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+Project Gutenberg's On the Age of Maya Ruins, by Charles P. Bowditch
+
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+Title: On the Age of Maya Ruins
+
+Author: Charles P. Bowditch
+
+Release Date: March 30, 2012 [EBook #39310]
+
+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS ***
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+
+                         ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS
+
+                                    BY
+                           CHARLES P. BOWDITCH
+
+
+            (From the American Anthropologist (N. S.), Vol. 3,
+                          October-December, 1901)
+
+
+                                 NEW YORK
+                            G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+                                   1901
+
+
+
+
+                         ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS
+
+                          BY CHARLES P. BOWDITCH
+
+
+The inscription lately discovered in Chichen Itza by Edward H. Thompson,
+United States Consul at Merida, is of more than passing interest. It
+contains an Initial Series of glyphs, which, so far as I know, gives the
+only initial date that has been found in the northern part of Yucatan.
+
+Although it may be a matter of doubt on what date the long count
+declared by the Initial Series began, yet, if we assume that the
+majority of the initial dates refer to the time when the buildings or
+stelæ on which the dates occur were erected (and this assumption seems
+altogether probable), we can at least decide on the relative age of the
+ruined cities in which the buildings or stelæ are found.
+
+The great cycle glyph in the Chichen Itza date is somewhat injured, but
+it is apparently of the same character as those found elsewhere. The
+numbers of the cycle, katun, tun, and uinal periods are 10, 2, 9, and 1,
+respectively. The number of the kin period is a face which, from the
+circle of dots around the mouth, is pretty surely 9. The day number is 9
+and the month number is 7. The day glyph is somewhat obscure, but
+contains a circular frame supported by a knot, while the month glyph is
+pretty surely Zac. We can then be sure of the following:?. 10. 2. 9.
+1. ?, 9. ?. 7. ?., with the probability that the second ? should be
+replaced by 9 and the last ? should be replaced by Zac. Assuming for the
+moment that the great cycle sign is what Goodman calls 54, we find from
+the tables that 54. 10. 2. 9. 0. 0. is 6 Ahau 18 Chen (49), and that 54.
+10. 2. 9. 1. 0. is 13 Ahau 18 Yax (49). Now, in order to reach a day
+with the number 9 and a month day with the number 7 from 13 Ahau 18 Yax,
+we must add 9 days. This makes the date necessarily 54. 10. 2. 9. 1. 9.,
+9 Muluc 7 Zac (49). The day sign, though rubbed, has the characteristics
+of Muluc, and the month is shown to be surely Zac; the kin number is
+also proved to be 9.
+
+There is just a possibility that the great cycle may not be 54. If it is
+53, the date must be 9 Muluc 12 Muan; if it is 55, the date must be 9
+Muluc 2 Yaxkin; but the month number is clearly 7, which eliminates both
+these great cycle numbers. In order to find a great cycle with the
+numbers ?. 10. 2. 9. 1. 9, 9. ?. 7. ?, we should have to go back or
+forward from Great Cycle 54 at least five great cycles, which means over
+25,000 years. This is such an enormous distance that it can practically
+be thrown out of consideration, and we may be well satisfied that the
+great cycle is really the same period in which almost every one of the
+other dates occurs, viz., 54.
+
+It will be interesting to compare this date with the first and last
+known dates of the other ruined cities of Chiapas and Guatemala. I give
+a list of these dates:
+
+                                                            Period of
+                     Earliest              Latest           Existence
+
+  Piedras Negras  54.9. 8.10.6.16.      54.9.12. 2. 0.16.    3.11.12. 0.
+  Copan           54.9. 6.10.0. 0.[1]   54.9.16.10. 0. 0.   10. 0. 0. 0.
+  Quirigua        54.9.14.13.4.17.[2]   54.9.19.13. 0.12.    4.19.13.15.
+  Yaxchilan       54.9. 0.19.2. 4.[3]
+  Palenque        54.9. 4. 0.0. 0.[4]   54.9. 8. 9.13. 0.    4. 9.13. 0.
+
+  [1] The date of Stela D given by Goodman as 54. 9. 5. 5. 0. 0. is
+  almost surely 54. 9. 15. 5. 0. 0.
+
+  [2] The dates 54. 13. 0. 0. 0. 0. and 54. 9. 1. 0. 0. 0. may well
+  be traditional and not historical, and refer to a period lying far
+  in the past.
+
+  [3] This date on Lintel 22 is very clear, but as it is the only
+  one which I have seen, I omit it in the following discussion. If
+  historical, it is earlier than the earliest date of Quirigua except
+  that of the normal date 54. 13. 0. 0. 0. 0., 4 Ahau 8 Cumhu.
+
+  [4] The dates of the Temple of the Cross, Temple of the Sun, and
+  Temple of the Foliated Cross are almost surely traditional. The date
+  on the Palace Steps, given by Goodman as 55. 3. 18. 12. 15. 12.,
+  should undoubtedly be 54. 9. 8. 9. 13. 0.
+
+The above collation establishes the fact that Piedras Negras, Copan,
+Palenque, and Quirigua flourished contemporaneously for at least a part
+of their existence, for the last known date of Palenque is but 0. 11.
+16, or less than one year before the first known date of Piedras Negras.
+This does not necessarily mean that Palenque was deserted at the
+establishment of Piedras Negras. Of course as investigation proceeds
+other inscriptions may be discovered which may give earlier or later
+dates, but it is interesting to note the relation between the known
+dates of all these cities.
+
+The date of Chichen Itza is later than any of the dates found above. The
+following list shows the distance from the earliest and latest dates of
+the ruined cities of Chiapas and Guatemala to the date recently found in
+Chichen Itza.
+
+
+  DISTANCE OF THE EARLIEST AND LATEST DATES TO THE DATE OF CHICHEN ITZA
+
+                         Earliest                       Latest
+
+  Piedras Negras  13.18.12.13, 274 y. 323 d.   10. 7.0.13, 204 y.  73 d.
+  Copan           15.19. 1. 9, 314 y. 259 d.    5.19.1. 9, 117 y. 164 d.
+  Quirigua         7.15.14.12, 153 y. 247 d.    2.16.0.17,  55 y. 102 d.
+  Palenque        18. 9. 1. 9, 364 y.   9 d.   13.19.6. 9, 275 y. 194 d.
+
+The Book of Chilan Balam of Mani[5] states that on Katun 13 the people
+whose history is recorded in this book reached Chacnouitan eighty years
+after leaving Nonaual, and that on Katun 6 of the following cycle
+Chichen Itza was discovered, and that on Katun 11 of the second
+following cycle they removed to Chichen Itza, having remained at
+Chacnouitan ninety-nine years. The distance from Katun 13 of one cycle
+to Katun 6 of another is 200 tuns, or about 197 years. The distance from
+Katun 13 of one cycle to Katun 11 of the second following cycle is 280
+tuns or about 276 years.
+
+  First date                  }                          }
+  of Piedras    54.9.8.10.6.16}                          }
+  Negras,                     }                          }
+                              } 3.11.12.0. = 70 y. 250 d.}
+  Last date                   }                          }
+  of Piedras    54.9.12.2.0.16}                          }
+  Negras,                     }                          }
+                                                         } 13.18.12.13 =
+                                                         }
+  First date                  }                          } 274 y. 323 d.
+  of Quirigua, 54.9.14.13.4.17}                          }
+                              } 4.19.13.15 = 98 y. 145 d.}
+  Last date                   }                          }
+  of Quirigua, 54.9.19.13.0.12}                          }
+                                                         }
+  Chichen                       2.16.0.17. = 55 y. 102 d.}
+  Itza,          54.10.2.9.1.9                           }
+
+  [5] _The Maya Chronicles_, D. G. Brinton, Phil'a, 1882, p. 87.
+
+The coincidences of dates are remarkable when it is seen that the length
+of time from the first date of Piedras Negras to that of Chichen Itza is
+278-2/3 tuns, while the time between the arrival at Chacnouitan to the
+removal to Chichen Itza is given by the Book of Chilan Balam as 280
+tuns. More than this, if an inscription should be found hereafter in
+Piedras Negras recording a date as late as 54. 9. 13. 9. 6. 16, this
+would show a stay in Piedras Negras of 99 tuns, the time given in the
+manuscript for the stay at Chacnouitan, and if about 54. 9. 13. 9. 6.
+16, the people of Piedras Negras deserted that city, they would have
+passed 204 years and 73 days before arriving at Chichen Itza. Now, all
+the historical dates of Quirigua lie between this last date and that of
+their arrival at Chichen Itza. Could the people of Piedras Negras have
+passed over to Quirigua and occupied that city during a part of this
+period of 204 years?[6]
+
+  [6] If, however, we accept the date of 54. 9. 1. 0. 0. 0. in Quirigua
+  as historical, as I was inclined to think when I wrote "Memoranda on
+  the Maya Calendars used in the Books of Chilan Balam," the foundation
+  of Quirigua would be anterior to all the dates which I have used in
+  the above calculations.
+
+Such speculations may not be of great value, but if they excite enough
+interest to induce a more thorough investigation, they will not be
+absolutely useless.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+In general every effort has been made to replicate the original text as
+faithfully as possible, including some instances of possible
+irregularities in the use of commas and periods in Mayan dates.
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's On the Age of Maya Ruins, by Charles P. Bowditch
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+Title: On the Age of Maya Ruins
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+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h1>ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="likeh4">BY</p>
+<p class="author">CHARLES P. BOWDITCH</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="likeh4">(From the American Anthropologist (<span class="smcap lowercase">N. S.</span>), Vol. 3, October-December, 1901)</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="likeh4">NEW YORK<br />
+<big>G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS</big><br />
+<small>1901</small><br />
+</p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_697" id="Page_697">[697]</a></span></p>
+<p class="likeh2">ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS</p>
+
+<p class="likeh3"><span class="smcap">By</span> CHARLES P. BOWDITCH</p>
+
+
+<p>The inscription lately discovered in Chichen Itza by Edward H. Thompson,
+United States Consul at Merida, is of more than passing interest. It
+contains an Initial Series of glyphs, which, so far as I know, gives the
+only initial date that has been found in the northern part of Yucatan.</p>
+
+<p>Although it may be a matter of doubt on what date the long count
+declared by the Initial Series began, yet, if we assume that the
+majority of the initial dates refer to the time when the buildings or
+stelæ on which the dates occur were erected (and this assumption seems
+altogether probable), we can at least decide on the relative age of the
+ruined cities in which the buildings or stelæ are found.</p>
+
+<p>The great cycle glyph in the Chichen Itza date is somewhat injured, but
+it is apparently of the same character as those found elsewhere. The
+numbers of the cycle, katun, tun, and uinal periods are 10, 2, 9, and 1,
+respectively. The number of the kin period is a face which, from the
+circle of dots around the mouth, is pretty surely 9. The day number is 9
+and the month number is 7. The day glyph is somewhat obscure, but
+contains a circular frame supported by a knot, while the month glyph is
+pretty surely Zac. We can then be sure of the following:?. 10. 2. 9.
+1. ?, 9. ?. 7. ?., with the probability that the second ? should be replaced
+by 9 and the last ? should be replaced by Zac. Assuming for the moment
+that the great cycle sign is what Goodman calls 54, we find from the
+tables that 54. 10. 2. 9. 0. 0. is 6 Ahau 18 Chen (49), and that 54. 10.
+2. 9. 1. 0. is 13 Ahau 18 Yax (49). Now, in order to reach a day with
+the number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_698" id="Page_698">[698]</a></span> 9 and a month day with the number 7 from 13 Ahau 18 Yax, we
+must add 9 days. This makes the date necessarily 54. 10. 2. 9. 1. 9., 9
+Muluc 7 Zac (49). The day sign, though rubbed, has the characteristics
+of Muluc, and the month is shown to be surely Zac; the kin number is
+also proved to be 9.</p>
+
+<p>There is just a possibility that the great cycle may not be 54. If it is
+53, the date must be 9 Muluc 12 Muan; if it is 55, the date must be 9
+Muluc 2 Yaxkin; but the month number is clearly 7, which eliminates both
+these great cycle numbers. In order to find a great cycle with the
+numbers ?. 10. 2. 9. 1. 9, 9. ?. 7. ?, we should have to go back or
+forward from Great Cycle 54 at least five great cycles, which means over
+25,000 years. This is such an enormous distance that it can practically
+be thrown out of consideration, and we may be well satisfied that the
+great cycle is really the same period in which almost every one of the
+other dates occurs, viz., 54.</p>
+
+<p>It will be interesting to compare this date with the first and last
+known dates of the other ruined cities of Chiapas and Guatemala. I give
+a list of these dates:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <table style="width: 90%" summary="Date comparison" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
+        <tbody>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleft"> &nbsp; </td>
+                <td class="tdcenter">&nbsp;</td>
+                <td class="tdcenter">&nbsp; </td>
+                <td class="tdleft">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>Period of</small></td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftspace"> &nbsp; </td>
+                <td class="tdleftspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>Earliest</small></td>
+                <td class="tdleftspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>Latest</small></td>
+                <td class="tdleftspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>Existence</small></td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Piedras Negras</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9. &nbsp;8.10.6.16.</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9.12. &nbsp;2. &nbsp;0.16.</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> &nbsp;&nbsp;3.11.12. &nbsp;0.</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Copan</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9. &nbsp;6.10.0. &nbsp;0.<a name="fnanchor_1_1" id="fnanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9.16.10. &nbsp;0. &nbsp;0.</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 10. &nbsp;0. &nbsp;0. &nbsp;0.</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Quirigua</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts">54.9.14.13.4.17.<a name="fnanchor_2_2" id="fnanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9.19.13. &nbsp;0.12. </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> &nbsp;&nbsp;4.19.13.15.</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Yaxchilan</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9. &nbsp;0.19.2. &nbsp;4.<a name="fnanchor_3_3" id="fnanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts">&nbsp;</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts">&nbsp;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Palenque</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9. &nbsp;4. &nbsp;0.0. &nbsp;0.<a name="fnanchor_4_4" id="fnanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 54.9. &nbsp;8. &nbsp;9.13. &nbsp;0.</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> &nbsp;&nbsp;4. &nbsp;9.13. &nbsp;0.</td>
+            </tr>
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The above collation establishes the fact that Piedras Negras, Copan,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_699" id="Page_699">[699]</a></span>
+Palenque, and Quirigua flourished contemporaneously for at least a part
+of their existence, for the last known date of Palenque is but 0. 11.
+16, or less than one year before the first known date of Piedras Negras.
+This does not necessarily mean that Palenque was deserted at the
+establishment of Piedras Negras. Of course as investigation proceeds
+other inscriptions may be discovered which may give earlier or later
+dates, but it is interesting to note the relation between the known
+dates of all these cities.</p>
+
+<p>The date of Chichen Itza is later than any of the dates found above. The
+following list shows the distance from the earliest and latest dates of
+the ruined cities of Chiapas and Guatemala to the date recently found in
+Chichen Itza.</p>
+
+<p class="likeh5"><br />
+DISTANCE OF THE EARLIEST AND LATEST DATES TO THE DATE OF CHICHEN ITZA</p>
+<div class="center">
+    <table style="width: 90%" summary="Date comparison to date of Chichen Itza" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
+        <tbody>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftspace"> &nbsp; </td>
+                <td class="tdleftspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>Earliest</small></td>
+                <td class="tdleftspace">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>Latest</small></td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Piedras Negras</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts">13.18.12.13, 274 y. 323 d. </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts">10. &nbsp;7.0.13, 204 y. &nbsp; 73 d.</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Copan</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 15.19. &nbsp;1. &nbsp;9, 314 y. 259 d. </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> &nbsp; 5.19.1. &nbsp;9, 117 y. 164 d.</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Quirigua</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> &nbsp; 7.15.14.12, 153 y. 247 d. </td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> &nbsp; 2.16.0.17, &nbsp; 55 y. 102 d. </td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdlefts">Palenque</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 18. &nbsp;9. &nbsp;1. &nbsp;9, 364 y.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 9 d.</td>
+                <td class="tdlefts"> 13.19.6. &nbsp;9, 275 y. 194 d.</td>
+            </tr>
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Book of Chilan Balam of Mani<a name="fnanchor_5_5" id="fnanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> states that on Katun 13 the people
+whose history is recorded in this book reached Chacnouitan eighty years
+after leaving Nonaual, and that on Katun 6 of the following cycle
+Chichen Itza was discovered, and that on Katun 11 of the second
+following cycle they removed to Chichen Itza, having remained at
+Chacnouitan ninety-nine years. The distance from Katun 13 of one cycle
+to Katun 6 of another is 200 tuns, or about 197 years. The distance from
+Katun 13 of one cycle to Katun 11 of the second following cycle is 280
+tuns or about 276 years.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_700" id="Page_700">[700]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+    <table style="margin: 0 0 0 0;" summary="Date subtraction tree" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
+        <tbody>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">First date</td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad" rowspan="3">54.9.8.10.6.16</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9488;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9488;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">of Piedras</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">Negras,</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"> </td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;&nbsp;3.11.12. 0. = 70 y. 250 d.</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">Last date</td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad" rowspan="3">54.9.12.2.0.16</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">of Piedras</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">Negras,</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9496;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;13.18.12.13 =</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">First date</td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad" rowspan="2">54.9.14.13.4.17</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9488;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;274 y. 323 d.</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">of Quirigua</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"> </td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;&nbsp;4.19.13.15 = 98 y. 145 d.</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">Last date</td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad" rowspan="2">54.9.19.13.0.12</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">of Quirigua</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9496;</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">Chichen</td>
+                <td class="tdrightpad" rowspan="2">54.10.2.9.1.9</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&nbsp;&nbsp;2.16.0.17. = 55 y. 102 d.</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9474;</td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">Itza,</td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad"></td>
+                <td class="tdleftpad">&#9496;</td>
+            </tr>
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The coincidences of dates are remarkable when it is seen that the length
+of time from the first date of Piedras Negras to that of Chichen Itza is
+278<small><sup>2</sup>&frasl;<sub>3</sub></small> tuns, while the time between the arrival at Chacnouitan to the
+removal to Chichen Itza is given by the Book of Chilan Balam as 280
+tuns. More than this, if an inscription should be found hereafter in
+Piedras Negras recording a date as late as 54. 9. 13. 9. 6. 16, this
+would show a stay in Piedras Negras of 99 tuns, the time given in the
+manuscript for the stay at Chacnouitan, and if about 54. 9. 13. 9. 6.
+16, the people of Piedras Negras deserted that city, they would have
+passed 204 years and 73 days before arriving at Chichen Itza. Now, all
+the historical dates of Quirigua lie between this last date and that of
+their arrival at Chichen Itza. Could the people of Piedras Negras have
+passed over to Quirigua and occupied that city during a part of this
+period of 204 years?<a name="fnanchor_6_6" id="fnanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such speculations may not be of great value, but if they excite enough
+interest to induce a more thorough investigation, they will not be
+absolutely useless.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="footnote_1_1" id="footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#fnanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The date of Stela D given by Goodman as 54. 9. 5. 5. 0. 0.
+is almost surely 54. 9. 15. 5. 0. 0.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="footnote_2_2" id="footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#fnanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The dates 54. 13. 0. 0. 0. 0. and 54. 9. 1. 0. 0. 0. may
+well be traditional and not historical, and refer to a period lying far
+in the past.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="footnote_3_3" id="footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#fnanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This date on Lintel 22 is very clear, but as it is the only
+one which I have seen, I omit it in the following discussion. If
+historical, it is earlier than the earliest date of Quirigua except that
+of the normal date 54. 13. 0. 0. 0. 0., 4 Ahau 8 Cumhu.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="footnote_4_4" id="footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#fnanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The dates of the Temple of the Cross, Temple of the Sun,
+and Temple of the Foliated Cross are almost surely traditional. The date
+on the Palace Steps, given by Goodman as 55. 3. 18. 12. 15. 12., should
+undoubtedly be 54. 9. 8. 9. 13. 0.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="footnote_5_5" id="footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#fnanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>The Maya Chronicles</i>, D. G. Brinton, Phil'a, 1882, p.
+87.<br /></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="footnote_6_6" id="footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#fnanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> If, however, we accept the date of 54. 9. 1. 0. 0. 0. in
+Quirigua as historical, as I was inclined to think when I wrote
+"Memoranda on the Maya Calendars used in the Books of Chilan Balam," the
+foundation of Quirigua would be anterior to all the dates which I have
+used in the above calculations.</p></div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class='tnote'>
+<h2><a name="Transcribers_note" id="Transcribers_note">Transcriber's note:</a></h2>
+<p>In general every effort has been made to replicate the original text as
+faithfully as possible, including some instances of possible
+irregularities in the use of commas and periods in Mayan dates.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's On the Age of Maya Ruins, by Charles P. Bowditch
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
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+Title: On the Age of Maya Ruins
+
+Author: Charles P. Bowditch
+
+Release Date: March 30, 2012 [EBook #39310]
+
+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS ***
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+
+                         ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS
+
+                                    BY
+                           CHARLES P. BOWDITCH
+
+
+            (From the American Anthropologist (N. S.), Vol. 3,
+                          October-December, 1901)
+
+
+                                 NEW YORK
+                            G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+                                   1901
+
+
+
+
+                         ON THE AGE OF MAYA RUINS
+
+                          BY CHARLES P. BOWDITCH
+
+
+The inscription lately discovered in Chichen Itza by Edward H. Thompson,
+United States Consul at Merida, is of more than passing interest. It
+contains an Initial Series of glyphs, which, so far as I know, gives the
+only initial date that has been found in the northern part of Yucatan.
+
+Although it may be a matter of doubt on what date the long count
+declared by the Initial Series began, yet, if we assume that the
+majority of the initial dates refer to the time when the buildings or
+stelae on which the dates occur were erected (and this assumption seems
+altogether probable), we can at least decide on the relative age of the
+ruined cities in which the buildings or stelae are found.
+
+The great cycle glyph in the Chichen Itza date is somewhat injured, but
+it is apparently of the same character as those found elsewhere. The
+numbers of the cycle, katun, tun, and uinal periods are 10, 2, 9, and 1,
+respectively. The number of the kin period is a face which, from the
+circle of dots around the mouth, is pretty surely 9. The day number is 9
+and the month number is 7. The day glyph is somewhat obscure, but
+contains a circular frame supported by a knot, while the month glyph is
+pretty surely Zac. We can then be sure of the following:?. 10. 2. 9.
+1. ?, 9. ?. 7. ?., with the probability that the second ? should be
+replaced by 9 and the last ? should be replaced by Zac. Assuming for the
+moment that the great cycle sign is what Goodman calls 54, we find from
+the tables that 54. 10. 2. 9. 0. 0. is 6 Ahau 18 Chen (49), and that 54.
+10. 2. 9. 1. 0. is 13 Ahau 18 Yax (49). Now, in order to reach a day
+with the number 9 and a month day with the number 7 from 13 Ahau 18 Yax,
+we must add 9 days. This makes the date necessarily 54. 10. 2. 9. 1. 9.,
+9 Muluc 7 Zac (49). The day sign, though rubbed, has the characteristics
+of Muluc, and the month is shown to be surely Zac; the kin number is
+also proved to be 9.
+
+There is just a possibility that the great cycle may not be 54. If it is
+53, the date must be 9 Muluc 12 Muan; if it is 55, the date must be 9
+Muluc 2 Yaxkin; but the month number is clearly 7, which eliminates both
+these great cycle numbers. In order to find a great cycle with the
+numbers ?. 10. 2. 9. 1. 9, 9. ?. 7. ?, we should have to go back or
+forward from Great Cycle 54 at least five great cycles, which means over
+25,000 years. This is such an enormous distance that it can practically
+be thrown out of consideration, and we may be well satisfied that the
+great cycle is really the same period in which almost every one of the
+other dates occurs, viz., 54.
+
+It will be interesting to compare this date with the first and last
+known dates of the other ruined cities of Chiapas and Guatemala. I give
+a list of these dates:
+
+                                                            Period of
+                     Earliest              Latest           Existence
+
+  Piedras Negras  54.9. 8.10.6.16.      54.9.12. 2. 0.16.    3.11.12. 0.
+  Copan           54.9. 6.10.0. 0.[1]   54.9.16.10. 0. 0.   10. 0. 0. 0.
+  Quirigua        54.9.14.13.4.17.[2]   54.9.19.13. 0.12.    4.19.13.15.
+  Yaxchilan       54.9. 0.19.2. 4.[3]
+  Palenque        54.9. 4. 0.0. 0.[4]   54.9. 8. 9.13. 0.    4. 9.13. 0.
+
+  [1] The date of Stela D given by Goodman as 54. 9. 5. 5. 0. 0. is
+  almost surely 54. 9. 15. 5. 0. 0.
+
+  [2] The dates 54. 13. 0. 0. 0. 0. and 54. 9. 1. 0. 0. 0. may well
+  be traditional and not historical, and refer to a period lying far
+  in the past.
+
+  [3] This date on Lintel 22 is very clear, but as it is the only
+  one which I have seen, I omit it in the following discussion. If
+  historical, it is earlier than the earliest date of Quirigua except
+  that of the normal date 54. 13. 0. 0. 0. 0., 4 Ahau 8 Cumhu.
+
+  [4] The dates of the Temple of the Cross, Temple of the Sun, and
+  Temple of the Foliated Cross are almost surely traditional. The date
+  on the Palace Steps, given by Goodman as 55. 3. 18. 12. 15. 12.,
+  should undoubtedly be 54. 9. 8. 9. 13. 0.
+
+The above collation establishes the fact that Piedras Negras, Copan,
+Palenque, and Quirigua flourished contemporaneously for at least a part
+of their existence, for the last known date of Palenque is but 0. 11.
+16, or less than one year before the first known date of Piedras Negras.
+This does not necessarily mean that Palenque was deserted at the
+establishment of Piedras Negras. Of course as investigation proceeds
+other inscriptions may be discovered which may give earlier or later
+dates, but it is interesting to note the relation between the known
+dates of all these cities.
+
+The date of Chichen Itza is later than any of the dates found above. The
+following list shows the distance from the earliest and latest dates of
+the ruined cities of Chiapas and Guatemala to the date recently found in
+Chichen Itza.
+
+
+  DISTANCE OF THE EARLIEST AND LATEST DATES TO THE DATE OF CHICHEN ITZA
+
+                         Earliest                       Latest
+
+  Piedras Negras  13.18.12.13, 274 y. 323 d.   10. 7.0.13, 204 y.  73 d.
+  Copan           15.19. 1. 9, 314 y. 259 d.    5.19.1. 9, 117 y. 164 d.
+  Quirigua         7.15.14.12, 153 y. 247 d.    2.16.0.17,  55 y. 102 d.
+  Palenque        18. 9. 1. 9, 364 y.   9 d.   13.19.6. 9, 275 y. 194 d.
+
+The Book of Chilan Balam of Mani[5] states that on Katun 13 the people
+whose history is recorded in this book reached Chacnouitan eighty years
+after leaving Nonaual, and that on Katun 6 of the following cycle
+Chichen Itza was discovered, and that on Katun 11 of the second
+following cycle they removed to Chichen Itza, having remained at
+Chacnouitan ninety-nine years. The distance from Katun 13 of one cycle
+to Katun 6 of another is 200 tuns, or about 197 years. The distance from
+Katun 13 of one cycle to Katun 11 of the second following cycle is 280
+tuns or about 276 years.
+
+  First date                  }                          }
+  of Piedras    54.9.8.10.6.16}                          }
+  Negras,                     }                          }
+                              } 3.11.12.0. = 70 y. 250 d.}
+  Last date                   }                          }
+  of Piedras    54.9.12.2.0.16}                          }
+  Negras,                     }                          }
+                                                         } 13.18.12.13 =
+                                                         }
+  First date                  }                          } 274 y. 323 d.
+  of Quirigua, 54.9.14.13.4.17}                          }
+                              } 4.19.13.15 = 98 y. 145 d.}
+  Last date                   }                          }
+  of Quirigua, 54.9.19.13.0.12}                          }
+                                                         }
+  Chichen                       2.16.0.17. = 55 y. 102 d.}
+  Itza,          54.10.2.9.1.9                           }
+
+  [5] _The Maya Chronicles_, D. G. Brinton, Phil'a, 1882, p. 87.
+
+The coincidences of dates are remarkable when it is seen that the length
+of time from the first date of Piedras Negras to that of Chichen Itza is
+278-2/3 tuns, while the time between the arrival at Chacnouitan to the
+removal to Chichen Itza is given by the Book of Chilan Balam as 280
+tuns. More than this, if an inscription should be found hereafter in
+Piedras Negras recording a date as late as 54. 9. 13. 9. 6. 16, this
+would show a stay in Piedras Negras of 99 tuns, the time given in the
+manuscript for the stay at Chacnouitan, and if about 54. 9. 13. 9. 6.
+16, the people of Piedras Negras deserted that city, they would have
+passed 204 years and 73 days before arriving at Chichen Itza. Now, all
+the historical dates of Quirigua lie between this last date and that of
+their arrival at Chichen Itza. Could the people of Piedras Negras have
+passed over to Quirigua and occupied that city during a part of this
+period of 204 years?[6]
+
+  [6] If, however, we accept the date of 54. 9. 1. 0. 0. 0. in Quirigua
+  as historical, as I was inclined to think when I wrote "Memoranda on
+  the Maya Calendars used in the Books of Chilan Balam," the foundation
+  of Quirigua would be anterior to all the dates which I have used in
+  the above calculations.
+
+Such speculations may not be of great value, but if they excite enough
+interest to induce a more thorough investigation, they will not be
+absolutely useless.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+In general every effort has been made to replicate the original text as
+faithfully as possible, including some instances of possible
+irregularities in the use of commas and periods in Mayan dates.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's On the Age of Maya Ruins, by Charles P. Bowditch
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