 157.41 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(communism,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.673 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.197 0 Td [(although,)-322(as)]TJ -227.124 -13.549 Td [(we)-328(have)-328(seen,)-348(it)-328(is)-327(quite)-328(another)-328(thing)-328(than)-328(Marxism.)-484(He)-328(cites)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Lincoln.)-250(In)-250(the)-250(end)-250(he)-250(calls)-250(upon)-250(the)-250(authority)-250(of)-250(Confucius.)]TJ 11.956 -14.347 Td [(To)-478(a)-479(Westerner,)-535(the)-478(ideal)-479(commonwealth)-478(of)-478(Sun)-478(Yat-sen)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(bears)-402(a)-403(remarkable)-402(resemblance)-402(to)-402(the)-403(world)-402(projected)-402(in)-402(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideals)-569(of)-569(the)-569(ancient)-569(Chinese.)-1207(Here)-569(again)-569(there)-568(is)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 253.979 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(great)]TJ -258.823 -13.549 Td [(similarity,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 44.553 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.453 0 Td [(complete)-331(ideological)-331(harmony,)-351(and)-331(the)-331(presumable)]TJ -53.006 -13.55 Td [(disappearance)-315(of)-315(state)-315(and)-316(law.)-445(Property,)-332(the)-315(fount)-315(of)-315(war,)-331(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(been)-353(set)-353(aside,)-379(and)-353(men)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 108.083 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(animated)-353(by)-353(a)-353(profound)-353(and)-353(sincere)]TJ -118.992 -13.549 Td [(appreciation)-372(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 71.127 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(work)-372(together,)-402(all)-372(for)-372(the)-372(common)-372(good.)]TJ -95.367 -13.549 Td [(The)-173(Chinese)-172(will,)-189(in)-172(this)-173(Utopia,)-188(have)-173(struck)-172(down)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 217.277 0 Td [(might)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.931 0 Td [(from)-173(the)]TJ -244.208 -13.549 Td [(high)-197(places)-196(of)-197(the)-196(world,)-208(and)-196(inaugurated)-197(an)-196(era)-197(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 218.774 0 Td [(the)-197(kingly)-196(way)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 120.599 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 113.787 Td [(327)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(Hs\374)-303(translation,)-317(cited,)-317(p.)-410(440;)-330(Price)-304(translation,)-317(p.)-410(444;)-330(d'Elia)-304(translation,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(cited,)-382(p.)-567(476.)-567(The)-355(first)-356(has)-356(been)-355(preferred)-356(purely)-356(as)-355(a)-356(matter)-356(of)-355(style.)-567(The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(Chinese)-459(words)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 59.038 0 Td [(min)-459(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 42.602 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F19 8.9664 Tf 17.064 0 Td [(San)-459(Min)-459(Chu)-459(I)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 62.295 0 Td [(have)-459(been)-459(used)-459(instead)-460(of)]TJ -180.999 -10.959 Td [(the)-336(English)-336(renderings)-335(which)-336(Hs\374)-336(gives,)-357(again)-336(as)-336(a)-336(pure)-336(matter)-335(of)-336(form)-336(and)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td [(consistency)-250(with)-250(the)-250(text.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1362 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1363 0 R
+/Resources 1361 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1340 0 R
+>> endobj
+1364 0 obj <<
+/D [1362 0 R /XYZ 93.543 320.347 null]
+>> endobj
+1361 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1367 0 obj <<
+/Length 5156
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Utopia)-250(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 63.928 0 Td [(Min)-250(Sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.963 0 Td [(.)-13809(267)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ -110.891 -30.759 Td [(throughout)-232(the)-232(earth.)-244(Their)-233(ancient)-232(doctrines)-232(of)-232(benevolence)-232(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(peace)-243(shall)-243(have)-243(succeeded)-243(in)-243(bringing)-243(about)-242(cosmospolitanism.)]TJ 11.956 -14.349 Td [(There)-299(are,)-312(however,)-312(differences)-300(from)-299(the)-300(old)-299(order)-300(of)-299(ideals.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(According)-429(to)-429(the)-429(Marxists,)-473(nationality,)-474(after)-429(it)-429(has)-429(served)-428(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(purpose)-320(as)-319(an)-320(instrument)-319(in)-320(the)-319(long)-320(class)-319(struggle,)-337(may)-320(be)-319(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(aside.)-726(Speculation)-408(of)-409(this)-408(sort)-409(is)-408(rare)-409(among)-408(them,)-448(however,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-387(it)-387(is)-387(difficult)-387(to)-387(envision)-387(their)-387(final)-387(system.)-661(To)-387(Sun)-386(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen,)-337(however,)-337(there)-319(was)-320(the)-319(definite)-320(ideal)-319(that)-320(the)-319(Chinese)-319(live)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-488(forever.)-963(This)-488(was)-488(an)-487(obligation)-488(imposed)-488(upon)-488(him)-487(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(his)-470(ideology)-469(by)-470(the)-469(teleological)-469(element)-470(in)-469(the)-470(old)-469(ideology)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(which)-317(required)-317(that)-317(humanity)-318(be)-317(immortal)-317(in)-317(the)-317(flesh)-317(and)-317(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-372(be)-372(immortal)-372(through)-371(clearly)-372(traceable)-372(lines)-372(of)-372(descent.)-615(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(individual)-342(was)-341(settled)-342(in)-342(a)-341(genealogical)-342(web,)-365(reaching)-341(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time)-163(and)-164(space,)-180(which)-164(gave)-163(him)-163(a)-163(sense)-164(of)-163(certainty)-163(that)-163(otherwise)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(he)-204(might)-204(lack.)-234(This)-204(is)-204(inconsistent)-408(with)-204(the)-204(Marxian)-203(ideal,)-213(where)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 291.024 0 Td [([263])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(family)-250(system,)-250(a)-250(relic)-250(of)-250(brutal)-250(days,)-250(shall)-250(have)-250(vanished.)]TJ 11.956 -14.349 Td [(The)-224(physical)-224(immortality)-225(of)-224(the)-224(Chinese)-224(race)-225(was)-224(not)-224(the)-224(only)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(sort)-224(of)-223(immortality)-224(Sun)-223(Yat-sen)-224(wished)-224(China)-223(to)-224(have.)-241(His)-223(stress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(on)-184(the)-184(peculiar)-184(virtues)-184(of)-184(the)-184(Chinese)-184(intellectual)-184(culture)-184(has)-184(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(noted.)-235(The)-203(Chinese)-204(literati)-204(had)-204(sought)-203(an)-204(immortality)-204(of)-203(integrity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-429(intellect,)-474(a)-429(continuity)-429(of)-429(civilization)-429(without)-428(which)-429(mere)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physical)-320(survival)-320(might)-319(seem)-320(brutish.)-459(In)-320(the)-320(teleology)-320(of)-319(Sun's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideal)-342(society,)-365(there)-342(would)-341(no)-342(doubt)-342(be)-342(these)-342(two)-342(factors:)-433(filial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(piety,)-199(emphasizing)-187(the)-187(survival)-187(of)-187(the)-186(flesh;)-208(and)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 207.251 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(,)-199(emphasizing)]TJ -220.582 -13.55 Td [(the)-191(continuity)-190(of)-191(wisdom)-190(and)-191(honor.)-230(Neither)-190(could)-191(aptly)-190(continue)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unless)-315(China)-314(remained)-315(Chinese,)-331(unless)-314(the)-315(particular)-315(virtues)-314(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(Chinese)-250(were)-250(brought)-250(once)-250(again)-250(to)-250(their)-250(full)-250(potency.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 253.287 3.959 Td [(328)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -241.331 -18.308 Td [(The)-310(family)-310(system)-311(was)-310(to)-310(continue)-310(to)-311(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 187.669 0 Td [(min)-310(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.583 0 Td [(Utopia.)]TJ -248.208 -13.549 Td [(So)-289(too)-289(were)-289(the)-289(three)-290(natural)-289(orders)-289(of)-289(men.)-367(Sun)-289(Yat-sen)-289(never)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(advocated)-201(that)-201(the)-200(false)-201(inequality)-201(of)-200(the)-201(present)-201(world)-201(be)-200(thrown)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(down)-204(for)-204(the)-205(purpose)-204(of)-204(putting)-204(in)-204(its)-205(place)-204(a)-204(false)-204(equality)-204(which)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 46.771 98.681 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 47.021 91.869 Td [(328)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.706 -3.809 Td [(The)-316(author)-316(is)-315(indebted)-316(to)-316(Mr.)-447(J\352n)-316(Tai)-316(for)-316(the)-315(clarification)-316(of)-316(this)-316(ideal)-316(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td [(dual)-206(continuity)]TJ/F31 8.9664 Tf 53.657 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 8.966 0 Td [(of)-206(the)-206(family)-206(system,)-215(preserving)-207(the)-206(flesh,)-215(and)-206(the)-206(intellectual)]TJ -62.623 -10.959 Td [(tradition,)-250(preserving)-250(the)-250(cultural)-250(heritages.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1366 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1367 0 R
+/Resources 1365 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1369 0 R
+>> endobj
+1368 0 obj <<
+/D [1366 0 R /XYZ 195.908 327.686 null]
+>> endobj
+1365 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1372 0 obj <<
+/Length 3296
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(268The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(made)-300(no)-301(distinction)-300(between)-300(the)-300(geniuses,)-313(the)-300(apostles,)-313(and)-300(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unthinking.)-366(The)-289(Chinese)-289(world)-289(was)-289(to)-288(be)-289(Chinese)-289(to)-289(the)-289(end)-288(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(time.)-338(In)-280(this)-279(the)-280(narrowness)-279(of)-280(Sun)-279(Yat-sen's)-280(ideals)-279(is)-279(apparent;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-210(is,)-218(perhaps,)-218(a)-210(narrowness)-210(which)-210(limits)-210(his)-210(aspirations)-210(and)-209(gives)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(them)-250(strength.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-280(Chinese)-279(Utopia)-280(which)-279(was)-280(to)-279(be)-280(at)-279(the)-280(end)-279(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 223.81 0 Td [(min)-280(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -235.766 -13.549 Td [(was)-196(to)-195(be)-196(established)-195(in)-196(a)-195(world,)-207(moreover,)-206(which)-195(might)-196(not)-195(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(made)-248(a)-248(complete)-247(return)-248(to)-248(ideological)-248(control,)-248(in)-248(which)-248(the)-247(state)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(might)-320(still)-320(survive.)-459(The)-320(requirements)-320(of)-320(an)-320(industrial)-319(economy)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(certainly)-445(presupposes)-446(an)-445(enormous)-445(length)-446(of)-445(time)-445(before)-445(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(ideology)-278(and)-279(the)-278(society)-279(shall)-278(have)-278(been)-279(completely)-278(adjusted)-278(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-282(peculiarities)-565(of)-283(life)-282(in)-283(a)-282(world)-282(not)-283(only)-282(of)-283(working)-282(men)-282(but)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([264])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(of)-290(working)-290(machines.)-369(The)-290(state)-290(must)-289(continue)-290(until)-290(all)-290(men)-289(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(disciplined)-243(to)-243(labor:)-246("When)-243(all)-243(these)-242(vagrants)-243(will)-243(be)-243(done)-242(away)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(with)-179(and)-180(when)-179(all)-180(will)-179(contribute)-180(to)-179(production,)-194(then)-179(clothing)-179(will)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-306(abundant)-306(and)-307(food)-306(sufficient;)-334(families)-306(will)-306(enjoy)-306(prosperity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(individuals)-250(will)-250(be)-250(satisfied.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Then)-250(the)-250(question)-250(of)-250(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 108.774 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(people's)-250(life)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.56 0 Td [(\031)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.36 0 Td [(will)-250(be)-250(solved.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 63.938 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 4.844 3.959 Td [(329)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -244.952 -17.508 Td [(Thus)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)-250(concluded)-250(his)-250(last)-250(lecture)-250(on)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 207.85 0 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.542 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -337.104 -29.531 Td [([265])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 93.543 76.763 cm
+[]0 d 0 J 0.398 w 0 0 m 112.25 0 l S
+Q
+BT
+/F16 5.9776 Tf 93.792 69.951 Td [(329)]TJ/F16 8.9664 Tf 11.707 -3.809 Td [(d'Elia)-250(translation,)-250(cited,)-250(p.)-250(538.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1371 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1372 0 R
+/Resources 1370 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1369 0 R
+>> endobj
+1373 0 obj <<
+/D [1371 0 R /XYZ 166.36 369.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1374 0 obj <<
+/D [1371 0 R /XYZ 93.543 244.759 null]
+>> endobj
+1370 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1375 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index57) >>
+endobj
+1378 0 obj
+(Bibliography.)
+endobj
+1381 0 obj <<
+/Length 3314
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Bibliography.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -34.836 Td [(The)-369(bibliography)-369(of)-368(works)-369(in)-369(Western)-369(languages)-369(dealing)-368(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-289(Yat-sen)-289(is)-289(short.)-366(The)-289(author)-289(has)-289(made)-289(no)-289(attempt)-289(to)-288(gather)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(various)-162(fugitive)-161(pieces,)-179(such)-162(as)-161(newspaper)-162(clippings.)-220(He)-161(believes,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(however,)-356(that)-335(the)-335(following)-335(bibliography)-335(of)-335(Western)-335(works)-334(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-230(is)-230(the)-230(most)-230(nearly)-230(complete)-230(which)-230(has)-230(yet)-230(appeared,)-234(and)-230(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(listed,)-403(for)-372(the)-372(sake)-372(of)-372(completeness,)-403(two)-372(Russian)-372(items)-372(as)-372(yet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(unavailable)-250(in)-250(the)-250(United)-250(States.)]TJ 11.956 -14.032 Td [(The)-510(first)-509(half)-510(of)-510(the)-509(bibliography)-510(presents)-510(these)-509(Western)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(materials,)-563(arranged)-500(according)-500(to)-500(their)-500(subject.)-1000(Within)-500(each)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(category,)-510(the)-458(individual)-457(items)-458(are)-458(presented)-458(in)-457(chronological)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order;)-331(this)-304(has)-304(been)-303(done)-304(in)-304(order)-304(to)-304(make)-304(clear)-304(the)-304(position)-303(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-278(works)-279(in)-278(point)-279(of)-278(time)-278(of)-279(publication)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 178.829 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(a)-278(factor)-279(occasionally)]TJ -189.738 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(some)-250(importance)-250(in)-250(the)-250(study)-250(of)-250(these)-250(materials.)]TJ 11.956 -14.032 Td [(The)-262(second)-261(half)-262(of)-261(the)-262(bibliography)-262(lists)-261(further)-262(works)-261(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(have)-302(been)-302(referred)-302(to)-302(or)-302(cited.)-406(The)-302(first)-302(group)-302(of)-302(these)-301(consists)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-417(a)-417(small)-417(collection)-418(of)-417(some)-417(of)-417(the)-417(more)-417(important)-417(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(editions)-324(of,)-342(and)-324(Chinese)-323(and)-324(Japanese)-324(treatises)-324(upon,)-342(Sun)-323(Yat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sen's)-422(writings.)-767(The)-422(second)-422(group)-422(represents)-422(various)-422(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(works)-478(on)-479(China)-478(or)-479(on)-478(political)-479(science)-478(which)-479(have)-478(been)-478(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(assistance)-250(to)-250(the)-250(author)-250(in)-250(this)-250(study.)]TJ 11.956 -14.032 Td [(Chinese)-298(names)-298(have)-299(been)-298(left)-298(in)-298(their)-299(natural)-298(order,)-310(with)-298(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(patronymic)-288(first.)-364(Where)-288(Chinese)-288(names)-288(have)-288(been)-288(Westernized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-329(inverted,)-348(they)-329(have)-329(been)-329(returned)-329(to)-329(their)-329(original)-328(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(order,)-250(but)-250(with)-250(a)-250(comma)-250(inserted)-250(to)-250(indicate)-250(the)-250(change.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -44.748 Td [(A.)-235(Major)-236(Sources)-235(on)-236(Sun)-235(Yat-sen)-236(Which)-235(are)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td [(Available)-250(in)-250(Western)-250(Languages.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1380 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1381 0 R
+/Resources 1379 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1369 0 R
+>> endobj
+1376 0 obj <<
+/D [1380 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1379 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1384 0 obj <<
+/Length 3383
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(270The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(I.)-250(Biographies)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -37.017 Td [(Ponce,)-237(Mariano,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 67.124 0 Td [(Sun)-234(Yat-sen,)-236(El)-234(fundador)-234(de)-233(la)-234(Republica)-233(de)]TJ -67.124 -12.821 Td [(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 24.115 0 Td [(,)-250(Manila,)-250(1912.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -43.752 -24.082 Td [(A)-250(popular)-250(biography.)-250(Valuable)-250(for)-250(the)-250(period)-250(just)-250(before)-250(1912.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.354 Td [(Cantlie,)-349(James)-330(and)-329(Sheridan-Jones,)-349(C.,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 160.379 0 Td [(Sun)-329(Yat-sen)-330(and)-329(the)]TJ -160.379 -12.822 Td [(Awakening)-250(of)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 80.55 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1912.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -88.231 -24.082 Td [(Also)-419(a)-418(popular)-419(work.)-756(Valuable)-418(for)-419(the)-418(description)-419(of)-418(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Yat-sen's)-250(education.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.354 Td [(Linebarger,)-475(Paul)-430(\050and)-430(Sun)-430(Yat-sen\051,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 154.661 0 Td [(Sun)-430(Yat-sen)-430(and)-430(The)]TJ -154.661 -12.822 Td [(Chinese)-250(Republic)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 69.307 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1925.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -76.988 -24.082 Td [(The)-384(only)-384(biography)-384(authorized)-383(by)-384(Sun)-384(Yat-sen,)-418(who)-383(wrote)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(parts)-757(of)-378(it)-378(himself.)-635(A)-378(propaganda)-378(work,)-411(it)-378(presents)-378(the)-378(most)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([266])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(complete)-250(record)-250(of)-250(Sun's)-250(early)-250(life.)-250(Does)-250(not)-250(go)-250(beyond)-250(1922.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.355 Td [(Vilenskii)-671(\050Sibiriakov\051,)-776(V.,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 120.274 0 Td [(Sun')-671(Iat-Sen)]TJ/F46 9.8629 Tf 52.005 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 8.768 0 Td [(otets)-671(kitaiskoe)]TJ -181.047 -12.821 Td [(revoliutsii)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 40.004 0 Td [(,)-250(Moscow,)-250(1925.)-250(The)-250(same,)-250(Moscow,)-250(1926.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -47.685 -24.082 Td [(Not)-250(available.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -23.354 Td [(Lee,)-505(Edward)-454(Bing-shuey,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 110.314 0 Td [(Dr.)-863(Sun)-454(Yat-sen,)-505(His)-454(Life)-454(and)]TJ -110.314 -12.822 Td [(Achievements)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 56.692 0 Td [(\050English)-250(and)-250(French\051,)-250(Nanking,)-250(n.)-250(d.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -64.373 -24.082 Td [(A)-250(synopsis,)-250(by)-250(a)-250(spokesman)-250(for)-250(the)-250(Nationalist)-250(Party.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -23.354 Td [(Wou,)-448(Saofong,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 65.816 0 Td [(Sun)-408(Yat-sen,)-448(Sa)-409(Vie)-408(et)-409(Sa)-408(Doctrine)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 146.465 0 Td [(,)-448(Paris,)]TJ -212.281 -12.822 Td [(1929.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -24.082 Td [(An)-250(excellent)-250(outline,)-250(largely)-250(from)-250(Chinese)-250(sources.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -23.354 Td [(Restarick,)-204(Henry)-192(Bond,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 94.117 0 Td [(Sun)-192(Yat-sen,)-204(Liberator)-192(of)-192(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 124.144 0 Td [(,)-204(New)]TJ -218.261 -12.822 Td [(Haven,)-250(1931.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1383 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1384 0 R
+/Resources 1382 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1369 0 R
+>> endobj
+1385 0 obj <<
+/D [1383 0 R /XYZ 118.877 296.641 null]
+>> endobj
+1382 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F46 1386 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1389 0 obj <<
+/Length 3489
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(271)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Useful)-225(for)-225(a)-226(description)-225(of)-225(Sun)-226(Yat-sen's)-225(life)-225(in)-225(Honolulu,)-230(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(some)-250(of)-250(his)-250(overseas)-250(connections.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.447 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 22.293 0 Td [(\050R.-Ch.)-281(Duval,)-263(translator\051,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 107.12 0 Td [(Sun)-260(Yat-sen,)-263(Liberator)-261(de)-260(la)]TJ -129.413 -12.822 Td [(Chine)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 23.562 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1932.)]TJ -9.141 -12.983 Td [(de)-250(Morant,)-250(George)-250(Soulie,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 107.378 0 Td [(Soun)-250(Iat-s\350nn)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 54.512 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1932.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -183.992 -24.175 Td [(A)-183(romantic)-183(work)-183(based)-183(upon)-183(Chinese)-183(sources,)-196(and)-183(the)-183(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(translation)-250(of)-250(Linebarger's)-250(work.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.447 Td [(Linebarger,)-213(Paul;)-219(Linebarger,)-212(Paul)-204(M.)-203(A.)-203(\050editor\051,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 196.615 0 Td [(The)-203(Gospel)]TJ -196.615 -12.822 Td [(of)-250(Sun)-250(Chung-shan)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 75.619 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1932.)]TJ -59.418 -12.983 Td [(Sharman,)-476(\050Mrs.\051)-791(Lyon,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 102.928 0 Td [(Sun)-430(Yat-sen,)-476(His)-431(Life)-430(and)-431(Its)]TJ -119.129 -12.822 Td [(Meaning,)-250(A)-250(Criticall)-250(Biography)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 126.028 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1934.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -133.709 -24.174 Td [(The)-690(most)-691(complete)-690(biography)-691(of)-690(Sun)-691(Yat-sen.)-1571(Well)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(documented)-388(and)-389(prepared.)-665(Mrs.)-665(Sharman's)-388(work)-388(will)-388(remain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(authoritative)-503(for)-502(many)-503(years)-503(to)-503(come.)-1008(Its)-502(main)-503(fault)-503(is)-502(its)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(somewhat)-216(hyper-sensitive)-217(criticism)-216(of)-216(Sun)-216(Yat-sen's)-216(personality,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(with)-250(which)-250(the)-250(author)-250(never)-250(comes)-250(in)-250(contact.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.447 Td [(Linebarger,)-207(Paul,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 69.815 0 Td [(The)-196(Life)-196(of)-196(Sun)-196(Chung-san)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 103.63 0 Td [(,)-207(Shanghai,)-207(1932.)]TJ -173.445 -12.822 Td [(Fragmentary)-250(proofsheets.)-250(See)-250(note)-250(in)-250(Preface.)]TJ 14.25 -12.983 Td [(Reissig,)-236(Paul,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 56.173 0 Td [(Sun)-233(Yat)-232(Sen)-233(und)-233(die)-233(Kuomintang)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 129.289 0 Td [(,)-236(Berlin,)-236(n.)]TJ -199.712 -12.822 Td [(d.)-250(A)-250(Lutheran)-250(missionary)-250(tract.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -19.637 -34.266 Td [(II.)-255(Translations)-255(of)-255(the)-254(Sixteen)-255(Lectures)-255(on)-255(the)]TJ/F19 13.1507 Tf 244.848 0 Td [(San)]TJ -244.848 -17.096 Td [(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 54.063 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -34.426 -37.184 Td [(Anonymous,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 53.151 0 Td [(The)-250(Three)-250(Principles)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 83.283 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai)-250(1927.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -156.071 -24.174 Td [(Of)-250(no)-250(value.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.447 Td [(Tsan)-913(Wan,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 59.897 0 Td [(Die)-913(Drei)-912(Nationalen)-913(Grundlehren,)-1078(Die)]TJ -59.897 -12.822 Td [(Grundlehren)-250(von)-250(dem)-250(Volkstum)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 125.733 0 Td [(,)-250(Berlin,)-250(1927.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1388 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1389 0 R
+/Resources 1387 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1369 0 R
+>> endobj
+1387 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1392 0 obj <<
+/Length 3431
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(272The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(A)-308(translation)-308(of)-307(the)-308(lectures)-308(on)-308(Nationalism;)-337(excellent)-308(as)-307(far)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(as)-250(it)-250(goes.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.59 Td [(d'Elia,)-481(Paschal)-435(M.,)-481(S.)-435(J.)-434(\050translator)-435(and)-435(editor\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 203.09 0 Td [(Le)-435(Triple)]TJ -203.09 -12.822 Td [(Demisme)-250(de)-250(Suen)-250(Wen)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 90.108 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1929.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -97.789 -23.317 Td [(The)-521(only)-522(annotated)-521(translation.)-1064(The)-521(style)-522(is)-521(simple)-521(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(direct,)-237(and)-233(the)-233(notes)-233(accurate,)-236(for)-234(the)-233(most)-233(part,)-236(and)-233(informative.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(The)-502(uninitiated)-251(reader)-251(must)-251(make)-251(allowances)-251(for)-251(Father)-250(d'Elia's)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([267])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td [(religious)-182(viewpoints.)-228(This)-182(is)-182(probably)-182(the)-182(most)-182(useful)-182(translation.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.59 Td [(Price,)-399(Frank)-370(W.)-369(\050translator\051,)-400(Chen,)-399(L.)-370(T.)-369(\050editor\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 207.029 0 Td [(San)-369(Min)]TJ -207.029 -12.822 Td [(Chu)-250(I,)-250(The)-250(Three)-250(Principles)-250(of)-250(the)-250(People)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 164.918 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1930.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -172.599 -23.317 Td [(The)-250(translation)-250(most)-250(widely)-250(known)-250(and)-250(quoted.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -22.59 Td [(d'Elia,)-313(Paschal)-300(M.,)-313(S.)-301(J.,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 100.793 0 Td [(The)-300(Triple)-301(Demism)-300(of)-300(Sun)-301(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 138.098 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.821 Td [(Wuchang,)-250(1931.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -23.317 Td [(A)-250(translation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(French)-250(version.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -22.59 Td [(Hs\374,)-261(Leonard)-260(Shihlien;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 94.578 0 Td [(Sun)-259(Yat-sen,)-262(His)-259(Political)-259(and)-259(Social)]TJ -94.578 -12.822 Td [(Ideals)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 24.105 0 Td [(,)-250(Los)-250(Angeles,)-250(1933.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -31.786 -23.317 Td [(The)-373(most)-372(complete)-373(selection)-372(of)-373(the)-373(documents)-372(of)-373(Sun)-372(Yat-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(senism)-556(available)-556(in)-556(English.)-1167(Dr.)-1168(Hs\374)-556(has)-556(assembled)-555(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(materials)-270(remarkably)-271(well.)-311(His)-270(chapter)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 173.634 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(The)-270(Basic)-271(Literature)-270(of)]TJ -178.477 -13.55 Td [(Sunyatsenism)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 60.611 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(is)-250(the)-250(best)-250(of)-250(its)-250(kind)-250(in)-250(English.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -68.182 -33.409 Td [(III.)-252(Other)-252(Translations)-252(of)-252(the)-252(Chinese)-252(Works)-252(of)-252(Sun)]TJ 0 -17.096 Td [(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -35.63 Td [(Anonymous;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 57.143 0 Td [(Zapiski)-501(kitaiskogo)-501(revoliutsionera)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 139.752 0 Td [(,)-564(Moscow,)]TJ -196.895 -12.822 Td [(1926.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -19.637 -23.317 Td [(Not)-250(available.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1391 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1392 0 R
+/Resources 1390 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1369 0 R
+>> endobj
+1393 0 obj <<
+/D [1391 0 R /XYZ 113.245 418.799 null]
+>> endobj
+1390 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1396 0 obj <<
+/Length 3334
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(273)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F31 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 21.836 0 Td [(Memoirs)-214(of)-214(a)-214(Chinese)-214(Revolutionary)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 143.77 0 Td [(,)-221(Philadelphia,)-221(n.)-238(d.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -173.287 -23.091 Td [(Not)-353(documented)-354(and)-353(apparently)-353(unreliable.)-560(English)-353(version)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(above.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.363 Td [(Wittfogel,)-259(Karl;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 65.664 0 Td [(Sun)-257(Yat)-257(Sen,)-259(Aufzeichnungen)-257(eines)-257(chinesis-)]TJ -65.664 -12.822 Td [(chen)-250(Revolution\344rs)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 76.428 0 Td [(,)-250(Vienna)-250(and)-250(Berlin,)-250(n.)-250(d.)-250(\050ca.)-250(1927\051.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -84.109 -23.091 Td [(The)-597(most)-598(complete)-598(Marxist)-597(critique,)-684(containing)-598(also)-597(an)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(excellent)-250(short)-250(biography.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.364 Td [(Tsan)-250(Wan;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 45.468 0 Td [(30)-250(Jahre)-250(Chinesische)-250(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 130.122 0 Td [(,)-250(Berlin,)-250(1927.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -183.271 -23.091 Td [(An)-225(excellent)-224(translation)-225(of)-224(one)-225(of)-225(the)-224(short)-225(autobiographies)-224(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.363 Td [(Wei)-283(Yung)-283(\050translator\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 93.439 0 Td [(The)-283(Cult)-283(of)-282(Dr.)-349(Sun,)-291(Sun)-283(W\352n)-282(Hs\374eh)]TJ -93.439 -12.822 Td [(Sh\352)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 14.242 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1931.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -21.923 -23.091 Td [(Also)-1003(referred)-1003(to)-1003(as)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 116.462 0 Td [(The)-1003(Outline)-1003(of)-1003(Psychological)]TJ -128.418 -13.549 Td [(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.055 0 Td [(.)-224(It)-171(comprises)-171(a)-171(series)-172(of)-171(popular)-171(essays)-171(discussing)]TJ -66.055 -13.549 Td [(the)-268(problems)-268(involved)-267(in)-268(modernization)-268(of)-268(the)-268(Chinese)-267(outlook,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-232(presenting)-232(Sun)-231(Yat-sen's)-232(theory)-232(of)-232(knowledge)-232(versus)-231(action.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -33.183 Td [(IV.)-250(Works)-250(in)-250(English)-250(by)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -35.178 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 53.694 0 Td [(Kidnapped)-250(in)-250(London)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 86.034 0 Td [(,)-250(Bristol,)-250(1897.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -159.364 -23.091 Td [(Sun)-421(Yat-sen's)-421(first)-421(book)-422(in)-421(English.)-763(Expresses)-421(his)-421(Christian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(modernist,)-250(anti-Manchu)-250(attitude)-250(of)-250(the)-250(time.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -22.364 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 22.192 0 Td [(How)-250(China)-250(was)-250(Made)-250(a)-250(Republic)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 132.873 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1919.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -162.746 -23.091 Td [(A)-250(short)-250(autobiography)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen;)-250(see)-250(note)-250(in)-250(Preface.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -22.363 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 21.632 0 Td [(The)-193(International)-193(Development)-194(of)-193(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 158.298 0 Td [(,)-205(New)-193(York)-193(and)]TJ -179.93 -12.822 Td [(London,)-250(1929.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1395 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1396 0 R
+/Resources 1394 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1397 0 R
+>> endobj
+1394 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1400 0 obj <<
+/Length 4306
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(274The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Sun)-271(Yat-sen's)-271(bold)-270(project)-271(for)-271(the)-271(industrialization)-270(of)-271(China.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 279.068 0 Td [([268])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td [(First)-246(proposed)-245(in)-246(1919,)-246(the)-245(work)-246(calls)-245(for)-246(a)-245(co\366rdinated)-246(effort)-245(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(world)-255(capitalism)-254(and)-255(Chinese)-255(nationalism)-254(for)-255(the)-254(modernization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-250(China.)-250(Also)-250(called)-250(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 111.502 0 Td [(Outline)-250(of)-250(Material)-250(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 153.632 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -265.134 -32.79 Td [(V.)-250(Commentaries)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Principles)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -34.391 Td [(Li)-250(Ti)-250(tsun;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 44.117 0 Td [(The)-250(Politico-Economic)-250(Theories)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 187.662 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -251.416 -22.697 Td [(This)-265(work)-266(has)-265(not)-265(been)-265(published,)-269(but)-266(portions)-265(of)-265(it)-265(appeared)-265(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 17.25 0 Td [(Chinese)-359(Students')-360(Monthly)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 118.653 0 Td [(,)-387(XXIV,)-359(New)-359(York,)-387(1928-1929,)]TJ -135.903 -13.549 Td [(as)-282(follows:)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 51.362 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-282(Life)-283(of)-282(Sun)-283(Yat-sen,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 110.177 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.924 0 Td [(no.)-347(1,)-291(p.)-347(14,)-290(November,)]TJ -174.307 -13.549 Td [(1928;)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 28.91 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)-331(Theoretical)-332(System)-331(of)-332(Dr.)-494(Sun)-331(Yat-sen,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 199.19 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.458 0 Td [(no.)-494(2,)-352(p.)]TJ -241.402 -13.55 Td [(92,)-295(December)-286(1928,)-294(and)-286(no.)-357(3,)-295(p.)-357(130,)-295(January)-286(1929;)-304(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 258.823 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(The)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td [(Sunyatsenian)-390(Principle)-391(of)-390(Livelihood,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 170.041 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.102 0 Td [(no.)-671(5,)-425(p.)-672(219,)-425(March)]TJ -179.143 -13.549 Td [(1929.)-610(It)-370(is)-370(most)-370(regrettable)-370(that)-370(the)-370(whole)-370(work)-370(could)-370(not)-370(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(published)-283(as)-284(a)-283(unit,)-292(for)-283(Li's)-283(work)-284(is)-283(extensive)-283(in)-284(scope)-283(and)-283(uses)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-250(major)-250(Chinese)-250(and)-250(foreign)-250(sources)-250(quite)-250(skilfully.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -21.97 Td [(Tai)-505(Chi-tao)-506(\050Richard)-505(Wilhelm,)-570(translator\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 184.325 0 Td [(Die)-505(Geistigen)]TJ -184.325 -12.822 Td [(Grundlagen)-250(des)-250(Sunyatsenismus)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 128.208 0 Td [(,)-250(Berlin,)-250(1931.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -135.889 -22.697 Td [(An)-461(informative)-461(commentary)-460(on)-461(the)-461(ethical)-461(system)-461(of)-460(Sun)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(Yat-sen.)-250(Tai)-250(Chi-tao)-250(is)-250(an)-250(eminent)-250(Party)-250(leader.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -21.969 Td [(Antonov,)-221(K.:)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 53.774 0 Td [(Sun'iatsenizm)-213(i)-213(kitaiskaia)-213(revoliutsiia)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 146.508 0 Td [(,)-221(Moscow,)]TJ -200.282 -12.822 Td [(1931.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -22.697 Td [(Not)-250(available)-250(to)-250(the)-250(author.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -21.97 Td [(William,)-331(Maurice;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 77.09 0 Td [(Sun)-315(Yat-sen)-315(Vs.)-444(Communism)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 116.619 0 Td [(,)-331(Baltimore,)]TJ -193.709 -12.822 Td [(1932.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -22.697 Td [(A)-306(presentation,)-320(by)-306(the)-307(author)-306(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 145.32 0 Td [(The)-306(Social)-306(Interpretation)-306(of)]TJ -157.276 -13.55 Td [(History)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.728 0 Td [(,)-422(of)-387(the)-388(influence)-387(which)-387(that)-388(work)-387(had)-388(on)-387(Sun;)-456(useful)]TJ -32.728 -13.549 Td [(only)-250(in)-250(this)-250(connection.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1399 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1400 0 R
+/Resources 1398 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1397 0 R
+>> endobj
+1401 0 obj <<
+/D [1399 0 R /XYZ 374.173 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+1398 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1404 0 obj <<
+/Length 3545
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(275)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(Linebarger,)-259(Paul;)-260(Linebarger,)-259(Paul)-257(M.)-257(A.)-257(\050editor\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 200.268 0 Td [(Conversa-)]TJ -200.268 -12.822 Td [(tions)-250(With)-250(Sun)-250(Yat-sen)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 89.595 0 Td [(,)-250(1919-1922.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -97.276 -25.454 Td [(For)-559(comment)-558(on)-559(this)-559(and)-558(the)-559(following)-559(manuscript,)-635(see)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(Preface.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -24.727 Td [(Linebarger,)-253(Paul;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 71.017 0 Td [(A)-253(Commentary)-252(on)-253(the)-253(San)-253(Min)-252(Chu)-253(I)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 146.751 0 Td [(.)-253(Four)]TJ -217.768 -12.822 Td [(volumes,)-250(unpublished,)-250(1933.)]TJ 16.479 -13.239 Td [(Tsui,)-511(Shu-Chin,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 70.359 0 Td [(The)-459(Influence)-458(of)-459(the)-459(Canton-Moscow)]TJ -86.838 -12.822 Td [(Entente)-554(upon)-553(Sun)-554(Yat-sen's)-553(political)-554(Philosophy)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 204.755 0 Td [(,)-629(in)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 21.808 0 Td [(The)]TJ -226.563 -12.822 Td [(Chinese)-417(Social)-417(and)-417(Political)-417(Science)-417(Review)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 184.375 0 Td [(,)-459(XVIII,)-417(1,)-458(2,)]TJ -184.375 -12.821 Td [(3,)-250(Peiping,)-250(1934.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -25.455 Td [(A)-441(dissertation)-441(presented)-442(to)-441(Harvard)-441(University.)-824(Dr.)-825(Tsui)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(covers)-403(the)-402(ground)-403(very)-402(thoroughly;)-479(his)-403(conclusions)-402(challenge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-256(general)-256(belief)-256(that)-256(the)-256(Communists)-256(influenced)-255(Sun)-256(Yat-sen's)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(philosophy.)-246(Ranks)-236(with)-237(the)-236(works)-237(of)-237(Tai)-236(Chi-tao,)-240(Hs\374)-236(Shih-lien,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-398(Father)-399(d'Elia)-398(as)-399(an)-398(aid)-398(to)-399(the)-398(understanding)-399(of)-398(the)-398(Three)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Principles.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -24.727 Td [(Jair)-244(Hung:)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 43.735 0 Td [(Les)-243(Id\351es)-244(\311conomiques)-244(de)-243(Sun)-244(Yat)-243(Sen)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 153.566 0 Td [(,)-245(Toulouse,)]TJ -197.301 -12.822 Td [(1934.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -25.455 Td [(A)-436(doctoral)-437(thesis)-437(presented)-436(to)-437(the)-436(University)-437(of)-437(Toulouse,)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(treating,)-306(chiefly,)-305(the)-295(programmatic)-295(parts)-294(of)-295(the)-294(principle)-295(of)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 264.266 0 Td [(min)]TJ -264.266 -13.549 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.45 0 Td [(.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -5.814 -24.727 Td [(Tsiang)-517(Kuen;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 62.459 0 Td [(Les)-517(origines)-516(\351conomiques)-517(et)-517(politiques)-516(du)]TJ -62.459 -12.822 Td [(socialisme)-250(de)-250(Sun)-250(Yat)-250(Sen)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 103.008 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1933.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 168.379 -12.859 Td [([269])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -279.068 -12.596 Td [(A)-306(doctoral)-306(thesis)-307(presented)-306(to)-306(the)-307(University)-306(of)-306(Paris,)-321(which)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(deals)-452(with)-452(the)-451(institutional)-452(and)-452(historical)-452(background)-452(of)-451(min)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sheng.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -24.727 Td [(Li)-340(Chao-wei;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 57.008 0 Td [(La)-340(souverainet\351)-340(nationale)-340(d'apr\350s)-340(la)-340(doctrine)]TJ -57.008 -12.822 Td [(politique)-250(de)-250(Sun-Yet-Sin)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 95.887 0 Td [(,)-250(Dijon,)-250(1934.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1403 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1404 0 R
+/Resources 1402 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1397 0 R
+>> endobj
+1405 0 obj <<
+/D [1403 0 R /XYZ 46.771 143.385 null]
+>> endobj
+1402 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1408 0 obj <<
+/Length 3466
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(276The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(A)-617(doctoral)-617(thesis)-617(presented)-617(to)-617(the)-617(University)-617(of)-617(Dijon,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(concerning)-240(the)-240(four)-240(popular)-240(powers)-240(of)-240(election,)-242(recall,)-242(initiative,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(referendum.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -43.413 Td [(B.)-257(Chinese)-257(Sources)-257(and)-257(Further)-257(Western)]TJ 0 -20.516 Td [(Works)-250(Used)-250(as)-250(Auxiliary)-250(Sources.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -51.112 Td [(I.)-256(Chinese)-257(and)-256(Japanese)-256(Works)-256(by)-256(or)-257(Concerning)]TJ 0 -17.096 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -37.674 Td [(Anonymous;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 53.257 0 Td [(Tsung-li)-224(F\352ng)-224(An)-224(Shih)-224(Lu)-224(\050A)-224(True)-224(Record)-224(of)-224(the)]TJ -53.257 -12.822 Td [(Obsequies)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Leader\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 99.438 0 Td [(,)-250(Nanking,)-250(n.)-250(d.)]TJ -82.177 -13.038 Td [(Bai-ko-nan)-538(\050Mei)-538(Sung-nan\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 124.717 0 Td [(San-min-shu-gi)-538(To)-538(Kai-)]TJ -141.978 -12.822 Td [(kyu)-447(To-so)-448(\050The)-447(San)-447(Min)-448(Chu)-447(I)-447(and)-447(the)-448(Struggle)-447(between)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Capitalism)-250(and)-250(Labor\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 90.423 0 Td [(,)-250(Tokyo,)-250(1929.)]TJ -75.58 -13.038 Td [(Chung)-293(Kung-j\352n;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 72.285 0 Td [(San)-293(Min)-293(Chu)-292(I)-293(Li)-293(Lun)-293(Ti)-293(Lien)-292(Chiu)-293(\050A)]TJ -87.128 -12.821 Td [(Study)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Theory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 165.194 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1931.)]TJ -151.064 -13.038 Td [(Huang)-221(Huan-w\352n;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 74.562 0 Td [(Sun)-221(W\352n)-220(Chu)-221(I)-220(Chen)-221(Ch'\374an)-220(\050The)-221(Real)]TJ -88.692 -12.822 Td [(Interpretation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Principles)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(W\352n\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 173.686 0 Td [(,)-250(Nanking,)-250(1933.)]TJ -156.527 -13.038 Td [(Lin)-528(Pai-k'\352)-527(\050Linebarger,)-597(Paul)-528(M.)-528(W.\051,)-597(Hs\374)-527(Chih-j\352n)]TJ -17.159 -12.822 Td [(\050translator\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 48.923 0 Td [(Sun)-234(I-hsien)-234(Ch\374an)-234(Chi)-234(\050The)-234(Life)-234(of)-234(Sun)-234(Yat-sen\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 189.968 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.821 Td [(4th)-250(ed.,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1927.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -19.637 -24.448 Td [(The)-258(Chinese)-258(translator)-258(has)-258(appended)-258(an)-258(excellent)-258(chronology)-257(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Sun's)-250(life.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -23.72 Td [(Sun)-472(Fu-hao;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 56.442 0 Td [(San)-472(Min)-472(Chu)-473(I)-472(Piao)-472(Chieh)-472(\050An)-472(Elementary)]TJ -56.442 -12.822 Td [(Explanation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Sun)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 136.434 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1933.)]TJ -121.914 -13.037 Td [(Sun)-260(Yat-sen,)-263(Hu)-260(Han-min,)-262(ed)-1(.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 125.512 0 Td [(Tsung-li)-260(Ch'\374an)-260(Chi)-260(\050The)]TJ -140.032 -12.822 Td [(Complete)-189(Works)-190(of)-189(the)-189(Leader\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 121.424 0 Td [(,)-201(4)-190(vol.)-229(in)-190(1;)-209(2nd)-190(ed.,)-201(Shanghai,)]TJ -121.424 -12.822 Td [(1930.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1407 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1408 0 R
+/Resources 1406 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1397 0 R
+>> endobj
+1406 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1411 0 obj <<
+/Length 4144
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(277)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(The)-250(best)-250(collection,)-250(but)-250(by)-250(no)-250(means)-250(complete.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -22.82 Td [(Sun)-266(Yat-sen;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 54.091 0 Td [(Sun)-266(Chung-shan)-266(Yen)-266(Chiang)-267(Chi)-266(\050A)-266(Collection)]TJ -54.091 -12.822 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(Lectures)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(Chung-shan\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 139.994 0 Td [(,)-250(3rd)-250(ed.,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1927.)]TJ -125.564 -12.858 Td [(Sun)-251(Yat-sen;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 53.717 0 Td [(Tsung-li)-251(Y\374)-251(Mo)-251(\050The)-251(Posthumous)-251(Papers)-251(of)]TJ -68.147 -12.822 Td [(the)-250(Leader\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 45.744 0 Td [(,)-250(Nanking,)-250(n.)-250(d.)]TJ -30.375 -12.858 Td [(T\352ng)-346(Hsi;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 44.01 0 Td [(Chung)-346(Shan)-346(J\352n)-346(Sh\352ng)-346(Shih)-347(Hsia)-346(Tan)-346(Y\374an,)]TJ -59.379 -12.822 Td [(\050An)-368(Inquiry)-368(into)-368(the)-368(Origin)-368(of)-368(Chung)-368(Shan's)-368(Philosophy)-368(of)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Life\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 18.631 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1933.)]TJ -2.748 -12.858 Td [(Tsao)-398(K\352-jen;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 57.339 0 Td [(Sun)-398(Chung)-398(Shan)-399(Hsien-sh\352ng)-398(Ching)-398(Chi)]TJ -73.222 -12.821 Td [(Hs\374eh)-309(Sh\352)-308(\050The)-309(Economic)-308(Theory)-309(of)-308(Mr.)-426(Sun)-308(Chung-shan\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 238.891 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Nanking,)-250(1935.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -19.636 -33.64 Td [(II.)-250(Works)-250(on)-250(China)-250(or)-250(the)-250(Revolution.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -36.056 Td [(Amann,)-250(Gustav;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 67.117 0 Td [(Sun)-250(Yatsens)-250(Verm\344chtnis)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 99.724 0 Td [(,)-250(Berlin,)-250(1928.)]TJ -152.823 -12.858 Td [(Bland,)-217(J.)-210(O.)-209(and)-209(Backhouse,)-217(E.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 125.814 0 Td [(China)-209(Under)-209(the)-210(Empress)]TJ -139.832 -12.822 Td [(Dowager)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 36.71 0 Td [(,)-250(Philadelphia,)-250(1910.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 234.677 0 Td [([270])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -257.327 -12.858 Td [(Beresford,)-221(Lord)-213(Charles;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 99.908 0 Td [(The)-213(Break-up)-214(of)-213(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 89.597 0 Td [(,)-221(London,)]TJ -203.565 -12.822 Td [(1899.)]TJ 14.421 -12.858 Td [(Bonnard,)-250(Abel;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 63.28 0 Td [(En)-250(Chine)-250(\0501920-1921\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 88.757 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1924.)]TJ -152.037 -12.858 Td [(Burgess,)-250(J.)-250(S.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 58.635 0 Td [(The)-250(Guilds)-250(of)-250(Peking)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 83.559 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1928.)]TJ -141.738 -12.857 Td [(Buxton,)-308(L.)-296(H.)-296(Dudley;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 93.4 0 Td [(China,)-308(The)-296(Land)-296(and)-297(the)-296(People)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 130.614 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Oxford,)-250(1929.)]TJ 17.359 -12.858 Td [(Chen)-548(Tsung-hsi,)-622(Wang)-548(An-tsiang,)-622(and)-548(Wang)-548(I-ting;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf -17.359 -12.822 Td [(General)-608(Chiang)-607(Kai-shek:)-965(The)-608(Builder)-607(of)-608(New)-607(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 238.891 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Shanghai,)-250(1929.)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 14.255 -12.858 Td [(Chinese)-233(Social)-233(and)-233(Political)-234(Science)-233(Review,)-236(The)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 194.904 0 Td [(,)-237(Peking)]TJ -209.159 -12.822 Td [(\050Peiping\051,)-310(1916-.)-393(The)-297(foremost)-298(journal)-298(of)-297(its)-298(kind)-298(in)-297(the)-298(Far)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(East.)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 14.421 -12.858 Td [(China)-250(Today)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 51.238 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1934-.)-250(Communist)-250(Monthly.)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf -51.238 -12.858 Td [(China)-250(Weekly)-250(Review,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 105.731 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1917-.)]TJ -105.997 -12.858 Td [(The)-223(leading)-223(English-language)-223(weekly)-223(in)-223(China,)-229(Liberal)-223(in)]TJ -14.155 -12.822 Td [(outlook.)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 14.421 -12.858 Td [(China)-250(Year)-250(Book,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 87.672 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1919-?)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1410 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1411 0 R
+/Resources 1409 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1397 0 R
+>> endobj
+1412 0 obj <<
+/D [1410 0 R /XYZ 46.771 282.334 null]
+>> endobj
+1409 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1415 0 obj <<
+/Length 4541
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(278The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(A)-458(necessary)-459(reference)-458(work)-459(for)-458(government)-459(personnel,)-510(trade)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(statistics,)-270(and)-265(chronology.)-297(Perhaps)-266(inferior)-265(to)-266(the)-265(corresponding)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(volumes)-250(in)-250(other)-250(countries.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.692 Td [(Close,)-366(Upton,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 59.286 0 Td [(pseud.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 30.699 0 Td [(\050Hall,)-367(Josef)-343(Washington\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 107.541 0 Td [(Challenge:)]TJ -197.526 -12.822 Td [(Behind)-250(the)-250(Face)-250(of)-250(Japan)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 101.351 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1934.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf -86.93 -12.832 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 5.207 0 Td [(Eminent)-250(Asians)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 61.644 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1929.)]TJ -84.543 -12.832 Td [(Coker,)-508(Francis;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 68.875 0 Td [(Recent)-456(Political)-456(Thought)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 102.697 0 Td [(,)-508(New)-456(York,)]TJ -188.027 -12.822 Td [(1934.)]TJ 16.163 -12.832 Td [(Creel,)-471(H.)-427(G.;)-515(Sinism,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 94.195 0 Td [(A)-427(Study)-426(of)-427(the)-427(Evolution)-426(of)-427(the)]TJ -110.358 -12.822 Td [(Chinese)-250(World-view)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 80.264 0 Td [(,)-250(Chicago,)-250(1929.)]TJ -58.9 -12.833 Td [(Cressey,)-1130(George)-954(Babcock;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 133.406 0 Td [(China's)-954(Geographic)]TJ -154.77 -12.821 Td [(Foundations)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 49.867 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1934.)]TJ -33.771 -12.833 Td [(de)-420(Groot,)-462(J.)-420(J.)-420(M.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 83.327 0 Td [(Religion)-420(in)-420(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 73.495 0 Td [(,)-462(New)-420(York)-420(and)]TJ -172.918 -12.821 Td [(London,)-250(1912.)]TJ 14.827 -12.833 Td [(Djang,)-302(Chu)-291(\050Chang)-291(Tso\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 104.664 0 Td [(The)-291(Chinese)-291(Suzerainty)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 93.958 0 Td [(,)-302(Johns)]TJ -213.449 -12.821 Td [(Hopkins)-250(University)-250(doctoral)-250(dissertation,)-250(1935.)]TJ 15.118 -12.833 Td [(Douglas,)-338(Sir)-321(Robert)-321(K.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 99.199 0 Td [(Europe)-321(and)-320(the)-321(Far)-321(East)-321(1506-)]TJ -114.317 -12.821 Td [(1912)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1913.)]TJ -3.019 -12.833 Td [(Ellis,)-540(Henry;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 59.162 0 Td [(Journal)-482(of)-482(the)-481(Proceedings)-482(of)-482(the)-482(Late)]TJ -75.869 -12.822 Td [(Embassy)-250(to)-250(China...)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 79.179 0 Td [(,)-250(Philadelphia,)-250(1818.)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf -64.758 -12.832 Td [(Encyclopedia)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Social)-250(Sciences)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 141.888 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1930-.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -163.99 -23.419 Td [(Articles)-250(on)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 50.901 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Kuomintang)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 54.545 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(and)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 18.48 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Sun)-250(Yat-sen.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 56.356 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -189.86 -22.692 Td [(Erdberg,)-250(Oskar;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 65.46 0 Td [(Tales)-250(of)-250(Modern)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 91.785 0 Td [(,)-250(Moscow,)-250(1932.)]TJ -142.824 -12.832 Td [(Erkes,)-250(Eduard;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 61.081 0 Td [(Chinesische)-250(Literatur)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 85.758 0 Td [(,)-250(Breslau,)-250(1922.)]TJ -146.349 -12.832 Td [(Foreign)-300(Office)-300(of)-299(Japan,)-312(The)-300(\050?\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 136.146 0 Td [(The)-300(Present)-299(Condition)]TJ -151.057 -12.822 Td [(of)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 34.254 0 Td [(,)-250(Tokyo)-250(\050?\051,)-250(1932.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -41.935 -23.42 Td [(No)-200(author)-201(nor)-200(place)-201(of)-200(publication)-200(is)-201(given)-200(in)-201(this)-200(work,)-210(which)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(presents)-297(a)-297(description)-297(of)-297(those)-297(features)-297(of)-297(Chinese)-297(political)-297(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(economic)-487(life)-487(that)-487(might)-487(be)-487(construed)-487(as)-487(excusing)-486(Japanese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(intervention.)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.692 Td [(Fundamental)-232(Laws)-232(of)-232(the)-231(Chinese)-232(Soviet)-232(Republic)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 197.822 0 Td [(,)-235(The)-1(,)-235(New)]TJ -197.822 -12.822 Td [(York,)-250(1934.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1414 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1415 0 R
+/Resources 1413 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1397 0 R
+>> endobj
+1413 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1418 0 obj <<
+/Length 4258
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(279)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 33.456 -30.759 Td [(Goodnow,)-201(Frank)-189(Johnson;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 105.36 0 Td [(China:)-219(An)-189(Analysis)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 75.811 0 Td [(,)-201(Baltimore,)]TJ -194.99 -12.822 Td [(1926.)]TJ 14.421 -13.647 Td [(Granet,)-250(Marcel;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 64.908 0 Td [(Chinese)-250(Civilization)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 80.284 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1930.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 111.774 0 Td [([271])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -256.966 -13.648 Td [(Harvey,)-250(E.)-250(D.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 59.71 0 Td [(The)-250(Mind)-250(of)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 74.801 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(Haven,)-250(1933.)]TJ -135.411 -13.647 Td [(Holcombe,)-177(Arthur)-159(N.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 87.354 0 Td [(The)-159(Chinese)-158(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 92.44 0 Td [(,)-177(Cambridge)]TJ -193.315 -12.822 Td [(\050Massachusetts\051,)-250(1930.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 15.443 -13.648 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.725 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 6.741 0 Td [(The)-354(Spirit)-353(of)-354(the)-353(Chinese)-354(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 148.397 0 Td [(,)-379(New)-354(York,)]TJ -190.306 -12.822 Td [(1930.)]TJ 15.317 -13.647 Td [(Hsia)-341(Ching-lin;)-386(Chow,)-364(James)-341(L.)-340(E.;)-387(and)-341(Chang,)-363(Yukon)]TJ -15.317 -12.822 Td [(\050translators\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 57.215 0 Td [(The)-544(Civil)-544(Code)-544(of)-544(The)-544(Republic)-544(of)-544(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 181.676 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Shanghai,)-250(1930.)]TJ 14.252 -13.647 Td [(Hsieh,)-236(Pao)-233(Chao;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 70.813 0 Td [(The)-233(Government)-233(of)-233(China)-232(\0501644-1911\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 153.826 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Baltimore,)-250(1925.)]TJ 17.154 -13.648 Td [(Hs\374,)-597(Leonard)-527(Shih-lien;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 107.776 0 Td [(The)-527(Political)-527(Philosophy)-528(of)]TJ -124.93 -12.822 Td [(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 54.798 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1932.)]TJ -36.547 -13.647 Td [(Hs\374,)-735(Pao-chien;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 76.001 0 Td [(Ethical)-638(Realism)-639(in)-638(Neo-Confucian)]TJ -94.252 -12.822 Td [(Thought)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 32.883 0 Td [(,)-250(Dissertation,)-250(Columbia)-250(University,)-250(n.)-250(d.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -40.564 -27.496 Td [(Suggests)-230(the)-229(position)-230(of)-229(Sun)-230(Yat-sen)-229(in)-230(the)-229(history)-230(of)-230(Chinese)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(philosophy.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -26.769 Td [(Hu)-416(Shih;)-498(and)-416(Lin)-416(Yu-tang;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 118.024 0 Td [(China's)-416(Own)-416(Critics)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 83.751 0 Td [(,)-457(Peiping,)]TJ -201.775 -12.822 Td [(1931.)]TJ 18.218 -13.647 Td [(Isaacs,)-731(Harold)-635(\050editor\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 107.909 0 Td [(Five)-635(Years)-635(of)-635(Kuomintang)]TJ -126.127 -12.822 Td [(Reaction)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 35.063 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1931.)]TJ -17.664 -13.648 Td [(Johnston,)-627(Reginald;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 89.016 0 Td [(Twilight)-552(in)-552(the)-552(Forbidden)-552(City)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 132.476 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(London,)-250(1934.)]TJ 16.312 -13.647 Td [(Koo,)-490(V.)-442(K.)-441(Wellington;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 104.596 0 Td [(Memoranda)-442(Presented)-442(to)-441(the)]TJ -120.908 -12.822 Td [(Lytton)-250(Commission)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 76.448 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(n.)-250(d.)]TJ -62.457 -13.648 Td [(Kotenev,)-215(Anatol)-206(M.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 83.039 0 Td [(New)-206(Lamps)-207(for)-206(Old)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 76.251 0 Td [(,)-215(Shanghai,)-215(1931.)]TJ -158.34 -13.647 Td [(Kulp,)-316(D.)-303(H.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 53.456 0 Td [(Family)-303(Life)-303(in)-302(South)-303(China:)-356(The)-302(Sociology)]TJ -68.397 -12.822 Td [(of)-250(Familism)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 47.401 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1925.)]TJ -30.995 -13.648 Td [(Latourette,)-502(Kenneth;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 89.55 0 Td [(The)-451(Chinese:)-653(Their)-451(History)-451(and)]TJ -105.956 -12.821 Td [(Culture)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 30.141 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1934.)]TJ -15.72 -13.648 Td [(Lea,)-250(Homer;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 52.313 0 Td [(The)-250(Valor)-250(of)-250(Ignorance)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 92.869 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1909.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1417 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1418 0 R
+/Resources 1416 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1420 0 R
+>> endobj
+1419 0 obj <<
+/D [1417 0 R /XYZ 46.771 490.335 null]
+>> endobj
+1416 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1423 0 obj <<
+/Length 4293
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(280The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 35.166 -30.759 Td [(Liang)-362(Ch'i-ch'ao;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 73.163 0 Td [(History)-362(of)-363(Chinese)-362(Political)-363(Thought)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 150.199 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(New)-250(York)-250(and)-250(London,)-250(1930.)]TJ 14.334 -13.115 Td [(Li)-241(Chi;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 30.55 0 Td [(The)-241(Formation)-242(of)-241(the)-241(Chinese)-241(People)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 147.779 0 Td [(,)-243(Cambridge)]TJ -192.663 -12.822 Td [(\050Massachusetts\051,)-250(1928.)]TJ 16.288 -13.115 Td [(Lin)-439(Yutang;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 55.078 0 Td [(My)-439(Country)-440(and)-439(My)-439(People)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 117.037 0 Td [(,)-487(New)-439(York,)]TJ -188.403 -12.821 Td [(1936.)]TJ 18.968 -13.115 Td [(Linebarger,)-826(Paul)-711(Myron)-711(Wentworth;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 168.695 0 Td [(Deutschlands)]TJ -187.663 -12.822 Td [(Gegenw\344rtige)-250(Gelegenheiten)-250(in)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 152.037 0 Td [(,)-250(Brussels,)-250(1936.)]TJ -137.701 -13.115 Td [(Lou)-241(Kan-jou;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 55.743 0 Td [(Histoire)-241(Sociale)-242(de)-241(l'Epoque)-242(Tcheou)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 144.222 0 Td [(,)-243(Paris,)]TJ -214.301 -12.822 Td [(1935.)]TJ 18.212 -13.115 Td [(MacNair,)-731(Harley)-634(Farnsworth;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 133.64 0 Td [(China)-634(in)-635(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 87.039 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Chicago,)-250(1931.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 18.276 -13.115 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 10.991 0 Td [(Modern)-641(Chinese)-641(History)]TJ/F46 9.8629 Tf 105.236 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 8.768 0 Td [(Selected)-641(Readings)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 75.894 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Shanghai,)-250(1923.)]TJ 14.421 -13.115 Td [(M\344nchen-Helfen,)-250(Otto;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 94.497 0 Td [(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 24.114 0 Td [(,)-250(Dresden,)-250(1931.)]TJ -118.611 -13.115 Td [(Maybon,)-250(Albert;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 68.212 0 Td [(La)-250(Politique)-250(Chinoise)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 86.586 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1908.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -176.9 -24.833 Td [(Sun)-172(Yat-sen)-171(presented)-172(a)-172(copy)-171(of)-172(this)-172(book)-171(to)-172(Judge)-172(Linebarger,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(and)-250(enthusiastically)-250(recommended)-250(it.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -72.755 0 Td [([272])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 92.392 -24.106 Td [(Maybon,)-250(Albert;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 68.212 0 Td [(La)-250(Republique)-250(Chinoise)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 95.345 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1914.)]TJ -147.373 -13.115 Td [(Mayers,)-474(William)-428(Frederick;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 118.923 0 Td [(The)-429(Chinese)-429(Government,)]TJ -135.107 -12.822 Td [(A)-453(Manual)-453(of)-453(Chinese)-453(Titles,)-503(Categorically)-453(Explained)-453(and)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Arranged,)-250(with)-250(an)-250(Appendix)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 111.777 0 Td [(,)-250(Shanghai,)-250(1897.)]TJ -95.188 -13.115 Td [(McGovern,)-525(William)-470(Montgomery;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 147.298 0 Td [(Modern)-470(Japan,)-525(Its)]TJ -163.887 -12.822 Td [(Political,)-600(Military,)-599(and)-530(Industrial)-530(Organization)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 199.828 0 Td [(,)-600(London,)]TJ -199.828 -12.822 Td [(1920.)]TJ 16.501 -13.115 Td [(Myron,)-514(Paul,)-513(pseud.)-883(\050Linebarger,)-514(Paul)-461(M.)-461(W.\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 208.967 0 Td [(Our)]TJ -225.468 -12.821 Td [(Chinese)-250(Chances)-250(Through)-250(Europe's)-250(War)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 161.555 0 Td [(,)-250(Chicago,)-250(1915.)]TJ -143.55 -13.115 Td [(Meadows,)-704(Thomas)-614(Taylor;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 122.463 0 Td [(The)-613(Chinese)-614(and)-613(Their)]TJ -140.468 -12.822 Td [(Rebellions)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 41.641 0 Td [(,)-250(London,)-250(1856.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -49.322 -24.833 Td [(One)-741(of)-741(the)-740(permanently)-741(outstanding)-741(books)-741(on)-741(China;)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td [(dealing)-434(primarily)-433(with)-434(the)-434(T'ai)-434(P'ing)-433(rebellion,)-480(it)-434(presents)-433(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(extraordinarily)-346(keen)-346(analysis)-347(of)-346(the)-346(politics)-347(of)-346(the)-346(old)-346(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(social)-250(system.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1422 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1423 0 R
+/Resources 1421 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1420 0 R
+>> endobj
+1424 0 obj <<
+/D [1422 0 R /XYZ 93.543 282.742 null]
+>> endobj
+1421 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F46 1386 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1427 0 obj <<
+/Length 4089
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(281)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -30.759 Td [(Ogden,)-301(C.)-290(K.)-291(and)-290(Richards,)-301(I.)-291(A.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 137.701 0 Td [(The)-291(Meaning)-290(of)-291(Meaning)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 101.19 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(New)-250(York)-250(and)-250(London,)-250(1927.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -25.483 Td [(It)-264(is)-265(largely)-264(upon)-265(this)-264(work)-264(that)-265(the)-264(present)-265(author)-264(has)-264(sought)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(base)-250(his)-250(technique)-250(of)-250(ideological)-250(analysis.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -24.756 Td [(Peffer,)-273(Nathaniel;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 73.085 0 Td [(The)-269(Collapse)-268(of)-269(a)-268(Civilization)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 119.107 0 Td [(,)-273(New)-269(York,)]TJ -192.192 -12.822 Td [(1930.)]TJ 16.449 -13.245 Td [(Price,)-507(Ernest)-456(Batson;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 93.08 0 Td [(The)-456(Russo-Japanese)-455(Treaties)-456(of)]TJ -109.529 -12.822 Td [(1907-1916)-215(Concerning)-215(Manchuria)-216(and)-215(Mongolia)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 194.782 0 Td [(,)-222(Baltimore,)]TJ -194.782 -12.821 Td [(1933.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -25.484 Td [(Pages)-249(1-13)-249(present)-249(stimulating)-249(suggestions)-249(as)-249(to)-249(the)-249(nature)-249(of)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -11.956 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(China.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 28.789 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf -13.996 -24.756 Td [(Reichwein,)-662(Adolf;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 84.279 0 Td [(China)-580(and)-580(Europe:)-909(Intellectual)-580(and)]TJ -84.279 -12.822 Td [(Artistic)-213(Contacts)-214(in)-213(the)-214(Eighteenth)-213(Century)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 168.885 0 Td [(,)-221(New)-213(York,)-221(1925.)]TJ -152.296 -13.245 Td [(Roffe,)-525(Jean;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 56.087 0 Td [(La)-470(Chine)-470(Nationaliste)-470(1912-1930)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 138.847 0 Td [(,)-525(Paris,)]TJ -211.523 -12.821 Td [(1931.)]TJ 14.24 -13.245 Td [(Roy,)-235(Manabendra)-232(Nath;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 97.07 0 Td [(Revolution)-232(und)-231(Konterrevolution)]TJ -111.31 -12.822 Td [(in)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 34.254 0 Td [(,)-250(Berlin,)-250(1930.)]TJ -19.833 -13.245 Td [(Ruff\351,)-250(R.)-250(d'Auxion)-250(de;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 92.179 0 Td [(Is)-250(China)-250(Mad?)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 61.643 0 Td [(Shanghai,)-250(1928.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -175.924 -25.483 Td [(The)-363(author,)-392(violently)-363(hostile)-364(to)-363(Sun)-363(Yat-sen,)-392(presents)-363(some)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(details)-250(of)-250(Sun's)-250(life)-250(not)-250(published)-250(elsewhere.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -24.756 Td [(Smith,)-250(Arthur;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 60.006 0 Td [(Village)-250(Life)-250(in)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 83.026 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1899.)]TJ -128.611 -13.245 Td [(Sheean,)-250(Vincent;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 69.849 0 Td [(Personal)-250(History)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 67.67 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1935.)]TJ -136.381 -13.245 Td [(Shryock,)-394(John)-366(Knight;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 95.778 0 Td [(The)-365(Origin)-366(and)-365(Development)-366(of)]TJ -111.337 -12.821 Td [(the)-250(State)-250(Cult)-250(of)-250(Confucius)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 106.312 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1932.)]TJ -91.891 -13.245 Td [(Starr,)-250(Frederick;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 67.107 0 Td [(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 54.799 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1930.)]TJ -119.769 -13.245 Td [(Stoddard,)-521(Lothrop;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 83.41 0 Td [(The)-467(Rising)-466(Tide)-467(of)-467(Color)-466(Against)]TJ -99.968 -12.822 Td [(White)-250(World)-250(Supremacy)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 96.42 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1930.)]TJ -77.973 -13.245 Td [(T'ang)-658(Leang-li;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 73.199 0 Td [(The)-658(Inner)-658(History)-659(of)-658(the)-658(Chinese)]TJ -91.646 -12.822 Td [(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 42.736 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1930.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf -28.315 -13.245 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 5.207 0 Td [(Wang)-250(ching-wei)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 64.376 0 Td [(,)-250(Peiping,)-250(1931.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1426 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1427 0 R
+/Resources 1425 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1420 0 R
+>> endobj
+1425 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1430 0 obj <<
+/Length 4496
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(282The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 9.8629 Tf 36.167 -30.759 Td [(Tawney,)-517(Richard)-464(Henry;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 108.155 0 Td [(Land)-464(and)-464(Labour)-464(in)-463(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 114.206 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(London,)-250(1932.)]TJ 14.502 -13.147 Td [(Thomas,)-260(Elbert)-259(Duncan;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 99.467 0 Td [(Chinese)-258(Political)-259(Thought)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 103.733 0 Td [(,)-260(New)]TJ -217.702 -12.822 Td [(York,)-250(1927.)]TJ 15.153 -13.148 Td [(Treat,)-343(Payson)-324(J.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 70.959 0 Td [(The)-324(Far)-325(East)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 53.522 0 Td [(,)-343(New)-324(York)-324(and)-325(London,)]TJ -139.634 -12.822 Td [(1928.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -92.392 0 Td [([273])]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 106.855 -13.148 Td [(Trotsky,)-255(Leon;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 61.209 0 Td [(Problems)-254(of)-255(the)-254(Chinese)-254(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 142.079 0 Td [(,)-255(New)]TJ -217.751 -12.821 Td [(York,)-250(1932.)]TJ 15.135 -13.148 Td [(Tyau)-322(Min-ch'ien)-323(T.)-322(Z.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 95.936 0 Td [(Two)-322(Years)-323(of)-322(Nationalist)-323(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 127.82 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Shanghai,)-250(1930.)]TJ 15.192 -13.148 Td [(van)-328(Dorn,)-348(Harold)-328(Archer;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 108.011 0 Td [(Twenty)-328(Years)-328(of)-328(The)-329(Chinese)]TJ -123.203 -12.822 Td [(Republic)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 35.063 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1932.)]TJ -13.622 -13.147 Td [(Vinacke,)-1140(Harold)-962(Monk;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 122.748 0 Td [(Modern)-962(Constitutional)]TJ -144.189 -12.822 Td [(Development)-250(in)-250(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 88.756 0 Td [(,)-250(Princeton,)-250(1920.)]TJ -74.733 -13.148 Td [(Wang)-210(Ch'ing-wei)-209(et)-210(al.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 94.825 0 Td [(The)-210(Chinese)-209(National)-210(Revolution)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 130.043 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Peiping,)-250(1930.)]TJ 14.153 -13.147 Td [(Weale,)-228(E.)-223(L.)-223(Putnam,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 86.144 0 Td [(pseud.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 27.852 0 Td [(\050Simpson,)-228(Bertram)-223(Lennox\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf -128.149 -12.822 Td [(The)-250(Vanished)-250(Empire)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 85.472 0 Td [(,)-250(London,)-250(1926.)]TJ -58.404 -13.148 Td [(Weber,)-1853(Max;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 89.281 0 Td [(Gesammelte)-1532(Aufs\344tze)-1533(zur)]TJ -116.349 -12.822 Td [(Religionssoziologie)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 77.266 0 Td [(,)-250(T\374bingen,)-250(1922.)]TJ -62.625 -13.148 Td [(Wieger,)-278(Leon,)-278(S.)-272(J.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 82.182 0 Td [(Chine)-272(Moderne)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 61.853 0 Td [(,)-278(10)-272(volumes,)-278(Hsien-)]TJ -158.676 -12.821 Td [(hsien,)-250(1921-32.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -24.997 Td [(An)-503(enormous)-503(scrapbook)-503(of)-503(translations)-503(from)-503(the)-503(Chinese)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td [(illustrating)-250(political)-250(and)-250(religious)-250(trends.)-250(Catholic)-250(point)-250(of)-250(view.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 19.636 -24.27 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 7.961 0 Td [(Textes)-436(Historiques:)-622(Histoire)-437(Politique)-436(de)-436(la)-436(Chine)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 211.204 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Hsien-hsien,)-250(1929.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 14.965 -13.148 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 22.737 0 Td [(and)-305(Davrout,)-319(L.,)-319(S.)-305(J.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 92.576 0 Td [(Chinese)-305(Characters)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 79.172 0 Td [(,)-319(Hsien-)]TJ -209.45 -12.821 Td [(hsien,)-250(1927.)]TJ 16.399 -13.148 Td [(Wilhelm,)-501(Richard)-450(\050Danton,)-501(G.)-451(H.)-450(and)-451(Danton,)-501(A.)-450(P.,)]TJ -16.399 -12.822 Td [(translators\051;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 49.581 0 Td [(Confucius)-250(and)-250(Confucianism)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 114.528 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1931.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf -149.305 -13.148 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.725 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 5.782 0 Td [(Geschichte)-289(der)-289(chinesischen)-288(Ph)-1(ilosophie)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 163.039 0 Td [(,)-299(Breslau,)]TJ -203.35 -12.822 Td [(1929.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf 15.884 -13.147 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 7.403 0 Td [(Ostasien,)-435(Werde)-1(n)-398(und)-398(Wandel)-399(des)-398(Chinesischen)]TJ -43.013 -12.822 Td [(Kulturkreises)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 53.151 0 Td [(,)-250(Potsdam)-250(and)-250(Z\374rich,)-250(1928.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1429 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1430 0 R
+/Resources 1428 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1420 0 R
+>> endobj
+1431 0 obj <<
+/D [1429 0 R /XYZ 93.543 453.197 null]
+>> endobj
+1428 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1434 0 obj <<
+/Length 1459
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Bibliography.)-18696(283)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Perhaps)-676(the)-676(best)-676(of)-676(all)-676(works)-676(introductory)-676(to)-676(Chinese)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(civilization.)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.64 Td [(Williams,)-250(S.)-250(Wells;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 79.732 0 Td [(The)-250(Middle)-250(Kingdom)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 83.835 0 Td [(,)-250(New)-250(York,)-250(1895.)]TJ/F31 9.8629 Tf -147.588 -12.822 Td [(\024\024)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.726 0 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 7.546 0 Td [(A)-408(Syllabic)-408(Dictionary)-408(of)-408(the)-408(Chinese)-408(Language)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 195.64 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Tungchou,)-250(1909.)]TJ 14.432 -12.821 Td [(Wu)-251(Ch'ao-ch'u,)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 63.563 0 Td [(The)-251(Nationalist)-251(Program)-252(for)-251(China)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 139.795 0 Td [(,)-251(New)]TJ -217.79 -12.822 Td [(Haven,)-250(1930.)]TJ 17.641 -12.822 Td [(Wu)-576(Kuo-cheng;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 73.786 0 Td [(Ancient)-576(Chinese)-577(Political)-576(Theories)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 147.464 0 Td [(,)]TJ -238.891 -12.822 Td [(Shanghai,)-250(1928.)]TJ 15.076 -12.822 Td [(Ziah,)-333(C.)-317(F.;)]TJ/F19 9.8629 Tf 50.136 0 Td [(Philosophie)-316(Politique)-317(de)-316(la)-317(Chine)-316(Ancienne)]TJ -65.212 -12.822 Td [(\050700-221)-250(AV.)-250(J.-C.\051)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 78.065 0 Td [(,)-250(Paris,)-250(1934.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 193.322 -29.038 Td [([274])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1433 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1434 0 R
+/Resources 1432 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1420 0 R
+>> endobj
+1435 0 obj <<
+/D [1433 0 R /XYZ 46.771 350.373 null]
+>> endobj
+1432 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1436 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index58) >>
+endobj
+1439 0 obj
+(Chinese-English Glossary.)
+endobj
+1442 0 obj <<
+/Length 4150
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Chinese-English)-250(Glossary.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -34.176 Td [(The)-188(author)-187(has)-188(not)-187(sought)-187(to)-188(prepare)-187(a)-188(lexicon)-187(of)-188(modern)-187(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(political)-381(terms.)-643(He)-381(presents,)-413(however,)-414(a)-381(list)-381(of)-381(those)-380(Chinese)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(words)-331(which)-331(have)-331(frequently)-331(been)-331(left)-331(untranslated)-331(in)-331(the)-331(text,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(together)-242(with)-243(the)-242(ideographs)-242(by)-242(which)-242(they)-243(are)-242(written)-242(in)-242(China,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-416(brief)-416(definitions.)-747(Variant)-416(meanings,)-457(however)-415(significant,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(have)-291(been)-291(omitted.)-374(Peculiar)-291(definitions,)-302(to)-291(be)-291(found)-291(only)-291(in)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(present)-421(work,)-464(have)-421(been)-421(enclosed)-422(in)-421(brackets.)-763(To)-421(locate)-421(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(phrases,)-250(and)-250(discussions)-250(of)-250(them,)-250(consult)-250(the)-250(index.)]TJ/F47 10.9091 Tf 21.819 -20.758 Td [(c)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(ch\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 26.051 0 Td [(;)-250(right;)-250(rectified)]TJ/F48 10.9091 Tf -39.687 -13.9 Td [(;)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 14.478 0 Td [(chu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.753 0 Td [(;)-327(used)-302(as)-301(a)-302(compound)-301(with)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 122.428 0 Td [(i)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.033 0 Td [(,)-314(below,)-315(to)-301(make)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 77.668 0 Td [(chu-i)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 22.418 0 Td [(:)]TJ -255.778 -13.549 Td [(principle,)-250(-ism)]TJ/F47 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.9 Td [(\012)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.996 0 Td [(;)-250(power)]TJ/F49 10.9091 Tf -42.632 -13.9 Td [(\003)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(;)-250(society;)-250(guild)]TJ/F50 10.9091 Tf -27.578 -13.901 Td [(#)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(;)-250(district)-250(\050a)-250(political)-250(subdivision\051)]TJ/F51 10.9091 Tf -36.665 -13.9 Td [(\251)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(i)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.033 0 Td [(;)-250(propriety)]TJ/F48 10.9091 Tf -16.669 -13.9 Td [(\301)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 14.7 0 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.33 0 Td [(;)-396(humanity;)-397(fellow-feeling;)-396(benevolence,)-372(etc.)-543([con-)]TJ -28.03 -13.549 Td [(sciousness)-250(of)-250(social)-250(orientation])]TJ/F52 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.9 Td [(\256)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(;)-250(rites;)-250(ceremonies)-250([ideological)-250(conformity])]TJ/F53 10.9091 Tf -19.701 -13.9 Td [(\021)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(min)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.364 0 Td [(;)-250(people;)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 40.603 0 Td [(Volk)]TJ/F54 10.9091 Tf -70.603 -13.9 Td [(\015)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.818 0 Td [(;)-250(name)-250([terminology,)-250(or,)-250(a)-250(part)-250(of)-250(ideology])]TJ/F55 10.9091 Tf -35.454 -13.9 Td [(\375)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.207 0 Td [(;)-250(capacity)]TJ/F56 10.9091 Tf -34.843 -13.9 Td [(8)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(pa)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.909 0 Td [(;)-250(violence;)-250(violent;)-250(tyrant;)-250(tyrannous)]TJ/F48 10.9091 Tf -24.545 -13.9 Td [(\011)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(san)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.153 0 Td [(;)-250(three)]TJ/F57 10.9091 Tf -28.789 -13.901 Td [(\037)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 25.451 0 Td [(;)-250(life;)-250(regeneration;)-250(livelihood)]TJ/F58 10.9091 Tf -39.087 -13.9 Td [(')]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(ta)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.487 0 Td [(;)-250(great)]TJ/F59 10.9091 Tf -22.123 -13.9 Td [(S)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.942 0 Td [(;)-250(path;)-250(way;)-250(principle)]TJ/F60 10.9091 Tf -27.578 -13.9 Td [(\267)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(t\352h)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(;)-250(virtue)]TJ/F61 10.9091 Tf -26.967 -13.9 Td [(\317)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(tsu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.731 0 Td [(;)-250(unity;)-250(kinship)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1441 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1442 0 R
+/Resources 1440 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1420 0 R
+>> endobj
+1437 0 obj <<
+/D [1441 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1440 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F47 1443 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F48 1444 0 R /F49 1445 0 R /F50 1446 0 R /F51 1447 0 R /F52 1448 0 R /F53 1449 0 R /F54 1450 0 R /F55 1451 0 R /F56 1452 0 R /F57 1453 0 R /F58 1454 0 R /F59 1455 0 R /F60 1456 0 R /F61 1457 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1460 0 obj <<
+/Length 584
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Chinese-English)-250(Glossary.)-13558(285)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F54 10.9091 Tf 21.819 -30.759 Td [(\014)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(t'ung)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.731 0 Td [(;)-250(harmony;)-250(concord)]TJ/F62 10.9091 Tf -35.367 -13.549 Td [(\213)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(wang)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.64 0 Td [(;)-250(king;)-250(kingly)]TJ/F63 10.9091 Tf -37.276 -13.549 Td [(\002)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 13.636 0 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.596 0 Td [(;)-250(rhythm)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 234.973 -29.651 Td [([275])]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1459 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1460 0 R
+/Resources 1458 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1464 0 R
+>> endobj
+1463 0 obj <<
+/D [1459 0 R /XYZ 46.771 461.426 null]
+>> endobj
+1458 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F54 1450 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F62 1461 0 R /F63 1462 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1465 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index59) >>
+endobj
+1468 0 obj
+(Index.)
+endobj
+1514 0 obj <<
+/Length 2625
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(Index.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.652 Td [(P)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.066 0 Td [(ROPER)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.415 0 Td [(N)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(AMES)-342(AND)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.859 0 Td [(S)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(PECIAL)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30.623 0 Td [(T)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf 6.665 0 Td [(ERMS)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -118.613 -13.595 Td [(America)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 43.92 0 Td [(see)-250(also)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 37.57 0 Td [(United)-250(States\051,)-250(62,)-250(220)]TJ -81.49 -13.595 Td [(American)-250(Indians,)-250(124)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Anglo-Saxons,)-250(62)]TJ 0 -13.596 Td [(Annam,)-250(127)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Austria,)-250(62)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Beresford,)-250(Lord)-250(Charles,)-250(187)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Bismarck,)-250(254)-250(ff.)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Bolsheviks)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 54.85 0 Td [(see)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.659 0 Td [(Russians,)-250(Marxian)-250(philosophy\051)]TJ -71.509 -13.595 Td [(Borodin,)-250(5,)-250(7,)-250(161)]TJ 0 -13.596 Td [(Boxer)-250(Rebellion,)-250(78)]TJ 2.727 -13.595 Td [(British)-250(Empire,)-250(71,)-250(199)]TJ -2.727 -13.595 Td [(Burgess,)-250(J.)-250(S.,)-250(41..)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Cantlie,)-250(Sir)-250(James,)-250(84)]TJ 2.727 -13.595 Td [(Canton,)-250(7,)-250(66,)-250(126,)-250(233)]TJ -2.727 -13.596 Td [(Catherine)-250(I)-250(of)-250(Russia,)-250(243)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Catholic)-250(Church,)-250(54n.,)-250(122)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Chang)-250(Tso)-250(\050Djang)-250(Chu\051,)-250(186n.)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Ch'en)-250(Ch'iung-ming,)-250(6)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Chen,)-250(Eugene,)-250(159n.)]TJ 0 -13.595 Td [(Ch\352ng,)-250(state)-250(of,)-250(27)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.596 Td [(ch\352ng)-250(ming)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 50.596 0 Td [(,)-250(31ff.,)-250(83ff.,)-250(104,)-250(114,)-250(210)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -50.596 -13.595 Td [(ch'i)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.665 0 Td [(,)-250(110)]TJ -15.665 -13.595 Td [(Chiang)-389(Chieh-shih)-388(\050Chiang)-389(Kai-shek\051,)-423(102n.,)-423(158n.,)-424(163n.,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(206)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.595 Td [(Chien)-801(Kuo)-800(Fang)-801(Lo)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 113.735 0 Td [(\050see)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 26.299 0 Td [(The)-801(Program)-800(of)-801(National)]TJ -151.99 -13.549 Td [(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.055 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -54.099 -13.596 Td [(Chien)-631(Kuo)-632(Ta)-631(Kang)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 106.963 0 Td [(\050see)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 24.453 0 Td [(see)-632(The)-631(Outline)-632(of)-631(National)]TJ -143.372 -13.549 Td [(Reconstruction)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.055 0 Td [(\051)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1513 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1514 0 R
+/Resources 1512 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1464 0 R
+/Annots [ 1469 0 R 1470 0 R 1471 0 R 1472 0 R 1473 0 R 1474 0 R 1475 0 R 1476 0 R 1477 0 R 1478 0 R 1479 0 R 1480 0 R 1481 0 R 1482 0 R 1483 0 R 1484 0 R 1485 0 R 1486 0 R 1487 0 R 1488 0 R 1489 0 R 1490 0 R 1491 0 R 1492 0 R 1493 0 R 1494 0 R 1495 0 R 1496 0 R 1497 0 R 1498 0 R 1499 0 R 1500 0 R 1501 0 R 1502 0 R 1503 0 R 1504 0 R 1505 0 R 1506 0 R 1507 0 R 1508 0 R 1509 0 R 1517 0 R 1510 0 R 1518 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1469 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [186.989 431.143 245.473 440.525]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-United-States) >>
+>> endobj
+1470 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [254.56 431.143 265.469 440.525]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg062) >>
+>> endobj
+1471 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [270.924 431.143 287.287 440.525]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg220) >>
+>> endobj
+1472 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [188.811 417.962 205.175 426.82]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg124) >>
+>> endobj
+1473 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [173.375 403.505 184.284 413.225]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg062) >>
+>> endobj
+1474 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [143.069 390.772 159.433 399.63]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg127) >>
+>> endobj
+1475 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [143.069 377.177 153.978 386.035]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg062) >>
+>> endobj
+1476 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [216.684 363.582 233.047 372.44]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg187) >>
+>> endobj
+1477 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [152.768 349.986 169.131 358.997]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg254) >>
+>> endobj
+1478 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [177.008 335.529 215.8 345.249]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Russians) >>
+>> endobj
+1479 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [221.255 335.529 309.433 345.249]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Marxian) >>
+>> endobj
+1480 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [146.713 322.796 152.168 331.807]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg005) >>
+>> endobj
+1481 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [157.622 322.796 163.077 331.807]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg007) >>
+>> endobj
+1482 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [168.531 322.796 184.895 331.807]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >>
+>> endobj
+1483 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [182.767 309.201 193.677 318.059]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg078) >>
+>> endobj
+1484 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [178.229 294.755 189.138 304.464]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg071) >>
+>> endobj
+1485 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [194.593 294.755 210.956 304.464]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg199) >>
+>> endobj
+1486 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [170.047 281.149 183.684 290.869]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg041) >>
+>> endobj
+1487 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [190.044 268.415 200.953 277.274]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg084) >>
+>> endobj
+1488 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [145.197 254.82 150.651 263.678]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg007) >>
+>> endobj
+1489 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [156.106 254.82 167.015 263.678]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg066) >>
+>> endobj
+1490 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [172.469 254.82 188.833 263.678]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg126) >>
+>> endobj
+1491 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [194.287 254.82 210.651 263.678]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg233) >>
+>> endobj
+1492 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.364 241.225 219.727 250.083]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg243) >>
+>> endobj
+1493 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [182.767 227.63 193.677 236.641]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >>
+>> endobj
+1494 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [207.313 227.63 223.676 236.641]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1495 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [216.095 213.173 232.458 222.893]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg186) >>
+>> endobj
+1496 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [198.826 199.578 204.28 209.298]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg006) >>
+>> endobj
+1497 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [172.153 185.982 188.517 195.855]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >>
+>> endobj
+1498 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [176.702 172.387 187.611 182.107]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg027) >>
+>> endobj
+1499 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [161.549 158.912 172.458 168.621]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >>
+>> endobj
+1500 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [187.906 158.912 198.815 168.621]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg083) >>
+>> endobj
+1501 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [214.262 158.912 230.626 168.621]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg104) >>
+>> endobj
+1502 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [236.08 158.912 252.444 168.621]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg114) >>
+>> endobj
+1503 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [257.898 158.912 274.262 168.621]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg210) >>
+>> endobj
+1504 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [126.619 146.059 142.982 155.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg110) >>
+>> endobj
+1505 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [283.121 131.602 299.484 141.475]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >>
+>> endobj
+1506 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [315.011 131.602 331.374 141.475]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >>
+>> endobj
+1507 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [346.9 131.602 363.264 141.475]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg163) >>
+>> endobj
+1508 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 120.289 109.907 127.773]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg206) >>
+>> endobj
+1509 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [245.533 104.577 374.173 114.286]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Program-Reconstruction) >>
+>> endobj
+1517 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 91.356 159.598 100.628]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Program-Reconstruction) >>
+>> endobj
+1510 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [236.915 77.433 374.173 87.142]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Outline-Reconstruction) >>
+>> endobj
+1518 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 64.211 159.598 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Outline-Reconstruction) >>
+>> endobj
+1466 0 obj <<
+/D [1513 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+1515 0 obj <<
+/D [1513 0 R /XYZ 105.499 297.122 null]
+>> endobj
+1516 0 obj <<
+/D [1513 0 R /XYZ 105.499 256.337 null]
+>> endobj
+1512 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1596 0 obj <<
+/Length 2571
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(287)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Ch'ien)-250(Lung,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(168)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Ch'in)-250(dynasty,)-250(47)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Ch'in)-250(Shih)-250(Huang)-250(Ti,)-250(the,)-250(26n.,)-250(37)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Chinese)-250(Eastern)-250(Railway,)-250(the,)-250(201)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Ch'ing)-250(dynasty)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 71.661 0 Td [(see)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.658 0 Td [(Manchu)-250(dynasty\051)]TJ -88.319 -13.708 Td [(Chou)-250(dynasty,)-250(25,)-250(28)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Christianity,)-250(49,)-250(67,)-250(133n.,)-250(155n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.708 Td [(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 28.996 0 Td [(,)-250(107ff.,)-250(141,)-250(218)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -28.996 -13.707 Td [(chun)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 52.93 0 Td [(,)-250(100n.)]TJ -52.93 -13.708 Td [(Chung)-250(Hua,)-250(The)-250(Republic)-250(of,)-250(190)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Cohen,)-250(Morris,)-250(8n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Coker,)-250(Francis)-250(W.,)-250(147ff.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Communists,)-360(10,)-360(64ff.,)-360(66,)-360(106,)-360(122,)-360(160,)-360(161,)-360(163ff.,)-360(189,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(205,)-250(246ff.)]TJ 11.956 -13.707 Td [(Confucianism,)-336(23ff.,)-336(60,)-336(66ff.,)-336(82ff.,)-336(90ff.,)-336(106,)-336(109,)-336(113ff.,)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(210)]TJ 11.956 -13.707 Td [(Confucius)-250(\050K'ung)-250(Ch'iu\051,)-250(25ff.,)-250(60,)-250(76,)-250(97,)-250(105,)-250(261)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Creel,)-250(H.)-250(G.,)-250(23n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Cressey,)-250(George)-250(B.,)-250(127n.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Davrout,)-250(L.,)-250(32n.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(d'Elia,)-250(Paschal)-250(M.,)-250(4n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Donbas)-250(region,)-250(246)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Douglas,)-250(Sir)-250(Robert)-250(K.,)-250(243n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Dutch,)-250(the,)-250(44n.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Empress)-250(Dowager,)-250(Tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 97.243 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.498 0 Td [(Hsi,)-250(the,)-250(131)]TJ -103.014 -13.707 Td [(England,)-250(62,)-250(150n.,)-250(188)]TJ -2.727 -13.708 Td [(Erdberg,)-250(Oskar,)-250(161n.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Fascism,)-250(54,)-250(146ff.,)-250(244)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Ford,)-250(Henry,)-250(132)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.708 Td [(Four)-250(Books,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 73.025 0 Td [(,)-250(75)]TJ -73.025 -13.707 Td [(France,)-250(188)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Gandhi,)-250(M.)-250(K.,)-250(156n.,)-250(180)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Genro,)-250(the,)-250(131)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(George)-250(III)-250(of)-250(England,)-250(243)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1595 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1596 0 R
+/Resources 1594 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1464 0 R
+/Annots [ 1511 0 R 1524 0 R 1525 0 R 1526 0 R 1527 0 R 1528 0 R 1529 0 R 1530 0 R 1531 0 R 1532 0 R 1533 0 R 1534 0 R 1535 0 R 1536 0 R 1537 0 R 1538 0 R 1539 0 R 1540 0 R 1541 0 R 1542 0 R 1543 0 R 1544 0 R 1545 0 R 1546 0 R 1547 0 R 1548 0 R 1549 0 R 1550 0 R 1551 0 R 1552 0 R 1553 0 R 1554 0 R 1555 0 R 1556 0 R 1557 0 R 1558 0 R 1559 0 R 1560 0 R 1561 0 R 1562 0 R 1563 0 R 1564 0 R 1565 0 R 1566 0 R 1567 0 R 1568 0 R 1569 0 R 1570 0 R 1571 0 R 1572 0 R 1573 0 R 1574 0 R 1575 0 R 1576 0 R 1577 0 R 1578 0 R 1579 0 R 1580 0 R 1581 0 R 1582 0 R 1583 0 R 1584 0 R 1585 0 R 1586 0 R 1587 0 R 1588 0 R 1589 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1511 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [177.646 515.797 194.01 525.517]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1524 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [124.028 502.089 134.937 511.809]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >>
+>> endobj
+1525 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [173.119 488.382 184.028 498.102]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg026) >>
+>> endobj
+1526 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [197.664 488.382 208.574 498.102]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg037) >>
+>> endobj
+1527 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [192.646 474.674 209.01 484.394]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg201) >>
+>> endobj
+1528 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [147.046 460.967 219.461 470.687]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Manchu) >>
+>> endobj
+1529 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [124.486 447.259 135.396 457.132]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >>
+>> endobj
+1530 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [140.85 447.259 151.759 457.132]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg028) >>
+>> endobj
+1531 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [115.705 433.551 126.614 443.424]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >>
+>> endobj
+1532 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [132.068 433.551 142.977 443.424]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg067) >>
+>> endobj
+1533 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [148.432 433.551 164.795 443.424]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg133) >>
+>> endobj
+1534 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [178.432 433.551 194.795 443.424]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg155) >>
+>> endobj
+1535 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.177 420.706 109.541 429.673]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg107) >>
+>> endobj
+1536 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [124.988 420.706 141.352 429.673]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >>
+>> endobj
+1537 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [146.806 420.706 163.17 429.673]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg218) >>
+>> endobj
+1538 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.112 406.998 133.476 415.965]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1539 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [190.53 392.429 206.894 402.149]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1540 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [127.814 379.583 133.268 388.441]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg008) >>
+>> endobj
+1541 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [144.166 365.875 160.53 374.734]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg147) >>
+>> endobj
+1542 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [120.548 352.168 131.457 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg010) >>
+>> endobj
+1543 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [138.111 352.168 149.02 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg064) >>
+>> endobj
+1544 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [165.667 352.168 176.576 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg066) >>
+>> endobj
+1545 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [183.23 352.168 199.593 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >>
+>> endobj
+1546 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [206.247 352.168 222.611 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1547 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [229.265 352.168 245.628 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg160) >>
+>> endobj
+1548 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [252.282 352.168 268.646 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >>
+>> endobj
+1549 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [275.3 352.168 291.664 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg163) >>
+>> endobj
+1550 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [308.31 352.168 324.674 361.026]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg189) >>
+>> endobj
+1551 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [46.771 338.619 63.135 347.63]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg205) >>
+>> endobj
+1552 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [68.59 338.619 84.953 347.63]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >>
+>> endobj
+1553 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [126.33 324.911 137.239 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >>
+>> endobj
+1554 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [153.623 324.911 164.532 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg060) >>
+>> endobj
+1555 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [170.925 324.911 181.834 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg066) >>
+>> endobj
+1556 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [198.218 324.911 209.128 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >>
+>> endobj
+1557 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [225.512 324.911 236.421 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >>
+>> endobj
+1558 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [252.806 324.911 269.17 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >>
+>> endobj
+1559 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [275.562 324.911 291.926 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg109) >>
+>> endobj
+1560 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [298.318 324.911 314.681 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg113) >>
+>> endobj
+1561 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [46.771 312.736 63.135 320.22]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg210) >>
+>> endobj
+1562 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.134 296.793 182.043 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >>
+>> endobj
+1563 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [197.49 296.793 208.399 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg060) >>
+>> endobj
+1564 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [213.854 296.793 224.763 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg076) >>
+>> endobj
+1565 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [230.217 296.793 241.126 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1566 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [246.581 296.793 262.944 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >>
+>> endobj
+1567 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [268.399 296.793 284.763 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg261) >>
+>> endobj
+1568 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.199 283.947 128.108 292.805]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >>
+>> endobj
+1569 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [149.01 269.377 165.374 279.097]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg127) >>
+>> endobj
+1570 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [114.777 256.532 125.687 265.39]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg032) >>
+>> endobj
+1571 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [143.108 242.824 148.563 251.682]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1572 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [128.108 228.255 144.472 237.975]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >>
+>> endobj
+1573 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [164.479 214.547 180.843 224.267]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg243) >>
+>> endobj
+1574 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [109.628 201.701 120.537 210.56]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1575 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.861 187.132 220.225 196.863]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg131) >>
+>> endobj
+1576 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [103.268 173.424 114.177 183.297]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg062) >>
+>> endobj
+1577 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [119.632 173.424 135.996 183.297]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg150) >>
+>> endobj
+1578 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [149.632 173.424 165.995 183.297]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >>
+>> endobj
+1579 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [130.825 159.717 147.188 169.437]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >>
+>> endobj
+1580 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [99.941 146.871 110.85 155.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >>
+>> endobj
+1581 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [116.305 146.871 132.668 155.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg146) >>
+>> endobj
+1582 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [148.116 146.871 164.479 155.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg244) >>
+>> endobj
+1583 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.505 132.302 133.868 142.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg132) >>
+>> endobj
+1584 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [137.206 119.456 148.116 128.467]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg075) >>
+>> endobj
+1585 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.865 105.748 110.228 114.607]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >>
+>> endobj
+1586 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [127.508 92.041 143.872 101.052]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg156) >>
+>> endobj
+1587 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [157.508 92.041 173.872 101.052]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg180) >>
+>> endobj
+1588 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [110.228 78.333 126.592 87.191]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg131) >>
+>> endobj
+1589 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [160.814 63.764 177.177 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg243) >>
+>> endobj
+1597 0 obj <<
+/D [1595 0 R /XYZ 58.727 175.803 null]
+>> endobj
+1594 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F40 195 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1667 0 obj <<
+/Length 2922
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(288The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(George,)-250(Henry,)-250(72,)-250(136ff.,)-250(144,)-250(256)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Germany,)-250(62,)-250(100,)-250(196,)-250(254ff.)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Goodnow,)-250(Frank)-250(J.,)-250(97)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Granet,)-250(Marcel,)-250(23n.)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Great)-250(Britain)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 63.621 0 Td [(see)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.658 0 Td [(British)-250(Empire,)-250(England\051)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -80.279 -13.703 Td [(Great)-250(Learning,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 89.999 0 Td [(,)-250(74)]TJ -89.999 -13.703 Td [(Greeks,)-250(the,)-250(133)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Hai)-250(Ching)-250(Kung,)-250(the,)-250(44n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Hamilton,)-250(Alexander,)-250(77)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Han)-250(Fei-tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 46.352 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.771 0 Td [(,)-250(29,)-250(93)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -136.834 0 Td [([276])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -13.703 Td [(Harvey,)-250(E.)-250(D.,)-250(154n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Hawaii,)-250(61n.)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Hitler,)-250(Adolf,)-250(56)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Holcombe,)-250(Arthur)-250(N.,)-250(11n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Hongkong,)-250(51n.)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Honolulu,)-250(126)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.703 Td [(hou)-250(chih)-250(hou)-250(chou)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 80.901 0 Td [(,)-250(the,)-250(105)]TJ -80.901 -13.702 Td [(Hsieh,)-250(Pao-chao,)-250(45n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.703 Td [(hsien)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 23.029 0 Td [(,)-250(45,)-250(211ff.,)-250(230ff.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -23.029 -13.703 Td [(hsien)-250(chih)-250(hsien)-250(chou)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 94.232 0 Td [(,)-250(the,)-250(104,)-250(106)]TJ -94.232 -13.702 Td [(Hsin)-250(dynasty,)-250(58)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Hs\374,)-250(Leonard)-250(Shih-lien,)-250(4n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Hu)-250(Han-min,)-250(4n.,)-250(186)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.702 Td [(hui)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.941 0 Td [(,)-250(38,)-250(41,)-250(95,)-250(165)]TJ -13.941 -13.703 Td [(Hulutao)-250(port,)-250(260)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.702 Td [(hung)-250(fang)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 43.941 0 Td [(,)-250(100n.)]TJ -43.941 -13.703 Td [(Hung)-250(Hsiu-ch'\374an,)-250(58)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Hung)-250(Jair,)-250(236n.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.702 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(ideology,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 40.909 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(18ff.)]TJ -53.323 -13.703 Td [(India,)-250(90,)-250(181)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.703 Td [(International)-250(Development)-250(of)-250(China,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 180.294 0 Td [(,)-250(4)]TJ -180.294 -13.702 Td [(Isaacs,)-250(Harold,)-250(161n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Japan,)-349(28,)-349(40,)-348(47,)-349(48,)-349(51,)-349(59,)-349(63,)-348(90,)-349(170,)-349(184,)-349(188,)-348(199ff.,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(240,)-250(260)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1666 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1667 0 R
+/Resources 1665 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1464 0 R
+/Annots [ 1590 0 R 1591 0 R 1592 0 R 1593 0 R 1599 0 R 1600 0 R 1601 0 R 1602 0 R 1603 0 R 1604 0 R 1605 0 R 1606 0 R 1607 0 R 1608 0 R 1609 0 R 1610 0 R 1611 0 R 1612 0 R 1613 0 R 1614 0 R 1615 0 R 1616 0 R 1617 0 R 1618 0 R 1619 0 R 1620 0 R 1621 0 R 1622 0 R 1623 0 R 1624 0 R 1625 0 R 1626 0 R 1627 0 R 1628 0 R 1629 0 R 1630 0 R 1631 0 R 1632 0 R 1633 0 R 1634 0 R 1635 0 R 1636 0 R 1637 0 R 1638 0 R 1639 0 R 1640 0 R 1641 0 R 1642 0 R 1643 0 R 1644 0 R 1645 0 R 1646 0 R 1647 0 R 1648 0 R 1649 0 R 1650 0 R 1651 0 R 1652 0 R 1653 0 R 1654 0 R 1655 0 R 1656 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1590 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [175.775 515.797 186.684 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >>
+>> endobj
+1591 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [192.138 515.797 208.502 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg136) >>
+>> endobj
+1592 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [223.949 515.797 240.313 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg144) >>
+>> endobj
+1593 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [245.767 515.797 262.131 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg256) >>
+>> endobj
+1599 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [151.546 502.094 162.455 511.967]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg062) >>
+>> endobj
+1600 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [167.909 502.094 184.273 511.967]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1601 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [189.728 502.094 206.091 511.967]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg196) >>
+>> endobj
+1602 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [211.546 502.094 227.909 511.967]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg254) >>
+>> endobj
+1603 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [194.582 489.254 205.491 498.112]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1604 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [176.986 475.551 187.895 484.409]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >>
+>> endobj
+1605 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [185.778 460.986 250.327 470.706]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-British) >>
+>> endobj
+1606 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [255.782 460.986 292.142 470.706]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-England) >>
+>> endobj
+1607 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [200.953 447.404 211.862 457.113]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg074) >>
+>> endobj
+1608 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [160.633 434.443 176.997 443.301]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg133) >>
+>> endobj
+1609 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [201.858 419.879 212.767 429.599]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1610 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.058 407.038 213.967 415.896]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >>
+>> endobj
+1611 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [163.077 393.335 173.986 402.204]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg029) >>
+>> endobj
+1612 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [179.44 393.335 190.349 402.204]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg093) >>
+>> endobj
+1613 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.237 378.771 187.6 388.643]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg154) >>
+>> endobj
+1614 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [142.459 365.93 153.368 374.788]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg061) >>
+>> endobj
+1615 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [167.309 352.227 178.218 361.238]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg056) >>
+>> endobj
+1616 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [204.269 338.525 215.178 347.383]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg011) >>
+>> endobj
+1617 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [157.011 323.96 167.92 333.833]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg051) >>
+>> endobj
+1618 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [152.168 311.119 168.531 319.978]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg126) >>
+>> endobj
+1619 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [210.64 297.417 227.004 306.428]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >>
+>> endobj
+1620 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [182.451 283.714 193.36 292.725]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg045) >>
+>> endobj
+1621 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.982 270.012 144.891 279.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg045) >>
+>> endobj
+1622 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [150.346 270.012 166.709 279.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg211) >>
+>> endobj
+1623 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [182.157 270.012 198.52 279.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg230) >>
+>> endobj
+1624 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [223.971 256.309 240.335 265.276]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg104) >>
+>> endobj
+1625 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [245.789 256.309 262.153 265.276]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >>
+>> endobj
+1626 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [168.226 241.744 179.135 251.617]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1627 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [213.062 228.904 218.517 237.762]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1628 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [165.793 215.201 171.248 224.059]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1629 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [184.884 215.201 201.247 224.059]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg186) >>
+>> endobj
+1630 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [124.895 201.498 135.804 210.509]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg038) >>
+>> endobj
+1631 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [141.258 201.498 152.168 210.509]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg041) >>
+>> endobj
+1632 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [157.622 201.498 168.531 210.509]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg095) >>
+>> endobj
+1633 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [173.986 201.498 190.349 210.509]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg165) >>
+>> endobj
+1634 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [166.404 186.945 182.767 196.654]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg260) >>
+>> endobj
+1635 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [154.895 173.351 171.258 183.06]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1636 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [190.175 159.529 201.084 169.401]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1637 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [153.673 145.826 170.037 155.546]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >>
+>> endobj
+1638 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [158.822 132.124 169.731 141.876]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg018) >>
+>> endobj
+1639 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.371 119.283 144.28 128.141]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >>
+>> endobj
+1640 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [149.735 119.283 166.098 128.141]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg181) >>
+>> endobj
+1641 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [291.247 104.838 296.702 114.547]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1642 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [173.353 91.878 189.717 100.736]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >>
+>> endobj
+1643 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [136.871 77.324 147.78 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg028) >>
+>> endobj
+1644 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [154.312 77.324 165.221 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg040) >>
+>> endobj
+1645 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.754 77.324 182.663 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >>
+>> endobj
+1646 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [189.195 77.324 200.104 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg048) >>
+>> endobj
+1647 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [206.636 77.324 217.545 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg051) >>
+>> endobj
+1648 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [224.078 77.324 234.987 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg059) >>
+>> endobj
+1649 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [241.519 77.324 252.428 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg063) >>
+>> endobj
+1650 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [258.96 77.324 269.87 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >>
+>> endobj
+1651 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [276.402 77.324 292.765 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg170) >>
+>> endobj
+1652 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [299.298 77.324 315.661 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg184) >>
+>> endobj
+1653 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [322.194 77.324 338.557 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >>
+>> endobj
+1654 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [345.09 77.324 361.453 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg199) >>
+>> endobj
+1655 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 64.626 109.907 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg240) >>
+>> endobj
+1656 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [115.362 64.626 131.725 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg260) >>
+>> endobj
+1668 0 obj <<
+/D [1666 0 R /XYZ 93.543 393.335 null]
+>> endobj
+1665 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F40 195 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1718 0 obj <<
+/Length 2565
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(289)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F19 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -30.759 Td [(j\352n)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.331 0 Td [(,)-250(14,)-250(30ff.,)-250(72ff.,)-250(141,)-250(142,)-250(144ff.,)-250(154,)-250(263)]TJ -13.331 -13.698 Td [(J\352n)-250(T'ai,)-250(31n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Jews,)-250(the,)-250(168)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Joffe,)-250(Adolf,)-250(64)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Johnston,)-250(Sir)-250(Reginald,)-250(119)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Kailan)-250(Mining)-250(Administration,)-250(The,)-250(179)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(K'ang)-250(Hsi,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(168)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.698 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Kang)-250(T\352h)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 43.32 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(see)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.658 0 Td [(P'u)-250(Yi\051)]TJ -76.025 -13.698 Td [(Koo,)-250(V.)-250(K.)-250(Wellington,)-250(122n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Korea)-250(\050Chosen\051,)-250(48,)-250(59,)-250(70,)-250(127,)-250(200)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Kulp,)-250(D.)-250(H.,)-250(38n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Ku)-250(Hung-ming,)-250(77)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(K'ung)-250(family,)-250(90)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Kung,)-250(H.)-250(H.,)-250(122n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Kuo)-250(Hsing-hua,)-250(44n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Kuomintang,)-250(the,)-250(104,)-250(158ff.,)-250(205)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Kwangtung)-250(Province)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 98.77 0 Td [(see)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.659 0 Td [(Canton\051)]TJ -115.429 -13.698 Td [(Kuzbas)-250(region,)-250(246)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lao)-250(Tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 31.2 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.771 0 Td [(,)-250(25)]TJ -36.971 -13.698 Td [(Latins,)-250(the,)-250(62)]TJ 0 -13.697 Td [(Latourette,)-250(Kenneth)-250(Scott,)-250(91n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lea,)-250(Homer,)-250(195)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lee,)-250(Frank)-250(C.,)-250(122n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Legge)-250(translations,)-250(the,)-250(23n.,)-250(75n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lenin,)-250(V.)-250(I.,)-250(132,)-250(230n.,)-250(247)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.698 Td [(li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 6.065 0 Td [(,)-250(31ff.,)-250(104,)-250(115)]TJ -6.065 -13.698 Td [(Li)-250(Chao-wei,)-250(219n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Li)-250(Chi,)-250(86n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Li)-250(Ti-tsun,)-250(137n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Liang)-250(Ch'i-ch'ao,)-250(30,)-250(31n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lin)-250(Shen,)-250(President,)-250(122n.)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lincoln,)-250(Abraham,)-250(262)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Linebarger,)-250(Paul)-250(Myron)-250(Wentworth,)-250(8n.,)-250(84)]TJ 0 -13.698 Td [(Lotus)-250(society,)-250(the,)-250(41)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1717 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1718 0 R
+/Resources 1716 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1464 0 R
+/Annots [ 1657 0 R 1658 0 R 1659 0 R 1660 0 R 1661 0 R 1662 0 R 1663 0 R 1664 0 R 1669 0 R 1670 0 R 1671 0 R 1672 0 R 1673 0 R 1674 0 R 1675 0 R 1676 0 R 1677 0 R 1678 0 R 1679 0 R 1680 0 R 1681 0 R 1682 0 R 1683 0 R 1684 0 R 1685 0 R 1686 0 R 1687 0 R 1688 0 R 1689 0 R 1690 0 R 1691 0 R 1692 0 R 1693 0 R 1694 0 R 1695 0 R 1696 0 R 1697 0 R 1698 0 R 1699 0 R 1700 0 R 1701 0 R 1702 0 R 1703 0 R 1704 0 R 1705 0 R 1706 0 R 1707 0 R 1708 0 R 1709 0 R 1710 0 R 1711 0 R 1712 0 R 1713 0 R 1714 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1657 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [77.512 515.917 88.421 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >>
+>> endobj
+1658 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.876 515.917 104.785 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg030) >>
+>> endobj
+1659 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [120.232 515.917 131.141 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >>
+>> endobj
+1660 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [146.588 515.917 162.952 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >>
+>> endobj
+1661 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [168.406 515.917 184.77 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg142) >>
+>> endobj
+1662 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [190.225 515.917 206.588 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg144) >>
+>> endobj
+1663 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [222.035 515.917 238.399 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg154) >>
+>> endobj
+1664 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [243.853 515.917 260.217 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg263) >>
+>> endobj
+1669 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [97.956 502.961 108.865 511.819]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >>
+>> endobj
+1670 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [104.174 489.263 120.537 498.121]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1671 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [116.894 475.565 127.803 484.423]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg064) >>
+>> endobj
+1672 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [163.279 461.005 179.643 470.725]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg119) >>
+>> endobj
+1673 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [219.33 447.307 235.694 457.027]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg179) >>
+>> endobj
+1674 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [167.337 433.609 183.701 443.329]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1675 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [134.752 419.911 161.872 429.664]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Pu-Yi) >>
+>> endobj
+1676 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [164.174 406.213 180.537 415.933]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1677 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.552 392.962 144.461 402.388]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg048) >>
+>> endobj
+1678 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [149.916 392.962 160.825 402.388]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg059) >>
+>> endobj
+1679 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [166.279 392.962 177.188 402.388]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg070) >>
+>> endobj
+1680 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [182.643 392.962 199.006 402.388]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg127) >>
+>> endobj
+1681 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [204.461 392.962 220.825 402.388]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg200) >>
+>> endobj
+1682 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [115.388 378.828 126.297 388.537]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg038) >>
+>> endobj
+1683 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [130.541 365.119 141.45 374.839]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg077) >>
+>> endobj
+1684 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [121.596 351.421 132.505 361.141]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg090) >>
+>> endobj
+1685 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.81 337.723 134.174 347.443]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1686 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [131.141 324.025 142.05 333.745]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1687 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [137.512 310.327 153.876 320.2]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg104) >>
+>> endobj
+1688 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [159.33 310.327 175.694 320.2]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >>
+>> endobj
+1689 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [191.141 310.327 207.505 320.2]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg205) >>
+>> endobj
+1690 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [174.156 296.629 205.672 306.349]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Canton) >>
+>> endobj
+1691 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [127.497 282.931 143.861 292.651]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >>
+>> endobj
+1692 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [101.152 270.095 112.061 279.106]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >>
+>> endobj
+1693 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [110.239 256.397 121.148 265.255]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg062) >>
+>> endobj
+1694 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [176.588 242.699 187.497 251.557]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg091) >>
+>> endobj
+1695 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [116.283 229.001 132.647 238.012]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg195) >>
+>> endobj
+1696 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [124.17 215.303 140.534 224.162]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1697 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [163.257 200.744 174.166 210.616]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >>
+>> endobj
+1698 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [187.803 200.744 198.712 210.616]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg075) >>
+>> endobj
+1699 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [114.777 187.907 131.141 196.766]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg132) >>
+>> endobj
+1700 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [136.596 187.907 152.959 196.766]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg230) >>
+>> endobj
+1701 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [166.595 187.907 182.959 196.766]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg247) >>
+>> endobj
+1702 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [70.247 174.209 81.156 183.22]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >>
+>> endobj
+1703 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [96.603 174.209 112.966 183.22]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg104) >>
+>> endobj
+1704 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [118.421 174.209 134.785 183.22]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg115) >>
+>> endobj
+1705 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [119.021 160.511 135.385 169.37]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg219) >>
+>> endobj
+1706 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [92.37 146.814 103.279 155.672]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg086) >>
+>> endobj
+1707 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [108.123 133.116 124.486 141.974]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg137) >>
+>> endobj
+1708 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [136.279 118.556 147.188 128.276]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg030) >>
+>> endobj
+1709 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [152.643 118.556 163.552 128.276]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >>
+>> endobj
+1710 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [149.937 105.72 166.301 114.578]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1711 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [144.166 92.022 160.53 100.88]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg262) >>
+>> endobj
+1712 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [221.119 77.462 226.574 87.182]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg008) >>
+>> endobj
+1713 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [240.21 77.462 251.119 87.182]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg084) >>
+>> endobj
+1714 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [141.45 63.764 152.359 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg041) >>
+>> endobj
+1716 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F40 195 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1808 0 obj <<
+/Length 3506
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(290The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Lovejoy,)-250(Arthur)-250(O.,)-250(18n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Lynn,)-250(Jermyn)-250(Chi-hung,)-250(221n.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Macao,)-250(49)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Machiavelli,)-250(Niccol\362,)-250(26)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.707 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(machine)-250(state,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 62.411 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(54)]TJ -74.825 -13.708 Td [(MacNair,)-250(Harley)-250(Farnsworth,)-250(11n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Malaysia,)-250(186)]TJ 3.919 -13.708 Td [(Manchu)-359(\050Ch'ing\051)-359(dynasty,)-387(22,)-387(43,)-386(44n.,)-387(47,)-386(58ff.,)-387(96,)-386(111,)]TJ -15.875 -13.549 Td [(119,)-250(124,)-250(131,)-250(159ff.,)-250(167ff.,)-250(172ff.,)-250(182,)-250(190,)-250(227)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.708 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Manchukuo)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 52.113 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.571 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Manchoukuo)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 57.567 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(\051,)-250(71)]TJ -135.414 -13.707 Td [(Manchuria,)-250(2,)-250(51,)-250(201,)-250(205,)-250(260)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Mandarins,)-250(104ff.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.707 Td [(Manifesto)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.363 0 Td [(of)-250(the)-250(first)-250(Party)-250(congress,)-250(4)]TJ -46.363 -13.708 Td [(Mannheim,)-250(Karl,)-250(18n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Marx,)-250(Karl,)-250(72n.,)-250(163)]TJ 3.981 -13.708 Td [(Marxian)-365(philosophy,)-394(14ff.,)-393(52,)-394(55,)-394(70,)-393(72,)-394(81n.,)-394(106,)-394(125,)]TJ -15.937 -13.549 Td [(134n.,)-250(137ff.,)-250(144,)-250(192ff.,)-250(209ff.,)-250(236,)-250(257ff.)]TJ 11.956 -13.708 Td [(Marxism-Leninism,)-250(81,)-250(136,)-250(182,)-250(189,)-250(192ff.)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -84.711 0 Td [([277])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -13.707 Td [(Mayers,)-250(William)-250(Frederick,)-250(45n.)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Meiji)-250(Emperor,)-250(the,)-250(82,)-250(131)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Mencius)-250(\050M\352ng)-250(Tz)]TJ/F40 10.9091 Tf 83.618 0 Td [(m)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 5.771 0 Td [(\051,)-250(76,)-250(93,)-250(97)]TJ -89.389 -13.707 Td [(Miao)-250(tribes,)-250(168)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Mill,)-250(John)-250(Stuart,)-250(98n.)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Millar,)-250(John,)-250(98)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.708 Td [(min)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.363 0 Td [(,)-250(217)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -16.363 -13.707 Td [(min)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 48.087 0 Td [(,)-250(99,)-250(100n.,)-250(209ff.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -48.087 -13.708 Td [(Min)-250(Ch'\374an)-250(Ts'u)-250(Pu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 90.13 0 Td [(\050see)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 20.291 0 Td [(The)-250(Primer)-250(of)-250(Democracy)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 114.218 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -224.639 -13.707 Td [(min)-250(sh\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 44.541 0 Td [(,)-250(12,)-250(101,)-250(121,)-250(122ff.,)-250(141,)-250(180,)-250(193,)-250(236ff.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -44.541 -13.708 Td [(min)-250(tsu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 31.821 0 Td [(,)-250(36,)-250(99,)-250(120)]TJ -31.821 -13.708 Td [(Ming)-250(dynasty,)-250(96,)-250(124)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Ming)-250(T'ai)-250(Tsung,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(124)]TJ 0 -13.708 Td [(Mo)-250(Ti,)-250(93)]TJ 0 -13.707 Td [(Mohammedans,)-250(190)]TJ 2.727 -13.708 Td [(Mongol)-250(\050Y\374an\051)-250(dynasty,)-250(47)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1807 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1808 0 R
+/Resources 1806 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1464 0 R
+/Annots [ 1715 0 R 1720 0 R 1721 0 R 1722 0 R 1723 0 R 1724 0 R 1725 0 R 1726 0 R 1727 0 R 1728 0 R 1729 0 R 1730 0 R 1731 0 R 1732 0 R 1733 0 R 1734 0 R 1735 0 R 1736 0 R 1737 0 R 1738 0 R 1739 0 R 1740 0 R 1741 0 R 1742 0 R 1743 0 R 1744 0 R 1745 0 R 1746 0 R 1747 0 R 1748 0 R 1749 0 R 1750 0 R 1751 0 R 1752 0 R 1753 0 R 1754 0 R 1755 0 R 1756 0 R 1757 0 R 1758 0 R 1759 0 R 1760 0 R 1761 0 R 1762 0 R 1763 0 R 1764 0 R 1765 0 R 1766 0 R 1767 0 R 1768 0 R 1769 0 R 1770 0 R 1771 0 R 1772 0 R 1773 0 R 1774 0 R 1775 0 R 1776 0 R 1777 0 R 1778 0 R 1779 0 R 1780 0 R 1781 0 R 1782 0 R 1783 0 R 1784 0 R 1785 0 R 1786 0 R 1787 0 R 1788 0 R 1789 0 R 1790 0 R 1791 0 R 1792 0 R 1793 0 R 1794 0 R 1795 0 R 1796 0 R 1797 0 R 1798 0 R 1799 0 R 1800 0 R 1801 0 R 1802 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1715 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [195.182 515.797 206.091 525.517]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg018) >>
+>> endobj
+1720 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [215.495 502.089 231.858 511.809]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg221) >>
+>> endobj
+1721 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [140.637 489.244 151.546 498.102]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >>
+>> endobj
+1722 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.058 475.536 213.967 484.394]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg026) >>
+>> endobj
+1723 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [180.324 461.828 191.233 470.839]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg054) >>
+>> endobj
+1724 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [237.28 447.259 248.189 456.979]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg011) >>
+>> endobj
+1725 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [150.946 433.551 167.309 443.271]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg186) >>
+>> endobj
+1726 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [229.788 419.844 240.698 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg022) >>
+>> endobj
+1727 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [247.642 419.844 258.551 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg043) >>
+>> endobj
+1728 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [265.495 419.844 276.404 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1729 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [291.53 419.844 302.439 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >>
+>> endobj
+1730 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [309.383 419.844 320.292 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1731 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [337.229 419.844 348.138 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >>
+>> endobj
+1732 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [355.082 419.844 371.446 429.717]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg111) >>
+>> endobj
+1733 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 407.157 109.907 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg119) >>
+>> endobj
+1734 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [115.362 407.157 131.725 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg124) >>
+>> endobj
+1735 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [137.18 407.157 153.543 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg131) >>
+>> endobj
+1736 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [158.998 407.157 175.361 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >>
+>> endobj
+1737 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [190.809 407.157 207.172 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg167) >>
+>> endobj
+1738 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [222.619 407.157 238.983 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg172) >>
+>> endobj
+1739 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [254.43 407.157 270.794 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg182) >>
+>> endobj
+1740 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [276.248 407.157 292.612 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1741 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [298.067 407.157 314.43 416.167]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg227) >>
+>> endobj
+1742 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [250 393.034 260.909 402.34]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg071) >>
+>> endobj
+1743 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [158.211 379.741 163.666 388.752]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg002) >>
+>> endobj
+1744 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [169.12 379.741 180.029 388.752]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg051) >>
+>> endobj
+1745 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [185.484 379.741 201.847 388.752]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg201) >>
+>> endobj
+1746 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [207.302 379.741 223.666 388.752]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg205) >>
+>> endobj
+1747 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [229.12 379.741 245.484 388.752]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg260) >>
+>> endobj
+1748 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [157.611 366.034 173.975 374.892]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg104) >>
+>> endobj
+1749 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [269.418 351.464 274.873 361.294]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1750 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [183.062 338.619 193.971 347.477]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg018) >>
+>> endobj
+1751 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [159.422 324.911 170.331 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >>
+>> endobj
+1752 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [183.968 324.911 200.331 333.769]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg163) >>
+>> endobj
+1753 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [205.934 310.342 216.843 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg014) >>
+>> endobj
+1754 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [233.858 310.342 244.767 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg052) >>
+>> endobj
+1755 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [251.79 310.342 262.699 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg055) >>
+>> endobj
+1756 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [269.721 310.342 280.63 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg070) >>
+>> endobj
+1757 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [287.652 310.342 298.561 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >>
+>> endobj
+1758 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [305.583 310.342 316.492 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >>
+>> endobj
+1759 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [331.696 310.342 348.06 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg106) >>
+>> endobj
+1760 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [355.082 310.342 371.446 320.214]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg125) >>
+>> endobj
+1761 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 297.654 109.907 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg134) >>
+>> endobj
+1762 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [123.543 297.654 139.907 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg137) >>
+>> endobj
+1763 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [155.354 297.654 171.718 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg144) >>
+>> endobj
+1764 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [177.172 297.654 193.536 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg192) >>
+>> endobj
+1765 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [208.983 297.654 225.347 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg209) >>
+>> endobj
+1766 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [240.794 297.654 257.158 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >>
+>> endobj
+1767 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [262.612 297.654 278.976 306.665]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg257) >>
+>> endobj
+1768 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [195.193 283.947 206.102 292.805]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg081) >>
+>> endobj
+1769 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [211.557 283.947 227.92 292.805]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg136) >>
+>> endobj
+1770 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [233.375 283.947 249.738 292.805]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg182) >>
+>> endobj
+1771 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [255.193 283.947 271.556 292.805]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg189) >>
+>> endobj
+1772 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [277.011 283.947 293.375 292.805]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg192) >>
+>> endobj
+1773 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [229.415 269.377 240.324 279.25]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg045) >>
+>> endobj
+1774 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [194.277 255.67 205.186 265.39]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg082) >>
+>> endobj
+1775 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [210.64 255.67 227.004 265.39]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg131) >>
+>> endobj
+1776 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.975 241.962 214.884 251.693]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg076) >>
+>> endobj
+1777 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [220.338 241.962 231.247 251.693]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg093) >>
+>> endobj
+1778 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [236.702 241.962 247.611 251.693]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1779 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [160.949 229.117 177.313 237.975]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1780 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [184.6 215.409 195.509 224.267]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >>
+>> endobj
+1781 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [164.288 201.701 175.197 210.56]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg098) >>
+>> endobj
+1782 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [127.317 187.994 143.68 196.852]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg217) >>
+>> endobj
+1783 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [159.04 174.286 169.949 183.253]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg099) >>
+>> endobj
+1784 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [175.404 174.286 191.767 183.253]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1785 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [205.404 174.286 221.767 183.253]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg209) >>
+>> endobj
+1786 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [155.495 146.129 166.404 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg012) >>
+>> endobj
+1787 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.858 146.129 188.222 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg101) >>
+>> endobj
+1788 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [193.677 146.129 210.04 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg121) >>
+>> endobj
+1789 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [215.495 146.129 231.858 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1790 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [247.306 146.129 263.669 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >>
+>> endobj
+1791 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [269.124 146.129 285.487 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg180) >>
+>> endobj
+1792 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [290.942 146.129 307.305 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg193) >>
+>> endobj
+1793 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [312.76 146.129 329.124 155.838]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >>
+>> endobj
+1794 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [142.775 133.164 153.684 142.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg036) >>
+>> endobj
+1795 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [159.138 133.164 170.047 142.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg099) >>
+>> endobj
+1796 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [175.502 133.164 191.866 142.022]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg120) >>
+>> endobj
+1797 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.258 118.594 182.167 128.314]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg096) >>
+>> endobj
+1798 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [187.622 118.594 203.986 128.314]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg124) >>
+>> endobj
+1799 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [243.509 104.887 259.873 114.607]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg124) >>
+>> endobj
+1800 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [138.531 92.041 149.44 100.899]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg093) >>
+>> endobj
+1801 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [178.218 78.333 194.582 87.191]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1802 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [218.517 63.764 229.426 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg047) >>
+>> endobj
+1598 0 obj <<
+/D [1807 0 R /XYZ 105.499 422.222 null]
+>> endobj
+1521 0 obj <<
+/D [1807 0 R /XYZ 105.499 312.72 null]
+>> endobj
+1809 0 obj <<
+/D [1807 0 R /XYZ 93.543 283.947 null]
+>> endobj
+1810 0 obj <<
+/D [1807 0 R /XYZ 105.499 66.142 null]
+>> endobj
+1806 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F40 195 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1861 0 obj <<
+/Length 2697
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(291)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Mongolia,)-250(2,)-250(87,)-250(190)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Montesquieu,)-250(Charles)-250(de)-250(S.,)-250(Baron,)-250(112,)-250(221)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Mussolini,)-250(Benito,)-250(56)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(National)-250(Government)-250(of)-250(China,)-250(The,)-250(3)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -14.126 Td [(n\352ng)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 21.207 0 Td [(,)-250(107ff.,)-250(141,)-250(218)]TJ -21.207 -14.126 Td [(New)-250(Deal,)-250(the,)-250(238n.)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(New)-250(Life)-250(Movement,)-250(the,)-250(102n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 2.727 -14.126 Td [(Outline)-250(of)-250(National)-250(Reconstruction,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 175.461 0 Td [(,)-250(4)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -178.188 -14.126 Td [(pa)-250(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 27.578 0 Td [(,)-250(71,)-250(200)]TJ -27.578 -14.126 Td [(Pan-Asia,)-250(197ff.)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Pareto,)-250(Vilfredo,)-250(15ff.)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Peffer,)-250(Nathaniel,)-250(10n.)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Peru,)-250(165)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Philippines,)-250(186,)-250(187n.,)-250(200)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -14.126 Td [(Philosophy)-250(of)-250(Sun)-250(W\352n,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 126.054 0 Td [(\050see)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 20.291 0 Td [(Sun)-250(W\352n)-250(Hs\374eh)-250(Sh\352)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 87.556 0 Td [(\051)]TJ -233.901 -14.126 Td [(Piatiletka)-250(\050The)-250(Five-Year)-250(Plan\051,)-250(132,)-250(238n.,)-250(246)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Plato,)-250(79)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Poland,)-250(168)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -14.126 Td [(Political)-250(Testament,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 106.974 0 Td [(,)-250(2)]TJ -106.974 -14.126 Td [(Ponce,)-250(Mariano,)-250(97)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Portuguese,)-250(the,)-250(49)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Presidency)-250(of)-250(ancient)-250(states,)-250(the,)-250(28)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Price,)-250(Frank)-250(W.,)-250(4n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -14.126 Td [(Primer)-250(of)-250(Democracy,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 116.945 0 Td [(,)-250(4)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -114.218 -14.126 Td [(Program)-250(of)-250(National)-250(Reconstruction,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 182.127 0 Td [(,)-250(4)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -184.854 -14.126 Td [(pu)-250(chih)-250(pu)-250(chou)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 69.992 0 Td [(,)-250(the,)-250(105)]TJ -67.265 -14.126 Td [(P'u)-250(Yi,)-250(119n.)]TJ -2.727 -14.126 Td [(Radcliffe-Brown,)-250(A.)-250(R.,)-250(91)]TJ 0 -14.127 Td [(Rea,)-250(George)-250(Bronson,)-250(183)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Reichwein,)-250(Adolf,)-250(50n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -14.126 Td [(Republic,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 60.6 0 Td [(,)-250(79)]TJ -60.6 -14.126 Td [(Rome,)-250(215)]TJ 0 -14.126 Td [(Roy,)-250(Manabendra)-250(Nath,)-250(52n.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1860 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1861 0 R
+/Resources 1859 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1862 0 R
+/Annots [ 1803 0 R 1804 0 R 1805 0 R 1811 0 R 1812 0 R 1813 0 R 1814 0 R 1815 0 R 1816 0 R 1817 0 R 1818 0 R 1819 0 R 1820 0 R 1821 0 R 1822 0 R 1823 0 R 1824 0 R 1825 0 R 1826 0 R 1827 0 R 1828 0 R 1829 0 R 1830 0 R 1831 0 R 1832 0 R 1833 0 R 1834 0 R 1835 0 R 1836 0 R 1837 0 R 1838 0 R 1839 0 R 1840 0 R 1841 0 R 1842 0 R 1843 0 R 1844 0 R 1845 0 R 1846 0 R 1847 0 R 1848 0 R 1849 0 R 1850 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1803 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [106.607 515.797 112.061 525.517]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg002) >>
+>> endobj
+1804 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.516 515.797 128.425 525.517]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg087) >>
+>> endobj
+1805 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.879 515.797 150.243 525.517]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1811 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [216.592 501.682 232.955 511.391]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg112) >>
+>> endobj
+1812 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [238.41 501.682 254.774 511.391]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg221) >>
+>> endobj
+1813 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [142.377 488.407 153.286 497.418]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg056) >>
+>> endobj
+1814 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [222.035 474.281 227.49 483.139]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg003) >>
+>> endobj
+1815 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [85.388 459.413 101.752 469.013]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg107) >>
+>> endobj
+1816 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.199 459.413 133.563 469.013]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >>
+>> endobj
+1817 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [139.017 459.413 155.381 469.013]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg218) >>
+>> endobj
+1818 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [126.887 446.029 143.25 454.887]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg238) >>
+>> endobj
+1819 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [174.461 431.903 190.825 440.761]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg102) >>
+>> endobj
+1820 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [242.37 417.035 247.824 426.744]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1821 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [91.759 402.909 102.668 412.509]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg071) >>
+>> endobj
+1822 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [108.123 402.909 124.486 412.509]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg200) >>
+>> endobj
+1823 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [104.174 389.524 120.537 398.383]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg197) >>
+>> endobj
+1824 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [134.468 375.398 145.377 384.409]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg015) >>
+>> endobj
+1825 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [138.701 361.272 149.61 370.131]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg010) >>
+>> endobj
+1826 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [84.177 347.146 100.541 356.157]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg165) >>
+>> endobj
+1827 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [113.283 332.169 129.646 341.878]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg186) >>
+>> endobj
+1828 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [135.101 332.169 151.465 341.878]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg187) >>
+>> endobj
+1829 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [165.101 332.169 181.465 341.878]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg200) >>
+>> endobj
+1830 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [205.072 318.152 292.628 327.862]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Sun-Wen) >>
+>> endobj
+1831 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [201.428 304.354 217.792 313.626]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg132) >>
+>> endobj
+1832 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [223.246 304.354 239.61 313.626]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg238) >>
+>> endobj
+1833 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [253.246 304.354 269.61 313.626]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg246) >>
+>> endobj
+1834 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [86.61 290.642 97.519 299.5]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >>
+>> endobj
+1835 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [94.487 276.516 110.85 285.374]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1836 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.155 262.39 176.61 271.357]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg002) >>
+>> endobj
+1837 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.257 248.264 144.166 257.122]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1838 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [131.446 233.276 142.356 242.996]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >>
+>> endobj
+1839 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.85 219.15 214.759 228.87]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg028) >>
+>> endobj
+1840 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.257 205.886 138.712 214.744]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1841 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [181.126 191.018 186.581 200.727]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1842 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [249.035 176.892 254.49 186.601]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1843 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [152.959 162.766 169.323 172.519]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg105) >>
+>> endobj
+1844 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [94.028 149.382 110.392 158.24]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg119) >>
+>> endobj
+1845 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [166.89 135.256 177.799 144.114]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg091) >>
+>> endobj
+1846 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [158.403 120.268 174.766 129.988]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg183) >>
+>> endobj
+1847 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [141.745 107.004 152.654 116.015]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg050) >>
+>> endobj
+1848 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [124.781 92.136 135.69 101.845]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >>
+>> endobj
+1849 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [90.243 78.752 106.607 87.763]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg215) >>
+>> endobj
+1850 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [166.279 63.764 177.188 73.637]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg052) >>
+>> endobj
+1523 0 obj <<
+/D [1860 0 R /XYZ 58.727 419.293 null]
+>> endobj
+1522 0 obj <<
+/D [1860 0 R /XYZ 58.727 179.15 null]
+>> endobj
+1719 0 obj <<
+/D [1860 0 R /XYZ 58.727 150.898 null]
+>> endobj
+1859 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1916 0 obj <<
+/Length 2872
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(292The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 15.804 -30.759 Td [(Russians)-353(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 46.274 0 Td [(see)-353(also)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 39.814 0 Td [(Soviet)-353(Union\051,)-378(49,)-379(51,)-378(100,)-379(103n.,)-378(137,)]TJ -101.892 -13.549 Td [(194ff.,)-250(240)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 14.683 -13.713 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.938 0 Td [(,)-250(4ff.)]TJ -66.665 -13.713 Td [(Sharman,)-250(Lyon,)-250(1n.)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Sheean,)-250(Vincent,)-250(161n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.712 Td [(shen)-250(ch'\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 51.719 0 Td [(,)-250(100n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -51.719 -13.713 Td [(Shih)-250(Yeh)-250(Chi)-250(Hua)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 78.49 0 Td [(,)-250(4)]TJ -78.49 -13.713 Td [(Shryock,)-250(John)-250(K.,)-250(36n.)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Shun,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(97,)-250(168)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Siam,)-250(187)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Smith,)-250(Adam,)-250(237)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Smith,)-250(Arthur,)-250(40n.)]TJ 0 -13.712 Td [(South)-250(Manchuria)-250(Railway,)-250(The,)-250(179)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Soviets)-250(in)-250(China,)-250(2,)-250(212)]TJ 3.122 -13.713 Td [(Soviet)-286(Union)-287(\050U.)-286(S.)-286(S.)-286(R.\051,)-296(64,)-295(147,)-295(155n.,)-296(184ff.,)-295(189,)-295(199,)]TJ -15.078 -13.549 Td [(201)]TJ 11.956 -13.713 Td [(Spring)-250(and)-250(Autumn)-250(Period,)-250(27)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Stalin,)-250(Joseph,)-250(56,)-250(158n.)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Starr,)-250(Frederick,)-250(23n.)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Stoddard,)-250(Lothrop,)-250(197)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Sun-Joffe)-250(Manifesto,)-250(The,)-250(64)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 2.727 -13.712 Td [(Sun)-250(W\352n)-250(Hs\374eh)-250(Sh\352)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 87.556 0 Td [(,)-250(4)]TJ -90.283 -13.713 Td [(Sun)-394(Yat-sen,)-431(Mme.)-683(\050n\351e)-394(Soong)-395(Ching-ling\051,)-430(122n.,)-430(158n.,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(159n.,)-250(253n.)]TJ 11.956 -13.713 Td [(Sung)-250(Chiao-j\352n,)-250(138)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Sung)-250(dynasty,)-250(58)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.713 Td [(ta)-250(chia)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 30 0 Td [(,)-250(141)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -30 -13.713 Td [(ta)-250(t'ung)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 32.945 0 Td [(,)-250(120,)-250(210,)-250(261)]TJ/F16 7.9701 Tf -117.656 0 Td [([278])]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 84.711 -13.713 Td [(Tagore,)-250(Sir)-250(Rabindranath,)-250(132,)-250(156n.)]TJ 0 -13.712 Td [(Tai)-250(Chi-tao,)-250(69)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Tai-p'ing)-250(Rebellion,)-250(the,)-250(50,)-250(58,)-250(172)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(Taiwan)-250(\050Formosa\051,)-250(44n.,)-250(51n.)]TJ 0 -13.713 Td [(T'ang)-250(Liang-li)-250(\050T'ang)-250(Leang-li\051,)-250(5n.,)-250(56n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.713 Td [(tang)-250(pu)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 33.032 0 Td [(,)-250(164)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1915 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1916 0 R
+/Resources 1914 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1862 0 R
+/Annots [ 1851 0 R 1852 0 R 1853 0 R 1854 0 R 1855 0 R 1856 0 R 1857 0 R 1858 0 R 1864 0 R 1865 0 R 1866 0 R 1867 0 R 1868 0 R 1869 0 R 1870 0 R 1871 0 R 1872 0 R 1873 0 R 1874 0 R 1875 0 R 1876 0 R 1877 0 R 1878 0 R 1879 0 R 1880 0 R 1881 0 R 1882 0 R 1883 0 R 1884 0 R 1885 0 R 1886 0 R 1887 0 R 1888 0 R 1889 0 R 1890 0 R 1891 0 R 1892 0 R 1893 0 R 1894 0 R 1895 0 R 1896 0 R 1897 0 R 1898 0 R 1899 0 R 1900 0 R 1901 0 R 1902 0 R 1903 0 R 1904 0 R 1905 0 R 1906 0 R 1907 0 R 1908 0 R 1909 0 R 1910 0 R 1911 0 R 1912 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1851 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [195.435 516.244 254.44 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Soviet-Union) >>
+>> endobj
+1852 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [264.929 516.244 275.839 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg049) >>
+>> endobj
+1853 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [282.695 516.244 293.604 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg051) >>
+>> endobj
+1854 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [300.46 516.244 316.824 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1855 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [323.68 516.244 340.044 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg103) >>
+>> endobj
+1856 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [355.082 516.244 371.446 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg137) >>
+>> endobj
+1857 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 503.11 109.907 511.968]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg194) >>
+>> endobj
+1858 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [125.354 503.11 141.718 511.968]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg240) >>
+>> endobj
+1864 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [177.618 489.397 183.073 498.364]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1865 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [178.218 474.822 183.673 484.542]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg001) >>
+>> endobj
+1866 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [182.451 461.971 198.815 470.829]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg161) >>
+>> endobj
+1867 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [162.673 448.258 179.037 457.225]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1868 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [189.444 434.545 194.898 443.513]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1869 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [186.706 419.971 197.615 429.691]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg036) >>
+>> endobj
+1870 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [193.066 406.269 203.975 415.978]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1871 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [209.429 406.269 225.793 415.978]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1872 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [133.382 393.407 149.746 402.265]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg187) >>
+>> endobj
+1873 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [169.142 379.694 185.506 388.552]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg237) >>
+>> endobj
+1874 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.564 365.981 182.473 374.839]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg040) >>
+>> endobj
+1875 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [247.906 351.406 264.269 361.126]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg179) >>
+>> endobj
+1876 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [183.084 338.555 188.538 347.414]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg002) >>
+>> endobj
+1877 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [193.993 338.555 210.356 347.414]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg212) >>
+>> endobj
+1878 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [230.799 324.428 241.708 333.853]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg064) >>
+>> endobj
+1879 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [247.657 324.428 264.021 333.853]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg147) >>
+>> endobj
+1880 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [269.97 324.428 286.333 333.853]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg155) >>
+>> endobj
+1881 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [300.464 324.428 316.828 333.853]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg184) >>
+>> endobj
+1882 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [332.77 324.428 349.133 333.853]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg189) >>
+>> endobj
+1883 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [355.082 324.428 371.446 333.853]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg199) >>
+>> endobj
+1884 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 312.668 109.907 320.151]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg201) >>
+>> endobj
+1885 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [228.226 296.719 239.135 306.439]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg027) >>
+>> endobj
+1886 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.564 283.017 182.473 292.878]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg056) >>
+>> endobj
+1887 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [187.927 283.017 204.291 292.878]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >>
+>> endobj
+1888 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [179.418 270.155 190.327 279.013]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >>
+>> endobj
+1889 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [190.949 255.591 207.313 265.3]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg197) >>
+>> endobj
+1890 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [222.749 242.729 233.658 251.587]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg064) >>
+>> endobj
+1891 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [201.237 229.016 206.691 237.983]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1892 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [314.932 214.442 331.296 224.314]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1893 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [346.9 214.442 363.264 224.314]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg158) >>
+>> endobj
+1894 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.543 201.754 109.907 210.765]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >>
+>> endobj
+1895 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [123.543 201.754 139.907 210.765]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg253) >>
+>> endobj
+1896 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [179.135 187.179 195.498 196.899]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg138) >>
+>> endobj
+1897 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [170.048 173.467 180.957 183.339]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1898 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [140.953 160.616 157.317 169.583]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg141) >>
+>> endobj
+1899 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [143.898 146.161 160.262 155.761]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg120) >>
+>> endobj
+1900 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [165.717 146.161 182.08 155.761]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg210) >>
+>> endobj
+1901 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [187.535 146.161 203.898 155.761]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg261) >>
+>> endobj
+1902 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [221.538 132.328 237.902 142.201]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg132) >>
+>> endobj
+1903 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [243.356 132.328 259.72 142.201]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg156) >>
+>> endobj
+1904 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [160.949 119.477 171.858 128.335]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg069) >>
+>> endobj
+1905 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [214.426 104.902 225.335 114.775]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg050) >>
+>> endobj
+1906 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [230.789 104.902 241.698 114.775]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1907 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [247.153 104.902 263.516 114.775]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg172) >>
+>> endobj
+1908 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [191.844 91.637 202.753 101.062]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1909 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [216.389 91.637 227.298 101.062]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg051) >>
+>> endobj
+1910 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [247.273 77.477 252.727 87.349]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg005) >>
+>> endobj
+1911 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [266.364 77.477 277.273 87.349]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg056) >>
+>> endobj
+1912 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [143.986 63.884 160.349 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg164) >>
+>> endobj
+1520 0 obj <<
+/D [1915 0 R /XYZ 105.499 518.175 null]
+>> endobj
+1917 0 obj <<
+/D [1915 0 R /XYZ 105.499 490.913 null]
+>> endobj
+1918 0 obj <<
+/D [1915 0 R /XYZ 105.499 326.359 null]
+>> endobj
+1863 0 obj <<
+/D [1915 0 R /XYZ 105.499 230.533 null]
+>> endobj
+1919 0 obj <<
+/D [1915 0 R /XYZ 93.543 146.161 null]
+>> endobj
+1914 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+1968 0 obj <<
+/Length 2479
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(Index.)-21697(293)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Taoism,)-250(25)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Tao)-250(Kuang,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(243)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Tawney,)-250(R.)-250(H.,)-250(45n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.703 Td [(t\352h)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.058 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(t\352)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.876 0 Td [(\051,)-250(31ff.)]TJ -27.567 -13.702 Td [(Thomas,)-250(Elbert)-250(Duncan,)-250(25n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Tibet,)-250(2,)-250(190)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Triad)-250(Society,)-250(the,)-250(41)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.702 Td [(Triple)-250(Demism,)-250(The)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 89.694 0 Td [(\050see)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 20.291 0 Td [(San)-250(Min)-250(Chu)-250(I)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 63.938 0 Td [(\051)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -173.923 -13.703 Td [(Ts'an)-250(Yi)-250(Y\374an)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 60.534 0 Td [(,)-250(the,)-250(228)]TJ -60.534 -13.702 Td [(Tsao)-250(Kun,)-250(119n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Tsiang)-250(Kuen,)-250(236n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Tsinanfu,)-250(205)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Tsui)-250(Shu-chin)-250(10n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.703 Td [(Tsung)-250(Li)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 38.498 0 Td [(,)-250(162)]TJ -38.498 -13.703 Td [(Tung)-250(Meng)-250(Hui,)-250(136ff.)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Turkey,)-250(199,)-250(201)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Tyau,)-250(Minch'ien)-250(T.)-250(Z.,)-250(5n.)]TJ 2.887 -13.702 Td [(United)-265(States)-264(of)-265(America,)-268(The,)-268(79,)-269(97,)-268(112,)-268(130,)-269(187n.,)-268(188,)]TJ -14.842 -13.55 Td [(199,)-250(205)]TJ 11.955 -13.702 Td [(Versailles)-250(Conference,)-250(the,)-250(190)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Vilenskii)-250(\050Sibiriakov\051,)-250(V.,)-250(4n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Vinacke,)-250(Harold)-250(Monk,)-250(227n.)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Vladislavich,)-250(243)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Wang)-250(An-shih,)-250(58)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Wang)-250(Ch'ing-wei,)-250(5,)-250(164,)-250(206)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Wang)-250(Mang,)-250(58)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.703 Td [(wang)-250(tao)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 40.309 0 Td [(,)-250(71)]TJ -40.309 -13.702 Td [(Wang)-250(Yang-ming,)-250(80n.,)-250(84)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Warring)-250(States,)-250(the)-250(Age)-250(of,)-250(27)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Washington)-250(Conference,)-250(the,)-250(188)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Weale,)-250(Putnam)-250(\050B.)-250(L.)-250(Simpson\051,)-250(50,)-250(225)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(Weber,)-250(Max,)-250(15)]TJ 0 -13.702 Td [(Wei)-250(Yung,)-250(4n.)]TJ 0 -13.703 Td [(W\352n)-250(Wang,)-250(the,)-250(168)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+1967 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 1968 0 R
+/Resources 1966 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1862 0 R
+/Annots [ 1913 0 R 1920 0 R 1921 0 R 1922 0 R 1923 0 R 1924 0 R 1925 0 R 1926 0 R 1927 0 R 1928 0 R 1929 0 R 1930 0 R 1931 0 R 1932 0 R 1933 0 R 1934 0 R 1935 0 R 1936 0 R 1937 0 R 1938 0 R 1939 0 R 1940 0 R 1941 0 R 1942 0 R 1943 0 R 1944 0 R 1945 0 R 1946 0 R 1947 0 R 1948 0 R 1949 0 R 1950 0 R 1951 0 R 1952 0 R 1953 0 R 1954 0 R 1955 0 R 1956 0 R 1957 0 R 1958 0 R 1959 0 R 1960 0 R 1961 0 R 1962 0 R 1963 0 R 1964 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1913 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [96.908 516.659 107.817 525.67]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >>
+>> endobj
+1920 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [172.639 502.094 189.003 511.814]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg243) >>
+>> endobj
+1921 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [128.108 488.392 139.017 498.264]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg045) >>
+>> endobj
+1922 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [95.381 475.136 106.29 484.518]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >>
+>> endobj
+1923 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [168.101 461.848 179.01 470.859]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg025) >>
+>> endobj
+1924 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [87.21 448.146 92.665 457.004]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg002) >>
+>> endobj
+1925 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [98.119 448.146 114.483 457.004]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1926 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [142.05 433.581 152.959 443.301]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg041) >>
+>> endobj
+1927 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [168.712 419.999 232.65 429.708]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-San-Min) >>
+>> endobj
+1928 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [143.501 407.038 159.865 415.896]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg228) >>
+>> endobj
+1929 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [106.901 393.335 123.265 402.193]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg119) >>
+>> endobj
+1930 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [120.232 378.771 136.596 388.491]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg236) >>
+>> endobj
+1931 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [102.963 365.93 119.327 374.941]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg205) >>
+>> endobj
+1932 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [122.97 353.602 133.879 361.085]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg010) >>
+>> endobj
+1933 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [102.679 337.783 119.043 347.383]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg162) >>
+>> endobj
+1934 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [134.479 323.96 150.843 333.68]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg136) >>
+>> endobj
+1935 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [95.687 310.258 112.05 319.978]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg199) >>
+>> endobj
+1936 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [117.505 310.258 133.868 319.978]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg201) >>
+>> endobj
+1937 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [160.072 296.555 165.526 306.428]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg005) >>
+>> endobj
+1938 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [200.949 283.714 211.858 292.572]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg079) >>
+>> endobj
+1939 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [217.512 283.714 228.422 292.572]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1940 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [234.076 283.714 250.439 292.572]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg112) >>
+>> endobj
+1941 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [256.093 283.714 272.457 292.572]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg130) >>
+>> endobj
+1942 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [278.111 283.714 294.475 292.572]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg187) >>
+>> endobj
+1943 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [308.31 283.714 324.674 292.572]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >>
+>> endobj
+1944 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [46.771 270.165 63.135 279.176]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg199) >>
+>> endobj
+1945 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [68.59 270.165 84.953 279.176]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg205) >>
+>> endobj
+1946 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [179.599 256.462 195.963 265.321]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1947 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [175.694 242.345 181.148 251.618]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1948 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [165.068 229.057 181.432 237.915]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg227) >>
+>> endobj
+1949 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [119.327 215.355 135.69 224.213]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg243) >>
+>> endobj
+1950 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [128.108 200.79 139.017 210.663]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1951 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [140.981 187.087 146.436 196.96]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg005) >>
+>> endobj
+1952 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [151.89 187.087 168.254 196.96]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg164) >>
+>> endobj
+1953 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [173.708 187.087 190.072 196.96]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg206) >>
+>> endobj
+1954 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [118.41 173.385 129.319 183.258]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg058) >>
+>> endobj
+1955 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [104.49 159.802 115.399 169.402]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg071) >>
+>> endobj
+1956 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [142.65 145.98 153.559 155.7]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg080) >>
+>> endobj
+1957 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [167.196 145.98 178.105 155.7]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg084) >>
+>> endobj
+1958 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [180.821 132.277 191.73 141.997]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg027) >>
+>> endobj
+1959 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [188.697 118.574 205.061 128.294]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg188) >>
+>> endobj
+1960 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.872 104.883 214.781 114.744]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg050) >>
+>> endobj
+1961 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [220.235 104.883 236.599 114.744]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg225) >>
+>> endobj
+1962 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [118.705 92.031 129.614 101.042]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg015) >>
+>> endobj
+1963 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [109.323 77.466 114.777 87.186]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1964 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [132.341 63.764 148.705 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg168) >>
+>> endobj
+1519 0 obj <<
+/D [1967 0 R /XYZ 58.727 285.231 null]
+>> endobj
+1966 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2001 0 obj <<
+/Length 1767
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(294The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Wieger,)-250(Leon,)-250(32n.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wilhelm,)-250(Richard,)-250(23n.,)-250(68)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(William,)-250(Maurice,)-250(10,)-250(72,)-250(142ff.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Williams,)-250(S.)-250(Wells,)-250(44,)-250(122n.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Wilson,)-250(Woodrow,)-250(6,)-250(190)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wittfogel,)-250(Karl,)-250(4n.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wou)-250(Saofong,)-250(111n.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Wu)-250(Pei-fu,)-250(222n.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yangtze)-250(river)-250(\050the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 82.09 0 Td [(Ch'ang)-250(Chiang)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 66.284 0 Td [(\051,)-250(100)]TJ -148.374 -13.55 Td [(Yao,)-250(the)-250(Emperor,)-250(76,)-250(97,)-250(219,)-250(233)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Yellow)-250(river)-250(\050the)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 77.858 0 Td [(Huang)-250(Ho)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 45.752 0 Td [(\051,)-250(100)]TJ -123.61 -13.549 Td [(Yen)-250(Shing)-250(Kung,)-250(the,)-250(44n.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(yi)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.603 0 Td [(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 3.633 0 Td [(i)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 3.033 0 Td [(\051,)-250(31ff.)]TJ -17.269 -13.549 Td [(Yoshemitsu,)-250(the)-250(Ashikaga)-250(Shogun,)-250(183)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Yuan,)-250(the)-250(Five,)-250(224)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Y\374an)-250(dynasty)-250(\050)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 66.654 0 Td [(see)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 16.658 0 Td [(Mongol)-250(dynasty\051)]TJ -83.312 -13.549 Td [(Y\374an)-250(Shih-k'ai,)-250(159,)-250(166,)-250(173,)-250(183,)-250(220,)-250(251)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(y\374eh)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 20.596 0 Td [(,)-250(91ff.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2000 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2001 0 R
+/Resources 1999 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1862 0 R
+/Annots [ 1965 0 R 1969 0 R 1970 0 R 1971 0 R 1972 0 R 1973 0 R 1974 0 R 1975 0 R 1976 0 R 1977 0 R 1978 0 R 1979 0 R 1980 0 R 1981 0 R 1982 0 R 1983 0 R 1984 0 R 1985 0 R 1986 0 R 1987 0 R 1988 0 R 1989 0 R 1990 0 R 1991 0 R 1992 0 R 1993 0 R 1994 0 R 1995 0 R 1996 0 R 1997 0 R 1998 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+1965 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [170.931 515.797 181.84 525.517]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg032) >>
+>> endobj
+1969 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [189.127 503.11 200.037 511.968]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg023) >>
+>> endobj
+1970 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [213.673 503.11 224.582 511.968]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg068) >>
+>> endobj
+1971 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [188.517 489.56 199.426 498.419]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg010) >>
+>> endobj
+1972 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [204.88 489.56 215.789 498.419]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg072) >>
+>> endobj
+1973 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [221.244 489.56 237.607 498.419]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg142) >>
+>> endobj
+1974 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [193.382 476.011 204.291 484.869]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1975 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [209.746 476.011 226.109 484.869]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg122) >>
+>> endobj
+1976 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [191.549 462.462 197.004 471.32]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg006) >>
+>> endobj
+1977 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [202.458 462.462 218.822 471.32]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg190) >>
+>> endobj
+1978 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [177.607 448.051 183.062 457.771]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg004) >>
+>> endobj
+1979 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [171.248 434.502 187.611 444.222]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg111) >>
+>> endobj
+1980 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [156.095 421.814 172.458 430.673]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg222) >>
+>> endobj
+1981 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [262.96 407.403 279.324 417.232]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1982 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [188.811 393.865 199.72 403.574]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg076) >>
+>> endobj
+1983 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [205.175 393.865 216.084 403.574]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg097) >>
+>> endobj
+1984 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [221.538 393.865 237.902 403.574]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg219) >>
+>> endobj
+1985 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [243.356 393.865 259.72 403.574]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg233) >>
+>> endobj
+1986 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [238.197 380.425 254.56 390.025]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg100) >>
+>> endobj
+1987 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [203.069 366.756 213.978 376.476]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg044) >>
+>> endobj
+1988 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [131.855 353.327 142.764 362.927]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg031) >>
+>> endobj
+1989 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [261.858 339.657 278.222 349.377]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg183) >>
+>> endobj
+1990 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [175.491 326.97 191.855 335.828]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg224) >>
+>> endobj
+1991 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [188.811 312.559 260.026 322.279]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Index-Mongol) >>
+>> endobj
+1992 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [176.244 299.872 192.607 308.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg159) >>
+>> endobj
+1993 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [198.062 299.872 214.426 308.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg166) >>
+>> endobj
+1994 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [219.88 299.872 236.244 308.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg173) >>
+>> endobj
+1995 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [241.698 299.872 258.062 308.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg183) >>
+>> endobj
+1996 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [263.516 299.872 279.88 308.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg220) >>
+>> endobj
+1997 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [285.335 299.872 301.698 308.882]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg251) >>
+>> endobj
+1998 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [131.549 285.581 142.459 295.29]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (Pg091) >>
+>> endobj
+1999 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2002 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index60) >>
+endobj
+2005 0 obj
+(Footnotes)
+endobj
+2008 0 obj <<
+/Length 96
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Footnotes)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2007 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2008 0 R
+/Resources 2006 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1862 0 R
+>> endobj
+2009 0 obj <<
+/D [2007 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+2003 0 obj <<
+/D [2007 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+2006 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2012 0 obj <<
+/Length 32
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+endstream
+endobj
+2011 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2012 0 R
+/Resources 2010 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 1862 0 R
+>> endobj
+2010 0 obj <<
+/ProcSet [ /PDF ]
+>> endobj
+2015 0 obj <<
+/Length 317
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td [(***END)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(PROJECT)-500(GUTENBERG)-500(EBOOK)-500(THE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(POLITICAL)-500(DOCTRINES)-500(OF)-500(SUN)-500(YAT-SEN:)-500(AN)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(EXPOSITION)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(SAN)-500(MIN)-500(CHU)-500(I***)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2014 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2015 0 R
+/Resources 2013 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2017 0 R
+>> endobj
+2016 0 obj <<
+/D [2014 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+2013 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2020 0 obj <<
+/Length 32
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+endstream
+endobj
+2019 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2020 0 R
+/Resources 2018 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2017 0 R
+>> endobj
+2018 0 obj <<
+/ProcSet [ /PDF ]
+>> endobj
+2021 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index61) >>
+endobj
+2024 0 obj
+(Credits)
+endobj
+2027 0 obj <<
+/Length 445
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(Credits)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -37.877 Td [(April)-250(2,)-250(2012)]TJ 43.637 -19.003 Td [(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(TEI)-250(edition)-250(1)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Produced)-944(by)-944(Adam)-944(Buchbinder,)-1117(David)-944(King,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-603(the)-602(Online)-603(Distributed)-603(Proofreading)-603(Team)-602(at)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(<http://www.pgdp.net/>.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2026 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2027 0 R
+/Resources 2025 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2017 0 R
+>> endobj
+2022 0 obj <<
+/D [2026 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+2025 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2030 0 obj <<
+/Length 32
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+endstream
+endobj
+2029 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2030 0 R
+/Resources 2028 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2017 0 R
+>> endobj
+2028 0 obj <<
+/ProcSet [ /PDF ]
+>> endobj
+2031 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index62) >>
+endobj
+2034 0 obj
+(A Word from Project Gutenberg)
+endobj
+2038 0 obj <<
+/Length 3056
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td [(A)-250(Word)-250(from)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -32.422 Td [(This)-250(file)-250(should)-250(be)-250(named)-250(39356-pdf.pdf)-250(or)-250(39356-pdf.zip.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(This)-291(and)-291(all)-291(associated)-291(files)-291(of)-291(various)-291(formats)-291(will)-291(be)-290(found)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(in:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.64 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/3/5/39356/)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -23.368 Td [(Updated)-447(editions)-446(will)-447(replace)-447(the)-447(previous)-446(one)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 220.746 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.782 0 Td [(the)-447(old)]TJ -248.484 -13.549 Td [(editions)-250(will)-250(be)-250(renamed.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(Creating)-308(the)-308(works)-308(from)-308(public)-308(domain)-308(print)-308(editions)-308(means)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(that)-220(no)-220(one)-219(owns)-220(a)-220(United)-220(States)-220(copyright)-219(in)-220(these)-220(works,)-226(so)-219(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)-324(\050and)-325(you!\051)-473(can)-325(copy)-324(and)-325(distribute)-324(it)-325(in)-324(the)-324(United)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(States)-163(without)-163(permission)-163(and)-163(without)-163(paying)-163(copyright)-163(royalties.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Special)-298(rules,)-310(set)-299(forth)-298(in)-298(the)-298(General)-298(Terms)-299(of)-298(Use)-298(part)-298(of)-298(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(license,)-360(apply)-337(to)-338(copying)-338(and)-337(distributing)-338(Project)-337(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-247(works)-246(to)-247(protect)-246(the)-247(Project)-246(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 214.88 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.381 0 Td [(concept)-247(and)]TJ -228.261 -13.549 Td [(trademark.)-243(Project)-228(Gutenberg)-227(is)-228(a)-228(registered)-228(trademark,)-233(and)-227(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(not)-394(be)-394(used)-394(if)-393(you)-394(charge)-394(for)-394(the)-394(eBooks,)-430(unless)-394(you)-393(receive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(specific)-377(permission.)-630(If)-377(you)-377(do)-377(not)-377(charge)-377(anything)-377(for)-376(copies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-468(this)-468(eBook,)-523(complying)-468(with)-468(the)-467(rules)-468(is)-468(very)-468(easy.)-904(You)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(may)-329(use)-329(this)-329(eBook)-329(for)-329(nearly)-329(any)-329(purpose)-329(such)-329(as)-329(creation)-328(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(derivative)-251(works,)-252(reports,)-251(performances)-251(and)-251(research.)-253(They)-251(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(be)-152(modified)-152(and)-152(printed)-153(and)-152(given)-152(away)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 170.977 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.569 0 Td [(you)-152(may)-152(do)-152(practically)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf -183.546 -13.549 Td [(anything)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 41.786 0 Td [(with)-330(public)-331(domain)-330(eBooks.)-491(Redistribution)-331(is)-330(subject)]TJ -41.786 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(the)-250(trademark)-250(license,)-250(especially)-250(commercial)-250(redistribution.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2037 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2038 0 R
+/Resources 2036 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2017 0 R
+/Annots [ 2035 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2035 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [66.408 395.011 247.235 403.936]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/3/5/39356/) >>
+>> endobj
+2032 0 obj <<
+/D [2037 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+9 0 obj <<
+/D [2037 0 R /XYZ 46.771 124.715 null]
+>> endobj
+2036 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F19 13 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2040 0 obj
+<< /S /GoTo /D (index63) >>
+endobj
+2043 0 obj
+(The Full Project Gutenberg License)
+endobj
+2049 0 obj <<
+/Length 3248
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 18.9589 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 0 -31.684 Td [(Please)-250(read)-250(this)-250(before)-250(you)-250(distribute)-250(or)-250(use)-250(this)-250(work.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 11.956 -13.55 Td [(To)-269(protect)-269(the)-268(Project)-269(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 144.428 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.623 0 Td [(mission)-269(of)-269(promoting)-268(the)]TJ -170.007 -13.549 Td [(free)-225(distribution)-225(of)-226(electronic)-225(works,)-230(by)-225(using)-225(or)-225(distributing)-225(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work)-304(\050or)-304(any)-303(other)-304(work)-304(associated)-304(in)-303(any)-304(way)-304(with)-304(the)-303(phrase)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -13.549 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Project)-270(Gutenberg)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.894 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(\051,)-275(you)-269(agree)-270(to)-270(comply)-269(with)-270(all)-269(the)-270(terms)-270(of)]TJ -89.582 -13.549 Td [(the)-268(Full)-269(Project)-268(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 116.649 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.618 0 Td [(License)-268(\050available)-268(with)-269(this)-268(file)-268(or)]TJ -130.267 -13.55 Td [(online)-250(at)-250(http://www.gutenberg.org/license\051.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -35.486 Td [(Section)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 15.58 -44.421 Td [(General)-255(Terms)-254(of)-255(Use)-255(&)-254(Redistributing)-255(Project)]TJ 45.013 -17.095 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 13.1507 Tf 55.509 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 16.415 0 Td [(electronic)-268(works)]TJ -132.517 -41.803 Td [(1.A.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -25.902 Td [(By)-583(reading)-583(or)-583(using)-583(any)-583(part)-583(of)-583(this)-583(Project)-583(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-405(work,)-443(you)-404(indicate)-405(that)-404(you)-405(have)-404(read,)-443(understand,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agree)-309(to)-309(and)-308(accept)-309(all)-309(the)-309(terms)-308(of)-309(this)-309(license)-309(and)-308(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(property)-331(\050trademark/copyright\051)-332(agreement.)-493(If)-332(you)-331(do)-331(not)-331(agree)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-239(abide)-238(by)-239(all)-239(the)-238(terms)-239(of)-239(this)-238(agreement,)-241(you)-239(must)-239(cease)-238(using)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-195(return)-194(or)-195(destroy)-194(all)-194(copies)-195(of)-194(Project)-195(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 224.803 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.813 0 Td [(electronic)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td [(works)-268(in)-269(your)-268(possession.)-305(If)-268(you)-269(paid)-268(a)-268(fee)-269(for)-268(obtaining)-268(a)-268(copy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-210(or)-209(access)-210(to)-210(a)-209(Project)-210(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 150.044 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.979 0 Td [(electronic)-210(work)-209(and)-210(you)-210(do)]TJ -163.023 -13.55 Td [(not)-307(agree)-307(to)-308(be)-307(bound)-307(by)-307(the)-307(terms)-307(of)-308(this)-307(agreement,)-321(you)-307(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(obtain)-292(a)-292(refund)-292(from)-293(the)-292(person)-292(or)-292(entity)-292(to)-292(whom)-292(you)-292(paid)-292(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fee)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.8.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2048 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2049 0 R
+/Resources 2047 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2017 0 R
+/Annots [ 2044 0 R 2045 0 R 2046 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2044 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [264.296 377.512 362.159 387.232]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense) >>
+>> endobj
+2045 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [134.147 363.963 280.798 373.683]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >>
+>> endobj
+2046 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [217.743 63.764 243.499 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >>
+>> endobj
+2041 0 obj <<
+/D [2048 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+2050 0 obj <<
+/D [2048 0 R /XYZ 93.543 363.963 null]
+>> endobj
+2051 0 obj <<
+/D [2048 0 R /XYZ 93.543 254.119 null]
+>> endobj
+2047 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2057 0 obj <<
+/Length 4377
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(303)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(1.B.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 0 -27.866 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Project)-352(Gutenberg)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 80.79 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.681 0 Td [(is)-352(a)-352(registered)-351(trademark.)-556(It)-351(may)-352(only)-352(be)]TJ -94.315 -13.549 Td [(used)-395(on)-394(or)-395(associated)-394(in)-395(any)-395(way)-394(with)-395(an)-394(electronic)-395(work)-394(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(people)-347(who)-346(agree)-347(to)-346(be)-347(bound)-347(by)-346(the)-347(terms)-346(of)-347(this)-346(agreement.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(There)-531(are)-531(a)-531(few)-530(things)-531(that)-531(you)-531(can)-531(do)-531(with)-531(most)-530(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.674 0 Td [(electronic)-273(works)-274(even)-273(without)-274(complying)-273(with)-274(the)]TJ -59.722 -13.549 Td [(full)-229(terms)-228(of)-229(this)-228(agreement.)-243(See)-229(paragraph)-228(1.C)-229(below.)-243(There)-228(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-330(lot)-331(of)-330(things)-330(you)-331(can)-330(do)-330(with)-331(Project)-330(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 223.321 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.295 0 Td [(electronic)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td [(works)-193(if)-192(you)-193(follow)-192(the)-193(terms)-193(of)-192(this)-193(agreement)-192(and)-193(help)-192(preserve)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(free)-284(future)-283(access)-284(to)-283(Project)-284(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 171.772 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.784 0 Td [(electronic)-284(works.)-350(See)]TJ -185.556 -13.549 Td [(paragraph)-250(1.E)-250(below.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -43.303 Td [(1.C.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -27.866 Td [(The)-686(Project)-687(Gutenberg)-686(Literary)-687(Archive)-686(Foundation)-686(\050)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 262.456 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 49.702 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.901 0 Td [(or)-372(PGLAF\051,)-372(owns)-372(a)-372(compilation)-372(copyright)-372(in)-372(the)]TJ -58.603 -13.549 Td [(collection)-340(of)-339(Project)-340(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 140.176 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.395 0 Td [(electronic)-339(works.)-519(Nearly)-339(all)]TJ -154.571 -13.549 Td [(the)-233(individual)-232(works)-233(in)-233(the)-232(collection)-233(are)-233(in)-232(the)-233(public)-233(domain)-232(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-289(United)-288(States.)-367(If)-288(an)-289(individual)-289(work)-289(is)-288(in)-289(the)-289(public)-288(domain)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(in)-253(the)-252(United)-253(States)-253(and)-253(you)-252(are)-253(located)-253(in)-253(the)-252(United)-253(States,)-253(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(do)-332(not)-331(claim)-332(a)-331(right)-332(to)-332(prevent)-331(you)-332(from)-331(copying,)-352(distributing,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(performing,)-231(displaying)-226(or)-226(creating)-226(derivative)-226(works)-226(based)-226(on)-225(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(work)-232(as)-231(long)-232(as)-231(all)-232(references)-231(to)-232(Project)-231(Gutenberg)-232(are)-231(removed.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Of)-188(course,)-200(we)-187(hope)-188(that)-187(you)-187(will)-188(support)-187(the)-188(Project)-187(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td [(mission)-334(of)-334(promoting)-335(free)-334(access)-334(to)-334(electronic)-334(works)-334(by)-334(freely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(sharing)-212(Project)-211(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 113.685 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 12.999 0 Td [(works)-212(in)-211(compliance)-212(with)-211(the)-212(terms)]TJ -126.684 -13.549 Td [(of)-441(this)-441(agreement)-441(for)-441(keeping)-441(the)-441(Project)-441(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 241.5 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.501 0 Td [(name)]TJ -257.001 -13.549 Td [(associated)-262(with)-262(the)-262(work.)-286(You)-262(can)-262(easily)-262(comply)-262(with)-262(the)-262(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-283(this)-284(agreement)-283(by)-283(keeping)-284(this)-283(work)-283(in)-284(the)-283(same)-283(format)-283(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(its)-287(attached)-287(full)-287(Project)-287(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 151.285 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.821 0 Td [(License)-287(when)-287(you)-287(share)-287(it)]TJ -165.106 -13.549 Td [(without)-250(charge)-250(with)-250(others.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2056 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2057 0 R
+/Resources 2055 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2061 0 R
+/Annots [ 2053 0 R 2054 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2053 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [236.157 420.185 251.616 429.905]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1C) >>
+>> endobj
+2054 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [93.113 365.988 107.96 375.708]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E) >>
+>> endobj
+2058 0 obj <<
+/D [2056 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null]
+>> endobj
+2059 0 obj <<
+/D [2056 0 R /XYZ 46.771 354.098 null]
+>> endobj
+2060 0 obj <<
+/D [2056 0 R /XYZ 46.771 66.142 null]
+>> endobj
+2055 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F64 2039 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2068 0 obj <<
+/Length 3425
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(304The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(1.D.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.35 Td [(The)-468(copyright)-467(laws)-468(of)-467(the)-468(place)-467(where)-468(you)-467(are)-468(located)-467(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(govern)-267(what)-268(you)-267(can)-267(do)-268(with)-267(this)-267(work.)-302(Copyright)-268(laws)-267(in)-267(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(countries)-366(are)-366(in)-366(a)-366(constant)-366(state)-366(of)-366(change.)-598(If)-366(you)-366(are)-366(outside)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-394(United)-394(States,)-430(check)-395(the)-394(laws)-394(of)-394(your)-394(country)-394(in)-394(addition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-439(the)-440(terms)-439(of)-439(this)-439(agreement)-440(before)-439(downloading,)-486(copying,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(displaying,)-243(performing,)-243(distributing)-241(or)-241(creating)-240(derivative)-241(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(based)-268(on)-269(this)-268(work)-269(or)-268(any)-269(other)-268(Project)-269(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 221.57 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.62 0 Td [(work.)-305(The)]TJ -235.19 -13.549 Td [(Foundation)-344(makes)-343(no)-344(representations)-343(concerning)-344(the)-343(copyright)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(status)-250(of)-250(any)-250(work)-250(in)-250(any)-250(country)-250(outside)-250(the)-250(United)-250(States.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -45.973 Td [(1.E.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -29.351 Td [(Unless)-250(you)-250(have)-250(removed)-250(all)-250(references)-250(to)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg:)]TJ 0 -27.168 Td [(1.E.1.)]TJ 0 -27.168 Td [(The)-259(following)-260(sentence,)-261(with)-260(active)-259(links)-259(to,)-262(or)-259(other)-259(immediate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(access)-465(to,)-520(the)-465(full)-466(Project)-465(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 170.488 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.769 0 Td [(License)-465(must)-466(appear)]TJ -186.257 -13.55 Td [(prominently)-274(whenever)-275(any)-274(copy)-274(of)-275(a)-274(Project)-274(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 244.529 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.683 0 Td [(work)]TJ -258.212 -13.549 Td [(\050any)-421(work)-422(on)-421(which)-421(the)-422(phrase)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 148.755 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Project)-421(Gutenberg)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 81.549 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.44 0 Td [(appears,)]TJ -244.587 -13.549 Td [(or)-347(with)-346(which)-347(the)-346(phrase)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 115.849 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Project)-346(Gutenberg)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 80.732 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.624 0 Td [(is)-346(associated\051)-347(is)]TJ -210.049 -13.549 Td [(accessed,)-250(displayed,)-250(performed,)-250(viewed,)-250(copied)-250(or)-250(distributed:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -25.35 Td [(This)-432(eBook)-432(is)-432(for)-432(the)-432(use)-433(of)-432(anyone)-432(anywhere)-432(at)-432(no)-432(cost)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(and)-345(with)-344(almost)-345(no)-344(restrictions)-345(whatsoever.)-534(You)-345(may)-344(copy)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(it,)-437(give)-400(it)-400(away)-400(or)-400(re-use)-400(it)-400(under)-400(the)-399(terms)-400(of)-400(the)-400(Project)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Gutenberg)-476(License)-476(included)-476(with)-476(this)-475(eBook)-476(or)-476(online)-476(at)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -19.637 -40.246 Td [(1.E.2.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2067 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2068 0 R
+/Resources 2066 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2061 0 R
+/Annots [ 2063 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2063 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [113.18 104.237 215.636 113.025]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org) >>
+>> endobj
+2062 0 obj <<
+/D [2067 0 R /XYZ 93.543 364.976 null]
+>> endobj
+2069 0 obj <<
+/D [2067 0 R /XYZ 93.543 302.729 null]
+>> endobj
+2070 0 obj <<
+/D [2067 0 R /XYZ 93.543 91.16 null]
+>> endobj
+2066 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2075 0 obj <<
+/Length 3638
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(305)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(If)-295(an)-295(individual)-295(Project)-295(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 151.639 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.91 0 Td [(electronic)-295(work)-295(is)-295(derived)]TJ -165.549 -13.549 Td [(from)-228(the)-229(public)-228(domain)-228(\050does)-228(not)-228(contain)-229(a)-228(notice)-228(indicating)-228(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(it)-184(is)-183(posted)-184(with)-183(permission)-184(of)-183(the)-184(copyright)-184(holder\051,)-196(the)-184(work)-183(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-256(copied)-256(and)-256(distributed)-256(to)-256(anyone)-256(in)-256(the)-256(United)-256(States)-255(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(paying)-230(any)-230(fees)-230(or)-230(charges.)-243(If)-230(you)-230(are)-230(redistributing)-230(or)-230(providing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(access)-248(to)-248(a)-248(work)-248(with)-248(the)-248(phrase)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 143.745 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Project)-248(Gutenberg)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 79.658 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.548 0 Td [(associated)]TJ -235.794 -13.549 Td [(with)-410(or)-411(appearing)-410(on)-410(the)-411(work,)-450(you)-410(must)-411(comply)-410(either)-410(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-424(requirements)-425(of)-424(paragraphs)-425(1.E.1)-424(through)-425(1.E.7)-424(or)-424(obtain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(permission)-280(for)-281(the)-280(use)-281(of)-280(the)-281(work)-280(and)-281(the)-280(Project)-280(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td [(trademark)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(paragraphs)-250(1.E.8)-250(or)-250(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -38.607 Td [(1.E.3.)]TJ 0 -26.259 Td [(If)-344(an)-343(individual)-344(Project)-343(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 153.755 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.439 0 Td [(electronic)-344(work)-343(is)-344(posted)]TJ -168.194 -13.549 Td [(with)-551(the)-551(permission)-550(of)-551(the)-551(copyright)-551(holder,)-626(your)-551(use)-550(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-429(must)-429(comply)-429(with)-429(both)-429(paragraphs)-429(1.E.1)-428(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(1.E.7)-251(and)-250(any)-251(additional)-250(terms)-250(imposed)-251(by)-250(the)-251(copyright)-250(holder.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Additional)-524(terms)-524(will)-523(be)-524(linked)-524(to)-524(the)-524(Project)-523(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td [(License)-212(for)-211(all)-212(works)-212(posted)-211(with)-212(the)-212(permission)-211(of)-212(the)-211(copyright)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(holder)-250(found)-250(at)-250(the)-250(beginning)-250(of)-250(this)-250(work.)]TJ 0 -38.608 Td [(1.E.4.)]TJ 0 -26.258 Td [(Do)-275(not)-275(unlink)-275(or)-274(detach)-275(or)-275(remove)-275(the)-275(full)-275(Project)-274(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(License)-330(terms)-329(from)-330(this)-329(work,)-350(or)-329(any)-330(files)-330(containing)-329(a)-330(part)-329(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(this)-185(work)-185(or)-185(any)-185(other)-185(work)-185(associated)-185(with)-185(Project)-185(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 267.212 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.691 0 Td [(.)]TJ -277.903 -38.608 Td [(1.E.5.)]TJ 0 -26.258 Td [(Do)-457(not)-457(copy,)-508(display,)-509(perform,)-508(distribute)-457(or)-457(redistribute)-456(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(electronic)-441(work,)-488(or)-441(any)-441(part)-441(of)-440(this)-441(electronic)-441(work,)-488(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(prominently)-258(displaying)-257(the)-258(sentence)-258(set)-257(forth)-258(in)-258(paragraph)-257(1.E.1)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2074 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2075 0 R
+/Resources 2073 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2061 0 R
+/Annots [ 2064 0 R 2065 0 R 2071 0 R 2072 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2064 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [192.525 420.953 215.554 430.673]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >>
+>> endobj
+2065 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [206.12 393.854 229.149 403.574]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >>
+>> endobj
+2071 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [265.755 301.89 288.784 311.61]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >>
+>> endobj
+2072 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [304.372 63.764 327.401 73.484]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >>
+>> endobj
+2076 0 obj <<
+/D [2074 0 R /XYZ 46.771 381.505 null]
+>> endobj
+2077 0 obj <<
+/D [2074 0 R /XYZ 46.771 235.344 null]
+>> endobj
+2078 0 obj <<
+/D [2074 0 R /XYZ 46.771 143.379 null]
+>> endobj
+2073 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2084 0 obj <<
+/Length 3898
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(306The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(with)-394(active)-395(links)-394(or)-395(immediate)-394(access)-394(to)-395(the)-394(full)-395(terms)-394(of)-394(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 79.68 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(License.)]TJ -93.098 -34.591 Td [(1.E.6.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td [(You)-475(may)-476(convert)-475(to)-476(and)-475(distribute)-476(this)-475(work)-476(in)-475(any)-475(binary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(compressed,)-556(marked)-495(up,)-556(nonproprietary)-495(or)-495(proprietary)-494(form,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(including)-439(any)-439(word)-439(processing)-439(or)-439(hypertext)-439(form.)-817(However,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(if)-595(you)-595(provide)-595(access)-595(to)-595(or)-595(distribute)-595(copies)-595(of)-595(a)-595(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.484 0 Td [(work)-256(in)-256(a)-256(format)-256(other)-256(than)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 122.795 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.844 0 Td [(Plain)-256(Vanilla)-256(ASCII)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 88.615 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td [(or)-253(other)-253(format)-253(used)-254(in)-253(the)-253(official)-253(version)-253(posted)-253(on)-253(the)-253(official)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-361(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 80.888 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.627 0 Td [(web)-361(site)-360(\050http://www.gutenberg.org\051,)-389(you)]TJ -95.515 -13.549 Td [(must,)-351(at)-331(no)-331(additional)-331(cost,)-351(fee)-331(or)-331(expense)-331(to)-330(the)-331(user,)-351(provide)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(a)-357(copy,)-384(a)-358(means)-357(of)-357(exporting)-357(a)-357(copy,)-385(or)-357(a)-357(means)-357(of)-357(obtaining)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-344(copy)-345(upon)-344(request,)-368(of)-344(the)-344(work)-344(in)-345(its)-344(original)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 217.486 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Plain)-344(Vanilla)]TJ -222.329 -13.549 Td [(ASCII)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 28.484 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 7.286 0 Td [(or)-224(other)-224(form.)-241(Any)-224(alternate)-224(format)-224(must)-224(include)-224(the)-224(full)]TJ -35.77 -13.549 Td [(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 79.68 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(License)-250(as)-250(specified)-250(in)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.1.)]TJ -93.098 -34.591 Td [(1.E.7.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td [(Do)-672(not)-672(charge)-672(a)-671(fee)-672(for)-672(access)-672(to,)-777(viewing,)-777(displaying,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(performing,)-516(copying)-463(or)-463(distributing)-463(any)-463(Project)-462(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(works)-250(unless)-250(you)-250(comply)-250(with)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.8)-250(or)-250(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -34.591 Td [(1.E.8.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td [(You)-440(may)-440(charge)-440(a)-439(reasonable)-440(fee)-440(for)-440(copies)-440(of)-440(or)-439(providing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(access)-361(to)-361(or)-361(distributing)-361(Project)-361(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 192.388 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.628 0 Td [(electronic)-361(works)]TJ -207.016 -13.549 Td [(provided)-250(that)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.546 -18.615 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.272 0 Td [(You)-218(pay)-218(a)-219(royalty)-218(fee)-218(of)-218(20%)-218(of)-219(the)-218(gross)-218(profits)-218(you)-218(derive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(from)-212(the)-211(use)-212(of)-212(Project)-211(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 146.666 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13 0 Td [(works)-212(calculated)-211(using)]TJ -159.666 -13.549 Td [(the)-431(method)-432(you)-431(already)-432(use)-431(to)-432(calculate)-431(your)-431(applicable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(taxes.)-1231(The)-577(fee)-577(is)-577(owed)-577(to)-577(the)-577(owner)-577(of)-577(the)-576(Project)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2083 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2084 0 R
+/Resources 2082 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2061 0 R
+/Annots [ 2079 0 R 2080 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2079 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [334.776 294.546 360.532 304.266]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >>
+>> endobj
+2080 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [275.943 208.786 298.972 218.506]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >>
+>> endobj
+2085 0 obj <<
+/D [2083 0 R /XYZ 93.543 491.727 null]
+>> endobj
+2086 0 obj <<
+/D [2083 0 R /XYZ 93.543 284.025 null]
+>> endobj
+2052 0 obj <<
+/D [2083 0 R /XYZ 93.543 198.265 null]
+>> endobj
+2082 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2091 0 obj <<
+/Length 4213
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(307)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 21.819 -30.759 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.047 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 17.639 0 Td [(trademark,)-734(but)-637(he)-637(has)-637(agreed)-637(to)-636(donate)]TJ -63.686 -13.549 Td [(royalties)-501(under)-501(this)-501(paragraph)-501(to)-501(the)-500(Project)-501(Gutenberg)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Literary)-576(Archive)-576(Foundation.)-1228(Royalty)-575(payments)-576(must)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(be)-538(paid)-537(within)-538(60)-537(days)-538(following)-538(each)-537(date)-538(on)-537(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(you)-605(prepare)-606(\050or)-605(are)-606(legally)-605(required)-606(to)-605(prepare\051)-605(your)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(periodic)-374(tax)-374(returns.)-622(Royalty)-374(payments)-374(should)-374(be)-374(clearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(marked)-303(as)-304(such)-303(and)-303(sent)-303(to)-304(the)-303(Project)-303(Gutenberg)-303(Literary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Archive)-517(Foundation)-516(at)-517(the)-516(address)-517(specified)-517(in)-516(Section)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(4,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 12.486 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Information)-366(about)-365(donations)-366(to)-366(the)-365(Project)-366(Gutenberg)]TJ -17.329 -13.55 Td [(Literary)-250(Archive)-250(Foundation.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 128.159 0 Td [(\035)]TJ -137.432 -14.279 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.273 0 Td [(You)-425(provide)-425(a)-425(full)-424(refund)-425(of)-425(any)-425(money)-425(paid)-425(by)-425(a)-424(user)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(who)-339(notifies)-339(you)-340(in)-339(writing)-339(\050or)-339(by)-340(e-mail\051)-339(within)-339(30)-339(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-343(receipt)-343(that)-343(s/he)-343(does)-344(not)-343(agree)-343(to)-343(the)-343(terms)-343(of)-343(the)-343(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-235(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 79.514 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.252 0 Td [(License.)-245(You)-235(must)-234(require)-235(such)-235(a)-235(user)]TJ -92.766 -13.549 Td [(to)-324(return)-324(or)-323(destroy)-324(all)-324(copies)-324(of)-323(the)-324(works)-324(possessed)-324(in)-323(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(physical)-322(medium)-321(and)-322(discontinue)-321(all)-322(use)-322(of)-321(and)-322(all)-321(access)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(other)-250(copies)-250(of)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 158.454 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(works.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -181.145 -14.279 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.273 0 Td [(You)-427(provide,)-472(in)-427(accordance)-428(with)-427(paragraph)-427(1.F.3,)-472(a)-427(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(refund)-215(of)-216(any)-215(money)-216(paid)-215(for)-216(a)-215(work)-216(or)-215(a)-216(replacement)-215(copy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(if)-245(a)-246(defect)-245(in)-245(the)-246(electronic)-245(work)-245(is)-246(discovered)-245(and)-245(reported)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(to)-250(you)-250(within)-250(90)-250(days)-250(of)-250(receipt)-250(of)-250(the)-250(work.)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf -9.273 -14.279 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 9.273 0 Td [(You)-278(comply)-279(with)-278(all)-279(other)-278(terms)-279(of)-278(this)-279(agreement)-278(for)-278(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-250(of)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 144.534 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.418 0 Td [(works.)]TJ -179.77 -41.937 Td [(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -28.107 Td [(If)-316(you)-315(wish)-316(to)-316(charge)-315(a)-316(fee)-316(or)-315(distribute)-316(a)-316(Project)-315(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.938 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.938 -13.55 Td [(electronic)-233(work)-233(or)-233(group)-233(of)-234(works)-233(on)-233(different)-233(terms)-233(than)-233(are)-233(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forth)-346(in)-347(this)-346(agreement,)-371(you)-346(must)-346(obtain)-347(permission)-346(in)-346(writing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(from)-161(both)-160(the)-161(Project)-160(Gutenberg)-161(Literary)-160(Archive)-161(Foundation)-160(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Michael)-287(Hart,)-297(the)-287(owner)-287(of)-287(the)-287(Project)-287(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 219.853 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.824 0 Td [(trademark.)]TJ -233.677 -13.549 Td [(Contact)-250(the)-250(Foundation)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(Section)-250(3)-250(below.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2090 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2091 0 R
+/Resources 2089 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2061 0 R
+/Annots [ 2081 0 R 2092 0 R 2093 0 R 2087 0 R 2088 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2081 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [294.674 420.963 327.401 430.673]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >>
+>> endobj
+2092 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [46.771 407.403 327.401 417.156]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >>
+>> endobj
+2093 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [46.771 393.854 201.593 403.607]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >>
+>> endobj
+2087 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [272.441 284.001 294.87 293.721]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >>
+>> endobj
+2088 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [213.735 79.971 254.644 87.454]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense3) >>
+>> endobj
+2094 0 obj <<
+/D [2090 0 R /XYZ 46.771 201.696 null]
+>> endobj
+2095 0 obj <<
+/D [2090 0 R /XYZ 46.771 66.142 null]
+>> endobj
+2089 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2102 0 obj <<
+/Length 3578
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(308The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+/F16 13.1507 Tf 0 -30.759 Td [(1.F.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 0 -43.517 Td [(1.F.1.)]TJ 0 -27.775 Td [(Project)-1179(Gutenberg)-1179(volunteers)-1179(and)-1179(employees)-1179(expend)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(considerable)-684(effort)-684(to)-684(identify,)-792(do)-684(copyright)-684(research)-684(on,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(transcribe)-411(and)-410(proofread)-411(public)-411(domain)-410(works)-411(in)-411(creating)-410(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Project)-395(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 81.258 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.997 0 Td [(collection.)-684(Despite)-395(these)-394(efforts,)-431(Project)]TJ -96.255 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.444 0 Td [(electronic)-344(works,)-368(and)-344(the)-344(medium)-344(on)-344(which)-344(they)]TJ -60.492 -13.55 Td [(may)-317(be)-316(stored,)-334(may)-317(contain)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 126.832 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Defects,)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 36.044 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 8.299 0 Td [(such)-317(as,)-333(but)-317(not)-316(limited)]TJ -176.018 -13.549 Td [(to,)-274(incomplete,)-275(inaccurate)-269(or)-270(corrupt)-269(data,)-275(transcription)-269(errors,)-274(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(copyright)-235(or)-235(other)-234(intellectual)-235(property)-235(infringement,)-238(a)-234(defective)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-210(damaged)-210(disk)-210(or)-211(other)-210(medium,)-218(a)-210(computer)-210(virus,)-218(or)-210(computer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(codes)-250(that)-250(damage)-250(or)-250(cannot)-250(be)-250(read)-250(by)-250(your)-250(equipment.)]TJ 0 -41.336 Td [(1.F.2.)]TJ 0 -27.774 Td [(LIMITED)-451(WARRANTY,)-451(DISCLAIMER)-451(OF)-451(DAMAGES)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 269.721 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.721 -13.549 Td [(Except)-473(for)-473(the)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 71.832 0 Td [(\034)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 4.843 0 Td [(Right)-473(of)-473(Replacement)-474(or)-473(Refund)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 152.146 0 Td [(\035)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.006 0 Td [(described)]TJ -238.827 -13.55 Td [(in)-550(paragraph)-550(1.F.3,)-625(the)-550(Project)-550(Gutenberg)-550(Literary)-549(Archive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Foundation,)-432(the)-395(owner)-396(of)-395(the)-396(Project)-395(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 218.673 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.004 0 Td [(trademark,)]TJ -233.677 -13.549 Td [(and)-805(any)-805(other)-806(party)-805(distributing)-805(a)-805(Project)-805(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-573(work)-572(under)-573(this)-572(agreement,)-653(disclaim)-573(all)-572(liability)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-662(you)-663(for)-662(damages,)-766(costs)-662(and)-663(expenses,)-765(including)-662(legal)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(fees.)-1105(YOU)-534(AGREE)-535(THAT)-535(YOU)-534(HAVE)-535(NO)-534(REMEDIES)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(FOR)-645(NEGLIGENCE,)-645(STRICT)-645(LIABILITY,)-646(BREACH)-644(OF)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(WARRANTY)-812(OR)-811(BREACH)-811(OF)-812(CONTRACT)-811(EXCEPT)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(THOSE)-504(PROVIDED)-504(IN)-504(PARAGRAPH)-503(F3.)-1013(YOU)-503(AGREE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(THAT)-423(THE)-424(FOUNDATION,)-424(THE)-423(TRADEMARK)-423(OWNER,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(AND)-590(ANY)-590(DISTRIBUTOR)-590(UNDER)-590(THIS)-589(AGREEMENT)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(WILL)-941(NOT)-941(BE)-942(LIABLE)-941(TO)-941(YOU)-941(FOR)-941(ACTUAL,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(DIRECT,)-592(INDIRECT,)-591(CONSEQUENTIAL,)-592(PUNITIVE)-591(OR)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2101 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2102 0 R
+/Resources 2100 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2061 0 R
+/Annots [ 2099 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2099 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [108.03 226.354 180.072 236.074]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >>
+>> endobj
+2103 0 obj <<
+/D [2101 0 R /XYZ 93.543 502.313 null]
+>> endobj
+2104 0 obj <<
+/D [2101 0 R /XYZ 93.543 309.001 null]
+>> endobj
+2100 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2108 0 obj <<
+/Length 3109
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(309)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(INCIDENTAL)-492(DAMAGES)-492(EVEN)-492(IF)-492(YOU)-492(GIVE)-491(NOTICE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(OF)-250(THE)-250(POSSIBILITY)-250(OF)-250(SUCH)-250(DAMAGE.)]TJ 0 -35.704 Td [(1.F.3.)]TJ 0 -24.646 Td [(LIMITED)-421(RIGHT)-421(OF)-422(REPLACEMENT)-421(OR)-421(REFUND)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 257.859 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.506 0 Td [(If)]TJ -273.365 -13.549 Td [(you)-434(discover)-434(a)-434(defect)-434(in)-434(this)-434(electronic)-434(work)-434(within)-434(90)-433(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-335(receiving)-334(it,)-356(you)-335(can)-335(receive)-334(a)-335(refund)-335(of)-334(the)-335(money)-335(\050if)-334(any\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(you)-369(paid)-369(for)-369(it)-370(by)-369(sending)-369(a)-369(written)-369(explanation)-369(to)-369(the)-369(person)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(you)-430(received)-430(the)-431(work)-430(from.)-790(If)-431(you)-430(received)-430(the)-430(work)-430(on)-430(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(physical)-231(medium,)-236(you)-231(must)-231(return)-232(the)-231(medium)-232(with)-231(your)-231(written)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(explanation.)-706(The)-402(person)-402(or)-402(entity)-402(that)-402(provided)-402(you)-402(with)-401(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(defective)-301(work)-301(may)-301(elect)-300(to)-301(provide)-301(a)-301(replacement)-301(copy)-301(in)-300(lieu)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-305(a)-305(refund.)-416(If)-305(you)-306(received)-305(the)-305(work)-305(electronically,)-319(the)-305(person)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-348(entity)-347(providing)-348(it)-347(to)-348(you)-347(may)-348(choose)-347(to)-348(give)-347(you)-348(a)-347(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(opportunity)-226(to)-226(receive)-225(the)-226(work)-226(electronically)-225(in)-226(lieu)-226(of)-226(a)-225(refund.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-315(the)-315(second)-315(copy)-315(is)-315(also)-315(defective,)-331(you)-315(may)-315(demand)-315(a)-314(refund)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(in)-250(writing)-250(without)-250(further)-250(opportunities)-250(to)-250(fix)-250(the)-250(problem.)]TJ 0 -35.704 Td [(1.F.4.)]TJ 0 -24.646 Td [(Except)-618(for)-618(the)-618(limited)-618(right)-618(of)-618(replacement)-618(or)-618(refund)-618(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(forth)-485(in)-485(paragraph)-485(1.F.3,)-543(this)-485(work)-485(is)-485(provided)-485(to)-485(you)-484('AS-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(IS,')-610(WITH)-610(NO)-610(OTHER)-610(WARRANTIES)-610(OF)-610(ANY)-610(KIND,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(EXPRESS)-339(OR)-338(IMPLIED,)-339(INCLUDING)-339(BUT)-339(NOT)-338(LIMITED)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(TO)-401(WARRANTIES)-400(OF)-401(MERCHANTIBILITY)-401(OR)-400(FITNESS)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(FOR)-250(ANY)-250(PURPOSE.)]TJ 0 -35.704 Td [(1.F.5.)]TJ 0 -24.645 Td [(Some)-155(states)-155(do)-155(not)-155(allow)-155(disclaimers)-155(of)-155(certain)-155(implied)-154(warranties)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(or)-541(the)-540(exclusion)-541(or)-541(limitation)-541(of)-540(certain)-541(types)-541(of)-540(damages.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(If)-587(any)-587(disclaimer)-587(or)-587(limitation)-587(set)-587(forth)-587(in)-587(this)-586(agreement)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2107 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2108 0 R
+/Resources 2106 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2111 0 R
+/Annots [ 2105 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2105 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [87.045 205.409 158.378 215.129]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >>
+>> endobj
+2097 0 obj <<
+/D [2107 0 R /XYZ 46.771 493.425 null]
+>> endobj
+2109 0 obj <<
+/D [2107 0 R /XYZ 46.771 268.249 null]
+>> endobj
+2110 0 obj <<
+/D [2107 0 R /XYZ 46.771 142.39 null]
+>> endobj
+2106 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2117 0 obj <<
+/Length 3439
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(310The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(violates)-405(the)-405(law)-405(of)-405(the)-405(state)-405(applicable)-405(to)-406(this)-405(agreement,)-443(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(agreement)-251(shall)-251(be)-250(interpreted)-251(to)-251(make)-251(the)-251(maximum)-250(disclaimer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-210(limitation)-211(permitted)-210(by)-211(the)-210(applicable)-211(state)-210(law.)-237(The)-210(invalidity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(or)-297(unenforceability)-297(of)-297(any)-297(provision)-297(of)-297(this)-297(agreement)-297(shall)-296(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(void)-250(the)-250(remaining)-250(provisions.)]TJ 0 -34.869 Td [(1.F.6.)]TJ 0 -24.209 Td [(INDEMNITY)]TJ/F31 10.9091 Tf 69.759 0 Td [(\024)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 18.872 0 Td [(You)-730(agree)-730(to)-730(indemnify)-730(and)-730(hold)-730(the)]TJ -88.631 -13.549 Td [(Foundation,)-504(the)-454(trademark)-453(owner,)-505(any)-453(agent)-454(or)-453(employee)-453(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(the)-213(Foundation,)-220(anyone)-213(providing)-213(copies)-213(of)-213(Project)-212(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(electronic)-436(works)-436(in)-437(accordance)-436(with)-436(this)-436(agreement,)-483(and)-436(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(volunteers)-691(associated)-690(with)-691(the)-691(production,)-801(promotion)-690(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(distribution)-339(of)-338(Project)-339(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 147.433 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.384 0 Td [(electronic)-339(works,)-360(harmless)]TJ -161.817 -13.549 Td [(from)-330(all)-331(liability,)-350(costs)-330(and)-330(expenses,)-351(including)-330(legal)-330(fees,)-350(that)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(arise)-284(directly)-284(or)-284(indirectly)-284(from)-284(any)-284(of)-284(the)-284(following)-284(which)-283(you)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(do)-461(or)-461(cause)-461(to)-462(occur:)-672(\050a\051)-461(distribution)-461(of)-461(this)-461(or)-461(any)-461(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.236 0 Td [(work,)-344(\050b\051)-325(alteration,)-344(modification,)-343(or)-325(additions)-325(or)]TJ -60.284 -13.549 Td [(deletions)-319(to)-319(any)-319(Project)-320(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 154.511 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.172 0 Td [(work,)-336(and)-320(\050c\051)-319(any)-319(Defect)]TJ -168.683 -13.549 Td [(you)-250(cause.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -46.635 Td [(Section)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 32.422 -45.398 Td [(Information)-260(about)-259(the)-260(Mission)-260(of)-260(Project)]TJ 73.695 -17.096 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 13.1507 Tf 55.509 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -161.626 -26.391 Td [(Project)-400(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 81.319 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 15.057 0 Td [(is)-400(synonymous)-400(with)-401(the)-400(free)-400(distribution)]TJ -96.376 -13.549 Td [(of)-408(electronic)-409(works)-408(in)-408(formats)-408(readable)-409(by)-408(the)-408(widest)-408(variety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-514(computers)-513(including)-514(obsolete,)-580(old,)-579(middle-aged)-514(and)-513(new)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(computers.)-1070(It)-524(exists)-523(because)-523(of)-524(the)-523(efforts)-524(of)-523(hundreds)-523(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(volunteers)-250(and)-250(donations)-250(from)-250(people)-250(in)-250(all)-250(walks)-250(of)-250(life.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2116 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2117 0 R
+/Resources 2115 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2111 0 R
+>> endobj
+2118 0 obj <<
+/D [2116 0 R /XYZ 93.543 450.94 null]
+>> endobj
+2119 0 obj <<
+/D [2116 0 R /XYZ 93.543 242.82 null]
+>> endobj
+2115 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F31 44 0 R /F64 2039 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2124 0 obj <<
+/Length 3436
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(311)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Volunteers)-162(and)-163(financial)-162(support)-162(to)-163(provide)-162(volunteers)-162(with)-162(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(assistance)-198(they)-199(need,)-209(is)-198(critical)-198(to)-199(reaching)-198(Project)-198(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 263.732 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.691 0 Td [('s)]TJ -274.423 -13.549 Td [(goals)-309(and)-308(ensuring)-309(that)-309(the)-308(Project)-309(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 203.205 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.058 0 Td [(collection)-309(will)]TJ -217.263 -13.549 Td [(remain)-382(freely)-381(available)-382(for)-381(generations)-382(to)-382(come.)-644(In)-382(2001,)-414(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Project)-350(Gutenberg)-351(Literary)-350(Archive)-350(Foundation)-351(was)-350(created)-350(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(provide)-302(a)-303(secure)-302(and)-302(permanent)-303(future)-302(for)-302(Project)-302(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 269.939 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td [(and)-609(future)-609(generations.)-1327(To)-609(learn)-609(more)-609(about)-609(the)-609(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)-414(Literary)-414(Archive)-413(Foundation)-414(and)-414(how)-414(your)-413(efforts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-245(donations)-246(can)-245(help,)-246(see)-246(Sections)-245(3)-245(and)-246(4)-245(and)-245(the)-245(Foundation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(web)-250(page)-250(at)-250(http://www.pglaf.org.)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -53.578 Td [(Section)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 10.376 -52.34 Td [(Information)-253(about)-253(the)-253(Project)-253(Gutenberg)-254(Literary)]TJ 76.986 -17.096 Td [(Archive)-276(Foundation)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -87.362 -30.22 Td [(The)-438(Project)-439(Gutenberg)-438(Literary)-438(Archive)-439(Foundation)-438(is)-438(a)-438(non)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(profit)-176(501\050c\051\0503\051)-176(educational)-176(corporation)-176(organized)-176(under)-176(the)-175(laws)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(of)-303(the)-304(state)-303(of)-304(Mississippi)-303(and)-303(granted)-304(tax)-303(exempt)-304(status)-303(by)-303(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Internal)-319(Revenue)-319(Service.)-457(The)-319(Foundation's)-319(EIN)-319(or)-319(federal)-318(tax)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(identification)-179(number)-179(is)-178(64-6221541.)-227(Its)-178(501\050c\051\0503\051)-179(letter)-179(is)-178(posted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(at)-549(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.)-1148(Contributions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-404(the)-403(Project)-404(Gutenberg)-404(Literary)-403(Archive)-404(Foundation)-404(are)-403(tax)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(deductible)-306(to)-306(the)-306(full)-307(extent)-306(permitted)-306(by)-306(U.S.)-306(federal)-306(laws)-306(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(your)-250(state's)-250(laws.)]TJ 11.956 -14.265 Td [(The)-214(Foundation's)-214(principal)-213(office)-214(is)-214(located)-214(at)-214(4557)-214(Melan)-213(Dr.)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(S.)-297(Fairbanks,)-309(AK,)-298(99712.,)-309(but)-297(its)-298(volunteers)-297(and)-297(employees)-297(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(scattered)-343(throughout)-343(numerous)-344(locations.)-529(Its)-343(business)-343(office)-343(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(located)-197(at)-197(809)-197(North)-197(1500)-197(West,)-208(Salt)-197(Lake)-197(City,)-208(UT)-197(84116,)-207(\050801\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(596-1887,)-225(email)-218(business@pglaf.org.)-239(Email)-219(contact)-218(links)-218(and)-218(up)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2123 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2124 0 R
+/Resources 2122 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2111 0 R
+/Annots [ 2112 0 R 2113 0 R 2114 0 R 2120 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2112 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [208.573 407.414 214.028 417.123]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense3) >>
+>> endobj
+2113 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+/Subtype /Link
+/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1]
+/Rect [235.133 407.414 240.587 417.123]
+/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >>
+>> endobj
+2114 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [101.6 393.854 193.717 403.574]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.pglaf.org) >>
+>> endobj
+2120 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [60.641 172.873 252.139 182.593]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf) >>
+>> endobj
+2098 0 obj <<
+/D [2123 0 R /XYZ 46.771 380.081 null]
+>> endobj
+2122 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2128 0 obj <<
+/Length 3182
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(312The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(to)-227(date)-227(contact)-227(information)-227(can)-227(be)-227(found)-227(at)-227(the)-227(Foundation's)-227(web)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(site)-250(and)-250(official)-250(page)-250(at)-250(http://www.pglaf.org)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(For)-250(additional)-250(contact)-250(information:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 7.681 -22.095 Td [(Dr.)-250(Gregory)-250(B.)-250(Newby)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(Chief)-250(Executive)-250(and)-250(Director)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td [(gbnewby@pglaf.org)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf -19.637 -58.864 Td [(Section)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 26.999 -44.805 Td [(Information)-258(about)-258(Donations)-258(to)-258(the)-259(Project)]TJ 8.106 -17.096 Td [(Gutenberg)-261(Literary)-260(Archive)-261(Foundation)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -35.105 -26.095 Td [(Project)-329(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 80.543 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.28 0 Td [(depends)-329(upon)-329(and)-329(cannot)-329(survive)-329(without)]TJ -94.823 -13.549 Td [(wide)-217(spread)-217(public)-217(support)-217(and)-217(donations)-217(to)-217(carry)-217(out)-217(its)-217(mission)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(of)-334(increasing)-334(the)-334(number)-334(of)-334(public)-334(domain)-334(and)-334(licensed)-334(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(that)-192(can)-193(be)-192(freely)-193(distributed)-192(in)-192(machine)-193(readable)-192(form)-192(accessible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(by)-261(the)-261(widest)-261(array)-261(of)-261(equipment)-261(including)-261(outdated)-261(equipment.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(Many)-303(small)-302(donations)-303(\050$1)-303(to)-302($5,000\051)-303(are)-303(particularly)-302(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(to)-250(maintaining)-250(tax)-250(exempt)-250(status)-250(with)-250(the)-250(IRS.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(The)-460(Foundation)-461(is)-460(committed)-461(to)-460(complying)-461(with)-460(the)-460(laws)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(regulating)-353(charities)-352(and)-353(charitable)-352(donations)-352(in)-353(all)-352(50)-353(states)-352(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-430(United)-429(States.)-789(Compliance)-430(requirements)-429(are)-430(not)-429(uniform)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-389(it)-389(takes)-389(a)-389(considerable)-389(effort,)-424(much)-389(paperwork)-389(and)-389(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(fees)-489(to)-489(meet)-489(and)-489(keep)-489(up)-489(with)-489(these)-489(requirements.)-967(We)-489(do)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(not)-396(solicit)-395(donations)-396(in)-396(locations)-396(where)-395(we)-396(have)-396(not)-395(received)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(written)-234(confirmation)-233(of)-234(compliance.)-244(To)-233(SEND)-234(DONATIONS)-233(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(determine)-309(the)-310(status)-309(of)-310(compliance)-309(for)-309(any)-310(particular)-309(state)-309(visit)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td [(While)-305(we)-304(cannot)-305(and)-304(do)-305(not)-305(solicit)-304(contributions)-305(from)-304(states)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(where)-323(we)-323(have)-322(not)-323(met)-323(the)-323(solicitation)-323(requirements,)-341(we)-322(know)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2127 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2128 0 R
+/Resources 2126 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2111 0 R
+/Annots [ 2121 0 R 2125 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2121 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [198.063 502.248 290.179 511.968]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.pglaf.org) >>
+>> endobj
+2125 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [93.543 90.862 291.707 100.582]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >>
+>> endobj
+2096 0 obj <<
+/D [2127 0 R /XYZ 93.543 420.153 null]
+>> endobj
+2126 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2132 0 obj <<
+/Length 3277
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td [(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-9893(313)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 0 -30.759 Td [(of)-366(no)-365(prohibition)-366(against)-366(accepting)-365(unsolicited)-366(donations)-365(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(donors)-250(in)-250(such)-250(states)-250(who)-250(approach)-250(us)-250(with)-250(offers)-250(to)-250(donate.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(International)-237(donations)-237(are)-237(gratefully)-238(accepted,)-239(but)-237(we)-237(cannot)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(make)-533(any)-532(statements)-533(concerning)-533(tax)-532(treatment)-533(of)-532(donations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(received)-256(from)-255(outside)-256(the)-255(United)-256(States.)-267(U.S.)-255(laws)-256(alone)-255(swamp)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(our)-250(small)-250(staff.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(Please)-413(check)-413(the)-412(Project)-413(Gutenberg)-413(Web)-413(pages)-413(for)-412(current)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(donation)-467(methods)-467(and)-467(addresses.)-900(Donations)-467(are)-467(accepted)-466(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(a)-517(number)-516(of)-517(other)-517(ways)-517(including)-516(checks,)-584(online)-516(payments)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(and)-884(credit)-884(card)-885(donations.)-2152(To)-884(donate,)-1043(please)-884(visit:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate)]TJ/F16 15.7808 Tf 0 -52.862 Td [(Section)-250(5.)]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf 12.158 -51.624 Td [(General)-254(Information)-253(About)-254(Project)-254(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 13.1507 Tf 243.427 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 13.1507 Tf -160.742 -17.096 Td [(electronic)-279(works.)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -94.843 -29.823 Td [(Professor)-596(Michael)-597(S.)-596(Hart)-596(is)-596(the)-597(originator)-596(of)-596(the)-596(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 13.755 0 Td [(concept)-281(of)-281(a)-281(library)-281(of)-281(electronic)-281(works)-281(that)-281(could)]TJ -59.803 -13.549 Td [(be)-436(freely)-436(shared)-436(with)-436(anyone.)-807(For)-436(thirty)-436(years,)-483(he)-435(produced)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(and)-357(distributed)-357(Project)-358(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 151.064 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.588 0 Td [(eBooks)-357(with)-357(only)-358(a)-357(loose)]TJ -165.652 -13.549 Td [(network)-250(of)-250(volunteer)-250(support.)]TJ 11.956 -14.186 Td [(Project)-379(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 81.091 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 14.829 0 Td [(eBooks)-379(are)-380(often)-379(created)-379(from)-380(several)]TJ -107.876 -13.549 Td [(printed)-248(editions,)-248(all)-248(of)-247(which)-248(are)-248(confirmed)-247(as)-248(Public)-248(Domain)-247(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(the)-303(U.S.)-302(unless)-303(a)-303(copyright)-303(notice)-302(is)-303(included.)-408(Thus,)-316(we)-303(do)-302(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(necessarily)-216(keep)-217(eBooks)-216(in)-216(compliance)-217(with)-216(any)-216(particular)-216(paper)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(edition.)]TJ 11.956 -14.185 Td [(Each)-355(eBook)-356(is)-355(in)-356(a)-355(subdirectory)-356(of)-355(the)-356(same)-355(number)-356(as)-355(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td [(eBook's)-266(eBook)-266(number,)-269(often)-266(in)-266(several)-266(formats)-266(including)-265(plain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(vanilla)-250(ASCII,)-250(compressed)-250(\050zipped\051,)-250(HTML)-250(and)-250(others.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2131 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2132 0 R
+/Resources 2130 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2111 0 R
+/Annots [ 2129 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2129 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [46.771 379.032 244.935 388.752]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >>
+>> endobj
+2133 0 obj <<
+/D [2131 0 R /XYZ 46.771 365.577 null]
+>> endobj
+2130 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F64 2039 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2137 0 obj <<
+/Length 1750
+>>
+stream
+0 g 0 G
+BT
+/F16 10.9091 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td [(314The)-150(Political)-150(Doctrines)-150(of)-150(Sun)-150(Yat-sen:)-200(An)-150(Exposition)-150(of)-150(the)-150(San)-150(Min)-150(Chu)-150(I)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+ 11.956 -30.759 Td [(Corrected)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 45.766 0 Td [(editions)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 37.301 0 Td [(of)-252(our)-252(eBooks)-253(replace)-252(the)-252(old)-253(fil)1(e)-253(and)-252(take)]TJ -95.023 -13.549 Td [(over)-285(the)-286(old)-285(filename)-286(and)-285(etext)-286(number.)-356(The)-286(replaced)-285(older)-285(file)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(is)-367(renamed.)]TJ/F19 10.9091 Tf 58.126 0 Td [(Versions)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 42.185 0 Td [(based)-367(on)-367(separate)-367(sources)-367(are)-367(treated)-367(as)]TJ -100.311 -13.549 Td [(new)-250(eBooks)-250(receiving)-250(new)-250(filenames)-250(and)-250(etext)-250(numbers.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td [(Most)-416(people)-416(start)-416(at)-416(our)-416(Web)-416(site)-416(which)-416(has)-416(the)-416(main)-415(PG)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(search)-250(facility:)]TJ/F16 9.8629 Tf 19.637 -22.64 Td [(http://www.gutenberg.org)]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf -7.681 -23.367 Td [(This)-1077(Web)-1077(site)-1078(includes)-1077(information)-1077(about)-1077(Project)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)]TJ/F64 10.9091 Tf 46.048 0 Td [(")]TJ/F16 10.9091 Tf 10.691 0 Td [(,)-418(including)-384(how)-384(to)-384(make)-385(donations)-384(to)-384(the)-384(Project)]TJ -56.739 -13.549 Td [(Gutenberg)-397(Literary)-396(Archive)-397(Foundation,)-433(how)-396(to)-397(help)-396(produce)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td [(our)-230(new)-230(eBooks,)-234(and)-230(how)-230(to)-230(subscribe)-230(to)-230(our)-230(email)-230(newsletter)-229(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td [(hear)-250(about)-250(new)-250(eBooks.)]TJ
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+0 g 0 G
+ET
+endstream
+endobj
+2136 0 obj <<
+/Type /Page
+/Contents 2137 0 R
+/Resources 2135 0 R
+/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276]
+/Parent 2111 0 R
+/Annots [ 2134 0 R ]
+>> endobj
+2134 0 obj <<
+/Type /Annot
+ /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5]
+/Rect [113.18 425.639 215.636 434.427]
+ /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org) >>
+>> endobj
+2135 0 obj <<
+/Font << /F16 7 0 R /F19 13 0 R /F64 2039 0 R >>
+/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ]
+>> endobj
+2139 0 obj
+[980]
+endobj
+2140 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /Times-Roman
+/Flags 34
+/FontBBox [0 0 1000 0]
+/Ascent 0
+/CapHeight 0
+/Descent 0
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 450
+>> endobj
+2141 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2142 0 obj <<
+/Length1 46048
+/Length 46048
+>>
+stream
+
+
+
+ $./ # 
+<  
+
+MT 
+ .³%"
+
+  ) Q 
+,  Q4$
+? 
+> +0`.
+ '  ()
+#
+5
+
+LZ  <À¤*NQ3;C2=>+W??d•  ¥¾vˆEÿ
+ $ 
+ ‡0
+  8[D 
+ „  !‡
+
+ !8
+HA
+
+‡ [d'
+/ P  +&* 3 ) u!
+ -I6 
+ q
+ u
+ 
+ $¶0¤"0% 0$ 
+. {{
++@('Š'3  *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2143 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /IAFNZP+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 848
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2142 0 R
+>> endobj
+1462 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /IAFNZP+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2143 0 R
+/FirstChar 2
+/LastChar 2
+/Widths 2141 0 R
+>> endobj
+2144 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2145 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45396
+/Length 45396
+>>
+stream
+
+
+!0"ï693
+!h #FO9  $"kr0!-` CL*.Nœ
+  % '   ve
+
+ f5
+
+  
+ 'p
+U
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2146 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /IVWGWP+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 0
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2145 0 R
+>> endobj
+1461 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /IVWGWP+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2146 0 R
+/FirstChar 139
+/LastChar 139
+/Widths 2144 0 R
+>> endobj
+2147 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2148 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45784
+/Length 45784
+>>
+stream
+
+1
+
+
+''.6+ !_„%-:  Ô
+6bH-3 ][  
+$~ “=R^  r>9EcŽ7+:V
+ ‘EN$ 
+
+-  %! NX 040n 3LEÈ#' þ B $!Q'1N
+!  
+   &! é y{û%
+(5
+
+ 4Ù
+
+
+þàio949P
+ ' ' $
+ 
+* 
+^% $M  –>
+
+=6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2149 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /LISMGQ+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 788
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2148 0 R
+>> endobj
+1457 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /LISMGQ+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2149 0 R
+/FirstChar 207
+/LastChar 207
+/Widths 2147 0 R
+>> endobj
+2150 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2151 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45968
+/Length 45968
+>>
+stream
+
+
+ 3~
+U#$  o
+ ?›
+ 0w
+T¶
+
+
+
+*%549 Ÿ b#
+   (."*,
+F6   I
+Q ´(2 Š  E.$ Ži
++m².I "O “pK  hQ ›
+
+9
+ê48
+ Š!d.0 
+Œ þ-B´49'+½+
+$ „¡ 
+œ
+ 
+E 
+
+ 0-*
+"Q
+7>  *.
++KW 0   F 45
+
+aEEu
+ i0+$ %D ",]"F
+H$(
+ -"#  
+
+( 0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2152 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /MLCBPE+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 829
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2151 0 R
+>> endobj
+1456 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /MLCBPE+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2152 0 R
+/FirstChar 183
+/LastChar 183
+/Widths 2150 0 R
+>> endobj
+2153 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2154 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45876
+/Length 45876
+>>
+stream
+
+
+ 
+ §@6+-LE4  I™ þ% 
+ Z9-'.)!.'2ŸlF8(1ZTþ¹ëc" /"Y#%E$>  3 þE  
+G,
+
+ ý’
+(# %,KŠ  
+ 
+ 0  U *œR C %&
+'
+   ½3 Å   ýï 
+  34" !.T' +7-H$Q*
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2155 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /DZITCL+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 0
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2154 0 R
+>> endobj
+1455 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /DZITCL+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2155 0 R
+/FirstChar 83
+/LastChar 83
+/Widths 2153 0 R
+>> endobj
+2156 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2157 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45376
+/Length 45376
+>>
+stream
+
+
+ *" iv!5?J!X.g3iUŒ'pyD" N]˜
+ 
+ ( ½4
+
+ "$|]  ¾`0?FE-0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2158 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /BBKANS+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 838
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2157 0 R
+>> endobj
+1454 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /BBKANS+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2158 0 R
+/FirstChar 39
+/LastChar 39
+/Widths 2156 0 R
+>> endobj
+2159 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2160 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45460
+/Length 45460
+>>
+stream
+
+
+ U9=:
+
+!!+* *""NX/
+9 h(B'$K"'@M'*BW$
+H
+3^W! QL   ·$!
+ 6<TT I!f‹6:D$OUU
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2161 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /ZGRQEB+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 734
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2160 0 R
+>> endobj
+1453 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /ZGRQEB+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2161 0 R
+/FirstChar 31
+/LastChar 31
+/Widths 2159 0 R
+>> endobj
+2162 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2163 0 obj <<
+/Length1 46324
+/Length 46324
+>>
+stream
+
+
+
+ Ç$
+ 4+"C<^y¯fZ9"$5 .799 
+  +]cE
+ "@
+ ",C
+?K  %Î:H1)+< 
+ $ 
+ 5
+
+    
+:*
+  ”
+1'%15
+
+'™G
+ !#[<  #($
+ N% :( GÓ] ,.% *l 4  $
+ " *A( $F
+
+!86Á'R
+
+^! $  B "
+
+2  '
+ $
+
+30 I
+
+ Q%
+
+ t"
+  ^(
+ 
+þ
+
+ 
+ 
+
+
+
+
+ 
+
+  0
+   !
+ E
+)  / 
+   %
+Ó(¦
+ 
+¹  ") 
+%*
+Í{
+ 1#
+0A>,  9³*4:H
+CB
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2164 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /LEOMIQ+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 812
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2163 0 R
+>> endobj
+1452 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /LEOMIQ+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2164 0 R
+/FirstChar 56
+/LastChar 56
+/Widths 2162 0 R
+>> endobj
+2165 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2166 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45840
+/Length 45840
+>>
+stream
+
+
+%Œ ' Qž°=-
+?7*
+!0X ()1  $
+
+! 6G 0:
+"
+m
+. ')*D:
+ 
+W0
+£#  q  1 T7ZN 
+  {B  yB-
+3 2 5U   *­ ) :#þq 1" 3¯k ( .0 '
+
+ m¼3
+ sÙQ4""2Ç''  3:  
+ 9RX þhC!'%8Á$4  .O` Z7
+ K
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2167 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /KFEQGZ+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 775
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2166 0 R
+>> endobj
+1451 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /KFEQGZ+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2167 0 R
+/FirstChar 253
+/LastChar 253
+/Widths 2165 0 R
+>> endobj
+2168 0 obj
+[1000 1000]
+endobj
+2169 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45872
+/Length 45872
+>>
+stream
+
+maxp$ž
+NF$  7–þå
+=6 
+
+ %j!'2BE$&+4p
+ H%@H
+ uC7 w  ¯* Hñþë(
+
+7)"6NxŠ. 4  
+ ¦þÆ./'-©& 
+
+
+þÁ E46X N
+R +'
+–¢+H::U%! ' «1
+"H?
+
+W@1!kX—ð*}R[
+rl „
+
+ c!
+'…É!
+! *! *p‰+ / E
+  $.8 ”‘y¤ M6IFp"
+7s$ B6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2170 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /ACVAFT+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 778
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2169 0 R
+>> endobj
+1450 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /ACVAFT+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2170 0 R
+/FirstChar 12
+/LastChar 13
+/Widths 2168 0 R
+>> endobj
+2171 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2172 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45560
+/Length 45560
+>>
+stream
+
+
+ 141Q*369  !""''
+/9I %"'3r® +)2(Ä ˜ 0O L\(0?+¿
+yt  ”vz·'"$!– "!+!!9]b 
+ 0$
+ N!0"
+  Šþ¢<:!3
+$
+H ϣ 3
+ Ý7. 1)'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2173 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /YFFNTD+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 0
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2172 0 R
+>> endobj
+1449 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /YFFNTD+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2173 0 R
+/FirstChar 17
+/LastChar 17
+/Widths 2171 0 R
+>> endobj
+2174 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2175 0 obj <<
+/Length1 46148
+/Length 46148
+>>
+stream
+
+‰Ò
+
+y H¤  ^À*  ¿ vZ
+ 
+ ,-"(  %"
+! 
+!æ&
+:
+ 
+–f # r(ž$(7LR% hgH3  X^Ò::4D 
+ 0„i
+ 0[&*[J Ãó ! þBE¨@'+¦&
+!
+"(:&   =
+ 0 š­ 3Ä<  
+1 h 
+
+Q
+-0
+% 
+*09^O"   d
+"$ U" $ %€
+" õ  þ± !
+ - -
+
+
+   * 0  $=   Q
+«0 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2176 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /GGUFJX+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 819
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2175 0 R
+>> endobj
+1448 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /GGUFJX+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2176 0 R
+/FirstChar 174
+/LastChar 174
+/Widths 2174 0 R
+>> endobj
+2177 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2178 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45932
+/Length 45932
+>>
+stream
+
+
+I ß5
+?A  |]o *Õ06(6Z S=C9 ovl"!U1=3OH 7vl
+
+ *J &%7 >01:"P(( X8@ -šp~1 'F'%dn(  
+ .žK
+0
+ !  %%3^¼
+ [  
+ B $#  þ¨ 
+0
+
+! " 
+  
+#
+5
+  þ4& F«*"‰ 'O 20
+ % *;X"
+  !R" !!L%0
+  '$'   $Gf .&
+2Cp
+ (O´
+ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2179 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /GJNLID+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 833
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2178 0 R
+>> endobj
+1447 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /GJNLID+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2179 0 R
+/FirstChar 169
+/LastChar 169
+/Widths 2177 0 R
+>> endobj
+2180 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2181 0 obj <<
+/Length1 46096
+/Length 46096
+>>
+stream
+
+
+
+-6.
+  /(  *(
+]  H
+
+
+*
+ [<"LO
+ ! !
+  (?.à' ;   
+1
+  :< 
+ H %Q^.j 
+-9/ 60u
+6¼ UD !ky (O*'.  >' Ä   á%
+
+$¹L"
+
+
+6  
+(
+ 
+=ë¬%^=
+
+1  !=a#*  QX14x D0+$ %D '
+ 
+A%tL  9#$Cr)+
+  
+ - +1c!
+
+A :+  "$
+ -
+'E$W 
+ „  
+L42 'K%6
+ +( 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2182 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /CJEDYS+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 800
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2181 0 R
+>> endobj
+1446 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /CJEDYS+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2182 0 R
+/FirstChar 35
+/LastChar 35
+/Widths 2180 0 R
+>> endobj
+2183 0 obj
+[1000]
+endobj
+2184 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45996
+/Length 45996
+>>
+stream
+
+
+ Î
+.  
+Av%EE9AI8FC   
+",166
+ 40  Šh
+ 
+
+*$6CTE6 (/<1E<7ã%
+$ 1y
+ 3+B:  
+ 4l
+
++B8 
+C8Nj 
+ ´ 
+
+   
+ 
+uh %5
+
+ E3=,.W 6Y  [ 
+  ):Ž m W [ 4+
+ þ"+P
+ 
+ 
+ 6
+
+%$!%„ 4
+  +(4"    
+ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2185 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /NOXCED+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 820
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2184 0 R
+>> endobj
+1445 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /NOXCED+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2185 0 R
+/FirstChar 3
+/LastChar 3
+/Widths 2183 0 R
+>> endobj
+2186 0 obj
+[1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 1000 0 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 1000 1000 0 1000 0 1000 1000 0 0 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 0 0 1000 0 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 0 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 0 1000 0 1000 0 0 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 1000 0 0 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 1000 1000]
+endobj
+2187 0 obj <<
+/Length1 45868
+/Length 45868
+>>
+stream
+
+&*x`$¬€% '%Axþ¥*3!ÅE4Ì­$
+
+ 
+$ÿ
+$
+[
+!EJE
+
+!fŸ**V!%LY%%>+.þ»(0&{Ym‘ !0+<g÷ ("ýcgX
+ R-
+
+*  ›Io % *
+  
+($hˆt";ˆ=-lá<N pr17.3 < 
+<M7 $ga^f  
+ L
+!
+ $þ»" "
+ -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2188 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /GCZHGY+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 777
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 333
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2187 0 R
+>> endobj
+1444 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /GCZHGY+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2188 0 R
+/FirstChar 9
+/LastChar 193
+/Widths 2186 0 R
+>> endobj
+2189 0 obj
+[1000 1000 0 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 0 0 1000 0 1000 1000 0 1000 0 1000 0 0 1000 0 0 0 1000 1000 0 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 0 0 1000 1000 1000 0 0 1000 0 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000]
+endobj
+2190 0 obj <<
+/Length1 46504
+/Length 46504
+>>
+stream
+
+maxp$ž
+
+?!TH!'2p
+
+0   $-9
+  .4 {I1
+ %F
+ 
+ $M  1($
+   P.$F ˜$ :
+*CI K"1  )6  
+ – 'J
+ oæ1=*<lB"( (-1:!. $!)"%*s+
+! |Ì
+y1GÉ-+*90Ÿ
+`M 11CN  ` 
+
+
+ 0   4 .
+
+!|  ˜
+( 
+   6  6 4:X+
+ þ !a '    2   6© V@oS**$O
+ ' %!    %     )     n4 
+:
+ 
+ H 4 ‘{
+
+ T0$
+
+ &!  '+þŽÙ. 
+ (.-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2191 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /NYGTYK+ZenKai-Medium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [0 -121 1000 894]
+/Ascent 878
+/CapHeight 788
+/Descent -120
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 483
+/FontFile2 2190 0 R
+>> endobj
+1443 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /NYGTYK+ZenKai-Medium
+/FontDescriptor 2191 0 R
+/FirstChar 10
+/LastChar 99
+/Widths 2189 0 R
+>> endobj
+2193 0 obj
+[889]
+endobj
+2194 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /Times-Italic
+/Flags 98
+/FontBBox [0 0 1000 0]
+/Ascent 0
+/CapHeight 0
+/Descent 0
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 441
+>> endobj
+2195 0 obj
+[529]
+endobj
+2196 0 obj <<
+/Length1 5592
+/Length 5592
+>>
+stream
+
+=ý
+
+R)]g>M*Ex^°05
+(  'ýµF^8)A/Á-6 ( &'ýe>N
+ -
+by
+{ûÙü¿
+b
+
+endstream
+endobj
+2197 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /PDXHHW+Gentium
+/Flags 4
+/FontBBox [-519 -297 1297 1059]
+/Ascent 858
+/CapHeight 715
+/Descent -275
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 99
+/XHeight 454
+/FontFile2 2196 0 R
+>> endobj
+195 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /TrueType
+/BaseFont /PDXHHW+Gentium
+/FontDescriptor 2197 0 R
+/FirstChar 109
+/LastChar 109
+/Widths 2195 0 R
+>> endobj
+2198 0 obj
+[1000 0 0 0 333 333 333 0 444 444 444 0 500 500 350]
+endobj
+2199 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /Times-Roman
+/Flags 34
+/FontBBox [0 0 1000 0]
+/Ascent 0
+/CapHeight 0
+/Descent 0
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 0
+/XHeight 450
+>> endobj
+2201 0 obj
+[214 333 333 500 675 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 675 675 675 500 920 611 611 667 722 611 611 722 722 333 444 667 556 833 667 722 611 722 611 500 556 722 611 833 611 556 556 389 278 389 422 500 333 500 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 278 278 444 278 722 500 500 500 500 389 389 278 500 444 667 444 444 389 400 0 400 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 389 500 500 500 500 275 500 333 760 276 500 675 0 760 0 400 675 300 300 333 0 523 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 500 611 611 611 611 611 611 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722 667 722 722 722 722 722 675 722 722 722 722 722 556 611 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 675 500 500 500 500 500]
+endobj
+2202 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /Times-Italic
+/Flags 98
+/FontBBox [0 -207 1000 683]
+/Ascent 683
+/CapHeight 661
+/Descent -207
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 83
+/XHeight 441
+>> endobj
+2203 0 obj
+[333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 0 480 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 500 500 500 500 200 500 333 760 276 500 564 0 760 0 400 564 300 300 333 0 453 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 444 722 722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 564 722 722 722 722 722 722 556 500 444 444 444 444 444 444 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 564 500 500 500 500 500]
+endobj
+2204 0 obj <<
+/Type /FontDescriptor
+/FontName /Times-Roman
+/Flags 34
+/FontBBox [0 -218 1000 673]
+/Ascent 673
+/CapHeight 673
+/Descent -218
+/ItalicAngle 0
+/StemV 83
+/XHeight 450
+>> endobj
+2200 0 obj <<
+/Type /Encoding
+/Differences [33/exclam/quotedbl 36/dollar/percent/ampersand/quotesingle/parenleft/parenright/asterisk 44/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/less 62/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft 93/bracketright 97/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z 201/Eacute 220/Udieresis 224/agrave/aacute 228/adieresis 232/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis 237/iacute 239/idieresis 242/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex 246/odieresis 250/uacute 252/udieresis]
+>> endobj
+2192 0 obj <<
+/Type /Encoding
+/Differences [20/emdash 24/quoteleft/quoteright 28/quotedblleft/quotedblright 34/bullet]
+>> endobj
+2138 0 obj <<
+/Type /Encoding
+/Differences [34/trademark]
+>> endobj
+13 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /Type1
+/BaseFont /Times-Italic
+/FontDescriptor 2202 0 R
+/FirstChar 39
+/LastChar 252
+/Widths 2201 0 R
+/Encoding 2200 0 R
+>> endobj
+1386 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /Type1
+/BaseFont /Times-Italic
+/FontDescriptor 2194 0 R
+/FirstChar 20
+/LastChar 20
+/Widths 2193 0 R
+/Encoding 2192 0 R
+>> endobj
+7 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /Type1
+/BaseFont /Times-Roman
+/FontDescriptor 2204 0 R
+/FirstChar 33
+/LastChar 252
+/Widths 2203 0 R
+/Encoding 2200 0 R
+>> endobj
+44 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /Type1
+/BaseFont /Times-Roman
+/FontDescriptor 2199 0 R
+/FirstChar 20
+/LastChar 34
+/Widths 2198 0 R
+/Encoding 2192 0 R
+>> endobj
+2039 0 obj <<
+/Type /Font
+/Subtype /Type1
+/BaseFont /Times-Roman
+/FontDescriptor 2140 0 R
+/FirstChar 34
+/LastChar 34
+/Widths 2139 0 R
+/Encoding 2138 0 R
+>> endobj
+8 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2205 0 R
+/Kids [4 0 R 11 0 R 15 0 R 18 0 R 21 0 R 29 0 R]
+>> endobj
+36 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2205 0 R
+/Kids [32 0 R 42 0 R 47 0 R 51 0 R 55 0 R 59 0 R]
+>> endobj
+66 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2205 0 R
+/Kids [63 0 R 80 0 R 83 0 R 87 0 R 91 0 R 95 0 R]
+>> endobj
+102 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2205 0 R
+/Kids [99 0 R 104 0 R 113 0 R 117 0 R 121 0 R 125 0 R]
+>> endobj
+132 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2205 0 R
+/Kids [129 0 R 134 0 R 138 0 R 142 0 R 146 0 R 150 0 R]
+>> endobj
+157 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2205 0 R
+/Kids [154 0 R 159 0 R 163 0 R 176 0 R 179 0 R 188 0 R]
+>> endobj
+196 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2206 0 R
+/Kids [192 0 R 198 0 R 203 0 R 211 0 R 215 0 R 219 0 R]
+>> endobj
+226 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2206 0 R
+/Kids [223 0 R 228 0 R 232 0 R 236 0 R 240 0 R 248 0 R]
+>> endobj
+255 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2206 0 R
+/Kids [252 0 R 257 0 R 261 0 R 265 0 R 269 0 R 273 0 R]
+>> endobj
+281 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2206 0 R
+/Kids [277 0 R 283 0 R 286 0 R 294 0 R 298 0 R 302 0 R]
+>> endobj
+309 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2206 0 R
+/Kids [306 0 R 311 0 R 319 0 R 323 0 R 327 0 R 331 0 R]
+>> endobj
+339 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2206 0 R
+/Kids [335 0 R 341 0 R 353 0 R 356 0 R 360 0 R 365 0 R]
+>> endobj
+371 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2207 0 R
+/Kids [368 0 R 373 0 R 381 0 R 385 0 R 389 0 R 397 0 R]
+>> endobj
+404 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2207 0 R
+/Kids [401 0 R 406 0 R 410 0 R 415 0 R 419 0 R 427 0 R]
+>> endobj
+434 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2207 0 R
+/Kids [431 0 R 436 0 R 440 0 R 448 0 R 452 0 R 456 0 R]
+>> endobj
+463 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2207 0 R
+/Kids [460 0 R 469 0 R 473 0 R 477 0 R 481 0 R 485 0 R]
+>> endobj
+492 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2207 0 R
+/Kids [489 0 R 494 0 R 498 0 R 510 0 R 514 0 R 518 0 R]
+>> endobj
+526 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2207 0 R
+/Kids [523 0 R 528 0 R 532 0 R 536 0 R 544 0 R 548 0 R]
+>> endobj
+554 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2208 0 R
+/Kids [551 0 R 556 0 R 561 0 R 565 0 R 569 0 R 577 0 R]
+>> endobj
+584 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2208 0 R
+/Kids [581 0 R 586 0 R 594 0 R 598 0 R 602 0 R 610 0 R]
+>> endobj
+617 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2208 0 R
+/Kids [614 0 R 619 0 R 623 0 R 631 0 R 635 0 R 639 0 R]
+>> endobj
+646 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2208 0 R
+/Kids [643 0 R 648 0 R 652 0 R 656 0 R 660 0 R 673 0 R]
+>> endobj
+679 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2208 0 R
+/Kids [677 0 R 681 0 R 689 0 R 693 0 R 697 0 R 705 0 R]
+>> endobj
+712 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2208 0 R
+/Kids [709 0 R 714 0 R 718 0 R 722 0 R 730 0 R 734 0 R]
+>> endobj
+741 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2209 0 R
+/Kids [738 0 R 743 0 R 747 0 R 751 0 R 755 0 R 759 0 R]
+>> endobj
+766 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2209 0 R
+/Kids [763 0 R 768 0 R 772 0 R 776 0 R 784 0 R 788 0 R]
+>> endobj
+796 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2209 0 R
+/Kids [792 0 R 798 0 R 802 0 R 806 0 R 810 0 R 814 0 R]
+>> endobj
+825 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2209 0 R
+/Kids [822 0 R 827 0 R 831 0 R 835 0 R 847 0 R 850 0 R]
+>> endobj
+857 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2209 0 R
+/Kids [854 0 R 859 0 R 863 0 R 867 0 R 872 0 R 876 0 R]
+>> endobj
+883 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2209 0 R
+/Kids [880 0 R 885 0 R 894 0 R 898 0 R 902 0 R 906 0 R]
+>> endobj
+913 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2210 0 R
+/Kids [910 0 R 915 0 R 919 0 R 927 0 R 931 0 R 935 0 R]
+>> endobj
+942 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2210 0 R
+/Kids [939 0 R 944 0 R 948 0 R 952 0 R 960 0 R 964 0 R]
+>> endobj
+971 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2210 0 R
+/Kids [968 0 R 973 0 R 977 0 R 981 0 R 985 0 R 989 0 R]
+>> endobj
+996 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2210 0 R
+/Kids [993 0 R 998 0 R 1006 0 R 1010 0 R 1014 0 R 1018 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1025 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2210 0 R
+/Kids [1023 0 R 1031 0 R 1035 0 R 1039 0 R 1043 0 R 1047 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1055 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2210 0 R
+/Kids [1052 0 R 1061 0 R 1065 0 R 1069 0 R 1073 0 R 1077 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1092 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2211 0 R
+/Kids [1090 0 R 1094 0 R 1098 0 R 1103 0 R 1107 0 R 1115 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1122 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2211 0 R
+/Kids [1119 0 R 1124 0 R 1129 0 R 1137 0 R 1141 0 R 1145 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1156 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2211 0 R
+/Kids [1153 0 R 1158 0 R 1162 0 R 1166 0 R 1170 0 R 1174 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1185 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2211 0 R
+/Kids [1182 0 R 1187 0 R 1191 0 R 1199 0 R 1203 0 R 1211 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1218 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2211 0 R
+/Kids [1215 0 R 1220 0 R 1224 0 R 1236 0 R 1239 0 R 1243 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1250 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2211 0 R
+/Kids [1247 0 R 1257 0 R 1262 0 R 1266 0 R 1271 0 R 1279 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1286 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2212 0 R
+/Kids [1283 0 R 1288 0 R 1292 0 R 1297 0 R 1300 0 R 1304 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1311 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2212 0 R
+/Kids [1308 0 R 1317 0 R 1321 0 R 1325 0 R 1329 0 R 1333 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1340 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2212 0 R
+/Kids [1337 0 R 1342 0 R 1346 0 R 1350 0 R 1358 0 R 1362 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1369 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2212 0 R
+/Kids [1366 0 R 1371 0 R 1380 0 R 1383 0 R 1388 0 R 1391 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1397 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2212 0 R
+/Kids [1395 0 R 1399 0 R 1403 0 R 1407 0 R 1410 0 R 1414 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1420 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2212 0 R
+/Kids [1417 0 R 1422 0 R 1426 0 R 1429 0 R 1433 0 R 1441 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1464 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2213 0 R
+/Kids [1459 0 R 1513 0 R 1595 0 R 1666 0 R 1717 0 R 1807 0 R]
+>> endobj
+1862 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2213 0 R
+/Kids [1860 0 R 1915 0 R 1967 0 R 2000 0 R 2007 0 R 2011 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2017 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2213 0 R
+/Kids [2014 0 R 2019 0 R 2026 0 R 2029 0 R 2037 0 R 2048 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2061 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2213 0 R
+/Kids [2056 0 R 2067 0 R 2074 0 R 2083 0 R 2090 0 R 2101 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2111 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 6
+/Parent 2213 0 R
+/Kids [2107 0 R 2116 0 R 2123 0 R 2127 0 R 2131 0 R 2136 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2205 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2214 0 R
+/Kids [8 0 R 36 0 R 66 0 R 102 0 R 132 0 R 157 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2206 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2214 0 R
+/Kids [196 0 R 226 0 R 255 0 R 281 0 R 309 0 R 339 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2207 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2214 0 R
+/Kids [371 0 R 404 0 R 434 0 R 463 0 R 492 0 R 526 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2208 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2214 0 R
+/Kids [554 0 R 584 0 R 617 0 R 646 0 R 679 0 R 712 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2209 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2214 0 R
+/Kids [741 0 R 766 0 R 796 0 R 825 0 R 857 0 R 883 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2210 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2214 0 R
+/Kids [913 0 R 942 0 R 971 0 R 996 0 R 1025 0 R 1055 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2211 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2215 0 R
+/Kids [1092 0 R 1122 0 R 1156 0 R 1185 0 R 1218 0 R 1250 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2212 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 36
+/Parent 2215 0 R
+/Kids [1286 0 R 1311 0 R 1340 0 R 1369 0 R 1397 0 R 1420 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2213 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 30
+/Parent 2215 0 R
+/Kids [1464 0 R 1862 0 R 2017 0 R 2061 0 R 2111 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2214 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 216
+/Parent 2216 0 R
+/Kids [2205 0 R 2206 0 R 2207 0 R 2208 0 R 2209 0 R 2210 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2215 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 102
+/Parent 2216 0 R
+/Kids [2211 0 R 2212 0 R 2213 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2216 0 obj <<
+/Type /Pages
+/Count 318
+/Kids [2214 0 R 2215 0 R]
+>> endobj
+2217 0 obj <<
+/Type /Outlines
+/First 26 0 R
+/Last 2042 0 R
+/Count 17
+>> endobj
+2042 0 obj <<
+/Title 2043 0 R
+/A 2040 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 2033 0 R
+>> endobj
+2033 0 obj <<
+/Title 2034 0 R
+/A 2031 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 2023 0 R
+/Next 2042 0 R
+>> endobj
+2023 0 obj <<
+/Title 2024 0 R
+/A 2021 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 2004 0 R
+/Next 2033 0 R
+>> endobj
+2004 0 obj <<
+/Title 2005 0 R
+/A 2002 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 1467 0 R
+/Next 2023 0 R
+>> endobj
+1467 0 obj <<
+/Title 1468 0 R
+/A 1465 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 1438 0 R
+/Next 2004 0 R
+>> endobj
+1438 0 obj <<
+/Title 1439 0 R
+/A 1436 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 1377 0 R
+/Next 1467 0 R
+>> endobj
+1377 0 obj <<
+/Title 1378 0 R
+/A 1375 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 1229 0 R
+/Next 1438 0 R
+>> endobj
+1355 0 obj <<
+/Title 1356 0 R
+/A 1353 0 R
+/Parent 1229 0 R
+/Prev 1314 0 R
+>> endobj
+1314 0 obj <<
+/Title 1315 0 R
+/A 1312 0 R
+/Parent 1229 0 R
+/Prev 1276 0 R
+/Next 1355 0 R
+>> endobj
+1276 0 obj <<
+/Title 1277 0 R
+/A 1274 0 R
+/Parent 1229 0 R
+/Prev 1253 0 R
+/Next 1314 0 R
+>> endobj
+1253 0 obj <<
+/Title 1254 0 R
+/A 1251 0 R
+/Parent 1229 0 R
+/Prev 1233 0 R
+/Next 1276 0 R
+>> endobj
+1233 0 obj <<
+/Title 1234 0 R
+/A 1231 0 R
+/Parent 1229 0 R
+/Next 1253 0 R
+>> endobj
+1229 0 obj <<
+/Title 1230 0 R
+/A 1227 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 1083 0 R
+/Next 1377 0 R
+/First 1233 0 R
+/Last 1355 0 R
+/Count -5
+>> endobj
+1208 0 obj <<
+/Title 1209 0 R
+/A 1206 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Prev 1196 0 R
+>> endobj
+1196 0 obj <<
+/Title 1197 0 R
+/A 1194 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Prev 1179 0 R
+/Next 1208 0 R
+>> endobj
+1179 0 obj <<
+/Title 1180 0 R
+/A 1177 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Prev 1150 0 R
+/Next 1196 0 R
+>> endobj
+1150 0 obj <<
+/Title 1151 0 R
+/A 1148 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Prev 1134 0 R
+/Next 1179 0 R
+>> endobj
+1134 0 obj <<
+/Title 1135 0 R
+/A 1132 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Prev 1112 0 R
+/Next 1150 0 R
+>> endobj
+1112 0 obj <<
+/Title 1113 0 R
+/A 1110 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Prev 1087 0 R
+/Next 1134 0 R
+>> endobj
+1087 0 obj <<
+/Title 1088 0 R
+/A 1085 0 R
+/Parent 1083 0 R
+/Next 1112 0 R
+>> endobj
+1083 0 obj <<
+/Title 1084 0 R
+/A 1081 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 840 0 R
+/Next 1229 0 R
+/First 1087 0 R
+/Last 1208 0 R
+/Count -7
+>> endobj
+1058 0 obj <<
+/Title 1059 0 R
+/A 1056 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Prev 1028 0 R
+>> endobj
+1028 0 obj <<
+/Title 1029 0 R
+/A 1026 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Prev 1003 0 R
+/Next 1058 0 R
+>> endobj
+1003 0 obj <<
+/Title 1004 0 R
+/A 1001 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Prev 957 0 R
+/Next 1028 0 R
+>> endobj
+957 0 obj <<
+/Title 958 0 R
+/A 955 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Prev 924 0 R
+/Next 1003 0 R
+>> endobj
+924 0 obj <<
+/Title 925 0 R
+/A 922 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Prev 890 0 R
+/Next 957 0 R
+>> endobj
+890 0 obj <<
+/Title 891 0 R
+/A 888 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Prev 844 0 R
+/Next 924 0 R
+>> endobj
+844 0 obj <<
+/Title 845 0 R
+/A 842 0 R
+/Parent 840 0 R
+/Next 890 0 R
+>> endobj
+840 0 obj <<
+/Title 841 0 R
+/A 838 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 666 0 R
+/Next 1083 0 R
+/First 844 0 R
+/Last 1058 0 R
+/Count -7
+>> endobj
+819 0 obj <<
+/Title 820 0 R
+/A 817 0 R
+/Parent 666 0 R
+/Prev 781 0 R
+>> endobj
+781 0 obj <<
+/Title 782 0 R
+/A 779 0 R
+/Parent 666 0 R
+/Prev 727 0 R
+/Next 819 0 R
+>> endobj
+727 0 obj <<
+/Title 728 0 R
+/A 725 0 R
+/Parent 666 0 R
+/Prev 702 0 R
+/Next 781 0 R
+>> endobj
+702 0 obj <<
+/Title 703 0 R
+/A 700 0 R
+/Parent 666 0 R
+/Prev 686 0 R
+/Next 727 0 R
+>> endobj
+686 0 obj <<
+/Title 687 0 R
+/A 684 0 R
+/Parent 666 0 R
+/Prev 670 0 R
+/Next 702 0 R
+>> endobj
+670 0 obj <<
+/Title 671 0 R
+/A 668 0 R
+/Parent 666 0 R
+/Next 686 0 R
+>> endobj
+666 0 obj <<
+/Title 667 0 R
+/A 664 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 503 0 R
+/Next 840 0 R
+/First 670 0 R
+/Last 819 0 R
+/Count -6
+>> endobj
+628 0 obj <<
+/Title 629 0 R
+/A 626 0 R
+/Parent 503 0 R
+/Prev 607 0 R
+>> endobj
+607 0 obj <<
+/Title 608 0 R
+/A 605 0 R
+/Parent 503 0 R
+/Prev 591 0 R
+/Next 628 0 R
+>> endobj
+591 0 obj <<
+/Title 592 0 R
+/A 589 0 R
+/Parent 503 0 R
+/Prev 574 0 R
+/Next 607 0 R
+>> endobj
+574 0 obj <<
+/Title 575 0 R
+/A 572 0 R
+/Parent 503 0 R
+/Prev 541 0 R
+/Next 591 0 R
+>> endobj
+541 0 obj <<
+/Title 542 0 R
+/A 539 0 R
+/Parent 503 0 R
+/Prev 507 0 R
+/Next 574 0 R
+>> endobj
+507 0 obj <<
+/Title 508 0 R
+/A 505 0 R
+/Parent 503 0 R
+/Next 541 0 R
+>> endobj
+503 0 obj <<
+/Title 504 0 R
+/A 501 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 346 0 R
+/Next 666 0 R
+/First 507 0 R
+/Last 628 0 R
+/Count -6
+>> endobj
+466 0 obj <<
+/Title 467 0 R
+/A 464 0 R
+/Parent 346 0 R
+/Prev 445 0 R
+>> endobj
+445 0 obj <<
+/Title 446 0 R
+/A 443 0 R
+/Parent 346 0 R
+/Prev 424 0 R
+/Next 466 0 R
+>> endobj
+424 0 obj <<
+/Title 425 0 R
+/A 422 0 R
+/Parent 346 0 R
+/Prev 394 0 R
+/Next 445 0 R
+>> endobj
+394 0 obj <<
+/Title 395 0 R
+/A 392 0 R
+/Parent 346 0 R
+/Prev 378 0 R
+/Next 424 0 R
+>> endobj
+378 0 obj <<
+/Title 379 0 R
+/A 376 0 R
+/Parent 346 0 R
+/Prev 350 0 R
+/Next 394 0 R
+>> endobj
+350 0 obj <<
+/Title 351 0 R
+/A 348 0 R
+/Parent 346 0 R
+/Next 378 0 R
+>> endobj
+346 0 obj <<
+/Title 347 0 R
+/A 344 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 169 0 R
+/Next 503 0 R
+/First 350 0 R
+/Last 466 0 R
+/Count -6
+>> endobj
+316 0 obj <<
+/Title 317 0 R
+/A 314 0 R
+/Parent 169 0 R
+/Prev 291 0 R
+>> endobj
+291 0 obj <<
+/Title 292 0 R
+/A 289 0 R
+/Parent 169 0 R
+/Prev 245 0 R
+/Next 316 0 R
+>> endobj
+245 0 obj <<
+/Title 246 0 R
+/A 243 0 R
+/Parent 169 0 R
+/Prev 208 0 R
+/Next 291 0 R
+>> endobj
+208 0 obj <<
+/Title 209 0 R
+/A 206 0 R
+/Parent 169 0 R
+/Prev 185 0 R
+/Next 245 0 R
+>> endobj
+185 0 obj <<
+/Title 186 0 R
+/A 183 0 R
+/Parent 169 0 R
+/Prev 173 0 R
+/Next 208 0 R
+>> endobj
+173 0 obj <<
+/Title 174 0 R
+/A 171 0 R
+/Parent 169 0 R
+/Next 185 0 R
+>> endobj
+169 0 obj <<
+/Title 170 0 R
+/A 167 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 69 0 R
+/Next 346 0 R
+/First 173 0 R
+/Last 316 0 R
+/Count -6
+>> endobj
+110 0 obj <<
+/Title 111 0 R
+/A 108 0 R
+/Parent 73 0 R
+/Prev 77 0 R
+>> endobj
+77 0 obj <<
+/Title 78 0 R
+/A 75 0 R
+/Parent 73 0 R
+/Next 110 0 R
+>> endobj
+73 0 obj <<
+/Title 74 0 R
+/A 71 0 R
+/Parent 69 0 R
+/First 77 0 R
+/Last 110 0 R
+/Count -2
+>> endobj
+69 0 obj <<
+/Title 70 0 R
+/A 67 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 39 0 R
+/Next 169 0 R
+/First 73 0 R
+/Last 73 0 R
+/Count -1
+>> endobj
+39 0 obj <<
+/Title 40 0 R
+/A 37 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Prev 26 0 R
+/Next 69 0 R
+>> endobj
+26 0 obj <<
+/Title 27 0 R
+/A 24 0 R
+/Parent 2217 0 R
+/Next 39 0 R
+>> endobj
+2218 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Index-British) 1515 0 R (Index-Canton) 1516 0 R (Index-England) 1597 0 R (Index-Manchu) 1598 0 R (Index-Marxian) 1521 0 R (Index-Mongol) 1810 0 R]
+/Limits [(Index-British) (Index-Mongol)]
+>> endobj
+2219 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Index-Outline-Reconstruction) 1523 0 R (Index-Program-Reconstruction) 1522 0 R (Index-Pu-Yi) 1719 0 R (Index-Russians) 1520 0 R (Index-San-Min) 1917 0 R (Index-Soviet-Union) 1918 0 R]
+/Limits [(Index-Outline-Reconstruction) (Index-Soviet-Union)]
+>> endobj
+2220 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Index-Sun-Wen) 1863 0 R (Index-United-States) 1519 0 R (Pg001) 65 0 R (Pg002) 85 0 R (Pg003) 89 0 R (Pg004) 93 0 R]
+/Limits [(Index-Sun-Wen) (Pg004)]
+>> endobj
+2221 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg005) 97 0 R (Pg006) 101 0 R (Pg007) 106 0 R (Pg008) 107 0 R (Pg009) 115 0 R (Pg010) 119 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg005) (Pg010)]
+>> endobj
+2222 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg011) 123 0 R (Pg012) 127 0 R (Pg013) 131 0 R (Pg014) 136 0 R (Pg015) 140 0 R (Pg016) 144 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg011) (Pg016)]
+>> endobj
+2223 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg017) 148 0 R (Pg018) 152 0 R (Pg019) 156 0 R (Pg020) 161 0 R (Pg021) 165 0 R (Pg022) 166 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg017) (Pg022)]
+>> endobj
+2224 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg023) 181 0 R (Pg024) 182 0 R (Pg025) 190 0 R (Pg026) 200 0 R (Pg027) 201 0 R (Pg028) 205 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg023) (Pg028)]
+>> endobj
+2225 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg029) 213 0 R (Pg030) 217 0 R (Pg031) 221 0 R (Pg032) 225 0 R (Pg033) 230 0 R (Pg034) 234 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg029) (Pg034)]
+>> endobj
+2226 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg035) 238 0 R (Pg036) 242 0 R (Pg037) 250 0 R (Pg038) 254 0 R (Pg039) 259 0 R (Pg040) 263 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg035) (Pg040)]
+>> endobj
+2227 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg041) 267 0 R (Pg042) 271 0 R (Pg043) 275 0 R (Pg044) 279 0 R (Pg045) 280 0 R (Pg046) 288 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg041) (Pg046)]
+>> endobj
+2228 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg047) 296 0 R (Pg048) 300 0 R (Pg049) 304 0 R (Pg050) 308 0 R (Pg051) 313 0 R (Pg052) 321 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg047) (Pg052)]
+>> endobj
+2229 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg053) 325 0 R (Pg054) 329 0 R (Pg055) 333 0 R (Pg056) 337 0 R (Pg057) 338 0 R (Pg058) 343 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg053) (Pg058)]
+>> endobj
+2230 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg059) 358 0 R (Pg060) 362 0 R (Pg061) 363 0 R (Pg062) 370 0 R (Pg063) 375 0 R (Pg064) 383 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg059) (Pg064)]
+>> endobj
+2231 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg065) 387 0 R (Pg066) 391 0 R (Pg067) 399 0 R (Pg068) 403 0 R (Pg069) 408 0 R (Pg070) 412 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg065) (Pg070)]
+>> endobj
+2232 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg071) 413 0 R (Pg072) 417 0 R (Pg073) 421 0 R (Pg074) 429 0 R (Pg075) 433 0 R (Pg076) 438 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg071) (Pg076)]
+>> endobj
+2233 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg077) 442 0 R (Pg078) 450 0 R (Pg079) 454 0 R (Pg080) 458 0 R (Pg081) 462 0 R (Pg082) 471 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg077) (Pg082)]
+>> endobj
+2234 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg083) 475 0 R (Pg084) 479 0 R (Pg085) 483 0 R (Pg086) 487 0 R (Pg087) 491 0 R (Pg088) 496 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg083) (Pg088)]
+>> endobj
+2235 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg089) 500 0 R (Pg090) 516 0 R (Pg091) 520 0 R (Pg092) 521 0 R (Pg093) 525 0 R (Pg094) 530 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg089) (Pg094)]
+>> endobj
+2236 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg095) 534 0 R (Pg096) 538 0 R (Pg097) 546 0 R (Pg098) 553 0 R (Pg099) 558 0 R (Pg100) 559 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg095) (Pg100)]
+>> endobj
+2237 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg101) 563 0 R (Pg102) 567 0 R (Pg103) 571 0 R (Pg104) 579 0 R (Pg105) 583 0 R (Pg106) 588 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg101) (Pg106)]
+>> endobj
+2238 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg107) 596 0 R (Pg108) 600 0 R (Pg109) 604 0 R (Pg110) 612 0 R (Pg111) 616 0 R (Pg112) 621 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg107) (Pg112)]
+>> endobj
+2239 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg113) 625 0 R (Pg114) 633 0 R (Pg115) 637 0 R (Pg116) 641 0 R (Pg117) 645 0 R (Pg118) 650 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg113) (Pg118)]
+>> endobj
+2240 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg119) 654 0 R (Pg120) 658 0 R (Pg121) 662 0 R (Pg122) 663 0 R (Pg123) 675 0 R (Pg124) 683 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg119) (Pg124)]
+>> endobj
+2241 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg125) 691 0 R (Pg126) 695 0 R (Pg127) 699 0 R (Pg128) 707 0 R (Pg129) 711 0 R (Pg130) 716 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg125) (Pg130)]
+>> endobj
+2242 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg131) 720 0 R (Pg132) 724 0 R (Pg133) 732 0 R (Pg134) 736 0 R (Pg135) 740 0 R (Pg136) 745 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg131) (Pg136)]
+>> endobj
+2243 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg137) 749 0 R (Pg138) 753 0 R (Pg139) 757 0 R (Pg140) 761 0 R (Pg141) 765 0 R (Pg142) 770 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg137) (Pg142)]
+>> endobj
+2244 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg143) 774 0 R (Pg144) 778 0 R (Pg145) 786 0 R (Pg146) 790 0 R (Pg147) 794 0 R (Pg148) 795 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg143) (Pg148)]
+>> endobj
+2245 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg149) 800 0 R (Pg150) 804 0 R (Pg151) 808 0 R (Pg152) 812 0 R (Pg153) 816 0 R (Pg154) 824 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg149) (Pg154)]
+>> endobj
+2246 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg155) 829 0 R (Pg156) 833 0 R (Pg157) 837 0 R (Pg158) 852 0 R (Pg159) 856 0 R (Pg160) 861 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg155) (Pg160)]
+>> endobj
+2247 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg161) 865 0 R (Pg162) 869 0 R (Pg163) 870 0 R (Pg164) 874 0 R (Pg165) 878 0 R (Pg166) 882 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg161) (Pg166)]
+>> endobj
+2248 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg167) 887 0 R (Pg168) 896 0 R (Pg169) 900 0 R (Pg170) 904 0 R (Pg171) 908 0 R (Pg172) 912 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg167) (Pg172)]
+>> endobj
+2249 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg173) 917 0 R (Pg174) 921 0 R (Pg175) 929 0 R (Pg176) 933 0 R (Pg177) 937 0 R (Pg178) 941 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg173) (Pg178)]
+>> endobj
+2250 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg179) 946 0 R (Pg180) 950 0 R (Pg181) 954 0 R (Pg182) 962 0 R (Pg183) 966 0 R (Pg184) 970 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg179) (Pg184)]
+>> endobj
+2251 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg185) 975 0 R (Pg186) 979 0 R (Pg187) 983 0 R (Pg188) 987 0 R (Pg189) 991 0 R (Pg190) 995 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg185) (Pg190)]
+>> endobj
+2252 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg191) 1000 0 R (Pg192) 1008 0 R (Pg193) 1012 0 R (Pg194) 1016 0 R (Pg195) 1020 0 R (Pg196) 1021 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg191) (Pg196)]
+>> endobj
+2253 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg197) 1033 0 R (Pg198) 1037 0 R (Pg199) 1041 0 R (Pg200) 1045 0 R (Pg201) 1049 0 R (Pg202) 1050 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg197) (Pg202)]
+>> endobj
+2254 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg203) 1054 0 R (Pg204) 1063 0 R (Pg205) 1067 0 R (Pg206) 1071 0 R (Pg207) 1075 0 R (Pg208) 1079 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg203) (Pg208)]
+>> endobj
+2255 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg209) 1080 0 R (Pg210) 1096 0 R (Pg211) 1100 0 R (Pg212) 1105 0 R (Pg213) 1109 0 R (Pg214) 1117 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg209) (Pg214)]
+>> endobj
+2256 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg215) 1121 0 R (Pg216) 1126 0 R (Pg217) 1127 0 R (Pg218) 1131 0 R (Pg219) 1139 0 R (Pg220) 1143 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg215) (Pg220)]
+>> endobj
+2257 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg221) 1147 0 R (Pg222) 1155 0 R (Pg223) 1160 0 R (Pg224) 1164 0 R (Pg225) 1168 0 R (Pg226) 1172 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg221) (Pg226)]
+>> endobj
+2258 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg227) 1176 0 R (Pg228) 1184 0 R (Pg229) 1189 0 R (Pg230) 1193 0 R (Pg231) 1201 0 R (Pg232) 1205 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg227) (Pg232)]
+>> endobj
+2259 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg233) 1213 0 R (Pg234) 1217 0 R (Pg235) 1222 0 R (Pg236) 1226 0 R (Pg237) 1241 0 R (Pg238) 1245 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg233) (Pg238)]
+>> endobj
+2260 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg239) 1249 0 R (Pg240) 1259 0 R (Pg241) 1264 0 R (Pg242) 1268 0 R (Pg243) 1273 0 R (Pg244) 1281 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg239) (Pg244)]
+>> endobj
+2261 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg245) 1285 0 R (Pg246) 1290 0 R (Pg247) 1294 0 R (Pg248) 1295 0 R (Pg249) 1302 0 R (Pg250) 1306 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg245) (Pg250)]
+>> endobj
+2262 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg251) 1310 0 R (Pg252) 1319 0 R (Pg253) 1323 0 R (Pg254) 1327 0 R (Pg255) 1331 0 R (Pg256) 1335 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg251) (Pg256)]
+>> endobj
+2263 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg257) 1339 0 R (Pg258) 1344 0 R (Pg259) 1348 0 R (Pg260) 1352 0 R (Pg261) 1360 0 R (Pg262) 1364 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg257) (Pg262)]
+>> endobj
+2264 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg263) 1368 0 R (Pg264) 1373 0 R (Pg265) 1374 0 R (Pg266) 1385 0 R (Pg267) 1393 0 R (Pg268) 1401 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg263) (Pg268)]
+>> endobj
+2265 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg269) 1405 0 R (Pg270) 1412 0 R (Pg271) 1419 0 R (Pg272) 1424 0 R (Pg273) 1431 0 R (Pg274) 1435 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg269) (Pg274)]
+>> endobj
+2266 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pg275) 1463 0 R (Pg276) 1668 0 R (Pg277) 1809 0 R (Pg278) 1919 0 R (Pgix) 49 0 R (Pgv) 23 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg275) (Pgv)]
+>> endobj
+2267 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Pgvi) 34 0 R (Pgvii) 35 0 R (Pgviii) 45 0 R (Pgx) 53 0 R (Pgxi) 57 0 R (Pgxii) 61 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pgvi) (Pgxii)]
+>> endobj
+2268 0 obj <<
+/Names [(Section_Nation_and_State) 194 0 R (footnotes) 2009 0 R (index1) 25 0 R (index10) 207 0 R (index11) 244 0 R (index12) 290 0 R]
+/Limits [(Section_Nation_and_State) (index12)]
+>> endobj
+2269 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index13) 315 0 R (index14) 345 0 R (index15) 349 0 R (index16) 377 0 R (index17) 393 0 R (index18) 423 0 R]
+/Limits [(index13) (index18)]
+>> endobj
+2270 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index19) 444 0 R (index2) 38 0 R (index20) 465 0 R (index21) 502 0 R (index22) 506 0 R (index23) 540 0 R]
+/Limits [(index19) (index23)]
+>> endobj
+2271 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index24) 573 0 R (index25) 590 0 R (index26) 606 0 R (index27) 627 0 R (index28) 665 0 R (index29) 669 0 R]
+/Limits [(index24) (index29)]
+>> endobj
+2272 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index3) 68 0 R (index30) 685 0 R (index31) 701 0 R (index32) 726 0 R (index33) 780 0 R (index34) 818 0 R]
+/Limits [(index3) (index34)]
+>> endobj
+2273 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index35) 839 0 R (index36) 843 0 R (index37) 889 0 R (index38) 923 0 R (index39) 956 0 R (index4) 72 0 R]
+/Limits [(index35) (index4)]
+>> endobj
+2274 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index40) 1002 0 R (index41) 1027 0 R (index42) 1057 0 R (index43) 1082 0 R (index44) 1086 0 R (index45) 1111 0 R]
+/Limits [(index40) (index45)]
+>> endobj
+2275 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index46) 1133 0 R (index47) 1149 0 R (index48) 1178 0 R (index49) 1195 0 R (index5) 76 0 R (index50) 1207 0 R]
+/Limits [(index46) (index50)]
+>> endobj
+2276 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index51) 1228 0 R (index52) 1232 0 R (index53) 1252 0 R (index54) 1275 0 R (index55) 1313 0 R (index56) 1354 0 R]
+/Limits [(index51) (index56)]
+>> endobj
+2277 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index57) 1376 0 R (index58) 1437 0 R (index59) 1466 0 R (index6) 109 0 R (index60) 2003 0 R (index61) 2022 0 R]
+/Limits [(index57) (index61)]
+>> endobj
+2278 0 obj <<
+/Names [(index62) 2032 0 R (index63) 2041 0 R (index7) 168 0 R (index8) 172 0 R (index9) 184 0 R (pgfooter) 2016 0 R]
+/Limits [(index62) (pgfooter)]
+>> endobj
+2279 0 obj <<
+/Names [(pgheader) 6 0 R (pglicense) 9 0 R (pglicense1) 2050 0 R (pglicense1A) 2051 0 R (pglicense1B) 2058 0 R (pglicense1C) 2059 0 R]
+/Limits [(pgheader) (pglicense1C)]
+>> endobj
+2280 0 obj <<
+/Names [(pglicense1D) 2060 0 R (pglicense1E) 2062 0 R (pglicense1E1) 2069 0 R (pglicense1E2) 2070 0 R (pglicense1E3) 2076 0 R (pglicense1E4) 2077 0 R]
+/Limits [(pglicense1D) (pglicense1E4)]
+>> endobj
+2281 0 obj <<
+/Names [(pglicense1E5) 2078 0 R (pglicense1E6) 2085 0 R (pglicense1E7) 2086 0 R (pglicense1E8) 2052 0 R (pglicense1E9) 2094 0 R (pglicense1F) 2095 0 R]
+/Limits [(pglicense1E5) (pglicense1F)]
+>> endobj
+2282 0 obj <<
+/Names [(pglicense1F1) 2103 0 R (pglicense1F2) 2104 0 R (pglicense1F3) 2097 0 R (pglicense1F4) 2109 0 R (pglicense1F5) 2110 0 R (pglicense1F6) 2118 0 R]
+/Limits [(pglicense1F1) (pglicense1F6)]
+>> endobj
+2283 0 obj <<
+/Names [(pglicense2) 2119 0 R (pglicense3) 2098 0 R (pglicense4) 2096 0 R (pglicense5) 2133 0 R]
+/Limits [(pglicense2) (pglicense5)]
+>> endobj
+2284 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2218 0 R 2219 0 R 2220 0 R 2221 0 R 2222 0 R 2223 0 R]
+/Limits [(Index-British) (Pg022)]
+>> endobj
+2285 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2224 0 R 2225 0 R 2226 0 R 2227 0 R 2228 0 R 2229 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg023) (Pg058)]
+>> endobj
+2286 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2230 0 R 2231 0 R 2232 0 R 2233 0 R 2234 0 R 2235 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg059) (Pg094)]
+>> endobj
+2287 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2236 0 R 2237 0 R 2238 0 R 2239 0 R 2240 0 R 2241 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg095) (Pg130)]
+>> endobj
+2288 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2242 0 R 2243 0 R 2244 0 R 2245 0 R 2246 0 R 2247 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg131) (Pg166)]
+>> endobj
+2289 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2248 0 R 2249 0 R 2250 0 R 2251 0 R 2252 0 R 2253 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg167) (Pg202)]
+>> endobj
+2290 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2254 0 R 2255 0 R 2256 0 R 2257 0 R 2258 0 R 2259 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg203) (Pg238)]
+>> endobj
+2291 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2260 0 R 2261 0 R 2262 0 R 2263 0 R 2264 0 R 2265 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg239) (Pg274)]
+>> endobj
+2292 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2266 0 R 2267 0 R 2268 0 R 2269 0 R 2270 0 R 2271 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg275) (index29)]
+>> endobj
+2293 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2272 0 R 2273 0 R 2274 0 R 2275 0 R 2276 0 R 2277 0 R]
+/Limits [(index3) (index61)]
+>> endobj
+2294 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2278 0 R 2279 0 R 2280 0 R 2281 0 R 2282 0 R 2283 0 R]
+/Limits [(index62) (pglicense5)]
+>> endobj
+2295 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2284 0 R 2285 0 R 2286 0 R 2287 0 R 2288 0 R 2289 0 R]
+/Limits [(Index-British) (Pg202)]
+>> endobj
+2296 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2290 0 R 2291 0 R 2292 0 R 2293 0 R 2294 0 R]
+/Limits [(Pg203) (pglicense5)]
+>> endobj
+2297 0 obj <<
+/Kids [2295 0 R 2296 0 R]
+/Limits [(Index-British) (pglicense5)]
+>> endobj
+2298 0 obj <<
+/Dests 2297 0 R
+>> endobj
+2299 0 obj <<
+/Type /Catalog
+/Pages 2216 0 R
+/Outlines 2217 0 R
+/Names 2298 0 R
+>> endobj
+2300 0 obj <<
+/Producer (pdfTeX-1.40.10)
+ /Author (Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger) /Title (The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat{\protect \edef U00{U00}\let \enc@update \relax \protect \xdef \U00/times/m/n/10.95 {\U00/times/m/n/10.95 }\U00/times/m/n/10.95 \size@update \enc@update \char 45\relax }sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I)
+/Creator (TeX)
+/CreationDate (D:20120402152658-07'00')
+/ModDate (D:20120402152658-07'00')
+/Trapped /False
+/PTEX.Fullbanner (This is pdfTeX, Version 3.1415926-1.40.10-2.2 (TeX Live 2009/Debian) kpathsea version 5.0.0)
+>> endobj
+xref
+0 2301
+0000000000 65535 f
+0000001808 00000 n
+0000001977 00000 n
+0000002248 00000 n
+0000001672 00000 n
+0000000015 00000 n
+0000002191 00000 n
+0002486555 00000 n
+0002487040 00000 n
+0001632147 00000 n
+0000003349 00000 n
+0000003234 00000 n
+0000002316 00000 n
+0002486228 00000 n
+0000009256 00000 n
+0000009141 00000 n
+0000003430 00000 n
+0000016392 00000 n
+0000016277 00000 n
+0000009337 00000 n
+0000016795 00000 n
+0000016621 00000 n
+0000016473 00000 n
+0000016736 00000 n
+0000016864 00000 n
+0000020666 00000 n
+0002500849 00000 n
+0000016907 00000 n
+0000020725 00000 n
+0000020551 00000 n
+0000016935 00000 n
+0000024714 00000 n
+0000024479 00000 n
+0000020794 00000 n
+0000024595 00000 n
+0000024655 00000 n
+0002487149 00000 n
+0000024795 00000 n
+0000029073 00000 n
+0002500760 00000 n
+0000024838 00000 n
+0000029191 00000 n
+0000028957 00000 n
+0000024865 00000 n
+0002486716 00000 n
+0000029132 00000 n
+0000034406 00000 n
+0000034232 00000 n
+0000029284 00000 n
+0000034348 00000 n
+0000040697 00000 n
+0000040521 00000 n
+0000034499 00000 n
+0000040637 00000 n
+0000046341 00000 n
+0000046166 00000 n
+0000040790 00000 n
+0000046282 00000 n
+0000051185 00000 n
+0000051009 00000 n
+0000046422 00000 n
+0000051125 00000 n
+0000054123 00000 n
+0000053948 00000 n
+0000051254 00000 n
+0000054064 00000 n
+0002487260 00000 n
+0000054192 00000 n
+0000057228 00000 n
+0002500633 00000 n
+0000054235 00000 n
+0000054267 00000 n
+0000057287 00000 n
+0002500534 00000 n
+0000054310 00000 n
+0000054362 00000 n
+0000057346 00000 n
+0002500459 00000 n
+0000054405 00000 n
+0000057405 00000 n
+0000057112 00000 n
+0000054438 00000 n
+0000062360 00000 n
+0000062185 00000 n
+0000057486 00000 n
+0000062301 00000 n
+0000067476 00000 n
+0000067301 00000 n
+0000062441 00000 n
+0000067417 00000 n
+0000075414 00000 n
+0000075239 00000 n
+0000067557 00000 n
+0000075355 00000 n
+0000082686 00000 n
+0000082510 00000 n
+0000075495 00000 n
+0000082626 00000 n
+0000087966 00000 n
+0000087787 00000 n
+0000082779 00000 n
+0000087905 00000 n
+0002487371 00000 n
+0000094048 00000 n
+0000093806 00000 n
+0000088059 00000 n
+0000093926 00000 n
+0000093988 00000 n
+0000094130 00000 n
+0000103718 00000 n
+0002500382 00000 n
+0000094174 00000 n
+0000099342 00000 n
+0000099160 00000 n
+0000094225 00000 n
+0000099280 00000 n
+0000103839 00000 n
+0000103598 00000 n
+0000099424 00000 n
+0000103778 00000 n
+0000110069 00000 n
+0000109888 00000 n
+0000103933 00000 n
+0000110008 00000 n
+0000116102 00000 n
+0000115920 00000 n
+0000110163 00000 n
+0000116040 00000 n
+0000121318 00000 n
+0000121136 00000 n
+0000116196 00000 n
+0000121256 00000 n
+0002487488 00000 n
+0000127059 00000 n
+0000126877 00000 n
+0000121412 00000 n
+0000126997 00000 n
+0000131969 00000 n
+0000131788 00000 n
+0000127153 00000 n
+0000131908 00000 n
+0000136915 00000 n
+0000136734 00000 n
+0000132051 00000 n
+0000136854 00000 n
+0000141942 00000 n
+0000141760 00000 n
+0000136997 00000 n
+0000141880 00000 n
+0000149763 00000 n
+0000149581 00000 n
+0000142024 00000 n
+0000149701 00000 n
+0000154966 00000 n
+0000154784 00000 n
+0000149857 00000 n
+0000154904 00000 n
+0002487606 00000 n
+0000160352 00000 n
+0000160171 00000 n
+0000155048 00000 n
+0000160291 00000 n
+0000164050 00000 n
+0000163808 00000 n
+0000160434 00000 n
+0000163928 00000 n
+0000163989 00000 n
+0000164120 00000 n
+0000167840 00000 n
+0002500250 00000 n
+0000164164 00000 n
+0000164245 00000 n
+0000167901 00000 n
+0002500171 00000 n
+0000164289 00000 n
+0000167962 00000 n
+0000167720 00000 n
+0000164343 00000 n
+0000174146 00000 n
+0000173903 00000 n
+0000168056 00000 n
+0000174023 00000 n
+0000174085 00000 n
+0000174240 00000 n
+0000185849 00000 n
+0002500078 00000 n
+0000174284 00000 n
+0000180350 00000 n
+0000180170 00000 n
+0000174342 00000 n
+0000180290 00000 n
+0000185971 00000 n
+0000185729 00000 n
+0000180444 00000 n
+0000185910 00000 n
+0002483046 00000 n
+0002487724 00000 n
+0000191807 00000 n
+0000191565 00000 n
+0000186078 00000 n
+0000191685 00000 n
+0000191747 00000 n
+0000197000 00000 n
+0000196818 00000 n
+0000191901 00000 n
+0000196938 00000 n
+0000197094 00000 n
+0000201248 00000 n
+0002499985 00000 n
+0000197139 00000 n
+0000201309 00000 n
+0000201067 00000 n
+0000197201 00000 n
+0000201187 00000 n
+0000207112 00000 n
+0000206931 00000 n
+0000201391 00000 n
+0000207051 00000 n
+0000212329 00000 n
+0000212147 00000 n
+0000207207 00000 n
+0000212267 00000 n
+0000219089 00000 n
+0000218907 00000 n
+0000212423 00000 n
+0000219027 00000 n
+0002487842 00000 n
+0000224465 00000 n
+0000224284 00000 n
+0000219183 00000 n
+0000224404 00000 n
+0000231222 00000 n
+0000231040 00000 n
+0000224559 00000 n
+0000231160 00000 n
+0000236347 00000 n
+0000236165 00000 n
+0000231316 00000 n
+0000236285 00000 n
+0000241612 00000 n
+0000241432 00000 n
+0000236429 00000 n
+0000241552 00000 n
+0000241706 00000 n
+0000246554 00000 n
+0002499892 00000 n
+0000241751 00000 n
+0000246677 00000 n
+0000246434 00000 n
+0000241813 00000 n
+0000246615 00000 n
+0000252386 00000 n
+0000252204 00000 n
+0000246771 00000 n
+0000252324 00000 n
+0002487960 00000 n
+0000257693 00000 n
+0000257511 00000 n
+0000252468 00000 n
+0000257631 00000 n
+0000263112 00000 n
+0000262930 00000 n
+0000257787 00000 n
+0000263050 00000 n
+0000269354 00000 n
+0000269173 00000 n
+0000263194 00000 n
+0000269293 00000 n
+0000274674 00000 n
+0000274497 00000 n
+0000269448 00000 n
+0000274617 00000 n
+0000280621 00000 n
+0000280440 00000 n
+0000274768 00000 n
+0000280560 00000 n
+0000286007 00000 n
+0000285763 00000 n
+0000280715 00000 n
+0000285883 00000 n
+0000285945 00000 n
+0002488078 00000 n
+0000291932 00000 n
+0000291812 00000 n
+0000286101 00000 n
+0000297520 00000 n
+0000297339 00000 n
+0000292026 00000 n
+0000297459 00000 n
+0000297614 00000 n
+0000302495 00000 n
+0002499799 00000 n
+0000297659 00000 n
+0000302556 00000 n
+0000302313 00000 n
+0000297702 00000 n
+0000302433 00000 n
+0000307508 00000 n
+0000307326 00000 n
+0000302638 00000 n
+0000307446 00000 n
+0000312927 00000 n
+0000312746 00000 n
+0000307590 00000 n
+0000312866 00000 n
+0000318552 00000 n
+0000318371 00000 n
+0000313009 00000 n
+0000318491 00000 n
+0002488196 00000 n
+0000324528 00000 n
+0000324347 00000 n
+0000318646 00000 n
+0000324467 00000 n
+0000324610 00000 n
+0000328647 00000 n
+0002499720 00000 n
+0000324655 00000 n
+0000328708 00000 n
+0000328465 00000 n
+0000324721 00000 n
+0000328585 00000 n
+0000334267 00000 n
+0000334085 00000 n
+0000328778 00000 n
+0000334205 00000 n
+0000339575 00000 n
+0000339394 00000 n
+0000334361 00000 n
+0000339514 00000 n
+0000345444 00000 n
+0000345263 00000 n
+0000339669 00000 n
+0000345383 00000 n
+0000350785 00000 n
+0000350543 00000 n
+0000345538 00000 n
+0000350663 00000 n
+0000350724 00000 n
+0002488314 00000 n
+0000354578 00000 n
+0000354397 00000 n
+0000350879 00000 n
+0000354517 00000 n
+0000354672 00000 n
+0000358284 00000 n
+0002499587 00000 n
+0000354717 00000 n
+0000354774 00000 n
+0000358345 00000 n
+0002499508 00000 n
+0000354819 00000 n
+0000358404 00000 n
+0000358164 00000 n
+0000354880 00000 n
+0000364014 00000 n
+0000363833 00000 n
+0000358486 00000 n
+0000363953 00000 n
+0000370422 00000 n
+0000370180 00000 n
+0000364096 00000 n
+0000370300 00000 n
+0000370361 00000 n
+0000377576 00000 n
+0000377456 00000 n
+0000370516 00000 n
+0000382501 00000 n
+0000382319 00000 n
+0000377670 00000 n
+0000382439 00000 n
+0002488432 00000 n
+0000388000 00000 n
+0000387818 00000 n
+0000382571 00000 n
+0000387938 00000 n
+0000388082 00000 n
+0000392348 00000 n
+0002499415 00000 n
+0000388127 00000 n
+0000392408 00000 n
+0000392167 00000 n
+0000388176 00000 n
+0000392287 00000 n
+0000398479 00000 n
+0000398298 00000 n
+0000392490 00000 n
+0000398418 00000 n
+0000404051 00000 n
+0000403870 00000 n
+0000398561 00000 n
+0000403990 00000 n
+0000404145 00000 n
+0000408968 00000 n
+0002499322 00000 n
+0000404190 00000 n
+0000409029 00000 n
+0000408786 00000 n
+0000404241 00000 n
+0000408906 00000 n
+0000414281 00000 n
+0000414099 00000 n
+0000409123 00000 n
+0000414219 00000 n
+0002488550 00000 n
+0000420664 00000 n
+0000420482 00000 n
+0000414363 00000 n
+0000420602 00000 n
+0000426138 00000 n
+0000425895 00000 n
+0000420758 00000 n
+0000426015 00000 n
+0000426076 00000 n
+0000433032 00000 n
+0000432850 00000 n
+0000426232 00000 n
+0000432970 00000 n
+0000438722 00000 n
+0000438541 00000 n
+0000433126 00000 n
+0000438661 00000 n
+0000438816 00000 n
+0000443768 00000 n
+0002499229 00000 n
+0000438861 00000 n
+0000443828 00000 n
+0000443586 00000 n
+0000438917 00000 n
+0000443706 00000 n
+0000449337 00000 n
+0000449155 00000 n
+0000443922 00000 n
+0000449275 00000 n
+0002488668 00000 n
+0000454604 00000 n
+0000454423 00000 n
+0000449431 00000 n
+0000454543 00000 n
+0000460801 00000 n
+0000460620 00000 n
+0000454698 00000 n
+0000460740 00000 n
+0000460883 00000 n
+0000466134 00000 n
+0002499136 00000 n
+0000460928 00000 n
+0000466195 00000 n
+0000465952 00000 n
+0000460993 00000 n
+0000466072 00000 n
+0000471562 00000 n
+0000471381 00000 n
+0000466289 00000 n
+0000471501 00000 n
+0000477429 00000 n
+0000477248 00000 n
+0000471656 00000 n
+0000477368 00000 n
+0000483530 00000 n
+0000483350 00000 n
+0000477523 00000 n
+0000483470 00000 n
+0002488786 00000 n
+0000483612 00000 n
+0000488453 00000 n
+0002499057 00000 n
+0000483657 00000 n
+0000488513 00000 n
+0000488271 00000 n
+0000483722 00000 n
+0000488391 00000 n
+0000493420 00000 n
+0000493239 00000 n
+0000488595 00000 n
+0000493359 00000 n
+0000498999 00000 n
+0000498817 00000 n
+0000493502 00000 n
+0000498937 00000 n
+0000505525 00000 n
+0000505343 00000 n
+0000499093 00000 n
+0000505463 00000 n
+0000510773 00000 n
+0000510591 00000 n
+0000505619 00000 n
+0000510711 00000 n
+0000516598 00000 n
+0000516416 00000 n
+0000510867 00000 n
+0000516536 00000 n
+0002488904 00000 n
+0000522052 00000 n
+0000521871 00000 n
+0000516692 00000 n
+0000521991 00000 n
+0000523132 00000 n
+0000522951 00000 n
+0000522134 00000 n
+0000523071 00000 n
+0000523214 00000 n
+0000526806 00000 n
+0002498924 00000 n
+0000523259 00000 n
+0000523316 00000 n
+0000526867 00000 n
+0002498845 00000 n
+0000523361 00000 n
+0000526928 00000 n
+0000526686 00000 n
+0000523416 00000 n
+0000532008 00000 n
+0000532253 00000 n
+0000531868 00000 n
+0000527010 00000 n
+0000532191 00000 n
+0000538541 00000 n
+0000538298 00000 n
+0000532347 00000 n
+0000538418 00000 n
+0000538480 00000 n
+0000544425 00000 n
+0000544244 00000 n
+0000538635 00000 n
+0000544364 00000 n
+0002489022 00000 n
+0000549473 00000 n
+0000549293 00000 n
+0000544519 00000 n
+0000549413 00000 n
+0000554367 00000 n
+0000554187 00000 n
+0000549568 00000 n
+0000554307 00000 n
+0000559644 00000 n
+0000559462 00000 n
+0000554449 00000 n
+0000559582 00000 n
+0000559738 00000 n
+0000563469 00000 n
+0002498752 00000 n
+0000559783 00000 n
+0000563590 00000 n
+0000563349 00000 n
+0000559848 00000 n
+0000563530 00000 n
+0000569811 00000 n
+0000569691 00000 n
+0000563672 00000 n
+0000576159 00000 n
+0000575978 00000 n
+0000569905 00000 n
+0000576098 00000 n
+0002489140 00000 n
+0000582423 00000 n
+0000582181 00000 n
+0000576253 00000 n
+0000582301 00000 n
+0000582363 00000 n
+0000588821 00000 n
+0000588640 00000 n
+0000582517 00000 n
+0000588760 00000 n
+0000594466 00000 n
+0000594285 00000 n
+0000588915 00000 n
+0000594405 00000 n
+0000599720 00000 n
+0000599538 00000 n
+0000594560 00000 n
+0000599658 00000 n
+0000599802 00000 n
+0000604349 00000 n
+0002498659 00000 n
+0000599847 00000 n
+0000604472 00000 n
+0000604229 00000 n
+0000599900 00000 n
+0000604410 00000 n
+0000609848 00000 n
+0000609666 00000 n
+0000604566 00000 n
+0000609786 00000 n
+0002489258 00000 n
+0000615548 00000 n
+0000615366 00000 n
+0000609942 00000 n
+0000615486 00000 n
+0000615642 00000 n
+0000619892 00000 n
+0002498566 00000 n
+0000615687 00000 n
+0000619953 00000 n
+0000619710 00000 n
+0000615722 00000 n
+0000619830 00000 n
+0000626825 00000 n
+0000626644 00000 n
+0000620047 00000 n
+0000626764 00000 n
+0000631658 00000 n
+0000631476 00000 n
+0000626919 00000 n
+0000631596 00000 n
+0000631740 00000 n
+0000635984 00000 n
+0002498473 00000 n
+0000631785 00000 n
+0000636107 00000 n
+0000635864 00000 n
+0000631834 00000 n
+0000636045 00000 n
+0000641521 00000 n
+0000641340 00000 n
+0000636177 00000 n
+0000641460 00000 n
+0002489376 00000 n
+0000647723 00000 n
+0000647541 00000 n
+0000641615 00000 n
+0000647661 00000 n
+0000653060 00000 n
+0000652880 00000 n
+0000647817 00000 n
+0000653000 00000 n
+0000653130 00000 n
+0000657563 00000 n
+0002498394 00000 n
+0000653175 00000 n
+0000657686 00000 n
+0000657443 00000 n
+0000653243 00000 n
+0000657624 00000 n
+0000662968 00000 n
+0000662786 00000 n
+0000657768 00000 n
+0000662906 00000 n
+0000668073 00000 n
+0000667891 00000 n
+0000663062 00000 n
+0000668011 00000 n
+0000672985 00000 n
+0000672803 00000 n
+0000668167 00000 n
+0000672923 00000 n
+0002489494 00000 n
+0000677943 00000 n
+0000677761 00000 n
+0000673067 00000 n
+0000677881 00000 n
+0000683295 00000 n
+0000683113 00000 n
+0000678025 00000 n
+0000683233 00000 n
+0000688707 00000 n
+0000688525 00000 n
+0000683389 00000 n
+0000688645 00000 n
+0000691415 00000 n
+0000691172 00000 n
+0000688801 00000 n
+0000691292 00000 n
+0000691354 00000 n
+0000691497 00000 n
+0000695671 00000 n
+0002498261 00000 n
+0000691542 00000 n
+0000691598 00000 n
+0000695732 00000 n
+0002498182 00000 n
+0000691643 00000 n
+0000695855 00000 n
+0000695551 00000 n
+0000691689 00000 n
+0000695793 00000 n
+0000702943 00000 n
+0000702823 00000 n
+0000695937 00000 n
+0002489612 00000 n
+0000708596 00000 n
+0000708415 00000 n
+0000703037 00000 n
+0000708535 00000 n
+0000708690 00000 n
+0000713821 00000 n
+0002498089 00000 n
+0000708735 00000 n
+0000713882 00000 n
+0000713640 00000 n
+0000708792 00000 n
+0000713760 00000 n
+0000719364 00000 n
+0000719182 00000 n
+0000713976 00000 n
+0000719302 00000 n
+0000726207 00000 n
+0000726026 00000 n
+0000719458 00000 n
+0000726146 00000 n
+0000726301 00000 n
+0000731652 00000 n
+0002497996 00000 n
+0000726346 00000 n
+0000731713 00000 n
+0000731471 00000 n
+0000726398 00000 n
+0000731591 00000 n
+0000736808 00000 n
+0000736627 00000 n
+0000731807 00000 n
+0000736747 00000 n
+0002489730 00000 n
+0000742288 00000 n
+0000742106 00000 n
+0000736902 00000 n
+0000742226 00000 n
+0000747165 00000 n
+0000746983 00000 n
+0000742382 00000 n
+0000747103 00000 n
+0000753181 00000 n
+0000752999 00000 n
+0000747247 00000 n
+0000753119 00000 n
+0000753275 00000 n
+0000757674 00000 n
+0002497903 00000 n
+0000753320 00000 n
+0000757735 00000 n
+0000757492 00000 n
+0000753402 00000 n
+0000757612 00000 n
+0000764040 00000 n
+0000763858 00000 n
+0000757829 00000 n
+0000763978 00000 n
+0000770126 00000 n
+0000769944 00000 n
+0000764134 00000 n
+0000770064 00000 n
+0002489848 00000 n
+0000776631 00000 n
+0000776450 00000 n
+0000770208 00000 n
+0000776570 00000 n
+0000782844 00000 n
+0000782662 00000 n
+0000776725 00000 n
+0000782782 00000 n
+0000789706 00000 n
+0000789525 00000 n
+0000782938 00000 n
+0000789645 00000 n
+0000795001 00000 n
+0000794819 00000 n
+0000789800 00000 n
+0000794939 00000 n
+0000800390 00000 n
+0000800208 00000 n
+0000795095 00000 n
+0000800328 00000 n
+0000806355 00000 n
+0000806174 00000 n
+0000800484 00000 n
+0000806294 00000 n
+0002489966 00000 n
+0000812210 00000 n
+0000812028 00000 n
+0000806449 00000 n
+0000812148 00000 n
+0000817791 00000 n
+0000817609 00000 n
+0000812304 00000 n
+0000817729 00000 n
+0000823442 00000 n
+0000823260 00000 n
+0000817885 00000 n
+0000823380 00000 n
+0000823536 00000 n
+0000828530 00000 n
+0002497810 00000 n
+0000823581 00000 n
+0000828591 00000 n
+0000828349 00000 n
+0000823640 00000 n
+0000828469 00000 n
+0000833924 00000 n
+0000833742 00000 n
+0000828685 00000 n
+0000833862 00000 n
+0000840042 00000 n
+0000839800 00000 n
+0000834018 00000 n
+0000839920 00000 n
+0000839982 00000 n
+0002490084 00000 n
+0000845524 00000 n
+0000845342 00000 n
+0000840136 00000 n
+0000845462 00000 n
+0000851493 00000 n
+0000851312 00000 n
+0000845618 00000 n
+0000851432 00000 n
+0000857735 00000 n
+0000857553 00000 n
+0000851587 00000 n
+0000857673 00000 n
+0000863088 00000 n
+0000862906 00000 n
+0000857829 00000 n
+0000863026 00000 n
+0000868332 00000 n
+0000868151 00000 n
+0000863182 00000 n
+0000868271 00000 n
+0000868414 00000 n
+0000873091 00000 n
+0002497731 00000 n
+0000868459 00000 n
+0000873152 00000 n
+0000872909 00000 n
+0000868512 00000 n
+0000873029 00000 n
+0002490202 00000 n
+0000879193 00000 n
+0000879011 00000 n
+0000873246 00000 n
+0000879131 00000 n
+0000885724 00000 n
+0000885543 00000 n
+0000879275 00000 n
+0000885663 00000 n
+0000889059 00000 n
+0000888878 00000 n
+0000885818 00000 n
+0000888998 00000 n
+0000889153 00000 n
+0000892798 00000 n
+0002497596 00000 n
+0000889198 00000 n
+0000889257 00000 n
+0000892859 00000 n
+0002497517 00000 n
+0000889302 00000 n
+0000892920 00000 n
+0000892678 00000 n
+0000889333 00000 n
+0000899320 00000 n
+0000899138 00000 n
+0000893014 00000 n
+0000899258 00000 n
+0000904763 00000 n
+0000904582 00000 n
+0000899402 00000 n
+0000904702 00000 n
+0002490320 00000 n
+0000910886 00000 n
+0000910704 00000 n
+0000904857 00000 n
+0000910824 00000 n
+0000916558 00000 n
+0000916376 00000 n
+0000910980 00000 n
+0000916496 00000 n
+0000921912 00000 n
+0000921669 00000 n
+0000916640 00000 n
+0000921789 00000 n
+0000921851 00000 n
+0000926998 00000 n
+0000926816 00000 n
+0000922006 00000 n
+0000926936 00000 n
+0000932680 00000 n
+0000932498 00000 n
+0000927068 00000 n
+0000932618 00000 n
+0000938079 00000 n
+0000937898 00000 n
+0000932774 00000 n
+0000938018 00000 n
+0002490438 00000 n
+0000942918 00000 n
+0000942736 00000 n
+0000938161 00000 n
+0000942856 00000 n
+0000942988 00000 n
+0000947918 00000 n
+0002497424 00000 n
+0000943033 00000 n
+0000947754 00000 n
+0000948041 00000 n
+0000947614 00000 n
+0000943092 00000 n
+0000947979 00000 n
+0000954283 00000 n
+0000954101 00000 n
+0000948135 00000 n
+0000954221 00000 n
+0000960193 00000 n
+0000960011 00000 n
+0000954365 00000 n
+0000960131 00000 n
+0000965632 00000 n
+0000965451 00000 n
+0000960287 00000 n
+0000965571 00000 n
+0000970748 00000 n
+0000970566 00000 n
+0000965726 00000 n
+0000970686 00000 n
+0002490556 00000 n
+0000975653 00000 n
+0000975471 00000 n
+0000970818 00000 n
+0000975591 00000 n
+0000980839 00000 n
+0000980657 00000 n
+0000975735 00000 n
+0000980777 00000 n
+0000980921 00000 n
+0000985530 00000 n
+0002497331 00000 n
+0000980966 00000 n
+0000985591 00000 n
+0000985349 00000 n
+0000981007 00000 n
+0000985469 00000 n
+0000991455 00000 n
+0000991273 00000 n
+0000985673 00000 n
+0000991393 00000 n
+0000996469 00000 n
+0000996287 00000 n
+0000991537 00000 n
+0000996407 00000 n
+0001001760 00000 n
+0001001579 00000 n
+0000996563 00000 n
+0001001699 00000 n
+0002490674 00000 n
+0001006597 00000 n
+0001006415 00000 n
+0001001842 00000 n
+0001006535 00000 n
+0001012273 00000 n
+0001012091 00000 n
+0001006679 00000 n
+0001012211 00000 n
+0001017945 00000 n
+0001017764 00000 n
+0001012367 00000 n
+0001017884 00000 n
+0001018039 00000 n
+0001022251 00000 n
+0002497237 00000 n
+0001018084 00000 n
+0001022374 00000 n
+0001022131 00000 n
+0001018148 00000 n
+0001022312 00000 n
+0001027497 00000 n
+0001027315 00000 n
+0001022468 00000 n
+0001027435 00000 n
+0001033719 00000 n
+0001033537 00000 n
+0001027579 00000 n
+0001033657 00000 n
+0002490792 00000 n
+0001038753 00000 n
+0001038571 00000 n
+0001033813 00000 n
+0001038691 00000 n
+0001044270 00000 n
+0001044088 00000 n
+0001038835 00000 n
+0001044208 00000 n
+0001049605 00000 n
+0001049423 00000 n
+0001044352 00000 n
+0001049543 00000 n
+0001055503 00000 n
+0001055322 00000 n
+0001049699 00000 n
+0001055442 00000 n
+0001060299 00000 n
+0001060118 00000 n
+0001055597 00000 n
+0001060238 00000 n
+0001065236 00000 n
+0001065055 00000 n
+0001060369 00000 n
+0001065175 00000 n
+0002490910 00000 n
+0001070148 00000 n
+0001069965 00000 n
+0001065318 00000 n
+0001070085 00000 n
+0001070242 00000 n
+0001074612 00000 n
+0002497140 00000 n
+0001070288 00000 n
+0001074675 00000 n
+0001074426 00000 n
+0001070338 00000 n
+0001074549 00000 n
+0001080362 00000 n
+0001080176 00000 n
+0001074746 00000 n
+0001080299 00000 n
+0001085494 00000 n
+0001085308 00000 n
+0001080445 00000 n
+0001085431 00000 n
+0001091119 00000 n
+0001090869 00000 n
+0001085589 00000 n
+0001090992 00000 n
+0001091056 00000 n
+0001097192 00000 n
+0001097068 00000 n
+0001091214 00000 n
+0002491032 00000 n
+0001097287 00000 n
+0001102213 00000 n
+0002497042 00000 n
+0001097333 00000 n
+0001102276 00000 n
+0001102025 00000 n
+0001097386 00000 n
+0001102149 00000 n
+0001107605 00000 n
+0001107417 00000 n
+0001102371 00000 n
+0001107541 00000 n
+0001113868 00000 n
+0001113681 00000 n
+0001107688 00000 n
+0001113805 00000 n
+0001119557 00000 n
+0001119369 00000 n
+0001113963 00000 n
+0001119493 00000 n
+0001125262 00000 n
+0001125012 00000 n
+0001119652 00000 n
+0001125136 00000 n
+0001125200 00000 n
+0001130772 00000 n
+0001130584 00000 n
+0001125357 00000 n
+0001130708 00000 n
+0002491157 00000 n
+0001130867 00000 n
+0001135745 00000 n
+0002496959 00000 n
+0001130913 00000 n
+0001135871 00000 n
+0001135621 00000 n
+0001130969 00000 n
+0001135808 00000 n
+0001140837 00000 n
+0001140650 00000 n
+0001135954 00000 n
+0001140774 00000 n
+0001145811 00000 n
+0001145624 00000 n
+0001140908 00000 n
+0001145748 00000 n
+0001150728 00000 n
+0001150540 00000 n
+0001145894 00000 n
+0001150664 00000 n
+0001155261 00000 n
+0001155011 00000 n
+0001150823 00000 n
+0001155135 00000 n
+0001155199 00000 n
+0001155344 00000 n
+0001159287 00000 n
+0002496820 00000 n
+0001155390 00000 n
+0001155449 00000 n
+0001159350 00000 n
+0002496736 00000 n
+0001155495 00000 n
+0001159413 00000 n
+0001159163 00000 n
+0001155547 00000 n
+0002491282 00000 n
+0001164630 00000 n
+0001164442 00000 n
+0001159496 00000 n
+0001164566 00000 n
+0001169285 00000 n
+0001169097 00000 n
+0001164725 00000 n
+0001169221 00000 n
+0001175288 00000 n
+0001175518 00000 n
+0001175143 00000 n
+0001169368 00000 n
+0001175455 00000 n
+0001180419 00000 n
+0001180232 00000 n
+0001175613 00000 n
+0001180356 00000 n
+0001180514 00000 n
+0001184819 00000 n
+0002496637 00000 n
+0001180560 00000 n
+0001184880 00000 n
+0001184631 00000 n
+0001180618 00000 n
+0001184755 00000 n
+0001190344 00000 n
+0001190156 00000 n
+0001184975 00000 n
+0001190280 00000 n
+0002491407 00000 n
+0001196069 00000 n
+0001195817 00000 n
+0001190427 00000 n
+0001195941 00000 n
+0001196005 00000 n
+0001201144 00000 n
+0001200956 00000 n
+0001196164 00000 n
+0001201080 00000 n
+0001201227 00000 n
+0001205686 00000 n
+0002496538 00000 n
+0001201273 00000 n
+0001205811 00000 n
+0001205562 00000 n
+0001201310 00000 n
+0001205749 00000 n
+0001211575 00000 n
+0001211387 00000 n
+0001205894 00000 n
+0001211511 00000 n
+0001216488 00000 n
+0001216300 00000 n
+0001211670 00000 n
+0001216424 00000 n
+0001216559 00000 n
+0001221364 00000 n
+0002496439 00000 n
+0001216605 00000 n
+0001221491 00000 n
+0001221240 00000 n
+0001216642 00000 n
+0001221427 00000 n
+0002491532 00000 n
+0001226482 00000 n
+0001226294 00000 n
+0001221574 00000 n
+0001226418 00000 n
+0001231164 00000 n
+0001230976 00000 n
+0001226577 00000 n
+0001231100 00000 n
+0001235791 00000 n
+0001235603 00000 n
+0001231247 00000 n
+0001235727 00000 n
+0001241353 00000 n
+0001241165 00000 n
+0001235874 00000 n
+0001241289 00000 n
+0001246513 00000 n
+0001246325 00000 n
+0001241448 00000 n
+0001246449 00000 n
+0001246596 00000 n
+0001250673 00000 n
+0002496340 00000 n
+0001246642 00000 n
+0001250798 00000 n
+0001250549 00000 n
+0001246693 00000 n
+0001250736 00000 n
+0002491657 00000 n
+0001256627 00000 n
+0001256439 00000 n
+0001250881 00000 n
+0001256563 00000 n
+0001262041 00000 n
+0001261854 00000 n
+0001256722 00000 n
+0001261978 00000 n
+0001262136 00000 n
+0001273393 00000 n
+0002496241 00000 n
+0001262182 00000 n
+0001267597 00000 n
+0001267409 00000 n
+0001262228 00000 n
+0001267533 00000 n
+0001273520 00000 n
+0001273269 00000 n
+0001267692 00000 n
+0001273456 00000 n
+0001273615 00000 n
+0001278100 00000 n
+0002496157 00000 n
+0001273661 00000 n
+0001278163 00000 n
+0001277913 00000 n
+0001273700 00000 n
+0001278037 00000 n
+0001283945 00000 n
+0001283757 00000 n
+0001278258 00000 n
+0001283881 00000 n
+0002491782 00000 n
+0001289170 00000 n
+0001288982 00000 n
+0001284028 00000 n
+0001289106 00000 n
+0001291776 00000 n
+0001291589 00000 n
+0001289265 00000 n
+0001291713 00000 n
+0001291847 00000 n
+0001295246 00000 n
+0002496017 00000 n
+0001291893 00000 n
+0001291953 00000 n
+0001295309 00000 n
+0002495933 00000 n
+0001291999 00000 n
+0001295371 00000 n
+0001295122 00000 n
+0001292052 00000 n
+0001301852 00000 n
+0001301665 00000 n
+0001295454 00000 n
+0001301789 00000 n
+0001307461 00000 n
+0001307273 00000 n
+0001301947 00000 n
+0001307397 00000 n
+0001313295 00000 n
+0001313108 00000 n
+0001307556 00000 n
+0001313232 00000 n
+0002491907 00000 n
+0001313390 00000 n
+0001318162 00000 n
+0002495834 00000 n
+0001313436 00000 n
+0001317932 00000 n
+0001318225 00000 n
+0001317787 00000 n
+0001313490 00000 n
+0001318098 00000 n
+0001323955 00000 n
+0001324186 00000 n
+0001323810 00000 n
+0001318308 00000 n
+0001324123 00000 n
+0001330166 00000 n
+0001329979 00000 n
+0001324281 00000 n
+0001330103 00000 n
+0001336210 00000 n
+0001336439 00000 n
+0001336065 00000 n
+0001330261 00000 n
+0001336376 00000 n
+0001336534 00000 n
+0001341159 00000 n
+0002495735 00000 n
+0001336580 00000 n
+0001341221 00000 n
+0001340971 00000 n
+0001336627 00000 n
+0001341095 00000 n
+0001346356 00000 n
+0001346168 00000 n
+0001341304 00000 n
+0001346292 00000 n
+0002492032 00000 n
+0001351471 00000 n
+0001351284 00000 n
+0001346451 00000 n
+0001351408 00000 n
+0001356883 00000 n
+0001356631 00000 n
+0001351566 00000 n
+0001356755 00000 n
+0001356819 00000 n
+0001361651 00000 n
+0001361527 00000 n
+0001356966 00000 n
+0001364262 00000 n
+0001364075 00000 n
+0001361722 00000 n
+0001364199 00000 n
+0001367045 00000 n
+0001366858 00000 n
+0001364345 00000 n
+0001366982 00000 n
+0001371019 00000 n
+0001370831 00000 n
+0001367116 00000 n
+0001370955 00000 n
+0002492157 00000 n
+0001371102 00000 n
+0001382605 00000 n
+0002495636 00000 n
+0001371148 00000 n
+0001376483 00000 n
+0001376295 00000 n
+0001371191 00000 n
+0001376419 00000 n
+0001382732 00000 n
+0001382481 00000 n
+0001376578 00000 n
+0001382668 00000 n
+0001388320 00000 n
+0001388133 00000 n
+0001382827 00000 n
+0001388257 00000 n
+0001394039 00000 n
+0001393852 00000 n
+0001388415 00000 n
+0001393976 00000 n
+0001399522 00000 n
+0001399335 00000 n
+0001394134 00000 n
+0001399459 00000 n
+0001406426 00000 n
+0001406238 00000 n
+0001399617 00000 n
+0001406362 00000 n
+0002492282 00000 n
+0001412931 00000 n
+0001412743 00000 n
+0001406521 00000 n
+0001412867 00000 n
+0001418834 00000 n
+0001418646 00000 n
+0001413026 00000 n
+0001418770 00000 n
+0001424146 00000 n
+0001423958 00000 n
+0001418929 00000 n
+0001424082 00000 n
+0001424229 00000 n
+0001429741 00000 n
+0002495552 00000 n
+0001424275 00000 n
+0001429804 00000 n
+0001429553 00000 n
+0001424321 00000 n
+0001429677 00000 n
+0001436182 00000 n
+0001435995 00000 n
+0001429899 00000 n
+0001436119 00000 n
+0001441681 00000 n
+0001441493 00000 n
+0001436277 00000 n
+0001441617 00000 n
+0002492407 00000 n
+0001445382 00000 n
+0001445132 00000 n
+0001441776 00000 n
+0001445256 00000 n
+0001445319 00000 n
+0001445477 00000 n
+0001449055 00000 n
+0002495453 00000 n
+0001445523 00000 n
+0001449118 00000 n
+0001448931 00000 n
+0001445557 00000 n
+0001452832 00000 n
+0001452644 00000 n
+0001449201 00000 n
+0001452768 00000 n
+0002486391 00000 n
+0001456602 00000 n
+0001456478 00000 n
+0001452929 00000 n
+0001460376 00000 n
+0001460188 00000 n
+0001456697 00000 n
+0001460312 00000 n
+0001463989 00000 n
+0001463865 00000 n
+0001460471 00000 n
+0002492532 00000 n
+0001468638 00000 n
+0001468450 00000 n
+0001464084 00000 n
+0001468574 00000 n
+0001472525 00000 n
+0001472338 00000 n
+0001468733 00000 n
+0001472462 00000 n
+0001476258 00000 n
+0001476134 00000 n
+0001472608 00000 n
+0001480732 00000 n
+0001480545 00000 n
+0001476341 00000 n
+0001480669 00000 n
+0001485540 00000 n
+0001485416 00000 n
+0001480815 00000 n
+0001490140 00000 n
+0001489953 00000 n
+0001485635 00000 n
+0001490077 00000 n
+0002492657 00000 n
+0001494775 00000 n
+0001494588 00000 n
+0001490235 00000 n
+0001494712 00000 n
+0001499157 00000 n
+0001499033 00000 n
+0001494884 00000 n
+0001503995 00000 n
+0001503808 00000 n
+0001499252 00000 n
+0001503932 00000 n
+0001505796 00000 n
+0001505609 00000 n
+0001504090 00000 n
+0001505733 00000 n
+0001505891 00000 n
+0001510317 00000 n
+0002495354 00000 n
+0001505937 00000 n
+0001510380 00000 n
+0001510193 00000 n
+0001505983 00000 n
+0002476789 00000 n
+0002429454 00000 n
+0002382499 00000 n
+0002336031 00000 n
+0002289461 00000 n
+0002243057 00000 n
+0002196439 00000 n
+0002150409 00000 n
+0002104058 00000 n
+0002057748 00000 n
+0002010952 00000 n
+0001965020 00000 n
+0001919172 00000 n
+0001872824 00000 n
+0001826382 00000 n
+0001511504 00000 n
+0001511317 00000 n
+0001510673 00000 n
+0001780124 00000 n
+0001734262 00000 n
+0001511441 00000 n
+0002492782 00000 n
+0001511629 00000 n
+0001522410 00000 n
+0002495255 00000 n
+0001511675 00000 n
+0001514919 00000 n
+0001515101 00000 n
+0001515268 00000 n
+0001515436 00000 n
+0001515603 00000 n
+0001515771 00000 n
+0001515938 00000 n
+0001516106 00000 n
+0001516273 00000 n
+0001516441 00000 n
+0001516616 00000 n
+0001516792 00000 n
+0001516960 00000 n
+0001517128 00000 n
+0001517296 00000 n
+0001517464 00000 n
+0001517632 00000 n
+0001517800 00000 n
+0001517968 00000 n
+0001518136 00000 n
+0001518303 00000 n
+0001518470 00000 n
+0001518637 00000 n
+0001518804 00000 n
+0001518972 00000 n
+0001519139 00000 n
+0001519306 00000 n
+0001519474 00000 n
+0001519641 00000 n
+0001519809 00000 n
+0001519977 00000 n
+0001520145 00000 n
+0001520313 00000 n
+0001520481 00000 n
+0001520648 00000 n
+0001520816 00000 n
+0001520984 00000 n
+0001521152 00000 n
+0001521320 00000 n
+0001521486 00000 n
+0001521653 00000 n
+0001522033 00000 n
+0001526054 00000 n
+0001522601 00000 n
+0001514387 00000 n
+0001511702 00000 n
+0001522473 00000 n
+0001522537 00000 n
+0001521844 00000 n
+0001522222 00000 n
+0001618030 00000 n
+0001606847 00000 n
+0001582660 00000 n
+0001593499 00000 n
+0001593436 00000 n
+0001526221 00000 n
+0001526389 00000 n
+0001526557 00000 n
+0001526725 00000 n
+0001526892 00000 n
+0001527067 00000 n
+0001527235 00000 n
+0001527402 00000 n
+0001527570 00000 n
+0001527738 00000 n
+0001527906 00000 n
+0001528074 00000 n
+0001528241 00000 n
+0001528409 00000 n
+0001528576 00000 n
+0001528744 00000 n
+0001528911 00000 n
+0001529079 00000 n
+0001529246 00000 n
+0001529414 00000 n
+0001529581 00000 n
+0001529749 00000 n
+0001529916 00000 n
+0001530084 00000 n
+0001530252 00000 n
+0001530420 00000 n
+0001530586 00000 n
+0001530753 00000 n
+0001530918 00000 n
+0001531082 00000 n
+0001531249 00000 n
+0001531417 00000 n
+0001531585 00000 n
+0001531753 00000 n
+0001531921 00000 n
+0001532088 00000 n
+0001532256 00000 n
+0001532424 00000 n
+0001532589 00000 n
+0001532757 00000 n
+0001532924 00000 n
+0001533092 00000 n
+0001533260 00000 n
+0001533428 00000 n
+0001533596 00000 n
+0001533764 00000 n
+0001533931 00000 n
+0001534098 00000 n
+0001534266 00000 n
+0001534434 00000 n
+0001534602 00000 n
+0001534769 00000 n
+0001534937 00000 n
+0001535105 00000 n
+0001535273 00000 n
+0001535441 00000 n
+0001535609 00000 n
+0001535775 00000 n
+0001535943 00000 n
+0001536111 00000 n
+0001536279 00000 n
+0001536447 00000 n
+0001536614 00000 n
+0001536781 00000 n
+0001536948 00000 n
+0001537114 00000 n
+0001541115 00000 n
+0001541282 00000 n
+0001541449 00000 n
+0001541616 00000 n
+0001537343 00000 n
+0001525315 00000 n
+0001522684 00000 n
+0001537280 00000 n
+0001582596 00000 n
+0001541783 00000 n
+0001541951 00000 n
+0001542119 00000 n
+0001542287 00000 n
+0001542455 00000 n
+0001542623 00000 n
+0001542791 00000 n
+0001542967 00000 n
+0001543143 00000 n
+0001543311 00000 n
+0001543479 00000 n
+0001543647 00000 n
+0001543815 00000 n
+0001543983 00000 n
+0001544150 00000 n
+0001544316 00000 n
+0001544483 00000 n
+0001544651 00000 n
+0001544819 00000 n
+0001544985 00000 n
+0001545153 00000 n
+0001545320 00000 n
+0001545487 00000 n
+0001545655 00000 n
+0001545823 00000 n
+0001545990 00000 n
+0001546158 00000 n
+0001546326 00000 n
+0001546494 00000 n
+0001546662 00000 n
+0001546830 00000 n
+0001546998 00000 n
+0001547166 00000 n
+0001547334 00000 n
+0001547502 00000 n
+0001547670 00000 n
+0001547838 00000 n
+0001548005 00000 n
+0001548173 00000 n
+0001548341 00000 n
+0001548509 00000 n
+0001548676 00000 n
+0001548844 00000 n
+0001549012 00000 n
+0001549179 00000 n
+0001549344 00000 n
+0001549510 00000 n
+0001549676 00000 n
+0001549842 00000 n
+0001550008 00000 n
+0001550174 00000 n
+0001550340 00000 n
+0001550504 00000 n
+0001550670 00000 n
+0001550836 00000 n
+0001551002 00000 n
+0001551167 00000 n
+0001551332 00000 n
+0001554916 00000 n
+0001555081 00000 n
+0001555247 00000 n
+0001555414 00000 n
+0001555581 00000 n
+0001555747 00000 n
+0001555914 00000 n
+0001556081 00000 n
+0001551561 00000 n
+0001540421 00000 n
+0001537439 00000 n
+0001551498 00000 n
+0001556248 00000 n
+0001556415 00000 n
+0001556583 00000 n
+0001556751 00000 n
+0001556919 00000 n
+0001557086 00000 n
+0001557254 00000 n
+0001557428 00000 n
+0001557596 00000 n
+0001557764 00000 n
+0001557932 00000 n
+0001558100 00000 n
+0001558268 00000 n
+0001558436 00000 n
+0001558604 00000 n
+0001558771 00000 n
+0001558939 00000 n
+0001559106 00000 n
+0001559273 00000 n
+0001559439 00000 n
+0001559604 00000 n
+0001559770 00000 n
+0001559945 00000 n
+0001560113 00000 n
+0001560281 00000 n
+0001560449 00000 n
+0001560617 00000 n
+0001560785 00000 n
+0001560952 00000 n
+0001561120 00000 n
+0001561288 00000 n
+0001561456 00000 n
+0001561624 00000 n
+0001561792 00000 n
+0001561957 00000 n
+0001562123 00000 n
+0001562290 00000 n
+0001562457 00000 n
+0001562623 00000 n
+0001562791 00000 n
+0001562959 00000 n
+0001563127 00000 n
+0001563294 00000 n
+0001563459 00000 n
+0001563625 00000 n
+0001563790 00000 n
+0001568521 00000 n
+0001563955 00000 n
+0001554294 00000 n
+0001551669 00000 n
+0001593561 00000 n
+0001568689 00000 n
+0001568857 00000 n
+0001569025 00000 n
+0001569193 00000 n
+0001569361 00000 n
+0001569528 00000 n
+0001569696 00000 n
+0001569864 00000 n
+0001570032 00000 n
+0001570200 00000 n
+0001570367 00000 n
+0001570535 00000 n
+0001570703 00000 n
+0001570871 00000 n
+0001571038 00000 n
+0001571206 00000 n
+0001571373 00000 n
+0001571541 00000 n
+0001571709 00000 n
+0001571877 00000 n
+0001572044 00000 n
+0001572212 00000 n
+0001572379 00000 n
+0001572542 00000 n
+0001572710 00000 n
+0001572877 00000 n
+0001573045 00000 n
+0001573213 00000 n
+0001573380 00000 n
+0001573548 00000 n
+0001573716 00000 n
+0001573884 00000 n
+0001574052 00000 n
+0001574220 00000 n
+0001574388 00000 n
+0001574556 00000 n
+0001574723 00000 n
+0001574890 00000 n
+0001575058 00000 n
+0001575226 00000 n
+0001575393 00000 n
+0001575561 00000 n
+0001575728 00000 n
+0001575896 00000 n
+0001576064 00000 n
+0001576232 00000 n
+0001576400 00000 n
+0001576568 00000 n
+0001576736 00000 n
+0001576904 00000 n
+0001577071 00000 n
+0001577239 00000 n
+0001577407 00000 n
+0001577575 00000 n
+0001577742 00000 n
+0001577908 00000 n
+0001578073 00000 n
+0001578241 00000 n
+0001578409 00000 n
+0001578577 00000 n
+0001578745 00000 n
+0001578911 00000 n
+0001579078 00000 n
+0001579245 00000 n
+0001579412 00000 n
+0001579580 00000 n
+0001579748 00000 n
+0001579916 00000 n
+0001580084 00000 n
+0001580251 00000 n
+0001580419 00000 n
+0001580587 00000 n
+0001580755 00000 n
+0001580923 00000 n
+0001581090 00000 n
+0001581258 00000 n
+0001581426 00000 n
+0001581594 00000 n
+0001581762 00000 n
+0001581930 00000 n
+0001582098 00000 n
+0001582264 00000 n
+0001582430 00000 n
+0001586237 00000 n
+0001586405 00000 n
+0001586573 00000 n
+0001582849 00000 n
+0001567629 00000 n
+0001564063 00000 n
+0001582723 00000 n
+0001582786 00000 n
+0001586741 00000 n
+0001586909 00000 n
+0001587076 00000 n
+0001587244 00000 n
+0001587411 00000 n
+0001587578 00000 n
+0001587746 00000 n
+0001587914 00000 n
+0001588081 00000 n
+0001588249 00000 n
+0001588416 00000 n
+0001588583 00000 n
+0001588751 00000 n
+0001588919 00000 n
+0001589087 00000 n
+0001589254 00000 n
+0001589421 00000 n
+0001589589 00000 n
+0001589757 00000 n
+0001589925 00000 n
+0001590101 00000 n
+0001590269 00000 n
+0001590436 00000 n
+0001590603 00000 n
+0001590766 00000 n
+0001590932 00000 n
+0001591098 00000 n
+0001591266 00000 n
+0001591434 00000 n
+0001591599 00000 n
+0001591767 00000 n
+0001591935 00000 n
+0001592102 00000 n
+0001592270 00000 n
+0001592436 00000 n
+0001592603 00000 n
+0001592771 00000 n
+0001592939 00000 n
+0001593105 00000 n
+0001593270 00000 n
+0001597288 00000 n
+0001597467 00000 n
+0001597634 00000 n
+0001597801 00000 n
+0001597967 00000 n
+0001598133 00000 n
+0001598300 00000 n
+0001598466 00000 n
+0001593624 00000 n
+0001585714 00000 n
+0001582957 00000 n
+0002492907 00000 n
+0001607039 00000 n
+0001598633 00000 n
+0001598801 00000 n
+0001598969 00000 n
+0001599137 00000 n
+0001599305 00000 n
+0001599473 00000 n
+0001599641 00000 n
+0001599809 00000 n
+0001599977 00000 n
+0001600145 00000 n
+0001600313 00000 n
+0001600481 00000 n
+0001600649 00000 n
+0001600817 00000 n
+0001600985 00000 n
+0001601153 00000 n
+0001601321 00000 n
+0001601488 00000 n
+0001601656 00000 n
+0001601823 00000 n
+0001601991 00000 n
+0001602158 00000 n
+0001602326 00000 n
+0001602494 00000 n
+0001602662 00000 n
+0001602830 00000 n
+0001602996 00000 n
+0001603164 00000 n
+0001603332 00000 n
+0001603500 00000 n
+0001603666 00000 n
+0001603833 00000 n
+0001604001 00000 n
+0001604169 00000 n
+0001604337 00000 n
+0001604505 00000 n
+0001604673 00000 n
+0001604840 00000 n
+0001605008 00000 n
+0001605176 00000 n
+0001605343 00000 n
+0001605511 00000 n
+0001605679 00000 n
+0001605847 00000 n
+0001606015 00000 n
+0001606182 00000 n
+0001606349 00000 n
+0001606515 00000 n
+0001606681 00000 n
+0001610338 00000 n
+0001607166 00000 n
+0001596639 00000 n
+0001593707 00000 n
+0001606911 00000 n
+0001606975 00000 n
+0001607103 00000 n
+0001610504 00000 n
+0001610672 00000 n
+0001610840 00000 n
+0001611006 00000 n
+0001611173 00000 n
+0001611338 00000 n
+0001611505 00000 n
+0001611672 00000 n
+0001611847 00000 n
+0001612015 00000 n
+0001612183 00000 n
+0001612351 00000 n
+0001612518 00000 n
+0001612685 00000 n
+0001612853 00000 n
+0001613019 00000 n
+0001613185 00000 n
+0001613353 00000 n
+0001613521 00000 n
+0001613689 00000 n
+0001613857 00000 n
+0001614025 00000 n
+0001614193 00000 n
+0001614361 00000 n
+0001614528 00000 n
+0001614694 00000 n
+0001614859 00000 n
+0001615027 00000 n
+0001615195 00000 n
+0001615363 00000 n
+0001615530 00000 n
+0001615697 00000 n
+0001615864 00000 n
+0001616030 00000 n
+0001616197 00000 n
+0001616364 00000 n
+0001616531 00000 n
+0001616695 00000 n
+0001616860 00000 n
+0001617027 00000 n
+0001617195 00000 n
+0001617363 00000 n
+0001617531 00000 n
+0001617698 00000 n
+0001617864 00000 n
+0001620418 00000 n
+0001618093 00000 n
+0001609788 00000 n
+0001607249 00000 n
+0001620585 00000 n
+0001620752 00000 n
+0001620919 00000 n
+0001621086 00000 n
+0001621252 00000 n
+0001621419 00000 n
+0001621587 00000 n
+0001621755 00000 n
+0001621922 00000 n
+0001622089 00000 n
+0001622257 00000 n
+0001622425 00000 n
+0001622593 00000 n
+0001622760 00000 n
+0001622927 00000 n
+0001623095 00000 n
+0001623263 00000 n
+0001623430 00000 n
+0001623597 00000 n
+0001623765 00000 n
+0001623933 00000 n
+0001624101 00000 n
+0001624268 00000 n
+0001624443 00000 n
+0001624611 00000 n
+0001624779 00000 n
+0001624946 00000 n
+0001625114 00000 n
+0001625281 00000 n
+0001625449 00000 n
+0001625616 00000 n
+0001620003 00000 n
+0001618176 00000 n
+0001625699 00000 n
+0001626118 00000 n
+0002495156 00000 n
+0001625745 00000 n
+0001626181 00000 n
+0001625931 00000 n
+0001625775 00000 n
+0001626055 00000 n
+0001626468 00000 n
+0001626344 00000 n
+0001626252 00000 n
+0001627074 00000 n
+0001626887 00000 n
+0001626510 00000 n
+0001627011 00000 n
+0002493032 00000 n
+0001627361 00000 n
+0001627237 00000 n
+0001627145 00000 n
+0001627403 00000 n
+0001628106 00000 n
+0002495057 00000 n
+0001627449 00000 n
+0001628169 00000 n
+0001627982 00000 n
+0001627477 00000 n
+0001628456 00000 n
+0001628332 00000 n
+0001628240 00000 n
+0001628498 00000 n
+0001632084 00000 n
+0002494958 00000 n
+0001628544 00000 n
+0001631855 00000 n
+0001632207 00000 n
+0001631710 00000 n
+0001628594 00000 n
+0002486877 00000 n
+0001632316 00000 n
+0001636451 00000 n
+0002494874 00000 n
+0001632362 00000 n
+0001635888 00000 n
+0001636060 00000 n
+0001636278 00000 n
+0001636640 00000 n
+0001635725 00000 n
+0001632417 00000 n
+0001636514 00000 n
+0001636577 00000 n
+0001655533 00000 n
+0001641340 00000 n
+0001641514 00000 n
+0001641874 00000 n
+0001641186 00000 n
+0001636749 00000 n
+0001641686 00000 n
+0001641749 00000 n
+0001641812 00000 n
+0002493157 00000 n
+0001645810 00000 n
+0001645601 00000 n
+0001649964 00000 n
+0001650139 00000 n
+0001645997 00000 n
+0001645456 00000 n
+0001641971 00000 n
+0001645873 00000 n
+0001645936 00000 n
+0001650313 00000 n
+0001650486 00000 n
+0001650848 00000 n
+0001649792 00000 n
+0001646094 00000 n
+0001650659 00000 n
+0001650722 00000 n
+0001650785 00000 n
+0001655057 00000 n
+0001655232 00000 n
+0001660147 00000 n
+0001655596 00000 n
+0001654903 00000 n
+0001650945 00000 n
+0001655407 00000 n
+0001655470 00000 n
+0001660664 00000 n
+0001660838 00000 n
+0001661134 00000 n
+0001659966 00000 n
+0001655693 00000 n
+0001660320 00000 n
+0001660492 00000 n
+0001661009 00000 n
+0001661072 00000 n
+0001681436 00000 n
+0001668899 00000 n
+0001677459 00000 n
+0001665014 00000 n
+0001665314 00000 n
+0001664869 00000 n
+0001661231 00000 n
+0001665188 00000 n
+0001665251 00000 n
+0001668725 00000 n
+0001669087 00000 n
+0001668580 00000 n
+0001665411 00000 n
+0001668962 00000 n
+0001669025 00000 n
+0002493282 00000 n
+0001676682 00000 n
+0001676855 00000 n
+0001677028 00000 n
+0001672917 00000 n
+0001672669 00000 n
+0001669170 00000 n
+0001672793 00000 n
+0001672855 00000 n
+0001677232 00000 n
+0001681003 00000 n
+0001677522 00000 n
+0001676510 00000 n
+0001673014 00000 n
+0001681209 00000 n
+0001681499 00000 n
+0001680849 00000 n
+0001677607 00000 n
+0001685066 00000 n
+0001685357 00000 n
+0001684921 00000 n
+0001681584 00000 n
+0001685294 00000 n
+0001687397 00000 n
+0001687606 00000 n
+0001687252 00000 n
+0001685442 00000 n
+0002486160 00000 n
+0001687703 00000 n
+0001687727 00000 n
+0001687900 00000 n
+0001687925 00000 n
+0001734049 00000 n
+0001734416 00000 n
+0001734441 00000 n
+0001779913 00000 n
+0001780282 00000 n
+0001780307 00000 n
+0001826167 00000 n
+0001826540 00000 n
+0001826565 00000 n
+0001872609 00000 n
+0001872982 00000 n
+0001873007 00000 n
+0001918959 00000 n
+0001919328 00000 n
+0001919353 00000 n
+0001964805 00000 n
+0001965176 00000 n
+0001965201 00000 n
+0002010737 00000 n
+0002011108 00000 n
+0002011133 00000 n
+0002057533 00000 n
+0002057904 00000 n
+0002057929 00000 n
+0002103845 00000 n
+0002104216 00000 n
+0002104246 00000 n
+0002150194 00000 n
+0002150565 00000 n
+0002150590 00000 n
+0002196226 00000 n
+0002196595 00000 n
+0002196620 00000 n
+0002242844 00000 n
+0002243215 00000 n
+0002243240 00000 n
+0002289248 00000 n
+0002289619 00000 n
+0002289644 00000 n
+0002335816 00000 n
+0002336187 00000 n
+0002336212 00000 n
+0002382284 00000 n
+0002382653 00000 n
+0002383295 00000 n
+0002429239 00000 n
+0002429610 00000 n
+0002429996 00000 n
+0002476576 00000 n
+0002486031 00000 n
+0002476945 00000 n
+0002476969 00000 n
+0002477143 00000 n
+0002477167 00000 n
+0002482834 00000 n
+0002483197 00000 n
+0002483268 00000 n
+0002485438 00000 n
+0002483441 00000 n
+0002484241 00000 n
+0002484428 00000 n
+0002485252 00000 n
+0002493407 00000 n
+0002493523 00000 n
+0002493643 00000 n
+0002493763 00000 n
+0002493883 00000 n
+0002494003 00000 n
+0002494125 00000 n
+0002494251 00000 n
+0002494377 00000 n
+0002494494 00000 n
+0002494621 00000 n
+0002494721 00000 n
+0002494795 00000 n
+0002500925 00000 n
+0002501146 00000 n
+0002501425 00000 n
+0002501608 00000 n
+0002501762 00000 n
+0002501917 00000 n
+0002502072 00000 n
+0002502227 00000 n
+0002502382 00000 n
+0002502537 00000 n
+0002502692 00000 n
+0002502847 00000 n
+0002503002 00000 n
+0002503157 00000 n
+0002503312 00000 n
+0002503467 00000 n
+0002503622 00000 n
+0002503777 00000 n
+0002503932 00000 n
+0002504087 00000 n
+0002504242 00000 n
+0002504397 00000 n
+0002504552 00000 n
+0002504707 00000 n
+0002504862 00000 n
+0002505017 00000 n
+0002505172 00000 n
+0002505327 00000 n
+0002505482 00000 n
+0002505637 00000 n
+0002505792 00000 n
+0002505947 00000 n
+0002506102 00000 n
+0002506257 00000 n
+0002506412 00000 n
+0002506573 00000 n
+0002506734 00000 n
+0002506895 00000 n
+0002507056 00000 n
+0002507217 00000 n
+0002507378 00000 n
+0002507539 00000 n
+0002507700 00000 n
+0002507861 00000 n
+0002508022 00000 n
+0002508183 00000 n
+0002508344 00000 n
+0002508505 00000 n
+0002508666 00000 n
+0002508818 00000 n
+0002508963 00000 n
+0002509169 00000 n
+0002509340 00000 n
+0002509509 00000 n
+0002509680 00000 n
+0002509848 00000 n
+0002510016 00000 n
+0002510193 00000 n
+0002510367 00000 n
+0002510544 00000 n
+0002510719 00000 n
+0002510892 00000 n
+0002511086 00000 n
+0002511300 00000 n
+0002511515 00000 n
+0002511732 00000 n
+0002511889 00000 n
+0002512009 00000 n
+0002512121 00000 n
+0002512233 00000 n
+0002512345 00000 n
+0002512457 00000 n
+0002512569 00000 n
+0002512681 00000 n
+0002512793 00000 n
+0002512907 00000 n
+0002513022 00000 n
+0002513141 00000 n
+0002513261 00000 n
+0002513369 00000 n
+0002513458 00000 n
+0002513498 00000 n
+0002513588 00000 n
+trailer
+<< /Size 2301
+/Root 2299 0 R
+/Info 2300 0 R
+/ID [<E11B8CB10FB8B6DE2ED2D856BDC4D313> <E11B8CB10FB8B6DE2ED2D856BDC4D313>] >>
+startxref
+2514150
+%%EOF