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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Myths of Greece and Rome
+       Narrated with Special Reference to Literature and Art
+
+Author: H. A. Guerber
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2012 [EBook #39250]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME
+
+       NARRATED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
+               LITERATURE AND ART
+
+                       BY
+
+                  H. A. GUERBER
+              LECTURER ON MYTHOLOGY
+
+
+                 [Illustration]
+
+
+              AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+           NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+               Copyright, 1893, by
+              American Book Company.
+
+               Copyright. 1921, by
+                 H. A. Guerber.
+
+                Guerber's Myths.
+                     E.P. 44
+
+
+
+
+                    DEDICATED
+
+               TO MY KIND FRIENDS
+
+          MISS MACKIE AND MISS MASTERS
+
+  IN WHOSE SCHOOLS MY LECTURES WERE FIRST GIVEN
+
+
+                MADE IN U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: HOMER.--François Gérard.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The aim of this book is to present a complete and entertaining account
+of Grecian and Roman mythology in such a manner that the student will
+appreciate its great influence upon literature and art.
+
+These myths, an inexhaustible fund of inspiration for the poets and
+artists of the past, have also inspired many noted modern works. To
+impress this fact forcibly upon the student, appropriate quotations
+from the poetical writings of all ages, from Hesiod's "Works and
+Days," to Tennyson's "Å’none," have been inserted in the text, while
+reproductions of ancient masterpieces and noted examples of modern
+painting and sculpture are plentifully used as illustrations.
+
+The myths are told as graphically and accurately as possible, great
+care being taken, however, to avoid the more repulsive features of
+heathen mythology; and when two or more versions of the same myth
+occur, the preference has invariably been given to the most popular,
+that is to say, to the one which has inspired the greatest works.
+
+Both the Latin and the Greek forms of proper names are given, but the
+Latin names are usually retained throughout the narrative, because
+more frequently used in poetry and art.
+
+The closing chapter includes an analysis of myths by the light of
+philology and comparative mythology, and the philological explanation
+of the stories related in the preceding chapters.
+
+A map, genealogical table, and complete glossary and index adapt this
+little volume for constant use in the library and art gallery, at home
+and abroad.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+    MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MYTHS                                  8
+
+    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                         10
+
+    CHAP. I. The Beginning of All Things                          11
+
+         II. Jupiter                                              39
+
+        III. Juno                                                 51
+
+         IV. Minerva                                              55
+
+          V. Apollo                                               61
+
+         VI. Diana                                                93
+
+        VII. Venus                                               103
+
+       VIII. Mercury                                             131
+
+         IX. Mars                                                138
+
+          X. Vulcan                                              144
+
+         XI. Neptune                                             149
+
+        XII. Pluto                                               159
+
+       XIII. Bacchus                                             171
+
+        XIV. Ceres and Proserpina                                183
+
+         XV. Vesta                                               198
+
+        XVI. Janus                                               205
+
+       XVII. Somnus and Mors                                     208
+
+      XVIII. Æolus                                               213
+
+        XIX. Hercules                                            216
+
+         XX. Perseus                                             240
+
+        XXI. Theseus                                             250
+
+       XXII. Jason                                               263
+
+      XXIII. The Calydonian Hunt                                 275
+
+       XXIV. Å’dipus                                              280
+
+        XXV. Bellerophon                                         291
+
+       XXVI. Minor Divinities                                    297
+
+      XXVII. The Trojan War                                      305
+
+     XXVIII. Adventures of Ulysses                               337
+
+       XXIX. Adventures of Æneas                                 360
+
+        XXX. Analysis of Myths                                   378
+
+    GENEALOGICAL TABLE                                           402
+
+    INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS                                 405
+
+    GLOSSARY AND INDEX                                           407
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Maps.]
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+    Homer                                                          2
+
+    Amor                                                          14
+
+    Fountain of Cybele (Rhea)                                     19
+
+    Minerva and Prometheus                                        26
+
+    Pandora                                                       30
+
+    Hope                                                          34
+
+    Olympian Zeus                                                 40
+
+    Ganymede and the Eagle                                        42
+
+    The Abduction of Europa                                       46
+
+    Juno                                                          50
+
+    Iris                                                          53
+
+    Minerva                                                       56
+
+    Apollo Belvedere                                              66
+
+    Apollo and Daphne                                             69
+
+    Orpheus and Eurydice                                          78
+
+    Farnese Bull                                                  81
+
+    Aurora                                                        86
+
+    Apollo and the Muses                                          89
+
+    Diana of Versailles                                           92
+
+    Niobe                                                         95
+
+    Venus de Milo                                                102
+
+    Fourth Hour of the Night                                     104
+
+    Sleeping Love                                                109
+
+    Hero and Leander                                             115
+
+    Cupid awakening Psyche                                       125
+
+    Charon and Psyche                                            129
+
+    Flying Mercury                                               133
+
+    Venus de Milo and Mars                                       141
+
+    The Forge of Vulcan                                          146
+
+    Fountain of Neptune                                          150
+
+    Father Nile                                                  157
+
+    The Furies                                                   162
+
+    The Three Fates                                              164
+
+    Bacchus                                                      175
+
+    Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne                              180
+
+    Abduction of Proserpina                                      185
+
+    Ceres                                                        189
+
+    A Nymph                                                      191
+
+    School of the Vestal Virgins                                 199
+
+    The Vestal Tuccia                                            201
+
+    Genius of Death                                              209
+
+    Hercules an Infant                                           217
+
+    Hercules and Centaur                                         222
+
+    Mounted Amazon going to the Chase                            225
+
+    Hercules at the Feet of Omphale                              231
+
+    Fortuna                                                      233
+
+    Farnese Hercules                                             237
+
+    Perseus                                                      245
+
+    Perseus and Andromeda                                        247
+
+    Dædalus and Icarus                                           254
+
+    Ariadne                                                      258
+
+    Theseus                                                      261
+
+    Jason and the Dragon                                         270
+
+    Medea                                                        272
+
+    Atalanta's Race                                              277
+
+    Å’dipus and the Sphinx                                        284
+
+    Antigone and Ismene                                          289
+
+    Chimæra                                                      293
+
+    Vertumnus and Pomona                                         302
+
+    Paris                                                        309
+
+    Abduction of Helen                                           313
+
+    Parting of Hector and Andromache                             322
+
+    Thetis bearing the Armor of Achilles                         327
+
+    Laocoon                                                      334
+
+    Triumph of Galatea                                           340
+
+    Acis and Galatea (Evening)                                   342
+
+    Circe and the Friends of Ulysses                             348
+
+    Siren                                                        351
+
+    Penelope                                                     356
+
+    Æneas at the Court of Dido                                   368
+
+    Cumæan Sibyl                                                 371
+
+
+
+
+MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS.
+
+
+Mythology is the science which treats of the early traditions, or
+myths, relating to the religion of the ancients, and includes, besides
+a full account of the origin of their gods, their theory concerning
+the beginning of all things.
+
+[Sidenote: Myths of creation.]
+
+Among all the nations scattered over the face of the earth, the
+Hebrews alone were instructed by God, who gave them not only a full
+account of the creation of the world and of all living creatures, but
+also a code of laws to regulate their conduct. All the questions they
+fain would ask were fully answered, and no room remained for
+conjecture.
+
+It was not so, however, with the other nations. The Greeks and Romans,
+for instance, lacking the definite knowledge which we obtain from the
+Scriptures, and still anxious to know everything, were forced to
+construct, in part, their own theory. As they looked about them for
+some clue to serve as guide, they could not help but observe and
+admire the wonders of nature. The succession of day and night, summer
+and winter, rain and sunshine; the fact that the tallest trees sprang
+from tiny seeds, the greatest rivers from diminutive streams, and the
+most beautiful flowers and delicious fruits from small green
+buds,--all seemed to tell them of a superior Being, who had fashioned
+them to serve a definite purpose.
+
+They soon came to the conclusion that a hand mighty enough to call all
+these wonders into life, could also have created the beautiful Earth
+whereon they dwelt. These thoughts gave rise to others; suppositions
+became certainties; and soon the following myth or fable was evolved,
+to be handed down from generation to generation.
+
+At first, when all things lay in a great confused mass,--
+
+    "Ere earth, and sea, and covering heavens, were known,
+    The face of nature, o'er the world, was one;
+    And men have call'd it Chaos; formless, rude,
+    The mass; dead matter's weight, inert, and crude;
+    Where, in mix'd heap of ill-compounded mold,
+    The jarring seeds of things confusedly roll'd."
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+The Earth did not exist. Land, sea, and air were mixed up together; so
+that the earth was not solid, the sea was not fluid, nor the air
+transparent.
+
+    "No sun yet beam'd from yon cerulean height;
+    No orbing moon repair'd her horns of light;
+    No earth, self-poised, on liquid ether hung;
+    No sea its world-enclasping waters flung;
+    Earth was half air, half sea, an embryo heap;
+    Nor earth was fix'd, nor fluid was the deep;
+    Dark was the void of air; no form was traced;
+    Obstructing atoms struggled through the waste;
+    Where cold, and hot, and moist, and dry rebell'd;
+    Heavy the light, and hard the soft repell'd."
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Chaos and Nyx.]
+
+Over this shapeless mass reigned a careless deity called Chaos, whose
+personal appearance could not be described, as there was no light by
+which he could be seen. He shared his throne with his wife, the dark
+goddess of Night, named Nyx or Nox, whose black robes, and still
+blacker countenance, did not tend to enliven the surrounding gloom.
+
+[Sidenote: Erebus, Æther, and Hemera.]
+
+These two divinities wearied of their power in the course of time, and
+called their son Erebus (Darkness) to their assistance. His first act
+was to dethrone and supplant Chaos; and then, thinking he would be
+happier with a helpmeet, he married his own mother, Nyx. Of course,
+with our present views, this marriage was a heinous sin; but the
+ancients, who at first had no fixed laws, did not consider this union
+unsuitable, and recounted how Erebus and Nyx ruled over the chaotic
+world together, until their two beautiful children, Æther (Light) and
+Hemera (Day), acting in concert, dethroned them, and seized the
+supreme power.
+
+[Sidenote: Creation of Gæa and Uranus.]
+
+Space, illumined for the first time by their radiance, revealed itself
+in all its uncouthness. Æther and Hemera carefully examined the
+confusion, saw its innumerable possibilities, and decided to evolve
+from it a "thing of beauty;" but quite conscious of the magnitude of
+such an undertaking, and feeling that some assistance would be
+desirable, they summoned Eros (Amor or Love), their own child, to
+their aid. By their combined efforts, Pontus (the Sea) and Gæa (Ge,
+Tellus, Terra), as the Earth was first called, were created.
+
+In the beginning the Earth did not present the beautiful appearance
+that it does now. No trees waved their leafy branches on the
+hillsides; no flowers bloomed in the valleys; no grass grew on the
+plains; no birds flew through the air. All was silent, bare, and
+motionless. Eros, the first to perceive these deficiencies, seized his
+life-giving arrows and pierced the cold bosom of the Earth.
+Immediately the brown surface was covered with luxuriant verdure;
+birds of many colors flitted through the foliage of the new-born
+forest trees; animals of all kinds gamboled over the grassy plains;
+and swift-darting fishes swam in the limpid streams. All was now life,
+joy, and motion.
+
+  [Illustration: AMOR.--Martin.]
+
+Gæa, roused from her apathy, admired all that had already been done
+for her embellishment, and, resolving to crown and complete the work
+so well begun, created Uranus (Heaven).
+
+              "Her first-born Earth produc'd,
+    Of like immensity, the starry Heaven:
+    That he might sheltering compass her around
+    On every side."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The egg myth.]
+
+This version of the creation of the world, although but one of the
+many current with the Greeks and Romans, was the one most generally
+adopted; but another, also very popular, stated that the first
+divinities, Erebus and Nyx, produced a gigantic egg, from which Eros,
+the god of love, emerged to create the Earth.
+
+          "In the dreary chaotical closet
+    Of Erebus old, was a privy deposit,
+    By Night the primæval in secrecy laid;
+    A Mystical Egg, that in silence and shade
+    Was brooded and hatched; till time came about:
+    And Love, the delightful, in glory flew out."
+
+                 Aristophanes (Frere's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Mount Olympus and the river Oceanus.]
+
+The Earth thus created was supposed by the ancients to be a disk,
+instead of a sphere as science has proved. The Greeks fancied that
+their country occupied a central position, and that Mount Olympus, a
+very high mountain, the mythological abode of their gods, was placed
+in the exact center. Their Earth was divided into two equal parts by
+Pontus (the Sea,--equivalent to our Mediterranean and Black Seas); and
+all around it flowed the great river Oceanus in a "steady, equable
+current," undisturbed by storm, from which the Sea and all the rivers
+were supposed to derive their waters.
+
+[Sidenote: The Hyperboreans.]
+
+The Greeks also imagined that the portion of the Earth directly north
+of their country was inhabited by a fortunate race of men, the
+Hyperboreans, who dwelt in continual bliss, and enjoyed a never-ending
+springtide. Their homes were said to be "inaccessible by land or by
+sea." They were "exempt from disease, old age, and death," and were so
+virtuous that the gods frequently visited them, and even condescended
+to share their feasts and games. A people thus favored could not fail
+to be happy, and many were the songs in praise of their sunny land.
+
+    "I come from a land in the sun-bright deep,
+        Where golden gardens grow;
+    Where the winds of the north, becalm'd in sleep,
+        Their conch shells never blow.
+
+    "So near the track of the stars are we,
+        That oft, on night's pale beams,
+    The distant sounds of their harmony
+        Come to our ears, like dreams.
+
+    "The Moon, too, brings her world so nigh,
+        That when the night-seer looks
+    To that shadowless orb, in a vernal sky,
+        He can number its hills and brooks.
+
+    "To the Sun god all our hearts and lyres
+        By day, by night, belong;
+    And the breath we draw from his living fires
+        We give him back in song."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ethiopians and the Isles of the Blest.]
+
+South of Greece, also near the great river Oceanus, dwelt another
+nation, just as happy and virtuous as the Hyperboreans,--the
+Ethiopians. They, too, often enjoyed the company of the gods, who
+shared their innocent pleasures with great delight.
+
+And far away, on the shore of this same marvelous river, according to
+some mythologists, were the beautiful Isles of the Blest, where
+mortals who had led virtuous lives, and had thus found favor in the
+sight of the gods, were transported without tasting of death, and
+where they enjoyed an eternity of bliss. These islands had sun, moon,
+and stars of their own, and were never visited by the cold wintry
+winds that swept down from the north.
+
+    "The Isles of the Blest, they say,
+      The Isles of the Blest,
+    Are peaceful and happy, by night and by day,
+      Far away in the glorious west.
+
+    "They need not the moon in that land of delight,
+      They need not the pale, pale star;
+    The sun is bright, by day and night,
+      Where the souls of the blessed are.
+
+    "They till not the ground, they plow not the wave,
+      They labor not, never! oh, never!
+    Not a tear do they shed, not a sigh do they heave,
+      They are happy, for ever and ever!"
+
+                                     Pindar.
+
+[Sidenote: Uranus and Gæa.]
+
+Chaos, Erebus, and Nyx were deprived of their power by Æther and
+Hemera, who did not long enjoy the possession of the scepter; for
+Uranus and Gæa, more powerful than their progenitors, soon forced them
+to depart, and began to reign in their stead. They had not dwelt long
+on the summit of Mount Olympus, before they found themselves the
+parents of twelve gigantic children, the Titans, whose strength was
+such that their father, Uranus, greatly feared them. To prevent their
+ever making use of it against him, he seized them immediately after
+their birth, hurled them down into a dark abyss called Tartarus, and
+there chained them fast.
+
+[Sidenote: Titans, Cyclopes, and Centimani.]
+
+This chasm was situated far under the earth; and Uranus knew that his
+six sons (Oceanus, CÅ“us, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus), as
+well as his six daughters, the Titanides (Ilia, Rhea, Themis, Thetis,
+Mnemosyne, and Phœbe), could not easily escape from its cavernous
+depths. The Titans did not long remain sole occupants of Tartarus, for
+one day the brazen doors were again thrown wide open to admit the
+Cyclopes,--Brontes (Thunder), Steropes (Lightning), and Arges
+(Sheet-lightning),--three later-born children of Uranus and Gæa, who
+helped the Titans to make the darkness hideous with their incessant
+clamor for freedom. In due time their number was increased by the
+three terrible Centimani (Hundred-handed), Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes,
+who were sent thither by Uranus to share their fate.
+
+Greatly dissatisfied with the treatment her children had received at
+their father's hands, Gæa remonstrated, but all in vain. Uranus would
+not grant her request to set the giants free, and, whenever their
+muffled cries reached his ear, he trembled for his own safety. Angry
+beyond all expression, Gæa swore revenge, and descended into Tartarus,
+where she urged the Titans to conspire against their father, and
+attempt to wrest the scepter from his grasp.
+
+[Sidenote: The Titans revolt.]
+
+All listened attentively to the words of sedition; but none were
+courageous enough to carry out her plans, except Cronus, the youngest
+of the Titans, more familiarly known as Saturn or Time, who found
+confinement and chains peculiarly galling, and who hated his father
+for his cruelty. Gæa finally induced him to lay violent hands upon his
+sire, and, after releasing him from his bonds, gave him a scythe, and
+bade him be of good cheer and return victorious.
+
+Thus armed and admonished, Cronus set forth, came upon his father
+unawares, defeated him, thanks to his extraordinary weapon, and, after
+binding him fast, took possession of the vacant throne, intending to
+rule the universe forever. Enraged at this insult, Uranus cursed his
+son, and prophesied that a day would come when he, too, would be
+supplanted by his children, and would suffer just punishment for his
+rebellion.
+
+  [Illustration: FOUNTAIN OF CYBELE (RHEA). (Madrid.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Cronus and Rhea.]
+
+Cronus paid no heed to his father's imprecations, but calmly proceeded
+to release the Titans, his brothers and sisters, who, in their joy and
+gratitude to escape the dismal realm of Tartarus, expressed their
+willingness to be ruled by him. Their satisfaction was complete,
+however, when he chose his own sister Rhea (Cybele, Ops) for his
+consort, and assigned to each of the others some portion of the world
+to govern at will. To Oceanus and Thetis, for example, he gave charge
+over the ocean and all the rivers upon earth; while to Hyperion and
+Phœbe he intrusted the direction of the sun and moon, which the
+ancients supposed were daily driven across the sky in brilliant golden
+chariots.
+
+Peace and security now reigned on and around Mount Olympus; and
+Cronus, with great satisfaction, congratulated himself on the result
+of his enterprise. One fine morning, however, his equanimity was
+disturbed by the announcement that a son was born to him. The memory
+of his father's curse then suddenly returned to his mind. Anxious to
+avert so great a calamity as the loss of his power, he hastened to his
+wife, determined to devour the child, and thus prevent him from
+causing further annoyance. Wholly unsuspicious, Rhea heard him inquire
+for his son. Gladly she placed him in his extended arms; but imagine
+her surprise and horror when she beheld her husband swallow the babe!
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Jupiter.]
+
+Time passed, and another child was born, but only to meet with the
+same cruel fate. One infant after another disappeared down the
+capacious throat of the voracious Cronus,--a personification of Time,
+who creates only to destroy. In vain the bereaved mother besought the
+life of one little one: the selfish, hard-hearted father would not
+relent. As her prayers seemed unavailing, Rhea finally resolved to
+obtain by stratagem the boon her husband denied; and as soon as her
+youngest son, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus), was born, she concealed him.
+
+Cronus, aware of his birth, soon made his appearance, determined to
+dispose of him in the usual summary manner. For some time Rhea pleaded
+with him, but at last pretended to yield to his commands. Hastily
+wrapping a large stone in swaddling clothes, she handed it to Cronus,
+simulating intense grief. Cronus was evidently not of a very inquiring
+turn of mind, for he swallowed the whole without investigating the
+real contents of the shapeless bundle.
+
+                  "To th' imperial son of Heaven,
+    Whilom the king of gods, a stone she gave
+    Inwrapt in infant swathes; and this with grasp
+    Eager he snatch'd, and in his ravening breast
+    Convey'd away: unhappy! nor once thought
+    That for the stone his child behind remain'd
+    Invincible, secure; who soon, with hands
+    Of strength o'ercoming him, should cast him forth
+    From glory, and himself th' immortals rule."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Ignorant of the deception practiced upon him, Cronus then took leave,
+and the overjoyed mother clasped her rescued treasure to her breast.
+It was not sufficient, however, to have saved young Jupiter from
+imminent death: it was also necessary that his father should remain
+unconscious of his existence.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's infancy.]
+
+To insure this, Rhea intrusted her babe to the tender care of the
+Melian nymphs, who bore him off to a cave on Mount Ida. There a goat,
+Amalthea, was procured to act as nurse, and fulfilled her office so
+acceptably that she was eventually placed in the heavens as a
+constellation, a brilliant reward for her kind ministrations. To
+prevent Jupiter's cries being heard in Olympus, the Curetes
+(Corybantes), Rhea's priests, uttered piercing screams, clashed their
+weapons, executed fierce dances, and chanted rude war songs.
+
+The real significance of all this unwonted noise and commotion was not
+at all understood by Cronus, who, in the intervals of his numerous
+affairs, congratulated himself upon the cunning he had shown to
+prevent the accomplishment of his father's curse. But all his anxiety
+and fears were aroused when he suddenly became aware of the fraud
+practiced upon him, and of young Jupiter's continued existence. He
+immediately tried to devise some plan to get rid of him; but, before
+he could put it into execution, he found himself attacked, and, after
+a short but terrible encounter, signally defeated.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's supremacy.]
+
+Jupiter, delighted to have triumphed so quickly, took possession of
+the supreme power, and aided by Rhea's counsels, and by a nauseous
+potion prepared by Metis, a daughter of Oceanus, compelled Cronus to
+produce the unfortunate children he had swallowed; i.e., Neptune,
+Pluto, Vesta, Ceres, and Juno.
+
+Following the example of his predecessor, Jupiter gave his brothers
+and sisters a fair share of his new kingdom. The wisest among the
+Titans--Mnemosyne, Themis, Oceanus, and Hyperion--submitted to the new
+sovereign without murmur, but the others refused their allegiance;
+which refusal, of course, occasioned a deadly conflict.
+
+                  "When gods began with wrath,
+    And war rose up between their starry brows,
+    Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne
+    That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste
+    With opposite oaths that they would have no Zeus
+    To rule the gods forever."
+
+                             E. B. Browning.
+
+[Sidenote: The giants' war.]
+
+Jupiter, from the top of Mount Olympus, discerned the superior number
+of his foes, and, quite aware of their might, concluded that
+reënforcements to his party would not be superfluous. In haste,
+therefore, he released the Cyclopes from Tartarus, where they had
+languished so long, stipulating that in exchange for their freedom
+they should supply him with thunderbolts,--weapons which only they
+knew how to forge. This new engine caused great terror and dismay in
+the ranks of the enemy, who, nevertheless, soon rallied, and struggled
+valiantly to overthrow the usurper and win back the sovereignty of the
+world.
+
+During ten long years the war raged incessantly, neither party wishing
+to submit to the dominion of the other, but at the end of that time
+the rebellious Titans were obliged to yield. Some of them were hurled
+into Tartarus once more, where they were carefully secured by Neptune,
+Jupiter's brother, while the young conqueror joyfully proclaimed his
+victory.
+
+    "League all your forces then, ye powers above,
+    Join all, and try th' omnipotence of Jove:
+    Let down our golden everlasting chain,
+    Whose strong embrace holds heaven and earth and main:
+    Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth,
+    To drag, by this, the Thunderer down to earth,
+    Ye strive in vain! if I but stretch this hand,
+    I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land;
+    I fix the chain to great Olympus' height,
+    And the vast world hangs trembling in my sight!
+    For such I reign, unbounded and above;
+    And such are men and gods, compar'd to Jove."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+The scene of this mighty conflict was supposed to have been in
+Thessaly, where the country bears the imprint of some great natural
+convulsion; for the ancients imagined that the gods, making the most
+of their gigantic strength and stature, hurled huge rocks at each
+other, and piled mountain upon mountain to reach the abode of Jupiter,
+the Thunderer.
+
+    "Mountain on mountain, as the Titans erst,
+    My brethren, scaling the high seat of Jove,
+    Heaved Pelion upon Ossa's shoulders broad
+    In vain emprise."
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+Saturn, or Cronus, the leader and instigator of the revolt, weary at
+last of bloodshed and strife, withdrew to Italy, or Hesperia, where he
+founded a prosperous kingdom, and reigned in peace for many long
+years.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Typhœus.]
+
+Jupiter, having disposed of all the Titans, now fancied he would enjoy
+the power so unlawfully obtained; but Gæa, to punish him for depriving
+her children of their birthright, created a terrible monster, called
+Typhœus, or Typhon, which she sent to attack him. This Typhœus was a
+giant, from whose trunk one hundred dragon heads arose; flames shot
+from his eyes, nostrils, and mouths; while he incessantly uttered such
+blood-curdling screams, that the gods, in terror, fled from Mount
+Olympus and sought refuge in Egypt. In mortal fear lest this
+terror-inspiring monster would pursue them, the gods there assumed the
+forms of different animals; and Jupiter became a ram, while Juno, his
+sister and queen, changed herself into a cow.
+
+The king of the gods, however, soon became ashamed of his cowardly
+flight, and resolved to return to Mount Olympus to slay Typhœus with
+his terrible thunderbolts. A long and fierce struggle ensued, at the
+end of which, Jupiter, again victorious, viewed his fallen foe with
+boundless pride; but his triumph was very short-lived.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of Enceladus.]
+
+Enceladus, another redoubtable giant, also created by Gæa, now
+appeared to avenge Typhœus. He too was signally defeated, and bound
+with adamantine chains in a burning cave under Mount Ætna. In early
+times, before he had become accustomed to his prison, he gave vent to
+his rage by outcries, imprecations, and groans: sometimes he even
+breathed forth fire and flames, in hopes of injuring his conqueror.
+But time, it is said, somewhat cooled his resentment; and now he is
+content with an occasional change of position, which, owing to his
+huge size, causes the earth to tremble over a space of many miles,
+producing what is called an earthquake.
+
+      "'Tis said, that thunder-struck Enceladus,
+    Groveling beneath the incumbent mountain's weight,
+    Lies stretched supine, eternal prey of flames;
+    And, when he heaves against the burning load,
+    Reluctant, to invert his broiling limbs,
+    A sudden earthquake shoots through all the isle,
+    And Ætna thunders dreadful under ground,
+    Then pours out smoke in wreathing curls convolved,
+    And shades the sun's bright orb, and blots out day."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter divides his realm.]
+
+Jupiter had now conquered all his foes, asserted his right to the
+throne, and could at last reign over the world undisturbed; but he
+knew that it would be no small undertaking to rule well heaven,
+earth, and sea, and resolved to divide the power with his brothers. To
+avoid quarrels and recriminations, he portioned the world out into
+lots, allowing each of his brothers the privilege of drawing his own
+share.
+
+Neptune thus obtained control over the sea and all the rivers, and
+immediately expressed his resolve to wear a symbolic crown, composed
+exclusively of marine shells and aquatic plants, and to abide within
+the bounds of his watery realm.
+
+Pluto, the most taciturn of the brothers, received for his portion the
+scepter of Tartarus and all the Lower World, where no beam of sunlight
+was ever allowed to find its way; while Jupiter reserved for himself
+the general supervision of his brothers' estates, and the direct
+management of Heaven and Earth.
+
+Peace now reigned throughout all the world. Not a murmur was heard,
+except from the Titans, who at length, seeing that further opposition
+would be useless, grew reconciled to their fate.
+
+In the days of their prosperity, the Titans had intermarried. Cronus
+had taken Rhea "for better or for worse;" and Iapetus had seen, loved,
+and wedded the fair Clymene, one of the ocean nymphs, or Oceanides,
+daughters of Oceanus. The latter pair became the proud parents of four
+gigantic sons,--Atlas, Menetius, Prometheus (Forethought), and
+Epimetheus (Afterthought),--who were destined to play prominent parts
+in Grecian mythology.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Prometheus.]
+
+At the time of the creation, after covering the new-born Earth with
+luxuriant vegetation, and peopling it with living creatures of all
+kinds, Eros perceived that it would be necessary to endow them with
+instincts which would enable them to preserve and enjoy the life they
+had received. He therefore called the youngest two sons of Iapetus to
+his aid, and bade them make a judicious distribution of gifts to all
+living creatures, and create and endow a superior being, called Man,
+to rule over all the others.
+
+  [Illustration: MINERVA AND PROMETHEUS.--Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)]
+
+Prometheus' and Epimetheus' first care was, very naturally, to provide
+for the beings already created. These they endowed with such reckless
+generosity, that all their favors were soon dispensed, and none
+remained for the endowment of man. Although they had not the remotest
+idea how to overcome this difficulty, they proceeded to fashion man
+from clay.
+
+    "Prometheus first transmuted
+    Atoms culled for human clay."
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+They first molded an image similar in form to the gods; bade Eros
+breathe into its nostrils the spirit of life, and Minerva (Pallas)
+endow it with a soul; whereupon man lived, and moved, and viewed his
+new domain.
+
+Justly proud of his handiwork, Prometheus observed man, and longed to
+bestow upon him some great power, unshared by any other creature of
+mortal birth, which would raise him far above all other living beings,
+and bring him nearer to the perfection of the immortal gods. Fire
+alone, in his estimation, could effect this; but fire was the special
+possession and prerogative of the gods, and Prometheus knew they would
+never willingly share it with man, and that, should any one obtain it
+by stealth, they would never forgive the thief. Long he pondered the
+matter, and finally determined to obtain fire, or die in the attempt.
+
+One dark night, therefore, he set out for Olympus, entered unperceived
+into the gods' abode, seized a lighted brand, hid it in his bosom, and
+departed unseen, exulting in the success of his enterprise. Arrived
+upon earth once more, he consigned the stolen treasure to the care of
+man, who immediately adapted it to various purposes, and eloquently
+expressed his gratitude to the benevolent deity who had risked his own
+life to obtain it for him.
+
+    "Of Prometheus, how undaunted
+      On Olympus' shining bastions
+    His audacious foot he planted,
+    Myths are told and songs are chanted,
+      Full of promptings and suggestions.
+
+    "Beautiful is the tradition
+      Of that flight through heavenly portals,
+    The old classic superstition
+    Of the theft and the transmission
+      Of the fire of the Immortals."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+From his lofty throne on the topmost peak of Mount Olympus Jupiter
+beheld an unusual light down upon earth. Anxious to ascertain its
+exact nature, he watched it closely, and before long discovered the
+larceny. His anger then burst forth, terrible to behold; and the gods
+all quailed when they heard him solemnly vow he would punish the
+unhappy Prometheus without mercy. To seize the offender in his mighty
+grasp, bear him off to the Caucasian Mountains, and bind him fast to a
+great rock, was but a moment's work. There a voracious vulture was
+summoned to feast upon his liver, the tearing of which from his side
+by the bird's cruel beak and talons caused the sufferer intense
+anguish. All day long the vulture gorged himself; but during the cool
+night, while the bird slept, Prometheus' suffering abated, and the
+liver grew again, thus prolonging the torture, which bade fair to have
+no end.
+
+Disheartened by the prospect of long years of unremitting pain,
+Prometheus at times could not refrain from pitiful complaints; but
+generation after generation of men lived on earth, and died, blessing
+him for the gift he had obtained for them at such a terrible cost.
+After many centuries of woe, Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmene,
+found Prometheus, killed the vulture, broke the adamantine chains, and
+liberated the long-suffering god.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Epimetheus and Pandora.]
+
+The first mortals lived on earth in a state of perfect innocence and
+bliss. The air was pure and balmy; the sun shone brightly all the
+year; the earth brought forth delicious fruit in abundance; and
+beautiful, fragrant flowers bloomed everywhere. Man was content.
+Extreme cold, hunger, sickness, and death were unknown. Jupiter, who
+justly ascribed a good part of this beatific condition to the gift
+conferred by Prometheus, was greatly displeased, and tried to devise
+some means to punish mankind for the acceptance of the heavenly fire.
+
+With this purpose in view, he assembled the gods on Mount Olympus,
+where, in solemn council, they decided to create woman; and, as soon
+as she had been artfully fashioned, each one endowed her with some
+special charm, to make her more attractive.
+
+                  "The crippled artist-god,
+    Illustrious, molded from the yielding clay
+    A bashful virgin's image, as advis'd
+    Saturnian Jove.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+      "But now when the fair mischief, seeming-good,
+    His hand had perfected, he led her forth
+    Exulting in her grac'd attire, the gift
+    Of Pallas, in the midst of gods and men.
+    On men and gods in that same moment seiz'd
+    The ravishment of wonder, when they saw
+    The deep deceit, th' inextricable snare."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Their united efforts were crowned with the utmost success. Nothing was
+lacking, except a name for the peerless creature; and the gods, after
+due consideration, decreed she should be called Pandora. They then
+bade Mercury take her to Prometheus as a gift from heaven; but he,
+knowing only too well that nothing good would come to him from the
+gods, refused to accept her, and cautioned his brother Epimetheus to
+follow his example. Unfortunately Epimetheus was of a confiding
+disposition, and when he beheld the maiden he exclaimed, "Surely so
+beautiful and gentle a being can bring no evil!" and accepted her most
+joyfully.
+
+The first days of their union were spent in blissful wanderings, hand
+in hand, under the cool forest shade; in weaving garlands of fragrant
+flowers; and in refreshing themselves with the luscious fruit, which
+hung so temptingly within reach.
+
+  [Illustration: PANDORA.--Sichel.]
+
+One lovely evening, while dancing on the green, they saw Mercury,
+Jupiter's messenger, coming towards them. His step was slow and weary,
+his garments dusty and travel-stained, and he seemed almost to stagger
+beneath the weight of a huge box which rested upon his shoulders.
+Pandora immediately ceased dancing, to speculate with feminine
+curiosity upon the contents of the chest. She nudged Epimetheus, and
+in a whisper begged him to ask Mercury what brought him thither.
+Epimetheus complied with her request; but Mercury evaded the question,
+asked permission to deposit his burden in their dwelling for
+safekeeping, professing himself too weary to convey it to its
+destination that day, and promised to call for it shortly. The
+permission was promptly granted. Mercury, with a sigh of relief,
+placed the box in one corner, and then departed, refusing all
+hospitable offers of rest and refreshment.
+
+He had scarcely crossed the threshold, when Pandora expressed a strong
+desire to have a peep at the contents of the mysterious box; but
+Epimetheus, surprised and shocked, told her that her curiosity was
+unseemly, and then, to dispel the frown and pout seen for the first
+time on the fair face of his beloved, he entreated her to come out
+into the fresh air and join in the merry games of their companions.
+For the first time, also, Pandora refused to comply with his request.
+Dismayed, and very much discouraged, Epimetheus sauntered out alone,
+thinking she would soon join him, and perhaps by some caress atone for
+her present willfulness.
+
+Left alone with the mysterious casket, Pandora became more and more
+inquisitive. Stealthily she drew near, and examined it with great
+interest, for it was curiously wrought of dark wood, and surmounted by
+a delicately carved head, of such fine workmanship that it seemed to
+smile and encourage her. Around the box a glittering golden cord was
+wound, and fastened on top in an intricate knot. Pandora, who prided
+herself specially on her deft fingers, felt sure she could unfasten
+it, and, reasoning that it would not be indiscreet to untie it if she
+did not raise the lid, she set to work. Long she strove, but all in
+vain. Ever and anon the laughing voices of Epimetheus and his
+companions, playing in the luxuriant shade, were wafted in on the
+summer breeze. Repeatedly she heard them call, and beseech her to join
+them; yet she persisted in her attempt. She was just on the point of
+giving it up in despair, when suddenly the refractory knot yielded to
+her fumbling fingers, and the cord, unrolling, dropped on the floor.
+
+Pandora had repeatedly fancied that sounds like whispers issued from
+the box. The noise now seemed to increase, and she breathlessly
+applied her ear to the lid to ascertain whether it really proceeded
+from within. Imagine, therefore, her surprise when she distinctly
+heard these words, uttered in the most pitiful accents: "Pandora, dear
+Pandora, have pity upon us! Free us from this gloomy prison! Open,
+open, we beseech you!"
+
+Pandora's heart beat so fast and loud, that it seemed for a moment to
+drown all other sounds. Should she open the box? Just then a familiar
+step outside made her start guiltily. Epimetheus was coming, and she
+knew he would urge her again to come out, and would prevent the
+gratification of her curiosity. Precipitately, therefore, she raised
+the lid to have one little peep before he came in.
+
+Now, Jupiter had malignantly crammed into this box all the diseases,
+sorrows, vices, and crimes that afflict poor humanity; and the box was
+no sooner opened, than all these ills flew out, in the guise of horrid
+little brown-winged creatures, closely resembling moths. These little
+insects fluttered about, alighting, some upon Epimetheus, who had just
+entered, and some upon Pandora, pricking and stinging them most
+unmercifully. Then they flew out through the open door and windows,
+and fastened upon the merrymakers without, whose shouts of joy were
+soon changed into wails of pain and anguish.
+
+Epimetheus and Pandora had never before experienced the faintest
+sensation of pain or anger; but, as soon as these winged evil spirits
+had stung them, they began to weep, and, alas! quarreled for the first
+time in their lives. Epimetheus reproached his wife in bitterest terms
+for her thoughtless action; but in the very midst of his vituperation
+he suddenly heard a sweet little voice entreat for freedom. The sound
+proceeded from the unfortunate box, whose cover Pandora had dropped
+again, in the first moment of her surprise and pain. "Open, open, and
+I will heal your wounds! Please let me out!" it pleaded.
+
+The tearful couple viewed each other inquiringly, and listened again.
+Once more they heard the same pitiful accents; and Epimetheus bade his
+wife open the box and set the speaker free, adding very amiably, that
+she had already done so much harm by her ill-fated curiosity, that it
+would be difficult to add materially to its evil consequences, and
+that, perchance, the box contained some good spirit, whose
+ministrations might prove beneficial.
+
+It was well for Pandora that she opened the box a second time, for the
+gods, with a sudden impulse of compassion, had concealed among the
+evil spirits one kindly creature, Hope, whose mission was to heal the
+wounds inflicted by her fellow-prisoners.
+
+    "Hope sole remain'd within, nor took her flight,
+    Beneath the vessel's verge conceal'd from light."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Lightly fluttering hither and thither on her snowy pinions, Hope
+touched the punctured places on Pandora's and Epimetheus' creamy skin,
+and relieved their suffering, then quickly flew out of the open
+window, to perform the same gentle office for the other victims, and
+cheer their downcast spirits.
+
+Thus, according to the ancients, evil entered into the world, bringing
+untold misery; but Hope followed closely in its footsteps, to aid
+struggling humanity, and point to a happier future.
+
+    "Hope rules a land forever green:
+    All powers that serve the bright-eyed Queen
+        Are confident and gay;
+    Clouds at her bidding disappear;
+    Points she to aught?--the bliss draws near,
+        And Fancy smooths the way."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+  [Illustration: HOPE.--Thorwaldsen.]
+
+During many centuries, therefore, Hope continued to be revered,
+although the other divinities had ceased to be worshiped.
+
+According to another version, Pandora was sent down to man, bearing a
+vase in which the evil spirits were imprisoned, and on the way, seized
+by a fit of curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed them all to
+escape.
+
+[Sidenote: The Four Ages.]
+
+Little by little the world was peopled; and the first years of man's
+existence upon earth were, as we have seen, years of unalloyed
+happiness. There was no occasion for labor, for the earth brought
+forth spontaneously all that was necessary for man's subsistence.
+"Innocence, virtue, and truth prevailed; neither were there any laws
+to restrict men, nor judges to punish." This time of bliss has justly
+borne the title of Golden Age, and the people in Italy then throve
+under the wise rule of good old Saturn, or Cronus.
+
+Unfortunately, nothing in this world is lasting; and the Golden Age
+was followed by another, not quite so prosperous, hence called the
+Silver Age, when the year was first divided into seasons, and men were
+obliged to toil for their daily bread.
+
+    "Succeeding times a silver age behold,
+    Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold.
+    Then summer, autumn, winter, did appear,
+    And spring was but a season of the year;
+    The sun his annual course obliquely made,
+    Good days contracted, and enlarg'd the bad.
+    The air with sultry heats began to glow,
+    The wings of winds were clogg'd with ice and snow;
+    And shivering mortals into houses driven,
+    Sought shelter from the inclemency of heaven.
+    Those houses, then, were caves or homely sheds,
+    With twining osiers fenc'd, and moss their beds.
+    Then plows, for seed, the fruitful furrows broke,
+    And oxen labor'd first beneath the yoke."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+Yet, in spite of these few hardships, the people were happy, far
+happier than their descendants during the Age of Brass, which
+speedily followed, when strife became customary, and differences were
+settled by blows.
+
+But by far the worst of all was the Iron Age, when men's passions knew
+no bounds, and they even dared refuse all homage to the immortal gods.
+War was waged incessantly; the earth was saturated with blood; the
+rights of hospitality were openly violated; and murder, rape, and
+theft were committed on all sides.
+
+[Sidenote: The Deluge.]
+
+Jupiter had kept a close watch over men's actions during all these
+years; and this evil conduct aroused his wrath to such a point, that
+he vowed he would annihilate the human race. But the modes of
+destruction were manifold, and, as he could not decide which would
+eventually prove most efficacious, he summoned the gods to deliberate
+and aid him by their counsels. The first suggestion offered, was to
+destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter's much-dreaded
+thunderbolts; and the king of gods was about to put it into instant
+execution, when his arm was stayed by the objection that the rising
+flames might set fire to his own abode, and reduce its magnificence to
+unsightly ashes. He therefore rejected the plan as impracticable, and
+bade the gods devise other means of destruction.
+
+After much delay and discussion, the immortals agreed to wash mankind
+off the face of the earth by a mighty deluge. The winds were
+instructed to gather together the rain clouds over the earth. Neptune
+let loose the waves of the sea, bidding them rise, overflow, and
+deluge the land. No sooner had the gods spoken, than the elements
+obeyed: the winds blew; the rain fell in torrents; lakes, seas,
+rivers, and oceans broke their bonds; and terrified mortals,
+forgetting their petty quarrels in a common impulse to flee from the
+death which threatened them, climbed the highest mountains, clung to
+uprooted trees, and even took refuge in the light skiffs they had
+constructed in happier days. Their efforts were all in vain, however;
+for the waters rose higher and higher, overtook them one after another
+in their ineffectual efforts to escape, closed over the homes where
+they might have been so happy, and drowned their last despairing
+cries in their seething depths.
+
+    "Now hills and vales no more distinction know,
+    And level'd nature lies oppress'd below;
+    The most of mortals perish in the flood."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha.]
+
+The rain continued to fall, until, after many days, the waves covered
+all the surface of the earth except the summit of Mount Parnassus, the
+highest peak in Greece. On this mountain, surrounded by the
+ever-rising flood, stood the son of Prometheus, Deucalion, with his
+faithful wife Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. From
+thence they, the sole survivors, viewed the universal desolation with
+tear-dimmed eyes.
+
+In spite of the general depravity, the lives of this couple had always
+been pure and virtuous; and when Jupiter saw them there alone, and
+remembered their piety, he decided not to include them in the general
+destruction, but to save their lives. He therefore bade the winds
+return to their cave, and the rain to cease. Neptune, in accordance
+with his decree, blew a resounding blast upon his conch shell to
+recall the wandering waves, which immediately returned within their
+usual bounds.
+
+    "At length the world was all restor'd to view,
+    But desolate, and of a sickly hue;
+    Nature beheld herself, and stood aghast,
+    A dismal desert and a silent waste."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+Deucalion and Pyrrha followed the receding waves step by step down the
+steep mountain side, wondering how they should repeople the desolate
+earth. As they talked, they came to the shrine of Delphi, which alone
+had been able to resist the force of the waves. There they entered to
+consult the wishes of the gods. Their surprise and horror were
+unbounded, however, when a voice exclaimed, "Depart from hence with
+veiled heads, and cast your mother's bones behind you!" To obey such
+a command seemed sacrilegious in the extreme; for the dead had always
+been held in deep veneration by the Greeks, and the desecration of a
+grave was considered a heinous crime, and punished accordingly. But,
+they reasoned, the gods' oracles can seldom be accepted in a literal
+sense; and Deucalion, after due thought, explained to Pyrrha what he
+conceived to be the meaning of this mysterious command.
+
+"The Earth," said he, "is the mother of all, and the stones may be
+considered her bones." Husband and wife speedily decided to act upon
+this premise, and continued their descent, casting stones behind them.
+All those thrown by Deucalion were immediately changed into men, while
+those cast by Pyrrha became women.
+
+Thus the earth was peopled for the second time with a blameless race
+of men, sent to replace the wicked beings slain by Jupiter. Deucalion
+and Pyrrha shortly after became the happy parents of a son named
+Hellen, who gave his name to all the Hellenic or Greek race; while his
+sons Æolus and Dorus, and grandsons Ion and Achæus, became the
+ancestors of the Æolian, Dorian, Ionian, and Achaian nations.
+
+Other mythologists, in treating of the deluvian myths, state that
+Deucalion and Pyrrha took refuge in an ark, which, after sailing about
+for many days, was stranded on the top of Mount Parnassus. This
+version was far less popular with the Greeks, although it betrays
+still more plainly the common source whence all these myths are
+derived.
+
+    "Who does not see in drown Deucalion's name,
+    When Earth her men and Sea had lost her shore,
+                Old Noah!"
+
+                                   Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+JUPITER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's titles.]
+
+Jupiter, Jove, or Zeus, king of the gods, supreme ruler of the
+universe, the special deity of mankind, the personification of the sky
+and of all the phenomena of the air, and the guardian of political
+order and peace, was the most prominent of all the Olympian
+divinities: the others were obliged to submit to his will, and
+trembled at his all-powerful nod.
+
+    "He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold,
+    The eternal Thunderer sat, enthroned in gold.
+    High heaven the footstool of his feet he makes,
+    And wide beneath him all Olympus shakes."
+
+    "He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows,
+    Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod,
+    The stamp of fate and sanction of the god:
+    High heaven with trembling the dread signal took,
+    And all Olympus to the center shook."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+The Fates and Destiny alone dared oppose Jupiter's sovereign will, and
+they continued to issue their irrevocable decrees, even after he
+supplanted his father and began to rule over all.
+
+In common with all other Greek and Roman divinities, Jupiter, though
+immortal, was subject to pleasure, pain, grief, and anger, and a prey
+to all the passions which rule the hearts of men.
+
+  [Illustration: OLYMPIAN ZEUS.--Flaxman.]
+
+It was he who presided at the councils held on the top of "many-peaked
+Olympus," and summoned the gods whenever he wished to discuss with
+them any matter of importance, or to indulge in a sumptuous repast,
+when they ate the celestial ambrosia and quaffed the fragrant nectar.
+
+He is generally represented as a fine majestic figure, with long
+curling hair and beard, clad in flowing drapery, his redoubtable
+thunderbolts or scepter in one hand, and a statue of Victory in the
+other. The world is his footstool; and the eagle, emblem of strength
+and power, is generally seen close beside him.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's attendants.]
+
+Jupiter had his own special attendants, such as Victoria, or Nice, the
+goddess of victory, who was ever ready to obey his slightest behest,
+and it is said her master loved her so dearly, that he generally held
+an image of her in his hand.
+
+The hundred-tongued goddess of fame, Fama, trumpet in hand,
+proclaimed, at his bidding, anything he wished, never questioning
+whether it were true or false.
+
+    "Fame than who never plague that runs
+        Its way more swiftly wins:
+    Her very motion lends her power:
+    She flies and waxes every hour.
+    At first she shrinks, and cowers for dread:
+        Ere long she soars on high:
+    Upon the ground she plants her tread,
+        Her forehead in the sky."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Close by Jupiter's side was sometimes seen Fortuna, goddess of
+fortune, poised on a constantly revolving wheel, whereon she journeyed
+throughout the world, scattering with careless hands her numerous
+gifts, and lavishing with indifference her choicest smiles; while
+Hebe, or Juventas, the goddess of youth, was ever ready at his wish to
+pour out the nectar, in which the gods were wont to pledge each other.
+
+              "Hebe, honored of them all,
+    Ministered nectar, and from cups of gold
+    They pledged each other."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: GANYMEDE AND THE EAGLE. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+But this fair goddess awkwardly tripped and fell on a solemn
+occasion, and was forced to resign her office. To replace her, the
+father of the gods was obliged to go in quest of another cup-bearer.
+
+To facilitate his search, he assumed the form of an eagle, and winged
+his flight over the earth. He had not flown far, before he beheld a
+youth of marvelous beauty, alone on a neighboring hill. To swoop down,
+catch him up in his mighty talons, and bear him safely off to Olympus,
+was but a moment's work; and there the kidnapped youth Ganymede, the
+son of a king of Troy, was carefully instructed in the duties he was
+called upon to perform in the future.
+
+    "And godlike Ganymede, most beautiful
+    Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up
+    To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour
+    The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Philemon and Baucis.]
+
+Solicitous for the welfare of mankind, Jupiter often visited the
+earth, taking great care to assume some disguise which would enable
+him to ascertain all he wished without any risk of detection. One day
+he and Mercury, his special messenger and favorite among the gods,
+took the forms of needy, belated travelers, and entered the lowly hut
+of a worthy old couple, Philemon and Baucis.
+
+Eager to offer their best to the strangers, these poor people decided
+to kill their sole remaining goose; but their efforts to secure it
+were vain, and finally the persecuted fowl took refuge between
+Jupiter's knees. Touched with their zeal, yet anxious to prevent the
+death of the confiding goose, Jupiter revealed himself to his faithful
+worshipers, and in gratitude for their intended sacrifice bade them
+ask any boon, promising by the great river Styx--the most binding and
+solemn oath a god could utter--to grant their request.
+
+Contrary to the custom current in similar cases, Philemon and Baucis
+made a modest and judicious choice, and proffered a timid request that
+they might serve the gods as long as life and strength endured, and
+finally die together. This most reasonable wish was immediately
+granted; and Jupiter, moreover, changed their humble abode into a
+superb temple, where they could offer daily sacrifices on his altars.
+
+    "Their little shed, scarce large enough for two,
+    Seems, from the ground increased, in height and bulk to grow.
+    A stately temple shoots within the skies,
+    The crotches of their cot in columns rise;
+    The pavement polish'd marble they behold,
+    The gates with sculpture grac'd, the spires and tiles of gold."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+After many years of faithful service, when age had made them long for
+death, Philemon and Baucis were transformed into majestic oaks, which
+stood for many a century in front of the temple, monuments of the love
+and faith which had bound the pair through life.
+
+Although married to Juno, Jupiter often indulged in love affairs with
+other goddesses, and even with mortal maidens. The ancients themselves
+did not practice polygamy, but their gods were supposed to be able to
+indulge all their passions with impunity. As the personification of
+the sky, Jupiter, therefore, consorted at times with Juno (the
+Atmosphere), with Dione (Moisture), with Themis (Justice), etc.,
+without incurring any reproach; for these marriages, in their
+estimation, were all symbolical.
+
+But Juno being of a jealous disposition, Jupiter was forced to conduct
+his courtships with great secrecy and circumspection, and therefore
+generally adopted the precaution of a disguise. To win Europa, the
+fair daughter of Agenor, for instance, he became a bull.
+
+                      "The gods themselves,
+    Humbling their deities to love, have taken
+    The shapes of beasts upon them. Jupiter
+    Became a bull, and bellow'd."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter kidnaps Europa.]
+
+One day Europa was playing in her father's meadows with her three
+brothers, Cadmus, Phœnix, and Cilix, when she suddenly saw a white
+bull coming towards her; not with fiery eyes and lowered horns, but
+gently, as if to express a mute request to be petted. The maiden,
+delighted, stroked the beast, and decked him with bright garlands of
+meadow-blossoms. Then, seeing him kneel, as if to invite her to mount,
+she lightly sprang upon his broad back, calling to her companions to
+follow her example; but, before they could do as she wished, the bull
+had risen to his feet, and galloped off towards the sea with his fair
+burden on his back.
+
+Instead of turning when he saw the foam-crested waves, he plunged into
+the midst of them, and in a few minutes disappeared from view, so
+rapidly did he swim away. To reassure the frightened girl, the bull
+now spoke in gentle accents, bidding her dismiss all fear, for he was
+the great Jupiter in disguise.
+
+    "Take courage, gentle maid! nor fear the tide:
+    I, though near-seen a bull, am heavenly Jove:
+    I change my shape at will."
+
+                      Moschus (Elton's tr.).
+
+Pleased with the novelty of her situation, and flattered by the god's
+evident admiration, Europa ceased to struggle, wound her arms more
+closely around the bull's neck to prevent the waves from washing her
+off her perilous seat, and allowed herself to be carried away.
+
+Jupiter finally deposited his fair burden upon the shores of a new
+land, to which he gallantly gave her name, Europe. He then resumed his
+wonted form, explained at length his reasons for so unceremoniously
+kidnapping her, and finally won her consent to their union. Their
+three sons were Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. The two former were
+subsequently appointed judges in the Infernal Regions, while the third
+found an early but glorious death during the Trojan war.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ABDUCTION OF EUROPA.--Albani. (Uffizi Palace,
+      Florence.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Search for Europa.]
+
+All unconscious of their sister's fate, the young princes had
+returned in haste to their father's palace to announce her sudden
+involuntary departure. Agenor, whose favorite she had always been,
+rent his garments for grief, and bade his sons go forth and seek her,
+and not to return till they had found her. Accompanied by their
+mother, Telephassa, they immediately set out on their journey,
+inquiring of all they met if they had seen their sister. Search and
+inquiry proved equally fruitless.
+
+At last, weary of this hopeless quest, Phœnix refused his further
+aid, and allowed his sorrowing relatives to continue without him,
+remaining in a land which from him was called Phœnicia. Cilix, too,
+soon followed his example, and settled in a fertile country which they
+had reached, hence called Cilicia; and finally Telephassa, worn out
+with grief and fatigue, lay down to die, charging her oldest son to go
+on alone.
+
+Cadmus wandered on till he came to Delphi, where he consulted the
+oracle; but, to his great dismay, the only reply he received was,
+"Follow the cow, and settle where she rests."
+
+In deep perplexity he left the temple, and, from force of habit,
+journeyed on, patiently questioning all he met. Soon he perceived a
+cow leisurely walking in front of him, and, mindful of the oracle, he
+ceased his search and followed her. Urged by curiosity, many
+adventurers joined him on the way, and, when the cow at last lay down
+in the land since called BÅ“otia, they all promised to aid Cadmus,
+their chosen leader, to found their future capital, which was to be
+called Thebes.
+
+[Sidenote: Founding of Thebes.]
+
+Parched with thirst after their long walk, the men then hastened to a
+neighboring spring, but, to Cadmus' surprise, time passed and still
+they did not return. Armed with his trusty sword, he finally went down
+to the spring to discover the cause of their delay, and found that
+they had all been devoured by a huge dragon, which lived in the
+hollow. The prince raised his sword to avenge their death, and dealt
+the dragon such a deadly blow upon the head, that he put an immediate
+end to its existence.
+
+While Cadmus stood there contemplating his lifeless foe, a voice bade
+him extract the dragon's teeth, and sow them in the ground already
+broken for his future city. No human being was within sight: so Cadmus
+knew the order proceeded from the immortal gods, and immediately
+prepared to obey it. The dragon's teeth were no sooner planted, than a
+crop of giants sprang from the soil, full grown, and armed to the
+teeth. They were about to fall upon Cadmus, when the same voice bade
+him cast a stone in the midst of their close-drawn phalanx. Cadmus,
+seeing the giants were almost upon him, and that no time was to be
+lost, quickly threw a stone. The effect produced was almost
+instantaneous; for the giants, each fancying it had been thrown by his
+neighbor, began fighting among themselves. In a few minutes the number
+of giants was reduced to five, who sheathed their bloodstained
+weapons, and humbly tendered their services to Cadmus. With their aid,
+the foundations of the city were laid; but their labor was not very
+arduous, as the gods caused some of the public buildings to rise up
+out of the ground, all complete, and ready for use.
+
+To reward Cadmus for his loving and painstaking search for Europa,
+Jupiter gave him the hand of the fair princess Harmonia, a daughter of
+Mars and Venus, in marriage. Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, is
+supposed to have invented the alphabet, and introduced its use into
+Greece. Although his career was very prosperous at first, he finally
+incurred the wrath of the gods by forgetting, on a solemn occasion, to
+offer them a suitable sacrifice; and, in anger at his dereliction,
+they changed him and Harmonia into huge serpents.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Jupiter.]
+
+Jupiter was, of course, very widely and generally worshiped by the
+ancients; and his principal temples--the Capitol at Rome, and the
+shrine of Jupiter Ammon in Libya--have been world-renowned. He also
+had a noted temple at Dodona, where an oak tree gave forth mysterious
+prophecies, which were supposed to have been inspired by the king of
+gods; this long lost shrine has recently been discovered.
+
+    "Oh, where, Dodona! is thine aged grove,
+    Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?
+    What valley echoed the response of Jove?
+    What trace remaineth of the Thunderer's shrine?
+    All, all forgotten!"
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+A magnificent temple at Olympia, on the Peloponnesus, was also
+dedicated to Jupiter; and here every fifth year the people of Greece
+were wont to assemble to celebrate games, in honor of Jupiter's great
+victory over the Titans. These festivals were known as the Olympian
+Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned time by olympiads, that is to
+say, by the space of time between the celebrations. Within the temple
+at Olympia stood a wonderful statue of gold and ivory, the work of
+Phidias. Its proportions and beauty were such, that it was counted one
+of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. It is said, too, that the
+artist, having completed this masterpiece, longed for some sign of
+approval from heaven, and fervently prayed for a token that the god
+accepted his labor. Jupiter, in answer to this prayer, sent a vivid
+flash of lightning, which played about the colossal image,
+illuminating it, but leaving it quite unharmed.
+
+The Greeks were indebted to Phidias for many of their most exquisite
+statues of the gods; but none of the others equaled this figure of
+Jupiter in size, dignity of attitude, or elaborate finish.
+
+        "Wise Phidias, thus his skill to prove,
+    Through many a god advanc'd to Jove,
+    And taught the polish'd rocks to shine
+    With airs and lineaments divine;
+    Till Greece, amaz'd, and half afraid,
+    Th' assembled deities survey'd."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+  [Illustration: JUNO. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+JUNO.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's marriage.]
+
+Juno (Hera, Here), queen of heaven, and goddess of the atmosphere and
+of marriage, was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and consequently the
+sister of Jupiter; but, as soon as the latter had dethroned his
+parents and seized the scepter, he began to look about him for a
+suitable helpmate. Juno won his affections by her great beauty; and he
+immediately began his courtship, which he carried on in the guise of a
+cuckoo, to infuse a little romance into it. He evidently found favor
+in her sight, and won her consent to share his throne; for shortly
+afterward their wedding was celebrated with great pomp on Mount
+Olympus. It was on this solemn occasion that the immortal conclave of
+the gods declared that Juno should be henceforth honored as goddess of
+marriage.
+
+                      "Juno, who presides
+    Supreme o'er bridegrooms and o'er brides."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+But although in the beginning this union seemed very happy, there soon
+arose subjects for contention; for unfortunately Jupiter was inclined
+to be faithless, and Juno jealous, and, like the element she
+personified, exceedingly variable in her moods. On such occasions she
+gave way to her violent temper, and bitterly reproached her husband,
+who, impatient of her censure, punished her severely, and, instead of
+reforming, merely continued his numerous intrigues with renewed zest.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Callisto and Arcas.]
+
+On one occasion he fell deeply in love with a maiden named Callisto,
+gentle, fair, and slender; but, in spite of all the precautions which
+he took when visiting her, Juno discovered the object of his
+affections. Night and day she thought and planned, until she devised a
+species of revenge which seemed adequate. The graceful girl was
+suddenly bereft of speech, changed into a rough, ungainly bear, and
+driven out into the solitudes of the great forests, which were from
+that time forth to be her home. Jupiter vainly sought his missing
+ladylove, and it was only long afterward that he discovered her and
+her little bear son Arcas. In pity for all they had suffered, he
+transferred them both to the sky, where they are still known as the
+constellations of the Great and Little Bear.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's attendant.]
+
+Juno, like her husband, had also her special attendant, Iris (the
+Rainbow), whom she frequently employed as messenger,--a task which
+this deity accomplished with as much celerity as Mercury. Her flight
+through the air was so rapid, that she was seldom seen; and no one
+would have known she had passed, had it not been for the brilliant
+trail her many-colored robe left behind her in the sky.
+
+    "Like fiery clouds, that flush with ruddy glare,
+    Or Iris, gliding through the purple air;
+    When loosely girt her dazzling mantle flows,
+    And 'gainst the sun in arching colors glows."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+Juno is the mother of Mars, Hebe, and Vulcan, and is always described
+and represented as a beautiful, majestic woman, clad in flowing robes,
+with a diadem and scepter. The peacock and cuckoo were both sacred to
+her, and are therefore often seen at her side.
+
+  [Illustration: IRIS.--Tito Conti.]
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Juno.]
+
+Her principal places of worship were at Mycenæ, Sparta, Argos, Rome,
+and Heræum. She had also numerous other sanctuaries scattered
+throughout the ancient world, and was worshiped in the same temples as
+Jupiter. Many fine statues of this goddess were found in Greece and
+Italy, some of which are still extant, and serve to show the
+ancients' exalted conception of the Queen of Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Cleobis and Biton.]
+
+Juno's festivals, the Matronalia, in Rome, were always celebrated with
+great pomp. Less important feasts were held in each city where a
+temple was dedicated to her. On one of these occasions an old
+priestess was very anxious to go to the temple at Argos, where she had
+ministered to the goddess for many years, and which she had left only
+to be married. The way was long and dusty: so the aged woman, who
+could no longer walk such a distance, bade her sons, Cleobis and
+Biton, harness her white heifers to her car. The youths hastened to do
+her bidding; but, although they searched diligently, the heifers could
+not be found. Rather than disappoint their aged mother, who had set
+her heart upon attending the services, these kind-hearted sons
+harnessed themselves to the cart, and drew her through the city to the
+temple gates, amid the acclamations of all the people, who admired
+this trait of filial devotion.
+
+The mother was so touched by her sons' affection, that, as she knelt
+before the altar, she fervently prayed Juno to bestow upon them the
+greatest boon in her power. At the conclusion of the services the
+ex-priestess went into the portico, where her sons had thrown
+themselves to rest after their unwonted exertions; but instead of
+finding them merely asleep, as she expected, she found them dead. The
+Queen of Heaven had transported them while asleep to the Elysian
+Fields, the place of endless bliss, where such as they enjoyed eternal
+life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MINERVA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Minerva.]
+
+Although immortal, the gods were not exempt from physical pain. One
+day Jupiter suffered intensely from a sudden headache, and, in hopes
+that some mode of alleviation would be devised, he summoned all the
+gods to Olympus. Their united efforts were vain, however; and even the
+remedies suggested by Apollo, god of medicine, proved inefficacious.
+Unwilling, or perchance unable, to endure the racking pain any longer,
+Jupiter bade one of his sons, Vulcan, cleave his head open with an ax.
+With cheerful alacrity the dutiful god obeyed; and no sooner was the
+operation performed, than Minerva (Pallas, Athene) sprang out of her
+father's head, full-grown, clad in glittering armor, with poised
+spear, and chanting a triumphant song of victory.
+
+                        "From his awful head
+    Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,
+    Golden, all radiant."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+The assembled gods recoiled in fear before this unexpected apparition,
+while at the same time a mighty commotion over land and sea proclaimed
+the advent of a great divinity.
+
+The goddess, who had thus joined the inhabitants of Olympus, was
+destined to preside over peace, defensive war, and needlework, to be
+the incarnation of wisdom, and to put to flight the obscure deity
+called Dullness, who until then had ruled the world.
+
+  [Illustration: MINERVA. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+    "Ere Pallas issu'd from the Thund'rer's head,
+    Dullness o'er all possess'd her ancient right,
+    Daughter of Chaos and eternal Night."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+Minerva, having forced her unattractive predecessor to beat an
+ignominious retreat, quickly seized the scepter, and immediately began
+to rule in her stead.
+
+[Sidenote: Naming of Athens.]
+
+Not long after her birth, Cecrops, a Phœnician, came to Greece, where
+he founded a beautiful city in the province since called Attica. All
+the gods watched his undertaking with great interest; and finally,
+seeing the town promised to become a thriving place, each wished the
+privilege of naming it. A general council was held, and after some
+deliberation most of the gods withdrew their claims. Soon none but
+Minerva and Neptune were left to contend for the coveted honor.
+
+To settle the quarrel without evincing any partiality, Jupiter
+announced that the city would be intrusted to the protection of the
+deity who would create the most useful object for the use of man.
+Raising his trident, Neptune struck the ground, from which a noble
+horse sprang forth, amid the exclamations of wonder and admiration of
+all the spectators. His qualities were duly explained by his proud
+creator, and all thought it quite impossible for Minerva to surpass
+him. Loudly they laughed, and scornfully too, when she, in her turn,
+produced an olive tree; but when she had told them the manifold uses
+to which wood, fruit, foliage, twigs, etc., could be applied, and
+explained that the olive was a sign of peace and prosperity, and
+therefore far more desirable than the horse, the emblem of war and
+wretchedness, they could but acknowledge her gift the most
+serviceable, and award her the prize.
+
+To commemorate this victory over her rival, Minerva gave her own name
+of Athene to the city, whose inhabitants, from that time forth, were
+taught to honor her as their tutelary goddess.
+
+Ever at Jupiter's side, Minerva often aided him by her wise counsels,
+and in times of war borrowed his terrible shield, the Ægis, which she
+flung over her shoulder when she sallied forth to give her support to
+those whose cause was just.
+
+                  "Her shoulder bore
+    The dreadful Ægis with its shaggy brim
+    Bordered with Terror. There was Strife, and there
+    Was Fortitude, and there was fierce Pursuit,
+    And there the Gorgon's head, a ghastly sight,
+    Deformed and dreadful, and a sign of woe."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The din of battle had no terrors for this doughty goddess, and on
+every occasion she was wont to plunge into the thickest of the fray
+with the utmost valor.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Arachne.]
+
+These virile tastes were, however, fully counterbalanced by some
+exclusively feminine, for Minerva was as deft with her needle as with
+her sword. In Greece there lived in those olden times a maiden by the
+name of Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome, she would have been loved
+by all had it not been for her inordinate pride, not in her personal
+advantages, but in her skill as a needlewoman.
+
+Arachne, in her conceit, fancied that no one could equal the work done
+by her deft fingers, so she boasted far and wide that she would have
+no fear to match her skill with Minerva's. She made this remark so
+loudly and so frequently, that the goddess was finally annoyed, and
+left her seat in high Olympus to come down upon earth and punish the
+maiden. In the guise of an old crone, she entered Arachne's house,
+seated herself, and began a conversation. In a few minutes the maiden
+had resumed her usual strain, and renewed her rash boast. Minerva
+gently advised her to be more modest, lest she should incur the wrath
+of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so blinded by
+her conceit, that she scorned the well-meant warning, saucily tossed
+her head, and declared she wished the goddess would hear her, and
+propose a contest, in which she would surely be able to prove the
+truth of her assertions. This insolent speech so incensed Minerva,
+that she cast aside her disguise and accepted the challenge.
+
+Both set up their looms, and began to weave exquisite designs in
+tapestry: Minerva choosing as her subject her contest with Neptune;
+and Arachne, the kidnapping of Europa. In silence the fair weavers
+worked, and their webs grew apace under their practiced fingers. The
+assembled gods, the horse, the olive tree, seemed to live and move
+under Minerva's flashing shuttle.
+
+    "Emongst these leaves she made a Butterflie,
+    With excellent device and wondrous slight,
+    Fluttring among the Olives wantonly,
+    That seem'd to live, so like it was in sight:
+    The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie,
+    The silken downe with which his backe is dight,
+    His broad outstretched hornes, his hayrie thies,
+    His glorious colours, and his glistering eies."
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+Arachne, in the mean while, was intent upon her swimming bull, against
+whose broad breast the waves splashed, and upon a half-laughing,
+half-frightened girl, who clung to the bull's horns, while the wind
+played with her flowing tresses and garments.
+
+              "Sweet Europa's mantle blew unclasp'd,
+      From off her shoulder backward borne:
+    From one hand droop'd a crocus: one hand grasp'd
+      The mild bull's golden horn."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+The finishing touches all given, each turned to view her rival's work,
+and at the very first glance Arachne was forced to acknowledge her
+failure. To be thus outstripped, after all her proud boasts, was
+humiliating indeed. Bitterly did Arachne now repent of her folly; and
+in her despair she bound a rope about her neck, and hung herself.
+Minerva saw her discomfited rival was about to escape: so she quickly
+changed her dangling body into a spider, and condemned her to weave
+and spin without ceasing,--a warning to all conceited mortals.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Minerva.]
+
+Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, was widely worshiped. Temples and
+altars without number were dedicated to her service, the most
+celebrated of all being the Parthenon at Athens. Naught but the ruins
+of this mighty pile now exist; but they suffice to testify to the
+beauty of the edifice, which served, in turn, as temple, church,
+mosque, and finally as powder magazine.
+
+    "Fair Parthenon! yet still must Fancy weep
+    For thee, thou work of nobler spirits flown.
+    Bright, as of old, the sunbeams o'er thee sleep
+    In all their beauty still--and thine is gone!
+    Empires have sunk since thou wert first revered.
+    And varying rites have sanctified thy shrine.
+    The dust is round thee of the race that rear'd
+    Thy walls; and thou--their fate must soon be thine!"
+
+                                     Hemans.
+
+Statues of Minerva--a beautiful, majestic woman, fully clothed and
+armed--were very numerous. The most celebrated of all, by the renowned
+Greek sculptor Phidias, measured full forty feet in height. Festivals
+were celebrated in honor of Minerva wherever her worship was
+held,--some, the Greek Panathenæa, for instance, only every four
+years; others, such as the Minervalia and Quinquatria, every year. At
+these festivals the Palladium, a statue of the goddess, said to have
+fallen from heaven, was carried in procession through the city, where
+the people hailed its appearance with joyful cries and songs of
+praise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+APOLLO.
+
+
+The most glorious and beautiful among all the gods was Apollo
+(Phœbus, Sol, Helios, Cynthius, Pytheus), god of the sun, of
+medicine, music, poetry, and all fine arts.
+
+    "Bright-hair'd Apollo!--thou who ever art
+    A blessing to the world--whose mighty heart
+    Forever pours out love, and light, and life;
+    Thou, at whose glance, all things of earth are rife
+    With happiness; to whom, in early spring,
+    Bright flowers raise up their heads, where'er they cling
+    On the steep mountain side, or in the vale
+    Are nestled calmly. Thou at whom the pale
+    And weary earth looks up, when winter flees,
+    With patient gaze: thou for whom wind-stripped trees
+    Put on fresh leaves, and drink deep of the light
+    That glitters in thine eye: thou in whose bright
+    And hottest rays the eagle fills his eye
+    With quenchless fire, and far, far up on high
+    Screams out his joy to thee, by all the names
+    That thou dost bear--whether thy godhead claims
+    Phœbus or Sol, or golden-hair'd Apollo,
+    Cynthian or Pythian, if thou dost follow
+    The fleeing night, oh, hear
+    Our hymn to thee, and willingly draw near!"
+
+                                       Pike.
+
+Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona, or Leto, the goddess of dark
+nights. Juno's jealousy had been aroused by Jupiter's preference for
+her rival. To avenge herself, she banished Latona to earth, and
+declared that if any one, mortal or immortal, showed her any pity or
+gave her any assistance, he would incur her lasting resentment.
+
+After long, painful wanderings on earth, poor Latona, weary and
+parched with thirst, drew near a small pool by the wayside to refresh
+herself; but, urged by Juno, some reapers bade her pass on, and then,
+seeing she paid no heed to their commands, they sprang into the
+shallow waters, and stirred up the mud at the bottom until it was
+quite unpalatable. With tear-dimmed eyes, Latona prayed these cruel
+men might never leave the spot whereon they now stood; and Jupiter, in
+answer to her prayer, immediately transformed them into huge green
+frogs, which creatures have since then showed great preference for
+muddy pools.
+
+Driven on once more by Juno's unrelenting hatred, Latona finally came
+to the seashore, where she stretched out imploring hands to Neptune,
+who sent a dolphin to bear her in safety to the floating island of
+Delos, raised in her behalf from the depths of the sea. The rocking
+motion, however, proving disagreeable to the goddess, Neptune chained
+the island fast in the Ægean Sea; and there in that delightful
+climate, justly praised by poets, were born to Jupiter and Latona twin
+children, Apollo and Diana, the divinities of the sun and moon.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Coronis.]
+
+Apollo, having attained manhood, could not avoid the usual lot of the
+gods, as well as of mortal men,--the pangs of love. They were first
+inspired by Coronis, a fair maiden, who kindled within his breast an
+ardent flame. The sun god wooed the girl warmly and persistently, and
+at length had the deep satisfaction of seeing his affections returned.
+His bliss, however, proved but fleeting; for Coronis, reasoning, that,
+if one lover were so delightful, two would be doubly so, secretly
+encouraged another suitor.
+
+    "Flirted with another lover
+      (So at least the story goes)
+    And was wont to meet him slyly,
+      Underneath the blushing rose."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Although so cleverly managed, these trysts could not escape the
+bright eyes of Apollo's favorite bird, the snowy raven,--for such was
+his hue in those early times,--so _he_ flew off in haste to his master
+to report the discovery he had made. Desperate with love and jealousy,
+Apollo did not hesitate, but, seizing his bow and deadly arrows, shot
+Coronis through the heart.
+
+The deed was no sooner accomplished, than all his love returned with
+tenfold power; and, hastening to Coronis' side, he vainly tried all
+his remedies (he was god of medicine) to recall her to life.
+
+            "The god of Physic
+      Had no antidote; alack!
+    He who took her off so deftly
+      Couldn't bring the maiden back!"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Bending over the lifeless body of his beloved one, he bewailed his
+fatal haste, and cursed the bird which had brought him the unwelcome
+tidings of her faithlessness.
+
+    "Then he turned upon the Raven,
+      'Wanton babbler! see thy fate!
+    Messenger of mine no longer,
+      Go to Hades with thy prate!
+
+    "'Weary Pluto with thy tattle!
+      Hither, monster, come not back;
+    And--to match thy disposition--
+      Henceforth be thy plumage black!'"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+[Sidenote: Æsculapius.]
+
+The only reminder of this unfortunate episode was a young son of
+Apollo and Coronis, Æsculapius (Asklepios), who was carefully
+instructed by Apollo in the healing art. The disciple's talent was so
+great, that he soon rivaled his master, and even, it is said, recalled
+the dead to life. Of course, these miracles did not long remain
+concealed from Jupiter's all-seeing eye; and he, fearing lest the
+people would forget him and worship their physician, seized one of
+his thunderbolts, hurled it at the clever youth, and thus brought to
+an untimely end his brilliant medical career.
+
+    "Then Jove, incensed that man should rise
+    From darkness to the upper skies,
+    The leech that wrought such healing hurled
+    With lightning down to Pluto's world."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Æsculapius' race was not entirely extinct, however, for he left two
+sons--Machaon and Podalirius, who inherited his medical skill--and a
+daughter, Hygeia, who watched over the health of man.
+
+[Sidenote: Admetus and Alcestis.]
+
+Maddened with grief at the unexpected loss of his son, Apollo would
+fain have wreaked his vengeance upon the Cyclopes, the authors of the
+fatal thunderbolt; but ere he could execute his purpose, Jupiter
+interfered, and, to punish him, banished him to earth, where he
+entered the service of Admetus, King of Thessaly. One consolation
+alone now remained to the exiled god,--his music. His dulcet tones
+soon won the admiration of his companions, and even that of the king,
+who listened to his songs with pleasure, and to reward him gave him
+the position of head shepherd.
+
+    "Then King Admetus, one who had
+      Pure taste by right divine,
+    Decreed his singing not too bad
+    To hear between the cups of wine:
+
+    "And so, well pleased with being soothed
+      Into a sweet half sleep
+    Three times his kingly beard he smoothed
+    And made him viceroy o'er his sheep."
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+Time passed. Apollo, touched by his master's kindness, wished to
+bestow some favor in his turn, and asked the gods to grant Admetus
+eternal life. His request was complied with, but only on condition,
+that, when the time came which had previously been appointed for the
+good king's death, some one should be found willing to die in his
+stead. This divine decree was reported to Alcestis, Admetus' beautiful
+young wife, who in a passion of self-sacrifice offered herself as
+substitute, and cheerfully gave her life for her husband. But
+immortality was too dearly bought at such a price; and Admetus mourned
+until Hercules, pitying his grief, descended into Hades, and brought
+her back from the tomb.
+
+                "Did not Hercules by force
+    Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb
+    Alcestis, a reanimated Corse,
+    Given back to dwell on earth in vernal bloom?"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: The walls of Troy.]
+
+Apollo, after endowing Admetus with immortality, left his service, and
+went to assist Neptune, who had also been banished to earth, to build
+the walls of Troy. Scorning to perform any menial tasks, the God of
+Music seated himself near by, and played such inspiring tunes that the
+stones waltzed into place of their own accord.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo slays Python.]
+
+Then, his term of exile being ended, he returned to heaven, and there
+resumed his wonted duties. From his exalted position he often cast
+loving glances down upon men, whose life he had shared for a short
+time, whose every privation he had endured; and, in answer to their
+prayers, he graciously extended his protection over them, and
+delivered them from misfortunes too numerous to mention. Among other
+deeds done for men was the slaying of the monster serpent Python, born
+from the slime and stagnant waters which remained upon the surface of
+the earth after the Deluge. None had dared approach the monster; but
+Apollo fearlessly drew near, and slew him with his golden shafts. The
+victory over the terrible Python won for Apollo the surname of Pytheus
+(the Slayer), by which appellation he was frequently invoked.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO BELVEDERE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+This annihilation of Python is, of course, nothing but an allegory,
+illustrating the sun's power to dry up marshes and stagnant pools,
+thus preventing the lurking fiend malaria from making further inroads.
+
+Apollo has always been a favorite subject for painters and sculptors.
+The most beautiful statue of him is the Apollo Belvedere, which
+represents him at the moment of his conquest of the Python.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Hyacinthus.]
+
+Although successful in war, Apollo was very unfortunate indeed in
+friendship. One day he came down to earth to enjoy the society of a
+youth of mortal birth, named Hyacinthus. To pass the time agreeably,
+the friends began a game of quoits, but had not played long, before
+Zephyrus, god of the south wind, passing by, saw them thus occupied.
+Jealous of Apollo, for he too loved Hyacinthus, Zephyrus blew Apollo's
+quoit aside so violently that it struck his playmate, and felled him
+to the ground. Vainly Apollo strove to check the stream of blood which
+flowed from the ghastly wound. Hyacinthus was already beyond aid, and
+in a few seconds breathed his last in his friend's arms. To keep some
+reminder of the departed, Apollo changed the fallen blood drops into
+clusters of flowers, ever since called, from the youth's name,
+hyacinths; while Zephyrus, perceiving too late the fatal effect of his
+jealousy, hovered inconsolable over the sad spot, and tenderly
+caressed the dainty flowers which had sprung from his friend's
+lifeblood.
+
+                  "Zephyr penitent,
+    Who now, ere Phœbus mounts the firmament,
+    Fondles the flower."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Cyparissus.]
+
+To divert his mind from the mournful fate of Hyacinthus, Apollo sought
+the company of Cyparissus, a clever young hunter; but this friendship
+was also doomed to a sad end, for Cyparissus, having accidentally
+killed Apollo's pet stag, grieved so sorely over this mischance, that
+he pined away, and finally died. Apollo then changed his lifeless clay
+into a cypress tree, which he declared should henceforth be used to
+shade the graves of those who had been greatly beloved through life.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Daphne.]
+
+Some time after this episode, Apollo encountered in the forest a
+beautiful nymph by the name of Daphne, the daughter of the river god
+Peneus. Love at first sight was the immediate consequence on Apollo's
+part, and he longed to speak to the maid and win her affections. He
+first tried to approach her gently, so as not to frighten her; but,
+before he could reach her side, she fled, and he, forgetful of all
+else, pursued her flying footsteps. As he ran, he called aloud to
+Daphne, entreating her to pause were it only for a moment, and
+promising to do her no harm.
+
+    "Abate, fair fugitive, abate thy speed,
+    Dismiss thy fears, and turn thy beauteous head;
+    With kind regard a panting lover view;
+    Less swiftly fly, less swiftly I'll pursue:
+    Pathless, alas! and rugged is the ground,
+    Some stone may hurt thee, or some thorn may wound.
+
+    "You fly, alas! not knowing whom you fly;
+    No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown, am I."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+The terrified girl paid no heed to promises or entreaties, but sped on
+until her strength began to fail, and she perceived, that,
+notwithstanding her utmost efforts, her pursuer was gaining upon her.
+Panting and trembling, she swerved aside, and rushed down to the edge
+of her father's stream, calling out loudly for his protection. No
+sooner had she reached the water's edge, than her feet seemed rooted
+to the ground. A rough bark rapidly inclosed her quivering limbs,
+while her trembling hands were filled with leaves. Her father had
+granted her prayer by changing her into a laurel tree.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO AND DAPHNE.--Bernini. (Villa Borghese, Rome.)]
+
+Apollo, coming up just then with outstretched arms, clasped nothing
+but a rugged tree trunk. At first he could not realize that the fair
+maiden had vanished from his sight forever; but, when the truth
+dawned upon him, he declared that from henceforth the laurel would be
+considered his favorite tree, and that prizes awarded to poets,
+musicians, etc., should consist of a wreath of its glossy foliage.
+
+                "I espouse thee for my tree:
+    Be thou the prize of honor and renown;
+    The deathless poet, and the poem, crown;
+    Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,
+    And, after poets, be by victors worn."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+This story of Apollo and Daphne was an illustration of the effect
+produced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne). The sun is
+captivated by its beauty, and longs to view it more closely; the dew,
+afraid of its ardent lover, flies, and, when its fiery breath touches
+it, vanishes, leaving nothing but verdure in the selfsame spot where
+but a moment before it sparkled in all its purity.
+
+[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]
+
+The ancients had many analogous stories, allegories of the sun and
+dew, amongst others the oft-quoted tale of Cephalus and Procris.
+Cephalus was a hunter, who fell in love with and married one of
+Diana's nymphs, Procris. She brought him as dowry a hunting dog,
+Lelaps, and a javelin warranted never to miss its mark. The newly
+married pair were perfectly happy; but their content was viewed with
+great displeasure by Eos (Aurora), goddess of dawn, who had previously
+tried, but without success, to win Cephalus' affections, and who now
+resolved to put an end to the bliss she envied.
+
+All day long Cephalus hunted in the forest, and, when the evening
+shadows began to fall, joined his loving wife in their cozy dwelling.
+Her marriage gifts proved invaluable, as Lelaps was swift of foot, and
+tireless in the chase. One day, to test his powers, the gods from
+Olympus watched him course a fox, a special creation of theirs; and so
+well were both animals matched in speed and endurance, that the chase
+bade fair to end only with the death of one or both of the
+participants. The gods, in their admiration for the fine run,
+declared the animals deserved to be remembered forever, and changed
+them into statues, which retained all the spirited action of the
+living creatures.
+
+In the warm season, when the sun became oppressive, Cephalus was wont
+to rest during the noon hour in some shady spot, and as he flung
+himself down upon the short grass he often called for a breeze,
+bidding it cool his heated brow.
+
+    "A hunter once in that grove reclin'd,
+      To shun the noon's bright eye,
+    And oft he woo'd the wandering wind,
+      To cool his brow with its sigh.
+    While mute lay ev'n the wild bee's hum,
+      Nor breath could stir the aspen's hair,
+    His song was still, 'Sweet air, oh come!'
+      While Echo answer'd, 'Come, sweet air!'"
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+Eos heard of this habit, and was fully aware that he merely addressed
+the passing wind; nevertheless she sought Procris, and informed her
+that her husband was faithless, and paid court to a fair maid, who
+daily met him at noonday in the forest solitudes. Procris, blinded by
+sudden jealousy, gave credit to the false story, and immediately
+resolved to follow her husband.
+
+The morning had well-nigh passed, and the sun was darting its
+perpendicular rays upon the earth, when Cephalus came to his usual
+resort, near which Procris was concealed.
+
+"Sweet air, oh come!" the hunter cried; and Procris, cut to the heart
+by what she considered an infallible proof of his infidelity, sank
+fainting to the ground. The rustle caused by her swoon attracted
+Cephalus' attention. Under the mistaken impression that some wild
+beast was lurking there, ready to pounce upon him, he cast his
+unerring javelin into the very midst of the thicket, and pierced the
+faithful bosom of his wife. Her dying moan brought him with one bound
+to her side; ere she breathed her last, an explanation was given and
+received; and Procris died with the blissful conviction that her
+husband had not deserved her unjust suspicions, and that his heart
+was all her own.
+
+There are, of course, many other versions of these selfsame myths; but
+one and all are intended to illustrate the same natural phenomena, and
+are subject to the same interpretation.
+
+Apollo's principal duty was to drive the sun chariot. Day after day he
+rode across the azure sky, nor paused on his way till he reached the
+golden boat awaiting him at the end of his long day's journey, to bear
+him in safety back to his eastern palace.
+
+    "Helios all day long his allotted labor pursues;
+      No rest to his passionate heart and his panting horses given,
+    From the moment when roseate-fingered Eos kindles the dews
+      And spurns the salt sea-floors, ascending silvery the heaven,
+    Until from the hand of Eos Hesperos, trembling, receives
+      His fragrant lamp, and faint in the twilight hangs it up."
+
+                              Owen Meredith.
+
+[Sidenote: Clytie.]
+
+A fair young maiden, named Clytie, watched Apollo's daily journey with
+strange persistency; and from the moment when he left his palace in
+the morning until he came to the far western sea in the evening, she
+followed his course with loving eyes, thought of the golden-haired
+god, and longed for his love. But, in spite of all this fervor, she
+never won favor in Apollo's eyes, and languished until the gods, in
+pity, changed her into a sunflower.
+
+Even in this altered guise, Clytie could not forget the object of her
+love; and now, a fit emblem of constancy, she still follows with
+upturned face the glowing orb in its daily journey across the sky.
+
+    "No, the heart that has truly lov'd never forgets,
+      But as truly loves on to the close;
+    As the sunflower turns on her god when he sets
+      The same look which she turn'd when he rose."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Marsyas.]
+
+A young shepherd, lying in the cool grass one summer afternoon, became
+aware of a distant sound of music, so sweet, so thrilling, that he
+fairly held his breath to listen. These weird, delightful tones were
+produced by Minerva, who, seated by the banks of a small stream, was
+trying her skill on the flute. As she bent over the limpid waters, she
+suddenly beheld her puffed cheeks and distorted features, and
+impetuously threw the instrument into the water, vowing never to touch
+it again.
+
+    "Hence, ye banes of beauty, hence!
+    What? shall I my charms disgrace
+    By making such an odious face?"
+
+                               Melanippides.
+
+The sudden break in the entrancing music caused the youth, Marsyas, to
+start from his abstraction and look about him. He then perceived the
+rejected flute sailing gently down the stream past his feet. To seize
+the instrument and convey it to his lips was the work of an instant;
+and no sooner had he breathed into it, than the magic strain was
+renewed. No recollection of his pastoral duties could avail to tear
+Marsyas away from his new-found treasure; and so rapidly did his skill
+increase, that he became insufferably conceited, and boasted he could
+rival Apollo, whom he actually challenged to a musical contest.
+
+Intending to punish him for his presumption, Apollo accepted the
+challenge, and selected the nine Muses--patronesses of poetry and
+music--as umpires. Marsyas was first called upon to exhibit his
+proficiency, and charmed all by his melodious strains.
+
+    "So sweet that alone the south wind knew,
+    By summer hid in green reeds' jointed cells
+    To wait imprisoned for the south wind's spells,
+    From out his reedy flute the player drew,
+    And as the music clearer, louder grew,
+    Wild creatures from their winter nooks and dells,
+    Sweet furry things with eyes like starry wells,
+    Crept wanderingly out; they thought the south wind blew.
+    With instant joyous trust, they flocked around
+    His feet who such a sudden summer made,
+    His eyes, more kind than men's, enthralled and bound
+    Them there."
+
+                                       H. H.
+
+The Muses bestowed much deserved praise, and then bade Apollo surpass
+his rival if he could. No second command was necessary. The god seized
+his golden lyre, and poured forth impassioned strains. Before
+pronouncing their decision, the Muses resolved to give both musicians
+a second hearing, and again both strove; but on this occasion Apollo
+joined the harmonious accents of his godlike voice to the tones of his
+instrument, causing all present, and the very Muses too, to hail him
+as conqueror.
+
+    "And, when now the westering sun
+    Touch'd the hills, the strife was done,
+    And the attentive Muses said:
+    'Marsyas, thou art vanquished!'"
+
+                             Matthew Arnold.
+
+According to a previous arrangement,--that the victor should have the
+privilege of flaying his opponent alive,--Apollo bound Marsyas to a
+tree, and slew him cruelly. As soon as the mountain nymphs heard of
+their favorite's sad death, they began to weep, and shed such torrents
+of tears, that they formed a new river, called Marsyas, in memory of
+the sweet musician.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Pan.]
+
+The mournful termination of this affair should have served as a
+warning to all rash mortals. Such was not the case, however; and
+shortly after, Apollo found himself engaged in another musical contest
+with Pan, King Midas' favorite flute player. Upon this occasion Midas
+himself retained the privilege of awarding the prize, and, blinded by
+partiality, gave it to Pan, in spite of the marked inferiority of his
+playing. Apollo was so incensed by this injustice, that he determined
+to show his opinion of the dishonest judge by causing generous-sized
+ass's ears to grow on either side of his head.
+
+    "The god of wit, to show his grudge,
+    Clapt asses' ears upon the judge;
+    A goodly pair, erect and wide,
+    Which he could neither gild nor hide."
+
+                                      Swift.
+
+Greatly dismayed by these new ornaments, Midas retreated into the
+privacy of his own apartment, and sent in hot haste for a barber, who,
+after having been sworn to secrecy, was admitted, and bidden to
+fashion a huge wig, which would hide the deformity from the eyes of
+the king's subjects. The barber acquitted himself deftly, and, before
+he was allowed to leave the palace, was again charged not to reveal
+the secret, under penalty of immediate death.
+
+But a secret is difficult to keep; and this one, of the king's long
+ears, preyed upon the poor barber's spirits, so that, incapable of
+enduring silence longer, he sallied out into a field, dug a deep hole,
+and shouted down into the bosom of the earth,--
+
+                    "'King Midas wears
+    (These eyes beheld them, these) such ass's ears!'"
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+Unspeakably relieved by this performance, the barber returned home.
+Time passed. Reeds grew over the hole, and, as they bent before the
+wind which rustled through their leaves, they were heard to murmur,
+"Midas, King Midas, has ass's ears!" and all who passed by caught the
+whisper, and noised it abroad, so that the secret became the general
+topic of all conversations.
+
+[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]
+
+As Apollo had frequent opportunities of meeting the Muses, it is not
+to be wondered at that he fell a victim to the charms of the fair
+Calliope, who, in her turn, loved him passionately, and even wrote
+verses in his honor. This being the state of her feelings, she readily
+consented to their union, and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who
+inherited his parents' musical and poetical gifts.
+
+    "Orpheus with his lute made trees,
+    And the mountain-tops, that freeze,
+      Bow themselves when he did sing:
+    To his music plants and flowers
+    Ever sprung; as sun and showers
+      There had made a lasting spring.
+
+    "Everything that heard him play,
+    Even the billows of the sea,
+      Hung their heads, and then lay by."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+This talent waxed greater as the years passed by, and became so
+remarkable, that the youth's fame was very widespread; and when he
+fell in love with Eurydice, he brought all his skill into play to
+serenade her, and wooed her with voice and glance and with tender,
+passionate music. Eurydice was touched by his courtship, and ere long
+requited the love lavished upon her by conferring her hand upon
+Orpheus.
+
+Shortly after their union, while walking alone in the fields, the
+bride encountered a youth named Aristæus, whose bold admiration proved
+so distasteful, that she fled from him as quickly as possible. In her
+haste she accidentally trod upon a venomous serpent lurking in the
+long grass, which immediately turned upon her, and bit her heel. A
+short period of agonized suffering ensued; then Eurydice died, and her
+spirit was conducted down into the gloomy realms of Pluto, leaving
+Orpheus broken-hearted.
+
+Plaintive, heartrending laments now replaced the joyous wedding
+strains; but even the charms of music failed to make life endurable,
+and Orpheus wandered off to Olympus, where he so piteously implored
+Jupiter to restore his wife to his longing arms, that the great god's
+heart was moved to compassion. He gave him permission, therefore, to
+go down into the Infernal Regions to seek his wife, but warned him at
+the same time that the undertaking was perilous in the extreme.
+
+Nothing daunted, Orpheus hastened to the entrance of Hades, and there
+saw the fierce three-headed dog, named Cerberus, who guarded the
+gate, and would allow no living being to enter, nor any spirit to pass
+out of Hades. As soon as this monster saw Orpheus, he began to growl
+and bark savagely, to frighten him away; but Orpheus merely paused,
+and began to play such melting chords, that Cerberus' rage was
+appeased, and he finally allowed him to pass into Pluto's dark
+kingdom.
+
+The magic sounds penetrated even into the remote depths of Tartarus,
+where the condemned suspended their toil for a moment, and hushed
+their sighs and groans to listen.
+
+      "E'en Tantalus ceased from trying to sip
+    The cup that flies from his arid lip;
+    Ixion, too, the magic could feel,
+    And, for a moment, blocked his wheel;
+    Poor Sisyphus, doomed to tumble and toss
+    The notable stone that gathers no moss,
+    Let go his burden, and turned to hear
+    The charming sounds that ravished his ear."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+No living being had ever before penetrated thus into the Infernal
+Regions, and Orpheus wandered on until he came to the throne of Pluto,
+king of these realms, whereon the stern ruler sat in silence, his wife
+Proserpina beside him, and the relentless Fates at his feet.
+
+Orpheus made known his errand in operatic guise, and succeeded in
+moving the royal pair to tears, whereupon they graciously consented to
+restore Eurydice to life and to her fond husband's care.
+
+              "Hell consented
+        To hear the Poet's prayer:
+      Stern Proserpine relented,
+        And gave him back the fair.
+          Thus song could prevail
+          O'er death, and o'er hell,
+    A conquest how hard and how glorious!
+      Tho' fate had fast bound her
+      With Styx nine times round her,
+    Yet music and love were victorious."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+  [Illustration: ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.--Beyschlag.]
+
+But one condition was imposed before he was allowed to depart; i.e.,
+that he should leave the Infernal Regions without turning once to look
+into his beloved wife's face.
+
+Orpheus accepted the condition joyfully, and wended his way out of
+Hades, looking neither to the right nor to the left, but straight
+before him; and as he walked he wondered whether Eurydice were changed
+by her sojourn in these rayless depths. His longing to feast his eyes
+once more upon her loved features made him forget the condition
+imposed by Pluto, and turn just before he reached the earth; but he
+only beheld the vanishing form of the wife he had so nearly snatched
+from the grave.
+
+All was now over. He had tried and failed. No hope remained. In
+despair, the lonely musician retreated to the forest solitudes, and
+there played his mournful laments,--
+
+    "Such strains as would have won the ear
+    Of Pluto, to have quite set free
+    His half-regained Eurydice."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+But there were none to hear except the trees, winds, and wild beasts
+in the forest, who strove in their dumb way to comfort him as he moved
+restlessly about, seeking a solace for his bursting heart. At times it
+seemed to his half-delirious fancy that he could discern Eurydice
+wandering about in the dim distance, with the selfsame mournful
+expression of which he had caught a mere glimpse as she drifted
+reluctantly back into the dark shadows of Hades.
+
+    "At that elm-vista's end I trace
+    Dimly thy sad leave-taking face,
+    Eurydice! Eurydice!
+    The tremulous leaves repeat to me
+    Eurydice! Eurydice!"
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+At last there dawned a day when some Bacchantes overtook him in the
+forest, and bade him play some gay music, so they might indulge in a
+dance. But poor Orpheus, dazed with grief, could not comply with their
+demands; and the sad notes which alone he now could draw from his
+instrument so enraged the merrymakers, that they tore him limb from
+limb, and cast his mangled remains into the Hebrus River.
+
+As the poet-musician's head floated down the stream, the pallid lips
+still murmured, "Eurydice!" for even in death he could not forget his
+wife; and, as his spirit drifted on to join her, he incessantly called
+upon her name, until the brooks, trees, and fountains he had loved so
+well caught up the longing cry, and repeated it again and again.
+
+Nothing was now left to remind mortals of the sweet singer who had
+thus perished, except his lute, which the gods placed in the heavens
+as a bright constellation, Lyra, also called by Orpheus' name.
+
+Another musician celebrated in mythological annals is Amphion, whose
+skill was reported to be but little inferior to Orpheus'.
+
+    "Tis said he had a tuneful tongue,
+      Such happy intonation,
+    Wherever he sat down and sung
+      He left a small plantation;
+    Wherever in a lonely grove
+      He set up his forlorn pipes,
+    The gouty oak began to move,
+      And flounder into hornpipes."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Amphion.]
+
+This musician, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, had a twin brother
+Zethus, who, however, shared none of his artistic tastes. Hearing that
+their mother Antiope had been repudiated by her second husband, Lycus,
+so that he might marry another wife by the name of Dirce, these youths
+hastened off to Thebes, where they found the state of affairs even
+worse than represented; for poor Antiope was now imprisoned, and
+subject to her rival's daily cruel treatment.
+
+  [Illustration: FARNESE BULL. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+Zethus and Amphion, after besieging and taking the city, put Lycus to
+death, and, binding Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, let him loose to
+drag her over briers and stones until she perished. This punishment
+inflicted upon Dirce is the subject of the famous group once belonging
+to the Farnese family, and now called by their name.
+
+Amphion's musical talent was of great use to him when he subsequently
+became King of Thebes, and wished to fortify his capital by building a
+huge rampart all around it; for the stones moved in rhythmic time,
+and, of their own volition, marched into their places.
+
+[Sidenote: Arion.]
+
+Second to him only, in musical fame, was Arion, the musician who won
+untold wealth by his talent. On one occasion, having gone to Sicily to
+take part in a musical contest which had attracted thither the most
+famous musicians from all points of the compass, he resolved to return
+home by sea.
+
+Unfortunately for him, the vessel upon which he had embarked was
+manned by an avaricious, piratical crew, who, having heard of his
+treasures, resolved to murder him to obtain possession of them. He was
+allowed but scant time to prepare for death; but, just as they were
+about to toss him overboard, he craved permission to play for the last
+time. The pirates consented. His clear notes floated over the sea, and
+allured a school of dolphins, which came and played about the ship.
+The pirates, terrified by the power of his music, and in dread lest
+their hearts should be moved, quickly laid hands upon him, and hurled
+him into the water, where he fell upon the broad back of a dolphin,
+who bore him in safety to the nearest shore.
+
+      "Then was there heard a most celestiall sound
+    Of dainty musicke, which did next ensew
+    Before the spouse: that was Arion crownd;
+    Who, playing on his harpe, unto him drew
+    The eares and hearts of all that goodly crew,
+    That even yet the Dolphin, which him bore
+    Through the Agean seas from Pirates vew,
+    Stood still by him astonisht at his lore,
+    And all the raging seas for joy forgot to rore."
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+To commemorate this miracle, the gods placed Arion's harp, together
+with the dolphin, in the heavens, where they form a constellation.
+
+In the sunny plains of Greece there once dwelt Clymene, a fair nymph.
+She was not alone, however, for her golden-haired little son Phaeton
+was there to gladden her heart with all his childish graces.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Phaeton.]
+
+Early in the morning, when the sun's bright orb first appeared above
+the horizon, Clymene would point it out to her boy, and tell him that
+his father, Apollo, was setting out for his daily drive. Clymene so
+often entertained her child with stories of his father's beauty and
+power, that at last Phaeton became conceited, and acquired a habit of
+boasting rather loudly of his divine parentage. His playmates, after a
+time, wearied of his arrogance, and, to avoid the constant repetition
+of his vain speeches, bade him show some proof of his divine origin,
+or keep his peace.
+
+Stung to the quick by some insolent taunts which they added, Phaeton
+hastened to his mother, and begged her to direct him to his father,
+that he might obtain the desired proof. Clymene immediately gave him
+all necessary information, and bade him make haste if he would reach
+his father's palace in the far east before the sun chariot passed out
+of its portals to accomplish its daily round. Directly eastward
+Phaeton journeyed, nor paused to rest until he came in view of the
+golden and jeweled pinnacles and turrets of his father's abode.
+
+    "The sun's bright palace, on high columns rais'd
+    With burnish'd gold and flaming jewels blaz'd,
+    The folding gates diffus'd a silver light,
+    And with a milder gleam refresh'd the sight."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+Quite undazzled by this splendor, the youth still pressed on,
+straining his eyes to catch the first glimpse of the godly father,
+whose stately bearing and radiant air his mother had so
+enthusiastically described.
+
+Apollo, from his golden throne, had watched the boy's approach, and,
+as he drew nearer, recognized him as his own offspring. Timidly now
+Phaeton advanced to the steps of his father's throne, and humbly
+waited for permission to make his errand known. Apollo addressed him
+graciously, called him his son, and bade him speak without fear. In a
+few minutes the youth impetuously poured out the whole story, and
+watched with pleasure the frown which gathered on Apollo's brow when
+he repeated his companions' taunts. As soon as he had finished his
+tale, Apollo exclaimed that he would grant him any proof he wished,
+and confirmed these words by a solemn oath.
+
+    "'By the terrible Styx!' said the angry sire,
+    While his eyes flashed volumes of fury and fire,
+    'To prove your reviler an infamous liar,
+    I swear I will grant you whate'er you desire!'"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+This oath was the most solemn any god could utter, and in case of
+perjury he was obliged to drink the waters of this river, which would
+lull him into senseless stupidity for one whole year. During nine
+years following he was deprived of his office, banished from Olympus,
+and not allowed to taste of the life-giving nectar and ambrosia.
+
+With a flash of triumph in his dark eyes, Phaeton, hearing this oath,
+begged permission to drive the sun chariot that very day, stating that
+all the world would be sure to notice his exalted position, and that
+none would ever dare doubt his veracity after such a signal mark of
+Apollo's favor.
+
+When the god heard this presumptuous request, he started back in
+dismay, for he alone could control the four fiery steeds which drew
+the golden-wheeled sun car. Patiently he then explained to Phaeton
+the great danger of such an undertaking, earnestly begging him to
+select some other, less fatal boon.
+
+    "Choose out a gift from seas, or earth, or skies,
+    For open to your wish all nature lies;
+    Only decline this one unequal task,
+    For 'tis a mischief, not a gift, you ask."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+But Phaeton, who, like many another conceited youth, fancied he knew
+better than his sire, would not give heed to the kindly warning, and
+persisted in his request, until Apollo, who had sworn the irrevocable
+oath, was obliged to fulfill his promise.
+
+The hour had already come when the Sun usually began his daily
+journey. The pawing, champing steeds were ready; rosy-fingered Aurora
+only awaited her master's signal to fling wide the gates of morn; and
+the Hours were ready to escort him as usual.
+
+Apollo, yielding to pressure, quickly anointed his son with a cooling
+essence to preserve him from the burning sunbeams, gave him the
+necessary directions for his journey, and repeatedly and anxiously
+cautioned him to watch his steeds with the utmost care, and to use the
+whip but sparingly, as they were inclined to be very restive.
+
+The youth, who had listened impatiently to cautions and directions,
+then sprang into the seat, gathered up the reins, signaled to Aurora
+to fling the gates wide, and dashed out of the eastern palace with a
+flourish.
+
+For an hour or two Phaeton bore in mind his father's principal
+injunctions, and all went well; but later, elated by his exalted
+position, he became very reckless, drove faster and faster, and soon
+lost his way. In finding it again he drove so close to the earth, that
+all the plants shriveled up, the fountains and rivers were dried in
+their mossy beds, the smoke began to rise from the parched and
+blackened earth, and even the people of the land over which he was
+passing were burned black,--a hue retained by their descendants to
+this day.
+
+  [Illustration: AURORA.--Guido Reni. (Rospigliosi Palace, Rome.)]
+
+Terrified at what he had done, Phaeton whipped up his steeds, and
+drove so far away, that all the vegetation which had survived the
+intense heat came to an untimely end on account of the sudden cold.
+
+The cries of mortals rose in chorus, and their clamors became so loud
+and importunate, that they roused Jupiter from a profound sleep, and
+caused him to look around to discover their origin. One glance of his
+all-seeing eye sufficed to reveal the damaged earth and the youthful
+charioteer. How had a beardless youth dared to mount the sun chariot?
+Jupiter could scarcely credit what he saw. In his anger he vowed he
+would make the rash mortal expiate his presumption by immediate death.
+He therefore selected the deadliest thunderbolt in his arsenal, aimed
+it with special care, and hurled it at Phaeton, whose burned and
+blackened corpse fell from his lofty seat down into the limpid waves
+of the Eridanus River.
+
+          "And Phaethon, caught in mid career,
+    And hurled from the Sun to utter sunlessness,
+    Like a flame-bearded comet, with ghastliest hiss,
+    Fell headlong in the amazed Eridanus,
+    Monarch of streams, who on the Italian fields
+    Let loose, and far beyond his flowery lips
+    Foam-white, ran ruinous to the Adrian deep."
+
+                                    Worsley.
+
+[Sidenote: The Heliades.]
+
+The tidings of his death soon reached poor Clymene, who mourned her
+only son, and refused to be comforted; while the Heliades, Phaeton's
+sisters, three in number,--Phaetusa, Lampetia, and Ægle,--spent their
+days by the riverside, shedding tears, wringing their white hands, and
+bewailing their loss, until the gods, in pity, transformed them into
+poplar trees, and their tears into amber, which substance was supposed
+by the ancients to flow from the poplar trees like teardrops.
+Phaeton's intimate friend, Cycnus, piously collected his charred
+remains, and gave them an honorable burial. In his grief he
+continually haunted the scene of his friend's death, and repeatedly
+plunged into the river, in the hope of finding some more scattered
+fragments, until the gods changed him into a swan; which bird is ever
+sailing mournfully about, and frequently plunging, his head into the
+water to continue his sad search.
+
+Apollo, as the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses,--daughters of
+Jupiter and Mnemosyne, goddess of memory,--was surnamed Musagetes.
+
+      "Whom all the Muses loved, not one alone;
+    Into his hands they put the lyre of gold,
+      And, crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,
+      Placed him as Musagetes on their throne."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+Although the Muses united at times in one grand song, they had each
+separate duties assigned them.
+
+[Sidenote: The nine Muses.]
+
+Clio, the Muse of history, recorded all great deeds and heroic
+actions, with the names of their authors, and was therefore generally
+represented with a laurel wreath and a book and stylus, to indicate
+her readiness to note all that happened to mortal men or immortal
+gods.
+
+Euterpe, the graceful "Mistress of Song," was represented with a
+flute, and garlands of fragrant flowers.
+
+Thalia, Muse of pastoral poetry, held a shepherd's crook and mask, and
+wore a crown of wild flowers.
+
+                "Mild pastoral Muse!
+    That, to the sparkling crown Urania wears,
+    And to her sister Clio's laurel wreath,
+    Preferr'st a garland culled from purple heath!"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+Her graver sister, Melpomene, who presided over tragedy, wore a crown
+of gold, and wielded a dagger and a scepter; while Terpsichore, the
+light-footed Muse of dancing, was represented treading an airy
+measure.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO AND THE MUSES.--Mengs.]
+
+Erato, who preferred lyric poetry to all other styles of composition,
+was pictured with a lyre; and Polyhymnia, Muse of rhetoric, held a
+scepter to show that eloquence rules with resistless sway.
+
+Calliope, Muse of heroic poetry, also wore a laurel crown; and Urania,
+Muse of astronomy, held mathematical instruments, indicative of her
+love of the exact sciences.
+
+This glorious sisterhood was wont to assemble on Mount Parnassus or on
+Mount Helicon, to hold their learned debates on poetry, science, and
+music.
+
+Apollo's favorite attendant was Eos (Aurora), the fair goddess of
+dawn, whose rose-tipped fingers opened wide the eastern gates of
+pearl, and who then flashed across the sky to announce her master's
+coming.
+
+      "Hail, gentle Dawn! mild blushing goddess, hail!
+    Rejoiced I see thy purple mantle spread
+    O'er half the skies; gems pave thy radiant way,
+    And orient pearls from every shrub depend."
+
+                                 Somerville.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Aurora and Tithonus.]
+
+This dainty goddess loved and married Tithonus, Prince of Troy, and
+won from the gods the boon of everlasting life to confer upon him.
+Alas! however, she forgot to ask at the same time for continued youth;
+and her husband grew older and older, and finally became so decrepit,
+that he was a burden to her. Knowing he would never die, and wishing
+to rid herself of his burdensome presence, she changed him into a
+grasshopper.
+
+At this time the goddess fell in love with Cephalus, the young hunter,
+and frequently visited him on Mount Hymettus.
+
+    "'Come,' Phœbus cries, 'Aurora, come--too late
+    Thou linger'st slumbering with thy wither'd mate!
+    Leave him, and to Hymettus' top repair!
+    Thy darling Cephalus expects thee there!'
+    The goddess, with a blush, her love betrays,
+    But mounts, and, driving rapidly, obeys."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Apollo.]
+
+The principal temples dedicated to the worship of Apollo were at
+Delos, his birthplace, and at Delphi, where a priestess called Pythia
+gave out mysterious oracles purporting to have come from the god. The
+ancients everywhere could not fail to recognize the sun's kindly
+influence and beneficent power, and were therefore ever ready to
+worship Apollo.
+
+    "I marvel not, O sun! that unto thee
+    In adoration man should bow the knee,
+      And pour his prayers of mingled awe and love;
+    For like a God thou art, and on thy way
+    Of glory sheddest with benignant ray,
+      Beauty, and life, and joyance from above."
+
+                                    Southey.
+
+The most renowned among the numerous festivals held in honor of Apollo
+were, without exception, the Pythian Games, celebrated at Delphi every
+three years.
+
+A manly, beardless youth of great beauty, Apollo is generally crowned
+with laurels, and bears either a bow or a lyre.
+
+          "The Lord of the unerring bow,
+    The God of life, and poesy, and light--
+    The Sun in human limbs array'd, and brow
+    All radiant from his triumph in the fight;
+    The shaft hath just been shot--the arrow bright
+    With an immortal's vengeance; in his eye
+    And nostril beautiful disdain, and might
+    And majesty, flash their full lightnings by,
+    Developing in that one glance the Deity."
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+One of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the famous Colossus of
+Rhodes, was a statue of Apollo, his head encircled with a halo of
+bright sunbeams, and his legs spread wide apart to allow vessels, with
+all their sails spread, to pass in and out of the harbor, whose
+entrance he guarded for many a year.
+
+  [Illustration: DIANA OF VERSAILLES. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DIANA.
+
+
+Diana (Cynthia, Phœbe, Selene, Artemis), the fair twin sister of
+Apollo, was not only goddess of the moon, but also of the chase.
+
+    "'Goddess serene, transcending every star!
+    Queen of the sky, whose beams are seen afar!
+    By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,
+    When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign'st to rove.'"
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+In works of art this goddess is generally represented as a beautiful
+maiden, clad in a short hunting dress, armed with a bow, a quiver full
+of arrows at her side, and a crescent on her well-poised head.
+
+Proud of her two children, Apollo and Diana, Latona boasted far and
+wide that such as hers had never been, for they excelled all others in
+beauty, intelligence, and power.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Niobe.]
+
+The daughter of Tantalus, Niobe, heard this boast, and laughed in
+scorn; for she was the mother of fourteen children,--seven manly sons
+and seven beautiful daughters. In her pride she called aloud to
+Latona, and taunted her because her offspring numbered but two.
+
+Shortly after, Niobe even went so far as to forbid her people to
+worship Apollo and Diana, and gave orders that all the statues
+representing them in her kingdom should be torn down from their
+pedestals, and destroyed. Enraged at this insult, Latona called her
+children to her side, and bade them go forth and slay all her luckless
+rival's offspring.
+
+Provided with well-stocked quivers, the twins set out to do her
+bidding; and Apollo, meeting the seven lads out hunting, cut their
+existence short with his unfailing arrows.
+
+          "Phœbus slew the sons
+    With arrows from his silver bow, incensed
+    At Niobe."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With all proverbial speed the tidings reached Niobe, whose heart
+failed when she heard that her seven sons, her pride and delight, had
+fallen under Apollo's shafts, and that they now lay cold and stiff in
+the forest, where they had eagerly hastened a few hours before, to
+follow the deer to its cover.
+
+As she mourned their untimely death, she thought her cup of sorrow was
+full; but long ere her first passion of grief was over, Diana began to
+slay her daughters.
+
+    "But what is this? What means this oozing flood?
+    Her daughters, too, are weltering in their blood:
+    One clasps her mother's knees, one clings around
+    Her neck, and one lies prostrate on the ground;
+    One seeks her breast; one eyes the coming woe
+    And shudders; one in terror crouches low."
+
+                                   Meleager.
+
+In vain the poor girls sought to escape the flying arrows. In vain
+Niobe sought to protect them, and called upon all the gods of Olympus.
+Her daughters fell one by one, never to rise again. The last clung
+convulsively to her mother's breast; but, even in that fond mother's
+passionate embrace, death found and claimed her. Then the gods,
+touched by the sight of woe so intense, changed Niobe into stone, just
+as she stood, with upturned face, streaming eyes, and quivering lips.
+
+This statue was placed on Mount Sipylus, close to a stream of running
+water; and it was said that tears continually flowed down the marble
+cheeks, for, though changed, Niobe still felt, and wept for her great
+loss.
+
+  [Illustration: NIOBE. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)]
+
+This story is an allegory, in which Niobe, the mother, represents
+winter, hard, cold, and proud; until Apollo's deadly arrows, the
+sunbeams, slay her children, the winter months. Her tears are emblems
+of the natural thaw which comes in spring, when winter's pride has
+melted.
+
+[Sidenote: Diana's avocations.]
+
+As soon as the young Goddess of the Moon had been introduced in
+Olympus, all the gods expressed a wish to marry her; but she refused
+to listen to their entreaties, begged her father's permission to
+remain single all her life, and pleaded her cause so ably, that
+Jupiter was forced to grant her request.
+
+Every evening, as soon as the Sun had finished his course, Diana
+mounted her moon car, and drove her milk-white steeds across the
+heavens, watched over and loved by the countless stars, which shone
+their brightest to cheer her on her way; and as she drove she often
+bent down to view the sleeping earth, so shadowy and dreamlike, and to
+breathe the intoxicating perfume of the distant flowers. It always
+seemed to her then as if Nature, so beautiful during the day, borrowed
+additional charms from the witching hours of the night.
+
+    "'Twas now the time when Phœbus yields to night,
+    And rising Cynthia sheds her silver light,
+    Wide o'er the world in solemn pomp she drew
+    Her airy chariot hung with pearly dew."
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Endymion.]
+
+One evening, as she was driving noiselessly along, she suddenly
+checked her steeds; for there on the hillside she saw a handsome young
+shepherd, fast asleep, his upturned face illumined by the moon's soft
+light. Diana wonderingly gazed upon his beauty, and before long felt
+her heart beat with more than admiration. Gliding gently from her
+chariot, she floated to his side, bent slowly, and dropped an airy
+kiss upon his slightly parted lips.
+
+The youth Endymion, only partially awakened by this demonstration,
+half raised his fringed lids, and for a moment his sleep-dimmed eyes
+rested wonderingly upon the beautiful vision. That one glance,
+although it drove Diana away in great haste, kindled in his heart an
+inextinguishable passion. He rose with a start, and rubbed his sleepy
+eyes; but when he saw the moon, which he fancied close beside him,
+sailing away across the deep-blue sky, he felt sure the whole
+occurrence had been but a dream, but so sweet a dream that he cast
+himself down upon the sward, hoping to woo it to visit him once more.
+
+It did not come again that night, however; but the next night, as he
+lay on the selfsame spot, it recurred in all its sweetness; and night
+after night it was repeated when the pale moonbeams fell athwart his
+sleeping face.
+
+      "Then, as the full orb poised upon the peak,
+    There came a lovely vision of a maid,
+    Who seemed to step as from a golden car
+    Out of the low-hung moon."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Diana, fully as enamored as he, could not bear to pass him by without
+a caress, and invariably left her car for a moment, as it touched the
+mountain peak, to run to him and snatch a hasty kiss.
+
+    "Chaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,
+    The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,
+    Sped through the silent space from star to star,
+    And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping."
+
+                                    Boyesen.
+
+But, even when asleep, Endymion watched for her coming, and enjoyed
+the bliss of her presence; yet a spell seemed to prevent his giving
+any sign of consciousness.
+
+Time passed thus. Diana, who could not bear to think of the youth's
+beauty being marred by want, toil, and exposure, finally caused an
+eternal sleep to fall upon him, and bore him off to Mount Latmus,
+where she concealed him in a cave held sacred to her, and never
+profaned by human gaze. There each night the goddess paused to gaze
+enraptured upon his beloved countenance, and to press a soft kiss upon
+his unconscious lips. Such is the tale of Diana and her lowly
+sweetheart, which has inspired poets of all ages.
+
+    "Queen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen
+    Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen!
+    As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,
+    So every tale, does this sweet tale of thine."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Orion.]
+
+Endymion was not, however, the only mortal loved by Diana, for
+mythologists report that her affections were also bestowed upon a
+young hunter by the name of Orion. All day long this youth scoured the
+forest, his faithful dog Sirius at his heels.
+
+One day, in the dense shade of the forest, he met a group of Diana's
+nymphs, the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. These fair maidens
+needed but to be seen to be passionately loved, and Orion's heart
+burned as he sought to approach them; but they were very coy, and, as
+he drew near and addressed them, turned and fled.
+
+Afraid lest he should never see them again were he now to lose sight
+of them, he pursued them hotly; but the nymphs sped on, until, their
+strength failing, they called upon their patroness's aid. Their prayer
+was no sooner heard than answered, and Orion, panting and weary, came
+up just in time to see seven snow-white pigeons wing their way up into
+the azure sky.
+
+There a second transformation overtook the Pleiades, who were changed
+into a constellation, composed of seven bright stars, and there they
+shone undimmed for ages; but when Troy fell into the enemy's hands,
+all grew pale with grief, and one, more timid and impressionable than
+the rest, withdrew from sight to hide her anguish from the curious
+eyes of men.
+
+    "And is there glory from the heavens departed?--
+        O void unmark'd!--thy sisters of the sky
+            Still hold their place on high,
+    Though from its rank thine orb so long hath started
+        Thou, that no more art seen of mortal eye!"
+
+                                     Hemans.
+
+Orion, like a fickle youth, was soon consoled for their disappearance,
+and loved Merope, daughter of Å’nopion, King of Chios, who consented
+to their union on condition that his future son-in-law should win his
+bride by some heroic deed. Now, as Orion was anything but a patient
+man, the delay was very unwelcome indeed, and he made up his mind to
+abduct his bride instead of marrying her openly; but the plan was
+frustrated by Å’nopion's watchfulness, and Orion was punished by the
+loss not only of his bride, but also of his eyesight.
+
+Blind, helpless, and alone, he now wandered from place to place,
+hoping to find some one capable of restoring his sight. At last he
+reached the Cyclopes' cave, and one of them took pity on him, and led
+him to the Sun, from whose radiance he borrowed a store of light,--
+
+    "When, blinded by Å’nopion,
+    He sought the blacksmith at his forge,
+    And, climbing up the mountain gorge,
+    Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+Happy once more, he resumed his favorite sport, and hunted from morn
+till eve. Diana met him in the forest, and, sharing his tastes, soon
+learned to love him; but this affection was viewed with great
+displeasure by Apollo, from whose piercing glance nothing that
+occurred by day could be hidden, and he resolved to put an end to his
+sister's infatuation. He therefore summoned her to his side. To divert
+her suspicions, he began to talk of archery, and, under the pretext of
+testing her skill as a markswoman, bade her shoot at a dark speck
+rising and falling far out at sea.
+
+Diana seized her bow, feathered her arrow, and sent it with such force
+and accurate aim, that she touched the point, and saw it vanish
+beneath the waves, little suspecting that the dark head of Orion, who
+was refreshing himself by a sea bath, was given her as a target. When
+she discovered her error, she mourned his loss with many tears, vowed
+never to forget him, and placed him and his faithful dog Sirius as
+constellations in the sky.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Actæon.]
+
+When Diana had finished her nightly journey in her moon car, she
+seized her bow and arrows, and, attended by her nymphs, was wont to
+sally forth to hunt the wild beasts in the forest.
+
+One summer afternoon, after an unusually long and exciting pursuit,
+Diana and her followers came to one of the still mountain pools where
+they had often resorted to enjoy a plunge. The cool waters rippled so
+invitingly, that the goddess and her attendants hastened to divest
+themselves of their short hunting garments, and lave their heated
+limbs.
+
+But unfortunately the goddess and her attendant nymphs had not been
+the only ones out hunting that day. Actæon, the huntsman, had risen at
+dawn to stalk the deer; and now, weary and parched with thirst, he too
+sought the well-known mountain spring,
+
+    "Deep in the cool recesses of the wood,
+    Where the cold crystal of a mossy pool
+    Rose to the flowery marge, and gave again
+    The soft green lawn where ofttimes, overspent,
+    I lay upon the grass and eager bathed
+    My limbs in the clear lymph."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+As he drew near the accustomed spot, Actæon fancied he heard bursts of
+silvery laughter: so he crept on very cautiously, and soon, gently
+parting the thick branches of the underbrush, beheld the sporting
+group.
+
+At the selfsame moment Diana turned to ascertain the cause of the
+rustle which had caught her practiced ear, and met the admiring gaze
+of the astonished young hunter. Speechless with indignation that a
+mortal had beheld her thus, she caught some water in her hollow palm,
+flung it in his face, and bade him go and declare, if he could, that
+he had seen Diana disrobed.
+
+The glittering drops had no sooner touched the young man's face, than
+he turned to obey her command, and found himself transformed into a
+stag, with slender, sinewy limbs, furry skin, and wide-branching
+antlers. Nothing remained of his former self except the woeful
+consciousness of his transformation; and as he stood there, motionless
+and dismayed, the distant baying of his hounds coming to join him fell
+upon his ear.
+
+An electric thrill of fear shot through every vein, as, mindful of his
+new form, he bounded away through the forest. Alas! too late; for the
+pack had caught one glimpse of his sleek sides, and were after him in
+full cry.
+
+In vain poor Actæon strained every muscle. His limbs refused their
+support, and, as he sank exhausted to the ground, the hounds sprang at
+his quivering throat.
+
+    "Nearer they came and nearer, baying loud,
+    With bloodshot eyes and red jaws dripping foam;
+    And when I strove to check their savagery,
+    Speaking with words, no voice articulate came,
+    Only a dumb, low bleat. Then all the throng
+    Leapt swift on me, and tore me as I lay!"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Diana was widely worshiped, and temples without number were dedicated
+to her service; among others, the world-renowned sanctuary of Ephesus.
+The ancients also celebrated many festivals in honor of this fair
+goddess of the moon, who was ever ready to extend her protection over
+all deserving mortals.
+
+  [Illustration: VENUS DE MILO. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+VENUS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Venus' birth.]
+
+Venus (Dione, Aphrodite, Cytherea), the goddess of beauty, love,
+laughter, and marriage, is said by some mythologists to be the
+daughter of Jupiter and Dione, goddess of moisture: others report that
+she sprang from the foam of the sea.
+
+                          "Look, look, why shine
+    Those floating bubbles with such light divine?
+    They break, and from their mist a lily form
+    Rises from out the wave, in beauty warm.
+    The wave is by the blue-veined feet scarce press'd,
+    Her silky ringlets float about her breast,
+    Veiling its fairy loveliness; while her eye
+    Is soft and deep as the blue heaven is high.
+    The Beautiful is born; and sea and earth
+    May well revere the hour of that mysterious birth."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+The ocean nymphs were the first to discover her, cradled on a great
+blue wave; and they carried her down into their coral caves, where
+they tenderly nursed her, and taught her with the utmost care. Then,
+her education being completed, the sea nymphs judged it time to
+introduce her to the other gods, and, with that purpose in view,
+carried her up to the surface of the sea,--where Tritons, Oceanides,
+and Nereides all crowded around her, loudly expressing their ardent
+admiration,--and offered her pearls and choice bits of coral from the
+deep, as a tribute to her charms.
+
+  [Illustration: FOURTH HOUR OF THE NIGHT.--Raphael.]
+
+Then they pillowed her softly on a great wave, and intrusted her to
+the care of Zephyrus, the soft south wind, who blew a gentle breath,
+and wafted her to the Island of Cyprus.
+
+The four beautiful Horæ (the Seasons), daughters of Jupiter and
+Themis, goddess of justice, stood there on the shore to welcome her.
+
+                  "An ethereal band
+    Are visible above: the Seasons four,--
+    Green-kirtled Spring, flush Summer, golden store
+    In Autumn's sickle, Winter frosty hoar."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+And they were not alone to watch for her coming, for the three
+Charites (Graces, or Gratiæ) were also present.
+
+    "'These three on men all gracious gifts bestow,
+    Which decke the body or adorne the mynde,
+    To make them lovely or well-favoured show;
+    As comely carriage, entertainement kynde,
+    Sweete semblaunt, friendly offices that bynde,
+    And all the complements of curtesie:
+    They teach us how to each degree and kynde
+    We should our selves demeane, to low, to hie,
+    To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility.'"
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+Daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, these maidens, who bore the
+respective names of Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, longed to show
+their love for their new mistress. When the wave upon which she
+reclined came nearer still, the "rosy-bosomed Hours, fair Venus'
+train," appeared. The wind finally brought the fair goddess in safety
+to the shore; and, as soon as her foot touched the white sand, all
+bent in homage to her surpassing beauty, and reverentially watched her
+dry her hair.
+
+    "Idalian Aphrodite beautiful,
+    Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells,
+    With rosy slender fingers backward drew
+    From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair
+    Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat
+    And shoulder: from the violets her light foot
+    Shone rosy-white, and o'er her rounded form
+    Between the shadows of the vine bunches
+    Floated the glowing sunlights, as she moved."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+This hasty and somewhat primitive toilet completed, Venus and her
+followers set out for Mount Olympus, and on their way thither were
+joined by Himerus, god of the desire of love; Pothos, god of the
+amities of love; Suadela, god of the soft speech of love; and Hymen,
+god of marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Vulcan.]
+
+A throne had been prepared for the expected goddess, and, when she
+suddenly appeared to take possession of it, the assembled gods could
+not restrain a rapturous murmur of admiration. Her beauty took them by
+storm, and her grace won their hearts; but, although they one and all
+expressed a desire to marry her, Venus scornfully rejected their
+proposals. Even the king of gods was slighted, and, to punish her for
+her pride, he decreed she should marry Vulcan, god of the forge, the
+most ill-favored of all the heavenly council.
+
+This compulsory union was anything but a happy one; for Venus never
+showed any affection for her deformed consort, and, instead of being a
+faithful wife, soon deserted him, and openly declared she would please
+herself.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Alectryon.]
+
+Her first fancy was for Mars, the handsome god of war, who was not
+slow in reciprocating the fair goddess's affections, and many and
+sweet were the secret interviews they enjoyed. Yet, fearful lest some
+of the gods passing by should discover them together, Mars always
+placed his attendant Alectryon on guard, bidding him give due warning
+of any one's approach, and especially to call him before the sun rose,
+as the lovers were particularly anxious that Apollo should not witness
+their parting caresses.
+
+All prospered according to their desires, until one night the
+unfortunate Alectryon fell asleep; and so profound were his slumbers,
+that he did not even stir when Aurora flung open the gates of the
+east, and Apollo flashed forth to receive the melodious greetings of
+the feathered denizens of the forest.
+
+The sun god drove rapidly on, glancing right and left, and taking note
+of all he saw. Nothing escaped his bright and piercing eye, as it
+flashed its beams hither and thither, and he was soon aware of the
+sleeping watchman and of the guilty lovers. As fast as his
+fleet-footed steeds could carry him, Apollo hastened to Vulcan, to
+whom he vividly described the sight which had greeted his eyes.
+
+The irate husband lost no time, but, seizing a net of linked steel,
+went in search of his runaway wife. Stealthily he approached the
+lovers' bower, and deftly flung the net over both sleepers, who were
+caught in its fine meshes, and could not escape; and there he kept
+them imprisoned, in spite of their entreaties, until all the gods had
+seen their humiliating plight, and turned them into ridicule. But when
+he at last set them free, Mars darted away, vowing vengeance upon the
+negligent sentinel, who was still blissfully sleeping. Pouncing upon
+him, Mars awakened him roughly, administered a sharp reproof, changed
+him into a cock, banished him into the barnyard, and condemned him to
+give daily warning of the sun's approach.
+
+    "And, from out a neighboring farmyard,
+      Loud the cock Alectryon crowed."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus' children.]
+
+Several beautiful children were born to Mars and Venus. Hermione, or
+Harmonia, their daughter, married Cadmus, King of Thebes; and Cupid
+(Cupido, Eros, Amor), their little son, was appointed god of love.
+Although nursed with tender solicitude, this second-born child did not
+grow as other children do, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child,
+with gauzy wings and roguish, dimpled face. Alarmed for his health,
+Venus consulted Themis, who oracularly replied, "Love cannot grow
+without Passion."
+
+In vain the goddess strove to catch the concealed meaning of this
+answer. It was only revealed to her when Anteros, god of passion, was
+born. When with his brother, Cupid grew and flourished, until he
+became a handsome, slender youth; but when separated from him, he
+invariably resumed his childish form and mischievous habits.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Adonis.]
+
+Venus, however, did not lavish all her love upon Mars, for she is said
+to have felt a tender passion for a young man named Adonis, a bold
+young hunter, whose rash pursuit of dangerous game caused Venus many
+anxious alarms. In vain she besought him to forego the pleasures of
+the chase and remain with her. He laughingly escaped, and continued to
+join the other hunters in his favorite sport. But, alas! one day,
+after an exciting pursuit, he boldly attacked a wild boar, which,
+goaded to madness, turned upon him, buried his strong tusk in the
+youth's unprotected side, and trampled him to death.
+
+    "The white tusk of a boar has transpierced his white thigh.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+        "The youth lieth dead while his dogs howl around,
+    And the nymphs weep aloud from the mists of the hill."
+
+                 Bion (Mrs. Browning's tr.).
+
+Venus ran straight to the scene of his tragic death, rushing through
+underbrush and briers, tearing her delicate skin, and her blood
+tingeing all the white roses along her way to a faint pink. When she
+arrived, she found her beloved Adonis cold in death, and her
+passionate caresses met with no response. Then she burst into such a
+passion of tears, that the wood and water nymphs, the gods, men, and
+all nature in fact, joined with her to mourn the beloved youth.
+
+          "Her loss the Loves deplore:
+    Woe, Venus, woe! Adonis is no more."
+
+                         Bion (Elton's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: SLEEPING LOVE.--Perrault.]
+
+Very reluctantly Mercury at last appeared to lead the soul of the
+departed down into the Infernal Regions, where it was welcomed by
+Proserpina, queen of the realm, and led to the place where pure and
+virtuous mortals enjoyed an eternity of bliss. Venus, still
+inconsolable, shed countless tears, which, as they dropped upon the
+ground, were changed to anemones, while the red drops which had fallen
+from Adonis' side were transformed into red roses.
+
+    "As many drops as from Adonis bled,
+    So many tears the sorrowing Venus shed:
+    For every drop on earth a flower there grows:
+    Anemones for tears; for blood the rose."
+
+                         Bion (Elton's tr.).
+
+As time did not soften Venus' grief, but, on the contrary, made it
+more and more unendurable, she went to Olympus, where she fell at
+Jupiter's feet, imploring him to release Adonis from death's embrace,
+or allow her to share his lot in Hades.
+
+To allow Beauty to desert the earth was not possible, nor could he
+resist her pleading: so he finally decreed that Adonis should be
+restored to her longing arms. But Pluto, whose subject he had now
+become, refused to yield up Adonis; and after much dispute a
+compromise was agreed upon, by virtue of which Adonis was allowed to
+spend one half of the year on earth, providing he spent the remaining
+six months in the Elysian Fields.
+
+In early spring, therefore, Adonis left the Lower World, and came with
+bounding tread to join his beloved. On his path the flowers bloomed
+and the birds sang, to show their joy at his coming. An emblem of
+vegetation, which rises from the ground in early spring to deck the
+earth with beautiful foliage and flowers, and cause the birds to sing
+for gladness, Adonis reluctantly returned to Hades, when Winter, the
+cruel boar, slew him again with his white tusk, and made nature again
+droop, and mourn his departure.
+
+          "But even in death, so strong is Love,
+    I could not wholly die; and year by year,
+    When the bright springtime comes, and the earth lives,
+    Love opens these dread gates, and calls me forth
+    Across the gulf."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Anchises.]
+
+The Goddess of Beauty also loved Anchises, Prince of Troy, but,
+ashamed of lavishing favors upon a mere mortal, extorted from him a
+promise that he would never reveal their secret marriage.
+Unfortunately, however, Anchises was of a boastful disposition, and
+ere long yielded to temptation and revealed the secret, incurring her
+wrath to such an extent, that some mythologists accuse her of
+borrowing one of Jupiter's thunderbolts and slaying him. Others,
+however, report that Anchises lived to a ripe old age, and escaped
+from burning Troy on his son Æneas' back. Venus' love was, however,
+all transferred to her son Æneas, whom she signally protected
+throughout his checkered career.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hero and Leander.]
+
+Venus' most ardent admirers and faithful worshipers were the young
+people, for she delighted in their youthful sentiments, and was ever
+ready to lend a helping hand to all true lovers when apparently
+insurmountable obstacles appeared on their path.
+
+This was the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero, who was
+dedicated by her parents to Venus' service, and, as soon as old
+enough, spent all her time in the temple, ministering to the goddess,
+or in a lonely tower by the sea, where she dwelt alone with her aged
+nurse.
+
+      "Honey-sweet Hero, of a princely race,
+    Was priestess to Queen Venus in that place;
+    And at her father's tower, by the sea set--
+    Herself a Queen of Love, though maiden yet--
+    Dwelt."
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+The maiden's beauty increased with her years, until the fame of her
+loveliness spread throughout her native city Sestus, and even passed
+over the Hellespont and reached Abydus, where Leander, the bravest
+and handsomest youth of the town, was fired with a desire to view the
+charming young priestess.
+
+Just at that time a solemn festival in honor of Venus was to be
+celebrated at Sestus, to which all the youths and maidens were
+cordially invited. Under pretext of paying homage to the goddess,
+Leander entered her temple, and saw the young priestess, whose charms
+far surpassed all descriptions.
+
+Venus, as has already been stated, was always deeply interested in
+young lovers; and when she saw these two, so well matched in beauty
+and grace, she bade Cupid pierce them with his love darts, which
+behest the mischief-loving god immediately obeyed.
+
+          "God Eros, setting notch to string,
+    Wounded two bosoms with one shaft-shooting,
+    A maiden's and a youth's--Leander he,
+    And lovely Hero, Sestos' sweetest, she;
+    She of her town, and he of his, the boast;
+    A noble pair!"
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+An undying passion was thus simultaneously kindled in both young
+hearts; and, thanks to Venus' assistance, Leander managed to exchange
+a few words with Hero, declared his love, implored her to view his
+suit kindly, and, above all, to grant him a private interview, or he
+would surely die.
+
+The maiden listened to his pleading with mingled joy and terror, for
+she knew her parents would never consent to their union. Then, afraid
+lest some one should notice that she was talking to a stranger, she
+bade him depart; but he refused to go until he had learned where she
+lived, and proposed to swim across the Hellespont when the shades of
+night had fallen, and none could see his goal, and pay her a visit in
+her lonely tower.
+
+      "'Sweet! for thy love,' he cried, 'the sea I'd cleave,
+    Though foam were fire, and waves with flame did heave,
+    I fear not billows if they bear to thee;
+    Nor tremble at the hissing of the sea!
+    And I will come--oh! let me come--each night,
+    Swimming the swift flood to my dear delight:
+    For white Abydos, where I live, doth front
+    Thy city here, across our Hellespont.'"
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+At last his prayers overcame the maiden's scruples, and she arranged
+to receive him in her sea-girt tower, promising at a given hour to
+light a torch and hold it aloft to guide him safely across the sea.
+Then only he departed.
+
+Night came on; darkness stole over the earth; and Leander impatiently
+paced the sandy shore, and watched for the promised signal, which no
+sooner appeared, than he exultantly plunged into the dark waves, and
+parted them with lusty strokes, as he hastened across the deep to join
+his beloved. At times the huge billows towered above his head; but
+when he had escaped their threatening depths, and rose up on their
+foamy crests, he could catch a glimpse of the torch burning brightly,
+and pictured to himself the shy, sweet blushes which would dye Hero's
+cheek as he clasped her to his passionate heart.
+
+    "Leander had no fear--he cleft the wave--
+    What is the peril fond hearts will not brave!"
+
+                                     Landon.
+
+Venus, from the top of "many-peaked Olympus," smilingly viewed the
+success of her scheme, and nerved Leander's arm to cleave the rapid
+current. At last he reached the tower steps, and was lovingly greeted
+by Hero, whose heart had throbbed with anxiety at the thought of the
+perils her lover was braving for the sake of seeing her once more.
+
+It was only when the dawn began to whiten the east, that the lovers
+finished their interview and parted, he to return to Abydus, and she
+to prepare for the daily duties which would soon claim her attention.
+But separation by day was all these fond lovers could endure, and
+night after night, as soon as the first stars appeared, Hero lighted
+her torch, and Leander hastened to her, to linger by her side till
+dawn.
+
+    "Thus pass'd the summer shadows in delight:
+    Leander came as surely as the night,
+    And when the morning woke upon the sea,
+    It saw him not, for back at home was he."
+
+                                       Hunt.
+
+No one suspected their meetings; and all went well until the first
+fierce storms of winter swept down over the Hellespont. Hero, in the
+gray dawn of a winter's morning, besought her lover not to leave her
+to battle against the waves, which beat so violently against the stone
+tower; but he gently laughed at her fears, and departed, promising to
+return at night as usual.
+
+The storm, which had raged so fiercely already in the early morning,
+increased in violence as the day wore on, until the waves were lashed
+into foam, while the wind howled more and more ominously as the
+darkness came on again; but none of these signs could deter Leander
+from visiting Hero.
+
+      "There came one night, the wildest of the year,
+    When the wind smote like edge of hissing spear,
+    And the pale breakers thundered on the beach."
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+All day long Hero had hoped that her lover would renounce his nightly
+journey; but still, when evening came, she lighted her torch to serve
+as beacon, should he risk all to keep his word. The wind blew so
+fiercely, that the torch wavered and flickered, and nearly went out,
+although Hero protected its feeble flame by standing over it with
+outstretched robes.
+
+At sight of the wonted signal, Leander, who had already once been
+beaten back by the waves, made a second attempt to cross the strait,
+calling upon the gods to lend him their aid. But this time his prayers
+were unheard, drowned in the fury of the storm; yet he struggled on a
+while longer, with Hero's name on his lips.
+
+  [Illustration: HERO AND LEANDER.--Bodenhausen.]
+
+At last, exhausted and ready to sink, he lifted his eyes once more to
+view the cheering light. It was gone, extinguished by a passing gust
+of wind. Like a stone Leander sank, once, twice, thrice, and the
+billows closed forever over his head.
+
+Hero in the mean while had relighted her torch, and, quite unconscious
+of the tragedy which had taken place, stood on the tower, straining
+her eyes to pierce the darkness. All night long she waited and watched
+for the lover who did not come; and, when the first sunbeams shone
+over the tossing sea, she cast an anxious glance over the waters to
+Abydus. No one was in sight as far as she could see. She was about to
+descend to pursue her daily tasks, when, glancing at the foot of the
+tower, she saw her lover's corpse heaving up and down on the waves.
+
+    "As shaken on his restless pillow,
+    His head heaves with the heaving billow;
+    That hand, whose motion is not life,
+    Yet feebly seems to menace strife,
+    Flung by the tossing tide on high,
+        Then level'd with the wave."
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+Hero's heart broke at this sad sight, and she longed to die, too, that
+she might not be parted from Leander. To hasten their meeting, she
+threw herself into the sea, and perished in the waves, close by his
+side. Thus lived and died the faithful lovers, whose attachment has
+passed into a proverb.
+
+Byron, the celebrated English bard, attempted Leander's feat of
+swimming across the Hellespont, and, on his return from that dangerous
+venture, wrote the following lines, which are so familiar to all
+English-speaking people:--
+
+    "The winds are high on Helle's wave,
+        As on that night of stormy water
+    When Love, who sent, forgot to save
+    The young, the beautiful, the brave,
+        The lonely hope of Sestos' daughter.
+    Oh! when alone along the sky
+    Her turret torch was blazing high,
+    Though rising gale, and breaking foam,
+    And shrieking sea-birds warn'd him home;
+    And clouds aloft and tides below,
+    With signs and sounds, forbade to go,
+    He could not see, he would not hear,
+    Or sound or sign foreboding fear;
+    His eye but saw that light of love,
+    The only star it hail'd above;
+    His ear but rang with Hero's song,
+    'Ye waves, divide not lovers long!'
+    That tale is old, but love anew
+    May nerve young hearts to prove as true."
+
+[Sidenote: Pyramus and Thisbe.]
+
+An equally loving and unfortunate pair were Pyramus and Thisbe.
+Although no waves divided them, and they had the good fortune to
+occupy adjoining houses in Babylon, their parents having quarreled,
+they were forbidden to see or speak to each other. This decree wrung
+their tender hearts; and their continuous sighs finally touched Venus,
+who prepared to give them her aid. Thanks to this goddess's kind
+offices, a crack was discovered in the party wall, through which the
+lovers could peep at each other, converse, and even, it is said,
+exchange a kiss or two.
+
+Sundry stolen interviews through this crack made them long for
+uninterrupted and unrestrained meetings: so they made an appointment
+to meet on a certain day and hour, under a white mulberry tree, just
+without the city gates.
+
+Thisbe, anxious to see her lover, was the first to reach the trysting
+place, and, as she slowly paced back and forth to while away the time
+of waiting, she wondered what had happened to delay Pyramus. Her
+meditation was suddenly broken by a rustling sound in some neighboring
+bushes; and, thinking Pyramus was concealed there, she was about to
+call to him that he was discovered, when, instead of her lover, she
+saw a lion emerge from the thicket and come towards her, slowly
+lashing his sides with his tail, and licking his bloody jaws. With one
+terrified shriek the girl ran away, dropping her veil, which the lion
+caught in his bloody mouth and tore to shreds, before beating a
+retreat into the forest.
+
+Shortly after, Pyramus came rushing up, out of breath, and full of
+loving excuses for Thisbe, who was not there, however, to receive
+them. Wondering at her absence, Pyramus looked around, and after a
+short investigation discerned the lion's footprints and the mangled
+veil. These signs sufficed to convince him that Thisbe had perished,
+and in a fit of despair he drew his dagger from its sheath and thrust
+it into his heart.
+
+A few minutes later, Thisbe cautiously drew near, peering anxiously
+about to discover whether the lion were still lurking near. Her first
+glance showed her Pyramus stretched dead beneath the mulberry tree,
+with her bloody veil pressed convulsively to his lips. With a cry of
+terror she flew to his side, and tried to revive him; but, when
+assured that all her efforts were in vain, she drew the dagger from
+his breast, and, plunging it into her own bosom, fell beside him quite
+lifeless.
+
+                "In her bosom plunged the sword,
+    All warm and reeking from its slaughtered lord."
+
+                        Ovid (Eusden's tr.).
+
+Since that ominous day the fruit of the mulberry tree, which had been
+white, assumed a blood-like hue, dyed by the blood which flowed from
+the death wounds of Pyramus and Thisbe.
+
+[Sidenote: Echo and Narcissus.]
+
+The lovely and talkative nymph Echo lived free from care and whole of
+heart until she met Narcissus, hunting in the forest. This frivolous
+young lady no sooner beheld the youth, than she fell deeply in love
+with him, and was proportionately grieved when she saw that he did not
+return her affections.
+
+All her blandishments were unavailing, and, in her despair at his
+hard-heartedness, she implored Venus to punish him by making him
+suffer the pangs of unrequited love; then, melancholy and longing to
+die, she wandered off into the mountains, far from the haunts of her
+former companions, and there, brooding continually over her sorrow,
+pined away until there remained naught of her but her melodious voice.
+
+The gods, displeased at her lack of proper pride, condemned her to
+haunt rocks and solitary places, and, as a warning to other impulsive
+maidens, to repeat the last sounds which fell upon her ear.
+
+    "But her voice is still living immortal,--
+      The same you have frequently heard
+    In your rambles in valleys and forests,
+      Repeating your ultimate word."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Venus alone had not forgotten poor Echo's last passionate prayer, and
+was biding her time to punish the disdainful Narcissus. One day, after
+a prolonged chase, he hurried to a lonely pool to slake his thirst.
+
+    "In some delicious ramble, he had found
+    A little space, with boughs all woven round;
+    And in the midst of all, a clearer pool
+    Than e'er reflected in its pleasant cool
+    The blue sky here, and there, serenely peeping
+    Through tendril wreaths fantastically creeping."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Quickly he knelt upon the grass, and bent over the pellucid waters to
+take a draught; but he suddenly paused, surprised. Down near the
+pebbly bottom he saw a face so passing fair, that he immediately lost
+his heart, for he thought it belonged to some water nymph gazing up at
+him through the transparent flood.
+
+With sudden passion he caught at the beautiful apparition; but, the
+moment his arms touched the water, the nymph vanished. Astonished and
+dismayed, he slowly withdrew to a short distance, and breathlessly
+awaited the nymph's return.
+
+The agitated waters soon resumed their mirrorlike smoothness; and
+Narcissus, approaching noiselessly on tiptoe, and cautiously peeping
+into the pool, became aware first of curly, tumbled locks, and then of
+a pair of beautiful, watchful, anxious eyes. Evidently the nymph had
+just concluded to emerge from her hiding place to reconnoiter.
+
+More prudent this time, the youth gradually bent further over the
+pool; and, reassured by his kindly glances, the nymph's whole head
+appeared. In gentle tones the youth now addressed her; and her ruby
+lips parted and moved as if she were answering, though not a sound
+came to his ear. In his excitement he began to gesticulate, whereupon
+two snowy arms repeated his every gesture; but when, encouraged by her
+loving glances and actions, he tried once more to clasp her in his
+arms, she vanished as rapidly as the first time.
+
+Time and again the same pantomime was enacted, and time and again the
+nymph eluded his touch; but the enamored youth could not tear himself
+away from the spot haunted by this sweet image, whose sensitive face
+reflected his every emotion, and who grew as pale and wan as
+he,--evidently, like him, a victim to love and despair.
+
+Even the shades of night could not drive Narcissus away from his post,
+and, when the pale moonbeams illumined his retreat, he bent over the
+pool to ascertain whether she too were anxious and sleepless, and saw
+her gazing longingly up at him.
+
+There Narcissus lingered day and night, without eating or drinking,
+until he died, little suspecting that the fancied nymph was but his
+own image reflected in the clear waters. Echo was avenged; but the
+gods of Olympus gazed compassionately down upon the beautiful corpse,
+and changed it into a flower bearing the youth's name, which has ever
+since flourished beside quiet pools, wherein its pale image is clearly
+reflected.
+
+                          "A lonely flower he spied,
+    A meek and forlorn flower, with naught of pride,
+    Drooping its beauty o'er the watery clearness,
+    To woo its own sad image into nearness:
+    Deaf to light Zephyrus it would not move;
+    But still would seem to droop, to pine, to love."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Pygmalion and Galatea.]
+
+Pygmalion, King of Cyprus, was a very celebrated sculptor. All his
+leisure moments were spent in the faithful portrayal of the gods and
+goddesses. One day his practiced hand fashioned an image of Galatea.
+It was so beautiful that even before it was entirely finished its
+author loved it. When completed, Pygmalion admired it still more,
+deemed it too beautiful to remain inanimate, and besought Venus to
+give it life, stating that he wished a wife just like it.
+
+As Pygmalion had always been an obdurate bachelor, and had frequently
+declared he would never marry, Venus was delighted to see him at last
+a victim of the tender passion, and resolved to grant his request.
+Pygmalion clasped the exquisite image to his breast to infuse some of
+his own warmth into the icy bosom, and pressed kiss after kiss upon
+the chiseled lips, until at last they grew soft and warm at his touch,
+and a faint color flushed the pale cheeks, as a breath dilated her
+lungs, and sent her blood coursing along her veins,--
+
+    "As once with prayers in passion flowing,
+    Pygmalion embraced the stone,
+    Till, from the frozen marble glowing,
+    The light of feeling o'er him shone."
+
+                                   Schiller.
+
+Pygmalion's delight at seeing his fair image a living and breathing
+maiden was unbounded, and after a short but passionate wooing the
+object of his affections became his happy wife.
+
+[Sidenote: Cupid and Psyche.]
+
+In those same remote ages of "sweet mythology" there lived a king
+whose three daughters were world-renowned on account of their
+matchless beauty. Psyche, the youngest of the sisters, was so lovely,
+that her father's subjects declared her worthy to be called the
+Goddess of Beauty, and offered to pay homage to her instead of to
+Venus. Offended by this proposal, which Psyche had good sense enough
+to refuse, Venus resolved to demonstrate forcibly to that benighted
+race that the maiden was mortal. She therefore bade her son Cupid slay
+her.
+
+Armed with his bow and arrows, and provided with a deadly poison,
+Cupid set out to do her bidding, and at nightfall reached the palace,
+crept noiselessly past the sleeping guards, along the deserted halls,
+and came to Psyche's apartment, into which he glided unseen.
+Stealthily he approached the couch upon which the fair maiden was
+sleeping, and bent over her to administer the poisoned dose.
+
+A moonbeam falling athwart her face revealed her unequaled loveliness,
+and made Cupid start back in surprise; but, as he did so, one of his
+own love arrows came into contact with his rosy flesh, and inflicted a
+wound, from which he was to suffer for many a weary day.
+
+All unconscious of the gravity of his hurt, he hung enraptured over
+the sleeping maiden, and let her fair image sink into his heart; then,
+noiselessly as he had entered, he stole out again, vowing he would
+never harm such innocence and beauty.
+
+Morning dawned. Venus, who had expected to see the sun illumine her
+rival's corpse, saw her sporting as usual in the palace gardens, and
+bitterly realized that her first plan had completely failed. She
+therefore began to devise various torments of a petty kind, and
+persecuted the poor girl so remorselessly, that she fled from home
+with the firm intention of putting an end to the life she could no
+longer enjoy in peace.
+
+To achieve this purpose, Psyche painfully toiled up a rugged mountain,
+and, creeping to the very edge of a great precipice, cast herself
+down, expecting to be dashed to pieces on the jagged rocks below; but
+Cupid, who had indignantly though helplessly seen all his mother's
+persecutions, had followed Psyche unseen, and, when he perceived her
+intention to commit suicide, he called to Zephyrus (the South Wind),
+and entreated him to catch the maiden in his strong yet gentle arms,
+and bear her off to a distant isle.
+
+Consequently, instead of a swift, sharp fall and painful death, Psyche
+felt herself gently wafted over hill and dale, across sparkling
+waters; and, long before she wearied of this new mode of travel, she
+was gently laid on a flowery bank, in the midst of an exquisite
+garden.
+
+Bewildered, she slowly rose to her feet, rubbed her pretty eyes to
+make sure she was not dreaming, and wonderingly strolled about the
+beautiful grounds. Ere long she came to an enchanted palace, whose
+portals opened wide to receive her, while gentle voices bade her
+enter, and invisible hands drew her over the threshold and waited upon
+her.
+
+When night came, and darkness again covered the earth, Cupid appeared
+in search of his beloved Psyche. In the perfumed dusk he confessed his
+love, and tenderly begged for some return.
+
+Now, although the fading light would not permit her to discern the
+form or features of her unknown lover, Psyche listened to his soft
+tones with unconcealed pleasure, and soon consented to their union.
+Cupid then entreated her to make no attempt to discover his name, or
+to catch a glimpse of his face, warning her that if she did so he
+would be forced to leave her, never to return.
+
+    "'Dear, I am with thee only while I keep
+    My visage hidden; and if thou once shouldst see
+    My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods
+    Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself
+    From the full gaze of Knowledge.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Psyche solemnly promised to respect her mysterious lover's wishes, and
+gave herself up entirely to the enjoyment of his company. All night
+long they talked; and when the first faint streak of light appeared
+above the horizon, Cupid bade Psyche farewell, promising to return
+with the welcome shades of night. All day long Psyche thought of him,
+longed for him, and, as soon as the sun had set, sped to the bower
+where the birds were sleepily trilling forth their evening song, and
+breathlessly waited until he came to join her.
+
+        "Now on broad pinions from the realms above
+    Descending Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;
+    To his wide arms enamor'd Psyche springs,
+    And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.
+    A purple sash across His shoulder bends,
+    And fringed with gold the quiver'd shafts suspends."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+Although the hours of day seemed interminable, spent as they were in
+complete solitude, Psyche found the hours of night all too short in
+the sweet society of Love. Her every wish was gratified almost as soon
+as expressed; and at last, encouraged by her lover's evident anxiety
+to please her, she gave utterance to her longing to see and converse
+with her sisters once more. The ardent lover could not refuse to grant
+this request, yet Psyche noticed that his consent seemed somewhat
+hesitating and reluctant.
+
+The next morning, while enjoying a solitary stroll, Psyche suddenly
+encountered her two sisters. After rapturous embraces and an
+incoherent volley of questions and answers, they settled down to enjoy
+a long talk. Psyche related her desperate attempt at suicide, her
+miraculous preservation from certain death, her aërial journey, her
+entrance into the enchanted palace, her love for her mysterious
+nightly visitor,--all, in short, that had happened since she had left
+her father's home.
+
+Now, the elder sisters had always been jealous of Psyche's superior
+beauty; and when they saw her luxurious surroundings, and heard her
+raptures about her lover, they were envious, and resolved to mar the
+happiness which they could not enjoy. They therefore did all in their
+power to convince poor Psyche that her lover must be some monster, so
+hideous that he dare not brave the broad light of day, lest he should
+make her loathe him, and further added, that, if she were not very
+careful, he would probably end by devouring her.
+
+  [Illustration: CUPID AWAKENING PSYCHE.--Thumann.]
+
+They thereupon advised poor troubled Psyche to conceal a lamp and
+dagger in her lover's apartment, and to gaze upon him in secret, when
+his eyes were closed in sleep. If the light of the lamp revealed, as
+they felt sure it would, the hideous countenance and distorted form
+of a monster, they bade her use the dagger to kill him. Then,
+satisfied with their work, the sisters departed, leaving Psyche alone
+to carry out their evil suggestions.
+
+When safe at home once more, the sisters constantly brooded over the
+tale Psyche had poured into their ears, and, hoping to secure as
+luxurious a home and as fascinating a lover, they each hurried off in
+secret to the mountain gorge, cast themselves over the precipice,
+and--perished.
+
+Night having come, bringing the usually so welcome Cupid, Psyche,
+tortured with doubt, could with difficulty conceal her agitation.
+After repeated efforts to charm her from her silent mood, Cupid fell
+asleep; and, as soon as his regular breathing proclaimed him lost in
+slumber, Psyche noiselessly lighted her lamp, seized her dagger, and,
+approaching the couch with great caution, bent over her sleeping
+lover. The lamp, which she held high above her head, cast its light
+full upon the face and form of a handsome youth.
+
+    "Now trembling, now distracted; bold,
+    And now irresolute she seems;
+    The blue lamp glimmers in her hold,
+    And in her hand the dagger gleams.
+    Prepared to strike, she verges near,
+    Then, the blue light glimmering from above,
+    The hideous sight expects with fear--
+    And gazes on the god of Love."
+
+                                 Apollonius.
+
+Psyche's heart beat loudly with joy and pride as she beheld, instead
+of the monster, this graceful youth; and as she hung over him,
+enraptured, she forgot all caution. An inadvertent motion tipped her
+lamp, and one drop of burning oil, running over the narrow brim, fell
+upon Cupid's naked shoulder.
+
+The sudden pain made him open his eyes with a start. The lighted lamp,
+the glittering dagger, the trembling Psyche, told the whole story.
+Cupid sprang from the couch, seized his bow and arrows, and, with a
+last sorrowful, reproachful glance at Psyche, flew away through the
+open window, exclaiming,--
+
+    "'Farewell! There is no Love except with Faith,
+    And thine is dead! Farewell! I come no more!'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Psyche forsaken.]
+
+When he had vanished into the dusky air without, the balmy night winds
+ceased to blow; and suddenly a tempest began to rage with such fury,
+that poor frightened Psyche dared not remain alone in the palace, but
+hastened out into the gardens, where she soon lost consciousness of
+her misery in a deep swoon. When she opened her eyes once more, the
+storm had ceased, the sun was high in the heavens, and palace and
+gardens had vanished.
+
+Poor Psyche lingered there the following and many succeeding nights,
+vainly hoping for Cupid's return, and shedding many bitter tears of
+repentance. Finally she resolved to commit suicide, and, with that
+purpose in view, plunged into a neighboring river; but the god of the
+stream caught and carried her ashore, where his daughters, the water
+nymphs, restored her to life. Thus forced to live, Psyche wandered
+about disconsolate, seeking Cupid, and questioning all she met, the
+nymphs, Pan, and Ceres, who compassionately listened to her confession
+of love for her husband.
+
+    "Not as the earthly loves which throb and flush
+    Round earthly shrines was mine, but a pure spirit,
+    Lovelier than all embodied love, more pure
+    And wonderful; but never on his eyes
+    I looked, which still were hidden, and I knew not
+    The fashion of his nature; for by night,
+    When visual eyes are blind, but the soul sees,
+    Came he, and bade me seek not to inquire
+    Or whence he came or wherefore. Nor knew I
+    His name. And always ere the coming day,
+    As if he were the Sun god, lingering
+    With some too well loved maiden, he would rise
+    And vanish until eve."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Ceres had often seen Cupid, and had heard that very morning that he
+was having a wound in his shoulder dressed by Venus: so she advised
+Psyche to go to the Goddess of Beauty, to enter her service, and to
+perform every task with cheerful alacrity, knowing that such a course
+would ultimately bring about a meeting and reconciliation between the
+lovers.
+
+Psyche gratefully accepted and followed Ceres' advice, and labored
+early and late to satisfy her exacting mistress, who appointed such
+difficult tasks, that the poor girl would never have been able to
+accomplish them had she not been aided by all the beasts and insects,
+who loved her dearly.
+
+[Sidenote: Psyche's journey to Hades.]
+
+Venus repeatedly tested her fidelity and endurance, and finally
+resolved, as a crucial experiment, to send her to Hades to fetch a box
+of beauty ointment, for which Proserpina alone had the recipe.
+Directed by Zephyrus, her old friend, Psyche encountered the terrors
+of Hades in safety, delivered her message, and in return received a
+small box. The gates of Hades were closed behind her, and she had
+nearly finished her last task, when she suddenly fancied that it would
+be wise to appropriate a little of the magic preparation to efface the
+traces of sleepless nights and many tears.
+
+The box, however, contained naught but the spirit of Sleep, who,
+pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside. Cupid, passing by,
+saw her there, marked the ravages of grief, remembered his love and
+her suffering, and, wrestling with the spirit, forced him to reënter
+the narrow bounds of his prison, and woke Psyche with a loving kiss.
+
+                  "'Dear, unclose thine eyes.
+    Thou mayst look on me now. I go no more,
+    But am thine own forever.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+  [Illustration: CHARON AND PSYCHE.--Neide.]
+
+Then, hand in hand, they winged their flight to Olympus, entered the
+council hall; and there Cupid presented Psyche, his chosen bride, to
+the assembled deities, who all promised to be present at the nuptial
+ceremony. Venus even, forgetting all her former envy, welcomed the
+blushing bride, who was happy ever after.
+
+The ancients, for whom Cupid was an emblem of the heart, considered
+Psyche the personification of the soul, and represented her with
+butterfly wings; that little insect being another symbol of the soul,
+which cannot die.
+
+[Sidenote: Berenice's Hair.]
+
+One of the latest myths concerning Venus is that of Berenice, who,
+fearing for her beloved husband's life, implored the goddess to
+protect him in battle, vowing to sacrifice her luxuriant hair if he
+returned home in safety. The prayer was granted, and Berenice's
+beautiful locks laid upon Venus' shrine, whence they, however, very
+mysteriously disappeared. An astrologer, consulted concerning the
+supposed theft, solemnly pointed to a comet rapidly coming into view,
+and declared that the gods had placed Berenice's hair among the stars,
+there to shine forever in memory of her wifely sacrifice.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Venus.]
+
+Venus, goddess of beauty, is represented either entirely naked, or
+with some scanty drapery called a "cestus." Seated in her chariot,
+formed of a single pearl shell, and drawn by snow-white doves, her
+favorite birds, she journeyed from shrine to shrine, complacently
+admiring the lavish decorations of jewels and flowers her worshipers
+provided. The offerings of young lovers were ever those which found
+most favor in her sight.
+
+    "Venus loves the whispers
+      Of plighted youth and maid,
+    In April's ivory moonlight
+      Beneath the chestnut shade."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Numerous ancient and some modern statues of this goddess grace the
+various art galleries, but among them all the most perfect is the
+world-renowned Venus de Milo.
+
+Venus' festivals were always scenes of graceful amusements; and her
+votaries wore wreaths of fresh, fragrant flowers, the emblem of all
+natural beauty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+MERCURY.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Mercury.]
+
+As already repeatedly stated in the course of this work, Jupiter was
+never a strictly faithful spouse, and, in spite of his wife's
+remonstrances, could not refrain from indulging his caprice for every
+pretty face he met along his way. It is thus, therefore, that he
+yielded to the charms of Maia, goddess of the plains, and spent some
+blissful hours in her society. This divine couple's happiness
+culminated when they first beheld their little son, Mercury (Hermes,
+Psychopompus, Oneicopompus), who was born in a grotto on Mount
+Cyllene, in Arcadia,--
+
+                "Mercury, whom Maia bore,
+    Sweet Maia, on Cyllene's hoary top."
+
+                      Virgil (Cowper's tr.).
+
+This infant god was quite unlike mortal children, as will readily be
+perceived by the numerous pranks he played immediately after his
+birth. First he sprang from his mother's knee, grasped a tortoise
+shell lying on the ground, bored holes in its sides, stretched strings
+across its concavity, and, sweeping his hands over them, produced
+strains of sweetest music, thus inventing the first lyre.
+
+    "So there it lay, through wet and dry,
+    As empty as the last new sonnet,
+    Till by and by came Mercury,
+    And, having mused upon it,
+    'Why here,' cried he, 'the thing of things
+    In shape, material, and dimension!
+    Give it but strings, and, lo, it sings,
+    A wonderful invention.'"
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's theft.]
+
+Being very hungry toward evening, young Mercury escaped from his
+sleeping mother, and sallied out in search of food. He had not gone
+very far, before he came to a wide meadow, where Apollo's herds were
+at pasture. The oxen were fat and sleek; and the mischievous little
+god, after satisfying himself that they were young, and therefore
+promised to be tender and juicy, drove fifty of them off to a secluded
+spot, taking good care to envelop their feet in leafy branches, so
+they would leave no traces. Then, his hiding place being reached in
+safety, Mercury coolly killed two of the oxen, which he proceeded to
+eat.
+
+Apollo soon missed his cattle, and began to search for some clew to
+their hiding place or to the thief. He could, however, discover
+nothing but some broken twigs and scattered leaves. Suddenly he
+remembered that the babe whose birth had been announced early that
+morning in high Olympus had been appointed god of thieves. He
+therefore lost no more time in useless search and conjecture, but
+strode off to Mount Cyllene, where he found Mercury peacefully
+sleeping in his cradle. With a rude shake, the sun god roused him from
+his slumbers, and bade him restore the stolen cattle. Mercury
+pretended innocence, until Apollo, exasperated, dragged him off to
+Olympus, where he was convicted of the theft, and condemned to restore
+the stolen property. Mercury yielded to the decree, produced the
+remaining oxen, and, in exchange for the two missing, gave Apollo the
+lyre he had just fashioned.
+
+  [Illustration: FLYING MERCURY.--Bologna. (National Museum, Florence.)]
+
+This, like most other myths, admits of a natural explanation. Apollo
+(the Sun) was supposed by the ancients to possess great herds of
+cattle and sheep,--the clouds; and Mercury, the personification of the
+wind, born in the night, after a few hours' existence waxes
+sufficiently strong to drive away the clouds and conceal them, leaving
+no trace of his passage except a few broken branches and scattered
+leaves.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's wand, cap, and shoes.]
+
+The gift of the lyre pleased Apollo so well, that he in return wished
+to make a present to Mercury, and gave him a magic wand, called
+Caduceus, which had the power of reconciling all conflicting elements.
+Mercury, anxious to test it, thrust it between two quarreling snakes,
+who immediately wound themselves in amity around it. This so pleased
+him, that he bade them remain there forever, and used the wand on all
+occasions.
+
+            "A snake-encircl'd wand;
+    By classic authors term'd Caduceus
+    And highly fam'd for several uses."
+
+                                  Goldsmith.
+
+Mercury was in due time appointed messenger of the gods, who, to make
+him fleet of foot, presented him with winged sandals, the Talaria,
+which endowed him with marvelous rapidity of motion. As these sandals
+did not seem quite sufficient, however, the gods added the winged cap,
+Petasus, to the winged shoes.
+
+    "Foot-feather'd Mercury appear'd sublime
+    Beyond the tall tree tops; and in less time
+    Than shoots the slanted hail-storm, down he dropt
+    Towards the ground; but rested not, nor stopt
+    One moment from his home; only the sward
+    He with his wand light touch'd, and heavenward
+    Swifter than sight was gone."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Mercury was not only the messenger of the gods, but was also appointed
+god of eloquence, commerce, rain, wind, and the special patron of
+travelers, shepherds, cheats, and thieves.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Io.]
+
+Jupiter often intrusted to Mercury messages of a delicate nature, and
+always found him an invaluable ally; but the faithful messenger was
+never so much needed or so deeply appreciated as during Jupiter's
+courtship of Io, the peerless daughter of the river god Inachus.
+
+To avoid Juno's recriminations, Jupiter had carried on this affair
+with even more than his usual secrecy, visiting his beloved only when
+quite certain that his wife was asleep, and taking the further
+precaution of spreading a cloud over the spot where he generally met
+her, to shield her from all chance of being seen from Olympus.
+
+One fine afternoon, all conditions being favorable, Jupiter hastened
+down to earth to see Io, and began to stroll with her up and down the
+river edge. They heeded not the noonday heat, for the cloud over their
+heads screened them from the sun's too ardent rays.
+
+From some cause Juno's slumbers were less protracted than usual, and
+she soon arose from her couch to look about her realm, the atmosphere,
+and convince herself that all was well. Her attention was soon
+attracted by an opaque, immovable cloud near the earth,--a cloud which
+had no business there, for had she not bidden them all lie still on
+the blue until she awoke? Her suspicions being aroused by the presence
+of this cloud, she sought her husband in Olympus, and, not finding
+him, flew down to earth, brushing the cloud aside in her haste.
+
+Jupiter, thus warned of her coming, had but time to change the maiden
+beside him into a heifer, ere his wife alighted and inquired what he
+was doing there. Carelessly the god pointed to the heifer, and
+declared he had been whiling away the time by creating it; but the
+explanation failed to satisfy Juno, who, seeing no other living
+creature near, suspected that her spouse had been engaged in a
+clandestine flirtation, and had screened its fair object from her
+wrath only by a sudden transformation.
+
+Dissimulating these suspicions with care, Juno begged her husband to
+give her his new creation, which request he could not refuse, but
+granted most reluctantly, thus adding further confirmation to her
+jealous fears. The Queen of Heaven then departed, taking Io with her,
+and placed her under the surveillance of Argus, one of her servants,
+who possessed myriad eyes, but one half of which he closed at a time.
+
+    "The eyes of Argus, sentinel of Heaven:
+    Those thousand eyes that watch alternate kept,
+    Nor all o'er all his body waked or slept."
+
+                      Statius (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Argus' watch.]
+
+She bade him watch the heifer closely, and report anything unusual in
+its actions. One day, therefore, as he was watching his charge pasture
+by the river, Argus heard her relate to her father, Inachus, the story
+of her transformation, and immediately imparted his discovery to Juno,
+who, advising still closer watchfulness, sent him back to his post.
+
+Jupiter, in the mean while, was in despair; for days had passed
+without his being able to exchange a word with Io, or deliver her from
+her imprisonment. Finally he called Mercury to his aid, and bade him
+devise some plan to rescue her. Armed with a handful of poppies,
+Mercury approached Argus, and offered to while away the time by
+telling him tales.
+
+As Mercury was the prince of story-tellers, this offer was not to be
+despised, and Argus joyfully accepted; but instead of exerting himself
+to be entertaining, Mercury droned out such lengthy, uninteresting
+stories, that Argus soon closed half his eyes in profound sleep. Still
+talking in the same monotonous way, Mercury softly shook the poppies
+over the giant's head, until one by one the remaining eyelids closed,
+and Argus was wrapped in complete slumber.
+
+Then Mercury seized the giant's sword, and with one well-directed blow
+severed his head from the huge trunk. Only one half of the task was
+successfully accomplished; and while Mercury was driving the heifer
+away, Juno discovered his attempt, and promptly sent an enormous
+gadfly to torment the poor beast, who, goaded to madness by its cruel
+stings, fled wildly from one country to another, forded streams, and
+finally plunged into the sea, since called Ionian. After swimming
+across it, she took refuge in Egypt, where Jupiter restored her to all
+her girlish loveliness, and where her son Epaphus was born, to be the
+first king and the founder of Memphis.
+
+    "In coming time that hollow of the sea
+    Shall bear the name Ionian, and present
+    A monument of Io's passage through,
+    Unto all mortals."
+
+                             E. B. Browning.
+
+Juno mourned the loss of her faithful Argus most bitterly, and,
+gathering up his myriad eyes, scattered them over the tail of her
+favorite bird, the peacock, to have some memento of her faithful
+servant ever near her.
+
+    "From Argus slain a painted peacock grew,
+    Fluttering his feathers stain'd with various hue."
+
+                                    Moschus.
+
+This story also is an allegory. Io personifies the moon, restlessly
+wandering from place to place; Argus, the heavens, whose starry eyes
+keep ceaseless watch over the moon's every movement; Mercury is the
+rain, whose advent blots out the stars one by one, thus killing Argus,
+who else was never known to close all his eyes at once.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's offices and worship.]
+
+To Mercury was intrusted the charge of conducting the souls of the
+departed to Hades, and when occupied in this way he bore the name of
+Psychopompus, while, when addressed as conductor of Dreams, he was
+Oneicopompus.
+
+    "Gently as a kiss came Death to sever
+    From spirit flesh, and to the realm of gloom
+    The pallid shades with fearless brow descended
+    To Hades, by the winged god attended."
+
+                                    Boyesen.
+
+He was one of the twelve principal gods of Olympus, and was widely
+worshiped. Temples, altars, and shrines were dedicated to his service
+throughout the ancient countries. His statues were considered sacred
+boundary marks, and their removal punished by death. Solemn annual
+festivals were held in Rome in Mercury's honor in the month of May,
+and from him received their name of Mercuralia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+MARS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' character.]
+
+Mars (Ares), son of Jupiter and Juno, was the god of war, the
+personification of the angry clouded sky, and, although but little
+worshiped in Greece, was one of the principal Roman divinities. He is
+said to have first seen the light in Thrace, a country noted for its
+fierce storms and war-loving people.
+
+      "Infant Mars, where Thracia's mountains rose,
+    Press'd with his hardy limbs th' incrusted snows."
+
+                      Statius (Elton's tr.).
+
+Never sated with strife and bloodshed, this god preferred the din of
+battle to all other music, and found no occupation so congenial as the
+toils and dangers of war. No gentle deeds of kindness were ever
+expected from him; no loving prayers were ever addressed to him; and
+the ancients felt no love for him, but, on the contrary, shuddered
+with terror when his name was mentioned.
+
+Mars was generally represented in a brilliant suit of armor, a plumed
+helmet on his proud young head, a poised spear in one muscular hand,
+and a finely wrought shield in the other, showing him ever ready to
+cope with a foe.
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' attendants.]
+
+His attendants, or some say his children, sympathized heartily with
+his quarrelsome tastes, and delighted in following his lead. They were
+Eris (Discord), Phobos (Alarm), Metus (Fear), Demios (Dread), and
+Pallor (Terror).
+
+Bellona, or Enyo, goddess of war, also accompanied him, drove his
+chariot, parried dangerous thrusts, and watched over his general
+safety. Mars and Bellona were therefore worshiped together in the
+selfsame temple, and their altars were the only ones ever polluted by
+human sacrifices.
+
+    "And to the fire-ey'd maid of smoky war,
+    All hot and bleeding, will we offer them:
+    The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit,
+    Up to the ears in blood."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Otus and Ephialtes.]
+
+As strife was his favorite element, Mars was very active indeed during
+the war between the gods and giants, but in his martial ardor he
+frequently forgot all caution. On one occasion he was obliged to
+surrender to Otus and Ephialtes,--two giants, who, though but nine
+years of age, were already of immense stature, since they increased in
+height at the rate of nine inches each month.
+
+Proud of their victory over the God of War, these giants bore him off
+in triumph, and bound him fast with iron chains slipped through iron
+rings. Day and night they kept watch over him; and even when they
+slept, the rattle of the chains, whenever any one of the gods
+attempted to set him free, woke them up, and frustrated all efforts to
+deliver him. During fifteen weary months poor Mars lingered there in
+durance vile, until Mercury, the prince of thieves, noiselessly and
+deftly slipped the chains out of the rings, and restored him to
+freedom.
+
+In revenge for the cruel treatment inflicted by Otus and Ephialtes,
+Mars prevailed upon Apollo and Diana to use their poisoned arrows, and
+thus rid the world of these two ugly and useless giants.
+
+[Sidenote: The Areopagus.]
+
+Of a fiery disposition, Mars was never inclined to forgive an injury;
+and when Halirrhothius, Neptune's son, dared to carry off his daughter
+Alcippe, Mars hotly pursued the abductor, and promptly slew him.
+Neptune, angry at this act of summary justice, cited the God of War to
+appear before a tribunal held in the open air, on a hill near the
+newly founded city of Athens.
+
+It was then customary for such cases to be tried at night, in utter
+darkness, so that the judges might not be influenced by the personal
+appearance of either plaintiff or defendant; and no rhetoric of any
+kind was allowed, that their minds might remain quite unbiased. Mars
+appeared before the judges, simply stated his case, and was acquitted.
+Since then the hill upon which his trial took place has been called
+the Areopagus (Ares' Hill) or Mars' Hill, and the judges of the
+principal court of justice at Athens received the name of Areopagitæ.
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' children.]
+
+Although such a partisan of strife, Mars was not impervious to softer
+emotions, and passionately returned the devotion of Venus, who bore
+him three beautiful children,--Harmonia, Cupid, and Anteros. Mars also
+fell in love with a beautiful young Vestal named Ilia, a descendant of
+Æneas, who, in spite of the solemn pledge not to listen to a lover's
+pleadings until her time of service at the goddess Vesta's altar was
+accomplished, yielded to Mars' impetuous wooing, and consented to a
+clandestine union.
+
+[Sidenote: Romulus and Remus.]
+
+Although secretly married, Ilia continued to dwell in the temple until
+the birth of her twin sons Romulus and Remus. Her parents, hearing she
+had broken her vows, commanded that she should suffer the prescribed
+punishment of being buried alive, and that the children should be
+exposed to the teeth and claws of the wild beasts of the forest. The
+double sentence was ruthlessly carried out, and the young mother
+perished; but, contrary to all previsions, the babes survived, and,
+after having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf, were found and
+adopted by a shepherd.
+
+  [Illustration: VENUS DE MILO AND MARS.]
+
+Romulus and Remus throve under this man's kind care, and grew up
+strong and fearless. When they reached manhood, they longed for a
+wider sphere for their youthful activity, and, leaving the mountain
+where they had grown up, journeyed out into the world to seek their
+fortunes. After some time they came to a beautiful hilly country,
+where they decided to found a great city, the capital of their future
+realm. Accordingly the brothers began to trace the outline of their
+city limits, and, in doing so, quarreled over the name of the
+prospective town.
+
+Blinded by anger, Romulus suddenly raised the tool he held, and struck
+Remus such a savage blow that he fell to the ground, slain by his
+brother in a fit of passion. Alone now, Romulus at first vainly tried
+to pursue his undertaking, but, being soon joined by a number of
+adventurers as wicked and unscrupulous as he, they combined their
+forces, and built the celebrated city of Rome.
+
+    "Then, with his nurse's wolf-skin girt,
+    Shall Romulus the line assert,
+    Invite them to his new raised home,
+    And call the martial city Rome."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+As founder of this city, Romulus was its first king, and ruled the
+people with such an iron hand that his tyranny eventually became
+unbearable. The senators, weary of his exactions and arbitrary
+measures, finally resolved to free themselves of his presence. Taking
+advantage of an eclipse, which plunged the city in sudden darkness at
+noonday, and which occurred while all were assembled on the Forum, the
+magistrates slew Romulus, cut his body into pieces, and hid them under
+their wide togas.
+
+[Sidenote: Quirinus.]
+
+When the light returned, and the terrified and awestruck people,
+somewhat reassured, looked about them for their king, they were told
+he had gone, never to return, carried off by the immortal gods, who
+wished him to share their abode and dignity. The senators further
+informed the credulous population that Romulus was to be henceforth
+worshiped as a god under the name of Quirinus, and gave orders for the
+erection of a temple on one of the seven hills, which since then has
+been known as Mount Quirinal. Yearly festivals in Romulus' honor were
+ever after held in Rome, under the name of Quirinalia.
+
+Well pleased with the new city of Rome and its turbulent, lawless
+citizens, Mars took it under his special protection; and once, when a
+plague was raging which threatened to destroy all the people, the
+Romans rushed in a body to his temple, and clamored for a sign of his
+favor and protection.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ancile.]
+
+Even while they prayed, it is said, a shield, Ancile, fell from
+heaven, and a voice was distinctly heard to declare that Rome would
+endure as long as this token of the god's good will was preserved. The
+very same day the plague ceased its frightful ravages, and the Romans,
+delighted with the result of their petitions, placed the heavenly
+shield in one of their principal temples.
+
+Then, in constant dread lest some of their enemies should succeed in
+stealing it, they caused eleven other shields to be made, so exactly
+like the heaven-sent Ancile, that none but the guardian priests, the
+Salii, who kept continual watch over them, could detect the original
+from the facsimiles. During the month of March, which, owing to its
+blustery weather, was dedicated to Mars and bore his name, the ancilæ
+were carried in a procession all through the city, the Salii chanting
+their rude war songs, and executing intricate war dances.
+
+A Roman general, ere setting out on any warlike expedition, always
+entered the sanctuary of Mars, touched the sacred shield with the
+point of his lance, shook the spear in the hand of the god's effigy,
+and called aloud, "Mars, watch over us!"
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Mars.]
+
+A common superstition among the Roman soldiery was, that Mars, under
+the name of Gradivus, marched in person at the head of their army, and
+led them on to victory. Mars' principal votaries were therefore the
+Roman soldiers and youths, whose exercising ground was called, in his
+honor, the Campus Martius, or Field of Mars. All the laurel crowns
+bestowed upon victorious generals were deposited at the foot of his
+statues, and a bull was the customary thank offering after a
+successful campaign.
+
+    "The soldier, from successful camps returning
+    With laurel wreath'd, and rich with hostile spoil,
+    Severs the bull to Mars."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VULCAN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's fall.]
+
+Vulcan, or Hephæstus, son of Jupiter and Juno, god of fire and the
+forge, seldom joined the general council of the gods. His aversion to
+Olympus was of old standing. He had once been tenderly attached to his
+mother, had lavished upon her every proof of his affection, and had
+even tried to console her when she mourned Jupiter's neglect. On one
+occasion, intending to punish Juno for one of her usual fits of
+jealousy, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, fast bound by a golden
+chain; and Vulcan, perceiving her in this plight, tugged at the chain
+with all his might, drew her up, and was about to set her free, when
+Jupiter returned, and, in anger at his son's interference in his
+matrimonial concerns, kicked him out of heaven.
+
+The intervening space between heaven and earth was so great, that
+Vulcan's fall lasted during one whole day and night, ere he finally
+touched the summit of Mount Mosychlus, in the Island of Lemnos.
+
+                              "From morn
+    To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
+    A summer's day; and with the setting sun
+    Dropt from the zenith like a falling star,
+    On Lemnos th' Ægean isle."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+Of course, to any one but a god such a terrible fall would have proved
+fatal; and even Vulcan did not escape entirely unharmed, for he
+injured one of his legs, which accident left him lame and somewhat
+deformed for the remainder of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's forge.]
+
+Now, although Vulcan had risked so much and suffered so greatly in
+taking his mother's part, she never even made the slightest attempt to
+ascertain whether he had reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her
+indifference and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed never again to return to
+Olympus, and withdrew to the solitudes of Mount Ætna, where he
+established a great forge in the heart of the mountain, in partnership
+with the Cyclopes, who helped him manufacture many cunning and useful
+objects from the metals found in great profusion in the bosom of the
+earth.
+
+Among these ingenious contrivances were two golden handmaidens gifted
+with motion, who attended the god wherever he went, and supported his
+halting footsteps.
+
+    "Two golden statues, like in form and look
+    To living maidens, aided with firm gait
+    The monarch's steps."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The golden throne.]
+
+Vulcan also devised a golden throne with countless hidden springs,
+which, when unoccupied, did not present an extraordinary appearance;
+but as soon as any one ventured to make use of it, the springs moved,
+and, the chair closing around the person seated upon it, frustrated
+all attempts to rise and escape from its treacherous embrace.
+
+Vulcan dispatched this throne, when completed, to his mother, who,
+delighted with its beauty and delicate workmanship, proudly seated
+herself upon it, and found herself a prisoner. In vain she strove to
+escape, in vain the gods all gallantly rushed to her assistance. Their
+united strength and skill proved useless against the cunning springs.
+
+  [Illustration: FORGE OF VULCAN.--Velasquez. (Museum, Madrid.)]
+
+Finally Mercury was sent to Vulcan, primed with a most diplomatic
+request to honor high Olympus with his presence; but all Mercury's
+eloquence and persuasions failed to induce the god of the forge to
+leave his sooty abode, and the messenger god was forced to return
+alone and report the failure of his attempt. Then the gods
+deliberated anew, and decided to send Bacchus, god of wine, hoping his
+powers of persuasion would prove more effective.
+
+Armed with a flask of his choicest vintage, Bacchus presented himself
+before Vulcan, and offered him a refreshing draught. Vulcan,
+predisposed to thirst, and incited to drink by the very nature of his
+labor, accepted the offered cup, and allowed himself to be beguiled
+into renewing his potations, until he was quite intoxicated. In this
+condition, Bacchus led him passive to Olympus, made him release the
+Queen of Heaven, and urged him to embrace his father and crave
+forgiveness.
+
+Although restored to favor, Vulcan would not remain permanently in
+Olympus, but preferred to return to his forge and continue his labors.
+He undertook, however, the construction of magnificent golden palaces
+for each of the gods upon the Olympian heights, fashioned their
+sumptuous furniture from precious metals, and further embellished his
+work by a rich ornamentation of precious stones.
+
+    "Then to their starry domes the gods depart,
+    The shining monuments of Vulcan's art:
+    Jove on his couch reclin'd his awful head,
+    And Juno slumber'd on the golden bed."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+Aided by the Cyclopes, Vulcan manufactured Jupiter's weapons, the
+dread thunderbolts, whose frightful power none could withstand, and
+Cupid's love-inspiring darts.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's loves.]
+
+Vulcan, in spite of his deformity, extreme ugliness, and well-known
+aversion to any home but his sooty forge, was none the less prone to
+fall in love with the various goddesses. He first wooed Minerva, who,
+having sworn never to marry, contemptuously dismissed his suit. To
+console Vulcan for this rebuff, and at the same time punish the
+Goddess of Beauty, who, according to some mythologists, had refused
+even his addresses, Jupiter bestowed upon him the fair hand of Venus,
+and sent her and her mischievous train of Loves and Graces to reside
+in the dark caves of Mount Ætna.
+
+Amused by all the strange sights and sounds, the goddess at first
+seemed quite contented; but after a time Vulcan's gloomy abode lost
+all its attractions: so she forsook her ill-favored husband, and went
+in search of another, more congenial mate.
+
+Some time after, Vulcan married one of the Graces, who, however, seems
+to have also soon wearied of his society, for she deserted him.
+
+Vulcan's children were mostly monsters, such as Cacus, Periphetes,
+Cercyon, etc., all of whom play an important part in heroic mythology.
+He is also the reputed father of Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome,
+by a slave Ocrisia, whom he was wont to visit in the guise of a bright
+flame, which played harmlessly about her.
+
+Vulcan was worshiped by all blacksmiths and artisans, who recognized
+him as their special patron, and venerated him accordingly.
+
+                  "Those who labor
+    The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
+    Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,
+    Acknowledge Vulcan's aid."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+Great festivals, the Vulcanalia and the Hephæstia, were celebrated in
+honor of this god, who is generally represented as a short, muscular
+man, with one leg shorter than the other, a workman's cap on his curly
+locks, a short upper garment, and a smith's tools in his hand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+
+When Jupiter assigned to each of his brothers a separate portion of
+the universe, he decreed that Neptune, or Poseidon, should govern all
+the waters upon the face of the earth, and be sole monarch of the
+ocean.
+
+    "Neptune, the mighty marine god, I sing;
+    Earth's mover, and the fruitless ocean's king.
+    That Helicon and th' Ægean deeps dost hold.
+    O thou earth-shaker; thy command, twofold
+    The gods have sorted; making thee of horses
+    The awful tamer, and of naval forces
+    The sure preserver. Hail, O Saturn's birth!
+    Whose graceful green hair circles all the earth.
+    Bear a benign mind; and thy helpful hand
+    Lend all, submitted to thy dread command."
+
+                      Homer (Chapman's tr.).
+
+Before this new ruler made his appearance, the Titan Oceanus had
+wielded the scepter of the sea; and regretfully he now resigned it to
+his youthful supplanter, whom he nevertheless admired sincerely, and
+described in glowing colors to his brothers.
+
+    "Have ye beheld the young God of the Seas,
+    My dispossessor? Have ye seen his face?
+    Have ye beheld his chariot, foam'd along
+    By noble winged creatures he hath made?
+    I saw him on the calmed waters scud,
+    With such a glow of beauty in his eyes,
+    That it enforc'd me to bid sad farewell
+    To all my empire."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+  [Illustration: FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE.--Bologna. (Bologna.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's exile.]
+
+Neptune, the personification as well as the god of the sea, was of an
+exceedingly encroaching disposition. Dissatisfied with the portion
+allotted him, he once conspired to dethrone Jupiter; but,
+unfortunately for the success of his undertaking, his plot was
+discovered before he could put it into execution, and Jupiter, in
+punishment for his temerity, exiled him to earth. There he was
+condemned to build the walls of Troy for Laomedon, king of that city,
+who, in return, promised a handsome compensation.
+
+Apollo, also banished from heaven at that time, volunteered to aid
+Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by the power of
+sweet sounds (p. 65). The task satisfactorily ended, Laomedon, an
+avaricious and dishonest king, refused the promised guerdon, whereupon
+Neptune created a terrible monster, which came upon the shore,
+devoured the inhabitants, devastated everything within his reach, and
+inspired all with great terror.
+
+            "A great serpent from the deep,
+    Lifting his horrible head above their homes,
+    Devoured the children."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+To save themselves from the awful death which threatened them all, the
+Trojans consulted an oracle, who advised the sacrifice of a beautiful
+virgin, and promised the monster would disappear as soon as he had
+devoured the appointed victim.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hesione.]
+
+A young girl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the seashore,
+and chained by the priest's own hands to a slimy rock. As soon as her
+mourning friends had forsaken her, the hideous serpent came out of his
+lair in the waves, and devoured her; then he vanished, and nothing
+more was heard of him for a whole year, at the end of which time he
+reappeared, and resumed his former depredations, which were only
+checked by the sacrifice of a second virgin.
+
+Year after year, however, he returned, and year after year a fair girl
+was doomed to perish, until finally the lot fell upon Hesione, the
+king's only daughter. He could not bear the thought of the terrible
+fate awaiting her, and tried every means in his power to save her. As
+a last resort he sent heralds to publish far and wide that the king
+would give a great reward to any man who would dare attack and succeed
+in slaying the monster.
+
+Hercules, on his return from the scene of one of his stupendous
+labors, heard the proclamation, and, with no other weapon than the
+oaken club he generally carried, slew the monster just as he was about
+to drag poor Hesione down into his slimy cave. Laomedon was, of
+course, overjoyed at the monster's death, but, true to his nature,
+again refused the promised reward, and by his dishonesty incurred the
+hatred and contempt of this hero also. Some time after, having
+finished his time of servitude with Eurystheus, Hercules, aided by a
+chosen band of adventurers, came to Troy to punish him for his
+perfidy. The city was stormed and taken, the king slain, and his wife
+and children carried to Greece as captives. There Hesione became the
+bride of Telamon; while her brother Podarces, later known as Priam,
+was redeemed by his people and made King of Troy.
+
+Laomedon's failure to pay his just debts was the primary cause of the
+enmity which Apollo and Neptune displayed towards the Trojans during
+their famous war with the Greeks (p. 305).
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's contests.]
+
+Their term of exile ended, the gods were reinstated in their exalted
+positions, and hastened to resume their former occupations; but, in
+spite of the severe lesson just received, Neptune was not yet cured of
+his grasping tendencies. Not long after his return from Troy, he
+quarreled with Minerva for the possession of the then recently founded
+city of Athens, then nameless, and entered into the memorable contest
+in which he was signally defeated (p. 57). He also disputed the
+sovereignty of Trœzene with Minerva, and that of Corinth with Apollo.
+In the latter instance, the disputants having chosen Briareus as
+umpire, the prize was awarded to him as the most powerful of all the
+gods except Jupiter.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's power.]
+
+As god of the sea, Neptune did not generally remain in Olympus, but
+dwelt way down in the coral caves of his kingdom, over which he ruled
+with resistless sway. By one word he could stir up or calm the wildest
+storm, and cause the billows to roar with fury or subside into
+peaceful ripples.
+
+      "He spake, and round about him called the clouds
+    And roused the ocean,--wielding in his hand
+    The trident,--summoned all the hurricanes
+    Of all the winds, and covered earth and sky
+    At once with mists, while from above the night
+    Fell suddenly."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The rivers, fountains, lakes, and seas were not only subject to his
+rule, but he could also cause terrible earthquakes at will, and, when
+he pleased, raise islands from the deep, as he did when Latona
+entreated him to shelter her from Juno's persecutions (p. 62).
+
+Neptune is said to have loved the goddess Ceres, and to have followed
+her during her prolonged search for her daughter, Proserpina. Annoyed
+by his persistent wooing, the goddess, to escape him, assumed the form
+of a mare; but the God of the Sea, not at all deceived by this
+stratagem, straightway assumed the form of a horse, in which guise he
+contentedly trotted after her and renewed his attentions.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's wives.]
+
+The offspring of this equine pair was Arion, a wonderful winged steed,
+gifted with the power of speech, whose early education was intrusted
+to the Nereides. They trained him to draw his father's chariot over
+the waves with incredible rapidity, and parted with him regretfully
+when he was given to Copreus, Pelops' son. This marvelous horse passed
+successively into Hercules' and Adrastus' hands; and the latter won
+all the chariot races, thanks to his fleetness.
+
+On another occasion, Neptune, having fallen deeply in love with a
+maiden named Theophane, and fearful lest some one of her numerous
+suitors should find favor in her eyes before he had time to urge his
+wooing, suddenly changed her into a sheep, and conveyed her to the
+Island of Crumissa, where he assumed the guise of a ram, and, in this
+metamorphosed condition, carried on his courtship, which eventually
+proved successful. The offspring of this union was the golden-fleeced
+ram which bore Phryxus in safety to the Colchian shores, and whose
+pelt was the goal of the Argonautic expedition (p. 265).
+
+Neptune also loved and married Medusa in the days of her youth and
+beauty, and when some drops of blood fell from her severed head into
+the salt sea foam, he produced from them the graceful winged steed
+Pegasus (p. 244).
+
+Neptune is also said to be the father of the giants Otus and
+Ephialtes, of Neleus, Pelias, and Polyphemus.
+
+[Sidenote: Amphitrite.]
+
+The Queen of the Ocean, Neptune's own true and lawful wife, was a
+Nereid, one of the fifty daughters of Doris and Nereus,--the
+personification of the calm and sunlit aspect of the sea. Her name was
+Amphitrite, or Salacia. At first she was in great awe of her
+distinguished suitor, and in her fear fled at his approach, leaving
+him no chance to admire any of her charms, except the grace and
+celerity with which she managed to flit, or rather glide, out of his
+sight.
+
+                "Along the deep
+    With beauteous ankles, Amphitrite glides."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+This conduct grieved Neptune so sorely, that he sent a dolphin to
+plead his cause, and persuade the fair nymph to share his throne. The
+messenger, carefully instructed beforehand, carried out the directions
+with such skill, that Amphitrite formally consented to become
+Neptune's wife.
+
+The King of the Deep was so overjoyed at these good tidings, that he
+transferred the dolphin to the sky, where he forms a well-known
+constellation. Neptune and Amphitrite in due time became the happy
+parents of several children, among whom the most celebrated is Triton,
+whose body was half man and half fish, and who gave his name to all
+his male descendants.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Idas and Marpessa.]
+
+Like all other gods, Neptune took a lively interest in men's affairs,
+and sometimes interfered in their behalf. On one occasion, for
+instance, he even lent his beautiful chariot to a youth by the name of
+Idas, who, loving a maiden dearly, and unable to win her father's
+consent to their union, had resolved to kidnap her. Marpessa, for such
+was the lady's name, allowed herself to be carried off without
+protest; and the lovers were blissfully speeding along in Neptune's
+chariot, when her father, Evenus, perceiving their escape, started in
+pursuit of them. In spite of the most strenuous efforts, he could not
+overtake the fleeing pair, and in his anger plunged into a river,
+where he was drowned, and which from him received the name of Evenus.
+
+Idas and Marpessa were just congratulating themselves upon their
+narrow escape, when suddenly Apollo appeared before them, and,
+checking their steeds, declared he loved the maiden too, and would not
+tamely yield her up to a rival.
+
+This was quite equivalent to a challenge; and Idas, stepping down from
+the chariot, was about to engage in the fight, when suddenly out of a
+clear sky a thunderbolt came crashing down to earth, and an imperious
+voice was heard to declare that the quarrel could be settled by
+Marpessa only, and that she should freely choose the suitor she
+preferred as husband.
+
+The maiden glanced at both her lovers, and quickly reviewed their
+respective attractions. Remembering that Apollo, being immortal, would
+retain all his youthful bloom when her more ephemeral beauty had
+vanished, and that he would then probably cease to love her, she held
+out her hand to Idas, declaring she preferred to link her fate to that
+of a mortal, who would grow old when she did, and love her as long as
+they both lived. This choice was approved by Jupiter; and the lovers,
+after reaching a place of safety, returned the wondrous chariot to
+Neptune, with many grateful thanks for his timely aid.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's attendants.]
+
+All the Nereides, Tritons, and lesser sea divinities formed a part of
+Neptune and Amphitrite's train, and followed closely when they rode
+forth to survey their kingdom.
+
+Neptune had, besides this, many subordinates, whose duty it was to
+look after various seas, lakes, rivers, fountains, etc., confided to
+their special care. In harmony with their occupations, these
+divinities were either hoary river gods (such as Father Nile), slender
+youths, beautiful maidens, or little babbling children. They seldom
+left the cool waves of their appointed dwellings, and strove to win
+Neptune's approbation mostly by the zeal they showed in the discharge
+of their various duties.
+
+Proteus, too, another inferior deity, had the care of the flocks of
+the deep, and he always attended Neptune when it was safe to leave his
+great herds of sea calves to bask on the sunny shores.
+
+    "In ages past old Proteus, with his droves
+    Of sea calves, sought the mountains and the groves."
+
+                                     Cowper.
+
+[Sidenote: Proteus.]
+
+In common with all the other gods, Proteus enjoyed the gift of
+prophecy, and had the power to assume any shape he pleased. The former
+gift he was wont to exercise very reluctantly; and when mortals wished
+to consult him, he would change his form with bewildering rapidity,
+and, unless they clung to him through all his changes, they could
+obtain no answer to their questions.
+
+      "Shouting [we] seize the god: our force t' evade,
+    His various arts he soon resumes in aid:
+    A lion now, he curls a surgy mane;
+    Sudden, our hands a spotted pard restrain;
+    Then, arm'd with tusks, and lightning in his eyes,
+    A boar's obscener shape the god belies:
+    On spiry volumes, there, a dragon rides;
+    Here, from our strict embrace a stream he glides;
+    And last, sublime, his stately growth he rears,
+    A tree, and well-dissembled foliage wears."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+But if these manifestations proved unavailing to drive his would-be
+hearers away, the god answered every question circumstantially.
+
+  [Illustration: FATHER NILE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+Amphitrite, Neptune's wife,--generally represented as a beautiful
+nude nymph, crowned with seaweed, and reclining in a pearl-shell
+chariot drawn by dolphins, or sea-horses,--was worshiped with her
+husband.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Neptune.]
+
+Neptune, majestic and middle-aged, with long, flowing hair and beard,
+wearing a seaweed crown, and brandishing a trident, or three-pronged
+fork, was widely worshiped throughout Greece and Italy, and had
+countless shrines. His principal votaries were the seamen and horse
+trainers, who often bespoke his aid.
+
+    "Hail, Neptune, greatest of the gods!
+    Thou ruler of the salt sea floods;
+    Thou with the deep and dark-green hair,
+    That dost the golden trident bear;
+    Thou that, with either arm outspread,
+    Embosomest the earth we tread:
+    Thine are the beasts with fin and scales,
+    That round thy chariot, as it sails,
+    Plunging and tumbling, fast and free,
+    All reckless follow o'er the sea."
+
+                                      Arion.
+
+Many large temples were dedicated exclusively to the worship of
+Neptune, and games were frequently celebrated in his honor. The most
+noted of all were undoubtedly the Isthmian Games,--a national
+festival, held every four years at Corinth, on the isthmus of the same
+name. Hither people came from all points of the compass, and all parts
+of the then known world, either to witness or to take part in the
+noted wrestling, boxing, and racing matches, or in the musical and
+poetical contests.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+PLUTO.
+
+
+Pluto[1] (Dis, Hades, Orcus, Aïdoneus), son of Cronus and Rhea,
+received as his share of the world the supervision of the Infernal
+Regions, situated beneath the earth, and was also appointed god of the
+dead and of riches, for all precious metals are buried deep in the
+bosom of the earth.
+
+    [1] Besides this Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, the
+    Greeks also worshiped Plutus, a son of Ceres and Jason, who
+    was known exclusively as the god of wealth. Abandoned in
+    infancy, he was brought up by Pax, the goddess of peace, who
+    is often represented holding him in her lap. Because Plutus
+    insisted upon bestowing his favors upon good and noble
+    mortals only, Jupiter soon deprived him of his sight. Since
+    then the blind god's gifts have been distributed
+    indiscriminately.
+
+This god inspired all men with a great fear. They never spoke of him
+without trembling, and fervently prayed that they might never see his
+face; for, when he appeared on the surface of the earth, it was only
+in search of some victim to drag down into his dismal abode, or to
+make sure there was no crevice through which a sunbeam might glide to
+brighten its gloom and dispel its shadows. Whenever the stern god set
+out on one of these expeditions, he rode in a chariot drawn by four
+coal-black steeds; and, if any obstacle presented itself to impede his
+progress, he struck it with his two-pronged fork, the emblem of his
+power, and the obstacle was immediately removed. It was on one of
+these occasions that Pluto kidnapped Proserpina, the fair goddess of
+vegetation, daughter of Ceres, whom he set on his throne in Hades, and
+crowned his queen (p. 183).
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Pluto.]
+
+Pluto is always represented as a stern, dark, bearded man, with
+tightly closed lips, a crown on his head, a scepter and a key in hand,
+to show how carefully he guards those who enter his domains, and how
+vain are their hopes to effect their escape. No temples were dedicated
+to him, and statues of this god are very rare. Human sacrifices were
+sometimes offered on his altars; and at his festivals, held every
+hundred years, and thence called Secular Games, none but black animals
+were slain.
+
+[Sidenote: Hades.]
+
+His kingdom, generally called Hades, was very difficult of access.
+According to Roman traditions, it could only be entered at Avernus,
+but the Greeks asserted that there was another entrance near the
+Promontory of Tænarum. Both nations agreed, however, in saying that it
+was an almost impossible feat to get out again if one were rash enough
+to venture in.
+
+    "To the shades you go a down-hill, easy way;
+    But to return and re-enjoy the day,
+    This is a work, a labor!"
+
+                                     Virgil.
+
+To prevent all mortals from entering, and all spirits from escaping,
+Pluto placed a huge three-headed dog, called Cerberus, to guard the
+gate.
+
+      "There in state old Cerberus sate,
+    A three-headed dog, as cruel as Fate,
+    Guarding the entrance early and late."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+From thence a long subterranean passage, through which shadowy spirits
+glided incessantly, led to the throne room, where Pluto and Proserpina
+sat in state, clad in their sable robes. From the foot of this throne
+flowed the rivers which channeled the Lower World. One, the Cocytus,
+rolled salt waves, composed of naught but the tears flowing
+continually from the eyes of the criminals condemned to hard labor in
+Tartarus, the portion of Hades reserved for the exclusive use of the
+wicked.
+
+    "Cocytus, named of lamentation loud
+    Heard on the rueful stream."
+
+                                      Homer.
+
+[Sidenote: Rivers of Hades.]
+
+To separate this section from the remainder of his realm, Pluto
+surrounded it with the Phlegethon, a river of fire; while the Acheron,
+a black and deep stream, was to be passed by all souls ere they
+reached Pluto's throne and heard his decree. The current of this river
+was so swift, that even the boldest swimmer could not pass over; and,
+as there was no bridge, all the spirits were obliged to rely upon the
+aid of Charon, an aged boatman, who plied the only available skiff--a
+leaky, worm-eaten punt--from shore to shore. Neither would he allow
+any soul to enter his bark, unless he was first given a small coin,
+called the obolus, the ferryman's fare, which the ancients carefully
+laid under the tongue of the dead, that they might pass on to Pluto
+without delay. Charon's leaky boat no sooner touched the shore than a
+host of eager spirits pressed forward to claim a place. The cruel
+boatman repulsed them roughly, and brandished his oars, while he
+leisurely selected those he would next ferry across the stream.
+
+              "The shiv'ring army stands,
+    And press for passage with extended hands.
+    Now these, now those, the surly boatman bore;
+    The rest he drove to distance from the shore."
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+All those who could not produce the required obolus were obliged to
+wait one hundred years, at the end of which time Charon reluctantly
+ferried them over free of charge.
+
+There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose waters the
+gods swore their most irrevocable oaths; and the blessed Lethe, whose
+waters had the power to make one forget all unpleasant things, thus
+preparing the good for a state of endless bliss in the Elysian Fields.
+
+  [Illustration: THE FURIES.--A Study for the Masque of
+      Cupid.--Burne-Jones.]
+
+    "Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls
+    Her wat'ry labrinth, whereof who drinks,
+    Forthwith his former state and being forgets,
+    Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+[Sidenote: The judges.]
+
+Near Pluto's throne were seated the three judges of Hades, Minos,
+Rhadamanthus, and Æacus, whose duty it was to question all newly
+arrived souls, to sort out the confused mass of good and bad thoughts
+and actions, and place them in the scales of Themis, the blindfolded,
+impartial goddess of justice, who bore a trenchant sword to indicate
+that her decrees would be mercilessly enforced. If the good outweighed
+the evil, the spirit was led to the Elysian Fields; but if, on the
+contrary, the evil prevailed, the spirit was condemned to suffer in
+the fires of Tartarus.
+
+                "Where his decrees
+    The guilty soul within the burning gates
+    Of Tartarus compel, or send the good
+    To inhabit, with eternal health and peace,
+    The valley of Elysium."
+
+                                   Akenside.
+
+[Sidenote: The Furies.]
+
+The guilty souls were always intrusted to the three snake-locked
+Furies (Erinnyes, or Eumenides), who drove them with their stinging
+lashes to the gates of Tartarus. These deities, who were sisters, and
+children of Acheron and Nyx, were distinguished by the individual
+names of Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megæra, and with Nemesis, goddess of
+revenge, were noted for their hard hearts and the merciless manner in
+which they hurried the ghosts intrusted to their care over the fiery
+flood of the Phlegethon, and through the brazen gates of their future
+place of incessant torment.
+
+  [Illustration: THE THREE FATES.--Thumann.]
+
+    "There rolls swift Phlegethon, with thund'ring sound,
+    His broken rocks, and whirls his surges round.
+    On mighty columns rais'd sublime are hung
+    The massy gates, impenetrably strong.
+    In vain would men, in vain would gods essay,
+    To hew the beams of adamant away.
+    Here rose an iron tow'r: before the gate,
+    By night and day, a wakeful Fury sate,
+    The pale Tisiphone; a robe she wore,
+    With all the pomp of horror, dy'd in gore."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Fates.]
+
+The three Fates (Mœræ, Parcæ), sisters, also sat near Pluto's throne.
+Clotho, the youngest, spun the thread of life, in which the bright and
+dark lines were intermingled. Lachesis, the second, twisted it; and
+under her fingers it was now strong, now weak.
+
+    "Twist ye, twine ye! even so,
+    Mingle shades of joy and woe,
+    Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,
+    In the thread of human life."
+
+                                      Scott.
+
+Atropos, the third sister, armed with a huge pair of shears,
+remorselessly cut short the thread of life,--an intimation that
+another soul would ere long find its way down into the dark kingdom of
+Hades.
+
+[Sidenote: Tartarus.]
+
+When the gates of Tartarus turned on their hinges to receive the
+newcomer, a chorus of cries, groans, and imprecations from within fell
+upon his ear, mingled with the whistling of the whips incessantly
+plied by retributive deities.
+
+    "What sounds were heard,
+    What scenes appeared,
+    O'er all the dreary coasts!
+        Dreadful gleams,
+        Dismal screams,
+        Fires that glow,
+        Shrieks of woe,
+        Sullen moans,
+        Hollow groans,
+    And cries of tortured ghosts."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+[Sidenote: The Danaides.]
+
+Many victims renowned while on earth for their cruelty found here the
+just punishment of their sins. Attention was first attracted by a
+group of beautiful maidens, who carried water to fill a bottomless
+cask. Down to the stream they hastened, a long procession, filled
+their urns with water, painfully clambered up the steep and slippery
+bank, and poured their water into the cask; but when, exhausted and
+ready to faint from fatigue, they paused to rest for a moment, the
+cutting lash fell upon their bare shoulders, and spurred them on to
+renewed efforts to complete a task so hopeless that it has become
+proverbial.
+
+These fair maidens were the Danaides, daughters of Danaus, who had
+pledged his fifty daughters to the fifty sons of his brother Ægyptus.
+The marriage preparations were all completed, when Danaus suddenly
+remembered an ancient prophecy which had quite escaped his memory, and
+which foretold that he would perish by the hand of his son-in-law.
+
+It was now too late to prevent the marriages, so, calling his
+daughters aside, he told them what the oracle had said, and, giving
+them each a sharp dagger, bade them slay their husbands on their
+wedding night. The marriages were celebrated, as was customary, with
+mirth, dance, and song; and the revelry continued until late at night,
+when, the guests having departed, the newly married couples retired.
+But as soon as Danaus' daughters were quite certain their husbands
+were fast asleep, they produced their daggers and slew their mates.
+
+    "Danaus arm'd each daughter's hand
+    To stain with blood the bridal bed."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+One of the brides only, Hypermnestra, loved her husband too dearly to
+obey her father's command, and, when morning broke, only forty-nine of
+Ægyptus' sons were found lifeless. The sole survivor, Lynceus, to
+avenge his brothers' death, slew Danaus, thus fulfilling the ominous
+prophecy; while the gods, incensed by the Danaides' heartlessness,
+sent them to Hades, where they were compelled to fill the bottomless
+cask.
+
+[Sidenote: Tantalus.]
+
+Tartarus also detained within its brazen portals a cruel king named
+Tantalus (the father of Niobe), who, while on earth, had starved and
+ill-treated his subjects, insulted the immortal gods, and on one
+occasion had even dared to cook and serve up to them his own son
+Pelops. Most of the gods were immediately aware of the deception
+practiced upon them, and refused the new dish; but Ceres, who was very
+melancholy on account of the recent loss of her daughter, paid no heed
+to what was offered her, and in a fit of absent-mindedness ate part of
+the lad's shoulder.
+
+The gods in pity restored the youth to life, and Ceres replaced the
+missing shoulder with one of ivory or of gold. Driven away from his
+kingdom, which was seized by the King of Troy, Pelops took refuge in
+Greece, where he ruled the extensive peninsula, the Peloponnesus,
+which still bears his name.
+
+To punish the inhuman Tantalus, the gods then sent him to Tartarus,
+where he stood up to his chin in a stream of pure water, tormented
+with thirst; for, whenever he stooped to drink, the waters fled from
+his parched lips. Over his head hung a branch of luscious fruit. His
+hunger was as intolerable as his thirst; but, whenever he clutched at
+the fruit, the branch swung upward, and eluded his eager grasp.
+
+    "Above, beneath, around his hapless head,
+    Trees of all kinds delicious fruitage spread.
+    The fruit he strives to seize; but blasts arise,
+    Toss it on high, and whirl it to the skies."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+This singular punishment inflicted upon Tantalus gave rise to the
+expression "to tantalize."
+
+[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]
+
+Another criminal was Sisyphus, who, while king of Corinth, had misused
+his power, had robbed and killed travelers, and even deceived the
+gods. His reprehensible conduct was punished in Tartarus, where he was
+condemned to roll a huge stone to the top of a very steep hill; and
+just as he reached the summit, and fancied his task done, the rock
+would slip from his grasp and roll to the foot of the hill, thus
+obliging him to renew all his exertions.
+
+    "With many a weary step, and many a groan,
+    Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;
+    The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,
+    Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.
+    Again the restless orb his toil renews,
+    Dust mounts in clouds, and sweat descends in dews."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Salmoneus.]
+
+Salmoneus, another king, had vainly tried to make his subjects believe
+he was Jupiter. To that effect, he had once driven over a brazen
+bridge to imitate the roll of thunder, and, to simulate the
+thunderbolts, had thrown lighted torches down upon the multitude,
+purposely assembled below.
+
+    "Th' audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew:
+    He wav'd a torch aloft, and, madly vain,
+    Sought godlike worship from a servile train.
+    Ambitious fool, with horny hoofs to pass
+    O'er hollow arches of resounding brass,
+    To rival thunder in its rapid course,
+    And imitate inimitable force!"
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+This insolent parody so incensed Jupiter, that he grasped one of his
+deadliest thunderbolts, brandished it aloft for a moment, and then
+hurled it with vindictive force at the arrogant king. In Tartarus,
+Salmoneus was placed beneath an overhanging rock, which momentarily
+threatened to fall, and crush him under its mass.
+
+    "He was doomed to sit under a huge stone,
+    Which the father of the gods
+    Kept over his head suspended.
+    Thus he sat
+    In continual dread of its downfall,
+    And lost to every comfort."
+
+                                     Pindar.
+
+[Sidenote: Tityus.]
+
+Still farther on was the recumbent form of Tityus, a giant whose body
+covered nine acres of ground. He had dared offer an insult to Juno,
+and in punishment was chained like Prometheus, while a vulture feasted
+on his liver.
+
+    "There Tityus was to see, who took his birth
+    From heav'n, his nursing from the foodful earth:
+    Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace,
+    Infold nine acres of infernal space.
+    A rav'nous vulture in his open side
+    Her crooked beak and cruel talons try'd:
+    Still for the growing liver digg'd his breast,
+    The growing liver still supply'd the feast."
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ixion.]
+
+Here in Tartarus, too, was Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, who had been
+given the hand of Dia in marriage on condition that he would give her
+father a stipulated sum of money in exchange, but who, as soon as the
+maiden was his, refused to keep his promise. The father-in-law was an
+avaricious man, and clamored so loudly for his money, that Ixion, to
+be rid of his importunities, slew him. Such an act of violence could
+not be overlooked by the gods: so Jupiter summoned Ixion to appear
+before him and state his case.
+
+Ixion pleaded so skillfully, that Jupiter was about to declare him
+acquitted, when he suddenly caught him making love to Juno, which
+offense seemed so unpardonable, that he sent him to Tartarus, where he
+was bound to a constantly revolving wheel of fire.
+
+        "Proud Ixion (doom'd to feel
+    The tortures of the eternal wheel,
+    Bound by the hand of angry Jove)
+    Received the due rewards of impious love."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Elysian Fields.]
+
+Far out of sight and hearing of the pitiful sounds which so constantly
+rose out of Tartarus, were the Elysian Fields, lighted by a sun and
+moon of their own, decked with the most fragrant and beautiful of
+flowers, and provided with every charm that nature or art could
+supply. No storms or wintry winds ever came to rob these fields of
+their springlike beauty; and here the blessed spent eternity, in
+pleasant communion with the friends they had loved on earth.
+
+    "Patriots who perished for their country's rights,
+    Or nobly triumphed in the fields of fight:
+    There holy priests and sacred poets stood,
+    Who sang with all the raptures of a god:
+    Worthies whose lives by useful arts refined;
+    With those who leave a deathless name behind,
+    Friends of the world, and fathers of mankind."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+BACCHUS.
+
+
+Among all the mortal maidens honored by the love of Jupiter, king of
+the gods, none was more attractive than Semele, daughter of Cadmus and
+Harmonia.
+
+    "For Semele was molded in the form
+    Of elegance; the beauty of her race
+    Shone in her forehead."
+
+                       Nonnus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Semele.]
+
+Although conscious of these superior attractions, Semele was
+excessively coy, and it was only with the greatest difficulty that
+Jupiter, disguised as a mortal, could urge his love suit. When he had
+at last obtained a hearing, he told her who he was, calculating upon
+the effect which such a revelation must necessarily produce.
+
+He was not mistaken in his previsions, for Semele, proud of having
+attracted the greatest among the gods, no longer offered any
+resistance, and consented to their union. Their love grew and
+prospered, and Jupiter came down from Olympus as often as possible to
+enjoy the society of his beloved. His frequent absences finally
+aroused Juno's suspicions, and, as usual, she spared no pains to
+discover what powerful charm could draw him from her side. After a few
+days she knew all, and straightway determined to have her revenge, and
+punish her fickle spouse. To accomplish this successfully, she assumed
+the face and form of Beroe, Semele's old nurse, and thus entered the
+young princess's apartment quite unsuspected.
+
+      "Old Beroe's decrepit shape she wears,
+    Her wrinkled visage, and her hoary hairs;
+    Whilst in her trembling gait she totters on,
+    And learns to tattle in the nurse's tone."
+
+                       Ovid (Addison's tr.).
+
+There she immediately entered into conversation with her supposed
+nursling, artfully extracted a complete confession, heard with
+suppressed rage how long Jupiter had wooed ere he had finally won the
+maiden's consent, and received a rapturous and minute catalogue of all
+his personal charms and a synopsis of all they had both said.
+
+The false nurse listened with apparent sympathy; but in reality she
+was furious, and, to put an end to it all, asked Semele if she were
+quite sure he was king of the gods, as he asserted, and whether he
+visited her in all the pomp of his regal apparel. The maiden
+shamefacedly replied that he was wont to visit her in the guise of a
+mortal only; whereupon Beroe, with feigned indignation, told her
+nursling he must either be a vile impostor, or else that he did not
+love her as dearly as he loved Juno, in whose presence he seldom
+appeared except in godlike array.
+
+With artful words she so worked upon the guileless nature of her
+rival, that, when Jupiter next came, the maiden used all her
+blandishments to extort from him a solemn oath to grant any request
+she chose to make. A lover is not very likely to weigh his words under
+such circumstances, and Jupiter took the most solemn of all the oaths
+to gratify her whim.
+
+    "'Bear me witness, Earth, and ye, broad Heavens
+    Above us, and ye, waters of the Styx,
+    That flow beneath us, mightiest oath of all,
+    And most revered by the blessed gods!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The promise won, the delighted Semele bade her lover speedily return
+to Olympus, don his own majestic form and apparel, and hasten back to
+her side, surrounded by all his heavenly pomp, and armed with his
+dreaded thunderbolts. Jupiter, horrified at this imprudent request,
+implored her to ask something else, and release him from a promise
+fraught with such danger to her; but all in vain. Semele, like many
+another fair lady, enjoyed having her own way, and fairly forced him
+to obey.
+
+Jupiter returned to Olympus, modified his costume as much as possible,
+dimmed his glory wherever he could, and chose the feeblest of all his
+bolts, for well he knew no mere mortal could endure the shock of his
+full glory. Then, mounted on a pale flash of lightning, he darted back
+to Semele.
+
+      "To keep his promise he ascends, and shrouds
+    His awful brow in whirlwinds and in clouds;
+    Whilst all around, in terrible array,
+    His thunders rattle, and his lightnings play.
+    And yet, the dazzling luster to abate,
+    He set not out in all his pomp and state,
+    Clad in the mildest lightning of the skies,
+    And arm'd with thunder of the smallest size:
+    Not those huge bolts, by which the giants slain,
+    Lay overthrown on the Phlegrean plain.
+    'Twas of a lesser mold, and lighter weight;
+    They call it thunder of a second-rate.
+    For the rough Cyclops, who by Jove's command
+    Temper'd the bolt and turn'd it to his hand,
+    Work'd up less flame and fury in its make,
+    And quench'd it sooner in the standing lake.
+    Thus dreadfully adorn'd, with horror bright,
+    Th' illustrious god, descending from his height,
+    Came rushing on her in a storm of light."
+
+                       Ovid (Addison's tr.).
+
+But, although so much milder than usual, this apparition was more than
+poor Semele's human nerves could bear, and she dropped to the floor in
+a swoon at the first glimpse of her lover. Oblivious of all but her
+alarming condition, Jupiter sprang to her side; but the lightning
+which played about his head set fire to the whole palace, which was
+reduced to ashes.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Bacchus.]
+
+Semele herself perished, burned to death; and the only person in all
+the building who escaped uninjured was Bacchus (Liber, Dionysus), the
+infant son of Jupiter and Semele, who was saved by his father's
+powerful hand. Jupiter was at first inconsolable at the death of
+Semele; and, to testify to all mortals how fondly he had loved her, he
+brought her spirit up to heaven, where he raised her to the rank of a
+deity.
+
+      "Semele of the flowing hair,
+    Who died in Thunder's crashing flame,
+    To deified existence came."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+The infant Bacchus was first intrusted to the care of his aunt Ino,
+the second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, who nursed him as tenderly
+as if he had been her own child. But all her love could not avail to
+screen him from the effects of Juno's persistent hatred: so Jupiter,
+fearing lest some harm might befall his precious son, bade Mercury
+convey him to the distant home of the Nysiades,--nymphs who guarded
+him most faithfully.
+
+Juno, not daring to continue her persecutions, wreaked all her anger
+upon poor Ino and her unhappy household by sending the Fury Tisiphone
+to goad Athamas to madness. In a fit of deluded frenzy, he pursued his
+wife and children as if they were wild beasts. One of his sons,
+Learchus, fell beneath his arrows; and, to escape his murderous fury,
+Ino plunged headlong into the sea with her second child in her arms.
+The gods, in pity for her sufferings, changed her into the goddess
+Leucothea, and her son into a sea deity by the name of Palæmon.
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus' attendants.]
+
+When still but a youth, Bacchus was appointed god of wine and revelry,
+and intrusted to the guidance of Silenus, a satyr, half man and half
+goat, who educated him, and accompanied him on all his travels; for he
+delighted in roaming all over the world, borne by his followers, or
+riding in his chariot drawn by wild beasts, while his tutor followed
+him, mounted on an ass, supported on either side by an attendant.
+
+  [Illustration: BACCHUS. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+    "And near him rode Silenus on his ass,
+    Pelted with flowers as he on did pass."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Bacchus' train was very large indeed, and composed of men and women,
+nymphs, fauns, and satyrs, all crowned with ivy leaves, who drank
+wine,--a drink compounded for their express use out of water and
+sunshine,--ate grapes, danced and sang, and loudly proclaimed him
+their chosen leader.
+
+    "'We follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,
+        A conquering!
+    Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,
+    We dance before him thorough kingdoms wide.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+The most unruly among his female followers were the Bacchantes, who
+delighted in revelry, and were in a perpetual state of intoxication as
+they went with him from land to land, where he taught the people the
+cultivation of the vine and the art of making wine. He traveled thus,
+it is said, throughout Greece and Asia Minor, and even ventured as far
+as India and Ethiopia.
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus and the pirates.]
+
+During these long journeys, Bacchus, as was inevitable, met with many
+adventures, which have been fertile themes for poetry and art. On one
+occasion, having strayed away from his followers and lost his way,
+Bacchus laid himself down upon the sand on the seashore to rest. Some
+pirates, sailing by, saw the handsome young sleeper, and noiselessly
+bore him off to their vessel, intending to sell him as a slave in
+Egypt.
+
+They were already quite far out at sea when the god awoke, and gazed
+around him in mute wonder at his surroundings. When fully roused, he
+bade the seamen take him back to land, but they merely replied by
+laughter and mockery. Their amusement was cut short, however, for the
+ship came to a sudden standstill; and, when they leaned over the sides
+to ascertain why their oars could no longer propel it onward, they saw
+a vine grow out of the sea, and twine its branches and tendrils with
+lightning-like velocity around oars, mast, and rigging, thus
+transforming the vessel into a floating arbor. Then a sound of music
+and revelry greeted their astonished ears, and Bacchus' followers came
+thronging over the ship's sides, riding on wild beasts, and chanting
+the praises of their god and of his favorite beverage.
+
+    "In chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,
+    Its power benign, and its flavor divine."
+
+                        Martinez de la Rosa.
+
+These extraordinary sights and sounds so bewildered the poor sailors,
+that they lost all presence of mind, and jumped overboard into the
+sea, where they were drowned and changed into dolphins.
+
+On another occasion, Silenus, after a great carousal, lost his way in
+the forest, and helplessly wandered from place to place in search of
+his companions, until he finally came to the court of Midas, King of
+Lydia, of ass's ears fame (p. 75).
+
+[Sidenote: The curse of gold.]
+
+Midas no sooner beheld the red nose and bloated appearance of the
+wanderer, than he recognized him as Bacchus' tutor, and volunteered to
+lead him back to his divine pupil. Delighted to see Silenus again,
+Bacchus promised Midas any reward he wished; whereupon Midas, who was
+an avaricious old king, fell upon his knees, and humbly besought the
+god to grant that all he touched might be changed into gold.
+
+    "'Give me,' says he (nor thought he ask'd too much),
+    'That with my body whatsoe'er I touch,
+    Changed from the nature which it held of old,
+    May be converted into yellow gold.'"
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+Bacchus immediately signified that his prayer was granted; and Midas,
+overjoyed at the success of his bold venture, wandered back to his
+palace, testing his new-won power, which changed all to gold at a mere
+touch of one of his fingers.
+
+    "Down from a lowly branch a twig he drew,
+    The twig straight glitter'd with a golden hue.
+    He takes a stone, the stone was turn'd to gold:
+    A clod he touches, and the crumbling mold
+    Acknowledged soon the great transforming power,
+    In weight and substance like a mass of ore.
+    He pluck'd the corn, and straight his grasp appears
+    Fill'd with a bending tuft of golden ears.
+    An apple next he takes, and seems to hold
+    The bright Hesperian vegetable gold:
+    His hand he careless on a pillar lays,
+    With shining gold the fluted pillars blaze."
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+The sight of these and many other wonders, wrought by a mere touch,
+filled his heart with joy; and in his elation he bade his servants
+prepare a sumptuous feast, and invite all his courtiers to share his
+merriment. His commands were obeyed with the utmost celerity, and
+Midas beamed with satisfaction as he took his place at the head of the
+board, and viewed the choice dishes and wines prepared for his
+delectation.
+
+Here, too, however, a new revelation awaited him; for cloth, plate,
+and cup turned to gold, as did the food and drink as soon as they met
+his eager lips.
+
+    "Whose powerful hands the bread no sooner hold,
+    But all its substance is transform'd to gold:
+    Up to his mouth he lifts the savory meat,
+    Which turns to gold as he attempts to eat:
+    His patron's noble juice of purple hue,
+    Touch'd by his lips, a gilded cordial grew,
+    Unfit for drink; and, wondrous to behold,
+    It trickles from his jaws a fluid gold.
+    The rich poor fool, confounded with surprise,
+    Starving in all his various plenty lies."
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+In the midst of plenty, the gnawing pangs of hunger now made
+themselves felt; and the precious gift, which prevented his allaying
+them, soon lost all its attractions. With weary feet, Midas now
+retraced the road he had traveled in his pride a few hours before,
+again cast himself at Bacchus' feet, and this time implored him to
+take back the inconvenient gift, which prevented him from satisfying
+his natural appetites.
+
+His distress seemed so real, that Bacchus bade him go and wash in the
+Pactolus River, if he would be rid of the power which had so soon
+turned into a curse. Midas hastened off to the river and plunged in
+its tide, noting that even its sands all turned to gold beneath his
+tread; since when,
+
+    "Pactolus singeth over golden sands."
+
+                                       Gray.
+
+[Sidenote: Naxos.]
+
+Bacchus' favorite place of resort was the Island of Naxos, which he
+visited after every journey. During one of his sojourns there, he
+discovered a fair maiden lying alone on the sandy shore. Ariadne, for
+such was the girl's name, had been forsaken there by her lover,
+Theseus, who had sailed away while she slept (p. 257). As soon as she
+awoke, she called her faithless lover; but no answering sound fell
+upon her ear except the mocking tones of Echo. Her tears flowed freely
+as she beat her breast in despair; but suddenly her lamentations
+ceased, as she caught the faint sound of music floating toward her on
+the summer breeze. Eagerly turning toward the pleasant music, she
+caught sight of a merry procession, headed by the God of Wine.
+
+    "'And as I sat, over the light blue hills
+    There came a noise of revelers: the rills
+    Into the wide stream came of purple hue--
+        'Twas Bacchus and his crew!
+    The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills
+    From kissing cymbals made a merry din--
+        'Twas Bacchus and his kin!
+    Like to a moving vintage down they came,
+    Crown'd with green leaves, and faces all on flame;
+    All madly dancing through the pleasant valley.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+  [Illustration: MARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.--Tintoretto. (Ducal
+      Palace, Venice.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus and Ariadne.]
+
+Bacchus, the first to perceive the fair mourner, hastened to her side,
+and brought all his powers of persuasion into play to console her. His
+devotion at last induced her to forget her recreant lover, and, after
+a short courtship, Bacchus won her as a bride.
+
+Their wedding was the gayest ever seen, and the feasting lasted for
+several days. The bridegroom presented the bride with a crown adorned
+with seven glittering stars,--an ornament which fitly enhanced her
+peerless beauty. Shortly after her marriage, however, poor Ariadne
+sickened and died, leaving a disconsolate widower, who took the crown
+she had so often worn and flung it up into the air. It rose higher and
+higher, until the gods fixed it in the sky, where it still forms a
+brilliant constellation, known as Ariadne's Crown, or Corona.
+
+    "And still her sign is seen in heaven,
+    And, 'midst the glittering symbols of the sky,
+    The starry crown of Ariadne glides."
+
+                         Apollonius Rhodius.
+
+Bacchus' lightheartedness had all vanished, and he no longer took any
+pleasure in music, dance, or revelry, until Jupiter, in pity for his
+bereavement, restored Ariadne to his longing arms, and, to prevent her
+being again claimed by Death, gave her immortal life.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Pentheus.]
+
+When but a short distance from Thebes, Bacchus once sent a herald to
+Pentheus, the king, to announce his approach, and bespeak a suitable
+reception and sumptuous entertainment. Rumors of the noise and
+disorder, which seemed to have been the invariable accompaniment of
+the god's presence, had already reached Pentheus, who therefore
+dismissed the herald with an insolent message, purporting that Bacchus
+had better remain outside of the city gates.
+
+To avenge this insult, Bacchus inspired the Theban women with a
+species of dementia, which made them rush simultaneously out of the
+city and join his followers. Then they all clamored for permission to
+witness the religious rites in his honor, generally called Mysteries,
+which permission was graciously granted.
+
+The king's spies reported all that had occurred, and their accounts
+made Pentheus long to view the ceremonies in secret. He therefore
+disguised himself, and hid in a bush near the consecrated place,
+hoping to see all without being seen; but an inadvertent movement
+attracted the attention of the already excited Bacchantes, who, led by
+Agave, the king's own mother, dragged him from his hiding place and
+tore him limb from limb.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Bacchus.]
+
+Bacchus, god of wine, was worshiped throughout the ancient world, and
+festivals without number were held in his honor. The most noted were
+the Greater and Lesser Dionysia, the Liberalia, and the Bacchanalia,
+where the wildest merrymaking and license were freely indulged in by
+all participants.
+
+    "Bacchus, on thee they call, in hymns divine,
+    And hang thy statues on the lofty pine:
+    Hence plenty every laughing vineyard fills,
+    Thro' the deep valleys and the sloping hills;
+    Where'er the god inclines his lovely face,
+    More luscious fruits the rich plantations grace.
+    Then let us Bacchus' praises duly sing,
+    And consecrated cakes, and chargers bring,
+    Dragg'd by their horns let victim goats expire,
+    And roast on hazel spits before the sacred fire."
+
+    "Come, sacred sire, with luscious clusters crown'd,
+    Here all the riches of thy reign abound;
+    Each field replete with blushing autumn glows,
+    And in deep tides for thee the foaming vintage flows."
+
+                      Virgil (Warton's tr.).
+
+Bacchus is generally represented as a handsome youth, crowned with ivy
+or grape leaves and clusters, bearing the thyrsus, an ivy-circled
+wand, as scepter, and riding in a chariot drawn by panthers or
+leopards.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+CERES AND PROSERPINA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]
+
+Ceres (Demeter), daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and one of Jupiter's
+numerous consorts, was goddess of agriculture and civilization. Her
+manifold cares were shared by her daughter, Proserpina (Cora,
+Pherephatta, Persephone), the goddess of vegetation. Whenever her
+duties permitted, this fair young goddess hastened off to the Island
+of Sicily, her favorite place of resort, where she wandered about all
+day long, attended by a merry girlish train, gathering flowers, on the
+green slopes of Mount Ætna, and danced with the nymphs in the
+beautiful plain of Enna.
+
+One day, weary of labor, Proserpina called these fair playmates to
+join her and spend a merry day gathering flowers.
+
+                      "And one fair morn--
+    Not all the ages blot it--on the side
+    Of Ætna we were straying. There was then
+    Summer nor winter, springtide nor the time
+    Of harvest, but the soft unfailing sun
+    Shone always, and the sowing time was one
+    With reaping."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Pluto kidnaps Proserpina.]
+
+The maidens sang merry lays as they wound their long garlands; and
+their joyous voices and ripples of silvery laughter attracted the
+attention of Pluto, just then driving past in his dark chariot drawn
+by four fiery coal-black steeds. To ascertain whence these sounds
+proceeded, the god stepped out of his car, and cautiously peeped
+through the thick foliage.
+
+He saw Proserpina sitting on a mossy bank, almost buried in many-hued
+blossoms, her laughing companions picturesquely grouped around her.
+One glance sufficed to convince Pluto of her loveliness and grace, and
+to make him feel that his happiness depended on the possession of this
+bright young creature.
+
+Long ere this, he had tried to persuade one after another of the
+goddesses to share his gloomy throne; but one and all had refused the
+honor, and declined to accompany him to a land where the sun never
+shone, the birds never sang, and the flowers never bloomed. Hurt and
+disappointed by these rebuffs, Pluto had finally registered a solemn
+vow never to go wooing again; and so, instead of gently inviting
+Proserpina to become his queen, he resolved to kidnap her.
+
+Straight through the bushes he strode, direct to the spot where she
+was seated. The noise of crackling branches and hasty footsteps made
+the assembled maidens swiftly turn. One glance sufficed to identify
+the intruder, for none but he could boast of such a dark, lowering
+countenance; and all exclaimed in mingled wonder and terror at his
+unwonted presence in those sunlit regions.
+
+  [Illustration: ABDUCTION OF PROSERPINA.--Schobelt.]
+
+    "'Tis he, 'tis he: he comes to us
+    From the depths of Tartarus.
+    For what of evil doth he roam
+    From his red and gloomy home,
+    In the center of the world,
+    Where the sinful dead are hurled?
+    Mark him as he moves along,
+    Drawn by horses black and strong,
+    Such as may belong to Night
+    Ere she takes her morning flight.
+    Now the chariot stops: the god
+    On our grassy world hath trod:
+    Like a Titan steppeth he,
+    Yet full of his divinity.
+    On his mighty shoulders lie
+    Raven locks, and in his eye
+    A cruel beauty, such as none
+    Of us may wisely look upon."
+
+                             Barry Cornwall.
+
+Frightened by his impetuous approach, the trembling nymphs first
+crowded around Proserpina, who, in her astonishment and trepidation,
+dropped all her pretty flowers and stood motionless among them. Her
+uncertainty as to his purpose was only momentary, for, catching her in
+his brawny arms ere she could make an attempt to escape, he bore her
+off to his chariot, in spite of prayers and struggles, and drove away
+as fast as his fleet steeds could carry him.
+
+He was soon out of hearing of the wild cries and lamentations of the
+nymphs, who vainly pursued him, and tried to overtake their beloved
+mistress. Afraid lest Ceres should come and force him to relinquish
+his new-won treasure, Pluto drove faster and faster, nor paused for an
+instant until he reached the banks of the Cyane River, whose waters,
+at his approach, began to seethe and roar in a menacing fashion, and
+spread themselves as much as possible, to check him in his flight.
+
+Pluto quickly perceived that to attempt to cross the river in his
+chariot would be madness, while by retracing his footsteps he ran the
+risk of meeting Ceres, and being forced to relinquish his prize. He
+therefore decided to have recourse to other means, and, seizing his
+terrible two-pronged fork, struck the earth such a mighty blow, that a
+great crevice opened under his feet, through which horses and chariot
+plunged down into the darkness of the Lower World.
+
+Proserpina turned her weeping eyes to catch a parting glimpse of the
+fair earth she was leaving, and then, with a fond thought of her
+anxious mother, who, when evening came, would vainly seek her child in
+all her favorite haunts, she quickly flung her girdle into the Cyane,
+and called to the water nymph to carry it to Ceres.
+
+Elated by the complete success of his bold venture, and no longer
+fearful of immediate pursuit, the happy god strained his fair captive
+to his breast, pressed kisses on her fresh young cheeks, and tried to
+calm her terrors, as the black steeds rushed faster and faster along
+the dark passage, nor paused until they reached the foot of their
+master's throne.
+
+    "Pleased as he grasps her in his iron arms,
+    Frights with soft sighs, with tender words alarms."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres' search.]
+
+In the mean while the sun had sunk below the Sicilian horizon; and
+Ceres, returning from the fields of fast-ripening grain to her own
+dwelling, sought for the missing Proserpina, of whom no trace could be
+found except the scattered flowers. Hither and thither the mother
+wandered, calling her daughter, and wondering where she could be, and
+why she did not come bounding to meet her. As time passed, and still
+Proserpina did not appear, Ceres' heart beat fast with apprehension,
+and the tears coursed down her cheeks as she rushed about from place
+to place, calling her daughter.
+
+    "What ails her that she comes not home?
+      Demeter seeks her far and wide,
+    And gloomy-browed doth ceaseless roam
+      From many a morn till eventide.
+    'My life, immortal though it be,
+    Is naught!' she cries, 'for want of thee,
+    Persephone--Persephone!'"
+
+                                    Ingelow.
+
+Night came, and Ceres, kindling a torch at the volcanic fires of Mount
+Ætna, continued her search. Day dawned, and still the mother called,
+awakening the morning echoes with her longing cries for her child. Her
+daily duties were all neglected. The rain no longer refreshed the
+drooping flowers, the grain was parched by the ardent rays of the sun,
+and the grass all perished, while Ceres roamed over hill and dale in
+search of Proserpina.
+
+Weary at last of her hopeless quest, the goddess seated herself by
+the wayside, near the city of Eleusis, and gave way to her
+overwhelming grief.
+
+    "Long was thine anxious search
+    For lovely Proserpine, nor didst thou break
+    Thy mournful fast, till the far-fam'd Eleusis
+    Received thee wandering."
+
+                                Orphic Hymn.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Triptolemus.]
+
+To avoid recognition, she had assumed the appearance of an aged crone;
+and as she sat there by the wayside, in tears, she attracted the
+compassionate inquiries of the daughters of Celeus, king of the
+country. Having heard her bewail the loss of her child, they entreated
+her to come to the palace, and, knowing nothing could so well soothe a
+breaking heart, offered her the charge of their infant brother
+Triptolemus.
+
+Ceres, touched by their ready sympathy, accepted the offer; and when
+she arrived at the palace, the royal heir was intrusted to her care.
+Tenderly the goddess kissed the puny child's little pinched face; and
+at her touch the child became rosy and well, to the unbounded
+astonishment of the royal family and all the court.
+
+In the night, while Ceres sat alone with her charge, it occurred to
+her that she might confer a still greater blessing upon him, that of
+immortality: so she anointed his limbs with nectar, murmured a
+powerful charm, and placed him upon the red-hot coals, to consume all
+the perishable elements left in his body.
+
+The queen, Metaneira, who had thought it somewhat imprudent to leave
+the child thus alone with a stranger, now stole noiselessly into the
+apartment, and with a wild shriek rushed to the fire and snatched her
+child out of the flames, pressed him anxiously to her breast, and,
+after ascertaining that he was quite unharmed, turned to vent her
+indignation upon the careless nurse; but the aged beggar woman had
+vanished, and in her stead she confronted the radiant Goddess of
+Agriculture.
+
+  [Illustration: CERES. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+              "From her fragrant robes
+    A lovely scent was scattered, and afar
+    Shone light emitted from her skin divine,
+    And yellow locks upon her shoulders waved;
+    White as from lightning, all the house was filled
+    With splendor."
+
+                               Homeric Hymn.
+
+With a gentle reproof to the queen for her untimely interference,
+Ceres explained what she fain would have done, and vanished, to
+continue her wanderings in other lands. She finally returned to Italy;
+and, while wandering along the river banks one day, the waters
+suddenly cast a glittering object at her feet. Stooping hastily to
+ascertain what it might be, she recognized the girdle her daughter had
+worn when she had parted from her in Sicily.
+
+Joyfully she embraced the token, and, thinking she must now be upon
+Proserpina's track, hastened on until she came to a crystal fountain,
+by whose side she sat down to rest. Her eyes were heavy with the
+combined effect of tears, fatigue, and oppressive heat, and she was
+about to lose all consciousness of her trouble in sleep, when the
+murmur of the fountain increased, until she fancied it was talking;
+not as mortals do, but in its own silvery accents.
+
+[Sidenote: Arethusa and Alpheus.]
+
+The goddess was not mistaken; for a few minutes later she could
+distinguish words, and heard the fountain entreat her to listen, if
+she would hear what had befallen her child. The fountain then went on
+to tell how she had not always been a mere stream, but was once a
+nymph, called Arethusa, in Diana's train, and how, overcome by the
+heat, she had once sought a cool stream wherein she might bathe her
+heated limbs.
+
+  [Illustration: A NYMPH.--Kray.]
+
+She soon found one, the Alpheus River, and selected a spot where the
+trees hung over the limpid waters, where the sand on the bottom was
+fine and even, and where no mortal eyes could see her as she threw
+aside her sandals and outer garments. She was enjoying the refreshing
+sensation of the water rippling around her hot limbs, and was
+reveling in the complete solitude, when suddenly the river, until now
+as smooth as a mirror, was ruffled by waves, which crept nearer and
+nearer to the startled nymph, until in affright she sprang out of the
+water.
+
+Then a voice--the voice of the river god Alpheus--was heard, calling
+to her in pleading accents to stay her flight and lend an ear to his
+wooing; but when the impetuous god, instead of waiting for an answer
+to his suit, rose up out of the water and rushed to clasp her in his
+arms, she turned and fled in great terror. She fled, but he pursued.
+Over hill and dale, through forest and field, Arethusa ran, still
+closely followed by her too ardent lover, until, exhausted, she paused
+for breath, crying aloud to Diana to come to her rescue.
+
+Her prayer was answered. A moment later she was enveloped in a thick
+mist and transformed into a fountain. Alpheus could no longer see her,
+but wandered about, bewailing her disappearance, and calling her in
+passionate accents.
+
+      "'O Arethusa, peerless nymph! why fear
+    Such tenderness as mine? Great Dian, why,
+    Why didst thou hear her prayer? Oh that I
+    Were rippling round her dainty fairness now,
+    Circling about her waist, and striving how
+    To entice her to a dive! then stealing in
+    Between her luscious lips and eyelids thin.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+The misty cloud in which Arethusa had been enveloped by Diana's
+protecting care was soon blown away by a mischievous breath from
+Zephyrus; and Alpheus, who was still hovering near there, suddenly
+beholding a fountain where none had ever existed before, surmised what
+had happened. Changing himself into an impetuous torrent, he rushed to
+join his beloved, who sprang out of her mossy bed, and hurried on over
+sticks and stones, until Diana, seeing her new plight, opened a
+crevice, through which she glided away from the bright sunlight she
+loved so well into the depths of Pluto's realm.
+
+While gliding there in the gloom, Arethusa had caught a glimpse of
+Proserpina on her sable throne, beside the stern-browed Pluto. She
+could not, however, pause to inquire how she came there, but hurried
+on breathlessly, until another crevice offered her the means of
+returning to the upper world, and seeing once more the blue sky and
+sun on the Sicilian plains.
+
+The monotonous murmur of the fountain now subsided again into its
+usual undertone; and Ceres, knowing where to seek her daughter, was
+about to depart, when she heard the sudden rush and roar of a large
+body of water. She immediately turned, and beheld the torrent Alpheus,
+who, after a disconsolate search underground for the lost Arethusa,
+had found a crevice, through which he passed to join his beloved on
+the Sicilian plains.
+
+    "Alpheus, Elis' stream, they say,
+    Beneath the seas here found his way,
+    And now his waters interfuse
+    With thine, O fountain Arethuse,
+        Beneath Sicilian skies."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+In spite of her previous efforts to escape him, Arethusa must still
+have been very glad to see him once more, for Ceres heard her murmur
+contentedly as she sank into his arms and listened to his louder tones
+of rapturous love.
+
+Maidens in Greece were wont to throw fresh garlands into the Alpheus
+River; and it was said the selfsame flowers, carried away by his
+current, soon reappeared in the Sicilian fountain, carried there as
+love offerings by the enamored river.
+
+    "O my beloved, how divinely sweet
+    Is the pure joy when kindred spirits meet!
+    Like him, the river god, whose waters flow,
+    With love their only light, through caves below,
+    Wafting in triumph all the flowery braids
+    And festal rings, with which Olympic maids
+    Have decked his current, an offering meet
+    To lay at Arethusa's shining feet.
+    Think when at last he meets his fountain bride
+    What perfect love must thrill the blended tide!
+    And lost in each, till mingling into one,
+    Their lot the same for shadow or for sun,
+    A type of true love, to the deep they run."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres' mourning.]
+
+Now, although poor Ceres had ascertained where to find her missing
+daughter, her grief was not at all diminished, for she felt convinced
+that Pluto would never willingly relinquish her. She therefore
+withdrew into a dark cave to mourn unseen, and still further neglected
+her wonted duties.
+
+Famine threatened to visit the people, and they prayed and clamored
+for her aid; but, absorbed in grief, she paid no heed to their
+distress, and vowed that nothing on earth should grow, with her
+permission, as long as her daughter was detained in Hades. In despair
+at this frightful state of affairs, the people then besought Jupiter
+to pity the sufferings they endured, and to allow Proserpina to
+revisit the upper world once more.
+
+    "Arise, and set the maiden free;
+    Why should the world such sorrow dree
+    By reason of Persephone?"
+
+                                    Ingelow.
+
+As soon as she became aware of this petition, Ceres hastened to
+Olympus, to join her supplications to the cries which rose from all
+parts of the earth; until Jupiter, wearied by these importunities,
+consented to Proserpina's return, upon condition, however, that she
+had not touched any food during the whole time of her sojourn in the
+Infernal Regions.
+
+                      "Last, Zeus himself,
+    Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth
+    His messenger beyond the western rim
+    To fetch me back to earth."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: The pomegranate seeds.]
+
+Ceres in person hastened to her daughter's new abode, and was about to
+lead her away in spite of Pluto, when a spirit, Ascalaphus, suddenly
+declared that the queen had partaken of some pomegranate seeds that
+very day. Proserpina could not refute the charge, and Jupiter decreed
+that for every seed she had eaten she should spend one month of every
+year in her husband's gloomy kingdom.
+
+Thus it came about that Proserpina was condemned to spend one half the
+year in Hades, and could linger on the bright earth only for six
+months at a time.
+
+Mercury was chosen to lead her to and from Hades; and, whenever he
+brought her out of her gloomy prison, the skies became blue and sunny,
+the grass sprang fresh and green beneath her elastic tread, the
+flowers bloomed along her way, the birds trilled forth their merry
+lays, and all was joy and brightness.
+
+    "And when, in springtime, with sweet-smelling flowers
+    Of various kinds the earth doth bloom, thou'lt come
+    From gloomy darkness back--a mighty joy
+    To gods and mortal men."
+
+                               Homeric Hymn.
+
+[Sidenote: Proserpina's return.]
+
+Ceres, happy once more in the possession of her beloved daughter,
+cheerfully and diligently attended to all her duties, and blessed the
+earth with plenty; but when the six months were over, and the skies
+wept and all nature mourned Proserpina's departure, she again returned
+to her cave, whence no entreaties could draw her.
+
+As for the merry, happy-natured Proserpina, the moment Hades' portals
+closed behind her, she became pale and melancholy; and none would have
+dreamed the playful, flower-crowned Goddess of Vegetation was
+identical with the sad-faced, sable-vested Queen of Hades (now called
+Hecate), who held a pomegranate in one hand, and a torch in the other.
+Proserpina, like Adonis, was the personification of vegetation,
+visibly prosperous during the six favorable months of the year, and
+lurking hidden under the cold ground during the remainder of the time.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Ceres.]
+
+Many beautiful temples were dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina in
+Greece and Italy, where yearly festivals, the Thesmophoria and the
+Cerealia, were celebrated with great pomp.
+
+    "To Ceres chief her annual rites be paid,
+    On the green turf, beneath a fragrant shade,
+    When winter ends, and spring serenely shines,
+    Then fat the lambs, then mellow are the wines,
+    Then sweet are slumbers on the flowery ground,
+    Then with thick shades are lofty mountains crown'd.
+    Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres' shrine;
+    Mix honey sweet, for her, with milk and mellow wine;
+    Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around,
+    And Ceres call, and choral hymns resound:
+    Presume not, swains, the ripen'd grain to reap,
+    Till crown'd with oak in antic dance ye leap,
+    Invoking Ceres, and in solemn lays,
+    Exalt your rural queen's immortal praise."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+To commemorate her long search for her daughter, Ceres returned to
+Eleusis, taught her former nursling, Triptolemus, the various secrets
+of agriculture, and gave him her chariot, bidding him travel
+everywhere, and teach the people how to plow, sow, and reap; and then
+she instituted the Eleusinia, festivals held in honor of her daughter
+and herself at Eleusis.
+
+Triptolemus did not fail to carry out the goddess's instructions, and
+journeyed far and wide, until he finally reached the court of Lyncus,
+King of Scythia, where the false monarch would have treacherously
+slain him had not Ceres by timely interference prevented the execution
+of his base purpose by changing the traitor into a lynx, the emblem of
+perfidy.
+
+Ceres was generally represented as a fair, matronly woman, clad in
+flowing draperies, sometimes crowned with wheat ears, and bearing a
+sheaf of grain and a sickle, or with a plow and a horn of plenty
+disgorging its wealth of fruit and flowers at her feet. Groves were
+frequently dedicated to her; and any mortal rash enough to lay the ax
+on one of these sacred trees was sure to incur the goddess's wrath, as
+is proved by the story of Erisichthon.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Erisichthon.]
+
+This man was evidently a freethinker, and, to show his contempt for
+the superstitious veneration paid to Ceres' trees, took his ax and cut
+down one of her sacred oaks. At his first blow, blood began to flow
+from the tree; but, undeterred by the phenomenon or the entreaties of
+the bystanders, Erisichthon continued. Finally, annoyed by the
+importunities of the spectators, he turned and slew one or two, and
+then completed his sacrilege.
+
+Ceres, incensed by his insolence and cruelty, devised a terrible
+chastisement for the unfortunate man, and sent Famine to gnaw his
+vitals, and torment him night and day. The wretch, tortured by a
+hunger which no amount of food could allay, disposed of all his
+property to obtain the means of procuring nourishment; but his
+monstrous appetite continued, and, as he had but one daughter left, he
+sold her as a slave to obtain food.
+
+The girl's master left her alone for a moment upon the seashore, and,
+in answer to her prayer, Neptune delivered her from servitude by
+changing her into a fisherman. When the master returned and found his
+slave gone, he questioned the fisherman, and, not obtaining any
+satisfactory information, departed. Neptune then restored the maiden
+to her own form, and let her return home; but, as her father sold her
+again, the god was obliged to interfere once more in her behalf, until
+at last Erisichthon, deprived of means to procure food, devoured
+himself.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Stellio.]
+
+Another anecdote illustrating Ceres' power is told about a lad,
+Stellio, who made fun of the goddess when she was journeying, on
+account of the haste with which she disposed of a bowl of gruel
+offered by some charitable person. To punish the boy for his rudeness,
+Ceres flung the remainder of her gruel into his face, and changed him
+into a lizard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+VESTA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Vesta.]
+
+Vesta, or Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, goddess of fire and of
+the family hearth, and guardian angel of mankind, was worshiped
+principally throughout Italy, although she also had shrines in Greece
+and Asia Minor.
+
+The family hearth in ancient times possessed a far different
+signification from what it does now, and was considered the family
+altar, for there the father of the family was wont to offer up his
+daily prayers and sacrifices. "As, according to the old heathen
+custom, all men were regarded as enemies unless by a special compact
+they had been made friends, so Vesta presided especially over true and
+faithful dealing;" and she was therefore generally represented as pure
+and undefiled.
+
+A beautiful circular temple in Rome was dedicated to Vesta's service;
+and here the Palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved, together
+with the goddess's sacred fire, originally kindled by the rays of the
+sun.
+
+This fire--an emblem of the flame of life, which the ancients fancied
+was kept burning within each human breast by Vesta, the
+life-giver--was kept constantly burning, and never allowed to go out
+for want of fuel or timely care. Its flames were also intended to
+represent the purity of the goddess, who, although wooed by many
+lovers,--among whom Apollo and Neptune can justly claim the
+precedence,--remained always a virgin.
+
+  [Illustration: SCHOOL OF THE VESTAL VIRGINS.--Le Roux.]
+
+The Romans fancied that her worship had been introduced in Italy by
+Æneas, their famous ancestor, who brought thither his home gods, and
+who, according to tradition, selected the first Vestal Virgins.
+
+[Sidenote: Vestal Virgins.]
+
+The second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, built a beautiful temple, and
+instituted various religious ceremonies, in honor of Vesta. The
+loveliest and noblest among the Roman maidens were chosen to serve
+this goddess, and were known as Vestals, or Vestal Virgins. Admitted
+into the temple at the early age of six, they were compelled to serve
+ten years in fitting themselves to fulfill the duties they would be
+called upon to perform during the next decade as priestesses and
+guardians of the sacred fire. The last ten years were spent in
+instructing the novices; and, when their thirty-years' service was
+ended, they were at liberty either to continue in the temple, where
+they were treated with the greatest respect, or to leave it, and even
+marry, if such were their pleasure.
+
+During their time of servitude, they were expected to keep their vows
+of chastity and fidelity to their patroness, and to maintain her
+sacred fire, under penalty of being buried alive in a vaulted chamber,
+fashioned for this express purpose by Numa Pompilius's order. In turn,
+each of the priestesses watched the fire, renewed the fuel, and fanned
+the flame, nor lost sight of it night or day; for the Romans
+considered the extinction of this sacred flame the precursor of some
+great public calamity.
+
+The Vestals were, however, so pure and vigilant, that during one
+thousand years only eighteen failed to keep their vows satisfactorily,
+and suffered punishment. The Vestal Tuccia was accused of breach of
+faith, but, as proof of her purity, was given power to carry water in
+a sieve from the Tiber to the temple.
+
+  [Illustration: THE VESTAL TUCCIA.--Le Roux.]
+
+In return for the signal services the Vestals rendered to the state by
+maintaining this sacred fire, they enjoyed many privileges: among
+others, that of being preceded by a lictor with fasces when they
+walked abroad; of occupying the seats of honor in public ceremonies
+and festivities; of being buried within the city limits (a privilege
+granted to but very few); and of obtaining the pardon of criminals
+whom they met by accident on their way to the place of execution.
+Loved and greatly honored by all, the Vestals have become types of all
+things pure and lovely in woman.
+
+          "By these her trembling fires,
+    Like Vesta's, ever burning; and, like hers,
+    Sacred to thoughts immaculate and pure."
+
+                                      Young.
+
+The Vestal Virgins were further distinguished by a vesture of pure
+white linen, with a purple border and a wide purple mantle. In time of
+war or danger they were answerable for the preservation of the sacred
+fire, which they were allowed to remove to any place of safety; and on
+several occasions they therefore carried it out of Rome and down the
+Tiber, lest it should fall into the enemy's hands.
+
+The Vestals continued their office until the reign of Theodosius the
+Great, who, being converted to Christianity A.D. 380, abolished the
+worship of Vesta, dispersed the Vestals, and extinguished the sacred
+fire.
+
+[Sidenote: Festivals.]
+
+Vesta's services were held with great pomp; and her festivals, the
+Vestalia, were among the most beautiful and popular in Rome. Statues
+of this goddess--generally representing a woman of majestic beauty,
+clad in long robes, holding a lighted torch or lamp in one hand and a
+votive bowl in the other--were carried through the main streets of the
+city on all solemn occasions.
+
+In public processions the Vestals had the privilege of carrying their
+sacred fire; while the Roman matrons, glad to swell their ranks,
+followed them, barefooted, chanting the praises of the good goddess
+Vesta.
+
+        "And from the temple brings
+    Dread Vesta, with her holy things,
+    Her awful fillets, and the fire
+    Whose sacred embers ne'er expire."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+On these occasions great banquets were prepared before each house,
+all daily toil was suspended, the millstones were decked with flowers,
+and the very asses wont to turn them were covered with garlands and
+led in the processions.
+
+Among the Romans, Vesta was not the only goddess invoked on the family
+hearth, for she shared that place of honor with the Lares, Manes, and
+Penates, who all enjoyed special veneration and sacrifices.
+
+[Sidenote: Lares, Manes, and Penates.]
+
+The Lares, quite unknown to the Greeks, were two in number, the
+children of Mercury and Lara, a naiad famous for her beauty as well as
+for her extreme loquacity, which no one could check. Tradition relates
+that this fair maiden talked from morning till night, and told all she
+knew. Upon one occasion she incurred Jupiter's wrath by relating to
+Juno a conversation she had overheard between him and one of his
+numerous ladyloves.
+
+To punish her, and at the same time prevent further tale-bearing, the
+king of the gods cut off Lara's tongue, and, summoning Mercury, bade
+him lead her down to Hades to linger there forever. But on the way to
+the dismal abode of the dead, the messenger god fell in love with his
+fair charge, who, being now effectually cured of her sole fault, was
+irresistibly charming; and, instead of obeying Jupiter, he made love
+to her, and by pantomime obtained her consent to their union. She bore
+him two children, who from her were called Lares, and to whom the
+Romans always paid divine honors, reserving special places for them on
+the family hearth, for they were supposed to preside over houses and
+families. Their statues resembled monkeys covered with the skins of
+dogs; while at their feet a barking dog, the symbol of their care and
+vigilance, was always represented.
+
+The Manes--a name generally applied to souls when separated from the
+body--were also reckoned among the Roman divinities, and the
+illustrious ancestors of different families were often worshiped under
+this name.
+
+As for the Penates, they presided over the houses and domestic
+affairs. Each head of a household was wont to choose his own Penates,
+whom he then invoked as his special patrons. The statues of the
+Penates were of clay, wax, ivory, silver, or gold, according to the
+wealth of the family whose hearth they graced, and the offerings
+generally made to them were a small part of each meal.
+
+Upon removing from one house to another or from one place to another,
+it was customary for the head of the family to remove his household
+gods also, and establish them suitably before he thought of his own or
+his family's comfort, and in return for this kindly care the Penates
+blessed him with peace and prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+JANUS.
+
+
+Janus, god of the past, present, and future, of gates, entrances, war,
+and peace, and patron of all beginnings, although one of the most
+important of all the Roman divinities, was entirely unknown to the
+Greeks.
+
+According to some mythologists, he was the son of Apollo; and,
+although born in Thessaly, he early in life came to Italy, where he
+founded a city on the Tiber, to which he gave the name Janiculum. Here
+he was joined by the exiled Saturn, with whom he generously shared his
+throne. Together they civilized the wild inhabitants of Italy, and
+blessed them with such prosperity that their reign has often been
+called the Age of Gold.
+
+              "Saturn fled before victorious Jove,
+    Driven down and banish'd from the realms above.
+    He, by just laws, embodied all the train,
+    Who roam'd the hills, and drew them to the plain;
+    There fixed, and Latium called the new abode,
+    Whose friendly shores concealed the latent god.
+    These realms, in peace, the monarch long controlled,
+    And blessed the nations with an age of gold."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Janus' two faces.]
+
+Janus is generally represented with two faces, turned in opposite
+directions, because he was acquainted with the past and future as well
+as with the present, and because he is considered an emblem of the
+sun, which opens the day at its rising, and closes the day at its
+setting.
+
+In some statues he is represented with one white-haired and bearded
+face, and the other quite youthful in appearance, while others
+represent him with three and even four heads.
+
+    "Janus am I; oldest of potentates;
+      Forward I look, and backward, and below
+    I count, as god of avenues and gates,
+      The years that through my portals come and go.
+
+    "I block the roads and drift the fields with snow;
+      I chase the wild-fowl from the frozen fen;
+    My frosts congeal the rivers in their flow;
+      My fires light up the hearths and hearts of men."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+The commencement of every new year, month, and day was held sacred to
+Janus, and at that time special sacrifices and prayers were offered up
+at his shrines. He also presided over all gates and avenues, and
+through him alone prayers were supposed to reach the immortal gods:
+therefore in all religious ceremonies his name was always the first
+invoked. From this circumstance he often appears with a key in his
+right hand, and a rod in his left; or, when he presides over the year,
+he holds the number 300 in one hand, and 65 in the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Janus.]
+
+He was also supposed to watch over peace and war, and had numerous
+temples throughout all Italy. One very celebrated temple was called
+Janus Quadrifons, because it was perfectly square. On each side of the
+building there was one door and three windows. These apertures were
+all symbolical,--the doors of the four seasons, and the windows of the
+twelve months, of the year.
+
+In times of war the temple gates were opened wide, for the people,
+being in need of aid and comfort, were all anxious to enter and
+present their offerings; but when peace reigned, the doors were
+immediately closed, for the god's intercession was no longer
+necessary. The Romans, however, were such a belligerent people, that
+the temple gates were closed but thrice in more than seven centuries,
+and then only for a very short period.
+
+Festivals in honor of Janus were celebrated on the first day of the
+new year; and one month bore the god's name, and was considered sacred
+to him. It was customary for friends and relatives to exchange calls,
+good wishes, and gifts on the first day of this month,--a Roman custom
+in force to this day.
+
+[Sidenote: Ancient divisions of time.]
+
+Janus is not the only one among the Greek and Latin divinities whose
+name has been given to a part of the year or week; for in Latin the
+names of the days are _dies Solis_ (Sun day), _dies Lunæ_ (Moon day),
+_dies Martis_ (Mars' day), _dies Mercurii_ (Mercury's day), _dies
+Jovis_ (Jove's day), _dies Veneris_ (Venus' day), _dies Saturni_
+(Saturn's day); Latin names which are still in use in legislative and
+judiciary acts, while in English the common nomenclature is derived
+from the names of the corresponding Saxon divinities.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+SOMNUS AND MORS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Cave of sleep.]
+
+After leaving the joyless regions of Pluto's realm, and following the
+even course of the Lethe River, the ancients fancied one reached a
+large cave in a remote and quiet valley. This cave was the dwelling of
+Somnus (or Hupnos), god of sleep, and of his twin brother Mors (or
+Thanatos), god of death; and both were sons of the Goddess of Night,
+who had once ruled the whole universe. Near the entrance of the cave,
+shadowy forms kept constant watch, gently shaking great bunches of
+poppies, and, with finger to lips, enjoining silence on all who
+ventured near. These forms were the genii of sleep and death,
+represented in art as crowned with poppies or amaranths, and sometimes
+holding a funeral urn or a reversed torch.
+
+[Sidenote: Somnus and Morpheus.]
+
+The cave was divided into chambers, each one darker and more silent
+than the one which preceded it. In one of the inner rooms, which was
+all draped with sable curtains, stood a downy couch, upon which
+reclined the monarch of sleep. His garments were also black, but all
+strewn with golden stars. He wore a crown of poppies on his head, and
+held a goblet full of poppy juice in his languid hand. His drowsy head
+was supported by Morpheus, his prime minister, who watched incessantly
+over his prolonged slumbers, and hindered any one from troubling his
+repose.
+
+  [Illustration: GENIUS OF DEATH.--Canova. (Tomb of Clement XIII.;
+      St. Peter's, Rome.)]
+
+    "Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god:
+    Whose gloomy mansion nor the rising sun,
+    Nor setting, visits, nor the lightsome noon:
+    But lazy vapors round the region fly,
+    Perpetual twilight, and a doubtful sky;
+    No crowing cock does there his wings display,
+    Nor with his horny bill provoke the day:
+    Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,
+    Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace:
+    Nor beast of nature, nor the tame, are nigh,
+    Nor trees with tempest rock'd, nor human cry;
+    But safe repose, without an air of breath,
+    Dwells here, and a dumb quiet next to death.
+      An arm of Lethe, with a gentle flow,
+    Arising upwards from the rock below,
+    The palace moats, and o'er the pebbles creeps,
+    And with soft murmurs calls the coming sleeps;
+    Around its entry nodding poppies grow,
+    And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;
+    Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,
+    And passing, sheds it on the silent plains:
+    No door there was the unguarded house to keep,
+    On creaking hinges turn'd to break his sleep.
+      But in the gloomy court was rais'd a bed,
+    Stuff'd with black plumes, and on an ebon sted:
+    Black was the covering too, where lay the god,
+    And slept supine, his limbs display'd abroad.
+    About his head fantastic visions fly,
+    Which various images of things supply,
+    And mock their forms; the leaves on trees not more,
+    Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Dreams and Nightmares.]
+
+All around the bed and over it hovered throngs of exquisite spirits,
+the Dreams, who stooped to whisper their pleasant messages in his ear;
+while in the distant corners of the apartment lurked the hideous
+Nightmares. The Dreams were often dispatched to earth under Mercury's
+charge, to visit mortals.
+
+Two gates led out of the valley of sleep,--one of ivory, and the other
+of horn. The Dreams which passed through the glittering gates of ivory
+were delusive, while those which passed through the homely gate of
+horn were destined to come true in the course of time.
+
+    "Of dreams, O stranger, some are meaningless
+    And idle, and can never be fulfilled.
+    Two portals are there for their shadowy shapes,
+    Of ivory one, and one of horn. The dreams
+    That come through the carved ivory deceive
+    With promises that never are made good;
+    But those which pass the doors of polished horn,
+    And are beheld of men, are ever true."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Dreams were also frequently sent through the gates of horn to prepare
+mortals for misfortunes, as in the case of Halcyone.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Ceyx and Halcyone.]
+
+Ceyx, King of Thessaly, was once forced to part from his beloved wife,
+Halcyone, to travel off to Delphi to consult the oracle. With many
+tears this loving couple parted, and Halcyone watched the lessening
+sail until it had quite vanished from sight; then she returned to her
+palace to pray for her husband's safe return. But, alas! the gods had
+decreed they should never meet again on earth; and, even while
+Halcyone prayed, a tempest arose which wrecked Ceyx's vessel, and
+caused him and all his crew to perish in the seething waves.
+
+Day after day the queen hastened down to the seashore, followed by her
+attendants, to watch for the returning sails of her husband's vessel;
+and night after night she lay on her couch, anxiously expecting the
+morrow, which she ever fancied would prove auspicious. The gods,
+seeing her anxiety, and wishing to prepare her to receive the news of
+his death, and especially to view with some composure his corpse,
+which they had decided should be washed ashore, sent a Dream to visit
+her.
+
+After assuming the face and form of Ceyx, the Dream glided away
+through the gate of horn, hastened to Halcyone's bedside, and
+whispered that her husband was dead, and that his body was even now
+being cast up on the smooth, sandy beach by the salt sea waves. With a
+wild cry of terror and grief, Halcyone awoke, and hastened to the
+seashore to convince herself that the dream had been false; but she
+had no sooner reached the beach, than the waves washed her husband's
+corpse to her feet.
+
+To endure life without him seemed too great a task for poor Halcyone,
+who immediately cast herself into the sea, to perish beside him.
+Touched by grief so real and intense, the gods changed both bodies
+into birds, since known as Halcyon birds, and decreed they should ever
+live on the waters. These birds were said to build their nests and
+hatch their young on the heaving billows, and to utter shrill cries of
+warning to the seamen whenever a storm threatened, bidding them
+prepare for the blast, and hasten to shelter in port, if they would
+not encounter the mournful fate of poor Ceyx.
+
+[Sidenote: Mors.]
+
+Mors, god of death, occupied one of the corners of Somnus' cave. He
+was a hideous, cadaverous-looking deity, clad in a winding sheet, and
+held an hourglass and a scythe in his hand. His hollow eyes were fixed
+upon the sands of time; and when they had run out, he knew some life
+was about to end, and sallied forth, scythe in hand, to mow down his
+prey with relentless joy.
+
+Needless to say, this cruel deity was viewed by the ancients with fear
+and dislike, and no homage was offered him.
+
+These two divinities were, however, but of slight importance in the
+general scheme of ancient mythology, in which Proserpina was generally
+regarded as the emblem of death, and they were therefore more like
+local divinities. The Lacedæmonians paid the most heed to them, and
+invariably placed their statues side by side.
+
+[Sidenote: Morpheus.]
+
+As for Morpheus, the son as well as the prime minister of Somnus, he
+was also called the god of sleep, and mortals were wont to intercede
+for his good offices. He is generally represented as a sleeping child
+of great corpulence, and with wings. Morpheus held a vase in one hand,
+and poppies in the other, which he gently shook to induce a state of
+drowsiness,--according to him, the acme of bliss.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ÆOLUS.
+
+
+Not very far away from the quiet realm of Somnus and Mors, but on the
+surface of the earth, were the Æolian Islands, now known as the Lipari
+Islands, where Æolus, god of the storm and winds, governed a very
+unruly and turbulent population.
+
+He is said to have received his royal dignity from the fair hands of
+Juno, and he was therefore specially eager to obey all her behests. He
+is commonly reputed to have married Aurora, or Eos, who gave him six
+sons i.e., Boreas, the north wind; Corus, the northwest wind; Aquilo,
+the west wind; Notus, the southwest wind; Eurus, the east wind; and
+lastly, Zephyrus, the gentle and lovable south wind, whose mission it
+was to announce to mortals the return of ever-welcome spring.
+
+[Sidenote: Æolus' children.]
+
+Æolus' five elder sons were of a noisy, roving, mischievous, turbulent
+disposition, and peace and quiet were utterly impossible to them. To
+prevent their causing serious disasters, he therefore ruled them with
+a very strict hand, kept them very closely confined in a great cave,
+and let them loose only one at a time, to stretch their limbs and take
+a little exercise.
+
+        "Æolus in a cavern vast
+    With bolt and barrier fetters fast
+    Rebellious storm and howling blast.
+    They with the rock's reverberant roar
+    Chafe blustering round their prison door
+    He, throned on high, the scepter sways,
+    Controls their moods, their wrath allays."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Although very unruly indeed, the winds always obeyed their father's
+voice, and at his command, however reluctant, returned to their gloomy
+prison, where they expended their impotent rage in trying to shake its
+strong walls.
+
+According to his own mood, or in conformity with the gods' request,
+Æolus either sent the gentler winds to play among the flowers, or,
+recalling them, let the fiercest of all his children free, with orders
+to pile up the waves mountain-high, lash them to foam, tear the sails
+of all the vessels at sea, break their masts, uproot the trees, tear
+the roofs off the houses, etc.,--in short, to do all the harm they
+possibly could.
+
+    "Now rising all at once, and unconfin'd,
+    From every quarter roars the rushing wind:
+    First, from the wide Atlantic Ocean's bed,
+    Tempestuous Corus rears his dreadful head,
+    Th' obedient deep his potent breath controls,
+    And, mountain-high, the foamy flood he rolls;
+    Him the Northeast encountering fierce, defied,
+    And back rebuffeted the yielding tide.
+    The curling surges loud conflicting meet,
+    Dash their proud heads, and bellow as they beat;
+    While piercing Boreas, from the Scythian strand,
+    Plows up the waves and scoops the lowest sand.
+    Nor Eurus then, I ween, was left to dwell,
+    Nor showery Notus in th' Æolian cell,
+    But each from every side, his power to boast,
+    Ranged his proud forces to defend the coast."
+
+                                      Lucan.
+
+Æolus, king of the winds, shared with Dædalus the honor of inventing
+the sails which propel the ships so swiftly over the tide. It was he,
+too, who, according to Homer, bound all his children but one in a
+leather bag, which he gave to Ulysses when the latter visited Æolia.
+Thanks to this gift, Ulysses reached the shores of Ithaca, and would
+have landed in safety, had not his men, in view of port, untied the
+sack to investigate its contents, and thus set free the angry winds,
+who stirred up the most frightful tempest in mythic annals.
+
+[Sidenote: Temple of Æolus.]
+
+The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular attention
+to the winds, to whom they dedicated a temple, which is still extant,
+and generally known as the Tower of the Winds, or the Temple of Æolus.
+This temple is hexagonal, and on each side a flying figure of one of
+the winds is represented.
+
+Eurus, the east wind, was generally depicted "as a young man flying
+with great impetuosity, and often appearing in a playful and wanton
+humor." Notus, or Auster, the southwest wind, "appeared generally as
+an old man, with gray hair, a gloomy countenance, a head covered with
+clouds, a sable vesture, and dusky wings," for he was considered the
+dispenser of rain and of all sudden and heavy showers. Zephyrus, mild
+and gentle, had a lapful of flowers, and, according to the Athenian
+belief, was wedded to Flora, with whom he was perfectly happy, and
+visited every land in turn. Corus, the northwest wind, drove clouds of
+snow before him; while Aquilo, dreadful in appearance, caused cold
+shivers to run down one's back at his mere sight. Boreas, rough and
+shivering too, was the father of rain, snow, hail, and tempests, and
+was therefore generally represented as veiled in impenetrable clouds.
+His favorite place of abode was in the Hyperborean Mountains, from
+whence he sallied forth on wild raids. During one of these excursions
+he carried off Orithyia, who always fled at his approach. But all her
+fleetness could not save her: she was overtaken, and borne away to the
+inaccessible regions of snow and ice, where he detained her, and made
+her his wife. She became the mother of Zetes and Calais,--who took
+part in the Argonautic expedition, and drove away the Harpies (p.
+267),--and of two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione.
+
+On another occasion, Boreas, having changed himself into a horse and
+united himself to the mares of Dardanus, King of Troy, became the
+father of twelve steeds so swift that none could overtake them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+HERCULES.
+
+      "Unto this thy son it shall be given,
+    With his broad heart to win his way to heaven;
+    Twelve labors shall he work; and all accurst
+    And brutal things o'erthrow, brute men the worst;
+    And in Trachinia shall the funeral pyre
+    Purge his mortalities away with fire;
+    And he shall mount amid the stars, and be
+    Acknowledg'd kin to those who envied thee,
+    And sent these den-born shapes to crush his destiny."
+
+                    Theocritus (Hunt's tr.).
+
+
+The ancients were not content to worship the gods only, but also
+offered up sacrifices to a few mortals, who, by their heroic deeds and
+virtuous lives, had won both admiration and respect. Foremost among
+these heroes--generally designated by the title of demigods--is
+Hercules (Heracles, Alcides), son of Jupiter and Alcmene, a mortal
+princess.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno persecutes Hercules.]
+
+As soon as the tidings of Hercules' birth reached Olympus, Juno began
+to plot how to destroy her rival's child. Two colossal serpents with
+poisonous fangs were therefore dispatched by her orders to attack the
+babe in its cradle. The monsters crept along noiselessly, entered the
+palace unseen, twined themselves around the cradle, and were about to
+crush the child to death in their folds, when, to the utter
+astonishment of the helpless attendants, little Hercules caught them
+fast by the neck in each tiny hand and strangled them, thus giving the
+first proof of the marvelous strength which was to make him famous.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AN INFANT. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+    "First two dread Snakes at Juno's vengeful nod
+    Climb'd round the cradle of the sleeping God;
+    Waked by the shrilling hiss, and rustling sound,
+    And shrieks of fair attendants trembling round,
+    Their gasping throats with clenching hands he holds;
+    And Death untwists their convoluted folds."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+When Juno perceived how easily Hercules had escaped from the danger
+which threatened him, she deemed it useless to make another attempt to
+take his life, but decided to vex his proud spirit by inflicting many
+petty annoyances, and to prevent his enjoying any lasting peace or
+happiness.
+
+To achieve this purpose, she first extorted from Jupiter a decree that
+condemned Hercules to serve his cousin Eurystheus--a mean and cowardly
+prince who ruled over the kingdom of Argos--for a certain number of
+years.
+
+Hercules' education was carefully attended to by Chiron, a learned
+Centaur, who taught him how to use all the different weapons, and
+trained him in all kinds of athletic sports. The years passed by
+happily and swiftly, until at last the time came when Hercules'
+education was completed, and the whole world lay before him, full of
+pleasant possibilities, and rich with many attractions.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' choice.]
+
+The youthful hero, dismissed by his instructor, now set out to seek
+his fortunes. He had not gone very far, however, before he met two
+beautiful women, who immediately entered into conversation with him,
+and drew from him a confession that he was in search of adventures.
+The women, Arete (Virtue) and Kakia (Vice), each offered to be his
+guide, but bade him choose which he preferred to follow.
+
+Kakia, to induce him to follow her guidance, promised riches, ease,
+consideration, and love; while Arete, a modest maiden, warned him that
+in her wake he would be obliged to wage incessant war against evil, to
+endure hardships without number, and spend his days in toil and
+poverty.
+
+Silently Hercules pondered for a while over these two so dissimilar
+offers, and then, mindful of his tutor's oft-repeated instructions,
+rose from his seat by the wayside, and, turning to Arete, declared
+himself ready to obey any command she might choose to give him.
+
+              "Young Hercules with firm disdain
+    Braved the soft smiles of Pleasure's harlot train;
+    To valiant toils his forceful limbs assign'd,
+    And gave to Virtue all his mighty mind."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+Courageously he then trod along the rough and thorny path she pointed
+out, and patiently performed the various tasks she assigned him,
+delivering the oppressed, defending the weak, and redressing all
+wrongs.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' madness.]
+
+In reward for these good actions he received the hand of Megara,
+daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, in marriage, and by her had three
+children, whom he tenderly loved. But Juno was not at all satisfied to
+see him leading such a peaceful and prosperous life, and to interrupt
+its even course drove the hero mad.
+
+In a fit of delirium he threw his offspring into the fire, and, we are
+told, slew his dearly beloved wife. Then only he recovered his senses,
+and suffered agonies of sorrow and remorse for the terrible crimes he
+had unwittingly committed. In his grief he withdrew to the mountain
+solitudes, where he would probably have lingered all the remainder of
+his life, had not Mercury come to get him, and announced that he was
+to serve Eurystheus, King of Argos, for a twelvemonth.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules in servitude.]
+
+The messenger god then offered to lead him to his appointed
+taskmaster. But when Hercules learned he was doomed to be a slave, he
+fell into such a passion, that he nearly lost his reason again; and
+instead of killing noxious beasts, and winning the people's blessings
+by his deeds of kindness, he wandered about stupidly and aimlessly,
+until he finally perceived how vain was his attempt to struggle
+against fate, and urged by his chosen adviser, Arete, voluntarily
+offered his services to Eurystheus, who informed him that he must
+accomplish twelve great labors ere he could again be free.
+
+[Sidenote: Nemean lion.]
+
+Eager to begin the appointed tasks, Hercules set out first to find and
+destroy a monstrous lion, whose den was in the Nemean Forest. Far and
+wide, throughout the whole neighborhood, this monster committed his
+depredations, carrying off cattle and sheep, men, women, and children,
+to devour at his ease. All warned Hercules of the danger and
+difficulty of the undertaking, described the failure of countless
+previous attempts to slay the monster, and prophesied that he would
+never return alive. The hero would not be dissuaded, but entered the
+forest, tracked the lion to his den, grasped him by the throat, and
+strangled him as he had strangled the snakes in his infancy. He then
+skinned the monster, whose shaggy pelt became his favorite covering.
+
+    "So from Nemea's den Alcides strode,
+    The lion's yellow spoil around his shoulders flow'd."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Hydra of Lerna.]
+
+On his return to Argos to report the successful termination of his
+first task, Hercules was told to repair to the marshes of Lerna, where
+lurked a seven-headed serpent, the Hydra, and put an end to its career
+of rapacity, for this snake devoured man and beast. Armed with a great
+sword, Hercules succeeded in cutting off one of the seven heads; but
+he had no sooner done so, than, to his dismay, he saw seven other
+heads suddenly spring from the bleeding stump. To prevent a repetition
+of this unpleasant miracle, Hercules bade his friend Iolaus, who had
+accompanied him thither to view his prowess, take a lighted brand and
+sear the wounds as soon as inflicted. Thanks to this wise plan, the
+monster was finally slain, although a friendly crab sent by Juno to
+defend Hydra continually pinched Hercules' feet. The hero, angry at
+this intervention, crushed the crab, which, however, received its
+reward, for the Queen of Heaven placed it in the sky as the
+constellation of Cancer (the Crab). The country was thus freed from
+its long state of thraldom; but, before leaving the scene of his
+second labor, Hercules dipped his arrows in the Hydra's venomous
+blood, knowing well that any wound they inflicted, however slight,
+would be sure to prove fatal.
+
+[Sidenote: Stag of Cerynea.]
+
+The third task appointed by Eurystheus was the capture of the
+golden-horned, brazen-footed stag of Cerynea, whose fleetness was such
+that he seemed scarcely to touch the ground. Hercules was obliged to
+pursue this animal for many a weary mile before he could overtake him;
+and he only managed the capture by driving him into a deep snowdrift,
+in a distant northern land, from which he extricated him, and carried
+him home in triumph.
+
+[Sidenote: Erymanthian boar.]
+
+The same success crowned his fourth labor, the capture of the wild
+boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia. Attacked by the Centaurs during the
+performance of this labor, Hercules turned his deadly arrows upon
+them, and accidentally wounded his beloved tutor Chiron, who was
+coming to settle the dispute. Vainly the hero applied every healing
+herb. The wound was mortal, and Chiron died; but in reward for his
+good offices the gods transferred him to the sky, where he is known as
+the constellation Sagittarius.
+
+[Sidenote: Augean stables.]
+
+Hercules was next sent to Augeas, King of Elis, who had immense droves
+of cattle. The stables usually occupied by these animals were in an
+incredibly filthy state, as they had not been cleaned in years; and
+now Hercules was given the task to remove the accumulated filth, and
+make a complete purification of the premises.
+
+Close by these stables rushed a torrent, or rather a river, the
+Alpheus. Hercules, with one glance, saw the use he could make of this
+rushing stream, which he dammed and turned aside from its course, so
+that the waters passed directly through the stables, carrying away all
+impurities, and finally washing them perfectly clean.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AND CENTAUR.--Bologna. (Florence.)]
+
+                    "Nothing else
+    Could clean the Augean stables."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+When Hercules saw that the work of purification was thoroughly
+accomplished, he guided the stream back to its original bed, and
+returned home to announce that the fifth labor was accomplished. The
+fabulous filth of the Augean stables, and the radical methods employed
+for their cleansing, have given rise to proverbial expressions still
+in current use.
+
+[Sidenote: Cretan bull.]
+
+Hercules next journeyed off to Crete to accomplish his sixth task, the
+capture of a mad bull given by Neptune to Minos, king of the island.
+The god had sent the animal with directions that he should be offered
+up in sacrifice; but Minos, charmed with his unusual size and beauty,
+resolved to keep him, and substituted a bull from his own herds for
+the religious ceremony.
+
+Angry at seeing his express command so wantonly disobeyed, Neptune
+maddened the bull, which rushed wildly all over the island, causing
+great damage. This was the animal that Hercules, with his usual
+strength and skill, caught and bound fast, thus finishing the sixth
+task.
+
+[Sidenote: Diomedes' steeds.]
+
+He then hastened on to Thrace, where Diomedes, the king, kept some
+fine coursers, which were fed on human flesh. In order to obtain a
+sufficient supply of fresh meat for his horses, Diomedes had decreed
+that all strangers who ventured into his kingdom should be seized,
+and, when sufficiently fat, executed, and served up in his horses'
+mangers. To punish Diomedes for this long-continued barbarity,
+Hercules fed him to his own horses, which were then led off to
+Eurystheus, as a token that the seventh labor was done.
+
+[Sidenote: Hippolyte's girdle.]
+
+Now, at the court of Eurystheus was his beautiful daughter, Admete, a
+vain princess, who delighted in dress and jewels, and who was never
+happier than when she obtained some new ornament or article of
+apparel. One day Admete heard a traveler describe a girdle worn by
+Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, and was immediately seized by the
+desire to possess the ornament.
+
+She imparted this wish to Eurystheus, who, delighted to gratify her as
+long as he could do so without taking any personal risk or trouble,
+sent Hercules in quest of the coveted jewel. The journey to the land
+of the Amazons--a fierce, warlike nation of women--was long and
+dangerous; but Hercules traveled on undaunted, nor paused, except when
+his services were needed in furthering some good work for mortals,
+until he reached their land, presented himself before their queen, and
+boldly explained the cause of his presence. Hippolyte listened to his
+explanation and request with queenly condescension, promised to
+consider the matter, and in the mean while bade him feast and rest in
+her palace.
+
+Hercules would have succeeded in this undertaking without any trouble,
+had not Juno suddenly remembered his existence, and resolved to
+continue her never entirely forgotten persecutions. In the guise of an
+Amazon, she mingled among the women, and artfully spread the report
+that Hercules had really come to kidnap their queen, and that the
+pretended quest of the girdle was a mere excuse, and only intended to
+distract their attention from his real purpose. The Amazons yielded
+implicit belief to these rumors, flew to arms, and surrounded their
+queen.
+
+    "The Amazons array their ranks,
+    In painted arms of radiant sheen
+    Around Hippolyte the queen."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+The assembled force then attacked Hercules, who met their onslaught
+single-handed, defeated them, and finally bore away the prize he had
+risked so much to obtain. It was on his homeward journey from this
+expedition that he saved Hesione, Laomedon's daughter, from the jaws
+of the sea monster who was about to devour her, as he had devoured
+many a fair Trojan maid before her (p. 152).
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNTED AMAZON GOING TO THE CHASE.--Thorwaldsen.
+      (Copenhagen.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Stymphalian birds.]
+
+Eurystheus, well pleased with the manner in which Hercules had
+accomplished eight out of the twelve tasks, bade him now go forth and
+slay the dangerous, brazen-clawed birds which hovered over the
+stagnant waters of Lake Stymphalus. The poisoned arrows now served him
+in good stead, and enabled him to put a speedy end to the whole flock.
+
+                          "His arrows slew
+    The monsters hov'ring fell Stymphalus round."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Cattle of Geryones.]
+
+Hercules was next told to capture the divine cattle of Geryones, a
+giant of Erythea. On his way home with this marvelous herd, Hercules
+paused on Mount Aventine, where, during the night, the loathsome giant
+Cacus stole some of his cows. To punish him for this theft, Hercules
+forced his way into his cave, attacked him, and, after a memorable
+encounter, slew him. The animals were soon after delivered into the
+hands of Eurystheus, who then sent Hercules in search of the Golden
+Apples of the Hesperides.
+
+[Sidenote: Hesperian apples.]
+
+This commission sadly perplexed Hercules, for he did not know in what
+portion of the world he would find these apples, which had been given
+to Juno as a wedding present, and which she had intrusted to the care
+of the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, god of the West. After
+numerous journeys and many inquiries, Hercules discovered that these
+maidens had carried these apples off to Africa, hung them on a tree in
+their garden, and placed the dragon Ladon at its foot to guard their
+treasures night and day. Unfortunately, no one could tell Hercules in
+what part of Africa the garden of the Hesperides might be situated: so
+he set out at a venture, determined to travel about until he gained
+some information. On his way he met with many adventures, and saw many
+strange sights. For instance, he first met the nymphs of the Eridanus
+River, and, questioning them about the golden apples, was told to
+consult old Nereus, god of the sea, who would probably be able to give
+him some information on the subject.
+
+Hercules, having surprised this aged divinity while asleep on the
+seashore, held him fast, in spite of the multitudinous transformations
+he underwent in the vain hope of frightening his would-be interlocutor
+away. In answer to Hercules' question, he finally very reluctantly
+bade him seek Prometheus, who alone would be able to direct him
+aright.
+
+In obedience to this advice, Hercules went to the Caucasian Mountains,
+where, on the brink of a mighty precipice, he found Prometheus, still
+bound with adamantine chains, and still a prey to the ravenous vulture
+(p. 28). To spring up the mountain side, kill the cruel bird, snap the
+adamantine chains, and set free the benefactor of all mankind, was the
+work of but a few minutes for such a hero as Hercules; and, in
+gratitude for the deliverance he had so long sought in vain,
+Prometheus directed Hercules to his brother Atlas, telling him he
+would be sure to know where the apples could be found.
+
+[Sidenote: Pygmies.]
+
+Hercules wended his way to Africa, where Atlas dwelt, and on his way
+passed through the land of a diminutive race of men, called Pygmies,
+who were so small that they lived in constant dread of their
+neighbors, so much larger and stronger than they, and of the cranes,
+which passed over their country in great flocks, and sometimes
+alighted to devour their harvests.
+
+To guard against these constant inroads, the Pygmies finally accepted
+the services of Antæus, a giant son of Gæa, who generously offered to
+defend them against all their enemies. When these little people,
+therefore, saw Hercules' mighty form looming up in the dim distance,
+they called aloud for fear, and bade Antæus go forth and kill the new
+invader, who, they wrongly fancied, had evil designs against them.
+
+Proud of his strength, Antæus went to meet Hercules, and defied him. A
+fierce struggle was the immediate result of this challenge, and, as
+the combatants were of equal size and strength, the victory seemed
+very uncertain. At last Hercules felt his great strength begin to
+fail, and noticed that every time his adversary touched the ground he
+seemed to renew his vigor. He therefore resolved to try and win by
+strategy, and, watching his opportunity, seized Antæus round the
+waist, raised him from the ground, and held him aloft in his powerful
+embrace.
+
+The giant struggled with all his might to get free; but Hercules held
+him fast, and felt him grow weaker and weaker, now that he was no
+longer sustained by his mother Earth, from whom he derived all his
+strength, until at last his struggles ceased, and he hung limp and
+lifeless in Hercules' crushing embrace.
+
+    "Lifts proud Antæus from his mother-plains,
+    And with strong grasp the struggling giant strains;
+    Back falls his fainting head and clammy hair,
+    Writhe his weak limbs, and flits his life in air."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: Atlas.]
+
+Now that the gigantic defender of the Pygmies no longer blocked his
+way, Hercules traveled onward in search of Atlas, whom he finally
+found supporting the heavens on his broad shoulders. Atlas listened
+attentively to all Hercules had to say, declared he knew where the
+apples could be found, and promised to get them if the hero would only
+relieve him of his burden for a little while. Glad to accomplish his
+purpose so easily, Hercules allowed the burden of the heavens to be
+transferred to his shoulders, and Atlas hastened off to fulfill his
+part of the agreement.
+
+From afar the giant saw the golden fruit glittering in the sunshine.
+Stealthily he drew near, entered the gardens, slew the dragon in his
+sleep, plucked the apples, and returned unmolested to the place where
+he had left Hercules. But his steps became slower and slower; and as
+he neared the hero, he could not help thinking with horror of the
+burden he must so soon resume, and bear for centuries, perhaps,
+without relief.
+
+This thought oppressed him. Freedom was so sweet, that he resolved to
+keep it, and, coolly stepping up to Hercules, announced that he would
+carry the golden apples to Eurystheus, and leave him to support the
+heavens in his stead. Feigning a satisfaction which he was very far
+from feeling, Hercules acquiesced, but detained Atlas for a moment,
+asking him to hold the heavens until he could place a cushion on his
+shoulders. Good-natured, as giants proverbially are, Atlas threw the
+apples on the grass beside him, and assumed the incumbent weight; but
+Hercules, instead of preparing to resume it, picked up the apples,
+leaving Atlas alone, in the same plight as he had found him, there to
+remain until some more compassionate hero should come and set him
+free.
+
+    "There Atlas, son of great Iapetus,
+    With head inclined and ever-during arms,
+    Sustains the spacious heavens."
+
+                                     Hesiod.
+
+It was during the course of one of his mighty labors, that Hercules,
+with one wrench of his powerful arm, tore a cleft in the mountains,
+and allowed the waters of the Sea to flow into Oceanus; and ever
+since, the rocks on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar have borne
+the name of Hercules' Pillars.
+
+The twelfth and last task appointed by Eurystheus was the most
+difficult of all to perform. Hercules was commanded to descend into
+Hades and bring up the dog Cerberus, securely bound.
+
+    "But for the last, to Pluto's drear abode
+    Through the dark jaws of Tænarus he went,
+    To drag the triple-headed dog to light."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+This command, like all the others, was speedily obeyed; but Eurystheus
+was so terrified at the aspect of the triple-headed dog, from the foam
+of whose dripping jaws the nightshade sprang, that he took refuge in a
+huge jar, and refused to come out until Hercules had carried the
+monster back to his cave.
+
+[Sidenote: Olympian Games.]
+
+The twelve appointed labors were finished; the time of bondage was
+ended; and Hercules, a free man, could wander at his own sweet will,
+and enjoy the happiness of freedom. A roaming existence had, from
+force of habit, become a necessity: so the hero first journeyed to
+Olympia, where he instituted games to be celebrated every fifth year
+in honor of Jupiter, his father. Thence he wandered from place to
+place, doing good, and came to the house of Admetus, where he was
+surprised to find all the court in mourning.
+
+His sympathetic inquiries soon brought forth a full account of
+Alcestis' sacrifice of her own life to insure the immortality of her
+husband (p. 65). The hero's heart was touched by the king's
+loneliness; and he again braved the terrors of Hades, and brought
+Alcestis back from the grave, and restored her to her husband's arms.
+
+Hercules took a prominent part in many heroic enterprises. Among
+others, he joined in the Argonautic expedition (p. 266), in the battle
+between the Centaurs and Lapithæ (p. 260), in the war of the gods and
+giants, and in the first siege of Troy (p. 152), which proved
+successful.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules and Omphale.]
+
+But the hero, although so lately escaped from servitude, was soon
+obliged to return into bondage; for in a fit of anger he slew a man,
+and was condemned by the assembled gods to serve Omphale, Queen of
+Lydia, for a certain lapse of time.
+
+No great deeds were now required of Hercules, whose strength was
+derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily by his
+admiration for her, made him submit to occupations unworthy of a man,
+and, while he was busy spinning, decked herself in his lion's skin,
+and brandished his renowned club.
+
+    "His lion spoils the laughing Fair demands,
+    And gives the distaff to his awkward hands."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AT THE FEET OF OMPHALE.--Gleyre.]
+
+However unworthy these effeminate tasks may seem for such a hero, they
+proved very agreeable indeed to Hercules, who, having fallen in love
+with his new mistress, seemed to wish nothing better than to remain
+her slave forever, and end his days in idleness and pleasure. Great
+labors were awaiting his mighty arm, however; and the gods, at the
+appointed time, freed him from his bondage to the Lydian queen, and
+bade him go forth and do all the good in his power.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules and Deianeira]
+
+In the course of his wanderings, Hercules next met Deianeira, daughter
+of Å’neus, and, having fallen in love with her, expressed a desire to
+marry her. But unfortunately another suitor, the river god Achelous,
+had already won the father's consent.
+
+                      "Achelous came,
+    The river god, to ask a father's voice,
+    And snatched me to his arms."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+So sure was this suitor of his attractions, that he did not even deem
+it necessary to secure the maiden's good graces; and when Hercules
+made known his love, she immediately promised to marry him, if he
+would only free her from the lover her father would fain force upon
+her. Delighted to be able to win his bride and punish his rival at the
+same time, Hercules challenged Achelous; and now began a wrestling
+match, the fame of which has come down to us through all the
+intervening centuries.
+
+Achelous was an opponent worthy of Hercules, and, besides, took
+advantage of his power to change his form at will, further to perplex
+and harass the sturdy hero. At last he assumed the shape of a bull,
+and with lowered horns rushed toward Hercules, intending to toss him
+aside. The hero, skillfully avoiding his first onset, seized him by
+one of his great thickset horns, and held it so firmly that all the
+bull's efforts to free himself from his powerful grasp were vain,
+until the horn broke.
+
+The Goddess of Plenty, the Attican Fortuna, a witness of this strange
+combat, appropriated the broken horn, stuffed her treasures in its
+hollow, and was so well pleased with the effect, that she decreed it
+should henceforth be one of her attributes. The fight, only
+temporarily suspended, was now resumed with redoubled ardor, for each
+of the lovers was intent upon winning the hand of the fair Deianeira.
+
+  [Illustration: FORTUNA. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+    "Warm, and more warm the conflict grows:
+    Dire was the noise of rattling bows,
+    Of front to front opposed, and hand to hand:
+    Deep was the animated strife
+    For love, for conquest, and for life."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+The victory, though long uncertain, finally rested with Hercules, who
+triumphantly departed with his hard-won bride, for his destiny would
+not permit him to tarry long in any place. Instead of wandering alone
+now, with none to cheer or sympathize, Hercules had Deianeira ever at
+his side; and after many days they came to the river Evenus, whose
+usually shallow and peaceful waters were swollen and turbid, for
+violent rainstorms had recently swept over that portion of the
+country.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Nessus.]
+
+Hercules paused for a moment to contemplate the stream, and glanced
+about for some safe mode to transport Deianeira across. While he was
+thus considering, a Centaur by the name of Nessus came to his
+assistance, and proposed to carry the fair young bride to the other
+shore in complete safety, if she would but consent to mount upon his
+broad back.
+
+    "The hoary centaur, who was wont for hire
+    To bear the traveler o'er the rapid flood
+    Of deep Evenus: not with oars or sail
+    He stemm'd the torrent, but with nervous arm
+    Opposed and pass'd it; me, when first a bride,
+    I left my father's hospitable roof
+    With my Alcides, in his arms he bore
+    Athwart the current."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Hercules, only too glad to avail himself of the Centaur's kind offer
+of assistance, quickly helped Deianeira to mount, saw them descend
+into the water, and prepared to follow, holding his bow and arrows
+aloft in one hand, and breasting the waves with the other.
+
+Now, the Centaur Nessus did not often have the good fortune to carry
+such a pretty passenger as Deianeira over the river, and as he swam he
+made up his mind to gallop off with her as soon as he reached the
+opposite shore. All his strength and energy, therefore, were called
+into requisition; and when he reached the shore, instead of pausing to
+allow his fair burden to dismount, he set off as fast as he could run.
+
+[Sidenote: Nessus' robe.]
+
+A loud shriek from Deianeira attracted Hercules' attention, and a
+second later one of his poisoned arrows had brought the would-be
+ravisher to the ground, pierced through the heart. With dying accents
+the Centaur Nessus professed repentance, and bade Deianeira take his
+robe,--but slightly stained with the blood which gushed from the wound
+inflicted by the poisoned arrow,--and keep it carefully, for it had
+magic power; and if she ever found her husband's love waning, he
+assured her, that, could she but induce him to put it on, all his
+early affection would revive, as pure and fervent as during their
+honeymoon.
+
+                                    "'Take
+    This white robe. It is costly. See, my blood
+    Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:
+    I know it, and repent me. If there come
+    A time when he grows cold--for all the race
+    Of heroes wander, nor can any love
+    Fix theirs for long--take it and wrap him in it,
+    And he shall love again.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Deianeira gratefully accepted the proffered gift, and promised to
+treasure it up carefully, although she sincerely hoped she would never
+be called upon to make use of it. Years passed by. Hercules often left
+Deianeira to deliver the oppressed and relieve the suffering, for
+people came from great distances to ask for his aid; and although his
+absences were sometimes prolonged, he always returned to her side, as
+loving as ever, and she had no cause for complaint. Finally duty took
+him back to the court of Eurytus, where he beheld Iole, whom he had
+seen and loved in the beginning of his career, but whom he had been
+obliged to leave to fulfill his arduous tasks. She was still young
+and charming, and his first glance into her sweet face rekindled all
+his former passion. Day after day he lingered by her side, forgetful
+of duty, Deianeira, and all but his first dream of love and happiness.
+When absent, Deianeira was wont to hear rumors of his heroic
+achievements; but on this occasion the only report which reached her
+ear was that he had returned to his allegiance to his first love, and
+this roused her jealousy, so long dormant.
+
+[Sidenote: Deianeira's jealousy.]
+
+Finally she heard that Hercules was wending his way homeward again,
+and her heart bounded with joy, but only to sink more heavily when
+told that he was accompanied by Iole and a numerous train. Then she
+remembered the long-forgotten gift of the Centaur. With trembling
+hands she sought the glittering robe, gave it to a messenger, and bade
+him hasten to meet Hercules, and prevail upon him to wear it for his
+triumphant return. The messenger, Lichas, hastened to do her bidding,
+and Deianeira waited with fast-beating heart for the success of her
+venture.
+
+    "I only wish the charm may be of power
+    To win Alcides from this virgin's love,
+    And bring him back to Deianeira's arms."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Lichas acquitted himself faithfully of his errand; and Hercules,
+viewing the costly garment, and anxious to appear to his best
+advantage before the bright eyes of Iole, immediately donned the
+richly embroidered robe.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' death.]
+
+He had no sooner put it on, than the Centaur's poisoned blood began
+its deadly work. First he experienced a burning, stinging sensation,
+which ran like fire through every vein. Vainly he tried to tear off
+the fatal garment. It clung to his limbs, and the poison ate its way
+into his flesh, until the pain was greater than he could bear.
+
+  [Illustration: FARNESE HERCULES. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+In his rage at the trick which had been played upon him, he seized
+Lichas--the unfortunate bearer of the poisoned robe--by the foot,
+and flung him from the heights of Mount Å’ta down into the sea, where
+he perished.
+
+    "And Lichas from the top of Å’ta threw
+    Into th' Euboic Sea."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+Then, resolved to end these unendurable torments by a death worthy of
+his whole life, Hercules called his servants, and bade them build his
+funeral pyre on the mountain peak; but they, in tears, refused to
+obey, for they could not bear the thought of parting with their
+beloved master. Commands and entreaties alike failed to move them: so
+Hercules climbed up the mountain side alone, tore up the huge oaks by
+their roots, flung them one upon the other until he had raised a
+mighty pile, upon which he stretched his colossal, pain-racked limbs,
+and bade his friend Philoctetes set fire to the stupendous mass.
+
+At first Philoctetes also refused to do his bidding; but, bribed by
+the promise of the world-renowned poisoned arrows, he finally
+consented to do as Hercules wished, and the red flames rose higher and
+higher, the wood crackled and burned, and the hero was soon enveloped
+in sheets of flame, which purged him from all mortality.
+
+Then Jupiter came down from his glorious abode, caught the noble soul
+in his mighty arms, and bore it off to Olympus, there to dwell in
+happiness forever with Hebe, the fair goddess of youth, whose hand was
+given him in marriage.
+
+    "Till the god, the earthly part forsaken,
+    From the man in flames asunder taken,
+    Drank the heavenly ethers' purer breath.
+    Joyous in the new, unwonted lightness,
+    Earth's dark, heavy burden lost in death.
+    High Olympus gives harmonious greeting
+    To the hall where reigns his sire adored;
+    Youth's bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,
+    Gives the nectar to her lord."
+
+                  Schiller (S. G. B.'s tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Hercules.]
+
+Hercules, the special divinity of athletic sports and of strength, was
+principally worshiped by young men. He is generally represented in art
+as a tall, powerfully built man, with a small, bearded head, a lion's
+skin carelessly thrown over his shoulder, and leaning upon a massive
+club.
+
+    "Great Alcides, stooping with his toil,
+    Rests on his club."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+It is said that some of the games celebrated at Olympia were held in
+his honor, although originally instituted by him in honor of Jupiter,
+his father. The Nemean Games, celebrated in the forest of Nemea, the
+scene of his first great labor, were the principal games held in
+Greece in commemoration of his noble deeds and early death.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+PERSEUS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Acrisius and Danae.]
+
+The life of Acrisius, King of Argos, had been a burden to him ever
+since the unfortunate day when an oracle had predicted that he would
+be killed by his grandson. Until then the king had been very fond of
+his only child, Danae, and until then, too, had thought with pride of
+the time when he would bestow her hand in marriage upon the noblest of
+all who came to woo.
+
+Now his plans were all changed, and his only wish was to keep her
+unmated,--a somewhat difficult task, for the maiden was very fair, and
+Acrisius knew that the wily God of Love would endeavor to find some
+way to outwit him and bring his plans to naught. After much thought,
+Acrisius decided to lock Danae up in a brazen tower, around which he
+stationed guards to prevent any one from even approaching the captive
+princess.
+
+But, although safely concealed from the eyes of men, Danae was plainly
+seen by the everlasting gods; and Jupiter, looking down from Olympus,
+beheld her in all her loveliness and in all her loneliness. She was
+seated on top of her brazen tower, her eyes wistfully turned toward
+the city, where girls of her age enjoyed freedom, and were allowed to
+marry when they pleased.
+
+[Sidenote: The shower of gold.]
+
+Jupiter, pitying her isolation and admiring her beauty, resolved to go
+down and converse with her for a little while. To avoid being seen, he
+changed himself into a golden shower, and gently dropped down on the
+turret beside her, where his presence and spirited conversation soon
+won the maiden's heart.
+
+    "Danae, in a brazen tower
+    Where no love was, loved a shower."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+This first successful visit was frequently repeated, and Danae no
+longer felt lonely and deserted, for Jupiter spent most of his time
+with her, pursuing his courtship most diligently, and finally winning
+her to a secret marriage, to which no one offered the slightest
+objection, as no one suspected his visits, which he continued quite
+unmolested.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Perseus.]
+
+But one morning the guards rushed in terror to Acrisius' palace to
+announce that Danae, his daughter, had given birth to a son, who, on
+account of his beauty, was called Perseus. The king no sooner learned
+this astonishing news, than he flew into a great rage, vowed that
+mother and child should perish, and dispatched the guards to fetch the
+unfortunate victims.
+
+Acrisius, however, was not cruel enough to stain his own hands with
+his child's blood, or to witness her execution: so he ordered that she
+should be placed in an empty cask with her helpless infant, and
+exposed to the fury of the waves. These orders were speedily executed;
+and Danae's heart sank with terror when she felt the cask buffeted
+about by the great waves far out of sight of land, and out of all
+reach of help. Clasping her babe close to her bosom, she fervently
+prayed the gods to watch over them both, and bring them in safety to
+some hospitable shore.
+
+    "When round the well-fram'd ark the blowing blast
+    Roar'd, and the heaving whirlpools of the deep
+    With rough'ning surge seem'd threatening to o'erturn
+    The wide-tost vessel, not with tearless cheeks
+    The mother round her infant gently twined
+    Her tender arm, and cried, 'Ah me! my child!
+    What sufferings I endure! thou sleep'st the while,
+    Inhaling in thy milky-breathing breast
+    The balm of slumber.'"
+
+                    Simonides (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Danae at Seriphus.]
+
+Her piteous prayer was evidently heard, for, after much tossing, the
+cask was finally washed ashore on the Island of Seriphus, where
+Polydectes, the king, kindly received mother and child. Here Perseus,
+the golden-haired, grew to manhood, and here made his first appearance
+in games and combats.
+
+In the mean while, Polydectes had fallen in love with Danae, and
+expressed his desire to marry her; but Danae did not return his
+affections, and would not consent. Angry at her persistent refusal of
+his proposals, Polydectes wished to compel her to obey, and thereby
+incurred the wrath of young Perseus, who loudly declared that none
+should dare force his mother as long as he were there to defend her.
+This boast did not at all allay the monarch's wrath; and, hoping to
+get rid of the young boaster, he bade him go forth and slay Medusa, if
+he wished to convince people that his bravery was real.
+
+[Sidenote: The Gorgons.]
+
+This Medusa was one of the three Gorgons. Her sisters, Euryale and
+Stheno, although immortal, had never had any claims to beauty; but
+Medusa, when only a girl, had been considered very handsome indeed.
+Her home, in a land where the sun never shone, was very distasteful to
+her, so she entreated Minerva to let her go and visit the beautiful
+sunny south.
+
+But when Minerva refused to grant her wish, she reviled the goddess,
+and declared that nothing but a conviction that mortals would no
+longer consider her beautiful if they but once beheld Medusa, could
+have prompted this denial. This presumptuous remark so incensed
+Minerva, that, to punish her for her vanity, she changed her beautiful
+curling locks into hissing, writhing serpents, and decreed that one
+glance into her still beautiful face would suffice to change the
+beholder into stone.
+
+    "Fatal Beauty! thou didst seem
+    The phantom of some fearful dream.
+    Extremes of horror and of love
+    Alternate o'er our senses move,
+    As, rapt and spellbound, we survey
+    The horrid coils which round thee play,
+    And mark thy wild, enduring smile,
+    Lit by no mortal fire the while,
+    Formed to attract all eyes to thee,
+    And yet their withering blight to be;
+    Thy power mysterious to congeal
+    And from life's blood its warmth to steal,
+    To petrify the mortal clay
+    In its first gleam of wild dismay,
+    Is a dread gift to one like thee,
+    Cursed with a hateful destiny."
+
+                              Mrs. St. John.
+
+[Sidenote: Perseus' quest.]
+
+The gods, who had carefully watched over Perseus through his childhood
+and youth, now decided to lend him their aid, so that he might
+successfully accomplish the great task of slaying Medusa. Pluto lent
+him a magic helmet, which made the wearer invisible at will; Mercury
+attached his own winged sandals to the youth's heels, to endow him
+with great rapidity of flight; while Minerva armed him with her own
+mirrorlike shield, the dreadful Ægis.
+
+      "Minerva thus to Perseus lent her shield;
+    Secure of conquest, sent him to the field:
+    The hero acted what the queen ordain'd,
+    So was his fame complete."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grææ.]
+
+Thus equipped, Perseus flew northward until he came to the land of
+perpetual darkness, the home of the Grææ, three horrible sisters, who
+possessed but one eye and one tooth, which they handed about and used
+in turn, and who were the only living beings cognizant of the place
+where Medusa dwelt.
+
+Invisible by virtue of his magic helmet, Perseus drew near the cave
+without fear of detection, and intercepted the eye while on its way
+from one sister to another. As soon as it was safe in his possession,
+he spoke to them, promising to restore it if they would only give him
+accurate directions for finding Medusa. The sisters, eager to recover
+the treasured eye, immediately gave the desired information; and
+Perseus, having honorably fulfilled his share of the contract,
+departed in search of Medusa.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Medusa.]
+
+Perseus at last perceived the Gorgon's home in the dim distance; and,
+as he was fully aware of Medusa's petrifying proclivities, he advanced
+very cautiously, holding his shield before him at such an angle that
+all surrounding objects were clearly reflected on its smooth,
+mirrorlike surface.
+
+He thus discovered Medusa asleep, raised his sword, and, without
+looking at anything but her mirrored form, severed her head from her
+body, seized it in one hand, and, holding it persistently behind his
+back, flew away in great haste, lest the two remaining Gorgons should
+fall upon him and attempt to avenge their sister's death.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of snakes.]
+
+Perseus then swiftly winged his way over land and sea, carefully
+holding his ghastly trophy behind him; and as he flew, Medusa's blood
+trickled down on the hot African sand, where it gave birth to a race
+of poisonous reptiles destined to infest the region in future ages,
+and cause the death of many an adventurous explorer. The drops which
+fell into the sea were utilized by Neptune, who created from them the
+famous winged steed called Pegasus (p. 154).
+
+    "And the life drops from thy head
+    On Libyan sands, by Perseus shed,
+    Sprang a scourging race from thee--
+    Fell types of artful mystery."
+
+                              Mrs. St. John.
+
+The return journey was long and wearisome, and on his way the hero had
+many adventures. Once, when flying high above a mountainous country,
+he caught a glimpse of Atlas, his pale face turned up to the heavens,
+whose weight he had patiently borne for many a long year,--a burden
+which seemed all the more grievous after the short taste of freedom he
+had enjoyed while Hercules stood in his place (pp. 228-9),--
+
+  [Illustration: PERSEUS.--Cellini. (Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence.)]
+
+    "Supporting on his shoulders the vast pillar
+    Of Heaven and Earth, a weight of cumbrous grasp."
+
+                    Æschylus (Potter's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Atlas petrified.]
+
+When Atlas saw Perseus flying toward him, hope revived, for he
+remembered that Fate had decreed that it was this hero who was to slay
+the Gorgon; and he thought, that, if he could but once gaze upon her
+stony face, he would be free from pain and weariness forever. As soon
+as the hero was within hearing, Atlas therefore addressed him as
+follows:--
+
+"'Hasten now, Perseus, and let me look upon the Gorgon's face, for the
+agony of my labor is well-nigh greater than I can bear.' So Perseus
+hearkened unto the word of Atlas, and he unveiled before him the dead
+face of Medusa. Eagerly he gazed for a moment on the changeless
+countenance, as though beneath the blackness of great horror he yet
+saw the wreck of her ancient beauty and pitied her for her hopeless
+woe. But in an instant the straining eyes were stiff and cold; and it
+seemed to Perseus, as he rose again into the pale yellow air, that the
+gray hairs which streamed from the giant's head were like the snow
+which rests on the peak of a great mountain, and that in place of the
+trembling limbs he saw only the rents and clefts on a rough hillside."
+
+Thus the mere sight of Medusa changed Atlas into the rugged mountains
+which have since borne his name; and, as their summits are lost in the
+clouds, the ancients supposed they sustained the full weight of the
+heavenly vault.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Andromeda.]
+
+Thence Perseus flew on until he reached the seashore, where a strange
+sight greeted him. Away down on the "rock-bound coast," so near the
+foaming billows that their spray continually dashed over her fair
+limbs, a lovely maiden was chained fast to an overhanging rock. This
+maiden was the Princess Andromeda. To atone for the vanity of her
+mother, Cassiopeia, who claimed she was fairer than any of the sea
+nymphs, she had been exposed there as prey for a terrible sea monster
+sent to devastate the homes along the coast.
+
+  [Illustration: PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.--Coypel.]
+
+An oracle, when consulted, declared that the monster would not depart
+until Andromeda was sacrificed to his fury; and Perseus could even now
+perceive the receding procession which had solemnly accompanied her to
+the appointed place of sacrifice, and chained her fast.
+
+At the same time, too, he saw the waters below the maiden lashed to
+foam by the monster's tail, and the scales of his hideous body slowly
+rising up out of the water. Fascinated by this horrible sight, the
+maiden's eyes were fixed on the monster. She did not see the rapid
+approach of her deliverer, who, dauntless, drew his sword from its
+scabbard, and, swooping down, attacked the monster, cheered by the
+shouts of the people, who had seen him, and now rushed back to witness
+the slaying of their foe.
+
+                      "On the hills a shout
+    Of joy, and on the rocks the ring of mail;
+    And while the hungry serpent's gloating eyes
+    Were fixed on me, a knight in casque of gold
+    And blazing shield, who with his flashing blade
+    Fell on the monster. Long the conflict raged,
+    Till all the rocks were red with blood and slime,
+    And yet my champion from those horrible jaws
+    And dreadful coils was scathless."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Of course, this fierce struggle could have but one conclusion; and
+when Perseus had slain the monster, freed Andromeda from her chains,
+and restored her to the arms of her overjoyed parents, they
+immediately offered any reward he might be pleased to claim. When he,
+therefore, expressed a desire to marry the maiden he had so bravely
+rescued, they gladly gave him her hand, although in early youth the
+princess had been promised to her uncle Phineus.
+
+[Sidenote: Phineus petrified.]
+
+Preparations for the marriage were immediately begun; and the former
+suitor, who had been too cowardly to venture a single blow to deliver
+her from the monster, prepared to fight the rival who was about to
+carry off his promised bride. Unbidden he came to the marriage feast
+with a number of armed followers, and was about to carry off
+Andromeda, when Perseus suddenly bade his adherents stand behind him,
+unveiled the Medusa head, and, turning its baleful face toward Phineus
+and his followers, changed them all into stone.
+
+The interrupted marriage feast was now resumed; and when it was over,
+Perseus took his bride to Seriphus. There, hearing that Polydectes had
+dared to ill treat his mother because she still refused to accede to
+his wishes and become his wife, he changed the importunate king into a
+rock by showing him his Medusa trophy, gave the kingdom to the king's
+brother, and, accompanied by wife and mother, returned to his native
+land. The borrowed helmet, sandals, and shield were all duly restored
+to their respective owners, and the Medusa head was given to Minerva
+in token of gratitude for her help. Greatly pleased with this gift,
+the goddess set it in the center of her terrible Ægis, where it
+retained all its petrifying power, and served her in many a fight.
+
+[Sidenote: Return to Argos.]
+
+Arrived at Argos, Perseus discovered that a usurper had claimed his
+grandfather's throne. To hurl the unlawful claimant from his exalted
+seat, and compel him to make full restitution and atonement, was but a
+trifle for the hero who had conquered Medusa; and Acrisius, now old
+and weak, was taken from the prison where he languished, and restored
+to his wonted honors, by the very youth he had been taught to fear.
+
+But the gods' decree was always sure to be fulfilled sooner or later;
+and one day, when Perseus was playing quoits, he accidentally killed
+his grandfather. To remain at Argos, haunted by the memory of this
+involuntary crime, was too painful for him: so he exchanged his
+kingdom for another, that of Mycenæ, which he ruled wisely and well.
+When Perseus died, after a long and glorious reign, the gods, who had
+always loved him, placed him among the stars, where he can still be
+seen, with his wife Andromeda, and mother-in-law Cassiopeia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+THESEUS.
+
+
+When yet but a very young man, Ægeus, King of Athens, journeyed off to
+Trœzene, where he fell in love with and married a pretty young
+princess by the name of Æthra. For some reason, which mythologists do
+not make known, the king was forced to return alone to Athens; but ere
+he departed he concealed his sword and sandals beneath a stone,
+bidding his wife remember, that, as soon as the strength of their son
+Theseus permitted, he must raise the rock, appropriate sword and
+sandals, and come and join him in Athens, where he should be
+introduced to the people as his son and heir. These instructions
+given, Ægeus bade a fond farewell to his wife and infant son, and
+returned home.
+
+As the years passed by, they brought strength, beauty, and wisdom to
+Theseus, whose fame began to be published abroad. At last Æthra deemed
+him strong enough to raise the rock beneath which his father's trusty
+weapon lay; and, conducting him to the spot where it was, she told him
+the whole story, and bade him try his strength.
+
+Theseus immediately obeyed. With a mighty effort he raised the rock,
+and, to his great satisfaction, found the sword and sandals in a
+perfect state of preservation. Sword in hand, he then set out for
+Athens,--a long and dangerous journey. He proceeded slowly and
+cautiously, for he knew that many dangers lurked along his pathway,
+and that ere he reached his father's city he would have to encounter
+both giants and monsters, who would strive to bar his way.
+
+[Sidenote: Periphetes.]
+
+He was not at all mistaken in his previsions; for Trœzene was
+scarcely lost to sight ere he came across the giant Periphetes, son of
+Vulcan, who stood in the road and attacked with a huge club, whose
+blows were generally fatal, all who strove to pass. Adroitly evading
+the giant's first onslaught, Theseus plunged his sword deep into his
+huge side ere he could renew the attack, and brought him lifeless to
+the ground.
+
+[Sidenote: Sinis.]
+
+Theseus then disarmed his fallen foe, and, retaining the club for
+future use, continued his journey in peace, until he came to the
+Isthmus of Corinth, where two adventures awaited him. The first was
+with a cruel giant named Sinis, nicknamed The Pine-bender, whose usual
+practice was to bend some huge pine until its top touched the ground,
+and call to any unsuspecting passer-by to seize it and lend him a
+helping hand for a moment. Then, as soon as the innocent stranger had
+complied with his request, he would suddenly let go the pine, which,
+freed from his gigantic grasp, sprang back to its upright position,
+and hurled the unfortunate traveler way up in the air, to be dashed to
+pieces against the rocky mountain side.
+
+Theseus, who had already heard of the giant's stratagem, skillfully
+eluded the danger, and finally caused Sinis to perish by the same
+cruel death which he had dealt out to so many others.
+
+[Sidenote: Sciron.]
+
+In one place the Isthmus of Corinth was exceedingly narrow, and the
+only practicable pathway led along a rocky ledge, guarded by a robber
+named Sciron, who forced all who tried to pass him to wash his feet.
+While the traveler was thus engaged, and knelt in the narrow pathway
+to do his bidding, he would suddenly raise his foot, kick him over the
+side, and hurl him down into the sea below, where a huge tortoise was
+ever waiting with gaping jaws to devour the victims.
+
+Instead of yielding to Sciron's exactions, Theseus drew his sword, and
+by his determined bearing so terrified the robber, that he offered him
+a free passage. This offer, however, did not satisfy Theseus, who
+said he would sheathe his sword only on condition that Sciron
+performed for him the menial office he had imposed upon so many
+others. Sciron dared not refuse, and obeyed in fear and trembling; but
+he was doomed never to molest any one again, for Theseus kicked him
+over the precipice, into the breakers, where the tortoise feasted upon
+his remains with as keen a relish as upon former victims.
+
+[Sidenote: Cercyon and Procrustes.]
+
+After disposing of another world-renowned robber, Cercyon (The
+Wrestler), Theseus encountered Procrustes (The Stretcher), a cruel
+giant, who, under pretext of entertainment, deluded travelers into
+entering his home, where he had two beds of very different
+dimensions,--one unusually short, the other unusually long. If the
+unfortunate traveler were a short man, he was put to bed in the long
+bedstead, and his limbs were pulled out of joint to make him fit it;
+but if, on the contrary, he were tall, he was assigned the short bed,
+and the superfluous length of limb was lopped off under the selfsame
+pretext. Taking Procrustes quite unawares, Theseus gave him a faint
+idea of the sufferings he had inflicted upon others by making him try
+each bed in turn, and then, to avoid his continuing these evil
+practices, put an end to his wretched existence.
+
+Theseus successfully accomplished a few more exploits of a similar
+character, and finally reached Athens, where he found that his fame
+had preceded him.
+
+    "In days of old, there liv'd of mighty fame,
+    A valiant prince, and Theseus was his name:
+    A chief, who more in feats of arms excell'd,
+    The rising nor the setting sun beheld."
+
+                                     Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea's draught.]
+
+The first tidings that there reached his ear were that Ægeus had just
+married Medea, the enchantress; but, although these tidings were very
+unwelcome, he hastened on to his father's court, to make himself
+known, and receive the welcome promised so many years before. Medea,
+seated by Ægeus' side, no sooner saw the young stranger draw near,
+than she knew him, and foresaw that he had come to demand his rights.
+To prevent his making known claims which might interfere with the
+prospects of her future offspring, she hastily mixed a deadly poison
+in a cup, which she filled with fragrant wine, and bade Ægeus offer it
+to the stranger.
+
+The monarch was about to execute her apparently hospitable purpose,
+when his eye suddenly rested upon the sword at Theseus' side, which he
+immediately recognized. One swift glance into the youth's open face
+convinced him that Æthra's son stood before him, and he eagerly
+stretched out his arms to clasp him to his heart. This sudden movement
+upset the goblet, and the poisonous contents, falling upon a dog lying
+at the king's feet, caused his almost instantaneous death. Seeing her
+crime discovered and Theseus recognized, Medea quickly mounted her
+magic dragon car, and fled to Media, whence she never returned.
+
+[Sidenote: Tribute to the Minotaur.]
+
+One day, some time after his arrival at Athens, Theseus heard a sound
+of weeping and great lamentation throughout all the city, and in reply
+to his wondering inquiries was told, that ever since an unfortunate
+war between the Cretans and Athenians, the latter, who had been
+vanquished, were obliged to pay a yearly tribute of seven youths and
+as many maidens, destined to serve as food for the Minotaur. Further
+questions evolved the fact that the Minotaur was a hideous monster,
+the property of Minos, King of Crete, who kept it in an intricate
+labyrinth, constructed for that express purpose by Dædalus, the
+far-famed architect.
+
+    "There lived and flourished long ago, in famous Athens town,
+    One Dædalus, a carpenter of genius and renown;
+    ('Twas he who with an augur taught mechanics how to bore,--
+    An art which the philosophers monopolized before.)"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+  [Illustration: DÆDALUS AND ICARUS.--Vien.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dædalus and Icarus.]
+
+This labyrinth was so very intricate, that those who entered could not
+find their way out; and even Dædalus and his son Icarus, after many
+days' attempt, found they could not leave it. Rather than remain
+imprisoned forever, Dædalus then manufactured wings for himself and
+for his son, and determined to make use of them to effect his escape.
+
+    "Now Dædalus, the carpenter, had made a pair of wings,
+    Contrived of wood and feathers and a cunning set of springs,
+    By means of which the wearer could ascend to any height,
+    And sail about among the clouds as easy as a kite."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+After repeated cautions to his son not to venture too high, lest the
+sun's heat should melt the wax fixing the feathers to the frame,
+Dædalus bade Icarus don his plumage and fly to a country where they
+would be free, promising to follow him thither very shortly.
+
+    "'My Icarus!' he says; 'I warn thee fly
+    Along the middle track: nor low, nor high;
+    If low, thy plumes may flag with ocean's spray;
+    If high, the sun may dart his fiery ray.'"
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+Delighted with this new mode of travel, Icarus flew swiftly along.
+Little by little he forgot the danger and his father's caution, and
+rose up higher and higher, until he could bask in the direct rays of
+the ardent sun. The heat, which seemed so grateful after his chilly
+flight, soon softened and melted the wax on his wings; and Icarus, no
+longer supported by the light feathers, sank down faster and faster,
+until he fell into the sea, where he was drowned, and which, in memory
+of him, bears the name of Icarian to this day.
+
+These varied details kindled Theseus' love of adventure, and still
+further strengthened him in his sudden resolve to join the mournful
+convoy, try his strength against the awful Minotaur, and, if possible,
+save his country from further similar exactions.
+
+    "While Attica thus groan'd, with ills opprest;
+    His country's wrongs inflam'd brave Theseus' breast;
+    Instant his gen'rous soul resolv'd to save
+    Cecrops' great offspring from a timeless grave."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+Even his father's tears and entreaties were powerless to move him
+from his purpose, and, the hour having come, he embarked upon the
+black-sailed vessel which was to bear the yearly tribute to Crete,
+promising to change the black sails for snowy white ones if he were
+fortunate enough to return victorious.
+
+[Sidenote: Talus.]
+
+Favorable winds soon wafted the galley to distant Crete, and as they
+sailed along the coast, searching for the harbor, they were challenged
+by the brazen giant Talus, who walked daily thrice around the whole
+island, killing, by contact with his red-hot body, all who had no
+business to land on that coast. Knowing, however, that the
+black-sailed galley brought a fresh supply of youths and maidens for
+the terrible Minotaur, Talus let it pass unharmed; and the victims
+were brought into the presence of Minos, who personally inspected each
+new freight-load, to make sure he was not being cheated by the
+Athenians.
+
+[Sidenote: Ariadne's clew.]
+
+At the monarch's side stood his fair daughter Ariadne, whose tender
+heart was filled with compassion when she beheld the frail maidens and
+gallant youths about to perish by such a loathsome death. Theseus, by
+right of his birth, claimed the precedence, and proffered a request to
+be the first victim,--a request which the king granted with a sardonic
+smile, ere he returned unmoved to his interrupted feast.
+
+Unnoticed by all, Ariadne slipped out of the palace, and, under cover
+of the darkness, entered the prison where Theseus was confined. There
+she tremblingly offered him a ball of twine and a sharp sword, bidding
+him tie one end of the twine to the entrance of the labyrinth, and
+keep the other in his hand as a clew to find the way out again should
+the sword enable him to kill the dreaded Minotaur. In token of
+gratitude for this timely assistance, Theseus solemnly promised
+Ariadne to take her with him to Athens as his bride, were he only
+successful in his undertaking.
+
+At dawn the next day Theseus was conducted to the entrance of the
+labyrinth, and there left to await the tender mercies of the Minotaur.
+Like all heroes, he preferred to meet any danger rather than remain
+inactive: so, mindful of Ariadne's instructions, he fastened his
+twine to the entrance, and then boldly penetrated into the intricate
+ways of the labyrinth, where many whitening bones plainly revealed the
+fate of all who had preceded him.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus and the Minotaur.]
+
+He had not gone very far before he encountered the Minotaur,--a
+creature more hideous than fancy can paint,--and he was obliged to use
+all his skill and ingenuity to avoid falling a prey to the monster's
+appetite, and all his strength to lay him low at last.
+
+The Minotaur slain, Theseus hastily retraced his footsteps.
+
+                    "And the slender clew,
+    Prepar'd in secret by th' enamor'd maid,
+    Thro' the curv'd labyrinth his steps convey'd."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' escape.]
+
+Arrived at the place where his ship rode at anchor, he found his
+companions and Ariadne awaiting him, and, springing on board, bade the
+sailors weigh anchor as quickly as possible. They were almost out of
+reach of the Cretan shores, when Talus came into view, and, perceiving
+that his master's prisoners were about to escape, leaned forward to
+catch the vessel by its rigging. Theseus, seeing this, sprang forward,
+and dealt the giant such a blow, that he lost his balance and fell
+into the deep sea, where he was drowned, and where thermal springs
+still bear witness to the heat of his brazen body.
+
+[Sidenote: Ariadne forsaken.]
+
+The returning vessel, favored by wind and tide, made but one port,
+Naxos; and here youths and maidens landed to view the beautiful
+island. Ariadne strayed apart, and threw herself down upon the ground
+to rest, where, before she was aware of it, sleep overtook her. Now,
+although very brave, Theseus was not very constant. He had already
+grown weary of Ariadne's love; and, when he saw her thus asleep, he
+basely summoned his companions, embarked with them, and set sail,
+leaving her alone upon the island, where Bacchus soon came to console
+her for the loss of her faithless lover (p. 181).
+
+  [Illustration: ARIADNE.--Rae.]
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' punishment.]
+
+Theseus, having committed a deed heinous in the eyes of gods and men,
+was doomed to suffer just punishment. In his preoccupation he entirely
+forgot his promise to change the black sails for white; and Ægeus,
+from Attica's rocky shore, seeing the sable sails when the vessel was
+yet far from land, immediately concluded that his son was dead, and in
+his grief cast himself into the sea since known as the Ægean, where he
+perished.
+
+      "As from a mountain's snowy top are driv'n
+    The rolling clouds, by the rude blasts of heav'n;
+    So from the mem'ry of lost Theseus fled
+    Those dictates, which before his reason sway'd:
+    But now his father from the ramparts' height,
+    All bath'd in tears, directs his eager sight;
+    O'er the wide sea, distended by the gale,
+    He spies, with dread amaze, the lurid sail."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' reign and marriage.]
+
+Theseus, on entering the city, heard of his father's death; and when
+he realized that it had been caused by his carelessness, he was
+overwhelmed with grief and remorse. All the cares of royalty and the
+wise measures he introduced for the happiness of his people could not
+divert his mind from this terrible catastrophe: so he finally resolved
+to resign his authority and set out again in search of adventures,
+which might help him forget his woes. He therefore made an excursion
+into the land of the Amazons, where Hercules had preceded him, and
+whence he brought back Hippolyte, whom he married. Theseus was now
+very happy indeed, and soon all his hopes were crowned by the birth of
+a son, whom he called Hippolytus. Shortly after this joyful event, the
+Amazons invaded his country under pretext of rescuing their kidnapped
+queen, and in the battle which ensued Hippolyte was accidentally
+wounded by an arrow, and breathed her last in Theseus' arms.
+
+Theseus next set out with an Athenian army to fight Pirithous, king of
+the Lapithæ, who had dared to declare war; but when the armies were
+face to face, the two chiefs, seized with a sudden liking for each
+other, simultaneously cast down their weapons, and, falling on each
+other's necks, embraced, and swore an eternal friendship.
+
+[Sidenote: Centaurs and Lapithæ]
+
+To show his devotion to this newly won friend, Theseus consented to
+accompany him to the court of Adrastus, King of Argos, and witness his
+marriage to Hippodamia, daughter of the king. Many guests were, of
+course, present to witness the marriage ceremony, among others
+Hercules and a number of the Centaurs. The latter, struck with
+admiration for the bride's unusual beauty, made an attempt to kidnap
+her, which was frustrated by the Lapithæ, seconded by Theseus and
+Hercules. The terrible struggle which ensued between the conflicting
+parties has ever been a favorite subject in art, and is popularly
+known as the "Battle between the Centaurs and Lapithæ."
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus in Hades.]
+
+The hotly contested bride did not, however, enjoy a very long life,
+and Pirithous soon found himself, like Theseus, a disconsolate
+widower. To avoid similar bereavement in future, they both resolved to
+secure goddesses, who, being immortal, would share their thrones
+forever. Aided by Pirithous, Theseus carried off Helen, the daughter
+of Jupiter (p. 311), and, as she was still but a child, intrusted her
+to the care of his mother, Æthra, until she attained a suitable age
+for matrimony. Then, in return for Pirithous' kind offices, he
+accompanied him to Hades, where they intended to carry off Proserpina.
+
+While they were thus engaged, Helen's twin brothers, Castor and
+Pollux, came to Athens, delivered her from captivity, and carried her
+home in triumph. As for Theseus and Pirithous, their treacherous
+intention was soon discovered by Pluto, who set the first on an
+enchanted rock, from which he could not descend unassisted, and bound
+the second to the constantly revolving wheel of his father, Ixion.
+
+  [Illustration: THESEUS.--Canova. (Volksgarten, Vienna.)]
+
+When Hercules was in Hades in search of Cerberus (p. 229), he
+delivered Theseus from his unpleasant position, and thus enabled him
+to return to his own home, where he now expected to spend the
+remainder of his life in peace.
+
+[Sidenote: Phædra and Hippolytus.]
+
+Although somewhat aged by this time, Theseus was still anxious to
+marry, and looked about him for a wife to cheer his loneliness.
+Suddenly he remembered that Ariadne's younger sister, Phædra, must be
+a charming young princess, and sent an embassy to obtain her hand in
+marriage. The embassy proved successful, and Phædra came to Athens;
+but, young and extremely beautiful, she was not at all delighted with
+her aged husband, and, instead of falling in love with him, bestowed
+all her affections upon his son, Hippolytus, a virtuous youth, who
+utterly refused to listen to her proposals to elope. In her anger at
+finding her advances scorned, Phædra went to Theseus and accused
+Hippolytus of attempting to kidnap her. Theseus, greatly incensed at
+what he deemed his son's dishonorable behavior, implored Neptune to
+punish the youth, who was even then riding in his chariot close by the
+shore. In answer to this prayer, a great wave suddenly arose, dashed
+over the chariot, and drowned the young charioteer, whose lifeless
+corpse was finally flung ashore at Phædra's feet. When the unfortunate
+queen saw the result of her false accusations, she confessed her
+crime, and, in her remorse and despair, hung herself.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Theseus.]
+
+As for Theseus, soured by these repeated misfortunes, he grew so stern
+and tyrannical, that he gradually alienated his people's affections,
+until at last they hated him, and banished him to the Island of
+Scyros, where, in obedience to a secret order, Lycomedes, the king,
+treacherously slew him by hurling him from the top of a steep cliff
+into the sea. As usual, when too late, the Athenians repented of their
+ingratitude, and in a fit of tardy remorse deified this hero, and
+built a magnificent temple on the Acropolis in his honor. This
+building, now used as a museum, contains many relics of Greek art.
+Theseus' bones were piously brought back, and inhumed in Athens, where
+he was long worshiped as a demigod.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+JASON.
+
+
+At Iolcus, in Thessaly, there once reigned a virtuous king, Æson, with
+his good wife, Alcimede. Their happiness, however, was soon disturbed
+by Pelias, the king's brother, who, aided by an armed host, took
+forcible possession of the throne. Æson and Alcimede, in fear of their
+lives, were forced to resort to a hasty and secret flight, taking with
+them their only son, Jason.
+
+The king and queen soon found a place of refuge, but, afraid lest
+their hiding place should be discovered and they should all be slain
+by the cruel Pelias, they intrusted their son to the Centaur Chiron,
+revealing to him alone the secret of the child's birth, and bidding
+him train him up to avenge their wrongs.
+
+Chiron discharged his duties most faithfully, trained the young prince
+with great care, and soon made him the wisest and most skillful of his
+pupils. The years spent by Jason in the diligent acquisition of
+knowledge, strength, and skill, passed very quickly; and at last the
+time came when Chiron made known to him the secret of his birth, and
+the story of the wrongs inflicted by Pelias, the usurper, upon his
+unfortunate parents.
+
+[Sidenote: Jason's vow.]
+
+This tale aroused the young prince's anger, and made him solemnly vow
+to punish his uncle, or perish in the attempt. Chiron encouraged him
+to start, and in parting bade him remember that Pelias alone had
+injured him, but that all the rest of the human race were entitled to
+any aid he could bestow. Jason listened respectfully to his tutor's
+last instructions; then, girding his sword and putting on his sandals,
+he set out on his journey to Iolcus.
+
+It was early in the spring, and the young man had not gone very far
+before he came to a stream, which, owing to the usual freshets of the
+season, was almost impassable. Jason, however, quite undaunted by the
+rushing, foaming waters, was about to attempt the crossing, when he
+saw an aged woman not far from him, gazing in helpless despair at the
+waters she could not cross.
+
+Naturally kind-hearted and helpful, and, besides that, mindful of
+Chiron's last recommendation, Jason offered the old woman his
+assistance, proposing to carry her across on his back if she would but
+lend him her staff to lean upon. The old woman gladly accepted this
+offer; and a few moments later, Jason, bending beneath his strange
+load, was battling with the rapid current.
+
+After many an effort, breathless and almost exhausted, Jason reached
+the opposite bank, and, after depositing his burden there, scrambled
+up beside her, casting a rueful glance at the torrent, which had
+wrenched off one of his golden sandals. He was about to part from the
+old dame with a kindly farewell, when she was suddenly transformed
+into a large, handsome, imperious-looking woman, whom, owing to the
+peacock by her side, he immediately recognized as Juno, queen of
+heaven. He bent low before her, and claimed her aid and protection,
+which she graciously promised ere she vanished from his sight.
+
+With eager steps Jason now pressed onward, nor paused until he came in
+view of his native city. As he drew near, he noticed an unusual
+concourse of people, and upon inquiry discovered that Pelias was
+celebrating a festival in honor of the immortal gods. Up the steep
+ascent leading to the temple Jason hastened, and pressed on to the
+innermost circle of spectators, until he stood in full view of his
+enemy Pelias, who, unconscious of coming evil, continued offering the
+sacrifice.
+
+[Sidenote: The one sandal.]
+
+At last the ceremony was completed, and the king cast an arrogant
+glance over the assembled people. His eyes suddenly fell upon Jason's
+naked foot, and he grew pale with horror as there flashed into his
+memory the recollection of an ancient oracle, warning him to beware of
+the man who appeared before him wearing but one sandal. Pelias
+tremblingly bade the guards bring forth the uninvited stranger. His
+orders were obeyed; and Jason, confronting his uncle boldly, summoned
+him to make a full restitution of the power he had so unjustly seized.
+
+[Sidenote: Phryxus and Helle.]
+
+To surrender power and wealth and return to obscurity was not to be
+thought of; but Pelias artfully concealed his displeasure, and told
+his nephew that they would discuss the matter and come to an amicable
+understanding after the banquet, which was already spread and awaiting
+their presence. During the festive meal, bards sang of all the heroic
+deeds accomplished by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery,
+stimulated Jason to attempt similar feats. At last the musicians
+recited the story of Phryxus and Helle, the son and daughter of
+Athamas and Nephele, who, to escape the cruel treatment of their
+stepmother, Ino (p. 174), mounted a winged, golden-fleeced ram sent by
+Neptune to transport them to Colchis.
+
+The ram flew over land and sea; but Helle, frightened at the sight of
+the waves tossing far beneath her, suddenly lost her hold on the
+golden fleece, and tumbled off the ram's back into a portion of the
+sea since known as the Hellespont,
+
+    "Where beauteous Helle found a watery grave."
+
+                                   Meleager.
+
+Phryxus, more fortunate than his sister, reached Colchis in safety,
+and in gratitude to the gods sacrificed the ram they had sent to
+deliver him, and hung its golden fleece on a tree, near which he
+stationed a dragon to guard it night and day. The bards then went on
+to relate that the glittering trophy still hung there, awaiting a hand
+bold enough to slay the dragon and bear it off.
+
+[Sidenote: The golden fleece.]
+
+This tale and his liberal potations greatly excited the youth Jason;
+and Pelias, perceiving it, hypocritically regretted his inability to
+win the golden fleece, and softly insinuated that young men of the
+present generation were not brave enough to risk their lives in such
+a glorious cause. The usurper's crafty remarks had the desired effect;
+for Jason suddenly sprang from his seat, and vowed he would go in
+quest of the golden fleece. Pelias, quite certain that the rash youth
+would lose his life in the attempt, and thus cause no more trouble,
+with much difficulty restrained all expressions of joy, and dared him
+to make the attempt.
+
+    "With terror struck, lest by young Jason's hand
+    His crown should be rent from him, Pelias sought
+    By machinations dark to slay his foe.
+    From Colchis' realm to bring the golden fleece
+    He charged the youth."
+
+                         Orphic Argonautics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Speaking Oak.]
+
+When Jason, sobered and refreshed by a long night's rest, perceived
+how foolish had been his vow, he would fain have recalled it; but,
+mindful of Chiron's teachings ever to be true to his word, he resolved
+to depart for Colchis. To secure Juno's assistance, he began by
+visiting her shrine at Dodona, where the oracle, a Speaking Oak,
+assured him of the goddess's good will and efficacious protection.
+Next the Speaking Oak bade him cut off one of its own mighty limbs,
+and carve from it a figurehead for the swift-sailing vessel which
+Minerva, at Juno's request, would build for his use from pine trees
+grown on Mount Pelion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Argo and crew.]
+
+Jason, having finished his figurehead, found that it too had the gift
+of speech, and that it would occasionally vouchsafe sage counsel in
+the direction of his affairs. When quite completed, Jason called his
+vessel the Argo (swift-sailing), and speedily collected a crew of
+heroes as brave as himself, among whom were Hercules, Castor, Pollux,
+Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, and Orpheus, who were all glad to undertake
+the perilous journey to lands unknown. To speed them on their way,
+Juno then bargained with Æolus for favorable winds, and forbade any
+tempest which might work them harm.
+
+    "Then with a whistling breeze did Juno fill the sail,
+    And Argo, self-impell'd, shot swift before the gale."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hylas.]
+
+On several occasions the heroes landed, either to renew their stock of
+provisions or to recruit their strength, but in general every delay
+brought them some misfortune. Once Hercules, having landed with a
+youth named Hylas to cut wood for new oars, bade the youth go to a
+neighboring spring and draw a pitcher of water to quench the thirst
+produced by his exertions. The youth promptly departed; but as he bent
+over the fountain, the nymphs, enamored with his beauty, drew him down
+into their moist abode to keep them company. Hercules, after vainly
+waiting for Hylas' return, went in search of him, but could find no
+trace of him, and, in his grief and disappointment at the death of his
+young friend, refused to continue the expedition, and, deserting the
+Argonauts, made his way home alone and on foot.
+
+[Sidenote: Phineus and the Harpies.]
+
+On another occasion, when Jason visited Phineus, the blind king of
+Thrace, he heard that this monarch's life was imbittered by the
+Harpies, vile monsters, part woman, part bird, who ate or befouled all
+the food placed before him, and never let him eat a mouthful in peace.
+Having repeated this tale to his companions, the two sons of Boreas,
+who were also in the Argo, begged permission to drive them away. Jason
+could not refuse their request; and the two youths, with drawn swords,
+pursued the Harpies to the Strophades Islands, where the birds
+promised to remain.
+
+Jason, sailing on in the mean while, was attacked by a flock of
+brazen-feathered birds, which rained their sharp plumage down upon the
+Argonauts, wounding many of them sorely. The captain of the
+expedition, seeing weapons were of no avail against these foes,
+consulted the figurehead, and, in obedience to its directions, clashed
+his arms against his shield, until, terrified by the din, the
+brazen-feathered birds flew rapidly away, uttering discordant cries of
+terror.
+
+[Sidenote: The Symplegades.]
+
+Some time during the course of their journey the Argonauts came to the
+Symplegades,--floating rocks which continually crashed together, and
+ground to powder all objects caught between them. Jason knew he was
+obliged to pass between these rocks or give up the expedition: so,
+calculating that the speed of his vessel was equal to that of a dove
+on the wing, he sent one out before him. The dove flew safely between
+the rocks, losing only one of its tail feathers as they again clashed
+together. Watching his opportunity, therefore, Jason bade his men row
+swiftly. The Argo darted through the opening, and, when the rocks
+again came into contact, they merely grazed the rudder. As a vessel
+had passed between them unharmed, their power for evil left them, and
+they were chained fast to the bottom of the sea, near the mouth of the
+Bosporus, where they remained immovable like any other rocks.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival at Colchis.]
+
+The Argonauts, after other adventures far too numerous to recount in
+detail, reached the Colchian shores, and presented themselves before
+Æetes, the king, to whom they made known their errand. Loath to part
+with his golden treasure, Æetes declared, that, before Jason could
+obtain the fleece, he must catch and harness two wild, fire-breathing
+bulls dedicated to Vulcan, and make use of them to plow a stony piece
+of ground sacred to Mars. This done, he must sow the field with some
+dragon's teeth, as Cadmus had done (p. 48), conquer the giants which
+would spring up, and, last of all, slay the guardian dragon, or the
+fleece would never be his.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea's aid.]
+
+One of these tasks would have sufficed to dismay many a brave youth;
+but Jason was of the dauntless kind, and merely hastened down to his
+vessel to ask the figurehead how he had better proceed. On his way to
+the seashore he met the king's daughter, Medea, a beautiful young
+sorceress, who had been charmed by his modest but firm bearing, and
+who was quite ready to bring her magic to his aid if he would but
+promise to marry her. Jason, susceptible to her attractions, and free
+from any conflicting ties, readily agreed to her proposal, and,
+carrying out her directions, caught and harnessed the fiery bulls,
+plowed the field, and sowed it with the dragon's teeth.
+
+    "And how he yoked the bulls, whose breathings fiery glow'd,
+    And with the dragons' teeth the furrow'd acres sow'd."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+But when he saw glittering spears and helmets grow out of the ground,
+and beheld the close ranks of giants in full armor, he was filled with
+dismay, and would have fled had it been possible. However, aware that
+such a performance would insure his ruin, he stood his ground, and,
+when the phalanx was quite near him, threw a handful of dust full in
+the giants' faces. Blinded with the sand, the giants attacked one
+another, and in a short time were exterminated.
+
+                    "They, like swift dogs,
+    Ranging in fierceness, on each other turn'd
+    Tumultuous battle. On their mother earth
+    By their own spears they sank; like pines, or oaks,
+    Strew'd by a whirlwind in the mountain dale."
+
+           Apollonius Rhodius (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The fleece captured.]
+
+Accompanied by Medea, Jason next hastened to the tree where the dragon
+kept guard over his treasure. An opiate prepared by Medea's magic
+skill soon made the dragon forget his charge in a profound sleep, and
+enabled Jason to draw near enough to sever his frightful head from his
+hideous trunk. Jason then tore the coveted fleece from the branch
+where it had hung for many a year, and bore it in triumph to the Argo.
+
+    "Exulting Jason grasped the shining hide,
+    His last of labors, and his envied pride.
+    Slow from the groaning branch the fleece was rent."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+His companions, who had made ready for a hasty departure, were already
+seated at their oars; and, as soon as he had embarked with Medea and
+her attendants, the Argo shot out of the Colchian harbor.
+
+  [Illustration: JASON AND THE DRAGON.--Salvator Rosa.]
+
+      "How softly stole from home the luckless-wedded maid,
+    Through darkness of the night, in linen robe array'd;
+    By Fate to Argo led, and urged by soft desire,
+    Nor yet regarding aught her father's furious ire."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+When morning dawned and Æetes awoke, he heard that the dragon was
+slain, the fleece stolen, his daughter gone, and the Grecian ship far
+out of sight. No time was lost in useless wailing, but a vessel was
+hurriedly launched and manned, and the king in person set out in
+pursuit of the fugitives, who had, moreover, taken his most precious
+treasure, his only son and heir, Absyrtus. Although the Colchian men
+were good sailors and skillful rowers, they did not catch sight of the
+Argo until they came near the mouth of the Danube, and Æetes wildly
+called to his daughter to return to her home and to her father.
+
+      "'Stay thy rash flight! and, from the distant main,--
+    For oh! thou canst, my daughter,--turn again.
+    Whither depart? the vessel backward steer;
+    Thy friends, thy still fond father, wait thee here.'"
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Absyrtus.]
+
+But Medea had no wish to be torn away from Jason's arms, and, instead
+of listening to her father's entreaties, urged the Argonauts to
+redoubled efforts. Little by little the distance between the two
+vessels grew less; the Colchian rowers were gaining upon the Greek;
+and Medea saw, that, unless she found means to delay her father, he
+would overtake her and compel her to return. With her own hands she
+therefore slew her little brother, Absyrtus, and cut his body into
+pieces, which she dropped over the side of the vessel one by one.
+Æetes, a helpless witness of this cruel, awful deed, piously collected
+his son's remains, and, in pausing to do so, lost sight of the Argo,
+and all hope of recovering his unnatural daughter: so he returned
+sadly to Colchis, where he buried his son's remains with due
+solemnity.
+
+  [Illustration: MEDEA.--Sichel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pelias dethroned.]
+
+In the mean while, Pelias had reigned contentedly over Thessaly,
+confident that Jason would never return. Imagine his dismay,
+therefore, when he heard that the Argo had arrived, bearing Jason, now
+the proud possessor of the renowned golden fleece. Ere he could take
+measures to maintain his usurped authority, Jason appeared, and
+compelled him to resign the throne in favor of the rightful king,
+Æson.
+
+Unfortunately, Æson was now so old and decrepit, that power had no
+charms for him: so Jason begged Medea to use her magic in his behalf,
+and restore him to the vigor and beauty of his early manhood. To
+gratify Jason, Medea called all her magic into play, and by some
+mysterious process restored Æson to all his former youth, strength,
+activity, and grace.
+
+    "Medea's spells dispersed the weight of years,
+    And Æson stood a youth 'mid youthful peers."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: The magic recipe.]
+
+As soon as Pelias' daughters heard of this miraculous transformation,
+they hastened to Medea and implored her to give them the recipe, that
+they might rejuvenate their father also. The sorceress maliciously
+bade them cut their father's body into small pieces, and boil them in
+a caldron with certain herbs, declaring that, if the directions were
+carefully carried out, the result would be satisfactory; but, when the
+too credulous maidens carried out these instructions, they only slew
+the father whom they had so dearly loved.
+
+Days and years now passed happily and uneventfully for Jason and
+Medea; but at last their affection for each other cooled, and Jason
+fell in love with Glauce, or Creusa. Frantic with jealousy, Medea
+prepared and sent the maiden a magic robe, which she no sooner donned
+than she was seized with terrible convulsions, in which she died.
+Medea, still full of resentment against Jason, then slew her own
+children, and, mounting her dragon car, departed, leaving a message
+for Jason, purporting that the Argo would yet cause his death.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Jason.]
+
+Jason, a victim of remorse and despair, now led a weary and sorrowful
+life, and every day he wandered down to the shore, where he sat under
+the shade of the Argo's hulk, which was slowly rotting away. One day,
+while he was sitting there musing over his youthful adventures and
+Medea's strange prophecy, a sudden gale detached a beam, which,
+falling on his head, fractured his skull and caused instantaneous
+death.
+
+The Argonautic expedition is emblematic of the first long maritime
+voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes; while the
+golden fleece which Jason brought back from Colchis is but a symbol of
+the untold riches they found in the East, and brought back to their
+own native land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Meleager.]
+
+Œneus and Althæa, King and Queen of Calydon, in Ætolia, were very
+happy in the possession of a little son, Meleager, only a few days
+old, until they heard that the Fates had decreed the child should live
+only as long as the brand then smoking and crackling on the hearth.
+The parents were motionless with grief, until Althæa, with true
+mother's wit, snatched the brand from the fire, plunged it into an
+earthen jar filled with water, quenched the flames which were
+consuming it, and, carefully laying it aside, announced her intention
+to keep it forever.
+
+Meleager, thus saved from an untimely death by his mother's presence
+of mind, grew up a brave and handsome youth, and joined the Argonautic
+expedition. While he was absent, his father omitted the yearly
+sacrifice to Diana, who, enraged at his neglect, sent a monstrous boar
+to devour his subjects and devastate his realm. Meleager, on his
+return, gathered together all the brave men of the country, and
+instituted a great hunt, whose main object was the capture or death of
+the obnoxious boar.
+
+[Sidenote: The hunters.]
+
+Jason, Nestor, Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, Pirithous, and many other
+noted heroes, came at his call; but the attention of all the
+spectators was specially attracted by Castor and Pollux, and by the
+fair Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, King of Arcadia. This princess had
+led a very adventurous life; for when but a babe, her father,
+disappointed to see a daughter instead of the longed-for son, had
+exposed her on Mount Parthenium to the fury of the wild beasts. Some
+hunters, passing there shortly after this, found the babe fearlessly
+nursing from a she-bear, and in compassion carried her home, where
+they trained her to love the chase.
+
+The grand Calydonian Hunt was headed by Meleager and Atalanta, who
+were very fond of each other, and who boldly led the rest in pursuit
+of the boar. From one end of the Calydonian forest to the other the
+boar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and was at last brought to bay
+by Atalanta, who succeeded in dealing him a mortal wound. But even in
+his dying struggles the boar would have killed her, had not Meleager
+come to her rescue and given him his deathblow.
+
+[Sidenote: Meleager slays his uncles.]
+
+All the hunt now gathered around the boar's corpse, and watched
+Meleager take its spoil, which he gallantly bestowed upon Atalanta.
+Althæa's two brothers were present at the hunt; and, as they wished to
+possess the skin, they bitterly reproved their nephew on their way
+home for giving it to a stranger. They added taunts to this reproof,
+which so angered Meleager, that, in a sudden fit of passion, he slew
+them both. When Althæa saw her brothers' corpses, and heard that they
+had been slain by her son, she vowed to avenge their death, drew the
+carefully cherished brand from its hiding place, and threw it upon the
+fire burning brightly on her hearth. When the last bit of the precious
+wood crumbled away into ashes, Meleager died. All Althæa's affection
+for her son returned when his lifeless corpse was brought to her, and
+in her despair she committed suicide.
+
+  [Illustration: ATALANTA'S RACE.--Poynter.]
+
+[Sidenote: Atalanta's race.]
+
+In the mean while, Atalanta, proud of her skill and of her spoil, had
+returned to her father's court, where, no other heir having appeared,
+she was joyfully received, and entreated to marry. Many suitors came
+to woo the fair princess, but most of them refrained from pressing
+their suit when they heard what conditions were imposed upon all who
+would obtain her hand; for Atalanta disapproved of marriage, and,
+anxious to keep her freedom, decreed that she should marry only on
+condition that her suitor would beat her in a foot race. If he were
+beaten, however, he must pay for his defeat by forfeiting his life.
+
+[Sidenote: The golden apples.]
+
+In spite of these barbarous terms, a few youths had tried to outrun
+her; but they failed, and their lifeless heads were exposed on the
+racing ground to deter all other suitors. Undaunted by these ghastly
+trophies, Hippomenes, or Milanion, once came to Atalanta and expressed
+a desire to race with her. This youth had previously obtained Venus'
+protection, and concealed under his garment her gift of three golden
+apples. Atalanta prepared for her race as usual, and, as usual, passed
+her rival; but just as she did so, one of the golden apples rolled at
+her feet. For a moment she paused, then stooped and picked it up ere
+she resumed the race. Her adversary had passed her and won some
+advance; but she soon overtook him, when a second golden apple caused
+a second delay. She was about to reach the goal first, as usual, when
+a third golden treasure tempted her to pause, and enabled Hippomenes
+to win the race.
+
+                "Hippomenes turns her astray
+    By the golden illusions he flings on her way."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+Atalanta could now no longer refuse to marry, and her nuptials were
+soon celebrated. In his happiness at having won such a peerless bride,
+Hippomenes forgot to pay the promised thanks to Venus, for which
+offense he and his wife were severely punished by being transformed
+into a pair of lions, and doomed to drag Cybele's car (p. 19).
+
+[Sidenote: Castor and Pollux.]
+
+The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, or Gemini, who had
+greatly distinguished themselves by their daring in the Calydonian
+Hunt, were made the deities of boxing, wrestling, and all equestrian
+exercises.
+
+            "Leda's sons I'll sound,
+    Illustrious twins, that are
+    For wrestling this, and for the race renown'd."
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+One of these twins, Castor, was a mortal, and in a combat with the
+sons of Aphareus was slain. Pollux, who was immortal, then implored
+Jupiter to allow him to die also, that he might not be parted from his
+brother,--a proof of brotherly affection which so touched the father
+of the gods, that he permitted Castor to return to life on condition
+that Pollux would spend half his time in Hades.
+
+Later on, satisfied that even this sacrifice was none too great for
+their fraternal love, he translated them both to the skies, where they
+form a bright constellation, one of the signs of the zodiac. Castor
+and Pollux are generally represented as handsome youths, mounted on
+snowy chargers.
+
+    "So like they were, no mortal
+      Might one from other know:
+    White as snow their armor was:
+      Their steeds were white as snow."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Their appearance under certain circumstances foretold success in war,
+and the Romans believed that they fought at the head of their legions
+at the celebrated battle of Lake Regillus. Their name was also given
+to meteors, sometimes seen at sea, which attach themselves like balls
+of fire to the masts of ships,--a sure sign, according to the sailors,
+of fine weather and an auspicious journey.
+
+    "Safe comes the ship to haven,
+      Through billows and through gales,
+    If once the Great Twin Brethren
+      Sit shining on the sails."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Festivals celebrated in honor of these twin brethren, and called the
+Dioscuria, were held in many places, but specially in Sparta, their
+birthplace, where they had world-renowned wrestling matches.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+Å’DIPUS.
+
+
+Laius and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes, in BÅ“otia, were greatly
+delighted at the birth of a little son. In their joy they sent for the
+priests of Apollo, and bade them foretell the glorious deeds their
+heir would perform; but all their joy was turned to grief when told
+that the child was destined to kill his father, marry his mother, and
+bring great misfortunes upon his native city.
+
+                                "Laius once,
+    Not from Apollo, but his priests, receiv'd
+    An oracle, which said, it was decreed
+    He should be slain by his own son."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+To prevent the fulfillment of this dreadful prophecy, Laius bade a
+servant carry the new-born child out of the city, and end its feeble
+little life. The king's mandate was obeyed only in part; for the
+servant, instead of killing the child, hung it up by its ankles to a
+tree in a remote place, and left it there to perish from hunger and
+exposure if it were spared by the wild beasts.
+
+When he returned, none questioned how he had performed the appointed
+task, but all sighed with relief to think that the prophecy could
+never be accomplished. The child, however, was not dead, as all
+supposed. A shepherd in quest of a stray lamb had heard his cries,
+delivered him from his painful position, and carried him to Polybus,
+King of Corinth, who, lacking an heir of his own, gladly adopted the
+little stranger. The Queen of Corinth and her handmaidens hastened
+with tender concern to bathe the swollen ankles, and called the babe
+Å’dipus (swollen-footed).
+
+Years passed by. The young prince grew up in total ignorance of the
+unfortunate circumstances under which he had made his first appearance
+at court, until one day at a banquet one of his companions, heated by
+drink, began to quarrel with him, and taunted him about his origin,
+declaring that those whom he had been accustomed to call parents were
+in no way related to him.
+
+    "A drunken rev'ler at a feast proclaim'd
+    That I was only the supposed son
+    Of Corinth's king."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Å’dipus consults the oracle.]
+
+These words, coupled with a few meaning glances hastily exchanged by
+the guests, excited Å’dipus' suspicions, and made him question the
+queen, who, afraid lest he might do himself an injury in the first
+moment of his despair if the truth were revealed to him, had recourse
+to prevarication, and quieted him by the assurance that he was her
+beloved son.
+
+Something in her manner, however, left a lingering doubt in Å’dipus'
+mind, and made him resolve to consult the oracle of Delphi, whose
+words he knew would reveal the exact truth. He therefore went to this
+shrine; but, as usual, the oracle answered somewhat ambiguously, and
+merely warned him that fate had decreed he should kill his father,
+marry his mother, and cause great woes to his native city.
+
+                                    "I felt
+    A secret anguish, and unknown to them
+    Sought out the Pythian oracle; in vain;
+    Touching my parents, nothing could I learn;
+    But dreadful were the mis'ries it denounc'd
+    Against me; 'twas my fate, Apollo said,
+    To wed my mother, to produce a race
+    Accursed and abhorr'd; and last, to slay
+    My father."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Å’dipus leaves Corinth.]
+
+What! kill Polybus, who had ever been such an indulgent father, and
+marry the queen, whom he revered as his mother! Never! Rather than
+perpetrate these awful crimes, and bring destruction upon the people
+of Corinth, whom he loved, he would wander away over the face of the
+earth, and never see city or parents again.
+
+    "Lest I should e'er fulfill the dire prediction,
+    Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars
+    Guiding my hapless journey."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+But his heart was filled with intense bitterness, and as he journeyed
+he did not cease to curse the fate which drove him away from home.
+After some time, he came to three crossroads; and while he stood
+there, deliberating which direction to take, a chariot, wherein an
+aged man was seated, came rapidly toward him.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Laius.]
+
+The herald who preceded it haughtily called to the youth to stand
+aside and make way for his master; but Å’dipus, who, as Polybus' heir,
+was accustomed to be treated with deference, resented the commanding
+tone, and refused to obey. Incensed at what seemed unparalleled
+impudence, the herald struck the youth, who, retaliating, stretched
+his assailant lifeless at his feet.
+
+This affray attracted the attention of the master and other servants.
+They immediately attacked the murderer, who slew them all, thus
+unconsciously accomplishing the first part of the prophecy; for the
+aged man was Laius, his father, journeying _incognito_ from Thebes to
+Delphi, where he wished to consult the oracle.
+
+Å’dipus then leisurely pursued his way until he came to the gates of
+Thebes, where he found the whole city in an uproar, "because the king
+had been found lifeless by the roadside, with all his attendants slain
+beside him, presumably the work of a band of highway robbers or
+assassins."
+
+                                    "He fell
+    By strangers, murdered, for so fame reports,
+    By robbers in the place where three ways meet."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Of course, Å’dipus did not connect the murder of such a great
+personage as the King of Thebes by an unknown band of robbers, with
+the death he had dealt to an arrogant old man, and he therefore
+composedly inquired what the second calamity alluded to might be.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sphinx.]
+
+With lowered voices, as if afraid of being overheard, the Thebans
+described the woman's head, bird's wings and claws, and lion's body,
+which were the outward presentment of a terrible monster called the
+Sphinx, which had taken up its station without the city gates beside
+the highway, and would allow none to pass in or out without
+propounding a difficult riddle. Then, if any hesitated to give the
+required answer, or failed to give it correctly, they were mercilessly
+devoured by the terrible Sphinx, which no one dared attack or could
+drive away.
+
+While listening to these tidings, Å’dipus saw a herald pass along the
+street, proclaiming that the throne and the queen's hand would be the
+reward of any man who dared encounter the Sphinx, and was fortunate
+enough to free the country of its terrible presence.
+
+[Sidenote: The riddle.]
+
+As Å’dipus attached no special value to the life made desolate by the
+oracle's predictions, he resolved to slay the dreaded monster, and,
+with that purpose in view, advanced slowly, sword in hand, along the
+road where lurked the Sphinx. He soon found the monster, which from
+afar propounded the following enigma, warning him, at the same time,
+that he forfeited his life if he failed to give the right answer:--
+
+    "Tell me, what animal is that
+    Which has four feet at morning bright,
+    Has two at noon, and three at night?"
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+  [Illustration: Å’DIPUS AND THE SPHINX.--Ingres. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+Å’dipus was not devoid of intelligence, by any manner of means, and
+soon concluded that the animal could only be man, who in infancy, when
+too weak to stand, creeps along on hands and knees, in manhood walks
+erect, and in old age supports his tottering steps with a staff.
+
+[Sidenote: Å’dipus marries his mother.]
+
+This reply, evidently as correct as unexpected, was received by the
+Sphinx with a hoarse cry of disappointment and rage as it turned to
+fly; but ere it could effect its purpose, it was stayed by Å’dipus,
+who drove it at his sword's point over the edge of a neighboring
+precipice, where it was killed. On his return to the city, Å’dipus was
+received with cries of joy, placed on a chariot, crowned King of
+Thebes, and married to his own mother, Jocasta, unwittingly fulfilling
+the second fearful clause of the prophecy.
+
+[Sidenote: The plague.]
+
+A number of happy and moderately uneventful years now passed by, and
+Å’dipus became the father of two manly sons, Eteocles and Polynices,
+and two beautiful daughters, Ismene and Antigone; but prosperity was
+not doomed to favor him long.
+
+Just when he fancied himself most happy, and looked forward to a
+peaceful old age, a terrible scourge visited Thebes, causing the death
+of many faithful subjects, and filling the hearts of all with great
+terror. The people now turned to him, beseeching him to aid them, as
+he had done once before when threatened by the Sphinx; and Å’dipus
+sent messengers to consult the Delphic oracle, who declared the plague
+would cease only when the former king's murderers had been found and
+punished.
+
+            "The plague, he said, should cease,
+    When those who murder'd Laius were discover'd,
+    And paid the forfeit of their crime by death,
+    Or banishment."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Messengers were sent in every direction to collect all possible
+information about the murder committed so long ago, and after a short
+time they brought unmistakable proofs which convicted Å’dipus of the
+crime. At the same time the guilty servant confessed that he had not
+killed the child, but had exposed it on a mountain, whence it was
+carried to Corinth's king.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Jocasta.]
+
+The chain of evidence was complete, and now Å’dipus discovered that he
+had involuntarily been guilty of the three crimes to avoid which he
+had fled from Corinth. The rumor of these dreadful discoveries soon
+reached Jocasta, who, in her despair at finding herself an accomplice,
+committed suicide.
+
+Å’dipus, apprised of her intention, rushed into her apartment too late
+to prevent its being carried out, and found her lifeless. This sight
+was more than the poor monarch could bear, and in his despair he
+blinded himself with one of her ornaments.
+
+        "He pluck'd from off the robe she wore
+    A golden buckle that adorn'd her side,
+    And buried in his eyes the sharpen'd point,
+    Crying, he ne'er again would look on her,
+    Never would see his crimes or mis'ries more,
+    Or those whom guiltless he could ne'er behold,
+    Or those to whom he now must sue for aid."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Å’dipus.]
+
+Penniless, blind, and on foot, he then left the scene of his awful
+crimes, accompanied by his daughter Antigone, the only one who loved
+him still, and who was ready to guide his uncertain footsteps wherever
+he wished to go. After many days of weary wandering, father and
+daughter reached Colonus, where grew a mighty forest sacred to the
+avenging deities, the Furies, or Eumenides.
+
+Here Å’dipus expressed his desire to remain, and, after bidding his
+faithful daughter an affectionate farewell, he groped his way into the
+dark forest alone. The wind rose, the lightning flashed, the thunder
+pealed; but although, as soon as the storm was over, a search was made
+for Å’dipus, no trace of him was ever found, and the ancients fancied
+that the Furies had dragged him down to Hades to receive the
+punishment of all his crimes.
+
+[Sidenote: Eteocles and Polynices.]
+
+Antigone, no longer needed by her unhappy father, slowly wended her
+way back to Thebes, where she found that the plague had ceased, but
+that her brothers had quarreled about the succession to the throne. A
+compromise was finally decided upon, whereby it was decreed that
+Eteocles, the elder son, should reign one year, and at the end of that
+period resign the throne to Polynices for an equal space of time, both
+brothers thus exercising the royal authority in turn. This arrangement
+seemed satisfactory to Eteocles; but when, at the end of the first
+year, Polynices returned from his travels in foreign lands to claim
+the scepter, Eteocles refused to relinquish it, and, making use of his
+power, drove the claimant away.
+
+    "Thou seest me banish'd from my native land,
+    Unjustly banish'd, for no other crime
+    But that I strove to keep the throne of Thebes,
+    By birthright mine, from him who drove me thence,
+    The young Eteocles: not his the claim
+    By justice, nor to me his fame in arms
+    Superior; but by soft, persuasive arts
+    He won the rebel city to his love."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The seven chiefs before Thebes.]
+
+Polynices' nature was not one to endure such a slight patiently; and
+he hastened off to Argos, where he persuaded Adrastus, the king, to
+give him his daughter in marriage, and aid him to recover his
+inheritance. True to his promise, Adrastus soon equipped a large army,
+which was led by seven determined and renowned chiefs, ready to risk
+all in the attempt, and either win or perish.
+
+                "Seven valiant leaders march
+    To Thebes, resolved to conquer or to die."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Their bravery was of no avail, however, for Thebes was well fortified
+and defended; and after a seven-years' siege they found themselves no
+nearer their goal than at the beginning of the war. Weary of the
+monotony of this quarrel, the conflicting armies finally decreed that
+the difference should be settled by a duel between the inimical
+brothers, who no sooner found themselves face to face, than they
+rushed upon each other with such animosity that both fell.
+
+By order of Jocasta's father, Creon, the corpse of Eteocles received
+all the honors of a Greek burial, while that of Polynices was left on
+the plain, a prey to the birds and wild beasts.
+
+      "Polynices' wretched carcass lies
+    Unburied, unlamented, left expos'd
+    A feast for hungry vultures on the plain."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Antigone's devotion.]
+
+Then a proclamation was issued, that, if any dared bury the body of
+the fallen prince, he would incur the penalty of being buried alive.
+Heedless of this injunction and Ismene's prayers to refrain from
+endangering her own life, Antigone dug a grave for her brother's
+remains, and, unaided, fulfilled the various customary funeral rites.
+Her task was almost completed, when the guards discovered her, and
+dragged her into the presence of Creon, who, although she was a
+relative and the promised wife of his son Hæmon, condemned her to
+death.
+
+    "Let her be carried instant to the cave,
+    And leave her there alone, to live, or die;
+    Her blood rests not on us: but she no longer
+    Shall breathe on earth."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Antigone and Hæmon.]
+
+Hæmon pleaded passionately for her life; but, when he saw his prayers
+were vain, he ran to the place where Antigone was confined, sprang
+into her narrow cell, wound his arms closely around her, and refused
+to leave her. There they were walled in; Antigone's sufferings were
+cut mercifully short by asphyxiation; and, when Hæmon saw she was no
+more, he, in utter despair, thrust his dagger into his side, and
+perished too.
+
+  [Illustration: ANTIGONE AND ISMENE.--Teschendorf.]
+
+          "On himself bent all his wrath,
+    Full in his side the weapon fix'd, but still,
+    Whilst life remain'd, on the soft bosom hung
+    Of the dear maid, and his last spirit breath'd
+    O'er her pale cheek, discolor'd with his blood.
+    Thus lay the wretched pair in death united,
+    And celebrate their nuptials in the tomb."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Ismene, the last of Å’dipus' unfortunate race, died of grief, and thus
+the prophecy was fully accomplished. The Theban war was not, however,
+entirely ended, for, when both brothers fell, the two armies flew to
+attack each other; and such was their courage, that many fell, and
+only one of the seven chiefs returned to Argos. There he patiently
+waited until the children of these brave captains were old enough to
+bear arms, and then proposed to them to attack Thebes and avenge their
+fathers' death.
+
+The Epigoni (or those who come after), as these youths are
+collectively designated, received this proposal with rapture; and
+Thebes, again besieged, fell into their hands, and was duly sacked,
+burned, and destroyed, as the Delphic oracle had foretold so many
+years before.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+BELLEROPHON.
+
+
+Bellerophon, a brave young prince, the grandson of Sisyphus, King of
+Corinth, had the great misfortune to kill his own brother while
+hunting in the forest. His grief was, of course, intense; and the
+horror he felt for the place where the catastrophe had occurred, added
+to his fear lest he should incur judicial punishment for his
+involuntary crime, made him flee to the court of Argos, where he took
+refuge with Prœtus, the king, who was also his kinsman.
+
+[Sidenote: Anteia's treachery.]
+
+He had not sojourned there very long, before Anteia, the queen, fell
+in love with him; and although her husband, Prœtus, treated her with
+the utmost kindness, she made up her mind to desert him, and tried to
+induce Bellerophon to elope with her. Too honest to betray a man who
+had treated him as a friend, the young prince refused to listen to the
+queen's proposals. His refusal was to cost him dear, however; for,
+when Anteia saw that the youth would never yield to her wishes, she
+became very angry indeed, sought her husband, and accused the young
+stranger of crimes he had never even dreamed of committing.
+
+Prœtus, indignant at what he deemed deep treachery on the part of an
+honored guest, yet reluctant to punish him with his own hand as he
+deserved, sent Bellerophon to Iobates, King of Lycia, with a sealed
+message bidding him put the bearer to death.
+
+Quite unconscious of the purport of this letter, Bellerophon traveled
+gayly onward, and presented himself before Iobates, who received him
+very hospitably, and, without inquiring his name or errand,
+entertained him royally for many days. After some time, Bellerophon
+suddenly remembered the sealed message intrusted to his care, and
+hastened to deliver it to Iobates, with many apologies for his
+forgetfulness.
+
+[Sidenote: The Chimæra.]
+
+With blanched cheeks and every outward sign of horror, the king read
+the missive, and then fell into a deep reverie. He did not like to
+take a stranger's life, and still could not refuse to comply with
+Prœtus' urgent request: so, after much thought, he decided to send
+Bellerophon to attack the Chimæra, a terrible monster with a lion's
+head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail.
+
+        "Dire Chimæra's conquest was enjoin'd;
+    A mingled monster, of no mortal kind;
+    Behind, a dragon's fiery tail was spread;
+    A goat's rough body bore a lion's head;
+    Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire;
+    Her gaping throat emits infernal fire."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+His principal motive in choosing this difficult task was, that,
+although many brave men had set forth to slay the monster, none had
+ever returned, for one and all had perished in the attempt.
+
+Although very courageous, Bellerophon's heart beat fast with fear when
+told what great deed he must accomplish; and he left Iobates' palace
+very sorrowfully, for he dearly loved the king's fair daughter,
+Philonoe, and was afraid he would never see her again.
+
+[Sidenote: Minerva's advice.]
+
+While thus inwardly bewailing the ill luck which had so persistently
+dogged his footsteps, Bellerophon suddenly saw Minerva appear before
+him in all her splendor, and heard her inquire in gentle tones the
+cause of his too evident dejection. He had no sooner apprised her of
+the difficult task appointed him, than she promised him her aid, and
+before she vanished gave him a beautiful golden bridle, which she bade
+him use to control Pegasus.
+
+  [Illustration: CHIMÆRA. (Egyptian Museum, Florence.)]
+
+Bridle in hand, Bellerophon stood pondering her words, and gradually
+remembered that Pegasus was a wonderful winged steed, born from the
+blood which fell into the foam of the sea from Medusa's severed head
+(p. 244). This horse, as white as snow, and gifted with immortal life
+as well as incredible speed, was the favorite mount of Apollo and the
+Muses, who delighted in taking aërial flights on his broad back; and
+Bellerophon knew that from time to time he came down to earth to drink
+of the cool waters of the Hippocrene (a fountain which had bubbled
+forth where his hoofs first touched the earth), or to visit the
+equally limpid spring of Pirene, near Corinth.
+
+[Sidenote: Pegasus bridled.]
+
+Bellerophon now proceeded to the latter fountain, where, after
+lingering many days in the vain hope of catching even a glimpse of the
+winged steed, he finally beheld him sailing downward in wide curves,
+like a bird of prey. From his place of concealment in a neighboring
+thicket, Bellerophon watched his opportunity, and, while the winged
+steed was grazing, he boldly vaulted upon his back.
+
+Pegasus, who had never before been ridden by a mortal, reared and
+pranced, and flew up to dizzy heights; but all his efforts failed to
+unseat the brave rider, who, biding his time, finally thrust Minerva's
+golden bit between his teeth, and immediately he became gentle and
+tractable. Mounted upon this incomparable steed, Bellerophon now went
+in search of the winged monster Chimæra, who had given birth to the
+Nemean lion and to the riddle-loving Sphinx.
+
+[Sidenote: Chimæra slain.]
+
+From an unclouded sky Bellerophon and Pegasus swooped suddenly and
+unexpectedly down upon the terrible Chimæra, whose fiery breath and
+great strength were of no avail; for after a protracted struggle
+Bellerophon and Pegasus were victorious, and the monster lay lifeless
+upon the blood-soaked ground.
+
+This mighty deed of valor accomplished, Bellerophon returned to
+Iobates, to report the success of his undertaking; and, although the
+king was heartily glad to know the Chimæra was no more, he was very
+sorry to see Bellerophon safe and sound, and tried to devise some
+other plan to get rid of him.
+
+He therefore sent him to fight the Amazons; but the hero, aided by the
+gods, defeated these warlike women also, and returned to Lycia, where,
+after escaping from an ambush posted by the king for his destruction,
+he again appeared victorious at court.
+
+These repeated and narrow escapes from certain death convinced Iobates
+that the youth was under the special protection of the gods; and this
+induced the king not only to forego further attempts to slay him, but
+also to bestow upon the young hero his daughter's hand in marriage.
+
+Bellerophon, having now attained his dearest wishes, might have
+settled down in peace; but his head had been utterly turned by the
+many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus' back, and, encouraged by
+the fulsome flattery of his courtiers, he finally fancied himself the
+equal of the immortal gods, and wished to join them in their celestial
+abode.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellerophon's fall.]
+
+Summoning his faithful Pegasus once more, he rose higher and higher,
+and would probably have reached Olympus' heights, had not Jupiter sent
+a gadfly, which stung poor Pegasus so cruelly, that he shied
+viciously, and flung his too confident rider far down to the earth
+below.
+
+            "Bold Bellerophon (so Jove decreed
+    In wrath) fell headlong from the fields of air."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+This fall, which would doubtless have killed any one but a
+mythological hero, merely deprived Bellerophon of his eyesight; and
+ever after he groped his way disconsolately, thinking of the happy
+days when he rode along the paths of air, and gazed upon the beautiful
+earth at his feet.
+
+Bellerophon, mounted upon Pegasus, winging his flight through the air
+or fighting the Chimæra, is a favorite subject in sculpture and
+painting, which has frequently been treated by ancient artists, a few
+of whose most noted works are still extant in various museums.
+
+This story, like many others, is merely a sun myth, in which
+Bellerophon, the orb of day, rides across the sky on Pegasus, the
+fleecy white clouds, and slays Chimæra, the dread monster of darkness,
+which he alone can overcome. Driven from home early in life,
+Bellerophon wanders throughout the world like his brilliant prototype,
+and, like it, ends his career in total darkness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+MINOR DIVINITIES.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Naiades and Oreades.]
+
+According to the ancients' belief, every mountain, valley, plain,
+lake, river, grove, and sea was provided with some lesser deity, whose
+special duty was assigned by the powerful gods of Olympus. These were,
+for instance, the Naiades, beautiful water nymphs, who dwelt in the
+limpid depths of the fountains, and were considered local patrons of
+poetry and song.
+
+The Oreades, or mountain nymphs, were supposed to linger in the
+mountain solitudes, and guide weary travelers safely through their
+rocky mazes.
+
+    "Mark how the climbing Oreads
+    Beckon thee to their Arcades!"
+
+                                    Emerson.
+
+[Sidenote: Napææ and Dryades.]
+
+As for the Napææ, they preferred to linger in the valleys, which were
+kept green and fruitful by their watchful care, in which task they
+were ably seconded by the Dryades, the nymphs of vegetation.
+
+The very trees in the forest and along the roadside were supposed to
+be each under the protection of a special divinity called Hamadryad,
+said to live and die with the tree intrusted to her care.
+
+    "When the Fate of Death is drawing near,
+    First wither on the earth the beauteous trees,
+    The bark around them wastes, the branches fall,
+    And the nymph's soul, at the same moment, leaves
+    The sun's fair light."
+
+                                      Homer.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Dryope.]
+
+A sweet and touching story was told by the ancients of a mortal who
+was changed into a Hamadryad. This young girl, whose name was Dryope,
+was a beautiful young princess, the daughter of Baucis, so bright and
+clever, that all who knew her loved her dearly. Of course, as soon as
+she was old enough to think of marriage, a host of suitors asked her
+hand, each eager to win for his bride one so beautiful and gifted.
+
+    "No nymph of all Å’chalia could compare,
+    For beauteous form, with Dryope the fair."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+Fully aware of the importance of making a wise choice, Dryope took her
+time, and finally decided to marry Andræmon, a worthy young prince,
+who possessed every charm calculated to win a fair girl's heart. The
+young people were duly married, and daily rejoiced in their happiness,
+which seemed almost too great for earth, when they became the parents
+of a charming little son.
+
+Every day Dryope carried the child along the banks of a little lake
+close by the palace, where bloomed a profusion of gay-colored flowers.
+
+      "A lake there was, with shelving banks around,
+    Whose verdant summit fragrant myrtles crown'd.
+    Those shades, unknowing of the Fates, she sought,
+    And to the Naiads flowery garlands brought;
+    Her smiling babe (a pleasing charge) she press'd
+    Between her arms."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+One day, while wandering there as usual, accompanied by her sister,
+she saw a lotus blossom, and pointed it out to her little son. He no
+sooner saw the brilliant flower, than he stretched out his little
+hands. To please him, the fond mother plucked it and gave it to him.
+
+She had scarcely done so, when she noticed drops of blood trickling
+from the broken stem; and while she stood there, speechless with
+wonder, a voice was heard accusing her of having slain Lotis, a nymph,
+who, to escape the pursuit of Priapus, god of the shade, had assumed
+the guise of a flower.
+
+    "Lotis the nymph (if rural tales be true),
+    As from Priapus' lawless love she flew,
+    Forsook her form; and fixing here became
+    A flowery plant, which still preserves her name."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+Recovering from her first speechless terror, Dryope turned to flee,
+with a pitiful cry of compassion on her pale lips, but, to her
+astonishment, she could not leave the spot: her feet seemed rooted to
+the ground. She cast a rapid glance downward to ascertain what could
+so impede her progress, and noticed the rough bark of a tree growing
+with fearful rapidity all around her.
+
+Higher and higher it rose, from her knees to her waist, and still it
+crept upward, in spite of her frantic attempts to tear it away from
+her shapely limbs. In despair she raised her trembling hands and arms
+to heaven to implore aid; but, ere the words were spoken, her arms
+were transformed into twisted branches, and her hands were filled with
+leaves.
+
+Nothing human now remained of poor Dryope except her sweet,
+tear-stained face; but this too would soon vanish under the
+all-involving bark. She therefore took hasty leave of her father,
+sister, husband, and son, who, attracted by her first cry, had rushed
+to give her all the assistance in their power. The last words were
+quickly spoken, but none too soon, for the bark closed over the soft
+lips and hid the lovely features from view.
+
+    "She ceased at once to speak, and ceased to be,
+    And all the nymph was lost within the tree:
+    Yet latent life through her new branches reign'd,
+    And long the plant a human heat retain'd."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+One of Dryope's last requests had been that her child might often play
+beneath her shady branches; and when the passing winds rustled
+through her leaves, the ancients said it was "Dryope's lone lulling of
+her child."
+
+[Sidenote: Satyrs and Pan.]
+
+The male divinities of the woods, which were also very numerous, were
+mostly Satyrs,--curious beings with a man's body and a goat's legs,
+hair, and horns. They were all passionately fond of music and revelry,
+and were wont to indulge in dancing at all times and in all places.
+The most famous among all the Satyrs was Silenus, Bacchus' tutor; and
+Pan, or Consentes, god of the shepherds, and the personification of
+nature. The latter was the reputed son of Mercury and a charming young
+nymph named Penelope; and we are told, that, when his mother first
+beheld him, she was aghast, for he was the most homely as well as the
+most extraordinary little creature she had ever seen. His body was all
+covered with goat's hair, and his feet and ears were also those of a
+goat.
+
+Amused at the sight of this grotesque little divinity, Mercury carried
+him off to Olympus, where all the gods turned him into ridicule. Pan
+was widely worshiped in olden times, however; and the ancients not
+only decked his altars with flowers, but sang his praises, and
+celebrated festivals in his honor.
+
+    "He is great and he is just,
+    He is ever good, and must
+    Be honored. Daffodillies,
+    Roses, pinks, and loved lilies,
+    Let us fling, while we sing,
+    Ever Holy! Ever Holy!
+    Ever honored! Ever young!
+    The great Pan is ever sung!"
+
+                      Beaumont and Fletcher.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Syrinx.]
+
+Pan was equally devoted to music, the dance, and pretty nymphs. He saw
+one of the nymphs, Syrinx, whom he immediately loved; but
+unfortunately for him, she, frightened at his appearance, fled.
+Exasperated by her persistent avoidance of him, Pan once pursued and
+was about to overtake her, when she paused, and implored Gæa to
+protect her. The prayer was scarcely ended, when she found herself
+changed into a clump of reeds, which the panting lover embraced,
+thinking he had caught the maiden, who had stood in that very spot a
+few moments before.
+
+His deception and disappointment were so severe, that they wrung from
+him a prolonged sigh, which, passing through the rustling reeds,
+produced plaintive tones. Pan, seeing Syrinx had gone forever, took
+seven pieces of the reed, of unequal lengths, bound them together, and
+fashioned from them a musical instrument, which was called by the name
+of the fair nymph.
+
+            "Fair, trembling Syrinx fled
+    Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread.
+    Poor nymph!--poor Pan!--how he did weep to find
+    Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind
+    Along the reedy stream; a half-heard strain
+    Full of sweet desolation--balmy pain."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Pan was supposed to delight in slyly overtaking belated travelers and
+inspiring them with sudden and unfounded fears,--from him called
+"panic." He is generally represented with a syrinx and shepherd's
+crook, and a pine garland around his misshapen head.
+
+[Sidenote: Silvan deities.]
+
+The Romans also worshiped three other divinities of nature entirely
+unknown to the Greeks; i.e., Silvanus, Faunus, and Fauna, the latter's
+wife, who had charge over the woods and plants. Priapus, god of the
+shade, was also a rural deity, but his worship was only known along
+the shores of the Hellespont.
+
+[Sidenote: Flora and Zephyrus.]
+
+The fairest among all the lesser gods was doubtless Flora, goddess of
+flowers, who married Zephyrus, the gentle god of the south wind, and
+wandered happily with him from place to place, scattering her favors
+with lavish generosity. She was principally worshiped by young girls,
+and the only offerings ever seen on her altars were fruits and
+garlands of beautiful flowers. Her festivals, generally celebrated in
+the month of May, were called the Floralia.
+
+  [Illustration: "A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY."--Thumann. (Vertumnus and
+      Pomona.)]
+
+                "Crowds of nymphs,
+    Soft voiced, and young, and gay,
+    In woven baskets bringing ears of corn,
+    Roses and pinks and violets to adorn
+    The shrine of Flora in her early May."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Vertumnus and Pomona.]
+
+Vertumnus and Pomona were the special divinities of the garden and
+orchard. They are represented with pruning knives and shears,
+gardening implements, and fruits and flowers. Pomona was very coy
+indeed, and had no desire to marry. Vertumnus, enamored of her charms,
+did his best to make her change her mind, but she would not even
+listen to his pleadings.
+
+At last the lover had recourse to stratagem, disguised himself as an
+aged crone, entered Pomona's garden, and inquired how it happened that
+such a very charming young woman should remain so long unmarried.
+Then, having received a mocking answer, he began to argue with her,
+and finally extracted an avowal, that, among all the suitors, one
+alone was worthy of her love, Vertumnus. Vertumnus seized the
+favorable opportunity, revealed himself, and clasped her to his
+breast. Pomona, perceiving that she had hopelessly betrayed herself,
+no longer refused to wed, but allowed him to share her labors, and
+help her turn the luscious fruit to ripen in the autumn sunshine.
+
+[Sidenote: Sea deities.]
+
+The lesser divinities of the sea were almost as numerous as those of
+the land, and included the lovely Oceanides and Nereides, together
+with their male companions the Tritons, who generally formed Neptune's
+regal train.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Glaucus.]
+
+One of the lesser sea gods, Glaucus, was once a poor fisherman, who
+earned his daily bread by selling the fish he caught in his nets. On
+one occasion he made an extra fine haul, and threw his net full of
+fish down upon a certain kind of grass, which the flapping fish
+immediately nibbled, and, as if endowed with extraordinary powers,
+bounded back into the waves and swam away.
+
+Greatly surprised at this occurrence, Glaucus began chewing a few
+blades of this peculiar grass, and immediately felt an insane desire
+to plunge into the sea,--a desire which soon became so intense, that
+he could no longer resist it, but dived down into the water. The mere
+contact with the salt waves sufficed to change his nature; and
+swimming about comfortably in the element, where he now found himself
+perfectly at home, he began to explore the depths of the sea.
+
+    "'I plung'd for life or death. To interknit
+    One's senses with so dense a breathing stuff
+    Might seem a work of pain; so not enough
+    Can I admire how crystal-smooth it felt,
+    And buoyant round my limbs. At first I dwelt
+    Whole days and days in sheer astonishment;
+    Forgetful utterly of self-intent;
+    Moving but with the mighty ebb and flow.
+    Then, like a new fledg'd bird that first doth show
+    His spreaded feathers to the morrow chill,
+    I try'd in fear the pinions of my will.
+    'Twas freedom! and at once I visited
+    The ceaseless wonders of this ocean-bed.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Glaucus was worshiped most particularly by the fishermen and boatmen,
+whose vessels he was supposed to guard from evil, and whose nets were
+often filled to overflow through his intervention.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+THE TROJAN WAR.
+
+
+Jupiter, father of the gods, once fell deeply in love with a beautiful
+sea nymph named Thetis, the daughter of Nereus and Doris,--
+
+      "Thetis of the silver feet, and child
+    Of the gray Ancient of the Deep."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter and Thetis.]
+
+He was very anxious indeed to marry her, but, before taking such an
+important step, deemed it prudent to consult the Fates, who alone
+could inform him whether this union would be for his happiness or not.
+It was very fortunate for him that he did so, for the three sisters
+told him that Thetis was destined to be the mother of a son who would
+far outshine his father.
+
+Jupiter carefully pondered this reply, and concluded to renounce the
+marriage rather than run any risk of being forced to surrender his
+power to one greater than he. Thetis' hand he then decreed should be
+given in marriage to Peleus, King of Phthia, who had loved her
+faithfully, and had long sued in vain.
+
+Thetis, however, was not at all anxious to accept the hand of a mere
+mortal after having enjoyed the attention of the gods (for Neptune
+also had wooed her), and demurred, until Jupiter promised his own and
+the gods' attendance at the marriage feast. The prospect of this
+signal honor reconciled the maiden, and the wedding preparations were
+made in the coral caves of her father, Nereus, beneath the
+foam-crested waves.
+
+Thither, mindful of his promise, came Jupiter, with all the gods of
+Olympus.
+
+      "Then, with his Queen, the Father of the gods
+    Came down from high Olympus' bright abodes;
+    Came down, with all th' attending deities."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+The guests took their seats, and pledged the bride and groom in
+brimming cups of wine,--Bacchus' wedding gift to Thetis. All was joy
+and merriment, when an uninvited guest suddenly appeared in the
+banquet-hall. All present immediately recognized Eris, or Discordia,
+goddess of discord, whose snaky locks, sour looks, and violent temper
+had caused her to be omitted from the wedding list,--
+
+    "The Abominable, that uninvited came
+    Into the fair Peleian banquet-hall."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: The apple of discord.]
+
+This omission angered her, and made her determine to have her revenge
+by troubling the harmony which evidently reigned among all the guests.
+For a moment she stood beside the bountiful board, then threw upon it
+a golden apple, and, exhaling over the assembly her poisoned breath,
+she vanished. The general attention was, of course, turned upon the
+golden fruit, whereon the inscription "To the fairest" was clearly
+traced.
+
+All the ladies were at first inclined to contend for the prize; but
+little by little all the claimants withdrew except Juno, Minerva, and
+Venus, who hotly disputed for its possession. Juno declared that the
+queen of the gods, in her majesty and power, surely had the best
+right; Minerva, that the beauty of wisdom and knowledge far surpassed
+external charms; and Venus smiled, and archly requested to be informed
+who might assert greater claims than the goddess of beauty.
+
+The dispute grew more and more bitter, and the irate goddesses called
+upon the guests to award the prize to the most deserving; but the
+guests, one and all, refused to act as umpires, for the apple could be
+given to but one, and the two others would be sure to vent their anger
+and disappointment upon the judge who passed over their charms in
+favor of a third. The final decision was therefore referred to Paris,
+who, although performing the lowly duties of a shepherd, was the son
+of Priam and Hecuba, King and Queen of Troy.
+
+When but a babe, Paris had been exposed on a mountain to perish,
+because an oracle had predicted that he would cause the death of his
+family and the downfall of his native city. Although thus cruelly
+treated, he had not perished, but had been adopted by a shepherd, who
+made him follow his own calling.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris and Å’none.]
+
+When Paris reached manhood, he was a very handsome and attractive
+young man, and won the love of Å’none, a beautiful nymph to whom he
+was secretly united. Their happiness, however, was but fleeting, for
+the Fates had decreed that Paris' love for the fair Å’none would soon
+die.
+
+                                "The Fate,
+    That rules the will of Jove, had spun the days
+    Of Paris and Å’none."
+
+             Quintus Smyrnæus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Judgment of Paris.]
+
+Instead of lingering by the fair nymph's side, Paris wandered off to a
+lonely mountain top, where the three goddesses sought him to judge
+their quarrel. Minerva, in glittering armor, first appeared before his
+dazzled eyes, and proffered the bribe of extensive wisdom if he would
+but give her the preference.
+
+Juno, queen of heaven, next appeared in royal robes and insignia, and
+whispered that he should have great wealth and unlimited power were he
+only to award the prize to her.
+
+                            "She to Paris made
+    Proffer of royal power, ample rule
+    Unquestion'd, overflowing revenue
+    Wherewith to embellish state, 'from many a vale
+    And river-sunder'd champaign clothed with corn,
+    Or labor'd mine undrainable of ore.
+    Honor,' she said, 'and homage, tax and toll,
+    From many an inland town and haven large,
+    Mast-throng'd beneath her shadowing citadel
+    In glassy bays among her tallest towers.'"
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+But all Minerva's and Juno's charms and bribes were forgotten when
+Venus, in her magic cestus, appeared before the judge. This artful
+simplicity was the result of much thought, for we are told that
+
+    "Venus oft with anxious care
+    Adjusted twice a single hair."
+
+                                     Cowper.
+
+Then, trembling lest her efforts should prove vain, she gently drew
+near the youth, and softly promised him a bride as fair as herself, in
+return for the coveted golden apple.
+
+Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe, Paris
+no longer hesitated, but placed the prize in her extended palm.
+
+      "Ere yet her speech was finished, he consign'd
+    To her soft hand the fruit of burnished rind;
+    And foam-born Venus grasp'd the graceful meed,
+    Of war, of evil war, the quickening seed."
+
+                     Coluthus (Elton's tr.).
+
+This act of partiality, of course, called down upon him the wrath and
+hatred of Juno and Minerva, who, biding their time, watched for a
+suitable opportunity to avenge themselves; while Venus, triumphant,
+and anxious to redeem her promise, directed Paris to return to Troy,
+make himself known to his parents,--who, the goddess promised, would
+welcome him warmly,--and obtain from them a fleet in which he might
+sail to Greece.
+
+  [Illustration: PARIS. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+In obedience to these instructions, Paris ruthlessly abandoned the
+fair and faithful Å’none, and, joining a band of youthful shepherds,
+went to Troy, under pretext of witnessing a solemn festival. There
+he took part in the athletic games, distinguished himself, and
+attracted the attention of his sister Cassandra.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris' return to Troy.]
+
+This princess was noted for her beauty, and it is said had even been
+wooed by Apollo, who, hoping to win her favor, bestowed upon her the
+gift of prophecy. For some reason the god's suit had not prospered;
+and, as he could not take back the power conferred, he annulled it by
+making her hearers refuse to credit her words.
+
+Cassandra immediately called her parents' attention to the
+extraordinary likeness Paris bore to her other brothers; and then,
+breaking out into a prophetic strain, she foretold that he would bring
+destruction upon his native city. Priam and Hecuba, scorning her
+prophecy, joyfully received their long-lost son, lovingly compelled
+him to take up his abode in their palace, and promised to atone for
+their past neglect by granting his every wish.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris sails for Greece.]
+
+Still advised by Venus, Paris soon expressed a desire to sail for
+Greece, under the pretext of rescuing Hesione, his father's sister,
+whom Hercules had carried off, after besieging Troy. He was promptly
+provided with several well-manned galleys, and soon after appeared at
+the court of Menelaus, King of Sparta, whose young wife, Helen, was
+the most beautiful woman of her time, if we are to believe the
+testimony of her contemporaries.
+
+    "Full threescore girls, in sportive flight we stray'd,
+    Like youths anointing, where along the glade
+    The baths of cool Eurotas limpid play'd.
+    But none, of all, with Helen might compare,
+    Nor one seem'd faultless of the fairest fair.
+    As morn, with vermeil visage, looks from high,
+    When solemn night has vanish'd suddenly;
+    When winter melts, and frees the frozen hours,
+    And spring's green bough is gemm'd with silvery flowers:
+    So bloom'd the virgin Helen in our eyes,
+    With full voluptuous limbs, and towering size:
+    In shape, in height, in stately presence fair,
+    Straight as a furrow gliding from the share;
+    A cypress of the gardens, spiring high,
+    A courser in the cars of Thessaly.
+    So rose-complexion'd Helen charm'd the sight;
+    Our Sparta's grace, our glory, and delight."
+
+                   Theocritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Helen's suitors.]
+
+A daughter of Jupiter and Leda (whom Jove had courted in the guise of
+a snow-white swan), Helen had many suitors who ardently strove to win
+her favor. The noblest, bravest, and best came to woo and hoped to
+win; but all were left in suspense, as the maiden did not show any
+preference, and refused to make known her choice.
+
+Tyndareus, Helen's stepfather, thinking the rejected suitors might
+attempt to steal her away from any husband she selected, proposed that
+all the candidates for her hand should take a solemn oath, binding
+themselves to respect the marital rights of the favored suitor, and
+help him regain possession of his wife should any one venture to
+kidnap her.
+
+                  "This was cause
+    To Tyndarus her father of much doubt,
+    To give, or not to give her, and how best
+    To make good fortune his: at length this thought
+    Occurr'd, that each to each the wooers give
+    Their oath, and plight their hands, and on the flames
+    Pour the libations, and with solemn vows
+    Bind their firm faith that him, who should obtain
+    The virgin for his bride, they all would aid;
+    If any dar'd to seize and bear her off,
+    And drive by force her husband from her bed,
+    All would unite in arms, and lay his town,
+    Greek or Barbaric, level with the ground."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+All agreed to this proposal, the oath was taken, and Helen, whose
+deliberations had come to an end, bestowed her hand upon Menelaus,
+King of Sparta.
+
+[Sidenote: Abduction of Helen.]
+
+On his arrival at Sparta, in Lacedæmonia, Paris was received with
+graceful hospitality by Menelaus and Helen. He had not sojourned there
+many days, however, before the king was called away from home, and
+departed, confiding to his wife the care of entertaining his princely
+guest. During his absence, Paris, urged by Venus, courted Helen so
+successfully, that she finally consented to elope with him, and
+allowed herself to be borne away in triumph to Troy.
+
+    "Then from her husband's stranger-sheltering home
+    He tempted Helen o'er the ocean foam."
+
+                     Coluthus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Preparations for war.]
+
+Menelaus, on his return from Crete, discovered his guest's treachery,
+and swore never to rest satisfied until he had recovered his truant
+wife, and punished her seducer. Messengers were sent in haste in every
+direction, to summon Helen's former suitors to keep their oath, and
+join Menelaus at Aulis with men and weapons. All came promptly at his
+call except Ulysses, King of Ithaca, who, to console himself for
+Helen's refusal of his suit, had married her cousin, Penelope, and had
+now no dearer wish than to linger by her side and admire his infant
+son, Telemachus.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses feigns madness.]
+
+In the presence of the messenger Palamedes, Ulysses feigned insanity,
+hoping thereby to elude the tedious journey to Troy; but the messenger
+was not so easily duped, and cleverly determined to ascertain the
+truth by stratagem. One day, therefore, when the king was plowing the
+seashore with an ox and horse harnessed together, and sowing this
+strange field with salt, Palamedes placed the babe Telemachus in the
+furrow, directly in front of the plow, and marked how skillfully
+Ulysses turned his ill-assorted team aside to avoid harming his heir.
+This action sufficed to prove to Palamedes that the king had not lost
+all control of his senses, and enabled him to force Ulysses to obey
+Menelaus' summons.
+
+  [Illustration: ABDUCTION OF HELEN.--Deutsch.]
+
+[Sidenote: Agamemnon made chief.]
+
+At Aulis the assembled army with unanimous consent elected
+Agamemnon, Menelaus' brother, chief of the expedition, which
+numbered, among many others, Nestor, noted for his wise counsel; Ajax,
+gigantic in strength and courage; and Diomedes, the renowned warrior.
+
+The troops were assembled, the vessels freighted; but before they
+departed, the chiefs considered it expedient to consult an oracle, to
+ascertain whether their expedition was destined to succeed. In a
+somewhat veiled and ambiguous manner, they received answer that Troy
+could never be taken without the aid of the son of Peleus and Thetis,
+Achilles, of whom the Fates had predicted that he would surpass his
+father in greatness (p. 305).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' early life.]
+
+Thetis loved this only child so dearly, that when he was but a babe,
+she had carried him to the banks of the Styx, whose waters had the
+magic power of rendering all the parts they touched invulnerable.
+Premising that her son would be a great warrior, and thus exposed to
+great danger, she plunged him wholly into the tide with the exception
+of one heel, by which she held him, and then returned home.
+
+Some time after, an oracle foretold that Achilles would die beneath
+the walls of Troy from a wound in his heel, the only vulnerable part
+of his body. With many tears Thetis vowed that her son should never
+leave her to encounter such a fate, and intrusted the care of his
+education to the Centaur Chiron, who had taught all the greatest
+heroes in turn.
+
+From this instructor Achilles learned the arts of war, wrestling,
+poetry, music, and song,--all, in short, that an accomplished Greek
+warrior was expected to know,--and, when his studies were finished,
+returned to his father's court to gladden his fond mother's heart by
+his presence.
+
+Thetis' joy was all turned to grief, however, when rumors of the war
+imminent between Greece and Troy came to her ears. She knew her son
+would soon be summoned, and, to prevent his going, sent him off to the
+court of Lycomedes, where, under some pretext, he was prevailed upon
+to assume a disguise and mingle with the king's daughters and their
+handmaidens.
+
+One messenger after another was dispatched to summon Achilles to join
+the fleet at Aulis, but one after another returned without having seen
+him, or being able to ascertain where he was hiding. The Greeks,
+however anxious to depart, dared not sail without him. They were in
+despair, until Ulysses, the wily, proposed a plan, and offered to
+carry it out.
+
+    "Ulysses, man of many arts,
+    Son of Laertes, reared in Ithaca,
+    That rugged isle, and skilled in every form
+    Of shrewd device and action wisely planned."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses discovers Achilles.]
+
+Arrayed in peddler's garb, with a pack upon his shoulders, Ulysses
+entered Lycomedes' palace, where he shrewdly suspected Achilles was
+concealed, and offered his wares for sale. The maidens selected
+trinkets; but one of them, closely veiled, seized a weapon concealed
+among the ornaments, and brandished it with such skill, that Ulysses
+saw through the assumed disguise, explained his presence and purpose,
+and by his eloquence persuaded the young Achilles to accompany him to
+Aulis.
+
+The Greeks were now ready to embark; but no favorable wind came to
+swell the sails, which day after day hung limp and motionless against
+the tall masts of their vessels.
+
+                    "The troops
+    Collected and imbodied, here we sit
+    Inactive, and from Aulis wish to sail
+    In vain."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Sacrifice of Iphigenia.]
+
+Calchas, the soothsayer of the expedition, was again consulted, to
+discover how they might best win the favor of the gods; and the reply
+given purported that no favorable wind would blow until Iphigenia,
+daughter of Agamemnon, was offered up in sacrifice to appease the
+everlasting gods.
+
+Many other propitiatory methods were tried; but as they all proved
+ineffective, Agamemnon, urged by his companions, sent for his
+daughter, feigning that he wished to celebrate her nuptials with
+Achilles before his departure.
+
+            "I wrote, I seal'd
+    A letter to my wife, that she should send
+    Her daughter, to Achilles as a bride
+    Affianc'd."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+Iphigenia came to her father secretly delighted at being the chosen
+bride of such a hero; but, instead of being led to the hymeneal altar,
+she was dragged to the place of sacrifice, where the priest, with
+uplifted knife, was about to end her sufferings, when Diana suddenly
+appeared, snatched her up in a cloud, and left in her stead a deer,
+which was duly sacrificed, while Iphigenia was borne in safety to
+Tauris, where she became a priestess in one of the goddess's temples.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival at Troy.]
+
+The gods were now propitious, and the wind slowly rose, filled the
+sails of the waiting vessels, and wafted them swiftly and steadily
+over the sea to the Trojan shores, where an army stood ready to
+prevent the Greek troops from disembarking. The invaders were eager to
+land to measure their strength against the Trojans; yet all hesitated
+to leave the ships, for an oracle had foretold that the first warrior
+who attempted to land would meet with instant death.
+
+                        "'The Delphic oracle foretold
+    That the first Greek who touched the Trojan strand
+    Should die.'"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: Protesilaus and Laodamia.]
+
+Protesilaus, a brave chief, seeing his comrades' irresolution, and
+animated by a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore, and
+perished, slain by the enemy, as soon as his foot had touched the
+foreign soil. When the tidings of his death reached his beloved wife,
+Laodamia, whom he had left in Thessaly, they well-nigh broke her
+heart; and in her despair she entreated the gods to let her die, or
+allow her to see her lord once more, were it but for a moment. Her
+appeal was so touching, that the gods could not refuse to hear it, and
+bade Mercury conduct her husband's shade back to earth, to tarry with
+her for three hours' time.
+
+          "'Such grace hath crowned thy prayer,
+    Laodamia! that at Jove's command
+    Thy husband walks the paths of upper air:
+    He comes to tarry with thee three hours' space;
+    Accept the gift, behold him face to face!'"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+With an inarticulate cry of joy, Laodamia beheld the beloved
+countenance of Protesilaus once more, and from his own lips heard the
+detailed account of his early death. The three hours passed all too
+quickly in delicious intercourse; and when Mercury reappeared to lead
+him back to Hades, the loving wife, unable to endure a second parting,
+died of grief.
+
+The same grave, it is said, was the resting place of this united pair,
+and kind-hearted nymphs planted elm trees over their remains. These
+trees grew "until they were high enough to command a view of Troy, and
+then withered away, while fresh branches sprang from the roots."
+
+                              "Upon the side
+    Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)
+    A knot of spiry trees for ages grew
+    From out the tomb of him for whom she died;
+    And ever, when such stature they had gained
+    That Ilium's walls were subject to their view,
+    The trees' tall summits withered at the sight;
+    A constant interchange of growth and blight!"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+Hostilities had now begun, and the war between the conflicting hosts
+was waged with equal courage and skill. During nine long years of
+uninterrupted strife, the Greeks' efforts to enter Troy, or Ilium, as
+it was also called, were vain, as were also the Trojans' attempts to
+force the foe to leave their shores. This memorable struggle is the
+theme of many poems. The oldest and most renowned of all, the Iliad,
+begins with the story of the tenth and last year's events.
+
+[Sidenote: Chryseis and Briseis.]
+
+Among a number of captives taken in a skirmish by the Hellenic troops,
+were two beautiful maidens, Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, priest of
+Apollo, and Briseis. The prisoners were, as usual, allotted to various
+chiefs, and Agamemnon received the priest's daughter as reward for his
+bravery, while Achilles triumphantly led to his tent the equally fair
+Briseis.
+
+When Chryses heard that his child had fallen into the hands of the
+enemy, he hastened to Agamemnon's tent to offer a rich ransom for her
+recovery; but the aged father's entreaties were all unheeded, and he
+was dismissed with many heartless taunts. Exasperated by this cruel
+treatment, he raised his hands to heaven, and implored Apollo to
+avenge the insults he had received by sending down upon the Greeks all
+manner of evil. This prayer was no sooner heard than answered, by the
+sun god's sending a terrible plague to decimate the enemy's troops.
+
+    "The aged man indignantly withdrew;
+    And Phœbus--for the priest was dear to him--
+    Granted his prayer, and sent among the Greeks
+    A deadly shaft. The people of the camp
+    Were perishing in heaps."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The Greeks, in terror, now consulted an oracle to know why this
+calamity had come upon them, and how they might check the progress of
+the deadly disease which was so rapidly reducing their forces. They
+were told that the plague would never cease until Agamemnon
+surrendered his captive, and thus disarmed Apollo's wrath, which had
+been kindled by his rude refusal to comply with the aged priest's
+request.
+
+All the Greek chiefs, assembled in council, decided to send Achilles
+to Agamemnon to apprise him of their wish that he should set Chryseis
+free,--a wish which he immediately consented to grant, if Briseis were
+given him in exchange.
+
+The plague was raging throughout the camp; the cries of the sufferers
+rent the air; many had already succumbed to the scourge, and all were
+threatened with an inglorious death. Achilles, mindful of all this,
+and anxious to save his beloved companions, consented to comply with
+this unreasonable request; but at the same time he swore, that, if
+Agamemnon really took his captive away, he would not strike another
+blow.
+
+Chryseis was immediately consigned to the care of a herald, who led
+her back to her aged father's arms. Ready to forgive all, now that his
+child was restored to him, Chryses implored Apollo to stay his hand,
+and the plague instantly ceased.
+
+As for Agamemnon, he sent his slaves to Achilles' tent to lead away
+Briseis; and the hero, true to his promise, laid aside his armor,
+determined to fight no more.
+
+    "The great Achilles, swift of foot, remained
+    Within his ships, indignant for the sake
+    Of the fair-haired Briseis."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' wrath.]
+
+Thetis, hearing of the wanton insult offered her son, left her coral
+caves, ascended to Olympus, cast herself at Jupiter's feet, and with
+many tears tremulously prayed he would avenge Achilles and make the
+Greeks fail in all their attempts as long as her son's wrath remained
+unappeased.
+
+Jupiter, touched by her beauty and distress, frowned until the very
+firmament shook, and swore to make the Greeks rue the day they left
+their native shores,
+
+    "To give Achilles honor and to cause
+    Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Agamemnon misled.]
+
+In consequence of a treacherous dream purposely sent by Jupiter to
+delude him, Agamemnon again assembled his troops, and proposed a new
+onslaught upon the Trojan forces. But when the army was drawn up in
+battle array, Hector, the eldest son of Priam, and therefore leader of
+his army, stepping forward, proposed that the prolonged quarrel should
+be definitely settled by a single combat between Paris and Menelaus.
+
+          "Hector then stood forth and said:--
+    'Hearken, ye Trojans and ye nobly-armed
+    Achaians, to what Paris says by me.
+    He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down
+    Their shining arms upon the teeming earth,
+    And he and Menelaus, loved of Mars,
+    Will strive in single combat, on the ground
+    Between the hosts, for Helen and her wealth;
+    And he who shall o'ercome, and prove himself
+    The better warrior, to his home shall bear
+    The treasure and the woman, while the rest
+    Shall frame a solemn covenant of peace.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Menelaus and Paris fight.]
+
+This proposal having been received favorably, Menelaus and Paris soon
+engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both armies, by Helen and
+Priam from the Trojan walls, and by the everlasting gods from the
+wooded heights of Mount Ida; but in the very midst of the fight,
+Venus, seeing her favorite about to succumb, suddenly snatched him
+away from the battlefield, and bore him unseen to his chamber, where
+he was joined by Helen, who bitterly reproached him for his cowardly
+flight.
+
+Indignant at this interference on Venus' part, the gods decreed that
+the war should be renewed; and Minerva, assuming the form of a Trojan
+warrior, aimed an arrow at Menelaus, who was vainly seeking his
+vanished opponent. This act of treachery was the signal for a general
+call to arms and a renewal of hostilities. Countless deeds of valor
+were now performed by the heroes on both sides, and also by the gods,
+who mingled in the ranks and even fought against each other, until
+recalled by Jupiter, and forbidden to fight any more.
+
+[Sidenote: Hector and Andromache.]
+
+For a little while fortune seemed to favor the Greeks; and Hector,
+hastening back to Troy, bade his mother go to the temple with all her
+women, and endeavor by her prayers and gifts to propitiate Minerva and
+obtain her aid. Then he hastened off in search of his wife Andromache
+and little son Astyanax, whom he wished to embrace once more before
+rushing out to battle and possible death.
+
+He found his palace deserted, and, upon questioning the women, heard
+that his wife had gone to the Scæan Gate, where he now drove as fast
+as his noble steeds could drag him. There, at the gate, took place the
+parting scene, which has deservedly been called the most pathetic in
+all the Iliad, in which Andromache vainly tried to detain her husband
+within the walls, while Hector gently reproved her, and demonstrated
+that his duty called him out upon the field of battle, where he must
+hold his own if he would not see the city taken, the Trojans slain,
+and the women, including his mother and beloved Andromache, borne away
+into bitter captivity.
+
+  [Illustration: PARTING OF HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE.--Maignan.]
+
+                                "Andromache
+    Pressed to his side meanwhile, and, all in tears,
+    Clung to his hand, and, thus beginning, said:--
+      'Too brave! thy valor yet will cause thy death.
+    Thou hast no pity on thy tender child,
+    Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be
+    Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee
+    To take thy life. A happier lot were mine,
+    If I must lose thee, to go down to earth,
+    For I shall have no hope when thou art gone,--
+    Nothing but sorrow. Father have I none,
+    And no dear mother.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+                                Hector, thou
+    Art father and dear mother now to me,
+    And brother and my youthful spouse besides.
+    In pity keep within the fortress here,
+    Nor make thy child an orphan nor thy wife
+    A widow.'
+      Then answered Hector, great in war: 'All this
+    I bear in mind, dear wife; but I should stand
+    Ashamed before the men and long-robed dames
+    Of Troy, were I to keep aloof and shun
+    The conflict, coward-like.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then he stretched out his arms for his infant son, who, however,
+shrank back affrighted at the sight of his brilliant helmet and
+nodding plumes, and would not go to him until he had set the gleaming
+headdress aside. After a passionate prayer for his little heir's
+future welfare, Hector gave the child back to Andromache, and, with a
+last farewell embrace, sprang into his chariot and drove away.
+
+    "'Sorrow not thus, beloved one, for me.
+    No living man can send me to the shades
+    Before my time; no man of woman born,
+    Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.
+    But go thou home, and tend thy labors there,--
+    The web, the distaff,--and command thy maids
+    To speed the work. The cares of war pertain
+    To all men born in Troy, and most to me.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Greeks repelled.]
+
+Paris, ashamed now of his former flight, soon joined his brother upon
+the battlefield, and together they performed many deeds of valor. The
+time had now come when Jupiter was about to redeem the promise given
+to Thetis, for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before
+the might of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success,
+and fired by Hector's example, performed miracles of valor, and
+finally drove their assailants into their intrenchments.
+
+Death and defeat now dogged the very footsteps of the Greek forces,
+who were driven, inch by inch, away from the walls, ever nearer the
+place where their vessels rode at anchor. They now ardently longed for
+the assistance of Achilles, whose mere presence, in days gone by, had
+filled the Trojan hearts with terror; but the hero, although Briseis
+had been returned unmolested, paid no heed to their entreaties for
+aid, and remained a sullen and indifferent spectator of their flight,
+while the Trojans began to set fire to some of the vessels of their
+fleet.
+
+      "The goddess-born Achilles, swift of foot,
+    Beside his ships still brooded o'er his wrath,
+    Nor came to counsel with the illustrious chiefs,
+    Nor to the war, but suffered idleness
+    To eat his heart away; for well he loved
+    Clamor and combat."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Discouraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resistance,
+the Greeks, in despair, concluded that the gods had entirely forsaken
+them, and beat a hasty and ignominious retreat to the shore, closely
+followed by the enemy, who uttered loud cries of triumph.
+
+[Sidenote: Patroclus dons Achilles' armor.]
+
+Patroclus, Achilles' intimate friend, then hastened to the hero's side
+to inform him of his comrades' flight, and implore him once more to
+rescue them from inevitable death. But Achilles, summoning all his
+pride to his assistance, did not waver in his resolve. Suddenly
+Patroclus remembered that the mere sight of Achilles' armor might
+suffice to arrest the enemy's advance and produce a diversion in favor
+of the Greeks: so he asked permission to wear it and lead the
+Myrmidons, Achilles' trusty followers, into the fray.
+
+        "Send me at least into the war,
+    And let me lead thy Myrmidons, that thus
+    The Greeks may have some gleam of hope. And give
+    The armor from thy shoulders. I will wear
+    Thy mail, and then the Trojans, at the sight,
+    May think I am Achilles, and may pause
+    From fighting, and the warlike sons of Greece,
+    Tired as they are, may breathe once more, and gain
+    A respite from the conflict."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Achilles had sworn, it is true, not to return to the scene of strife,
+but was quite willing to lend men and arms, if they might be of any
+use, and immediately placed them at his friend's disposal. Hastily
+Patroclus donned the glittering armor, called aloud to the Myrmidons
+to follow his lead, and rushed forth to encounter the enemy.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Patroclus.]
+
+The Trojans paused in dismay, thinking Achilles had come, and were
+about to take flight, when all at once they discovered the fraud. With
+renewed courage, they opposed the Greek onslaught. Many heroes bit the
+dust in this encounter, among others Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter and
+Europa (p. 45),--whose remains were borne away from the battlefield by
+the twin divinities Sleep and Death,--ere Hector, son of Priam, and
+chief among the Trojan warriors, challenged Patroclus to single
+combat. Needless to say, the two closed in deadly battle, and fought
+with equal valor, until Patroclus, already exhausted by his previous
+efforts, and betrayed by the gods, finally succumbed.
+
+                    "The hero fell
+    With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld
+    His fall with grief."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With a loud cry of victory, Hector wrenched the armor off the mangled
+corpse, and quickly withdrew to array himself in the brilliant spoils.
+The tidings of Patroclus' fall spread rapidly all through the Grecian
+camp, and reached Achilles, who wept aloud when he heard that his
+beloved friend, who had left him but a short time before full of life
+and energy, was now no more. So noisily did the hero mourn his loss,
+that Thetis, in the quiet ocean depths, heard his groans, and rushed
+to his side to ascertain their cause.
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' grief.]
+
+Into his mother's sympathetic ear Achilles poured the whole story of
+his grief and loss, while she gently strove to turn his thoughts aside
+from the sad event, and arouse an interest for some pursuit less
+dangerous than war. All her efforts were vain, however; for Achilles'
+soul thirsted for revenge, and he repeatedly swore he would go forth
+and slay his friend's murderer.
+
+                              "No wish
+    Have I to live, or to concern myself
+    In men's affairs, save this: that Hector first,
+    Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay
+    The debt of vengeance for Patroclus slain."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then, in sudden dread lest Hector should fall by another's hand, or
+withdraw from the battlefield and thus escape his vengeance, Achilles
+would have rushed from his tent unarmed; but his mother prevailed upon
+him to wait until the morrow, when she promised to bring him a full
+suit of armor from Vulcan's own hand. Rapidly Thetis then traversed
+the wide space which separates the coast of Asia Minor from Mount
+Ætna, where Vulcan labored at his forge.
+
+            "She found him there
+    Sweating and toiling, and with busy hand
+    Plying the bellows."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' armor.]
+
+Arrived before him, she breathlessly made known her errand, and the
+god promised that the arms should be ready within the given time, and
+immediately set to work to fashion them. By his skillful hands the
+marvelous weapons were forged; and when the first streak of light
+appeared above the horizon, he consigned them to Thetis, who hastened
+back to her son's tent, where she found him still bewailing the loss
+of Patroclus.
+
+  [Illustration: THETIS BEARING THE ARMOR OF ACHILLES.--Gérard.]
+
+During Thetis' absence, messengers had come to Achilles' tent to warn
+him that Patroclus' body was still in the enemy's hands, and to
+implore him to come and rescue the precious corpse. Mindful of his
+promise to his mother, Achilles still refused to fight, but, springing
+upon the rampart, uttered his mighty war-cry, the sound of which
+filled the enemy's hearts with terror, and made them yield to the
+well-directed onslaught of Ajax and Diomedes, who finally succeeded in
+recovering the body, which they then reverently bore to Achilles'
+tent.
+
+To console Achilles for his friend's death, Thetis exhibited the
+glorious armor she had just obtained, helped him put it on, and then
+bade him go forth and conquer.
+
+      "'Leave we the dead, my son, since it hath pleased
+    The gods that he should fall; and now receive
+    This sumptuous armor, forged by Vulcan's hand,
+    Beautiful, such as no man ever wore.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Hector.]
+
+Thus armed, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favorite steeds, and
+driven by his faithful charioteer Automedon, Achilles went forth to
+battle, and finally seeing Hector, whom alone he wished to meet, he
+rushed upon him with a hoarse cry of rage. The Trojan hero, at the
+mere sight of the deadly hatred which shone in Achilles' eyes, turned
+to flee. Achilles pursued him, and taunted him with his cowardice,
+until Hector turned and fought with all the courage and recklessness
+of despair.
+
+Their blows fell like hail, a cloud of dust enveloped their struggling
+forms, and the anxious witnesses only heard the dull thud of the blows
+and the metallic clash of the weapons. Suddenly there came a loud cry,
+then all was still; and when the dust-cloud had blown away, the
+Trojans from the ramparts, where they had waited in agony for the
+issue of the fight, beheld Achilles tear the armor from their
+champion's body, bind the corpse to his chariot, and drive nine times
+round the city walls, Hector's princely head dragging in the dust.
+Priam, Hecuba, and Andromache, Hector's beautiful young wife,
+tearfully watched this ignominious treatment, and finally saw Achilles
+drive off to the spot where Patroclus' funeral pile was laid, and
+there abandon the corpse.
+
+Achilles then returned to his tent, where for a long time he
+continued to mourn his friend's untimely end, refusing to be
+comforted.
+
+[Sidenote: The gods' decree.]
+
+The gods, from their celestial abode, had also witnessed this
+heartrending scene, and now Jupiter sent Iris to Thetis, and bade her
+hasten down to Achilles and command him to restore Hector's body to
+his mourning family. He also directed Mercury to lead Priam, unseen,
+into Achilles' tent, to claim and bear away his son's desecrated
+corpse. Thetis, seeking Achilles in his tent, announced the will of
+Jove:--
+
+                        "I am come
+    A messenger from Jove, who bids me say
+    The immortals are offended, and himself
+    The most, that thou shouldst in thy spite detain
+    The corse of Hector at the beaked ships,
+    Refusing its release. Comply thou, then,
+    And take the ransom and restore the dead."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Return of Hector's body.]
+
+Mercury acquitted himself with his usual dispatch, and soon guided
+Priam in safety through the Grecian camp to Achilles' tent, where the
+aged king fell at the hero's feet, humbly pleading for his son's body,
+and proffering a princely ransom in exchange.
+
+Achilles, no longer able to refuse this entreaty, and touched by a
+father's tears, consigned Hector's corpse to the old man's care, and
+promised an armistice of fourteen days, that the funeral rites in both
+camps might be celebrated with all due pomp and solemnity; and with
+the burial of Hector the Iliad comes to a close.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Penthesilea.]
+
+At the end of the truce the hostilities were renewed, and the Trojans
+were reinforced by the arrival of Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons,
+who, with a chosen troop of warrior maidens, came to offer her aid.
+The brave queen afforded them, however, only temporary relief, as she
+was slain by Achilles in their very first encounter.
+
+He, too, however, was doomed to die "in the flower of his youth and
+beauty," and the Fates had almost finished spinning his thread of
+life. In an early skirmish, while in close pursuit of the Trojans,
+Thetis' son had once caught sight of Polyxena, daughter of Priam, and
+had been deeply smitten by her girlish charms. He now vainly tried to
+make peace between the conflicting nations, hoping that, were the war
+but ended, he might obtain her hand in marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Achilles.]
+
+His efforts to make peace failed; but at last he prevailed upon Priam
+to celebrate his betrothal with Polyxena, with the stipulation that
+the marriage would take place as soon as the war was over. The
+betrothal ceremony was held without the city gates; and Achilles was
+just about to part from his blushing betrothed, when Paris, ever
+treacherous, stole behind him and shot a poisoned arrow into his
+vulnerable heel, thus slaying the hero who had caused so many brave
+warriors to bite the dust.
+
+    "Thus great Achilles, who had shown his zeal
+    In healing wounds, died of a wounded heel."
+
+                               O. W. Holmes.
+
+His armor--the glorious armor forged by Vulcan--was hotly contested
+for by Ulysses and Ajax. The former finally obtained the coveted
+weapons; and Ajax' grief at their loss was so intense, that he became
+insane, and killed himself in a fit of frenzy, while Polyxena,
+inconsolable at her betrothed's death, committed suicide on the
+magnificent tomb erected over his remains on the Trojan plain.
+
+[Sidenote: Philoctetes' arrows.]
+
+The oracles, silent so long, now announced that Troy could never be
+taken without the poisoned arrows of Hercules, then in the keeping of
+Philoctetes (p. 238). This hero had started with the expedition, but
+had been put ashore on the Island of Lemnos on account of a wound in
+his foot, which had become so offensive that none of the ship's
+company could endure his presence on board.
+
+Ten long years had already elapsed since then, and, although a party
+of Greeks immediately set out in search of him, they had but little
+hope of finding him alive. They nevertheless wended their way to the
+cave where they had deposited him, where, to their unbounded surprise,
+they still found him. The wound had not healed, but he had managed to
+exist by killing such game as came within reach of his hand.
+
+        "Exposed to the inclement skies,
+        Deserted and forlorn he lies;
+        No friend or fellow-mourner there,
+    To soothe his sorrows, and divide his care;
+    Or seek the healing plant, of power to 'suage
+    His aching wound, and mitigate its rage."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Incensed by the Greeks' former cruel desertion, no entreaty could now
+induce Philoctetes to accompany the messengers to Troy, until Hercules
+appeared to him in a dream, and bade him go without delay, for there
+he would find Machaon (p. 64), Æsculapius' son, who was to heal his
+wound.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Paris and Å’none.]
+
+The dream was realized. Philoctetes, whole once more, joined the Greek
+host, and caused great dismay in the enemy's ranks with his poisoned
+arrows. One of his deadly missiles even struck Paris, and, as the
+poison entered his veins, it caused him grievous suffering. Paris then
+remembered that his first love, Å’none, who knew all remedies and the
+best modes of applying them, had once told him to send for her should
+he ever be wounded. He therefore sent for Å’none; but she, justly
+offended by the base desertion and long neglect of her lover, refused
+her aid, and let him die in torture. When he was dead, Å’none repented
+of this decision; and when the flames of his funeral pyre rose around
+him, she rushed into their midst, and was burned to death on his
+corpse.
+
+    "But when she gain'd the broader vale and saw
+    The ring of faces redden'd by the flames
+    Infolding that dark body which had lain
+    Of old in her embrace, paused--and then ask'd
+    Falteringly, 'Who lies on yonder pyre?'
+    But every man was mute for reverence.
+    Then moving quickly forward till the heat
+    Smote on her brow, she lifted up a voice
+    Of shrill command, 'Who burns upon the pyre?'
+    Whereon their oldest and their boldest said,
+    'He, whom thou would'st not heal!' and all at once
+    The morning light of happy marriage broke,
+    Thro' all the clouded years of widowhood,
+    And muffling up her comely head, and crying
+    'Husband!' she leapt upon the funeral pile,
+    And mixt herself with _him_ and past in fire."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: The Palladium.]
+
+Two of Priam's sons had already expired, and yet Troy had not fallen
+into the hands of the Greeks, who now heard another prophecy, to the
+effect that Troy could never be taken as long as the Palladium--a
+sacred statue of Minerva, said to have fallen from heaven--remained
+within its walls (p. 60). So Ulysses and Diomedes in disguise effected
+an entrance into the city one night, and after many difficulties
+succeeded in escaping with the precious image.
+
+[Sidenote: The wooden horse.]
+
+Men and chiefs, impatient of further delay, now joyfully hailed
+Ulysses' proposal to take the city by stratagem. They therefore
+secretly built a colossal wooden horse, within whose hollow sides a
+number of brave warriors might lie concealed. The main army feigned
+weariness of the endless enterprise, and embarked, leaving the horse
+as a pretended offering to Minerva; while Sinon, a shrewd slave,
+remained to persuade the Trojans to drag the horse within their gates
+and keep him there, a lasting monument of their hard-won triumph.
+
+To the unbounded joy of the long-besieged Trojans, the Greek fleet
+then sailed away, until the Island of Tenedos hid the ships from view.
+All the inhabitants of Troy poured out of the city to view the wooden
+horse, and question Sinon, who pretended to have great cause of
+complaint against the Greeks, and strongly advised them to secure
+their last offering to Minerva.
+
+The Trojans hailed this idea with rapture; but Laocoon, a Trojan
+priest, implored them to leave the horse alone, lest they should bring
+untold evil upon their heads.
+
+          "'Wretched countrymen,' he cries,
+    'What monstrous madness blinds your eyes?
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+    Perchance--who knows?--these planks of deal
+    A Grecian ambuscade conceal,
+    Or 'tis a pile to o'erlook the town,
+    And pour from high invaders down,
+    Or fraud lurks somewhere to destroy:
+    Mistrust, mistrust it, men of Troy!'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Laocoon.]
+
+Deaf to all warnings and entreaties, they dragged the colossal image
+into the very heart of their city, tearing down a portion of their
+ramparts to allow its passage, while Laocoon hastened down to the
+shore to offer sacrifice to the gods. As he stood there by the
+improvised altar, with one of his sons on either side to assist him in
+his office, two huge serpents came out of the sea, coiled themselves
+around him and his sons, and crushed and bit them to death.
+
+                "Unswerving they
+    Toward Laocoon hold their way;
+    First round his two young sons they wreathe,
+    And grind their limbs with savage teeth:
+    Then, as with arms he comes to aid,
+    The wretched father they invade
+    And twine in giant folds: twice round
+    His stalwart waist their spires are wound,
+    Twice round his neck, while over all
+    Their heads and crests tower high and tall.
+    He strains his strength their knots to tear,
+    While gore and slime his fillets smear,
+    And to the unregardful skies
+    Sends up his agonizing cries."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: LAOCOON. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+The awestruck witnesses of this terrible scene, of course, declared
+that the gods resented his interference concerning the wooden horse,
+and had justly punished the sacrilegious hand which had dared strike
+it with a spear, merely to demonstrate, that, being hollow, it might
+contain an armed band. Ever since then, Laocoon and his sons' struggle
+with the serpents has been a favorite subject for poets and artists.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of Troy.]
+
+In the mean while, the Greeks had been hiding behind Tenedos; but when
+night came on, they returned to the site of their ten-years'
+encampment, and were let into the city by Sinon, who also released
+their companions from their prison within the wooden horse. Although
+taken by surprise, the city guards made desperate attempts to repel
+the Greeks; but it was now too late, for the enemy had already broken
+into houses and palaces, and were killing, pillaging, and burning all
+in their way.
+
+          "The melancholy years,
+    The miserable melancholy years,
+    Crept onward till the midnight terror came,
+    And by the glare of burning streets I saw
+    Palace and temple reel in ruin and fall,
+    And the long-baffled legions, bursting in
+    Through gate and bastion, blunted sword and spear
+    With unresisted slaughter."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+The royal family, even, was not exempt from the general massacre; and
+the aged Priam, who lived to see his last son perish before his eyes,
+finally found relief in death.
+
+[Sidenote: Return of the Greeks.]
+
+Their object accomplished, the Greeks immediately sailed for home,
+their vessels heavily laden with plunder and slaves. But the homeward
+journey was not as joyful as might have been expected; and many, after
+escaping from the enemy's hands, perished in the waves, or found death
+lying in wait for them by their own fireside.
+
+Menelaus, with his wife Helen, who, in spite of the added ten years,
+retained all her youthful beauty, were detained in Egypt by contrary
+winds, sent to punish them for omitting the usual sacrifice to the
+gods. He at last consulted Proteus, who revealed how the wrath of the
+gods could best be allayed, and how favorable winds could be secured
+to waft him home.
+
+As for Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks, he returned to Argos only to
+be murdered by his wife Clytæmnestra and her paramour Ægisthus.
+
+          "'Ægisthus, bent upon my death,
+    Plotted against me with my guilty wife,
+    And bade me to his house, and slew me there,
+    Even at the banquet.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then, mortally afraid lest Orestes, Agamemnon's son, should avenge his
+father's death, Ægisthus prepared to slay him too; but Electra, the
+boy's sister, discovering this intention, helped him to escape, and
+placed him under the fatherly protection of Strophius, King of Phocis,
+whose son, Pylades, became his inseparable friend. In fact, their
+devotion to each other was so great, that it has become proverbial in
+every tongue.
+
+Electra had not forgotten her father's base murder, although years had
+elapsed since it occurred; and when Orestes had attained manhood, she
+bade him come and punish those who had committed the crime. Orestes
+came, slew Ægisthus and Clytæmnestra, and then, terrified at what he
+had done, took flight, but only to be pursued by the Furies and
+Nemesis, goddess of revenge, sent by the gods to punish him for taking
+justice into his own hands.
+
+Arrived at Delphi, Orestes consulted the oracle, and learned that his
+crime would be forgiven if he brought a statue of Diana in Tauris back
+to Greece. The young prince hastened thither, accompanied by the
+ever-faithful Pylades, who never left his side; and there, in a
+temple, he found his long-lost sister Iphigenia, who helped him obtain
+the image he sought, and accompanied him back to his native land,
+where Nemesis left him forever.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES.
+
+
+The Greek chiefs, on their return from Troy, were, as we have seen,
+all more or less visited by the wrath of the gods; but none of them
+endured as many hardships as Ulysses (Odysseus), King of Ithaca, the
+hero of Homer's world-renowned epic the Odyssey. During ten long years
+he roamed the seas, driven away from his native land by adverse winds,
+sailing about from place to place, losing his ships and companions,
+until at last the gods allowed him to return home. His marvelous
+adventures and numerous mishaps during these ten years form the theme
+of the Odyssey, which is about as follows.
+
+[Sidenote: Siege of Ismarus.]
+
+After leaving Troy in ruins, Ulysses embarked with his men and spoils,
+and, favored by a good wind, soon came within sight of Ismarus, the
+home of the worthy and wealthy Ciconians. To increase the riches he
+was carrying home, he proposed to his army to land and storm the
+city,--a proposal which was enthusiastically received and immediately
+carried out.
+
+But when the men collected near the fleet, instead of embarking as
+Ulysses urged them to do, they began to drink the rich wine, to roast
+oxen whole, and to indulge in games and revelry. While they were thus
+employed and entirely off their guard, the neighbors and allies of the
+Ciconians came upon them unawares, and put many to death.
+
+The Greeks, although taken by surprise, fought bravely; but it was
+only when the sun was fast sinking, that they finally embarked, and
+left the fatal Ciconian shores.
+
+      "Onward we sailed, lamenting bitterly
+    Our comrades slain, yet happy to escape
+    From death ourselves."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Lotus-eaters.]
+
+A hurricane soon arose. The flying clouds blotted the stars from view.
+The vessels, with broken masts and torn sails, were driven far out of
+their course, and, after ten days, reached the land of the Lotophagi
+or Lotus-eaters,--a people whose sole food consisted of lotus fruit
+and blossoms.
+
+Three of Ulysses' best men were sent ashore to reconnoiter: but they
+had not gone very far before they met the natives, seated under their
+favorite trees, banqueting on their sweet food. These received the
+strangers hospitably, and made them partake of the lotus blossoms; but
+no sooner had the three men done so, than all recollection of their
+waiting companions or distant homes passed from their minds, while a
+dreamy, lethargic sensation stole over them, and made them long to
+recline there and feast forever.
+
+    "Whoever tasted once of that sweet food
+    Wished not to see his native country more,
+    Nor give his friends the knowledge of his fate.
+    And then my messengers desired to dwell
+    Among the Lotus-eaters, and to feed
+    Upon the lotus, never to return."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Ulysses impatiently watched for their return; then, seeing they did
+not appear, feared some evil had befallen them, and set out, with a
+few well-armed men, to go in search of them. Instead of finding them
+in chains, as he fully expected, he soon perceived them feasting among
+the Lotus-eaters. Their eyes had lost all animation, and rested upon
+him in a vague, dreamy way, which aroused his suspicions. At the same
+moment some of the Lotus-eaters advanced to invite him and his troop
+to join in their feast.
+
+    "Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,
+    Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave
+    To each, but whoso did receive of them,
+    And taste, to him the gushing of the wave
+    Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave
+    On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,
+    His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;
+    And deep asleep he seem'd, yet all awake,
+    And music in his ears his beating heart did make."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+In peremptory tones Ulysses quickly forbade his men to taste of the
+magic food, directed them to seize and bind their unwilling comrades,
+and forcibly take them back to their ships. There the magic effect of
+the lotus food soon wore away, and the men rowed steadily westward,
+until they came to the Island of Sicily, then inhabited by the
+Cyclopes, a rude race of one-eyed giants.
+
+              "A single ball of sight was fix'd
+    In their mid-forehead: hence the Cyclops' name:
+    For that one circular eye was broad infix'd
+    In the mid-forehead:--strength was theirs, and force,
+    And craft of curious toil."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+The main part of the fleet was stationed at another island not far
+distant, but Ulysses and twelve companions landed in Sicily in search
+of food. The prospect was promising, for on the plains and hillsides
+great flocks of sheep cropped the tender grass; and Ulysses and his
+followers soon came to a great cave filled with rich stores of milk
+and cheese. This was the abode of Polyphemus, son of Neptune, the
+largest and fiercest among the gigantic Cyclopean race. The Greeks'
+first impulse was to help themselves, since no one was there to say
+them nay; but they finally decided to await the master's home-coming,
+and courteously ask his assistance. They had moored their vessel under
+an overhanging cliff, where no one would be likely to find it, and had
+therefore no fear lest their means of escape should be cut off.
+
+  [Illustration: TRIUMPH OF GALATEA.--Raphael.]
+
+[Sidenote: Polyphemus and Galatea.]
+
+Polyphemus, the ugly giant in whose cave they were waiting, had once
+seen the charming sea nymph Galatea riding in her pearl-shell chariot
+drawn by bounding dolphins. Her unsurpassed loveliness made a vivid
+impression upon him, and he was soon deeply in love with her. He
+neglected his flocks, shunned his companions, and spent all his time
+near the seashore, watching for her, and bitterly cursing his fate,
+which prevented his seeking her in her native element, for the gods
+had cursed the race of Cyclops with an unconquerable aversion to
+water. He
+
+                                --"lov'd
+    Not in the little present-making style,
+    With baskets of new fruit and pots of roses,
+    But with consuming passion. Many a time
+    Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve,
+    Leaving him wasting by the dark seashore,
+    And sunrise would behold him wasting still."
+
+                    Theocritus (Hunt's tr.).
+
+To induce Galatea to leave the salt sea waves and linger by his side
+on the white sandy beach, Polyphemus constantly made the most
+extravagant promises; but the dainty nymph merely laughed at all his
+professions, and strolled on the shore only when he was sound asleep.
+Although she made fun of his love, she was not so obdurate to the suit
+of Acis, a very fascinating young shepherd, who had no need to call
+her repeatedly; for she always yielded to his first appeal, joyfully
+joined him, and sat beside him under the shade of some great rock,
+listening to his tender wooing.
+
+  [Illustration: ACIS AND GALATEA (Evening).--Claude Lorraine. (St.
+      Petersburg.)]
+
+Polyphemus once accidentally came upon them thus, ere they were aware
+of his proximity. For a moment he glared down upon them; then, seizing
+a huge rock, he vowed his rival Acis should not live to enjoy the love
+which was denied him, and hurled it down upon the unsuspecting lovers.
+Galatea, the goddess, being immortal, escaped unhurt; but poor Acis,
+her beloved, was crushed to death. The stream of blood from his
+mangled remains was changed by the gods into an exhaustless stream
+of limpid water, which ever hastened down to the sea to join Galatea.
+
+[Sidenote: Polyphemus' cave.]
+
+Ulysses and his companions, waiting in the cave, soon felt the ground
+shake beneath their feet, and saw the sheep throng into the cave and
+take their usual places; then behind them came the horrible apparition
+of Polyphemus, who picked up a huge rock and placed it before the
+opening of the cave, preventing all egress. Ulysses' companions had
+shrunk with fear into the darkest corners of the cave, whence they
+watched the giant milk his ewes, dispose of his cheeses, and make his
+evening meal. But the firelight soon revealed the intruders; and
+Polyphemus immediately demanded who they were, whence they came, and
+what they were seeking.
+
+Ulysses, ever wily, replied that his name was No man, that he and his
+companions were shipwrecked mariners, and that they would fain receive
+his hospitality. In answer to this statement, the Cyclops stretched
+forth his huge hand and grasped two of the sailors, whom he proceeded
+to devour for dessert. Then, his frightful repast being ended, he lay
+down on the rushes and fell asleep, his loud snores reverberating like
+thunder through the great cave.
+
+Ulysses silently crept to his side, sword in hand, and was about to
+kill him, when he suddenly recollected that neither he nor his men
+could move the rock at the cave's mouth, and that they would never be
+able to escape. He therefore resolved to have recourse to a stratagem.
+
+When morning came, the giant rose, milked his flock, made his cheese,
+arranged the vessels, and then, without the least warning, again
+seized and devoured two of the Greeks. His brawny arm next pushed
+aside the rock, and he stood beside it with watchful eye, until all
+his herd had passed out; then, replacing the stone to prevent the
+escape of his prisoners, he went off to the distant pasture ground.
+
+During his absence, Ulysses and his men devised a cunning plan
+whereby they hoped to effect their escape, and made all their
+preparations to insure its complete success. A huge pine club which
+they found in the cave was duly pointed, hardened in the fire, and set
+aside for future use.
+
+When the darkness began to fall over the earth, Polyphemus again
+rolled the stone away to admit his flocks, keeping careful guard upon
+the Greeks. The sheep all in, he replaced the rock, performed his
+usual evening duties, and then devoured two of Ulysses' crew.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses blinds Polyphemus.]
+
+When this part of the evening meal was over, Ulysses drew near and
+offered him a leather flask full of heady wine, which the giant took
+down at a gulp, little suspecting its effect. Very soon he sank into a
+deep drunken sleep; and then the men, at a sign from Ulysses, heated
+the point of the huge club and put out his sole eye, in spite of his
+frightful cries and execrations, which soon attracted the attention of
+the other Cyclopes.
+
+They thronged without the cave, clamoring to know who was hurting him.
+"No man!" replied the Cyclops, howling with pain, "No man!" which
+answer convinced his would-be helpers that he needed no assistance,
+and made them disperse.
+
+      "'If no man does thee violence, and thou
+    Art quite alone, reflect that none escape
+    Diseases; they are sent by Jove.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' escape.]
+
+Deserted by his companions, Polyphemus spent the night in agony; and,
+when the anxious lowing of his herd roused him at break of day, he
+fumblingly milked them, and prepared to let them go forth, as usual,
+in search of their morning meal. To avoid the Greeks escaping, he
+rolled the stone only partly aside, and allowed the sheep to pass out
+a few at a time, carefully running his hand over each broad back to
+make sure that none of the prisoners were mounted upon them.
+
+Ulysses, in the mean while, having observed this maneuver, fastened
+his companions under the rams, reserving one for his own use, and
+watched them pass out one after the other undetected. Then, clinging
+to the wool of the largest ram, he too was slowly dragged out; while
+Polyphemus petted the ram, and inquired how he came to pass out last
+of all.
+
+    "'My favorite ram, how art thou now the last
+    To leave the cave? It hath not been thy wont
+    To let the sheep go first, but thou didst come
+    Earliest to feed among the flowery grass,
+    Walking with stately strides, and thou wert first
+    At the fresh stream, and first at eve to seek
+    The stable; now thou art the last of all.
+    Grievest thou for thy master, who has lost
+    His eye, put out by a deceitful wretch
+    And his vile crew?'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Ulysses, having thus escaped, sprang to his feet, set his companions
+free, rushed with them down to the seashore, taking the choice animals
+on board, and then, when his men had rowed some distance, raised his
+voice and taunted Polyphemus, revealing at the same time his identity.
+
+    "'Ha! Cyclops! those whom in thy rocky cave
+    Thou, in thy brutal fury, hast devoured,
+    Were friends of one not unexpert in war;
+    Amply have thy own guilty deeds returned
+    Upon thee. Cruel one! who didst not fear
+    To eat the strangers sheltered by thy roof,
+    Jove and the other gods avenge them thus!
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+    Cyclops, if any man of mortal birth
+    Note thine unseemly blindness, and inquire
+    The occasion, tell him that Laertes' son,
+    Ulysses, the destroyer of walled towns,
+    Whose home is Ithaca, put out thine eye.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With a cry of rage, Polyphemus then ran down to the shore, tore up
+some huge rocks, which he hurled in the direction whence the taunting
+voice came, and in his rage almost destroyed the Greeks; for one piece
+of rock fell very near their vessel, and they were forced to redouble
+their efforts to row out of reach and prevent disaster.
+
+[Sidenote: Gift of Æolus.]
+
+The Greeks now sailed on until they reached the Æolian Islands, where
+dwelt Æolus, king and father of the winds. He had heard of Ulysses'
+prowess, received him kindly, and at parting gave him a leather bag
+containing all the contrary winds, which Ulysses was thus at liberty
+to retain imprisoned until he had safely reached home (p. 214).
+
+Day and night Ulysses' barks now bounded over the blue waves. On the
+ninth evening the shores of Ithaca were discerned by the eager eyes on
+board, and all made their preparations for landing early the next
+morning. For the first time since he had left the Æolian shores,
+Ulysses now indulged in sleep; and while he was lost in oblivion his
+sailors opened the leather bag, intending to rob their master of a
+portion of his treasure, for they imagined that Æolus had given him
+much gold.
+
+The bag was no sooner opened, than the contrary winds, weary and
+cramped with their uncomfortable position, sprang out with a rush and
+a roar, and in a few moments stirred up a terrible storm, which tore
+the ships from their anchors, and soon drove them far out to sea.
+
+After untold suffering, the Greeks landed again upon the Æolian Isle,
+and Ulysses sought the king, to beseech his aid once more; but this
+time the god received him coldly, and bade him depart, as his cruelty
+to Polyphemus had awakened the gods' wrath.
+
+    "'Hence with thee! Leave our island instantly,
+    Vilest of living men! It may not be
+    That I receive or aid as he departs
+    One who is hated by the blessed gods,--
+    And thou art hated by the gods. Away!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Læstrygonians.]
+
+Sorrowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being hurried
+along by favorable winds, they were obliged to row against wind and
+waves, and only after many days came to the land of the Læstrygonians,
+where fresh losses awaited them. These people were cannibals, who were
+in the habit of slaying all the strangers who visited their shores, to
+satisfy their horrible appetites. When they saw the vessels enter
+their harbor, they sunk some of them by casting huge rocks at them
+from their tall cliffs, and speared and devoured the unfortunate
+crews.
+
+Ulysses, ever cautious, had lingered without the harbor; and when,
+from afar, he saw his companions' horrible fate, he bade his men
+strike the waves with their "sounding oars" and escape.
+
+[Sidenote: Circe, the enchantress.]
+
+The Greeks went on again until they came to Ææa, an island inhabited
+by the golden-haired enchantress Circe, sister of Æetes, and aunt of
+Medea. Here Ulysses' crew was divided into two parties, one of which,
+led by Eurylochus, set out to explore the island, while the other,
+headed by Ulysses, remained to guard the ships. Through a dense
+forest, peopled with strangely gentle wild beasts, Eurylochus led his
+force, until they came in sight of the beautiful palace home of Circe.
+From afar they could hear her sweet voice raised in song, as she wove
+a beautiful web for her own adornment: so they pressed eagerly on, and
+entered the palace hall, Eurylochus alone lingering on the porch,
+fearing lest some fraud might suddenly be revealed.
+
+Circe received her self-invited guests most graciously, seated them on
+tapestry-covered couches, and bade her numerous handmaidens speedily
+set before them all manner of good cheer,--an order which was
+immediately carried out. The men feasted greedily, for they had fasted
+for many days, and Circe watched them with ill-concealed disgust.
+Suddenly she started from her seat, waved her wand over their heads,
+and bade them assume the form of swine (which obscene animals their
+gluttony suggested), and hie them to their sties.
+
+  [Illustration: CIRCE AND THE FRIENDS OF ULYSSES.--Rivière.]
+
+                                  "Then instantly
+    She touched them with a wand, and shut them up
+    In sties, transformed to swine in head and voice,
+    Bristles and shape, though still the human mind
+    Remained to them. Thus sorrowing they were driven
+    Into their cells, where Circe flung to them
+    Acorns of oak and ilex, and the fruit
+    Of cornel, such as nourish wallowing swine."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Eurylochus, meanwhile, vainly awaited their return, and finally
+resolved to go back alone to the ships and report what had happened.
+Sword in hand, Ulysses then set out alone to rescue his comrades; but
+he had not gone far before he met a youth,--Mercury in disguise,--who
+warned him not to approach any nearer Circe, and told him of his
+companions' transformation.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses and Circe.]
+
+As Ulysses would not be dissuaded from his purpose, Mercury gave him
+some moly, an herb warranted to preserve him from Circe's magic
+spells, and sundry important directions, which were all duly listened
+to and observed.
+
+Pressing onward, Ulysses reached the palace, entered the banquet room,
+drank Circe's mixture, which was rendered ineffective by the moly's
+power, and, when she waved her wand over his head and bade him join
+his fellows, drew his sword and rushed upon her, threatening to take
+her life if she did not immediately restore his friends to their human
+forms, and promise to do them no further harm.
+
+Circe, terrified at the threat, agreed to comply with all his demands;
+and in a few moments Ulysses was again surrounded by his companions,
+who were touchingly grateful for their rescue. Circe now prepared a
+second feast, and entertained them all so well, that Ulysses lingered
+there for one whole year.
+
+                "And there from day to day
+    We lingered a full year, and banqueted
+    Nobly on plenteous meats and delicate wines."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses visits Cimmeria.]
+
+At the end of that time, Ulysses' companions began to long for their
+own homes, and prevailed upon their chief to leave the fair
+enchantress Circe. At first she was loath to let him go; but, seeing
+that her efforts to detain him longer would be of no avail, she bade
+him seek the Cimmerian shores, and there consult the seer Tiresias.
+This land, which lay on the confines of Pluto's dark realm, was
+inhabited by shadows, the spirits of the dead, condemned to sojourn
+there a while ere they were admitted into Hades.
+
+Ulysses embarked, and, according to Circe's directions, let his vessel
+drift along until its prow grated on a pebbly beach, where he landed.
+Then, walking straight before him, he came to a spot whence he could
+hear the roar of the Phlegethon as it joined the Acheron, and here he
+dug a trench with his sword.
+
+The trench finished, he killed two black victims, furnished by Circe,
+and made their blood flow into the trench. Immediately all the spirits
+crowded about him, eager to drink the fresh blood; but Ulysses, with
+drawn sword, forced them back, until at last Tiresias, the blind seer,
+approached.
+
+He was allowed to stoop down and drink; and, as soon as he had done
+so, he recovered the power of human speech, and warned Ulysses of the
+many trials still awaiting him. Then, his prophecy concluded, he
+vanished; but Ulysses lingered a little longer to allow his mother to
+drink some blood, and explain how she came to be here in the spirit
+land.
+
+Many others came and conversed with him; but at last he was forced to
+depart, and return to Ææa, where he lingered to perform the funeral
+rites for Elpenor,--one of his followers, a youth who had fallen
+asleep on one of the palace turrets, and by an inadvertent movement
+had fallen to the ground, where he had been found dead.
+
+  [Illustration: SIREN. (Acropolis Museum, Athens.)]
+
+[Sidenote: The Sirens.]
+
+These obsequies over, the Greeks, favored by a fresh wind, left
+Circe's isle, and sailed along until they drew near the rocky ledge
+where the Sirens had their abode. These maidens were wont to sit on
+the rocks and sing entrancing songs, which allured the mariners
+until they turned aside from their course, and their vessels were
+dashed to pieces on the rocks.
+
+According to Circe's advice, Ulysses bade his men bind him fast to the
+mast, disregard his cries and gestures of command, and keep on their
+course until the dangerous rocks were lost to view; but, before he
+allowed them to execute these orders, he stopped their ears with
+melted wax, so they could not hear a sound, for he alone could hear
+the Sirens' song and live.
+
+The men then bound him hand and foot to the mast, returned to their
+oars, and rowed steadily on. Soon the Sirens' melody fell upon
+Ulysses' charmed ears; but, although he commanded and implored his men
+to set him free and alter their course, they kept steadily on until no
+sound of the magic song could reach them, when they once more set
+their leader free.
+
+[Sidenote: Charybdis and Scylla.]
+
+Now, although this danger had been safely passed, Ulysses was troubled
+in spirit, for he knew he would soon be obliged to steer his course
+between two dread monsters, Charybdis and Scylla, who lay so close
+together, that, while striving to avoid one, it was almost impossible
+not to fall an easy prey to the other.
+
+Charybdis' den lay under a rock crowned with a single wild fig tree;
+and three times daily she ingulfed the surrounding waters, drawing
+even large galleys into her capacious jaws.
+
+As for Scylla, she too dwelt in a cave, whence her six ugly heads
+protruded to devour any prey that came within reach.
+
+                    "No mariner can boast
+    That he has passed by Scylla with a crew
+    Unharmed; she snatches from the deck, and bears
+    Away in each grim mouth, a living man."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+This selfsame Scylla, once a lovely maiden, had won the heart of the
+sea god Glaucus (p. 303), but coquettishly tormented him until he
+implored Circe to give him some love potion strong enough to compel
+her love.
+
+Circe, who had long nursed a secret passion for Glaucus, was angry at
+him, and jealous of her rival, and, instead of a love potion, prepared
+a loathsome drug, which she bade him pour into the water where Scylla
+was wont to bathe. Glaucus faithfully did as she commanded; but when
+Scylla plunged into the water, her body, and not her feelings,
+changed, and she became a loathsome monster, a terror to gods and men.
+
+When in sight of the fig tree, Ulysses, cased in armor, stood on the
+prow to attack Scylla should she attempt to seize one of his crew. The
+sound of the rushing waters whirling around Charybdis made all on
+board tremble with fear, and the pilot steered nearer still to dread
+Scylla's den.
+
+Suddenly a piercing cry was heard, as the monster seized six of the
+men and devoured them. The rest passed on unharmed; but since then, in
+speaking of conflicting dangers, it has been customary to use the
+expression, "falling from Charybdis into Scylla."
+
+[Sidenote: Cattle of the sun.]
+
+Only too glad to effect an escape at any price, the Greeks again rowed
+on until they sighted Trinacria, the island of the sun, where Phaetusa
+and Lampetia watched over the sun god's sacred herds. The men wished
+to land here to rest; but Ulysses reminded them that Tiresias, the
+blind seer, had warned them to avoid it, lest by slaying any of the
+sacred animals they should incur divine wrath.
+
+The men, however, worn out with the toil of many days' rowing,
+entreated so piteously to be allowed to rest, voluntarily pledging
+themselves to be content with their own provisions and not to slay a
+single animal, that Ulysses reluctantly yielded to their entreaties,
+and all went ashore.
+
+After they had duly rested, they were still detained by unfavorable
+winds, until all their provisions were exhausted, and the few birds
+and fishes they managed to secure no longer sufficed to still the
+pangs of hunger.
+
+Led by Eurylochus, some of the men, during one of Ulysses' temporary
+absences, caught and slew some of the sun god's cattle. To the
+general amazement and terror, the meat lowed while roasting on the
+spit, and the empty skins moved and crawled as if alive. All these
+sounds and sights could not, however, deter the sailors, who were
+bound to have a good feast, which they kept up for seven days, ere
+Ulysses could make them leave the Trinacrian shores.
+
+In the mean while, Lampetia had hastened to Apollo to apprise him of
+the crime committed by Ulysses' men. In anger he appeared before the
+assembled gods and demanded amends, threatening to withdraw the light
+of his countenance if he were not properly indemnified. Jupiter, to
+appease his hot anger, immediately promised that all the offenders
+should perish.
+
+    "'Still shine, O Sun! among the deathless gods
+    And mortal men, upon the nourishing earth.
+    Soon will I cleave, with a white thunderbolt,
+    Their galley in the midst of the black sea!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+This promise he immediately fulfilled by drowning all except Ulysses,
+who alone had not partaken of the sacred flesh, and who, after
+clinging to the rudder for nine long days, a plaything for the wind
+and waves, was washed ashore on the Island of Ogygia, where the fair
+sea nymph Calypso had taken up her abode.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses and Calypso.]
+
+There he was kindly and most hospitably entertained during eight long
+years; but he could not depart, as he had no vessel or crew to bear
+him away. At last Minerva, who had always befriended him, prevailed
+upon Jupiter to allow him to return to Ithaca. Mercury was sent to
+Ogygia to bid Calypso furnish all things necessary for his comfort,
+and aid in the construction of a huge raft, whereon our hero found
+himself afloat after many years of reluctant lingering on the land.
+
+All seemed well now; but Neptune suddenly became aware that his old
+enemy, the torturer of Polyphemus, was about to escape from his
+clutches. With one blow of his trident he stirred up one of those
+sudden tempests whose fury nothing can withstand, shattered Ulysses'
+raft, and buffeted him about on the waves, until the goddess Leucothea
+(p. 174), seeing his distress, helped him to reach the Phæacian shore.
+
+[Sidenote: Nausicaa and Ulysses.]
+
+Too weary to think of aught but rest, Ulysses dragged himself into a
+neighboring wood, where he fell asleep on a bed of dry leaves. While
+he was thus resting, Minerva visited Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous,
+King of the Phæacians, in a dream, and bade her go down to the shore
+and wash her linen robes in readiness for her wedding day, which the
+goddess assured her was near at hand. Nausicaa obeyed, and drove with
+her maidens down to the shore, where, after their labors were duly
+finished, they all indulged in a game of ball, with the usual
+accompaniment of shrill cries and much laughter. Their cries awoke
+Ulysses, who came on the scene just in time to save their ball from
+the waves, and claimed Nausicaa's protection for a shipwrecked
+mariner.
+
+She graciously permitted him to follow her to her father's palace, and
+presented him to Alcinous and Arete, who bade him welcome, and invited
+him to join in the games then taking place. He did so, and displayed
+such strength and skill that his identity was revealed. Alcinous then
+promised to send him safely home in a Phæacian bark, which reached
+Ithaca in safety, and deposited Ulysses, asleep, on his native shore.
+
+[Sidenote: The petrified ship.]
+
+When Neptune discovered that the Phæacians had outwitted him, he was
+so angry that he changed the returning vessel into a rock, which
+blocked the harbor and put an end to further maritime excursions on
+their part.
+
+                              "He drew near
+    And smote it with his open palm, and made
+    The ship a rock, fast rooted in the bed
+    Of the deep sea."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: PENELOPE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' return to Ithaca.]
+
+Disguised as a beggar by Minerva's kindly care, Ulysses sought the
+lowly dwelling of Eumæus, his swineherd, and from him learned all he
+wished to know about his wife and son. He heard that Penelope was
+fairly besieged with suitors, who were even now feasting and reveling
+in his palace, whence they refused to depart until she had made choice
+of a second husband; and also that Telemachus, now a young man,
+indignant and displeased with the suitors' conduct, and guided and
+accompanied by his tutor Mentor, had set out in search of the father
+whom he could not believe dead.
+
+Mentor was Minerva in disguise, who guided the young man to the courts
+of Nestor and Menelaus, and finally in a dream bade him return to
+Ithaca, where he would find the parent he sought. The young prince
+immediately obeyed, and landed near Eumæus' hut, escaping a clever
+ambuscade posted by the suitors at the entrance of the port.
+
+Minerva now permitted the father and son to recognize each other, in
+spite of their twenty years' separation, and together they planned how
+best to punish the insolent suitors. They finally agreed that
+Telemachus should return to the palace and make no mention of his
+father's return; while Ulysses, still in the guise of a beggar, should
+enter his home and claim the usual hospitality.
+
+All was executed as they had planned. No one recognized the
+long-expected hero in the miserable old beggar--no one save his aged
+nurse Euryclea, and his faithful old dog Argus, who died for joy at
+his long-lost master's feet.
+
+    "While over Argus the black night of death
+    Came suddenly as soon as he had seen
+    Ulysses, absent now for twenty years."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Penelope's web.]
+
+Penelope, hearing that a stranger was within her gates, sent for him,
+to inquire whether he knew aught of her husband. She too failed to
+pierce his disguise, and languidly continued a piece of work which she
+cleverly used to baffle her suitors; for once, when urged to marry,
+she had replied that she would do so as soon as her work was finished.
+
+As she was a diligent worker, the suitors expected soon to hear her
+decision, little knowing that she raveled at night all the web so
+carefully woven during the day.
+
+                          "Three full years
+    She practiced thus, and by the fraud deceived
+    The Grecian youths."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' bow.]
+
+At last the subterfuge was discovered, and the unfortunate Penelope
+was forced to finish her work; but ere it was quite done, she found
+another expedient to postpone her choice of a husband. She brought
+Ulysses' bow, and announced that she would marry the man who could
+bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings which she pointed out.
+
+                  "'I bring to you
+    The mighty bow that great Ulysses bore.
+    Whoe'er among you he may be whose hand
+    Shall bend this bow, and send through these twelve rings
+    An arrow, him I follow hence, and leave
+    This beautiful abode of my young years,
+    With all its plenty,--though its memory,
+    I think, will haunt me even in my dreams.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the suitors.]
+
+The suitors all vainly strove to bend the mighty bow, which was then
+seized by the disguised Ulysses, while the youths laughed aloud in
+scorn, until Telemachus bade them let the old man try his strength. To
+the amazement of all, Ulysses easily performed the required feat; and
+then, turning his aim toward Antinous, the handsomest and most
+treacherous of all the suitors, he pierced his heart.
+
+A scene of wild commotion ensued, in which Ulysses, Telemachus,
+Eumæus, and Minerva disguised as Mentor, opposed and slew all the
+wooers. Penelope, unconscious of all this bloodshed, slept in her
+room, until she was gently awakened by Euryclea, who announced the
+return of her long-absent husband.
+
+      "'Awake, Penelope, dear child, and see
+    With thine own eyes what thou hast pined for long.
+    Ulysses has returned; thy lord is here,
+    Though late, and he has slain the arrogant crew
+    Of suitors, who disgraced his house, and made
+    His wealth a spoil, and dared insult his son.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+But Penelope had too long believed her husband dead to credit this
+marvelous news; and it was only after Ulysses had given her an
+infallible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret which was
+shared by her alone, that she received him.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' last journey.]
+
+Ulysses was now safe at home, after twenty years of warfare and
+adventure, and at first greatly enjoyed the quiet and peace of his
+home life; but after a while these tame joys grew wearisome, and he
+decided to renew his wanderings. He therefore prepared a fleet, and
+sailed "out into the West," whence he never returned. The Greeks,
+however, averred that he had gone in search of the Isles of the Blest,
+where he dwelt in perfect peace, and enjoyed the constant society of
+heroes as brave and renowned as himself.
+
+                  "'Come, my friends,
+    'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
+    Push off, and sitting well in order smite
+    The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
+    To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
+    Of all the western stars, until I die.
+    It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
+    It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
+    And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
+    Tho' much is taken, much abides: and tho'
+    We are not now that strength which in old days
+    Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;
+    One equal temper of heroic hearts,
+    Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
+    To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.'"
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+ADVENTURES OF ÆNEAS.
+
+
+You have already heard how the Greeks entered the city of Troy in the
+dead of night, massacred the inhabitants, and set fire to the
+beautiful buildings which had been the king's pride and delight. Now
+you shall hear how Virgil relates the escape of some of the Trojans
+from general destruction.
+
+Unconscious of coming danger, Æneas, son of Venus and Anchises, lay
+fast asleep in his palace; but the gods had not doomed him to perish,
+and sent the shade of Hector to warn him in a dream to arise, leave
+the city, and fly to some distant land.
+
+    "'Ah, goddess-born,' he warns me, 'fly!
+    Escape these flames: Greece holds the walls;
+    Proud Ilium from her summit falls.
+    Think not of king's or country's claims:
+    Country and king, alas! are names:
+    Could Troy be saved by hands of men,
+    This hand had saved her then, e'en then.
+    The gods of her domestic shrines
+    That country to your care consigns:
+    Receive them now, to share your fate:
+    Provide them mansions strong and great,
+    The city's walls, which Heaven has willed
+    Beyond the seas you yet shall build.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas goes to save Priam.]
+
+Awakened at last by the ever-increasing tumult without, Æneas seized
+his arms and hastened forth, attended by many of his fellow-citizens,
+to ascertain the cause of the great uproar. A few minutes later he
+discovered that the Greek army had entered the town, and was even now
+killing, plundering, and burning without mercy. The men were all
+slain, but the fairest women were dragged away to be sold as slaves in
+Greece; and among them Æneas beheld in the hands of Agamemnon's
+soldiers the unfortunate daughter of Priam, Cassandra, whom the gods
+had endowed with prophetic powers (p. 310), but whom no one would
+heed.
+
+Æneas, seeing ere long that there was no hope of saving the doomed
+city, quickly disguised himself in a Greek armor which he tore from
+the corpse of one of his foes, and rushed on to the palace, hoping to
+save the aged king, who, at the first alarm, had seized his weapons,
+determined to fight to the very last.
+
+Hecuba, his wife, was clinging to him, imploring him to remain, when
+suddenly Polites, their son, rushed into their presence, closely
+followed by Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, who thrust his
+sword into the youth, and then murdered Priam also.
+
+    "So Priam's fortunes closed at last:
+    So passed he, seeing as he passed
+    His Troy in flames, his royal tower
+    Laid low in dust by hostile power,
+    Who once o'er land and peoples proud
+    Sat, while before him Asia bowed:
+    Now on the shore behold him dead,
+    A nameless trunk, a trunkless head."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Æneas, who arrived just too late to hinder this frightful catastrophe,
+now suddenly remembered that a similar fate awaited his aged father
+Anchises, his wife Creusa, and little son Iulus, who were at home
+without any protector near them. The hero therefore madly cut his way
+through the foe, and rushed through the once magnificent palace, which
+was now stripped of its rarest treasures and desecrated by an enemy's
+tread.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus appears to Æneas.]
+
+There, in one of the abandoned halls, he saw Helen, the fair cause of
+all this war and bloodshed,--who, after Paris' death, had married
+Deiphobus, his brother,--and for a moment he determined to take her
+life; but ere he could do so, Venus, his mother, stayed his hand, and
+bade him remember that the immortal gods had long ago decreed that the
+city should fall, and that Helen was merely the pretext used to induce
+the rival nations to fly to arms.
+
+Further to convince him of the truth of her assertions, she enabled
+him to see what was hidden from mortal eyes: i.e., Neptune, Minerva,
+Juno, and Jupiter even, fighting and leveling the walls with mighty
+blows. She then vehemently implored her son to leave this scene of
+carnage, and fly, with his family and followers, to some safe place
+without the city, whence he could embark, and sail away to a more
+fortunate land; and her entreaties finally prevailed.
+
+[Sidenote: Anchises' escape.]
+
+Æneas rushed home and bade his father prepare to leave Troy; but
+Anchises obstinately refused to leave his post, until he saw a bright
+flame hover for a moment above his grandson's head, which sign he
+interpreted as an omen that his race should endure. He no longer
+resisted; and, as he was too weak to walk, Æneas bade him hold the
+Lares and Penates, and, taking him on his back, carried him off, while
+with one hand he led his little son, and bade Creusa closely follow
+him.
+
+      "'Come, mount my shoulders, dear my sire:
+    Such load my strength shall never tire.
+    Now, whether fortune smiles or lowers,
+    One risk, one safety shall be ours.
+    My son shall journey at my side,
+    My wife her steps by mine shall guide,
+    At distance safe.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Creusa's ghost.]
+
+A trysting place near a ruined temple had already been appointed for
+his servants, and thither Æneas turned his steps. When he arrived
+there, he found many awaiting him, and counted them carefully to make
+sure none were missing. All were there except Creusa, his beloved
+young wife; and he retraced his steps with anxious haste, hoping to
+find her still alive. But on the threshold of his once happy home he
+met her disembodied spirit, and heard her bid him seek the banks of
+the Tiber, where a beautiful young bride would comfort him for her
+loss. This speech ended, Creusa's ghost vanished, and Æneas sadly
+returned to the ruined temple, where he found many fugitives ready to
+follow him wherever he went, and eager to obey his every command.
+Their preparations for departure were speedily completed, the sails
+unfurled, and the little exiled band soon lost sight of the shores of
+Troy.
+
+    "Weeping I quit the port, the shore,
+    The plains where Ilium stood before,
+    And homeless launch upon the main,
+    Son, friends, and home gods in my train."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Thrace.]
+
+Although they had escaped from burning Troy and the swords of the
+Greeks, their trials had only just begun. After many days' sailing,
+they landed in Thrace, viewed the country, decided to settle there,
+and began to trace the foundations of a new city, which they decided
+to call the Æneadæ, in honor of their leader.
+
+Their next care was to offer a sacrifice to the gods; but when Æneas,
+with due ceremony, cut down a sapling, he was startled to see blood
+flow from its severed stem. At the same time a mysterious voice was
+heard, bidding him forbear, for his former friend Polydorus, sent to
+Thrace to conceal some treasures, had been murdered there by an
+avaricious king, and this grove of trees had sprouted from the spear
+handles driven into his unhappy breast.
+
+[Sidenote: Delos and Crete.]
+
+After paying the customary funeral rites to appease the soul of his
+unfortunate friend, Æneas easily prevailed upon his followers to leave
+these inhospitable shores and seek another resting place. They rowed
+over the briny deep until they came to Delos, where they stopped to
+consult the oracle, who bade them seek the cradle of their race, and
+settle there.
+
+      "'Stout Dardan hearts, the realm of earth
+    Where first your nation sprang to birth,
+    That realm shall now receive you back:
+    Go, seek your ancient mother's track.
+    There shall Æneas' house, renewed
+    For ages, rule a world subdued.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+This obscure command left them uncertain what course to pursue, until
+the aged Anchises remembered that one of his ancestors, Teucer, had
+once reigned in Crete. Thither they sailed, and hoped to settle; but a
+terrible pestilence came upon them, and decimated their already sparse
+ranks.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' vision.]
+
+One night Æneas had a vision, in which his household gods bade him
+seek the Italian or Hesperian shores; and when, on waking, he imparted
+this advice to Anchises, the latter remembered a long-forgotten
+prophecy of Cassandra, purporting that they would settle there, and
+also that Dardanus, their first progenitor, was reported to have come
+from thence.
+
+    "There is a land, by Greece of old
+    Surnamed Hesperia, rich its mold,
+        Its children brave and free:
+    Å’notrians were its settlers: fame
+    Now gives the race its leader's name,
+        And calls it Italy.
+    Here Dardanus was born, our king,
+    And old Iasius, whence we spring:
+        Here our authentic seat."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Celæno, the Harpy.]
+
+Ere many days Æneas and his trusty followers were once more afloat,
+and forced to battle with fierce storms sent by Juno to hinder their
+advance. Exhausted, they landed on the Strophades Islands, where they
+proposed to recruit their strength by a hearty meal; but no sooner
+was their table spread, than the meats were devoured and destroyed by
+the loathsome Harpies. A terrible prophecy uttered by Celæno, one of
+these monsters,--half woman and half bird,--made them embark again in
+great haste, and row on until they came to Epirus, where they again
+effected a landing. In this country they met the sorrowing Andromache,
+Hector's widow, the slave of King Helenus, who entertained them
+royally and sent them on their way again, with many kindly cautions to
+beware of the Cyclopes and avoid Charybdis and Scylla by
+circumnavigating the whole island of Sicily.
+
+[Sidenote: Rescue of Achemenides.]
+
+This advice was duly followed by Æneas, who, while rounding one of the
+promontories of the island, saw and rescued Achemenides, one of
+Ulysses' companions, accidentally left behind when they escaped from
+the rage of Polyphemus, the Cyclops. This giant now came down to the
+shore, and was regarded with unconcealed horror by the Trojans, who
+rowed away in haste. Soon after, Æneas moored his ships in the harbors
+of Sicania and Drepanum, and while there lost his aged father
+Anchises.
+
+                          "There
+    I lose my stay in every care,
+    My sire Anchises!"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Juno, in the mean while, had not been idle, and gloated over the
+dangers she had forced the unhappy Trojans to encounter during the
+seven years which had already elapsed since they first sailed from
+Troy. She was not yet weary of persecuting them, however; and as soon
+as she saw them once more afloat, she hurried off to Æolus, and bade
+him let loose his fiercest children, and scatter the fleet by a
+terrible storm.
+
+    "'O Æolus! since the Sire of all
+    Has made the wind obey thy call
+        To raise or lay the foam,
+    A race I hate now plows the sea,
+    Transporting Troy to Italy
+        And home gods reft of home:
+    Lash thou thy winds, their ships submerge,
+    Or toss them weltering o'er the surge.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The tempest.]
+
+This request was immediately granted. The vessels, tossed hither and
+thither, lost sight of each other. Some were stranded, some sank, and
+still the tempest raged on with unabated fury, and death stared the
+unhappy Trojans in the face. The commotion on the deep finally aroused
+Neptune, who came to the surface just in time to see all the
+misfortunes which had overwhelmed Æneas. He imperiously sent the winds
+away, and lent a helping hand to float the stranded ships once more.
+
+    "'Back to your master instant flee,
+    And tell him, not to him but me
+    The imperial trident of the sea
+        Fell by the lot's award.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+The Trojans, grateful for his timely aid, and reassured by the calm
+which now reigned supreme, steered for the nearest port, where they
+anchored their seven vessels, all that now remained of their once
+large fleet.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Libya.]
+
+Æneas and Achates, his faithful friend, immediately set out to view
+the land, and ere long encountered Venus, disguised as a mortal, who
+informed them that they had landed upon the Libyan coast, which was
+under the sway of Dido, a fugitive from Tyre. Dido's husband, Sychæus,
+King of Tyre, the possessor of untold riches, had been murdered by
+Pygmalion, his brother-in-law; but the queen was kept in complete
+ignorance of this crime, until visited in a dream by the shade of
+Sychæus, which bade her fly with his treasures, whose place of
+concealment she alone knew.
+
+Dido obeyed the ghost's commands, and, accompanied by a number of
+faithful subjects, landed on the Libyan coast, where she entreated
+the inhabitants to sell her as much land as an ox-hide would inclose.
+This seemingly modest request was immediately granted; but the Libyans
+regretted their compliance when they saw the ox-hide cut up into tiny
+strips, which inclosed a considerable tract of land, the site of
+Dido's beautiful capital, Carthage.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas and Dido.]
+
+Thither Venus advised her son to proceed and claim the queen's
+protection. Æneas and Achates obediently hastened onward, and entered
+the town unseen, for Venus had enveloped them both in a mist. Their
+attention was first attracted by the festive appearance of the people
+assembled together, and by the beauty of the queen, giving audience to
+some of their companions, who had miraculously escaped from the waves.
+
+These men spoke to the queen of their renowned chief, whose fame had
+already reached her ear; and she gladly promised to send out a search
+party to discover him, and aid him if necessary.
+
+                      "'I will send
+    And search the coast from end to end,
+    If haply, wandering up and down,
+    He bide in woodland or in town.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+At these gracious words, Æneas stepped forward, the mist vanished, and
+he stood before the queen in all his manly beauty.
+
+Dido then led her guests to the banquet hall, where they recounted
+their adventures by land and sea, while partaking of the viands and
+wines set before them. At this feast, Cupid, at Venus' request,
+assumed the face and form of Iulus, Æneas' young son, and, reclining
+on the queen's bosom, secretly thrust one of his darts into her heart,
+and made her fall in love with Æneas.
+
+  [Illustration: ÆNEAS AT THE COURT OF DIDO.--Guerin.]
+
+Day after day now passed in revelry and pleasure, and still Æneas
+lingered by Dido's side, forgetful of the new kingdom he was destined
+to found. One whole year passed thus; and the gods, impatient of
+delay, finally sent Mercury to remind Æneas of his duty.
+
+To avoid Dido's tears and recriminations, the hero kept his
+preparations for departure a complete secret, and finally set sail
+while she was wrapt in slumber. When she awoke and looked out of her
+palace window, it was only to see the last vessel sink beneath the
+horizon.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Dido.]
+
+Concealing her grief, and pretending an anger she did not feel, she
+bade her servants make a funeral pyre, and place upon it all the
+objects Æneas had used during his sojourn in her palace; then, on top
+of it all, she set an effigy of her false lover, set fire to the pyre,
+sprang into the midst of the flames, and there stabbed herself.
+
+    "'Yet let me die: thus, thus I go
+    Exulting to the shades below.
+    Let the false Dardan feel the blaze
+    That burns me pouring on his gaze,
+    And bear along, to cheer his way,
+    The funeral presage of to-day.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+From the mast of his vessel Æneas saw the rising column of smoke, and
+his heart sank within him; for he suspected its fatal import, and
+honestly mourned the death of the beautiful queen.
+
+[Sidenote: Funeral games.]
+
+The Trojans sailed onward until the threatening clouds made them take
+refuge in the Sicanian port, where they celebrated the usual games to
+commemorate Anchises' death, which had occurred there just one year
+previous. While the men were engaged in the customary naval, foot, and
+horse races, boxing, wrestling, and archery matches, the women
+gathered together, and, instigated by Juno, began to bewail the hard
+lot which compelled them to encounter again the perils of the sea.
+Their discontent ultimately reached such a pitch that they set fire to
+the vessels. When Æneas heard of this new misfortune, he rushed down
+to the shore, tore his costly festal garments, and cried to Heaven
+for assistance in this his time of direst need.
+
+      "'Dread Sire, if Ilium's lorn estate
+    Deserve not yet thine utter hate,
+    If still thine ancient faithfulness
+    Give heed to mortals in distress,
+    Oh, let the fleet escape the flame!
+    Oh, save from death Troy's dying name!'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Apparition of Anchises.]
+
+This prayer was instantly answered by a sudden severe shower, which
+quenched the devouring flames. Soon after this miracle, Anchises
+appeared to Æneas, and bade him leave the women, children, and aged
+men in Sicily, and travel on to Cumæ, where he was to consult the
+Sibyl, visit the Infernal Regions, and there receive further advice
+from him.
+
+    "First seek the halls of Dis below,
+    Pass deep Avernus' vale, and meet
+    Your father in his own retreat."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Æneas again dutifully obeyed; but when Venus saw him afloat once more,
+she hastened to Neptune, and bade him watch over her unfortunate son.
+Neptune listened very graciously to her appeal, and promised to take
+but one of all the many lives intrusted to his care. That one was
+Æneas' pilot, Palinurus, who, falling asleep at the helm, fell
+overboard and was drowned.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cumæan Sibyl.]
+
+As for the fleet, it reached the Cumæan shore in safety; and Æneas
+hastened off to the Sibyl's cave, made known his wish to visit Hades,
+and entreated her to serve as his guide in that perilous journey. She
+consented, but at the same time informed him that he must first obtain
+a golden twig, which grew in a dark forest.
+
+      "None may reach the shades without
+    The passport of that golden sprout."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: CUMÆAN SIBYL.--Domenichino. (Borghese Gallery, Rome.)]
+
+Almost despairing, Æneas now prayed for assistance; for how could he
+find a tiny golden sprig in the midst of the dense forest foliage
+without the gods' aid? In answer to this appeal, Venus, ever mindful
+of her son, sent two of her snowy doves to lead the way and alight on
+the tree, where Æneas readily found the object of his search.
+
+Armed with this branch as key, he and the Sibyl boldly entered the
+Lower Regions, where all the ghastly sights and sounds we have already
+described (p. 167) met them on every side. Charon quickly ferried them
+over the Acheron, on whose bank they saw the wandering shade of
+Palinurus, who had no obolus to pay his way across, and that of Dido,
+with a gaping wound in her breast.
+
+They did not pause, however, until they reached the Elysian Fields,
+where they found Anchises, gravely considering among the unborn souls
+those who were destined to animate his race and make it illustrious in
+the future. These he carefully pointed out to Æneas, foretelling their
+future achievements, and called by name Romulus, Brutus, Camillus, the
+Gracchi, Cæsar,--in fact, all the heroes of Roman history.
+
+    "Anchises showed Æneas, in long line,
+    The illustrious shades of those who were to shine
+    One day the glory of the Italian shore."
+
+                           Tomas de Iriarte.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Latium.]
+
+After a prolonged conversation with his father, Æneas returned to his
+companions, and led them to the mouth of the Tiber, whose course they
+followed until they reached Latium, where their wanderings were to
+cease. Latinus, king of the country, received them hospitably, and
+promised the hand of his daughter Lavinia in marriage to Æneas.
+
+Lavinia was very beautiful, and had already had many suitors, among
+whom Turnus, a neighboring prince, boasted of the most exalted rank.
+The queen, Amata, specially favored this youth's suit; and the king
+would gladly have received him for a son-in-law, had he not twice
+been warned by the gods to reserve his daughter for a foreign prince,
+who had now appeared.
+
+In spite of all the years which had elapsed since Paris scorned her
+attractions and bribes (p. 307), Juno had not yet forgotten her hatred
+of the Trojan race, and, afraid lest her enemy's course should now
+prove too smooth, she sent Alecto, the Fury, down upon earth to stir
+up war, and goad Amata to madness. The Fury executed both commands,
+and Amata fled to the woods, where she concealed her daughter Lavinia,
+to keep her safe for Turnus, whom she preferred to Æneas.
+
+[Sidenote: War with the Latins.]
+
+As Iulus and some companions had unfortunately wounded the pet stag of
+Silvia, daughter of the head shepherd, a brawl ensued, which, fomented
+by Alecto, soon developed into a bloody war. Hostilities having thus
+begun, Turnus, with the various Latin chiefs, immediately besought
+Latinus to open the gates of Janus' temple. He refused; but Juno,
+afraid lest even now her plans might be set at naught, came down from
+Olympus, and with her own hand flung wide the brazen doors. This
+unexpected apparition kindled a general ardor; new troops enlisted;
+and even Camilla, the Volscian warrior-maiden, came to proffer her aid
+to Turnus.
+
+    "Last marches forth for Latium's sake
+      Camilla fair, the Volscian maid,
+    A troop of horsemen in her wake
+      In pomp of gleaming steel arrayed;
+    Stern warrior queen!"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Camilla.]
+
+When but a babe in arms, Camilla had been carried off by her father,
+as he fled before the Volscian troops. When he came to the Amasenus
+River, he found his pursuers close at his heels. Tying his infant
+daughter to his spear, he hurled her to the opposite bank, which,
+thanks to Diana's aid, she reached unharmed, while her father plunged
+into the waves to join her. In his gratitude to find her safe, he
+dedicated her to Diana, who trained her to love the chase and all
+manly pursuits.
+
+Surprised to see Latinus' friendly offers of hospitality so suddenly
+withdrawn, Æneas made rapid preparations for war, and sailed farther
+up the Tiber to secure the aid of Evander, king of the Tuscans, the
+hereditary foe of the Latins. This monarch, too old to lead his troops
+in person, nevertheless promised his aid, and sent his beloved son
+Pallas in his stead to command the troops he supplied.
+
+[Sidenote: Nisus and Euryalus.]
+
+Juno, still implacable, had in the mean while sent Iris to apprise
+Turnus of Æneas' departure, and to urge him to set fire to the
+remainder of the fleet,--a suggestion which Turnus joyfully obeyed.
+The Trojans, headed by young Iulus, Æneas' son, defended themselves
+with their usual courage; but, seeing the enemy would soon overpower
+them, they dispatched Nisus and Euryalus, two of their number, to warn
+Æneas of their danger, and entreat him to hasten up with his
+reënforcements. These unfortunate youths passed through the camp
+unseen, but farther on fell into the hands of a troop of Volscian
+horsemen, who cruelly put them to death, and then hurried with the
+Rutules to lend assistance to Turnus. Next some of the Trojan vessels
+were fired by the enemy; but, instead of being consumed by the flames,
+they were changed into water nymphs by the intervention of the gods,
+and, sailing down the Tiber, met Æneas, and warned him to hasten to
+his son's rescue.
+
+    "His vessels change their guise,
+    And each and all as Nereids rise."
+
+                                     Virgil.
+
+[Sidenote: The armor.]
+
+In the mean while, Venus, who befriended the Trojans, had sought
+Vulcan's detested abode, and had prevailed upon him to forge a
+beautiful armor for Æneas. On the shield, which is minutely described
+in one of the books of Virgil's celebrated epic poem, the Æneid, were
+depicted many of the stirring scenes in the lives of the future
+descendants of Æneas, the heroes of Roman history. As soon as this
+armor was completed, Venus brought it to her son, who donned it with
+visible pleasure, and, encouraged by his mother's words, prepared to
+meet the Latins and hold his own.
+
+Venus and Juno were not the only deities interested in the coming
+struggle; for all the gods, having watched Æneas' career, were anxious
+about his fate. Seeing this, and fearful lest their interference
+should still further endanger the hero whom he favored, Jupiter
+assembled the gods on high Olympus, and sternly forbade their taking
+any active part in the coming strife, under penalty of his severe
+displeasure.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' arrival.]
+
+Æneas and his Tuscan allies arrived on the battle scene just in time
+to give the necessary support to the almost exhausted Trojans; and now
+the fight raged more fiercely than ever, and prodigies of valor were
+accomplished on both sides, until finally young Pallas fell, slain by
+Turnus. When aware of the death of this promising young prince, Æneas'
+heart was filled with grief, for he could imagine the sorrow of the
+aged Evander when he saw his son's corpse brought home for burial; and
+he then and there registered a solemn vow to avenge Pallas' death by
+slaying Turnus, and immediately hastened forth to keep his word.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's treachery.]
+
+In the mean while, Juno, suspecting what his purpose would be, and
+afraid to allow Turnus to encounter such a formidable antagonist as
+Æneas, had determined to lure her favorite away from the field. To
+compass this, she assumed the form of Æneas, challenged Turnus, and,
+as soon as he began the fight, fled toward the river, and took refuge
+on one of the vessels, closely pursued by him. No sooner did she see
+the Rutule chief safe on board, than she loosed the vessel from its
+moorings, and allowed it to drift down the stream, bearing Turnus away
+from the scene of battle. Aware now of the delusion practiced, Turnus
+raved, and accused the gods, and then eagerly watched for an
+opportunity to land, and make his way, alone and on foot, back to the
+scene of conflict.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' prowess.]
+
+During Turnus' involuntary absence, Æneas had ranged all over the
+battlefield in search of him, and had encountered and slain many
+warriors, among others Lausus and his aged father Mezentius, two
+allies of Latinus, who had specially distinguished themselves by their
+great valor. The dead and dying covered the field, when Latinus, weary
+of bloodshed, summoned a council, and again vainly tried to make
+peace. But his efforts were of no avail. The war was renewed more
+fiercely than ever; and in the next encounter, Camilla, the brave
+Volscian maiden, fell at last, breathing a fervent entreaty that
+Turnus should hasten to the succor of his despairing people if he
+would not see them all slain and the town in the hands of the Trojans.
+
+    "'Go: my last charge to Turnus tell,
+    To haste with succor, and repel
+    The Trojans from the town--farewell.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' wound.]
+
+Shortly after her death, in the very midst of the fray, Æneas suddenly
+felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious hand. He
+hastened to seek the aid of the leech Iapis; but, in spite of his
+ministrations, the barb could not be removed nor the wound dressed,
+until Venus brought a magic herb, which instantly healed the hero, and
+enabled him to return to the fight with unabated strength and energy.
+
+The tide was now decidedly turning in favor of the Trojans; for Amata,
+the Latin queen, sorry for her ill-advised opposition to her
+daughter's marriage with Æneas, brought Lavinia home and hung herself
+in a fit of remorse.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Turnus.]
+
+Æneas, appearing once more on the battlefield, finally encountered the
+long-sought Turnus, who had made his way back, and was now driving
+about in his chariot, jealously guarded by his sister Juturna, who,
+the better to watch over his safety, had taken the place of his
+chariot driver. The two heroes, having met, instantly closed in deadly
+fight; but, in spite of Turnus' bravery, he was finally obliged to
+succumb, and sank to the ground, frankly acknowledging himself beaten
+as he exhaled his last sigh.
+
+    "'Yours is the victory: Latian bands
+    Have seen me stretch imploring hands:
+    The bride Lavinia is your own:
+    Thus far let foeman's hate be shown.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' progeny.]
+
+With the death of Turnus the war came to an end. A lasting peace was
+made with Latinus; and the brave Trojan hero, whose woes were now
+over, was united in marriage with Lavinia. In concert with Latinus, he
+ruled the Latins, and founded a city, which he called Lavinia in honor
+of his bride, and which became for a time the capital of Latium.
+
+Æneas, as the gods had predicted, became the father of a son named
+Æneas Silvia, who founded Alba Longa, where his descendants reigned
+for many a year, and where one of his race, the Vestal Virgin Ilia,
+after marrying Mars, gave birth to Remus and Romulus, the founders of
+Rome (p. 142).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+ANALYSIS OF MYTHS.
+
+    "I shall indeed interpret all that I can, but I cannot
+    interpret all that I should like."--_Grimm._
+
+
+[Sidenote: Early theories.]
+
+In attempting an analysis of the foregoing myths, and an explanation
+of their origin, it is impossible, in a work of this kind, to do more
+than give a very superficial idea of the scientific theories of
+various eminent mythologists, who, on this subject, like doctors, are
+sure to disagree.
+
+These myths, comprising "the entire intellectual stock of the age to
+which they belonged," existed as "floating talk among the people" long
+ere they passed into the literature of the nation; and while to us
+mythology is merely "an affair of historical or antiquarian study, we
+must remember that the interpretation of myths was once a thing full
+of vital interest to men whose moral and religious beliefs were deeply
+concerned." Received at first with implicit faith, these myths became
+a stumbling block as civilization advanced. Cultured man recoiled from
+much of the grossness which had appeared quite natural to his
+ancestors in a savage state, and made an attempt to find out their
+primitive meaning, or an explanation which would satisfy his purer
+taste.
+
+With the latter object in view, the sages and writers of old
+interpreted all that seemed "silly and senseless" in mythology as
+physical allegories,--a system subsequently carried to extremes by
+many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of evading Christian
+satire.
+
+Learned men have also explained these selfsame myths as historical
+facts disguised as metaphors, or as moral allegories, which the choice
+of Hercules (p. 218) undoubtedly is. Euhemerus (316 B.C.) was the
+pioneer of the former theory, and Bacon an exponent of the latter.
+Euhemerus' method was exaggerated by his disciples, who declared Zeus
+was merely a king of Crete; his war with the giants, an attempt to
+repress a sedition; Danae's shower of gold (p. 240), the money with
+which her guards were bribed; Prometheus, a maker of clay images,
+"whence it was hyperbolically said he created man out of clay;" and
+Atlas, an astronomer, who was therefore spoken of as supporting the
+weight of the heavens. This mode of interpretation was carried to such
+an extreme that it became ridiculous, and the inevitable reaction took
+place. In the course of time, however, the germ of truth it contained
+was again brought to light; and very few persons now refuse to believe
+that some of the heroic myths have some slight historical basis, the
+"silly and senseless" element being classed as accretions similar to
+the fabulous tales attached to the indubitably historical name of
+Charlemagne. During the seventeenth century, some philosophers,
+incited by "the resemblance between biblical narrative and ancient
+myths, came to the conclusion that the Bible contained a pure and the
+myths a distorted form of an original revelation." But within the past
+century new theories have gradually gained ground: for the
+philologists have attempted to prove that the myths arose from a
+"disease of language;" while the anthropologists, basing their theory
+on comparative mythology, declare "it is man, it is human thought and
+human language combined, which naturally and necessarily produced the
+strange conglomerate of ancient fable."
+
+[Sidenote: Modern theories.]
+
+As these two last-named schools have either successfully confuted or
+incorporated the theories of all their predecessors, a brief outline
+of their respective beliefs will not be out of place. While philology
+compares only the "myths of races which speak languages of the same
+family" (as will shortly be demonstrated), anthropology resorts to all
+folklore, and seeks for the origin of myths, not in language, which
+it considers only as a subordinate cause, but in the "condition of
+thought through which all races have passed."
+
+[Sidenote: Anthropological theory.]
+
+The anthropologists, or comparative mythologists, do not deny that
+during the moderate allowance of two hundred and fifty thousand years,
+which they allot to the human race on earth, the myths may have spread
+from a single center, and either by migration, or by slave or wife
+stealing, or by other natural or accidental methods, may have
+"wandered all around the globe;" but they principally base their
+arguments on the fact that just as flint arrowheads are found in all
+parts of the world, differing but slightly in form and manufacture, so
+the myths of all nations "resemble each other, because they were
+formed to meet the same needs, out of the same materials."
+
+They argue that this similarity exists, "not because the people came
+from the same stock" (which is the philologist's view), "but because
+they passed through the same savage intellectual condition." By
+countless examples taken from the folklore of all parts of the earth,
+they prove that the savage considers himself akin to beasts (generally
+to the one whose image is used as a tribal or family badge or totem),
+and "regards even plants, inanimate objects, and the most abstract
+phenomena, as persons with human parts and passions." To the savage,
+"sun, moon, and stars are persons, but savage persons;" and, as he
+believes "many of his own tribe fellows to have the power of assuming
+the form of animals," he concedes the same privilege and power to sun,
+moon, and stars, etc. This school further prove that all pre-Christian
+religions have idols representing beasts, that all mythologies
+represent the gods as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare,
+that, although the Greeks were a thoroughly civilized people, we can
+still find in their mythology and religion "abundant survivals of
+savage manners and savage myths." They claim, that, during the
+myth-making age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an
+intellectual level with the present Australian Bushmen, and that
+"everything in civilized mythologies which we regard as irrational,
+seems only part of the accepted and rational order of things to the
+contemporary savages, and in the past seemed equally rational and
+natural to savages concerning whom we have historical information." Of
+course it is difficult, not to say impossible, for civilized man to
+put himself in the savage's place, and regard things from his point of
+view. The nearest approach to primitive intelligence which comes under
+our immediate observation is the working of the minds of small
+children, who, before they can talk intelligibly, whip the table or
+chair against which they have bumped their heads, and later on delight
+in weaving the most extraordinary tales. A little four-year-old seized
+a book and began to "read a story;" that is to say, to improvise a
+very improbable and highly colored tale of a pony. Forced to pause
+from lack of breath, she resumed the thread of her narrative with the
+words, "Now, this dog;" and, when it was suggested that the story was
+about a pony, she emphatically replied, "Well, this pony was a dog,"
+and continued. Now, either because she perceived that the
+transformation had attracted attention, or to satisfy the childish
+inborn taste for the marvelous, in the course of the next few minutes
+the pony underwent as many transformations as Proteus, all of which
+apparently seemed perfectly natural to her. The anthropologists
+explain the tales of the various transformations of Jupiter and his
+animal progeny "as in many cases survivals of the totemistic belief in
+descent from beasts," while the mythologists explain them as
+"allegories of the fruitful union of heaven and earth, of rain and
+grain." The former school also declare that the myth of Cupid and
+Psyche, which has its parallel in stories found in all parts of the
+world, was invented to explain curious marriage customs (for in some
+countries it is unlawful for the husband to see his wife's face until
+after she has given birth to her first child, and in others a wife may
+not speak her husband's name): the latter school interpret the same
+myth as a beautiful allegory of the soul and the union of faith and
+love.
+
+[Sidenote: Philological theory.]
+
+The philologists' interpretation of myths is not only the most
+accredited at the present time, but also the most poetical. We
+therefore give a brief synopsis of their theory, together with an
+analysis, from their point of view, of the principal myths told at
+length in the course of this work. According to this school, "myths
+are the result of a disease of language, as the pearl is the result of
+a disease of the oyster;" the key to all mythologies lies in language;
+and the original names of the gods, "ascertained by comparative
+philology, will be found, as a rule, to denote elemental or physical
+phenomena," that is, phenomena of the sunshine, the clouds, rain,
+winds, fire, etc.
+
+To make their process of reasoning plain, it should be explained, that
+as French, Spanish, and Italian are derived from the Latin, even so
+Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have a common source in a much older
+language; that, even if Latin were entirely lost, the similarity of
+the word "bridge," for instance (_pons_ in Latin), in French (_pont_),
+in Spanish (_puente_), and in Italian (_ponte_), would justify the
+conclusion that these terms had their origin in a common language, and
+that the people who spoke it were familiar with bridges, which they
+evidently called by some name phonetically the same.
+
+Further to prove their position, they demonstrate the similarity of
+the most common words in all the languages of the same family, showing
+(as is the case with the word "father" in the accompanying table) that
+they undergo but few changes in sixteen different languages.
+
+    Sanskrit, _pitri_.
+    Zend, _paitar_.
+    Persian, _pader_.
+    Erse, _athair_.
+    Italian, _padre_.
+    Spanish, _padre_.
+    French, _père_.
+    Saxon, _fæder_.
+    Latin, _pater_.
+    Greek, pronounced _pätair_.
+    Gothic, _vatar_.
+    German, _vater_.
+    Dutch, _fader_.
+    Danish, _fader_.
+    Swedish, _fader_.
+    English, _father_.
+
+The most learned of all these philologists argues that during the
+first or Rhematic period, there existed a tribe in Central Asia which
+spoke a monosyllabic language, in which lay the germs of the Turanian,
+Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This Rhematic period was followed
+by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, when, little by little, the
+languages "received once for all that peculiar impress of their
+formative system which we still find in all the dialects and national
+idioms comprised under the name of Aryan or Semitic;" that is to say,
+in the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Roman, Celt, Slav, and Teutonic
+languages, and in some three thousand kindred dialects.
+
+After the Agglutinative period, and previous to the National era and
+"the appearance of the first traces of literature," he places "a
+period represented everywhere by the same characteristic features,
+called the Mythological or Mythopœic age."
+
+It was during this period that the main part of the vast fund of
+mythic lore is supposed to have crystallized; for primitive man,
+knowing nothing whatever of physical laws, cause and effect, and the
+"necessary regularity of things," yet seeking an explanation of the
+natural phenomena, described them in the only way possible to him, and
+attributed to all inanimate objects his own sentiments and passions,
+fancying them influenced by the same things, in the same way. This
+tendency to personify or animate everything is universal among
+savages, who are nothing but men in the primitive state; and "in early
+philosophy throughout the world, the sun, moon, and stars are alive,
+and, as it were, human in their nature." "Poetry has so far kept alive
+in our minds the old animative theory of nature, that it is no great
+effort in us to fancy the waterspout a huge giant or a sea monster,
+and to depict, in what we call appropriate metaphor, its march across
+the field of ocean."
+
+As the names of the Greek gods and heroes have in a great measure been
+found to correspond with the Sanskrit names of physical things, we
+have been able to read some of the first thoughts of primitive man;
+and "the obvious meaning" of many words "did much to preserve vestiges
+of plain sense in classic legend, in spite of all the efforts of the
+commentators."
+
+According to the philologists, therefore, these thoughts had already
+assumed a definite form in the remote epoch when many nations, now
+scattered over the face of the earth, occupied the same country, spoke
+the same language, and formed but one people. Of course, "as long as
+such beings as Heaven or Sun are consciously talked of in mythic
+language, the meaning of their legends is open to no question, and the
+action ascribed to them will as a rule be natural and appropriate;"
+but with the gradual diffusion of this one people to various parts of
+the earth, the original meaning of these words was entirely lost, and
+they came to be looked upon eventually simply as the names of deities
+or heroes--very much in the way that the word "good-by" has long
+survived its original form as a conscious prayer, "God be with you!"
+and the word "ostracism" has lost all connection with an oyster shell.
+
+The primitive meaning of a myth died away with the original meaning of
+a word; and it is because "the Greek had forgotten that Zeus (Jupiter)
+meant 'the bright sky,' that he could make him king" over a company of
+manlike deities on Olympus.
+
+We can best explain how the many anomalies occur, and how the myths
+got so tangled up together that now it is almost impossible to
+disentangle them and trace them back to their original meanings, by
+comparing their descent through the ages to the course of a snowball,
+which, rolling down a mountain side, gathers to itself snow, earth,
+rocks, etc., until, in the vast agglomeration of kindred and foreign
+substances, the original nucleus is entirely lost to sight.
+
+The fact that there are many different myths to explain the same
+phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying,
+"circumstances alter cases." Thus the heat of the sun, for example, so
+beneficial at certain times, may prove baleful and injurious at
+others.
+
+The philologists, who believe that all myths (except the imitative
+myths, of which the tale of Berenice is a fair example) were
+originally nature myths, have divided them into a few large classes,
+which include the myths of the sky, the sun, dawn, daylight, night,
+moon, earth, sea, clouds, fire, wind, and finally those of the
+underworld and of the demons of drought and darkness.
+
+
+SKY MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Uranus.]
+
+Taking them in the order in which they are presented in this work, we
+find among the myths of the sky, Uranus, whose name, like that of the
+old Hindoo god Varuna, is derived from the Sanskrit root _var_ ("to
+veil, conceal, or cover"). This god was therefore a personification of
+the heavens, which are spread out like a veil, and cover all the
+earth; and we are further told that he hurled the thunder and
+lightning, his Cyclop children, down from his abode into the abyss
+called Tartarus.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter.]
+
+Zeus (or Jupiter), whose name is the same as the Hindoo Dyaus Pitar,
+the god and personification of the bright sky or the heavens, has
+likewise been traced to the Sanskrit root _div_ or _dyu_, meaning "to
+shine;" and there is also a noun _dyu_ in that language which means
+either "sky" or "day." In early times the name was applied to the one
+God, and was therefore "retained by the Greeks and all other kindred
+people to express all they felt toward God;" but as the word also
+meant the visible sky, with its ever-changing aspect, some of the
+phrases used to describe it came, in the course of time, to denote
+vile and fickle actions, and apparently inconsistent behavior.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno.]
+
+The name of Hera (or Juno), the heavenly light, and therefore the
+complement and consort of the sky, is supposed to be derived from the
+Sanskrit _soar_ ("the bright sky") and _surya_ ("the sun"); and all
+the manifold changes which at first merely denoted the varying
+atmosphere, by being personified, gradually gave the impression of the
+jealous, capricious, vengeful person whom poets and writers have taken
+pleasure in depicting ever since.
+
+[Sidenote: Argus.]
+
+Another personification of the sky, this time under the nocturnal and
+starry aspect, is Argus, whose many bright eyes never closed all at
+once, but kept constant watch over the moon (Io)--confided to his care
+by the heavenly light (Juno)--until at last their beams were quenched
+by the wind and rain (Mercury).
+
+
+SUN AND DAWN MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Europa.]
+
+The myths of the sun, from which it is almost impossible to separate
+those of the dawn, are probably more numerous than any others, and
+have some main features of resemblance in all cases. The first sun
+myth mentioned in the course of this work is the story of Europa, in
+which Europa is "the broad spreading light," born in Phœnicia (the
+"purple land of morn"), the child of Telephassa ("she who shines from
+afar"), carried away from her eastern birthplace by the sky (Jupiter),
+closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus), who, after passing
+through many lands, slays a dragon (the usual demon of drought or
+darkness), and sets (dies) at last without having ever overtaken the
+light of dawn (Europa).
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo.]
+
+Apollo, whose name of Helios is pure Greek for "the sun," had
+therefore not lost all physical significance for the Hellenic race,
+who worshiped in him the radiant personification of the orb of day.
+Another of his appellations, Phœbus ("the lord of life and light"),
+still further emphasizes his character; and we are informed that he
+was born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the dark night (Leto), in the
+"bright land" (Delos), whence he daily starts on his westward journey.
+
+Like all other solar heroes, Apollo is beautiful and golden-haired,
+radiant and genial, armed with unerring weapons, which he wields for
+good or evil, as the mood sways him. He is forced to labor, against
+his will at times, for the benefit of man, as, for instance, when he
+serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the cattle, by which he evidently
+sets such store, are the fleecy clouds, pasturing "in the infinite
+meadows of heaven," whose full udders drop down rain and fatness upon
+the land, which are stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the
+storm demon (Cacus), or the impious companions of Ulysses, who pay for
+their sacrilegious temerity with their lives.
+
+[Sidenote: Coronis.]
+
+The sun's affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for Coronis,
+who, however beloved, falls beneath his bright darts; and, as "the
+sun was regarded naturally as the restorer of life" after the
+blighting influence of winter and disease, so their offspring
+(Æsculapius) was naturally supposed to have been endowed with
+marvelous curative powers.
+
+The sun, for the same reason, was supposed to wage continual warfare
+against cold, sickness, and disease, and to use his bright beams or
+arrows against the demon of drought, darkness, or illness (Python),
+which in some form or other inevitably appears in every solar myth.
+
+[Sidenote: Daphne.]
+
+In the story of Daphne, a name derived from _Dahana_, the Sanskrit
+_dawn_, we find another version of the same story, where the sun,
+although enamored with the dawn, causes her death. As some
+mythologists have interpreted it, Daphne is a personification of the
+morning dew, which vanishes beneath the sun's hot breath, and leaves
+no trace of its passage except in the luxuriant verdure.
+
+[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]
+
+In Cephalus and Procris the sun again appears, and his unerring spear
+unwittingly causes the death of his beloved Procris "while she lingers
+in a thicket (a place where the dew lingers longest)." This
+interpretation has been further confirmed by philological researches,
+which prove that the name "Procris" originated from a Sanskrit word
+meaning "to sprinkle;" and the stories evidently arose from three
+simple phrases,--"'the sun loves the dew,' 'the morning loves the
+sun,' and 'the sun kills the dew.'"
+
+[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]
+
+In the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice, while some mythologists see in
+him a personification of the winds, which "tear up trees as they
+course along, chanting their wild music," others see an emblem of "the
+morning, with its short-lived beauty." Eurydice, whose name, like that
+of Europa, comes from a Sanskrit word denoting "the broad spreading
+flush of the dawn across the sky," is, of course, a personification of
+that light, slain by "the serpent of darkness at twilight."
+
+Orpheus is also sometimes considered as the sun, plunging into an
+abyss of darkness, in hopes of overtaking the vanishing dawn,
+Eurydice; and as the light (Eurydice) reappears opposite the place
+where he disappeared, but is no more seen after the sun himself has
+fairly risen, "they say that Orpheus has turned around too soon to
+look at her, and so was parted from the wife he loved so dearly."
+
+His death in the forest, when his strength had all forsaken him, and
+his severed head floated down the stream murmuring "Eurydice," may
+also, perchance, have been intended to represent either the last faint
+breath of the expiring wind, or the setting of the sun in blood-tinged
+clouds.
+
+[Sidenote: Phaeton.]
+
+In the story of Phaeton, whose name means "the bright and shining
+one," a description of the golden palace and car of the sun is given
+us. We are told that the venturesome young charioteer, by usurping his
+father's place, causes incalculable mischief, and, in punishment for
+his mismanagement of the solar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is
+hurled from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of
+Jupiter.
+
+"This story arose from phrases which spoke of drought as caused by the
+chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who knew not how to guide
+his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton by the bolt of Zeus is the
+ending of the time of drought by a sudden storm of thunder."
+
+[Sidenote: Endymion.]
+
+The story of Diana and Endymion has also been interpreted as a sun
+myth, in which the name "Endymion" refers specially to the dying or
+setting sun, who sinks to rest on Mount Latmus ("the land of
+forgetfulness," derived from the same root as "Leto"). Müller, the
+great authority in philology, tells us, that, in the ancient poetical
+and proverbial language of Elis, people said, "Selene loves and
+watches Endymion," instead of saying, "It is getting late;" "Selene
+embraces Endymion," instead of, "The sun is setting and the moon is
+rising;" "Selene kisses Endymion into sleep," instead of, "It is
+night."
+
+These expressions remained long after their real meaning had ceased
+to be understood; and, as the human mind is generally as anxious for a
+reason as ready to invent one, a story arose without any conscious
+effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad loved by a young
+maiden, Selene.
+
+[Sidenote: Adonis.]
+
+In the story of Adonis some mythologists find another sun myth, in
+which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain by the boar, the demon of
+darkness, and passionately mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus),
+who utterly refuses to exist without him.
+
+[Sidenote: Tantalus.]
+
+In the story of Tantalus (the sun), who in time of drought offers to
+Jupiter the flesh of his own offspring, Pelops (the withered fruits),
+and in punishment for his impiety is doomed to hunger and torturing
+thirst, we have again merely a story founded upon an expression used
+in time of drought, when the sun's heat, becoming too intense, burns
+up the fruit his fostering rays had produced, and men exclaimed,
+"Tantalus is slaying and roasting his own child!"
+
+[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]
+
+In the same way the stone which Sisyphus painfully forced up a steep
+ascent, only to see it go rolling down and plunge into a dark abyss
+enveloped in a great cloud of dust, has been interpreted to represent
+the sun, which is no "sooner pushed up to the zenith, than it rolls
+down to the horizon."
+
+[Sidenote: Ixion.]
+
+The name of Ixion has been identified with the Sanskrit word
+_Akshanah_, denoting one who is bound to a wheel, and has been proved
+akin "to the Greek _axôn_, the Latin _axis_, and the English _axle_."
+This whirling wheel of fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was
+bound by order of Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insult Juno (the
+queen of the blue air); while Dia, his wife, is the dawn, the
+counterpart of Europa, Coronis, Daphne, Procris, Eurydice, and Venus,
+in the foregoing illustrations.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules.]
+
+One of the greatest of all the solar heroes is doubtless the demigod
+Hercules, born at Argos (a word signifying "brightness") from the sky
+(Jupiter) and the dawn (Alcmene), who, in early infancy, throttles
+the serpents of darkness, and who, with untiring strength and
+patience, plods through life, never resting, and always on his journey
+performing twelve great tasks, interpreted to represent either the
+twelve signs of the Zodiac, or the twelve months of the solar year, or
+the twelve hours of daylight.
+
+[Sidenote: Iole.]
+
+Like Apollo and Cadmus, Hercules is forced to labor for mankind
+against his will. We see him early in life united to Megara, and, like
+Tantalus, slaying his own offspring in a sudden fit of madness. He
+loves and is soon forced to leave Iole, the violet-colored clouds. He
+performs great deeds, slays innumerable demons of drought and darkness
+on his way, and visits the enchanted land of the Hesperides,--a symbol
+of the western sky and clouds at sunset.
+
+[Sidenote: Deianeira.]
+
+The main part of his life is spent with Deianeira ("the destroying
+spouse"), a personification of the daylight; but toward the end of his
+career he again encounters Iole, now the beautiful twilight. It is
+then that Deianeira (the daylight), jealous of her rival's charms,
+sends him the bloody Nessus robe, which he has no sooner donned, than
+he tears it from his bleeding limbs, ascends the burning pile, and
+ends his career in one grand blaze,--the emblem of the sun setting in
+a framework of flaming crimson clouds.
+
+Like all solar heroes, he too has unerring poisoned weapons ("the word
+_ios_, 'a spear,' is the same in sound as the word _ios_, 'poison'"),
+of which he is shorn only at death.
+
+[Sidenote: Perseus.]
+
+Perseus also belongs to this category of myths. Danae, his mother,
+either the earth (_dano_ means "burnt earth") or the dawn, a daughter
+of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos (brightness). Loved by
+Jupiter, the all-embracing sky, she gives birth to the golden-haired
+Perseus, a personification of the radiant orb of day; and he, like
+many another solar hero, is cast adrift immediately after his birth,
+owing to an ominous prophecy that he will slay the darkness from which
+he originally sprang.
+
+As soon as Perseus attains manhood, he is forced to journey against
+his will into the distant land of the mists (the Grææ), and conquer
+the terrible Medusa, "the starlit night, solemn in its beauty, but
+doomed to die when the sun rises." He accomplishes this by means of
+his irresistible sword, the piercing rays of the sun, and then passes
+on to encounter the monster of drought, and to marry Andromeda,
+another personification of the dawn, the offspring of Celeus and
+Cassiopeia, who also represent night and darkness.
+
+In company with Andromeda, Perseus, whose name also signifies "the
+destroyer," revisits his native land, and fulfills the prophecy by
+slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he originally sprang.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus.]
+
+In the Athenian solar myth, Theseus is the sun, born of Ægeus (the
+sea, derived from _aisso_, "to move quickly like the waves") and Æthra
+(the pure air). He lingers in his birthplace, Trœzene, until he has
+acquired strength enough to wield his invincible sword, then journeys
+onward in search of his father, performing countless great deeds for
+the benefit of mankind. He slays the Minotaur, the terrible monster of
+darkness, and carries off the dawn (Ariadne); whom he is, however,
+forced to abandon shortly after on the Island of Naxos.
+
+In his subsequent career we find him the involuntary cause of his
+father's death, then warring against the Centaurs (personifications of
+the clouds, through which the victorious sun is sometimes forced to
+fight his way), then again plunging for a short space of time into the
+depths of Tartarus, whence he emerges once more; and finally we see
+him uniting his fate to Phædra (the twilight), a sister of the
+beautiful dawn he loved in his youth. He ends his eventful career by
+being hurled headlong from a cliff into the sea,--an emblem of the
+sun, which often seems to plunge into the waves at eventide.
+
+[Sidenote: Argonauts.]
+
+In the story of the Argonautic expedition we have Athamas, who marries
+Nephele (the mist). Their children are Phryxus and Helle (the cold and
+warm air, or personifications of the clouds), carried off to the far
+east by the ram--whose golden fleece was but an emblem of the rays of
+the sun--to enable them to escape from the baleful influence of their
+stepmother Ino (the broad daylight), who would fain encompass their
+destruction.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea.]
+
+Helle, an emblem of the condensation of vapor, falls from her exalted
+seat into the sea, where she is lost. The ship Argo "is a symbol of
+the earth as a parent, which contains in itself the germs of all
+living things." Its crew is composed mainly of solar heroes, all in
+quest of the golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers
+by the aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dragon (the demon of
+drought). Æetes, Medea's father, is a personification of the darkness,
+which vainly attempts to recover his children, the dawn and light (?),
+after they have been borne away by the all-conquering sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Glauce.]
+
+Glauce (the broad daylight) next charms Jason; and the poisoned robe
+which causes her death is woven by Medea, now the evening twilight,
+who mounts her dragon car and flies to the far east, forsaking her
+husband (the sun) in his old age, when he is about to sink into the
+sleep of death.
+
+[Sidenote: Meleager.]
+
+Meleager is also a solar hero. After joining the Argonautic
+expedition, and wandering far and wide, he returns home, slays the
+boar (or drought fiend), loves, but parts from, Atalanta (the dawn
+maiden), and is finally slain by his own mother, who casts into the
+flames the brand upon which his existence depends.
+
+[Sidenote: Å’dipus.]
+
+In the Theban solar myth, Laius (derived from the same root as "Leto"
+and "Latmus") is the emblem of darkness, who, after marrying Jocasta
+(like Iole, a personification of the violet-tinted clouds of dawn),
+becomes the father of Å’dipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of
+his father. Early in life Å’dipus is exposed on the barren hillside to
+perish,--an emblem of the horizontal rays of the rising sun, which
+seem to lie for a while upon the mountain slopes, ere they rise to
+begin their journey.
+
+He too, like Cadmus, Apollo, Hercules, Perseus, Theseus, and Jason, is
+forced to wander far from home, and, after a prolonged journey,
+encounters and slays Laius (the darkness), from whom he derived his
+existence, and kills the dread monster of drought, the Sphinx, whose
+very name means "one who binds fast,"--a creature who had imprisoned
+the rain in the clouds, and thus caused great distress.
+
+Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother, Jocasta, now
+the violet-tinted twilight, and ends his life amid lightning flashes
+and rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to the end of his course
+by Antigone ("the pale light which springs up opposite the sun at his
+setting"). This story--which at first was merely intended to signify
+that the sun (Å’dipus) must slay the darkness (Laius) and linger for a
+while beside the violet-colored clouds (Jocasta)--having lost its
+physical meaning, the Thebans added the tragic sequel, for it seemed
+but poetic justice that the author of such crimes should receive
+signal punishment.
+
+[Sidenote: Eumenides.]
+
+As the Eumenides, or Erinnyes, were at first merely the searching
+light of day, from which nothing can be hidden, they came gradually to
+be considered the detectives and avengers of crime, and were therefore
+said to take possession of a criminal at the end of his course, and
+hurry him down into darkness to inflict horrible torments upon him.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellerophon.]
+
+In the story of Bellerophon, although the name originally came from
+_Bellero_ (some "power of darkness, drought, winter, or moral evil")
+and from _phon_ or _phontes_ (a word derived from the Sanskrit
+_han-tâ_, "the killer"), the Greeks, having forgotten the
+signification of the first part of the word, declared this hero was
+the murderer of Bellero, his brother, for which involuntary crime he
+was driven from home, and forced to wander about in search of shelter.
+
+We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn), virtuously
+hastening away, then sent against his will to fight the Chimæra (the
+monster of drought), whom he overcomes, thanks to his weapon and to
+Pegasus (the clouds), born from the mist of the sea, beneath whose
+hoofs fresh fountains were wont to spring.
+
+Bellerophon, after many journeys, is finally united to Philonoe, a
+personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being hurled
+from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter's deadly
+thunderbolts.
+
+"The fall of Bellerophon is the rapid descent of the sun toward
+evening, and the Alein plain is that broad expanse of somber light
+through which the sun sometimes seems to travel sullenly and alone to
+his setting."
+
+[Sidenote: Trojan war.]
+
+In the story of the Trojan war there are several sun myths; for Paris,
+Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Achilles have equal claims to be considered
+personifications of the sun. They love Œnone, Helen, Clytæmnestra,
+Briseis, various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are
+forsaken by, their ladyloves, whom they meet again at the end of their
+career: for Paris sees Å’none, and expires with her on the burning
+pile; Menelaus recovers Helen, with whom he vanishes in the far west;
+Agamemnon rejoins Clytæmnestra, and dies by her hand in a bloody bath;
+while Achilles, after a period of sullen gloom, meets with an untimely
+death shortly after recovering the beautiful Briseis.
+
+Like Perseus and Å’dipus, Paris is exposed in early infancy, and lives
+to fulfill his destiny, and cause, though indirectly, the death of his
+parents.
+
+In this myth, Helen (the beautiful dawn or twilight), whose name
+corresponds phonetically with the Sanskrit _Sarama_, born of the sky
+(Jupiter) and of the night (Leda, derived from the same root as
+"Leto," "Latmus," and "Laius"), is carried away by Paris, whom some
+mythologists identify with the Hindoo _Panis_ (or "night demons")
+instead of the sun. In this character he entices away the fickle
+twilight (Helen) during her husband's temporary absence, and bears her
+off to the far east, where, after struggling for a while to retain
+possession of her and her treasures, he is finally forced to
+relinquish her, and she returns to her husband and her allegiance.
+
+The siege of Troy has thus been interpreted to signify "a repetition
+of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that every evening
+are robbed of their brightest treasures in the west."
+
+Achilles, like several of his brother heroes, "fights in no quarrel of
+his own; his wrath is the sun hiding his face behind the clouds; the
+Myrmidons are his attendant beams, who no longer appear when the sun
+is hidden; Patroclus is the feeble reflection of the sun's splendor,
+and stands to him in precisely the same relation as Phaeton to
+Helios," and, like him, meets with an early death.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses.]
+
+In the story of Ulysses we find a reproduction of the story of
+Hercules and Perseus: for Ulysses, early in life, after wedding
+Penelope, is forced to leave her to fight for another; and on his
+return, although longing to rejoin his morning bride, he cannot turn
+aside from the course marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the
+moon), who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of
+darkness); but neither can keep him forever, and he returns home
+enveloped in an impenetrable disguise, after having visited the
+Phæacian land (the land of clouds or mists). It is only after he has
+slain the suitors of Penelope (the weaver of bright evening clouds)
+that he casts aside his beggar's garb to linger for a short time
+beside her ere he vanishes in the west.
+
+[Sidenote: Minerva.]
+
+The greater part of the dawn myths have been explained simultaneously
+with the sun myths, with which they are inextricably interwoven. One
+personification of the dawn, however, stands apart. It is Minerva,
+whose Greek name, Athene, is derived, like Daphne, from the Sanskrit
+_Dahana_, or _ahana_ (meaning "the light of daybreak"), and we are
+thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as sprung from
+the forehead of Zeus (the heavens). She gradually became the
+impersonation of the illuminating and knowledge-giving light of the
+sky; for in Sanskrit the same word also means "to wake" and "to know,"
+while the Latins connected her name of Minerva with _mens_, the same
+as the Greek _ménos_ and the English _mind_.
+
+
+MOON MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Diana, Io, and Circe.]
+
+In the moon myths the most important personification is first Diana,
+the horned huntress, "for to the ancients the moon was not a lifeless
+ball of stones and clods." Diana, like Apollo, her twin brother, was
+also a child of the sky (Jupiter) and of night (Latona), and, like
+him, was born in the "bright land" (Delos). She also possessed bright
+and unerring arrows, and in the course of her nightly journey she
+looked lovingly down upon the sleeping face of the setting sun
+(Endymion).
+
+Io and Circe, already mentioned, are also personifications of the
+moon, and Io's wanderings represent its journeys across the sky.
+
+
+EARTH MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Gæa and Rhea.]
+
+In the earth myths, beside those already mentioned in connection with
+the sun myths, we have Gæa and Rhea, the mothers and consorts of the
+Sky and of Time, who swallows his own children, "the Days, as they
+come each in order."
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]
+
+We have also Ceres or Demeter, "the mother of all things," and more
+particularly of "the maiden" Cora (or Proserpina), whose loss she
+grievously mourned; for she had been carried away by Pluto to the
+underworld, whence she could only emerge at the command of Jupiter.
+During the time of Ceres' mourning, the earth remained barren, and it
+seemed as though all mortal things must die. But when Proserpina (the
+spring or vegetation) returned from her sojourn under the ground,
+people said "that the daughter of the earth was returning in all her
+beauty; and when summer faded into winter, they said that the
+beautiful child had been stolen away from her mother by dark beings,
+who kept her imprisoned beneath the earth." The sorrow of Ceres was
+therefore merely a poetical way of expressing "the gloom which falls
+on the earth during the cheerless months of winter."
+
+[Sidenote: Danae and Semele.]
+
+Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the golden
+shower, the light of the morning, which streamed in upon the darkness
+of the night. Semele has also been interpreted as the earth, the
+chosen bride of the sky, who brings forth her offspring in the midst
+of the thunder and lightning of a summer storm.
+
+
+SEA MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Oceanus and Neptune.]
+
+The myths of the sea comprise, of course, Oceanus and Neptune (the
+earth-shaker), whose name is connected with such words as "potent" and
+"despot," and whose "green hair circles all the earth." We are further
+informed that he loves the earth (Ceres), whom he embraces, and that
+he marries the graceful undulating Amphitrite, whose gliding charms
+appeal to him. Neptune's palace is beneath the deep waters near
+Greece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift chariot
+drawn by golden or white maned steeds.
+
+[Sidenote: Nereus.]
+
+Nereus, another personification of the sea, whose name is derived from
+_nao_ ("to flow"), is quite inseparable from his native element, even
+in the Greeks' conception of him, as are also the Tritons, Oceanides,
+Nereides, and the alluring Sirens; who, however, have also been viewed
+as personifications of the winds.
+
+
+CLOUD MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Charon.]
+
+The cloud myths, to which frequent allusion has already been made,
+comprise not only the cattle of the sun, the Centaurs, Nephele,
+Phryxus, Helle, and Pegasus, but as, "in primitive Aryan lore, the sky
+itself was a blue sea, and the clouds were ships sailing over it," so
+Charon's boat was supposed to be one of these vessels, and the gilded
+shallop in which the sun daily made his pilgrimage back to the far
+east, another.
+
+[Sidenote: Niobe.]
+
+As the ancient Aryan had the same word to denote cloud and mountain
+("for the piles of vapor on the horizon were so like Alpine ranges"),
+the cloud and mountain myths are often the same. In the story of Niobe
+we have one of the cloud myths. According to some mythologists, Niobe
+herself is a personification of the clouds. Her many children, the
+mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by whose bright
+darts they are ruthlessly slain. Niobe grieves so sorely at their
+untimely death, that she dissolves in a rain of tears, which turns
+into hard ice on the mountain summit. According to other authorities,
+she was a personification of winter, and her tears represented the
+thaw occasioned by the sunbeams (Apollo's arrows).
+
+
+FIRE MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Cyclopes.]
+
+The fire myths also form quite a large class, and comprise the
+Cyclopes (the thunder and lightning), children of Heaven and Earth,
+whose single blazing eye has been considered an emblem of the sun.
+They forge the terrible thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky
+(Jupiter), by means of which he is enabled to triumph over all his
+enemies, and rule supreme.
+
+[Sidenote: Titans.]
+
+The Titans are emblems of the subterranean fires and the volcanic
+forces of nature, which, hidden deep underground, occasionally emerge,
+heave up great masses of rock, and hurl them about with an
+accompaniment of deafening roars, while their ponderous tread causes
+the very earth beneath them to tremble.
+
+[Sidenote: Prometheus.]
+
+In this group we also find Prometheus, whose name has been traced to
+the Sanskrit _pramantha_ (or "fire drill"). Learned men have therefore
+proved that the "beneficent Titan, who stole fire from heaven and
+bestowed it upon mankind as the richest of boons," was originally
+nothing but the lightning ("the celestial drill which churns fire out
+of the clouds"); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this
+etymological meaning, that they interpreted his name as the
+"fore-thinker," and considered him endowed with extraordinary
+prophetic powers.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan.]
+
+Vulcan (or Hephæstus), strictly "the brightness of the flame," another
+fire hero, is represented as very puny at birth, because the flame
+comes from a tiny spark. His name is derived from the Hindoo _agni_,
+whence come the Latin _ignis_ and the English verb _to ignite_. Vulcan
+dwells by preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the intense heat
+keeps the metals in fusion, and so malleable that he can mold them at
+will; and, as "the association of the heavenly fire with the
+life-giving forces of nature is very common," the Hindoo Agni was
+considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire; and the Greeks,
+to carry out this idea, united their fire god, Hephæstus, to the
+goddess of marriage, Aphrodite.
+
+[Sidenote: Vesta.]
+
+The Greek Hestia (or Latin Vesta) was also a personification of fire;
+and, her name having retained its primitive meaning to a great extent,
+"she continued to the end, as she had been from the beginning, the
+household altar, the sanctuary of peace and equity, and the source of
+all happiness and wealth." Her office was not limited merely to the
+hearths of households and cities, for it was supposed "that in the
+center of the earth there was a hearth which answered to the hearth
+placed in the center of the universe."
+
+
+WIND MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury.]
+
+In the myths of the wind, Mercury (or Hermes) was one of the principal
+personifications. According to the ancients, he was born of the sky
+(Jupiter) and the plains (Maia), and after a very few hours' existence
+assumed gigantic proportions, stole away the cattle of the sun (the
+clouds), and, after fanning up a great fire in which he consumed some
+of the herd, glided back into his cradle at dawn. With a low, mocking
+chuckle at the recollection of the pranks he had played, he sank
+finally into rest. His name, derived from the Sanskrit _Sarameias_,
+means "the breeze of a summer morning;" and it is in his capacity of
+god of the wind that he is supposed to waft away the souls of the
+dead; for "the ancients held that in the wind were the souls of the
+dead." Mercury is the "lying, tricksome wind god who invented music,"
+for his music is but "the melody of the winds, which can awaken
+feelings of joy and sorrow, of regret and yearning, of fear and hope,
+of vehement gladness and utter despair."
+
+[Sidenote: Mars.]
+
+Another personification of the wind was Mars (or Ares), born of the
+sky (Jupiter) and of the heavenly light (Juno) in the bleak land of
+Thrace, rejoicing in din and in the noise of warfare. His nature is
+further revealed by his inconstancy and capriciousness; and whenever
+he is overcome, he is noted for his great roar. His name comes from
+the same root as Maruts, the Indian god, and means the "grinder" or
+"crusher." It was first applied "to the storms which throw heaven and
+earth into confusion, and hence the idea of Ares is confined to mere
+disorder and tumult."
+
+[Sidenote: Otus and Ephialtes.]
+
+Otus and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Neptune, were also at first
+merely personifications of the wind and hurricanes. The name of the
+latter indicates "one who leaps." Although very short-lived, these
+giants were supposed to increase rapidly in size, and assume colossal
+proportions, which inspired the hearts of men and gods with terror,
+until they saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Pan, Æolus, and the Harpies.]
+
+Pan, Æolus, his numerous progeny, and the Harpies, were also wind
+divinities who never entirely lost their original character with the
+Greeks, and were therefore worshiped merely as personifications of the
+elements.
+
+
+UNDERWORLD MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Cerberus and Pluto.]
+
+The myths of drought, darkness, and of the underworld have
+sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra,
+Geryones, the Gorgons, Grææ, Minotaur, Sphinx, Chimæra, etc.; but
+their main personifications were Cerberus (the grim three-headed
+guardian of the nether world) and Pluto (or Aïdes), whose name means
+"the wealth-giver," or "the unseen," who greedily drew all things down
+into his realm, never to relinquish his grasp upon them.
+
+Such is the physical explanation of the various poetical myths which
+form the staple of classic literature, and which have been a fount of
+inspiration for poets and artists of all ages.
+
+
+
+
+GENEALOGICAL TABLE.
+
+
+Note.--Double vertical lines indicate that several generations intervene.
+
+ Chaos-_Nyx_
+  |
+  +-Erebus-_Nyx_
+     |
+     +-_Hemera_-
+     +-Æther
+     |  |
+     |  +-_Gæa_
+     |  |   |
+     |  |   +-Uranus-_Gæa_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Oceanus-
+     |  |      +-_Thetis_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Achelous-_Calliope_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Sirens_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Alpheus-_Arethusa_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Peneus-_Gæa_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Daphne_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Inachus
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Io_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Proteus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Doris_-Nereus
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Amphitrite_-Neptune
+     |  |      |   |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   |   +-Triton
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Dione_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   |   +-_Venus_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Arethusa_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Galatea_-Acis
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Peleus-_Thetis_
+     |  |      |   |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                  Jupiter-_Antiope_-Lycus-_Dirce_
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   +-Zethus    Tantalus
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   +-Amphion-_Niobe_-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                                     |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                              Pelops-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                                  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                           Atreus-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                               |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |   Tyndareus-_Leda_-Jupiter    |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-_Helen_                  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-Castor                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-Pollux                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-_Clytæmnestra_-Agamemnon-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |          _Iphigenia_-+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |     Pylades-_Electra_+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |              Orestes-+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                               |
+     |  |      |   |   |  +-Achilles     _Helen_-Menelaus-+
+     |  |      |   |   |     |                    |
+     |  |      |   |   |     +-Pyrrhus-_Hermione_-+
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Clymene_-Apollo
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-_Heliades_
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-Phaeton
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Metis_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Minerva_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clymene_-Iapetus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Æthra_-Atlas
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Pleiades_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Maia_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-Mercury-_Penelope_-Ulysses
+     |  |      |   |          |                  |
+     |  |      |   |          +-Pan              +-Telemachus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Calypso_-Ulysses
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clytie_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Electra_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |       |
+     |  |      |       |                 Teucer
+     |  |      |       |                  |
+     |  |      |       +-Dardanus-_Batea_-+
+     |  |      |          ||
+     |  |      |          +-Laomedon
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-Priam-_Hecuba_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Hector-_Andromache_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Paris-_Helen_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-_Cassandra_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Polites
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-_Polyxena_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Deiphobus-_Helen_
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-_Hesione_-Telamon
+     |  |      |          |  |   |
+     |  |      |          |  |   +-Ajax
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-Tithonus-_Aurora_
+     |  |      |          |
+     |  |      |          +-_Themis_-Capys
+     |  |      |              |
+     |  |      |              +-Anchises-_Venus_
+     |  |      |                 |
+     |  |      |                 +-Æneas-_Creusa_
+     |  |      |                     &       |
+     |  |      |                 -_Lavinia_  +-Iulus
+     |  |      |                    |
+     |  |      |                    +-Æneas Silvia
+     |  |      |                       ||
+     |  |      |                       +-Numitor
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-_Ilia_-Mars
+     |  |      |                              |
+     |  |      |                              +-Remus
+     |  |      |                              |
+     |  |      |                              +-Romulus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-CÅ“us-
+     |  |      +-_Phœbe_
+     |  |      |    |
+     |  |      |    +-_Latona_-Jupiter               Mars
+     |  |      |        |                             |
+     |  |      |        |                 _Dia_-Ixion-+
+     |  |      |        |                        |    |
+     |  |      |        |               Centaurs-+    |
+     |  |      |        |                        |    |
+     |  |      |        | _Hippodamia_-Pirithous-+    |
+     |  |      |        |                             |
+     |  |      |        +-Apollo- & -_Coronis_--------+
+     |  |      |        +-_Diana_      |
+     |  |      |                       +-Æsculapius
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-Machaon
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-_Hygeia_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Iapetus-_Clymene_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Menetius
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Atlas
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Hesperus
+     |  |      |  |  |
+     |  |      |  |  +-_Hesperides_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Epimetheus-_Pandora_
+     |  |      |  |  |
+     |  |      |  |  +-_Pyrrha_-Deucalion
+     |  |      |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |      +-Hellen                            Sol
+     |  |      |  |         |                                 |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Æolus                 _Pasiphæ_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |                              |
+     |  |      |  |         |  +-Salmoneus            _Circe_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |  |                           |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |  +-_Tyro_-Neptune      Æetes-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |                  |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Æson    Absyrtus-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |  |               |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |  +-Jason-_Medea_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Pelias
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Neleus
+     |  |      |  |         |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |         +-Nestor
+     |  |      |  |         |  |
+     |  |      |  |         |  +-Sisyphus
+     |  |      |  |         |     |
+     |  |      |  |         |     +-Glaucus
+     |  |      |  |         |        |
+     |  |      |  |         |        +-Bellerophon-_Philonoë_
+     |  |      |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Dorus
+     |  |      |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Xuthus
+     |  |      |  |            |
+     |  |      |  |            +-Ion
+     |  |      |  |            |
+     |  |      |  |            +-Achæus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Prometheus
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-Deucalion-_Pyrrha_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Hyperion-_Gæa_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-_Aurora_-Æolus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Boreas-_Orithyia_
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-Zetus
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-Calais
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-_Cleopatra_
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-_Chione_
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Corus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Eurus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Notus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Aquilo
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Zephyrus-_Flora_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Crius
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Themis_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Parcæ_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Horæ_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Ilia_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Cronus-
+     |  |      +-_Rhea_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Vesta_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Juno_-
+     |  |      |   +-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Mars-_Venus_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Anteros
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cupid-_Psyche_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |       Jupiter-_Io_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        +-Epaphus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |           |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |           +-_Libya_-Neptune
+     |  |      |   |  |  |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  | _Telephassa_- |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        Agenor-+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |  +-Belus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Pygmalion
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-_Dido_-Sychæus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Danaus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |  +-_Danaides_-50 Sons
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      ||
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Acrisius
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         +-_Danae_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |     Celeus-    |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |   _Cassiopeia_ |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |             |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     | _Andromeda_-+  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |    -Perseus----+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Alcæus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  +-Amphitryon-_Alcmene_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     +-Iphicles
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        +-Iolaus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Electryon
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  +-_Alcmene_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |    Œneus-_Althæa_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |      Meleager-+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     | _Deianeira_- -+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     +-Hercules
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        +-Hyllus-_Iole_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Sthenelus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         +-Eurystheus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |            |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |            +-_Admete_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Ægyptus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |        +-50 Sons
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-_Harmonia_ |
+     |  |      |   |  |     | -Cadmus-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Cilix
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Phœnix
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-_Europa_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Sarpedon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Rhadamanthus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Minos
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                   ||
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                   +-Minos-_Pasiphae_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |  Ægeus-_Æthra_          |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |  _Hippolyte_        |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |       &             |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +----Theseus-_Phædra_-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Hippolytus    |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                         +-_Ariadne_-Bacchus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Ino_-Athamas-_Nephele_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |         Phryxus-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |         _Helle_-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Palæmon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Learchus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Autonoe_-Aristæus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Actæon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Agave_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Pentheus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Semele_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Bacchus-_Ariadne_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-Polydorus
+     |  |      |   |  |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |        +-Labdacus
+     |  |      |   |  |           |
+     |  |      |   |  |           +-Laius-_Jocasta_
+     |  |      |   |  |              |
+     |  |      |   |  |              +-Å’dipus-_Jocasta_
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-Eteocles
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-Polynices
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-_Antigone_
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-_Ismene_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Vulcan-_Medusa_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cacus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Periphetes
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cercyon
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Hebe_-Hercules
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Neptune-_Amphitrite_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Triton
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Ceres_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Proserpina_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Pluto-_Proserpina_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Mnemosyne_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clio_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Hymen
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Calliope_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Orpheus-_Eurydice_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Thalia_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Euterpe_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Urania_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Melpomene_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Terpsichore_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Polyhymnia_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Erato_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Brontes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Steropes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Arges
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Briareus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Cottus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Gyes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Typhœus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Hydra
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Cerberus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Chimæra
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-Nemean Lion
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-_Sphinx_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Enceladus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Antæus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Harpies_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Tityus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Nereus
+     |  |
+     |  +-Eros
+     |  |
+     |  +-Pontus
+     |     |
+     |     +-Phorcys
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Bellona_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Stheno_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Euryale_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Medusa_-Neptune
+     |            |
+     |            +-Pegasus
+     |            |
+     |            +-Polyphemus
+     |
+     +-Charon
+     |
+     +-_Eris_
+     |
+     +-Somnus
+     |  |
+     |  +-Morpheus
+     |
+     +-Mors
+
+
+{Transcription:
+
+Chaos (M) married Nyx (F).
+Their child was Erebus (M).
+
+  Erebus (M) married Nyx (F).
+  Their children were Hemera (F), Æther (M), Charon (M), Eris (F),
+      Somnus (M) and Mors (M).
+
+    Hemera (F) married Æther (M).
+    Their children were Gæa (F), Eros (M) and Pontus (M).
+
+      Gæa (F) had a child, Uranus (M).
+
+        Uranus (M) married Gæa (F).
+        Their children were Oceanus (M), Thetis (F), Cœus (M), Phœbe
+            (F), Iapetus (M), Hyperion (M), Crius (M), Themis (F),
+            Ilia (F), Cronus (M), Rhea (F), Mnemosyne (F), Brontes
+            (M), Steropes (M), Arges (M), Briareus (M), Cottus (M),
+            Gyes (M), Typhœus (M), Enceladus (M), Antæus (M), Harpies
+            (F), Tityus (M) and Nereus (M).
+
+          Oceanus (M) married Thetis (F).
+          Their children were Achelous (M), Alpheus (M), Peneus (M),
+              Inachus (M), Proteus (M), Doris (F), Metis (F), Clymene
+              (F), Æthra (F), Calypso (F), Clytie (F) and Electra (F).
+
+            Achelous (M) married Calliope (F).
+            Their children were Sirens (F).
+
+            Alpheus (M) married Arethusa (F).
+
+            Peneus (M) married Gæa (F).
+            Their child was Daphne (F).
+
+            Inachus (M) had a child, Io (F).
+
+            Doris (F) married Nereus (M).
+            Their children were Amphitrite (F), Dione (F), Arethusa
+                (F), Galatea (F), Thetis (F) and Clymene (F).
+
+              Amphitrite (F) married Neptune (M).
+              Their child was Triton (M).
+
+              Dione (F) married Jupiter (M).
+              Their child was Venus (F).
+
+              Galatea (F) married Acis (M).
+
+              Thetis (F) married Peleus (M).
+              Their child was Achilles (M).
+
+                Achilles (M) had a child, Pyrrhus (M).
+
+                  Pyrrhus (M) married Hermione (F).
+                  Hermione's parents were Menelaus (M) and Helen (F).
+                  Menelaus (M) had a sibling, Agamemnon (M).
+                  Their parent was Atreus (M).
+                  Atreus' (M) parent was Pelops (M).
+                  Pelops (M) had a sibling, Niobe (F).
+                  Their parent was Tantalus (M).
+                  Niobe (F) married Amphion (M).
+                  Amphion (M) had a sibling, Zethus (M).
+                  Their parents were Jupiter (M) and Antiope (F).
+                  Antiope (F) also married Lycus (M), and Lycus (M)
+                      also married Dirce (F).
+                  Agamemnon (M) married Clytæmnestra (F).
+                  Their children were Iphigenia (F), Electra (F) and
+                      Orestes (M).
+                  Electra (F) married Pylades (M).
+                  Clytæmnestra (F) had three siblings, Helen (F),
+                      Castor (M) and Pollux (M)
+                  Their parents were Tyndareus (M) and Leda (F).
+                  Leda (F) also married Jupiter (M).
+
+              Clymene (F) married Apollo (M).
+              Their children were Heliades (F) and Phaeton (M).
+
+            Metis (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Minerva (F).
+
+            Clymene (F) married Iapetus (M).
+
+            Æthra (F) married Atlas (M).
+            Their children were Pleiades (F) and Maia (F).
+
+              Maia (F) married Jupiter (M).
+              Their child was Mercury (M).
+
+                Mercury (M) married Penelope (F).
+                Their child was Pan (M).
+                Penelope (F) also married Ulysses (M).
+                Their child was Telemachus (M).
+
+            Calypso (F) married Ulysses (M).
+
+            Electra (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Dardanus (M).
+
+              Dardanus (M) married Batea (F), whose parent was
+                  Teucer (M).
+              Their descendants were Laomedon (M) and Themis (F).
+
+                Laomedon (M) had three children, Priam (M), Hesione
+                    (F) and Tithonus (M).
+
+                  Priam (M) married Hecuba (F).
+                  Their children were Hector (M), Paris (M), Cassandra
+                      (F), Polites (M), Polyxena (F) and Deiphobus (M).
+
+                    Hector (M) married Andromache (F).
+
+                    Paris (M) married Helen (F).
+
+                    Deiphobus (M) married Helen (F).
+
+                  Hesione (F) married Telamon (M).
+                  Their child was Ajax (M).
+
+                  Tithonus (M) married Aurora (F).
+
+                Themis (F) married Capys (M).
+                Their child was Anchises (M).
+
+                  Anchises (M) married Venus (F).
+                  Their child was Æneas (M).
+
+                    Æneas (M) married Lavinia (F).
+                    Their child was Æneas Silvia (M).
+                    Æneas (M) also married Creusa (F).
+                    Their child was Iulus (M).
+
+                      Æneas Silvia's (M) descendant was Numitor (M).
+
+                        Numitor (M) had a child, Ilia (F).
+
+                          Ilia (F) married Mars (M).
+                          Their children were Remus (M) and Romulus (M).
+
+          Cœus (M) married Phœbe (F).
+          Their child was Latona (F).
+
+            Latona (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their children were Apollo (M) and Diana (F).
+
+              Apollo (M) married Diana (F).
+              Apollo (M) also married Coronis (F).
+              Their child was Æsculapius (M).
+              Coronis (F) had a sibling, Ixion (M)
+              Their parent was Mars (M).
+              Ixion (M) married Dia (F).
+              Their children were Centaurs (M) and Pirithous (M).
+
+                Æsculapius (M) had two children, Machaon (M) and
+                    Hygeia (F).
+
+                Pirithous married Hippodamia (F).
+
+          Iapetus (M) married Clymene (F).
+          Their children were Menetius (M), Atlas (M), Hesperus (M),
+              Epimetheus (M) and Prometheus (M).
+
+            Hesperus (M) had a child, Hesperides (F).
+
+            Epimetheus (M) married Pandora (F).
+            Their child was Pyrrha (F).
+
+            Prometheus (M) had a child, Deucalion (M).
+
+              Pyrrha (F) married Deucalion (M).
+              Their child was Hellen (M).
+
+                Hellen (M) had three children, Æolus (M), Dorus (M)
+                    and Xuthus (M).
+
+                  Æolus (M) had two children, Salmoneus (M) and
+                      Sisyphus (M).
+
+                    Salmoneus (M) had a child, Tyro (F).
+
+                      Tyro (F) married Neptune (M).
+                      Their children were Æson (M), Pelias (M) and
+                          Neleus (M).
+
+                        Æson (M) had a child, Jason (M).
+
+                          Jason (M) married Medea (F).
+                          Medea (F) had a sibling, Absyrtus (M).
+                          Their parent was Æetes (M).
+                          Æetes (M) had two siblings, Pasiphæ (F) and
+                              Circe (F).
+                          Their parent was Sol (M).
+
+                        Neleus (M) had a child, Nestor (M).
+
+                    Sisyphus (M) had a child, Glaucus (M).
+
+                      Glaucus (M) had a child, Bellerophon (M).
+
+                        Bellerophon (M) married Philonoë (F).
+
+                  Xuthus (M) had two children, Ion (M) and Achæus (M).
+
+          Hyperion (M) married Gæa (F).
+          Their child was Aurora (F).
+
+            Aurora (F) married Æolus (M).
+            Their children were Boreas (M), Corus (M), Eurus (M),
+                Notus (M), Aquilo (M) and Zephyrus (M).
+
+              Boreas (M) married Orithyia (F).
+              Their children were Zetus (M), Calais (M), Cleopatra (F)
+                  and Chione (F).
+
+              Zephyrus (M) married Flora (F).
+
+          Themis (F) married Jupiter (M).
+          Their children were Parcæ (F) and Horæ (F).
+
+          Cronus (M) married Rhea (F).
+          Their children were Vesta (F), Juno (F), Jupiter (M),
+              Neptune (M), Ceres (F) and Pluto (M).
+
+            Juno (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their children were Mars (M), Vulcan (M) and Hebe (F).
+
+              Mars (M) married Venus (F).
+              Their children were Anteros (M), Cupid (M) and
+                  Harmonia (F).
+
+                Cupid (M) married Psyche (F).
+
+                Harmonia (F) married Cadmus (M).
+
+              Vulcan (M) married Medusa (F).
+              Their children were Cacus (M), Periphetes (M) and
+                  Cercyon (M).
+
+              Hebe (F) married Hercules (M).
+
+            Jupiter (M) married Io (F).
+            Their child was Epaphus (M).
+
+              Epaphus (M) had a child, Libya (F).
+
+                Libya (F) married Neptune (M).
+                Their children were Agenor (M) and Belus (M).
+
+                  Agenor (M) married Telephassa (F).
+                  Their children were Cadmus (M), Cilix (M), Phœnix
+                      (M) and Europa (F).
+
+                    Cadmus (M) married Harmonia (F).
+                    Their children were Ino (F), Autonoe (F), Agave
+                        (F), Semele (F) and Polydorus (M).
+
+                      Ino (F) married Athamas (M).
+                      Their children were Palæmon (M) and Learchus (M).
+                      Athamas (M) also married Nephele (F).
+                      Their children were Phryxus (M) and Helle (F).
+
+                      Autonoe (F) married Aristæus (M).
+                      Their child was Actæon (M).
+
+                      Agave (F) had a child, Pentheus (M).
+
+                      Semele (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                      Their child was Bacchus (M).
+
+                        Bacchus (M) married Ariadne (F).
+
+                      Polydorus (M) had a child, Labdacus (M).
+
+                        Labdacus (M) had a child, Laius (M).
+
+                          Laius (M) married Jocasta (F).
+                          Their child was Å’dipus (M).
+
+                            Å’dipus married Jocasta (F).
+                            Their children were Eteocles (M), Polynices
+                                (M), Antigone (F) and Ismene (F).
+
+                    Europa (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                    Their children were Sarpedon (M), Rhadamanthus (M)
+                        and Minos (M).
+
+                      Minos' (M) descendant was Minos (M).
+
+                        Minos (M) married Pasiphae (F).
+                        Their children were Phædra (F) and Ariadne (F).
+
+                          Phædra (F) married Theseus (M), whose parents
+                              were Ægeus (M) and Æthra (F).
+                          Theseus (M) also married Hippolyte (F).
+                          Their child was Hippolytus (M).
+
+                          Ariadne (F) married Bacchus (M).
+
+                  Belus (M) had four children, Pygmalion (M), Dido (F),
+                      Danaus (M) and Ægyptus (M).
+
+                    Dido (F) married Sychæus (M).
+
+                    Danaus' (M) children were the Danaides (F).
+
+                    Ægyptus (M) had 50 sons.
+
+                      The Danaides (F) married the 50 sons.
+                      Their descendant was Acrisius (M).
+
+                        Acrisius (M) had a child, Danae (F).
+
+                          Danae (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                          Their child was Perseus (M).
+
+                            Perseus (M) married Andromeda (F), whose
+                                parents were Celeus (M) and Cassiopeia (F).
+                            Their children were Alcæus (M), Electryon (M)
+                                and Sthenelus (M).
+
+                              Alcæus (M) had a child, Amphitryon (M).
+
+                              Electryon (M) had a child, Alcmene (F).
+
+                                Amphitryon (M) married Alcmene (F).
+                                Their child was Iphicles (M).
+
+                                  Iphicles (M) had a child, Iolaus (M).
+
+                                Alcmene (F) also married Jupiter (M).
+                                Their child was Hercules (M).
+
+                                  Hercules (M) married Deianeira (F),
+                                      whose sibling was Meleager (M),
+                                      and whose parents were Å’neus (M)
+                                      and Althæa (F).
+                                  Their child was Hyllus (M), who married
+                                      Iole (F).
+
+                              Sthenelus (M) had a child, Eurystheus (M).
+
+                                Eurystheus (M) had a child, Admete (F).
+
+            Neptune (M) married Amphitrite (F).
+            Their child was Triton (M).
+
+            Ceres (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Proserpina (F).
+
+            Pluto (M) married Proserpina (F).
+
+          Mnemosyne (F) married Jupiter (M).
+          Their children were Clio (F), Calliope (F), Thalia (F),
+              Euterpe (F), Urania (F), Melpomene (F), Terpsichore
+              (F), Polyhymnia (F) and Erato (F).
+
+            Clio (F) had a child, Hymen (M).
+
+            Calliope (F) had a child, Orpheus (M).
+
+              Orpheus (M) married Eurydice (F).
+
+          Typhœus (M) had three children, Hydra (M), Cerberus (M)
+              and Chimæra (M).
+
+            Chimæra (M) had two children, Nemean Lion (M) and
+                Sphinx (F).
+
+      Pontus (M) had a child, Phorcys (M).
+
+        Phorcys (M) had four children, Bellona (F), Stheno (F), Euryale
+            (F) and Medusa (F).
+
+          Medusa (F) married Neptune (M).
+          Their children were Pegasus (M) and Polyphemus (M).
+
+    Somnus (M) had a child, Morpheus (M).}
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.
+
+
+    Addison, 24, 49, 83, 85, 165, 172, 173.
+
+    Æschylus, 246.
+
+    Akenside, 163.
+
+    Apollonius, 126.
+
+    Apollonius Rhodius, 181, 269.
+
+    Arion, 158.
+
+    Aristophanes, 15.
+
+    Arnold, Edwin, 111, 112, 114.
+
+    Arnold, Matthew, 74.
+
+
+    Beaumont and Fletcher, 300.
+
+    Bion, 108, 110.
+
+    Boyesen, 97, 137.
+
+    Browning, E. B., 22, 108, 137.
+
+    Bryant, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 153, 172, 211, 305, 315, 318, 319,
+        320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345,
+        346, 349, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359.
+
+    Byron, 49, 91, 93, 116.
+
+
+    Catullus, 226, 255, 257, 259, 306.
+
+    Chapman, 149.
+
+    Coluthus, 308, 312.
+
+    Conington, 41, 51, 64, 142, 193, 202, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361,
+        362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 376, 377.
+
+    Cornwall, 184.
+
+    Cowper, 131, 156, 308.
+
+    Croxall, 177, 178.
+
+
+    Darwin, 123, 187, 218, 219, 228, 230.
+
+    Dryden, 35, 37, 44, 70, 161, 168, 169, 208.
+
+
+    Elton, 12, 15, 21, 29, 33, 45, 52, 108, 110, 136, 138, 154, 171,
+        220, 241, 255, 267, 269, 271, 307, 308, 310, 312, 339.
+
+    Emerson, 297.
+
+    Euripides, 166, 229, 311, 315, 316.
+
+    Eusden, 118.
+
+
+    Flaccus, 52, 220, 269, 271.
+
+    Fletcher, 38.
+
+    Francklin, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287,
+        288, 290, 331.
+
+    Frere, 15.
+
+
+    Goldsmith, 134.
+
+    Gray, 179.
+
+
+    Hemans, 60, 98.
+
+    H. H. (Helen Hunt Jackson), 73.
+
+    Hesiod, 15, 21, 29, 33, 154, 229, 339.
+
+    Holmes, 330.
+
+    Homer, 23, 39, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 147, 149, 153, 156, 161, 167,
+        168, 172, 211, 292, 297, 305, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323,
+        324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 352,
+        354, 355, 357, 358, 359.
+
+    Homeric Hymn, 190, 195.
+
+    Horace, 27, 75, 278.
+
+    Hunt, 114, 216, 341.
+
+
+    Ingelow, 187, 194.
+
+    Iriarte, Tomas de, 372.
+
+
+    Keats, 67, 90, 98, 105, 119, 120, 134, 149, 176, 179, 192, 301,
+        303, 304.
+
+
+    Landon, 113.
+
+    Longfellow, 27, 88, 99, 107, 206.
+
+    Lowell, 23, 64, 79, 131.
+
+    Lucan, 214.
+
+
+    Macaulay, 130, 279.
+
+    Martinez de la Rosa, 177.
+
+    Melanippides, 73.
+
+    Meleager, 94, 265.
+
+    Meredith, Owen, 72.
+
+    Milton, 79, 144, 163, 238.
+
+    Moore, 16, 71, 72, 193, 278.
+
+    Morris, 97, 100, 101, 110, 123, 127, 128, 151, 183, 194, 235, 248,
+        252, 335.
+
+    Moschus, 45, 137.
+
+
+    Nonnus, 171.
+
+
+    Onomacritus, 267, 269, 271.
+
+    Orphic Argonautics, 266.
+
+    Orphic Hymn, 188.
+
+    Ovid, 12, 35, 37, 44, 70, 118, 172, 173, 177, 178, 208, 255, 298, 299.
+
+
+    Pike, 61.
+
+    Pindar, 17, 168.
+
+    Pitt, 163, 196, 205.
+
+    Pope, 23, 39, 57, 77, 147, 156, 167, 168, 239, 292, 298, 299.
+
+    Potter, 166, 229, 246, 311, 315, 316.
+
+    Prior, 68, 143, 148, 174, 243, 283.
+
+
+    Quintus Smyrnæus, 307.
+
+
+    St. John, 242, 244.
+
+    Saxe, 62, 63, 77, 84, 119, 160, 253, 255.
+
+    Schiller, 121, 238.
+
+    Scott, 165.
+
+    S. G. B., 238.
+
+    Shakespeare, 44, 76, 139.
+
+    Shelley, 55, 103, 241.
+
+    Simonides, 241.
+
+    Somerville, 90.
+
+    Sophocles, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287,
+        288, 290, 331.
+
+    Southey, 91.
+
+    Spenser, 59, 82, 105.
+
+    Statius, 136, 138.
+
+    Swift, 75.
+
+
+    Tennyson, 59, 80, 105, 306, 307, 331, 339, 359.
+
+    Theocritus, 216, 310, 341.
+
+    Timocreon of Rhodes, 159.
+
+
+    Virgil, 41, 51, 64, 131, 142, 160, 161, 163, 168, 169, 182, 193,
+        196, 202, 205, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
+        366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 374, 376, 377.
+
+
+    Warton, 182.
+
+    Wordsworth, 33, 65, 88, 223, 273, 295, 316, 317.
+
+    Worsley, 87.
+
+
+    Young, 202.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
+
+
+    Ab-syr´tus.
+      Son of King Æetes of Colchis;
+      slain by Medea, 271.
+
+    A-by´dus.
+      A city of Asia Minor;
+      the home of Leander, 111-116.
+
+    A-chæ´us.
+      Grandson of Hellen, and ancestor of the Achaians, 38.
+
+    A-cha´i-ans.
+      Inhabitants of the province of Achaia, 38.
+
+    A-cha´tes.
+      Friend and inseparable companion of Æneas, 366, 367.
+
+    Ach-e-lo´us.
+      River in Greece, bearing the name of its god, 232.
+
+    Ach-e-men´i-des.
+      Ulysses' sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by Æneas, 365.
+
+    Ach´e-ron.
+      1. River in Hades, 161;
+         Ulysses visits, 350;
+         Æneas crosses, 372.
+      2. Father of Furies, 163.
+
+    A-chil´les.
+      Son of Peleus and Thetis, 314-316;
+      surrenders Briseis, 318, 319;
+      the Greeks appeal to, 323-325;
+      slays Hector, 326-329;
+      death, 330;
+      in Happy Isles, 359;
+      father of Pyrrhus, 361;
+      significance, 394, 395.
+
+    A´cis.
+      Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, 341.
+
+    A-cris´i-us.
+      King of Argos, and father of Danae, 240, 241, 249;
+      significance, 390, 391.
+
+    A-crop´o-lis.
+      Hill in Athens, the site of the Parthenon and Theseus' temple, 262.
+
+    Ac-tæ´on.
+      Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, 100, 101.
+
+    Ad-me´te.
+      Daughter of Eurystheus, covets Hippolyte's girdle, 223.
+
+    Ad-me´tus.
+      King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by
+          Alcestis, 64, 65;
+      Hercules restores Alcestis to, 230;
+      one of the Argonauts, 266;
+      in Calydonian Hunt, 275;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    A-do´nis.
+      Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, 108-110;
+      significance, 195, 389.
+
+    A-dras´tus.
+      King of Argos;
+      his horse Arion, 153;
+      father of Hippodamia, 260;
+      sends expedition against Thebes, 287.
+
+    Æ´a-cus.
+      One of the three judges of the dead in Hades, 163.
+
+    Æ-æ´a.
+      Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, 347-350.
+
+    Æ-e´tes.
+      King of Colchis, father of Medea and Absyrtus, 268, 271;
+      brother of Circe, 347;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Æ-ge´an Sea.
+      Delos chained in, 62;
+      Arion borne by dolphins in, 82, 83;
+      named after Ægeus, 259.
+
+    Æ-ge´us.
+      King of Athens;
+      father of Theseus, 250, 252, 253;
+      drowns himself, 259;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Æ´gis.
+      Shield or breastplate of Minerva and Jupiter, 58;
+      loaned to Perseus, 243;
+      bears Medusa's head, 249.
+
+    Æ-gis´thus.
+      Murderer of Agamemnon;
+      slain by Orestes, 336.
+
+    Æg´le.
+      One of the Heliades;
+      changed to a poplar tree, 87.
+
+    Æ-gyp´tus.
+      Brother of Danaus, 166.
+
+    Æ-ne´a-dæ.
+      City which Æneas proposed to found in Thrace, 363.
+
+    Æ-ne´as.
+      Son of Venus and Anchises, 111;
+      Æneas' descendants, 140;
+      worship introduced into Italy by, 198;
+      hero of Virgil's Æneid, 360-377.
+
+    Æ-ne´as Sil´vi-a.
+      Son of Æneas;
+      founder of Alba Longa, 377.
+
+    Æ-ne´id.
+      Virgil's epic poem on the adventures of Æneas, 374.
+
+    Æ-o´li-a.
+      1. Same as Æolian Islands.
+      2. In Asia Minor, near Ægean Sea, 214.
+
+    Æ-o´li-an Islands.
+      The home of Æolus, god of the winds, 213, 346;
+      supposed to be Lipari Islands, 213.
+
+    Æ-o´li-an Race.
+      Descendants of Æolus, son of Hellen, 38.
+
+    Æ´o-lus.
+      1. God of the winds, 213-215;
+         Juno's bargain with, 266;
+         gift to Ulysses, 346;
+         destruction of Æneas' fleet, 365;
+         significance, 400.
+      2. Son of Hellen, founder of the Æolian race, 38.
+
+    Æs-cu-la´pi-us.
+      Son of Apollo and Coronis, 63, 64;
+      Machaon, son of, 331;
+      significance, 387.
+
+    Æ´son.
+      Father of Jason, 263;
+      rejuvenated by Medea, 273.
+
+    Æ´ther.
+      God of light, 13;
+      dethroned, 17.
+
+    Æ´thra.
+      Princess of Trœzene, 250;
+      mother of Theseus, 253;
+      Helen intrusted to, 260;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Æt´na.
+      Volcano in Sicily, 183;
+      the tomb of Enceladus, 24;
+      forge of Vulcan, 145, 148, 326;
+      Ceres' visit to, 187.
+
+    Æ-to´li-a.
+      Country between Epirus and Locris, 275.
+
+    Af´ri-ca.
+      Hercules' visit to, 226, 227.
+
+    Afterthought.
+      Name given to Epimetheus, 25.
+
+    Ag-a-mem´non.
+      Chief of the expedition against Troy, 314-319;
+      return of, 336;
+      troops of, 361;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    A-ga´ve.
+      Mother of Pentheus;
+      infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, 182.
+
+    A-ge´nor.
+      Father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Phœnix, 44-47.
+
+    Ag-la´ia.
+      One of the Graces;
+      an attendant of Venus, 105.
+
+    A-ï´des.
+      Same as Pluto;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    A-ï-do´neus.
+      Same as Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, 159.
+
+    A´jax.
+      Greek hero in Trojan war, 314;
+      Patroclus' corpse recovered by, 328;
+      insanity of, 330.
+
+    Al´ba Lon´ga.
+      City in Italy founded by Æneas Silvia, 377.
+
+    Al-ces´tis.
+      Wife of Admetus;
+      dies to save his life, 65;
+      restored by Hercules, 230.
+
+    Al-ci´des.
+      Same as Hercules, 216;
+      lion skin of, 220;
+      Deianeira accompanies, 234;
+      Deianeira's charm for, 236;
+      pose of, 239.
+
+    Al-cim´e-de.
+      Queen of Iolcus;
+      mother of Jason, 263.
+
+    Al-cin´o-us.
+      Phæacian king, enables Ulysses to reach Ithaca, 355.
+
+    Al-cip´pe.
+      Daughter of Mars;
+      carried off by Halirrhothius, 139.
+
+    Alc-me´ne.
+      Wife of Jupiter, and mother of Hercules, 28, 216;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    A-lec´to.
+      One of the Furies, 163;
+      sent by Juno to kindle war between Æneas and the Latins, 373.
+
+    A-lec´try-on.
+      Servant of Mars;
+      changed to a cock, 106, 107.
+
+    Al-phe´us.
+      1. River of Peloponnesus;
+         dammed to clean Augean stable, 221.
+      2. The river god who pursued Arethusa, 190-193.
+
+    Al-thæ´a.
+      Mother of Meleager, 275, 276.
+
+    Am-al-the´a.
+      Goat which nursed Jupiter, 21.
+
+    Am-a-se´nus.
+      River over which Metabus flung Camilla, 373.
+
+    A-ma´ta.
+      Wife of Latinus, 372;
+      driven mad by Alecto, 373;
+      suicide of, 376.
+
+    Am´a-zons.
+      Nation of warlike women;
+      Hercules visits, 224;
+      Theseus visits, 259;
+      Bellerophon visits, 295;
+      Queen of the, 329.
+
+    Am-bro´si-a.
+      Celestial food used by the gods, 41;
+      gods deprived of, 84.
+
+    Am´mon.
+      Temple of Jupiter in Libya, 48.
+
+    A´mor.
+      Same as Eros, Cupid, etc.;
+      god of love, 13;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 107.
+
+    Am-phi´on.
+      Son of Jupiter and Antiope;
+      musician;
+      King of Thebes, 80-82.
+
+    Am-phi-tri´te.
+      Same as Salacia, queen of the sea;
+      wife of Neptune, 154, 158;
+      train of, 155;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    An-chi´ses.
+      Husband of Venus, 111;
+      father of Æneas, 360-362;
+      prophecy recalled by, 364;
+      death of, 365;
+      death anniversary of, 369;
+      Æneas' visit to, 370-372.
+
+    An-ci´le.
+      Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, 143.
+
+    An-dræ´mon.
+      Husband of Dryope;
+      saw her changed to a tree, 298.
+
+    An-drom´a-che.
+      Wife of Hector;
+      parting of Hector and, 321-323;
+      grief of, 328;
+      captivity of, 365.
+
+    An-drom´e-da.
+      Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia;
+      saved by Perseus, 246-249;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    An-tæ´us.
+      Giant son of Gæa;
+      defender of the Pygmies;
+      slain by Hercules, 227, 228.
+
+    An-te´i-a.
+      Wife of Prœtus;
+      accuses Bellerophon falsely, 291;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    An´te-ros.
+      God of passion, 107, 108;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 140.
+
+    An-tig´o-ne.
+      Daughter of Å’dipus and Jocasta;
+      buried alive, 285-288;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    An-tin´o-us.
+      One of Penelope's suitors;
+      slain by Ulysses, 358.
+
+    An-ti´o-pe.
+      Wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Amphion and Zethus;
+      persecuted by Dirce, 80.
+
+    A-pha´re-us.
+      Father of Castor's murderer, 279.
+
+    Aph-ro-di´te.
+      Same as Venus, Dione, etc., 103, 105;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    A-pol´lo.
+      Same as Phœbus, Sol, and Helios, 61-91;
+      god of the sun, music, poetry, and medicine, 55;
+      Diana's brother, 93;
+      Niobe's sons slain by, 94;
+      Mars and Venus seen by, 106, 107;
+      Mercury steals cattle of, 132-134;
+      giants slain by, 139;
+      walls built by, 151, 152;
+      Marpessa claimed by, 155;
+      Vesta loved by, 198;
+      Janus, son of, 205;
+      oracles of, 280, 281;
+      steed of, 294;
+      Cassandra loved by, 310;
+      Chryses appeals to, 318, 319;
+      Ulysses incurs anger of, 354;
+      significance, 386, 390, 393, 396, 398.
+
+    Aq´ui-lo.
+      West wind, son of Æolus and Aurora, 213, 215.
+
+    A-rach´ne.
+      Minerva's needlework contest with, 58, 59.
+
+    Ar-ca´di-a.
+      Province of Peloponnesus, 221, 275;
+      Mercury's birthplace, 131.
+
+    Ar´cas.
+      Son of Jupiter and Callisto;
+      constellation of the Little Bear, 52.
+
+    A-re-o-pa-gi´tæ.
+      Judges of the criminal court of Athens, 140.
+
+    A-re-op´a-gus.
+      Hill near Athens;
+      site of the Parthenon, 140.
+
+    A´res.
+      Same as Mars, 138;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    A-re´te.
+      1. Goddess of virtue;
+         takes charge of Hercules, 218-220.
+      2. Wife of Alcinous;
+         mother of Nausicaa, 355.
+
+    Ar-e-thu´sa.
+      Nymph of Diana;
+      changed to a fountain, 190-193.
+
+    Ar´ges (Sheet-lightning).
+      A Cyclop;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Ar´go.
+      Vessel in which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece,
+          266-274;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ar-go-nau´tic Expedition
+      in search of golden fleece, 154;
+      Zetes and Calais in, 215;
+      Hercules in, 230;
+      Meleager in, 275;
+      significance, 391, 392.
+
+    Ar´go-nauts.
+      Name given to Jason and crew, 267-271;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ar´gos.
+      City in Argolis, dedicated to Juno, 52-54;
+      Eurystheus, king of, 218-220;
+      Acrisius, king of, 240, 249;
+      Adrastus, king of, 260, 287;
+      Prœtus, king of, 291;
+      Agamemnon's return to, 336;
+      significance, 389, 390.
+
+    Ar´gus.
+      1. Name of myriad-eyed giant who watched Io, 135-137;
+         significance, 385.
+      2. Name of Ulysses' faithful hound, 357.
+
+    A-ri-ad´ne.
+      Daughter of Minos;
+      Theseus aided by, 256, 257;
+      deserted by Theseus, 179, 257;
+      marries Bacchus, 181;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    A-ri´on.
+      1. Winged steed;
+         the offspring of Neptune and Ceres, 153.
+      2. Musician;
+         thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, 82, 83.
+
+    Ar-is-tæ´us.
+      Youth who indirectly causes Eurydice's death, 76.
+
+    Ar´te-mis.
+      Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 97.
+
+    As-cal´a-phus.
+      Spirit in Hades who saw Proserpina eat pomegranate seeds, 195.
+
+    A´si-a Mi´nor.
+      West of Asia;
+      Bacchus' visit to, 176;
+      Vesta's shrine in, 198;
+      Thetis' flight from, 326.
+
+    As-kle´pi-os.
+      Same as Æsculapius;
+      son of Apollo and Coronis, 63.
+
+    As-ty´a-nax.
+      Infant son of Hector and Andromache, 321.
+
+    At-a-lan´ta.
+      Maiden who takes part in Calydonian Hunt and races with Milanion
+          or Hippomenes, 275-278;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ath´a-mas.
+      King of Thebes;
+      father of Phryxus and Helle, 265;
+      Ino in madness slain by, 174;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    A-the´ne.
+      Same as Minerva, 55;
+      tutelary goddess of Athens, 57;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    A-the´ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Athens, 215;
+      tribute of, 253, 256;
+      ingratitude of, 262.
+
+    Ath´ens.
+      Minerva's festivals at, 60;
+      tribunal at, 139, 140;
+      contest for, 152;
+      Ægeus, king of, 250;
+      Theseus' arrival at, 252, 253;
+      Ariadne elopes to, 256;
+      Castor and Pollux' visit to, 260;
+      Theseus, king of, 262;
+      Peleus, king of, 305.
+
+    At´las.
+      1. Mountains.
+      2. One of Iapetus' sons, 25;
+         daughters of, 98;
+         heavens supported by, 227-229;
+         Perseus petrifies, 244-246;
+         significance, 379.
+
+    At´ro-pos.
+      One of the Fates;
+      cuts the thread of life, 165.
+
+    At´ti-ca.
+      Province of Greece;
+      Cecrops founds city in, 57;
+      oppression of, 255;
+      shores of, 259.
+
+    Au-ge´as.
+      King of Elis;
+      his stables were cleansed by Hercules, 221-223.
+
+    Au´lis.
+      Port in BÅ“otia, the meeting-place of the Greek expedition
+          against Troy, 312, 315.
+
+    Au-ro´ra.
+      Same as Eos, goddess of dawn;
+      attendant of Apollo, 85, 107;
+      jealousy of, 70;
+      Tithonus loved by, 90;
+      Æolus' wife, 213.
+
+    Aus´ter.
+      Southwest wind, same as Notus;
+      a son of Æolus and Aurora, 215.
+
+    Au-tom´e-don.
+      Achilles' charioteer, 328.
+
+    Av´en-tine.
+      One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 226.
+
+    A-ver´nus.
+      Lake near Naples;
+      the entrance to Hades in Italy, 160;
+      Æneas' visit to, 370.
+
+
+    Bab´y-lon.
+      The home of Pyramus and Thisbe, 117.
+
+    Bac-cha-na´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Bac-chan´tes.
+      Female followers of Bacchus, 176, 182;
+      Orpheus slain by, 79, 80.
+
+    Bac´chus.
+      Same as Dionysus, god of wine and revelry;
+      son of Jupiter and Semele, 171-182;
+      Vulcan visited by, 147;
+      Ariadne rescued by, 257;
+      tutor of, 300;
+      gift from, 306.
+
+    Bau´cis.
+      1. The mortal who showed hospitality to Jupiter and Mercury;
+         wife of Philemon, 43, 44.
+      2. Father of Dryope (changed to a tree), 298.
+
+    Bel-ler´o-phon.
+      Demigod;
+      mounts Pegasus and slays the dread Chimæra, 291-296;
+      significance, 393, 394.
+
+    Bel-lo´na.
+      Goddess of war;
+      attendant of Mars, 138.
+
+    Ber-e-ni´ce.
+      Queen whose hair was changed into a comet, 130, 384.
+
+    Ber´o-e.
+      Nurse of Semele, whose form Juno assumes to arouse Semele's
+          jealousy, 171, 172.
+
+    Bi´ton.
+      Brother of Cleobis;
+      draws his mother to the temple, 54.
+
+    Bœ-o´ti-a.
+      Province in Greece, whose principal city was Thebes, 47, 280.
+
+    Bo´re-as.
+      North wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora;
+      kidnaps Orithyia, 213-215;
+      sons of, 267.
+
+    Bos´po-rus.
+      Channel connecting Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, on route of
+          Argonauts, 268.
+
+    Brass Age.
+      Third age of world, 35.
+
+    Bri-a´re-us.
+      One of the Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18;
+      umpire, 152.
+
+    Bri-se´is.
+      Captive of Achilles during Trojan war;
+      claimed by Agamemnon, 318, 319, 324;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Bron´tes (Thunder).
+      A Cyclop;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Bru´tus.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+
+    Ca´cus.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, 226;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Cad´mus.
+      Brother of Europa;
+      founder of Thebes, 45-48;
+      husband of Harmonia, 107;
+      daughter of, 171;
+      dragon-tooth seed of, 268;
+      significance, 386, 390, 393.
+
+    Ca-du´ce-us.
+      Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, 134.
+
+    Cæ´sar.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Cal´a-is.
+      Son of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Cal´chas.
+      Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, 315.
+
+    Cal-li´o-pe.
+      One of the nine Muses, loved by Apollo, 90;
+      mother of Orpheus, 75.
+
+    Cal-lis´to.
+      Maiden loved by Jupiter;
+      changed into a bear by Juno;
+      the Great Bear, 52.
+
+    Cal´y-don.
+      Home of Meleager;
+      site of Calydonian Hunt, 275.
+
+    Cal-y-do´ni-an Hunt.
+      Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, 275-279.
+
+    Ca-lyp´so.
+      Nymph who detained Ulysses on Ogygia seven years, 354;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Ca-mil´la.
+      Volscian maiden;
+      fights, and is slain by, Æneas, 373, 376;
+      dedicated to Diana, 374.
+
+    Ca-mil´lus.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Cam´pus mar´ti-us.
+      Roman exercising grounds sacred to Mars, 143.
+
+    Can´cer.
+      Crab which attacked Hercules to defend the Hydra;
+      a constellation, 221.
+
+    Cap´i-tol.
+      Temple dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, 48.
+
+    Car´thage.
+      A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by Æneas, 367.
+
+    Cas-san´dra.
+      Daughter of Priam;
+      her prophecies, though true, were always disbelieved, 310, 364;
+      captivity of, 361.
+
+    Cas-si-o-pe´ia.
+      Mother of Andromeda, 246;
+      a constellation, 249;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Cas´tor.
+      One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, 278, 279;
+      rescue of Helen by, 260;
+      Argonauts joined by, 266;
+      Calydonian Hunt joined by, 275.
+
+    Cau-ca´si-an Mountains.
+      Same as Caucasus;
+      Prometheus chained to, 28, 227.
+
+    Ce´crops.
+      Founder of Athens, 57;
+      descendants of, 255.
+
+    Ce-læ´no.
+      One of the Harpies;
+      frightens Æneas by prophesying harm, 365.
+
+    Ce´le-us.
+      1. King of Eleusis;
+         father of Triptolemus, 188.
+      2. Father of Andromeda;
+         significance, 391.
+
+    Cen´taurs.
+      Children of Ixion, half man, half horse;
+      Chiron, 218, 263, 314;
+      Hercules fights, 221;
+      battle of, 230, 260;
+      Nessus, 234-236;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Cen-tim´a-ni (Hundred-handed).
+      Three sons of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 18.
+
+    Ceph´a-lus.
+      Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, 70, 71, 90;
+      significance, 387.
+
+    Cer´be-rus.
+      Three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of Hades, 76, 77, 160;
+      Hercules captures, 229, 260;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Cer´cy-on.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      encountered by Theseus, 252.
+
+    Ce-re-a´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, 196.
+
+    Ce´res.
+      Same as Demeter, goddess of agriculture and civilization, 159,
+          183-197;
+      Cronus disgorges, 22;
+      Psyche consults, 127, 128;
+      Neptune loves, 153;
+      Pelops' shoulder eaten by, 167;
+      significance, 396, 397.
+
+    Cer-y-ne´a.
+      Town of Achaia, 221.
+
+    Cer-y-ne´ian Stag.
+      Stag taken by Hercules;
+      one of his labors, 221.
+
+    Ces´tus.
+      Venus' magic, love-inspiring girdle, 130, 308.
+
+    Ce´yx.
+      King of Thessaly;
+      shipwrecked, and changed with his wife Halcyone into birds, 211, 212.
+
+    Cha´os.
+      The first of all divinities, who ruled over confusion, 12, 13;
+      ejection of, 17;
+      daughter of, 57.
+
+    Char´i-tes.
+      The three Graces;
+      attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Cha´ron.
+      The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, 161;
+      Æneas ferried by, 372;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Cha-ryb´dis.
+      Whirlpool near the coast of Sicily, 352, 353, 365.
+
+    Chi-mæ´ra.
+      Monster slain by Bellerophon, 292-296;
+      significance, 394, 401.
+
+    Chi´o-ne.
+      Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Chi´os.
+      One of the islands of the Archipelago, 99.
+
+    Chi´ron.
+      Learned Centaur, 218, 263, 266, 314;
+      death of, 221.
+
+    Chry-se´is.
+      Daughter of Chryses;
+      taken by Agamemnon, 318, 319.
+
+    Chry´ses.
+      Father of Chryseis;
+      priest of Apollo;
+      brings a plague on the Greek camp, 318, 319.
+
+    Ci-co´ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Ci-lic´i-a.
+      Province in Asia Minor, between Æolia and Troas, 47.
+
+    Ci´lix.
+      Brother of Europa;
+      founder of Cilicia, 45, 47.
+
+    Cim-me´ri-an Shores.
+      Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, 350.
+
+    Cir´ce.
+      Sister of Æetes;
+      sorceress who changes Ulysses' men into swine, 347-353;
+      significance, 395, 396.
+
+    Cle´o-bis.
+      Brother of Biton;
+      a devoted son, 54.
+
+    Cle-o-pa´tra.
+      Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Cli´o.
+      One of the nine Muses, 88.
+
+    Clo´tho.
+      One of the Fates;
+      she spins the thread of life, 165.
+
+    Clym´e-ne.
+      1. Wife of Iapetus;
+         an ocean nymph, 25.
+      2. Nymph loved by Apollo;
+         mother of Phaeton, 83, 87.
+
+    Clyt-æm-nes´tra.
+      Wife of Agamemnon;
+      slain by Orestes, 336;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Clyt´i-e.
+      Maiden who loves Apollo, and is changed into a sunflower, 72.
+
+    Co-cy´tus.
+      River in Hades, formed of tears of the condemned, 160, 161.
+
+    Cϫus.
+      One of the Titans;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+
+    Col´chi-an Land.
+      Ram bears Phryxus to, 154;
+      Argonauts arrive at, 268;
+      Argonauts depart from, 269;
+      sailors of, 271.
+
+    Col´chis.
+      Land in Asia ruled by Æetes, where the golden fleece was kept,
+          265, 266;
+      return from, 274.
+
+    Co-lo´nus.
+      Forest sacred to Furies, where Å’dipus vanished in a storm, 286.
+
+    Co-los´sus.
+      Statue of Apollo in the Island of Rhodes, 91.
+
+    Con-sen´tes.
+      Same as Pan, god of the universe and of nature, 300.
+
+    Co´pre-us.
+      Son of Pelops;
+      owner of the marvelous horse Arion, 153.
+
+    Co´ra.
+      Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Cor´inth.
+      City and isthmus between Greece proper and the Peloponnesus,
+          152, 158, 294;
+      Sisyphus, king of, 167, 291;
+      Sciron at, 251;
+      Polybus, king of, 280-282, 286.
+
+    Co-ro´na.
+      Constellation, also known as Ariadne's Crown, 181.
+
+    Co-ro´nis.
+      Maiden loved by Apollo;
+      mother of Æsculapius, 62, 63;
+      significance, 386, 389.
+
+    Co´rus.
+      Northwest wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Cor-y-ban´tes.
+      Same as Curetes;
+      Rhea's priests, 21.
+
+    Cot´tus.
+      One of the Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Cre´on.
+      Father of Jocasta and of Megara, 219;
+      King of Thebes, 288.
+
+    Cre´tan Bull.
+      Hercules captures, 223.
+
+    Crete.
+      Island home of Minos, 223, 253, 256;
+      Menelaus' journey to, 312;
+      Æneas' sojourn in, 364;
+      Zeus, king of, 379.
+
+    Cre-u´sa.
+      1. Wife of Æneas;
+         killed in attempting to fly from Troy, 361-363.
+      2. Same as Glauce;
+         maiden loved by Jason, 273.
+
+    Cri´us.
+      One of the Titans;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+
+    Cro´nus.
+      Same as Saturn;
+      a Titan who rules supreme;
+      father of Jupiter, 17-23, 25, 35;
+      daughters of, 51, 183, 198;
+      son of, 159.
+
+    Cru´mis-sa.
+      Island where Neptune carried Theophane;
+      birthplace of the golden-fleeced ram, 154.
+
+    Cu´mæ.
+      Cave where the Sibyl gave her prophecies, 370.
+
+    Cu´pid, or Cu-pi´do.
+      Same as Amor, god of love;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 107, 140;
+      growth of, 108;
+      darts of, 112, 147, 367;
+      Psyche and, 121-130, 381.
+
+    Cu-re´tes.
+      Same as Corybantes;
+      Rhea's priests, 21.
+
+    Cy´a-ne.
+      River which tried to stop Pluto when he kidnapped Proserpina, 186.
+
+    Cyb´e-le.
+      Same as Rhea, goddess of the earth, 20;
+      chariot of, 278.
+
+    Cy-clo´pes.
+      Three children of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 18;
+      thunderbolts forged by, 22, 64, 147;
+      Orion visits the, 99;
+      Vulcan and the, 145;
+      Island of the, 339;
+      Æneas warned against, 365;
+      significance, 385, 398.
+
+    Cy´clops.
+      Polyphemus the, 339-345, 365.
+
+    Cyc´nus.
+      Intimate friend of Phaeton, 87.
+
+    Cyl-le´ne.
+      Mountain upon which Mercury was born, 131, 132.
+
+    Cyn´thi-a.
+      Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 96.
+
+    Cyn´thi-us.
+      Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and fine arts, 61.
+
+    Cyp-a-ris´sus.
+      Friend of Apollo;
+      turned to a cypress tree, 67.
+
+    Cy´prus.
+      Island in the Mediterranean sacred to Venus, 105, 120, 123.
+
+    Cyth-e-re´a.
+      Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, and laughter, 103.
+
+
+    Dæd´a-lus.
+      Architect who planned the Cretan Labyrinth, 253-255;
+      inventor of sails, 214.
+
+    Dan´a-e.
+      Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower;
+      mother of Perseus, 240-242;
+      significance, 379, 390, 397.
+
+    Da-na´i-des.
+      Daughters of Danaus, who slay their husbands, 166, 167.
+
+    Dan´a-us.
+      King of Argos;
+      father of the fifty Danaides, 166.
+
+    Dan´ube.
+      River of Europe;
+      Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, 271.
+
+    Daph´ne.
+      Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree, 68-70;
+      significance, 387, 389, 395.
+
+    Dar´da-nus.
+      Ancient king of Troy, who gives his name to his race, 364;
+      mares of, 215.
+
+    De-i-a-nei´ra.
+      Wife of Hercules, 232-236;
+      causes Hercules' death by using the Nessus robe, 235, 236;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    De-iph´o-bus.
+      Son of Priam and Hecuba;
+      married Helen after the death of Paris, 362.
+
+    De´los.
+      Floating island;
+      birthplace of Apollo and Diana, 62;
+      shrine of Apollo at, 91, 363, 364;
+      significance, 386, 396.
+
+    Del´phi.
+      Shrine of Apollo, famed for its oracles, 37, 47, 91;
+      Ceyx visits, 211;
+      Å’dipus consults oracle at, 281, 282, 285, 290;
+      Orestes at, 336.
+
+    Del´uge.
+      Caused by Jupiter's wrath, 36;
+      slime from, 65.
+
+    De-me´ter.
+      Same as Ceres;
+      goddess of agriculture, 183, 187;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    De´mi-os (Dread).
+      Attendant or son of Mars, 138.
+
+    Des´ti-ny.
+      One of the ancient deities not subjected to Jupiter, 39.
+
+    Deu-ca´li-on.
+      Only male survivor of Deluge;
+      father of Hellen, 37, 38.
+
+    Di´a.
+      Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, 169;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Di-a´na.
+      Goddess of the moon and chase;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 93-101;
+      birth of, 62;
+      nymphs of, 70, 190;
+      arrows of, 139;
+      Arethusa protected by, 192;
+      Å’neus neglects, 275;
+      Iphigenia saved by, 316;
+      temple of, 336;
+      Camilla rescued by, 373, 374;
+      significance, 388, 396, 398.
+
+    Di´do.
+      Queen of Tyre and Carthage;
+      loved and deserted by Æneas, 366-369;
+      Æneas sees, in Hades, 372.
+
+    Di-o-me´des.
+      1. Greek hero during Trojan war, 314;
+         recovers Patroclus' body, 328;
+         helps Ulysses secure the Palladium, 332.
+      2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, 223.
+
+    Di-o´ne.
+      1. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, etc., 103.
+      2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter;
+         goddess of moisture, 44.
+
+    Di-o-nys´i-a.
+      Festivals held in Greece in honor of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Di-o-nys´us.
+      Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.
+
+    Di-os-cu´ri.
+      Collective name given to Castor and Pollux, 278.
+
+    Di-os-cu´ri-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Castor and Pollux, 279.
+
+    Dir´ce.
+      Wife of Lycus;
+      bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.
+
+    Dis.
+      Same as Pluto, god of Infernal Regions, 159, 370.
+
+    Dis-cor´di-a, or Eris.
+      Goddess of discord, 138;
+      she appears at Peleus' marriage feast, 306.
+
+    Do-do´na.
+      Temple and grove sacred to Jupiter, 48, 49, 266.
+
+    Dol´phin.
+      Constellation, 82.
+
+    Do´ri-an Race.
+      Descendants of Dorus, 38.
+
+    Do´ris.
+      Wife of Nereus, 154, 305.
+
+    Do´rus.
+      Son of Hellen;
+      ancestor of Dorian race, 38.
+
+    Dreams.
+      Spirits in cave of Somnus;
+      passed out through gates of ivory and horn, 210, 211;
+      Mercury, leader of, 137.
+
+    Drep´a-num.
+      Land visited by Æneas, where Anchises died, 365.
+
+    Dry´a-des.
+      Plant nymphs, supposed to watch over vegetation, 297.
+
+    Dry´o-pe.
+      Princess changed into a tree, 298-300.
+
+    Dull´ness.
+      Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, 55, 57.
+
+
+    Earth.
+      Æther and Hemera create the, 13;
+      divisions of the, 15;
+      realm of the, 25;
+      the mother of all, 38;
+      oath by the, 172;
+      Antæus, son of the, 228;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    E´cho.
+      Nymph who pined for love of Narcissus;
+      changed to a voice, 118, 119;
+      answers Cephalus, 71;
+      mocks Ariadne, 179.
+
+    Egg.
+      Earth hatched from a mythical, 15.
+
+    E´gypt.
+      Gods take refuge in, 24;
+      Io takes refuge in, 136;
+      Menelaus and Helen detained in, 336.
+
+    E-lec´tra.
+      Daughter of Agamemnon;
+      saves Orestes, 336.
+
+    El-eu-sin´i-a.
+      Festivals at Eleusis, in honor of Ceres and Proserpina, 196.
+
+    E-leu´sis.
+      City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for
+          Proserpina, 188, 196.
+
+    E´lis.
+      Province of the Peloponnesus;
+      Alpheus in, 193;
+      Augeas, king of, 221;
+      significance, 388.
+
+    El-pe´nor.
+      Follower of Ulysses;
+      dies in Island of Ææa, 350.
+
+    E-lys´i-an Fields.
+      Abode of the blessed in Hades, 161, 163, 169;
+      Cleobis and Biton conveyed to, 54;
+      Adonis conveyed to, 110.
+
+    En-cel´a-dus.
+      Giant defeated by Jupiter;
+      buried under Mt. Ætna, 24.
+
+    En-dym´i-on.
+      Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus, 96-98;
+      significance, 388, 389, 396.
+
+    En´na.
+      Plain in Sicily;
+      favorite resort of Proserpina, 183.
+
+    E-ny´o.
+      Name given to Bellona, goddess of war, 138.
+
+    E´os.
+      Name given to Aurora, goddess of dawn, 72, 90;
+      jealousy of, 70, 71;
+      winds, offspring of, 213.
+
+    Ep´a-phus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Io;
+      founder of Memphis, 136.
+
+    Eph´e-sus.
+      City in Asia Minor sacred to Diana, 101.
+
+    Eph-i-al´tes.
+      Giant son of Neptune, 154;
+      brother of Otus;
+      imprisons Mars, 139;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    E-pig´o-ni.
+      Sons of the seven chiefs who besieged Thebes, 290.
+
+    Ep-i-me´theus (Afterthought).
+      Son of Iapetus, 25;
+      husband of Pandora, 28-34, 37.
+
+    E-pi´rus.
+      Country visited by Æneas, who meets Andromache there, 365.
+
+    Er´a-to.
+      One of the Muses;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.
+
+    Er´e-bus.
+      God of darkness, 13;
+      marries his mother, Night, 13;
+      progenitor of egg, 15;
+      dethroned, 17.
+
+    E-rid´a-nus.
+      River into which Phaeton fell from the sun chariot, 87;
+      Hercules consults nymphs of, 226.
+
+    E-rin´ny-es.
+      Collective name given to the Furies, 163;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    E´ris.
+      Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, 138;
+      apple cast by, 306.
+
+    Er-i-sich´thon.
+      An unbeliever;
+      punished by famine, 197.
+
+    E´ros.
+      Same as Cupid, 107;
+      child of Light and Day, 13;
+      arrows of, 13, 112;
+      egg produces, 15;
+      causes man's creation, 25;
+      man's life given by, 27.
+
+    Er-y-man´thus.
+      Place where Hercules slew the wild boar, 221.
+
+    Er-y-the´a.
+      Island home of Geryones;
+      visited by Hercules, 226.
+
+    E-te´o-cles.
+      Son of Å’dipus and Jocasta, 285;
+      reigns one year, 287;
+      slain by his brother, 288.
+
+    E-thi-o´pi-a.
+      Country visited by Bacchus, 176.
+
+    E-thi-o´pi-ans.
+      Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus;
+      visited by the gods, 16.
+
+    Eu-bœ´an or Eu-bo´ic Sea.
+      Sea where Hercules cast Lichas, 238.
+
+    Eu-mæ´us.
+      Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, 355, 357;
+      Ulysses aided by, 358.
+
+    Eu-men´i-des.
+      Collective name given to Furies, 163;
+      forest sacred to, 286;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    Eu-phros´y-ne.
+      One of the three Graces or Charites;
+      attendant of Venus, 105.
+
+    Eu-ro´pa.
+      Daughter of Agenor;
+      wife of Jupiter, 44-48, 59;
+      mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, 45, 325;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Eu-ro´tas.
+      River near Sparta, where Helen bathed, 310.
+
+    Eu´rus.
+      East wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Eu-ry´a-le.
+      One of the three terrible Gorgons, 242.
+
+    Eu-ry´a-lus.
+      Youth sent with Nisus to warn Æneas that his son was in danger, 374.
+
+    Eu-ry-cle´a.
+      Nurse of Ulysses;
+      recognizes him after twenty years' absence, 357;
+      Penelope awakened by, 358.
+
+    Eu-ryd´i-ce.
+      Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her in Hades, 75-80;
+      significance, 387-389.
+
+    Eu-ryl´o-chus.
+      Leader of Ulysses' men, 347;
+      escaped Circe's spell, 349;
+      Ulysses' men misled by, 353.
+
+    Eu-ryn´o-me.
+      Wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of the Graces, 105.
+
+    Eu-rys´theus.
+      Hercules' taskmaster;
+      appointed twelve labors, 218-229.
+
+    Eu´ry-tus.
+      Iole's father;
+      visited twice by Hercules, 235.
+
+    Eu-ter´pe.
+      One of the Muses;
+      presided over music, 88.
+
+    Eux´ine Sea.
+      Same as Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea, 15.
+
+    E-van´der.
+      King of Tuscans;
+      ally of Æneas;
+      father of Pallas, 374, 375.
+
+    E-ve´nus.
+      Father of Marpessa;
+      drowned himself in river of same name, 155;
+      Hercules crosses, 234.
+
+
+    Fa´ma.
+      Attendant of Jupiter, goddess of fame, 41.
+
+    Fates.
+      Three sisters;
+      also known as Mœræ or Parcæ, 165.
+
+    Fau´na.
+      Wife of Faunus;
+      a rural divinity of the Romans, 301.
+
+    Fau´nus.
+      Rural divinity of the Romans;
+      husband of Fauna, 301.
+
+    Flo´ra.
+      Goddess of flowers, 301, 303;
+      wife of Zephyrus, 215, 301.
+
+    Flo-ra´li-a.
+      Festivals in May in honor of Flora, 301.
+
+    Forethought.
+      Name given to Prometheus, 25.
+
+    For-tu´na.
+      1. Goddess of fortune;
+         an attendant of Jupiter, 41.
+      2. Goddess of plenty, 232.
+
+    Fo´rum.
+      Chief place in Rome where public matters were discussed, 142.
+
+    Fu´ries.
+      The Eumenides, or avenging deities, 163;
+      Å’dipus punished by, 286;
+      Orestes pursued by, 336.
+
+
+    Gæ´a.
+      Same as Tellus and Terra, 13;
+      wife of Uranus, 15;
+      reign of, 17;
+      conspiracy of, 18;
+      Typhœus created by, 23;
+      Enceladus created by, 24;
+      Antæus, son of, 227;
+      Syrinx protected by, 300;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Gal-a-te´a.
+      1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, 341-343.
+      2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life, 121.
+
+    Gan´y-mede.
+      Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer, 43.
+
+    Ge.
+      Same as Gæa, Tellus, Terra, the Earth, 13.
+
+    Gem´i-ni.
+      Same as Dioscuri;
+      Castor and Pollux, 278.
+
+    Ge-ry´o-nes.
+      Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, 226;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Glau´ce.
+      Maiden loved by Jason;
+      slain by Medea, 273;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Glau´cus.
+      Fisherman changed to a sea god, 303, 304;
+      lover of Scylla, 352, 353.
+
+    Golden Age.
+      First age of the ancient world, when all was bliss, 35;
+      Janus' reign, 205.
+
+    Gor´gons.
+      Three sisters,--Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa, 242-246;
+      Ægis decorated by head of one of, 58;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Grac´chi, The.
+      Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Gra´ces.
+      Same as Gratiæ;
+      the three attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Gra-di´vus.
+      Name given to Mars when leader of armies, 143.
+
+    Græ´æ.
+      Three sisters with but one eye and tooth among them, 243;
+      significance, 391, 401.
+
+    Gra´ti-æ.
+      Same as Graces, or Charites;
+      Venus' attendants, 105.
+
+    Great Bear.
+      Constellation formed by Callisto, 52.
+
+    Gre´ci-an.
+      Mythology, 25;
+      camp, 329.
+
+    Greece.
+      Highest peak in, 37;
+      alphabet introduced into, 48;
+      nations of, 49;
+      art in, 52;
+      Cecrops comes to, 57;
+      Pelops takes refuge in, 167;
+      Paris visits, 310;
+      war between Troy and, 314;
+      Orestes' return to, 336;
+      captives taken to, 361.
+
+    Greek Divinities, 39;
+      Panathenæa, 60;
+      fleet, 332.
+
+    Greeks.
+      Departure of, 315;
+      plague visits, 318;
+      defeat of, 323, 324;
+      return of, 335;
+      Agamemnon, chief of, 336;
+      attack Ciconians, 337;
+      Polyphemus visited by, 343-346;
+      Circe visited by, 347;
+      a civilized nation, 380.
+
+    Gy´es.
+      One of the three Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+
+    Ha´des.
+      The Infernal Region, kingdom of Pluto, 159-170;
+      Hercules' visit to, 65, 229, 230;
+      Orpheus' visit to, 76-79;
+      Adonis' visit to, 110;
+      Psyche's visit to, 128;
+      Mercury conducts souls to, 137, 317;
+      Proserpina's visit to, 194, 195;
+      Lara conducted to, 203;
+      Theseus' visit to, 260;
+      Pollux in, 279;
+      Å’dipus in, 286;
+      Ulysses' visit to, 350;
+      Æneas' visit to, 370.
+
+    Hæ´mon.
+      Son of Creon;
+      lover of Antigone, 288.
+
+    Hal-cy´o-ne.
+      Wife of Ceyx, King of Thessaly, 211, 212.
+
+    Hal-irr-ho´thi-us.
+      Son of Neptune;
+      slain by Mars, 139.
+
+    Ham-a-dry´a-des.
+      Nymphs who lived and died with the trees they inhabited, 297, 298.
+
+    Har-mo´ni-a.
+      Daughter of Mars and Venus, 107, 140;
+      wife of Cadmus, 48;
+      mother of Semele, 171.
+
+    Har´pies.
+      Monsters, half woman, half bird;
+      banished to Strophades Islands, 267;
+      Æneas sees, 365;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Heav´en.
+      Creation of, 15;
+      realm of, 25;
+      Atlas, supporter of, 244;
+      significance, 384, 398.
+
+    He´be.
+      Goddess of youth;
+      cup-bearer of the gods, 41;
+      wife of Hercules, 238.
+
+    He´brus.
+      River in which the Bacchantes cast Orpheus' remains, 80.
+
+    Hec´a-te.
+      Name given to Proserpina as Queen of Hades, 195.
+
+    Hec´tor.
+      Son of Priam;
+      leader of Trojan army, 320-326;
+      slain by Achilles, 328;
+      Priam buries, 329;
+      shade of, 360;
+      widow of, 365.
+
+    Hec´u-ba.
+      Wife of Priam;
+      mother of Paris and Hector, 307, 310;
+      Hector seen by, 328;
+      captivity of, 361.
+
+    Hel´en.
+      Daughter of Jupiter and Leda;
+      wife of Menelaus;
+      kidnapped by Paris, 310-312;
+      kidnapped by Theseus, 260;
+      Paris upbraided by, 320;
+      return of, 335;
+      Æneas wishes to slay, 361;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Hel´e-nus.
+      King of Epirus, whose slave Andromache became after the death
+          of Hector, 365.
+
+    He-li´a-des.
+      Sisters of Phaeton;
+      changed into trees, 87.
+
+    Hel´i-con.
+      Mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and Muses, 90, 149.
+
+    He´li-os.
+      Name of Apollo as god of the sun, 61, 72;
+      significance, 386, 388, 395.
+
+    Hel´le.
+      Daughter of Athamas and Nephele;
+      drowned in the Hellespont, 265;
+      significance, 391, 392, 397.
+
+    Hel´len.
+      Son of Deucalion;
+      ancestor of the Hellenes, 38.
+
+    Hel-le´nes.
+      Name given to ancient Greeks, 38.
+
+    Hel´les-pont.
+      Name given to the strait from Helle, 265;
+      Leander swims across the, 111-117.
+
+    He-me´ra (Day).
+      One of the first divinities, who rules with Æther (Light), 13, 17.
+
+    Heph-æs-ti´a.
+      Festivals in honor of Hephæstus, or Vulcan, 148.
+
+    He-phæs´tus.
+      Name given to Vulcan, god of the forge, 144;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    He´ra, or He´re.
+      Name given to Juno, queen of heaven, and goddess of the
+          atmosphere and of marriage, 51;
+      significance, 385.
+
+    Her´a-cles.
+      Same as Hercules;
+      son of Jupiter and Alcmene, 216.
+
+    He-ræ´um.
+      Town dedicated to the service of Juno, 52.
+
+    Her´cu-les.
+      Same as Heracles, god of all athletic games, 216-239;
+      Prometheus delivered by, 28;
+      Hades visited by, 65;
+      Hesione delivered by, 152;
+      Centaurs defeated by, 260;
+      Argonautic expedition joined by, 266, 267;
+      arrows of, 330;
+      apparition of, 331;
+      significance, 379, 389, 390, 393, 395.
+
+    Her´mes.
+      Same as Mercury, messenger of the gods, 131;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Her-mi´o-ne.
+      Same as Harmonia;
+      daughter of Venus and Mars, 107.
+
+    He´ro.
+      Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her,
+          111-117.
+
+    He-si´o-ne.
+      Daughter of Laomedon;
+      rescued from sea monster by Hercules, 151, 152, 224.
+
+    Hes-pe´ri-a.
+      Ancient name of Italy, so called by Æneas, 23, 364.
+
+    Hes-per´i-des.
+      Daughters of Hesperus, guardians of golden apples, 226;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Hes´pe-rus.
+      God of the West;
+      father of the Hesperides, 72, 226.
+
+    Hes´ti-a.
+      Same as Vesta, goddess of the family hearth, 198;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Him´e-rus.
+      God of the desire of love;
+      attendant in Venus' numerous train, 106.
+
+    Hip-po-cre´ne.
+      Fountain created by Pegasus, 294.
+
+    Hip-po-da-mi´a.
+      Wife of Pirithous;
+      almost carried off by the Centaurs, 260.
+
+    Hip-pol´y-te.
+      Queen of the Amazons, 223, 224;
+      Theseus' wife, 259.
+
+    Hip-pol´y-tus.
+      Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, 259;
+      loved by Phædra, 262.
+
+    Hip-pom´e-nes.
+      Same as Milanion;
+      lover of Atalanta, 278.
+
+    Hope.
+      The good spirit in Pandora's box;
+      an ancient deity, 33-35.
+
+    Ho´ræ.
+      Collective name of the seasons;
+      Venus' attendants, 105.
+
+    Horn Gate.
+      Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.
+
+    Hours.
+      Attendants of Apollo, 85;
+      attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Hundred-handed, the.
+      Same as Centimani, 18.
+
+    Hup´nos.
+      Same as Somnus, god of sleep, 208.
+
+    Hy-a-cin´thus.
+      Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus;
+      changed to a flower, 67.
+
+    Hy´dra.
+      Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna, 220, 221;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Hy-ge´ia.
+      Daughter of Æsculapius;
+      watched over health of man, 64.
+
+    Hy´las.
+      Youth loved by Hercules;
+      stolen by the water nymphs, 267.
+
+    Hy´men.
+      God of marriage;
+      attendant of Venus, 106.
+
+    Hy-met´tus. Mountain in Attica, 90.
+
+    Hyp-er-bo´re-an Mountains.
+      The mountains separating the land of the Hyperboreans from
+          Thrace, 215.
+
+    Hyp-er-bo´re-ans.
+      People north of Oceanus, a virtuous race, 16.
+
+    Hy-pe´ri-on.
+      The Titan who had charge of the sun chariot, 17, 20, 22.
+
+    Hyp-erm-nes´tra.
+      Daughter of Danaus;
+      saves her husband, 166.
+
+
+    I-ap´e-tus.
+      One of the Titans;
+      father of Prometheus, 17, 25, 229.
+
+    I-a´pis.
+      Leech consulted by Æneas;
+      cures Æneas with Venus' aid, 376.
+
+    I-a´si-us.
+      Same as Iasion;
+      father of Atalanta, 275, 364.
+
+    Ic´a-rus.
+      Son of Dædalus;
+      fell into the Icarian Sea, 253-255.
+
+    I´da.
+      Mountain in Crete, and near Troy also, 21, 320.
+
+    I´das.
+      A mortal befriended by Neptune;
+      elopes with Marpessa, 155.
+
+    Il´i-a.
+      1. One of the Titanides;
+         daughter of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+      2. Priestess of Vesta;
+         wife of Mars;
+         mother of Romulus and Remus, 140, 377.
+
+    Il´i-ad.
+      Homer's epic poem on the Trojan war, 318, 321, 329.
+
+    Il´i-um.
+      Same as Troy whence comes the Iliad's name, 317, 360, 363, 370.
+
+    In´a-chus.
+      River god (father of Io), 134, 136.
+
+    Infernal Regions.
+      Judges in the, 45;
+      Orpheus visits, 76-79;
+      Adonis visits, 108;
+      Pluto's realm, 159;
+      Proserpina's sojourn in, 194;
+      Æneas visits, 370.
+
+    I´no.
+      Same as Leucothea;
+      second wife of Athamas;
+      daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 174, 265;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    I´o.
+      Maiden loved by Jupiter;
+      changed into a heifer, 134-137;
+      significance, 385, 396.
+
+    I-ob´a-tes.
+      King of Lycia;
+      recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon, 291-295.
+
+    I-o-la´us.
+      Friend of Hercules;
+      helped slay the Hydra, 220.
+
+    I-ol´cus.
+      Kingdom of Æson and Jason;
+      usurped by Pelias, 263.
+
+    I´o-le.
+      Maiden loved by Hercules, 235, 236;
+      significance, 390, 392.
+
+    I´on.
+      Grandson of Hellen;
+      ancestor of Ionian race, 38.
+
+    I-o´ni-an Race.
+      Race descended from Ion, grandson of Hellen, 38.
+
+    I-o´ni-an Sea.
+      Sea west of Greece, named after Io, 136, 137.
+
+    Iph-i-ge-ni´a.
+      Daughter of Agamemnon;
+      sacrificed to Diana, 315, 316;
+      Orestes finds, 336.
+
+    I´ris (the Rainbow).
+      Attendant of Juno, 52, 329, 374.
+
+    Iron Age.
+      Fourth and last age previous to the Deluge, 36.
+
+    Isles of the Blest.
+      Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead, 16, 17;
+      Ulysses searches for, 359.
+
+    Is´ma-rus.
+      Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Is-me´ne.
+      Daughter of Å’dipus and Jocasta, 285;
+      dies of grief, 290.
+
+    Isth´mi-an Games.
+      Games held in honor of Neptune, at Corinth, every four years, 158.
+
+    It´a-ly.
+      Saturn retires to, 23;
+      Ceres returns to, 190;
+      Janus, king of, 205.
+
+    Ith´a-ca.
+      Ulysses' island kingdom, 214, 312, 337;
+      Ulysses arrives in sight of, 346;
+      Ulysses returns to, 354, 355;
+      Telemachus returns to, 357;
+      home of Penelope.
+
+    I-u´lus.
+      Æneas' son;
+      Æneas saves, 361;
+      Cupid assumes form of, 367;
+      stag wounded by, 373;
+      brave defense by, 374.
+
+    Ivory Gate.
+      Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.
+
+    Ix-i´on.
+      Criminal in Tartarus;
+      bound to wheel of fire, 77, 169, 260;
+      significance, 389.
+
+
+    Ja-nic´u-lum.
+      City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, 205.
+
+    Ja´nus.
+      God of all beginnings, of entrances, gates, etc., 205-207;
+      opening of temple of, 373.
+
+    Ja´nus Quad´ri-fons.
+      A square temple dedicated to Janus, 206.
+
+    Ja´son.
+      Son of Æson;
+      captured the golden fleece, 263-274;
+      significance, 392, 393.
+
+    Jo-cas´ta.
+      Wife of Laius, 280;
+      marries Å’dipus, her son, 285;
+      commits suicide, 286;
+      significance, 392, 393.
+
+    Jove.
+      Same as Jupiter, 39;
+      birth of, 20;
+      day of, 207;
+      Leda courted by, 311;
+      decree of, 329.
+
+    Ju´no.
+      Birth of, 22;
+      flight of, 24;
+      Jupiter's wife, 44;
+      same as Hera, 51-54;
+      jealousy of, 61, 62, 135-137, 171, 172, 174, 203, 216;
+      Mars, son of, 138;
+      Vulcan, son of, 144;
+      Tityus insults, 169;
+      Æolus, servant of, 213;
+      Hercules persecuted by, 216-218, 219, 224;
+      Jason carries, 264;
+      Jason aided by, 266, 267;
+      contest of Minerva and Venus with, 306-308;
+      Troy destroyed by, 362;
+      Æneas persecuted by, 364, 365, 369, 373-375;
+      significance, 385, 389, 400.
+
+    Ju´pi-ter.
+      Birth of, 20;
+      supremacy of, 21;
+      giants defeated by, 22-24;
+      kingdom divided by, 25;
+      Prometheus punished by, 28;
+      Mercury, messenger of, 31, 134;
+      Deluge caused by, 36;
+      same as Jove, 39-49;
+      Juno courted by, 51;
+      Minerva borne by, 55;
+      Latona courted by, 61;
+      Æsculapius slain by, 64;
+      Amphion, son of, 80;
+      Phaeton slain by, 87;
+      Muses, daughters of, 88;
+      Venus, daughter of, 103;
+      Graces, daughters of, 105;
+      Venus borrows thunderbolts of, 111;
+      Mercury, son of, 131;
+      Io courted by, 135, 136;
+      Mars, son of, 138;
+      Vulcan, son of, 144;
+      thunderbolts of, 147, 155;
+      Neptune exiled by, 151;
+      Semele courted by, 171-174;
+      Ceres, wife of, 183;
+      Hercules, son of, 216, 218;
+      games in honor of, 230, 239;
+      Hercules saved by, 238;
+      Danae courted by, 240, 241;
+      Helen, daughter of, 260, 311;
+      Bellerophon punished by, 295;
+      Thetis loved by, 305, 306;
+      Thetis seeks, 319;
+      interference of, 320, 362, 375;
+      Sarpedon, son of, 325;
+      Apollo appeased by, 354;
+      significance, 381, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 394, 396, 398-400.
+
+    Jus´tice.
+      Same as Themis, 44;
+      mother of seasons, 105.
+
+    Ju-tur´na.
+      Sister and charioteer of Turnus, 376.
+
+    Ju-ven´tas.
+      Same as Hebe, goddess of youth, 41.
+
+
+    Ka´kia.
+      Goddess of vice;
+      tries to mislead Hercules, 218.
+
+
+    Lab´y-rinth.
+      A maze in Crete, constructed by Dædalus for the Minotaur, 253-257.
+
+    Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-a.
+      Province in Peloponnesus;
+      capital Sparta, also name of Sparta, 312.
+
+    Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Lacedæmonia, or Sparta, 212.
+
+    Lach´e-sis.
+      One of the Fates;
+      twists the thread of life, 165.
+
+    La´don.
+      Dragon which guarded golden apples of Hesperides, 226.
+
+    La-er´tes.
+      Father of Ulysses, 315, 345;
+      Penelope weaves his shroud, 357.
+
+    Læs-try-go´ni-ans.
+      Cannibals visited by Ulysses, 347.
+
+    La´ius.
+      Father of Å’dipus, 280;
+      slain by him, 282;
+      significance, 392-394.
+
+    Lam-pe´tia.
+      One of the Heliades, 87;
+      guards the cattle of the sun, 353, 354.
+
+    La-oc´o-on.
+      Trojan priest;
+      crushed to death by two serpents, 333-335.
+
+    La-od-a-mi´a.
+      Wife of Protesilaus;
+      dies of grief, 316, 317.
+
+    La-om´e-don.
+      King of Troy;
+      employs Neptune and Apollo to build walls, 151, 152;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Lap´i-thæ.
+      People who dwelt in Thessaly and fought the Centaurs, 230, 260;
+      Ixion, king of, 169;
+      Pirithous, king of, 259.
+
+    La´ra.
+      Wife of Mercury;
+      mother of the two Lares, 203.
+
+    La´res.
+      Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households, 203;
+      saved by Anchises, 362.
+
+    Lat´in.
+      Names of days in, 207.
+
+    Lat´ins.
+      People of Latinus and Æneas, 377;
+      Æneas fights, 375.
+
+    La-ti´nus.
+      King of Latium, 372;
+      welcomes and then wars against Æneas, 373, 374, 376;
+      Æneas makes peace with, 377.
+
+    La´ti-um.
+      Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, 377;
+      Æneas comes to, 372.
+
+    Lat´mus.
+      Mountain in Asia Minor, where Endymion lies asleep, 97;
+      significance, 388, 392, 394.
+
+    La-to´na.
+      Same as Leto;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Apollo and Diana, 61, 62;
+      boast of, 93;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Lau´sus.
+      Hero slain by Æneas during wars against the Rutules, 376.
+
+    La-vin´i-a.
+      Daughter of Latinus, 372, 373;
+      Æneas' second wife, 376, 377.
+
+    Le-an´der.
+      Youth of Abydus;
+      Hero's lover, who swam the Hellespont, 111-117.
+
+    Le-ar´chus.
+      Son of Athamas and Ino;
+      slain by his father, 174.
+
+    Le´da.
+      Mother of Castor and Pollux, Helen and Clytæmnestra, 311;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Le´laps.
+      The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus, 70.
+
+    Lem´nos.
+      Island in the Grecian Archipelago;
+      Vulcan landed there, 144;
+      Philoctetes on, 330.
+
+    Ler´na.
+      Marsh where the Hydra lay concealed, 220.
+
+    Le´the.
+      River of forgetfulness, which separated the Elysian Fields from
+          Hades, 161, 163, 208, 210.
+
+    Le´to.
+      Same as Latona;
+      mother of Apollo and Diana, 61;
+      significance, 386, 388, 392, 394.
+
+    Leu-co´the-a.
+      Same as Ino, Athamas' wife;
+      sea goddess, 174;
+      Ulysses rescued by, 355.
+
+    Li´ber.
+      Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.
+
+    Lib-er-a´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Liber, or Bacchus, held in the autumn, 182.
+
+    Lib´y-a.
+      Ancient name of Africa;
+      coast upon which Æneas landed, 48, 366.
+
+    Li´chas.
+      Bearer of the Nessus robe;
+      slain by Hercules, 236-238.
+
+    Light.
+      Same as Æther, 13.
+
+    Lip´a-ri Islands.
+      Same as Æolian Islands, where Ulysses landed, 213.
+
+    Little Bear.
+      Arcas changed into the constellation of the, 52.
+
+    Lo´tis.
+      Nymph changed into a lotus blossom, 299.
+
+    Lo-toph´a-gi.
+      People whose food was the lotus;
+      the Lotus-eaters, 338.
+
+    Love.
+      Same as Eros, Cupid, etc., 13;
+      Psyche courted by, 124-127.
+
+    Loves.
+      Attendants of Venus, 148.
+
+    Lower Regions.
+      Visited by Æneas, 372.
+
+    Lu´nae.
+      Same as Diana, 207.
+
+    Lyc´i-a.
+      Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the
+          Chimæra, 291, 295.
+
+    Lyc-o-me´des.
+      King of Scyros;
+      treacherously slays Theseus, 262;
+      shelters Achilles, 314, 315.
+
+    Ly´cus.
+      Antiope's second husband;
+      slain by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.
+
+    Lyd´i-a.
+      Kingdom of Midas, in Asia Minor, 177, 230.
+
+    Lyn´ceus.
+      Husband of Hypermnestra, who spared his life, 166.
+
+    Lyn´cus.
+      King of Scythia;
+      changed into a lynx by Ceres, 196.
+
+    Ly´ra.
+      Orpheus' lute;
+      placed in heavens as a constellation, 80.
+
+
+    Ma-cha´on.
+      Celebrated leech;
+      son of Æsculapius, 64;
+      Philoctetes healed by, 331.
+
+    Ma´ia.
+      Goddess of the plains;
+      mother of Mercury, 131;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Ma´nes.
+      Tutelary divinities of Roman households, with the Lares and
+          Penates, 203.
+
+    Mar-pes´sa.
+      Daughter of Evenus;
+      marries Idas, 155.
+
+    Mars.
+      Same as Ares;
+      son of Jupiter and Juno, 52;
+      god of war, 138-143;
+      Venus courted by, 106-108;
+      day of, 207;
+      descendants of, 377;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Mar´sy-as.
+      1. Shepherd who enters into competition with Apollo, 73, 74.
+      2. Name of river, 74.
+
+    Mar´ti-us, Cam´pus.
+      Roman exercising grounds, 143.
+
+    Mat-ro-na´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Juno, in Rome, 54.
+
+    Me-de´a.
+      Daughter of Æetes, 268, 269;
+      wife of Jason, 271, 273, 274;
+      wife of Ægeus, 252, 253;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Me´di-a.
+      Country in Asia Minor, where Medea took refuge, 253.
+
+    Med-i-ter-ra´ne-an.
+      Sea dividing world in two, 15.
+
+    Me-du´sa.
+      Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes, 242-249;
+      Neptune marries, 154;
+      Pegasus, offspring of, 294;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Me-gæ´ra.
+      One of the Furies, Eumenides, or Erinnyes, 163.
+
+    Meg´a-ra.
+      First wife of Hercules, whose three children he burns in his
+          madness, 219;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Me-le-a´ger.
+      Son of Œneus and Althæa;
+      leader of Calydonian Hunt, 275, 276;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Me´li-an Nymphs.
+      Nymphs who nursed Jupiter in infancy, 21.
+
+    Mel-pom´e-ne.
+      One of the Muses;
+      presides over tragedy, 88.
+
+    Mem´phis.
+      Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, 136.
+
+    Men-e-la´us.
+      King of Sparta;
+      husband of Helen of Troy, 310-314;
+      Paris fights, 320;
+      return of, 335;
+      Telemachus visits, 357;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Men´e-ti-us.
+      One of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, 25.
+
+    Men´tor.
+      Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus, 357, 358.
+
+    Mer-cu-ra´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Mercury, the messenger god, 137.
+
+    Mer´cu-ry.
+      Same as Hermes;
+      son of Jupiter and Maia, 131-137;
+      Pandora guided by, 29, 31;
+      Jupiter's ally, 43;
+      Adonis guided by, 108;
+      Mars delivered by, 139;
+      Bacchus guarded by, 174;
+      Proserpina guided by, 195;
+      Lara loved by, 203;
+      day of, 207;
+      leader of dreams, 210;
+      Perseus helped by, 243;
+      Pan, son of, 300;
+      Protesilaus guided by, 317;
+      Priam led by, 329;
+      Ulysses aided by, 349, 354;
+      Æneas aided by, 369;
+      significance, 385, 386, 399, 400.
+
+    Mer´o-pe.
+      Daughter of Å’nopion;
+      promised bride of Orion, 99.
+
+    Met-a-nei´ra.
+      Wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis;
+      mother of Triptolemus, 188.
+
+    Me´tis.
+      Daughter of Oceanus;
+      gives a potion to Cronus, 22.
+
+    Me´tus.
+      Attendant of Mars;
+      god of war and strife, 138.
+
+    Me-zen´ti-us.
+      Father of Lausus;
+      slain by Æneas, 376.
+
+    Mi´das.
+      King of Lydia, 74, 75;
+      changed all he touched to gold, 177-179.
+
+    Mi-la´ni-on.
+      Same as Hippomenes;
+      husband of Atalanta, 278.
+
+    Mi´lo.
+      Island where statue of Venus was found, 130.
+
+    Mi-ner´va.
+      Same as Athene, goddess of wisdom;
+      daughter of Jupiter, 55-60;
+      man given soul by, 27;
+      flute of, 73;
+      Vulcan wooes, 147;
+      contest of Neptune and, 152;
+      Medusa punished by, 242;
+      Perseus aided by, 243;
+      gift to, 249;
+      Argo built by, 266;
+      Bellerophon helped by, 292;
+      Juno and Venus dispute with, 306-308;
+      Ulysses aided by, 354-358;
+      significance, 395, 396.
+
+    Min-er-va´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Minerva, in Rome, 60.
+
+    Mi´nos.
+      1. King of Crete, 223;
+         father of Ariadne and Phædra, 253, 256.
+      2. Son of Jupiter and Europa;
+         judge in Hades, 45, 163.
+
+    Min´o-taur.
+      Monster which Minos kept in the Labyrinth, 253-257;
+      significance, 391, 401.
+
+    Mne-mos´y-ne.
+      A Titanide, 17, 22;
+      goddess of memory;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of the Muses, 88.
+
+    Mœ´ræ.
+      The Fates, or Parcæ, who spin, twist, and cut the thread of
+          life, 165.
+
+    Mor´pheus.
+      Prime minister of Somnus, god of sleep, 208, 212.
+
+    Mors.
+      Same as Thanatos, god of death, 208-212, 213.
+
+    Mo-sych´lus.
+      Mountain in Lemnos, where Vulcan fell from heaven, 144.
+
+    Mu-sag´e-tes.
+      Apollo's name when he led the choir of the Muses, 88.
+
+    Mu´ses, the Nine.
+      Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 73-75, 88-90;
+      mount of the, 294.
+
+    My-ce´næ.
+      Favorite city of Juno, with Sparta and Argos, 52;
+      Perseus exchanges Argos for, 249.
+
+    Myr´mi-dons.
+      Achilles' followers;
+      led by Patroclus, 324, 325;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Mys´ter-ies.
+      Religious rites celebrated in honor of the God of Wine, 182.
+
+    Myths.
+      Fabulous tales, 378-401.
+
+
+    Na-i´a-des.
+      Fountain nymphs subject to Neptune, 297, 298.
+
+    Na-pæ´æ.
+      Valley nymphs, who looked after the flocks also, 297.
+
+    Nar-cis´sus.
+      Youth loved by Echo;
+      enamored with his own image, 118-120.
+
+    Nau-sic´a-a.
+      Daughter of Alcinous and Arete;
+      befriends Ulysses, 355.
+
+    Nax´os.
+      Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, 179, 257;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Nec´tar.
+      Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede, 41, 84.
+
+    Ne´leus.
+      Son of Neptune;
+      brother of Pelias, 154.
+
+    Ne´me-a.
+      Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, 220.
+
+    Ne´me-an Games.
+      Games in honor of Jupiter and Hercules, 239.
+
+    Ne´me-an Lion.
+      Monster slain by Hercules, 220.
+
+    Nem´e-sis.
+      Goddess of vengeance, 163;
+      pursues Orestes, 336.
+
+    Ne-op-tol´e-mus.
+      Same as Pyrrhus;
+      Achilles' son;
+      slays Priam, 361.
+
+    Neph´e-le.
+      Wife of Athamas;
+      mother of Phryxus and Helle, 265;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Nep´tune.
+      Same as Poseidon, god of the sea, 149-158;
+      son of Cronus, 22;
+      kingdom given to, 25;
+      Deluge controlled by, 36, 37;
+      horse created by, 57;
+      Delos created by, 62;
+      walls built by, 65;
+      Mars punished by, 139;
+      girl protected by, 197;
+      Vesta wooed by, 198;
+      Minos punished by, 223;
+      Pegasus created by, 244;
+      Hippolytus slain by, 262;
+      Thetis wooed by, 305;
+      Trojans punished by, 332, 333;
+      Polyphemus, son of, 339;
+      Ulysses' men slain by, 354, 355;
+      Æneas saved by, 366, 370;
+      significance, 397, 400.
+
+    Ne-re´i-des.
+      Water nymphs;
+      daughters of Nereus and Doris, 153, 155;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Ne´re-us.
+      God of the sea;
+      the personification of its pleasant aspect, 154, 226;
+      father of Thetis, 305;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Nes´sus.
+      The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river;
+      slain by Hercules, 234, 235;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Nes´tor.
+      Greek hero during Trojan war;
+      noted for wise counsel, 275, 314, 357.
+
+    Ni´ce.
+      Same as Victory;
+      attendant of Jupiter, 41.
+
+    Night.
+      Same as Nyx or Nox, 13, 15, 57, 208.
+
+    Nightmares.
+      Attendants of Somnus, crouching in his cave, 210.
+
+    Ni´o-be.
+      Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and
+          Diana, 93-96, 167;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    Ni´sus.
+      Youth who accompanies Euryalus to summon Æneas back to camp, 374.
+
+    No´man.
+      Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, 343, 344.
+
+    No´tus or Auster.
+      Southwest wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Nox.
+      Same as Nyx, goddess of night;
+      marries Chaos and Erebus, 13.
+
+    Nu´ma Pom-pil´i-us.
+      Second king of Rome;
+      built Vesta's temple, 200.
+
+    Nymphs.
+      Name given to female minor divinities, 297.
+
+    Ny-si´a-des.
+      Nymphs who cared for Bacchus, and form a constellation, 174.
+
+    Nyx.
+      Same as Nox, goddess of night;
+      mother of Day and Light, 13, 15, 17, 163.
+
+
+    O-ce-an´i-des.
+      Daughters of Oceanus;
+      nymphs of the ocean, 25, 103, 303;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    O-ce´a-nus.
+      1. River surrounding the earth, according to ancients, 15, 16, 229.
+      2. One of the Titans;
+         son of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 20, 22, 25, 149;
+         significance, 397.
+
+    O-cris´i-a.
+      A slave;
+      wife of Vulcan;
+      mother of Servius Tullius, 148.
+
+    O-dys´seus.
+      Same as Ulysses;
+      hero of the Odyssey, 337.
+
+    Od´ys-sey.
+      Epic poem of Homer on the adventures of Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Œd´i-pus.
+      Son of Laius and Jocasta;
+      King of Thebes, 280-290;
+      significance, 392, 393, 394.
+
+    Ϋneus.
+      Father of Meleager and Deianeira;
+      husband of Althæa, 232, 275.
+
+    Œ-no´ne.
+      Wife of Paris, son of Priam, 307, 308;
+      she dies on his funeral pyre, 331;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Œ-no´pi-on. Father of Merope;
+      blinds Orion, 99.
+
+    Ϋta.
+      Mountain on whose summit Hercules builds his funeral pyre, 238.
+
+    O-gyg´i-a.
+      Island where Calypso detains Ulysses seven years, 354.
+
+    O-lym´pi-a.
+      City in Elis noted for its temple and games, 49, 230, 239.
+
+    O-lym´pi-ad.
+      Time between Olympian Games; i.e., four years, 49.
+
+    O-lym´pi-an Games.
+      Games instituted by Hercules in honor of Jupiter, 49, 230.
+
+    O-lym´pus.
+      Mountain north of Greece;
+      the abode of the gods, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 39, 51, 55,
+          58, 70, 76, 96, 106, 120, 128, 132, 135, 153, 171, 240, 297,
+          373, 375;
+      gods fly from, 24;
+      Prometheus visits, 28;
+      Ganymede transported to, 43;
+      Vulcan expelled from, 144;
+      Ceres visits, 194;
+      Bellerophon storms, 295;
+      Thetis visits, 319;
+      significance, 384.
+
+    Om´pha-le.
+      Queen of Lydia;
+      the taskmistress of Hercules, 230.
+
+    O-ne-i-co-pom´pus.
+      Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, 131, 137.
+
+    Ops.
+      Same as Cybele;
+      name given to Rhea, and also to Ceres, 20.
+
+    O-re´a-des.
+      Mountain nymphs who guided travelers, 297.
+
+    O-res´tes.
+      Son of Agamemnon and Clytæmnestra;
+      friend of Pylades, 336.
+
+    O-ri´on.
+      Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, 98-100.
+
+    Or-i-thy´i-a.
+      Wife of Boreas;
+      mother of Calais, Zetus, Cleopatra, and Chione, 215.
+
+    Or´pheus.
+      Musician;
+      son of Apollo and Calliope, 75-80, 266;
+      significance, 387, 388.
+
+    Os´sa.
+      Mountain in Thessaly, upon which the Titans piled Pelion, 23.
+
+    O´tus.
+      Giant son of Neptune;
+      slain by Diana and Apollo, 139, 154;
+      significance, 400.
+
+
+    Pac-to´lus.
+      River in Asia Minor in which Midas washed, to remove his golden
+          plague, 179.
+
+    Pa-læ´mon.
+      Son of Athamas and Ino;
+      changed into sea god, 174.
+
+    Pal-a-me´des.
+      Messenger sent to summon Ulysses to war against Troy, 312.
+
+    Pal-i-nu´rus.
+      Æneas' pilot;
+      lost at sea off Cape Misenum, 370, 372.
+
+    Pal-la´di-um.
+      Statue of Minerva, 60;
+      stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, 198, 332.
+
+    Pal´las.
+      1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, 27, 55, 57.
+      2. Son of Evander;
+         slain by Turnus while fighting for Æneas, 374, 375.
+
+    Pal´lor.
+      Special attendant of Mars;
+      lover of strife, 138.
+
+    Pan.
+      Same as Consentes, god of nature and the universe, 74, 127, 300, 301;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Pan-ath-e-næ´a.
+      Festivals held in honor of Minerva, 60.
+
+    Pan-do´ra.
+      First woman;
+      created in heaven, she brings evil into the world, 29-35, 37.
+
+    Par´cæ.
+      The Fates, or Mœræ;
+      they spin the thread of destiny, 165.
+
+    Par´is.
+      Son of Priam and Hecuba, 307;
+      judgment of, 308;
+      visits Troy, 308, 310;
+      elopes with Helen, 312;
+      duel with Menelaus, 320;
+      in battle, 323;
+      Achilles slain by, 330;
+      death of, 331;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Par-nas´sus.
+      Mountain in Greece, 37, 38;
+      sacred to Apollo and the Muses, 90.
+
+    Par-the´ni-um.
+      Mountain upon which Atalanta was exposed, 275.
+
+    Par´the-non.
+      Temple dedicated to Minerva at Athens, 60.
+
+    Pa-tro´clus.
+      Friend of Achilles;
+      slain by Hector, 324-328;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Peg´a-sus.
+      Steed born from the sea foam and the blood of Medusa, 154, 244;
+      Bellerophon rides, 292-296;
+      significance, 394, 397.
+
+    Pe´leus.
+      Husband of Thetis;
+      father of Achilles, 266, 275, 305, 314.
+
+    Pe´li-as.
+      Uncle of Jason;
+      brother of Neleus, 154;
+      usurps the throne of Æson, 263-266, 273.
+
+    Pe´li-on.
+      A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to
+          reach Olympus, 23, 266.
+
+    Pel-o-pon-ne´sus.
+      The peninsula south of Greece, 49, 167.
+
+    Pe´lops.
+      Son of Tantalus;
+      gave his name to the Peloponnesus, 167;
+      father of Copreus, 153;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Pe-na´tes.
+      Household gods worshiped in Rome with the Lares, 203, 204;
+      Æneas saves the, 362.
+
+    Pe-nel´o-pe.
+      1. Wife of Ulysses, 312;
+         suitors of, 357-359;
+         significance, 395.
+      2. A nymph, the mother of Pan, 300.
+
+    Pe-ne´us.
+      1. River god;
+         father of Daphne;
+         changes Daphne into a laurel.
+      2. Name of a river in Greece, 68.
+
+    Pen-the-si-le´a.
+      Queen of Amazons;
+      slain during Trojan war, 329.
+
+    Pen´theus.
+      King of Thebes;
+      refuses to receive Bacchus, and is slain, 181, 182.
+
+    Per-i-phe´tes.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.
+
+    Per-seph´o-ne.
+      Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183, 187, 194.
+
+    Per´seus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Danae;
+      slays Medusa, 240-249;
+      significance, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395.
+
+    Pet´a-sus.
+      Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, 134.
+
+    Phæ-a´ci-ans.
+      People who dwelt in Scheria, and sent Ulysses home, 355;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Phæ´dra.
+      Daughter of Minos;
+      wife of Theseus, 262;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Pha´e-ton.
+      Son of Apollo and Clymene;
+      drives the sun car, and is slain, 83-88;
+      significance, 388, 395.
+
+    Pha-e-tu´sa.
+      Sister of Phaeton;
+      one of the Heliades, 87;
+      Apollo's flocks guarded by, 353.
+
+    Phe-re-phat´ta.
+      Name given to Persephone, or Proserpina, 183.
+
+    Phid´i-as.
+      Noted Greek sculptor;
+      made statues of the gods, 49, 60.
+
+    Phi-le´mon.
+      Husband of Baucis;
+      changed into an oak, 43, 44.
+
+    Phil-oc-te´tes.
+      Friend of Hercules;
+      receives his arrows, 238, 330, 331.
+
+    Phi-lon´o-e.
+      Daughter of Iobates;
+      wife of Bellerophon, 292;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Phin´e-us.
+      The blind king of Thrace;
+      annoyed by the Harpies, 248, 249, 267.
+
+    Phleg´e-thon.
+      One of the rivers of Hades;
+      a river of fire, 161, 163, 350.
+
+    Pho´bos.
+      One of the attendants of Mars, god of war, 138.
+
+    Pho´cis.
+      Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of
+          Corinth, 336.
+
+    Phϫbe.
+      One of the Titanides, 17, 20;
+      same as Diana, 93.
+
+    Phϫbus.
+      Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and of medicine, 61, 67,
+          90, 94, 96, 318;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Phœ-nic´i-a.
+      Province in Asia Minor, named after Phœnix, 47;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Phϫnix.
+      Brother of Europa, who gave his name to Phœnicia, 45, 47.
+
+    Phryx´us.
+      Son of Athamas and Nephele;
+      rides on golden-fleeced ram to Colchis, 154, 265;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Pi-re´ne.
+      Fountain near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, 294.
+
+    Pi-rith´o-us.
+      King of the Lapithæ;
+      friend of Theseus, 259, 260, 275.
+
+    Ple´ia-des.
+      Seven of Diana's nymphs;
+      pursued by Orion and changed into stars, 98.
+
+    Plu´to.
+      Same as Hades, Dis, Aïdoneus, etc., 159-170;
+      god of the Infernal Regions, 25, 76, 77, 79, 110, 208, 350;
+      birth of, 22;
+      Proserpina kidnapped by, 183-187;
+      Arethusa sees, 193;
+      Ceres visits, 195;
+      Perseus aided by, 243;
+      Theseus punished by, 260;
+      significance, 396, 401.
+
+    Plu´tus.
+      Name given to Pluto when invoked as god of wealth, 159.
+
+    Pod-a-lir´i-us.
+      Son of Æsculapius;
+      skilled in medicine, 64.
+
+    Po-dar´ces.
+      Same as Priam, King of Troy;
+      slain by Pyrrhus, 152.
+
+    Po-li´tes.
+      Last of Priam's sons;
+      slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, 361.
+
+    Pol´lux.
+      Son of Jupiter and Leda;
+      brother of Castor, Helen, and Clytæmnestra, 260, 266, 275, 278, 279.
+
+    Pol´y-bus.
+      King of Corinth;
+      adopted Å’dipus when forsaken by the servant, 280-282.
+
+    Pol-y-dec´tes.
+      King of Seriphus;
+      sends Perseus in quest of Medusa, 242, 249.
+
+    Pol-y-do´rus.
+      Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace;
+      his grave discovered by Æneas, 363.
+
+    Pol-y-hym´ni-a.
+      Muse of rhetoric;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.
+
+    Pol-y-ni´ces.
+      Son of Å’dipus, 285;
+      slain by Eteocles, 287;
+      buried by Antigone, 288.
+
+    Pol-y-phe´mus.
+      Giant son of Neptune, 154;
+      Ulysses visits, 339-346;
+      Galatea loved by, 341;
+      blinded by Ulysses, 344;
+      Achemenides escapes from, 365.
+
+    Po-lyx´e-na.
+      Daughter of Priam;
+      affianced wife of Achilles, 330.
+
+    Po-mo´na.
+      Goddess of the orchards;
+      wife of Vertumnus, 303.
+
+    Pon´tus.
+      Name given to the sea when first created, 13, 15.
+
+    Po-sei´don.
+      Same as Neptune, god of the sea and of horse trainers, 149.
+
+    Po´thos.
+      God of the amities of love;
+      one of the numerous attendants of Venus, 106.
+
+    Pri´am.
+      Same as Podarces, 152;
+      King of Troy, 307;
+      Paris received by, 310;
+      duel witnessed by, 320;
+      Hector, son of, 325;
+      Hector's death seen by, 328;
+      Mercury leads, 329;
+      Polyxena, daughter of, 330;
+      death of, 335, 361.
+
+    Pri-a´pus.
+      God of the shade;
+      pursues the nymph Lotis, 299, 301.
+
+    Pro´cris.
+      Wife of Cephalus;
+      slain by his unerring javelin, 70, 71;
+      significance, 387, 389.
+
+    Pro-crus´tes (The Stretcher).
+      Encountered and slain by Theseus, 252.
+
+    Prϫtus.
+      Husband of Anteia, and kinsman of Bellerophon, 291, 292.
+
+    Pro-me´theus (Forethought).
+      Son of Iapetus;
+      man created by, 25;
+      Olympus visited by, 27;
+      chained to Caucasian Mountains, 28;
+      Hercules delivers, 28, 227;
+      Deucalion, son of, 37;
+      significance, 379, 398.
+
+    Pro-ser´pi-na.
+      Same as Proserpine and Persephone;
+      goddess of vegetation, 183-197;
+      Orpheus visits, 77;
+      Adonis welcomed by, 110;
+      Pluto kidnaps, 159;
+      emblem of death, 212;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Pro-tes-i-la´us.
+      First Greek who landed on Trojan coast, 316, 317.
+
+    Pro´teus.
+      Inferior sea divinity;
+      shepherd of the deep, 156;
+      Menelaus consults, 336;
+      significance, 381.
+
+    Psy´che.
+      Fair princess loved by Cupid;
+      the emblem of the soul, 121-130;
+      significance, 381.
+
+    Psy-cho-pom´pus.
+      Name given to Mercury as leader of souls to Hades, 131, 137.
+
+    Pyg-ma´li-on.
+      1. Celebrated sculptor, who loves a statue, 120, 121.
+      2. Brother of Dido;
+         murderer of Sychæus, Dido's husband, 366.
+
+    Pyg´mies.
+      Race of small people in Africa;
+      defended by Antæus, 227, 228.
+
+    Pyl´a-des.
+      Son of Strophius;
+      intimate friend of Orestes, 336.
+
+    Pyr´a-mus.
+      Faithful lover of Thisbe;
+      commits suicide, 117, 118.
+
+    Pyr´rha.
+      Wife of Deucalion;
+      the only woman who survives the Flood, 37, 38.
+
+    Pyr´rhus.
+      Same as Neoptolemus;
+      son of Achilles, 361.
+
+    Pyth´e-us.
+      Surname given to Apollo as python slayer, 61, 65.
+
+    Pyth´i-a.
+      Name given to Apollo's priestess at Delphi, 91.
+
+    Pyth´i-an Games.
+      Games celebrated at Delphi every three years, 91.
+
+    Py´thon.
+      Serpent born of the Deluge slime;
+      slain by Apollo, 65-67;
+      significance, 387, 400.
+
+
+    Quin-qua´tri-a.
+      Festivals in honor of the goddess Minerva, 60.
+
+    Quir´i-nal.
+      One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 142.
+
+    Quir-i-na´li-a.
+      Festivals in Rome in honor of Quirinus, 142.
+
+    Qui-ri´nus.
+      Name given to Romulus when deified, 142.
+
+
+    Re-gil´lus.
+      Lake in Italy where occurred the battle in which the Dioscuri
+          were supposed to assist, 279.
+
+    Re´mus.
+      Son of Mars and Ilia;
+      twin brother of Romulus, 140-142, 377.
+
+    Rhad-a-man´thus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Europa;
+      judge in Hades, 45, 163.
+
+    Rhe´a.
+      Female Titan;
+      daughter of Uranus and Gæa, 17;
+      wife of Cronus, 18;
+      Jupiter saved by, 20;
+      Corybantes, priests of, 21;
+      Cronus defeated by, 22;
+      Juno, daughter of, 51;
+      Pluto, son of, 159;
+      Ceres, daughter of, 183;
+      Vesta, daughter of, 198;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Rhodes.
+      Island in the Mediterranean, where the Colossus stood, 91.
+
+    Rome.
+      City founded by Romulus;
+      it comprises seven hills, 142.
+
+    Rom´u-lus.
+      Son of Mars and Ilia;
+      founder of Rome, 140, 142, 372, 377.
+
+    Ru´tu-les.
+      Nation in Italy, governed by Turnus, 374, 375.
+
+
+    Sa-git-ta´ri-us.
+      The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught
+          Hercules, 221.
+
+    Sa-la´ci-a.
+      Same as Amphitrite;
+      wife of Neptune, 154.
+
+    Sa´li-i.
+      Priests appointed to watch the sacred shields in Rome, 143.
+
+    Sal-mo´neus.
+      King who wished to emulate Jupiter, 168.
+
+    Sar-pe´don.
+      Son of Jupiter and Europa, 45;
+      slain during the Trojan war, 325.
+
+    Sat´urn, or Cronus.
+      Son of Uranus and Gæa, 18;
+      father of Jupiter, 20;
+      Italy ruled by, 23, 35;
+      husband of Rhea, 25;
+      day of, 207.
+
+    Sa´tyrs.
+      Male divinities of the woods, half man, half goat, 300.
+
+    Scæ´an Gate.
+      Gate which led from Troy to the plain, 321.
+
+    Sci´ron.
+      Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth, 251, 252.
+
+    Scyl´la.
+      Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of
+          same name, 352, 353, 365.
+
+    Scy´ros.
+      Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by
+          Achilles and Theseus, 262.
+
+    Scyth´i-a.
+      Country north of the Euxine Sea, 196.
+
+    Seasons.
+      The four daughters of Jupiter and Themis, 105.
+
+    Sec´u-lar Games.
+      Games in honor of Pluto every hundred years, 160.
+
+    Se-le´ne.
+      Name given to Diana as moon goddess, 93;
+      significance, 388, 389.
+
+    Sem´e-le.
+      Daughter of Cadmus;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Bacchus, 171-174;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Se-ri´phus.
+      Island where Danae and Perseus were cast ashore, 242, 249.
+
+    Ser´vi-us Tul´li-us.
+      Sixth king of Rome;
+      son of Vulcan and Ocrisia, 148.
+
+    Ses´tus.
+      City opposite Abydus;
+      the home of Hero, 111, 112, 116.
+
+    Seven Wonders of the World, 49, 91.
+
+    Sheet-lightning.
+      Same as Arges, 18.
+
+    Sib´yl.
+      Prophetess of Cumæ, who led Æneas down to the infernal Regions,
+          370-372.
+
+    Si-ca´ni-a.
+      Land where Anchises died;
+      visited twice by Æneas, 365.
+
+    Sic´i-ly.
+      Island home of Polyphemus;
+      visited by Arion, 82;
+      visited by Proserpina, 183;
+      visited by Ulysses, 339;
+      visited by Æneas, 365, 370.
+
+    Si-le´nus.
+      Tutor of Bacchus;
+      generally represented on an ass, 174-177, 300.
+
+    Sil-va´nus.
+      God of the woods;
+      one of the lesser Roman divinities, 301.
+
+    Silver Age.
+      Second age of the ancient world, 35.
+
+    Sil´vi-a.
+      Daughter of Latin shepherd;
+      her stag was wounded by Iulus, 373.
+
+    Si´nis (The Pine-bender).
+      Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.
+
+    Si´non.
+      Greek slave, who advised the Trojans to secure the wooden horse,
+          332, 335.
+
+    Sip´y-lus.
+      Mountain where stood the statue of Niobe, 94.
+
+    Si´rens.
+      Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs, 350-352;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Sir´i-us.
+      Favorite dog of Orion;
+      a constellation, 98, 100.
+
+    Sis´y-phus.
+      King condemned to roll a rock in Tartarus to the top of a steep
+          hill, 77, 167;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Sol.
+      Name frequently given to Apollo as god of the sun, 61.
+
+    Som´nus.
+      God of sleep;
+      the child of Nox, and twin brother of Mors, 208-212.
+
+    Spar´ta.
+      Capital of Lacedæmon;
+      favorite city of Juno, 52;
+      home of Menelaus, 310-312.
+
+    Sphinx.
+      Riddle-giving monster;
+      slain by Å’dipus, 283-285;
+      significance, 393, 401.
+
+    Stel´li-o.
+      Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina, 197.
+
+    Ster´o-pes (Lightning).
+      One of the Cyclopes;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Sthe´no.
+      One of the three Gorgon sisters, immortal, like Euryale, 242.
+
+    Stroph´a-des.
+      Islands where the Harpies took refuge when driven from Thrace, 267;
+      Æneas visits the, 364.
+
+    Stro´phi-us.
+      Father of Pylades;
+      shelters Orestes, 336.
+
+    Stym-pha´lus.
+      Lake upon whose banks Hercules slew the brazen-clawed birds, 226.
+
+    Styx.
+      River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most
+          sacred oaths, 43, 77, 84, 161, 172;
+      Achilles bathed in the, 314.
+
+    Su-a-de´la.
+      One of Venus' train of attendants;
+      god of the soft speech of love, 106.
+
+    Sy-chæ´us.
+      King of Tyre;
+      husband of Dido;
+      murdered by Pygmalion, 366.
+
+    Sym-pleg´a-des.
+      Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, 268.
+
+    Sy´rinx.
+      Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, 300, 301.
+
+
+    Tæn´a-rum, or Tæn´a-rus.
+      The Greek entrance to Hades on Cimmerian coast, 160, 229.
+
+    Ta-la´ri-a.
+      Mercury's winged sandals, given by the gods, 134.
+
+    Ta´lus.
+      Brazen giant;
+      son of Vulcan;
+      the watchman of Minos, 256, 257.
+
+    Tan´ta-lus.
+      Father of Pelops;
+      condemned to hunger and thirst in Hades, 77, 93, 167;
+      significance, 389, 390.
+
+    Tar´ta-rus.
+      Abyss under the earth, where the Titans, etc., were confined,
+          17, 18, 22, 25;
+      Orpheus' music heard in, 77;
+      wicked in, 161-169;
+      significance, 385, 391.
+
+    Tau´ris.
+      Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, 316;
+      visited by Orestes, 336.
+
+    Tel´a-mon.
+      Husband of Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, 152.
+
+    Te-lem´a-chus.
+      Son of Ulysses and Penelope, 312;
+      adventures of, 357, 358.
+
+    Tel-e-phas´sa.
+      Wife of Agenor;
+      mother of Europa, 47;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Tel´lus.
+      Same as Gæa;
+      name given to Rhea, 13.
+
+    Ten´e-dos.
+      Island off the coast of Troy, 332, 335.
+
+    Terp-sich´o-re.
+      Muse of dancing;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88.
+
+    Ter´ra.
+      Same as Gæa, goddess of the earth, 13.
+
+    Teu´cer.
+      Ancient king of the Trojans, 364.
+
+    Tha-li´a.
+      1. One of the three Graces;
+         daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, 105.
+      2. One of the nine Muses;
+         Muse of comedy, 88.
+
+    Than´a-tos.
+      Same as Mors, god of death, 208.
+
+    Thebes.
+      Capital of BÅ“otia;
+      founded by Cadmus, 47, 48;
+      Amphion, king of, 80-82;
+      Athamas, king of, 174;
+      Pentheus, king of, 181;
+      Å’dipus, king of, 280-290.
+
+    The´mis.
+      One of the six female Titans, 17, 22;
+      goddess of justice, 44, 105, 107, 163.
+
+    The-oph´a-ne.
+      Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, 153.
+
+    The´seus.
+      Son of Ægeus and Æthra;
+      hero of Athens, 179, 250-262, 266, 275;
+      significance, 391, 393.
+
+    Thes-mo-pho´ri-a.
+      Festivals in Greece in honor of Ceres, 196.
+
+    Thes´sa-ly.
+      A province of Greece, 311;
+      fight of the gods in, 23;
+      Admetus, king of, 64;
+      Ceyx, king of, 211;
+      Æson, king of, 263, 273;
+      Protesilaus of, 316.
+
+    The´tis.
+      1. Mother of Achilles, 314;
+         a sea nymph, 20.
+      2. One of the Titanides, 17;
+         marriage feast of, 305, 306;
+         Olympus visited by, 319;
+         Achilles comforted by, 325;
+         Achilles' armor brought by, 326-328;
+         Achilles instructed by, 329.
+
+    This´be.
+      Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, 117, 118.
+
+    Thrace.
+      Country on the Black Sea;
+      the home of Mars, 138, 223, 267, 363;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Thyr´sus.
+      The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Ti´ber.
+      River in Italy, 200, 202, 205;
+      Æneas sails up the, 363, 372, 374.
+
+    Ti-re´si-as.
+      The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore, 350, 353.
+
+    Ti-siph´o-ne.
+      One of the three Furies, or Eumenides, 163, 165, 174.
+
+    Ti-tan´i-des.
+      The six daughters of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+
+    Ti´tans.
+      Name given to the six sons of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 18;
+      revolt of, 22, 23, 25;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    Ti-tho´nus.
+      Trojan prince who visited Aurora, 90.
+
+    Tit´y-us.
+      Giant in Tartarus, whose prostrate body covered nine acres, 169.
+
+    Tra-chin´i-a.
+      Land where Hercules died, 216.
+
+    Tri-na´cri-a.
+      Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun,
+          353, 354.
+
+    Trip-tol´e-mus.
+      Nursling and protégé of Ceres, 188, 196.
+
+    Tri´ton.
+      Son of Neptune and Amphitrite;
+      father of the Tritons, 154, 303;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Trœ-ze´ne.
+      Ancient city in Argolis, 152;
+      birthplace of Theseus, 250, 251;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Tro´jans.
+      Inhabitants of Troy, 316-335, 360-376.
+
+    Troy.
+      City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam;
+      war of, 305-336.
+
+    Tuc´ci-a.
+      Vestal virgin who stood the test of purity, 200.
+
+    Tur´nus.
+      Chief of the Rutules;
+      wars against Æneas, 372-377.
+
+    Tus´cans.
+      People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander;
+      allies of Æneas, 374, 375.
+
+    Tyn-da´re-us.
+      Stepfather of Helen;
+      binds her suitors by oath, 311.
+
+    Ty-phϫus.
+      Same as Typhon;
+      monster sent to dethrone Jupiter, 23, 24.
+
+    Tyre.
+      City in Phœnicia, governed by Sychæus and Dido, 366.
+
+
+    U-lys´ses.
+      Same as Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey;
+      King of Ithaca, 214, 312, 315, 330, 332;
+      adventures of, 337-359;
+      significance, 386, 395.
+
+    U-ra´ni-a.
+      Muse of astronomy, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88, 90.
+
+    U´ra-nus (Heaven).
+      Husband of Gæa, created by her, 15, 17, 18;
+      significance, 385.
+
+
+    Ve´nus.
+      Same as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, 103-130;
+      day of, 207;
+      Hippomenes aided by, 278;
+      Juno and Minerva dispute with, 306-308;
+      Paris advised by, 310, 312;
+      Paris saved by, 320;
+      Æneas, son of, 360, 362, 366, 367, 370, 372, 376;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Ver-tum´nus.
+      God of the orchards;
+      loved by Pomona, 303.
+
+    Ves´ta.
+      Same as Hestia, goddess of fire and of the family hearth, 198-204;
+      birth of, 22;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Ves-ta´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Vesta, held in Rome, 202.
+
+    Ves´tals.
+      Virgins dedicated to the service of Vesta, 200-202, 377.
+
+    Vic-to´ri-a.
+      Same as Nice, goddess of victory, 41.
+
+    Vol´scians.
+      Tribe in Italy who join the Rutules against Æneas, 373, 374, 376.
+
+    Vul´can.
+      Same as Hephæstus, god of the forge, 144-148;
+      Jupiter's head cleft by, 55;
+      Venus, wife of, 106, 107;
+      armor made by, 326, 374;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Vul-ca-na´li-a.
+      Festivals celebrated in honor of Vulcan, 148.
+
+
+    Zeph´y-rus.
+      God of the south wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213;
+      Hyacinthus slain by, 67;
+      Venus conducted by, 105;
+      Psyche saved by, 122, 128;
+      Flora, wife of, 301.
+
+    Ze´tes.
+      Son of Boreas and Orithyia;
+      took part in Argonautic expedition, and drove away Harpies, 215.
+
+    Ze´thus.
+      Twin brother of Amphion;
+      son of Jupiter and Antiope, 80-82.
+
+    Zeus.
+      Same as Jupiter;
+      father of the gods, 39;
+      significance, 379, 385, 388, 395.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Variations in spelling of proper nouns are preserved as printed.
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation and accent
+usage has been made consistent.
+
+Page 260--capitivity amended to captivity--"... came to Athens,
+delivered her from captivity, ..."
+
+The transcriptions of the genealogical table have been added by the
+transcriber for the convenience of the reader. Please note that the
+original table stated erroneously that Hemera was male and Æther was
+female. This has been corrected in the transcriptions.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Myths of Greece and Rome
+       Narrated with Special Reference to Literature and Art
+
+Author: H. A. Guerber
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2012 [EBook #39250]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME
+
+       NARRATED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
+               LITERATURE AND ART
+
+                       BY
+
+                  H. A. GUERBER
+              LECTURER ON MYTHOLOGY
+
+
+                 [Illustration]
+
+
+              AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+           NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+               Copyright, 1893, by
+              American Book Company.
+
+               Copyright. 1921, by
+                 H. A. Guerber.
+
+                Guerber's Myths.
+                     E.P. 44
+
+
+
+
+                    DEDICATED
+
+               TO MY KIND FRIENDS
+
+          MISS MACKIE AND MISS MASTERS
+
+  IN WHOSE SCHOOLS MY LECTURES WERE FIRST GIVEN
+
+
+                MADE IN U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: HOMER.--François Gérard.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The aim of this book is to present a complete and entertaining account
+of Grecian and Roman mythology in such a manner that the student will
+appreciate its great influence upon literature and art.
+
+These myths, an inexhaustible fund of inspiration for the poets and
+artists of the past, have also inspired many noted modern works. To
+impress this fact forcibly upon the student, appropriate quotations
+from the poetical writings of all ages, from Hesiod's "Works and
+Days," to Tennyson's "Oenone," have been inserted in the text, while
+reproductions of ancient masterpieces and noted examples of modern
+painting and sculpture are plentifully used as illustrations.
+
+The myths are told as graphically and accurately as possible, great
+care being taken, however, to avoid the more repulsive features of
+heathen mythology; and when two or more versions of the same myth
+occur, the preference has invariably been given to the most popular,
+that is to say, to the one which has inspired the greatest works.
+
+Both the Latin and the Greek forms of proper names are given, but the
+Latin names are usually retained throughout the narrative, because
+more frequently used in poetry and art.
+
+The closing chapter includes an analysis of myths by the light of
+philology and comparative mythology, and the philological explanation
+of the stories related in the preceding chapters.
+
+A map, genealogical table, and complete glossary and index adapt this
+little volume for constant use in the library and art gallery, at home
+and abroad.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+    MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MYTHS                                  8
+
+    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                         10
+
+    CHAP. I. The Beginning of All Things                          11
+
+         II. Jupiter                                              39
+
+        III. Juno                                                 51
+
+         IV. Minerva                                              55
+
+          V. Apollo                                               61
+
+         VI. Diana                                                93
+
+        VII. Venus                                               103
+
+       VIII. Mercury                                             131
+
+         IX. Mars                                                138
+
+          X. Vulcan                                              144
+
+         XI. Neptune                                             149
+
+        XII. Pluto                                               159
+
+       XIII. Bacchus                                             171
+
+        XIV. Ceres and Proserpina                                183
+
+         XV. Vesta                                               198
+
+        XVI. Janus                                               205
+
+       XVII. Somnus and Mors                                     208
+
+      XVIII. Æolus                                               213
+
+        XIX. Hercules                                            216
+
+         XX. Perseus                                             240
+
+        XXI. Theseus                                             250
+
+       XXII. Jason                                               263
+
+      XXIII. The Calydonian Hunt                                 275
+
+       XXIV. Oedipus                                             280
+
+        XXV. Bellerophon                                         291
+
+       XXVI. Minor Divinities                                    297
+
+      XXVII. The Trojan War                                      305
+
+     XXVIII. Adventures of Ulysses                               337
+
+       XXIX. Adventures of Æneas                                 360
+
+        XXX. Analysis of Myths                                   378
+
+    GENEALOGICAL TABLE                                           402
+
+    INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS                                 405
+
+    GLOSSARY AND INDEX                                           407
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Maps.]
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+    Homer                                                          2
+
+    Amor                                                          14
+
+    Fountain of Cybele (Rhea)                                     19
+
+    Minerva and Prometheus                                        26
+
+    Pandora                                                       30
+
+    Hope                                                          34
+
+    Olympian Zeus                                                 40
+
+    Ganymede and the Eagle                                        42
+
+    The Abduction of Europa                                       46
+
+    Juno                                                          50
+
+    Iris                                                          53
+
+    Minerva                                                       56
+
+    Apollo Belvedere                                              66
+
+    Apollo and Daphne                                             69
+
+    Orpheus and Eurydice                                          78
+
+    Farnese Bull                                                  81
+
+    Aurora                                                        86
+
+    Apollo and the Muses                                          89
+
+    Diana of Versailles                                           92
+
+    Niobe                                                         95
+
+    Venus de Milo                                                102
+
+    Fourth Hour of the Night                                     104
+
+    Sleeping Love                                                109
+
+    Hero and Leander                                             115
+
+    Cupid awakening Psyche                                       125
+
+    Charon and Psyche                                            129
+
+    Flying Mercury                                               133
+
+    Venus de Milo and Mars                                       141
+
+    The Forge of Vulcan                                          146
+
+    Fountain of Neptune                                          150
+
+    Father Nile                                                  157
+
+    The Furies                                                   162
+
+    The Three Fates                                              164
+
+    Bacchus                                                      175
+
+    Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne                              180
+
+    Abduction of Proserpina                                      185
+
+    Ceres                                                        189
+
+    A Nymph                                                      191
+
+    School of the Vestal Virgins                                 199
+
+    The Vestal Tuccia                                            201
+
+    Genius of Death                                              209
+
+    Hercules an Infant                                           217
+
+    Hercules and Centaur                                         222
+
+    Mounted Amazon going to the Chase                            225
+
+    Hercules at the Feet of Omphale                              231
+
+    Fortuna                                                      233
+
+    Farnese Hercules                                             237
+
+    Perseus                                                      245
+
+    Perseus and Andromeda                                        247
+
+    Dædalus and Icarus                                           254
+
+    Ariadne                                                      258
+
+    Theseus                                                      261
+
+    Jason and the Dragon                                         270
+
+    Medea                                                        272
+
+    Atalanta's Race                                              277
+
+    Oedipus and the Sphinx                                       284
+
+    Antigone and Ismene                                          289
+
+    Chimæra                                                      293
+
+    Vertumnus and Pomona                                         302
+
+    Paris                                                        309
+
+    Abduction of Helen                                           313
+
+    Parting of Hector and Andromache                             322
+
+    Thetis bearing the Armor of Achilles                         327
+
+    Laocoon                                                      334
+
+    Triumph of Galatea                                           340
+
+    Acis and Galatea (Evening)                                   342
+
+    Circe and the Friends of Ulysses                             348
+
+    Siren                                                        351
+
+    Penelope                                                     356
+
+    Æneas at the Court of Dido                                   368
+
+    Cumæan Sibyl                                                 371
+
+
+
+
+MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS.
+
+
+Mythology is the science which treats of the early traditions, or
+myths, relating to the religion of the ancients, and includes, besides
+a full account of the origin of their gods, their theory concerning
+the beginning of all things.
+
+[Sidenote: Myths of creation.]
+
+Among all the nations scattered over the face of the earth, the
+Hebrews alone were instructed by God, who gave them not only a full
+account of the creation of the world and of all living creatures, but
+also a code of laws to regulate their conduct. All the questions they
+fain would ask were fully answered, and no room remained for
+conjecture.
+
+It was not so, however, with the other nations. The Greeks and Romans,
+for instance, lacking the definite knowledge which we obtain from the
+Scriptures, and still anxious to know everything, were forced to
+construct, in part, their own theory. As they looked about them for
+some clue to serve as guide, they could not help but observe and
+admire the wonders of nature. The succession of day and night, summer
+and winter, rain and sunshine; the fact that the tallest trees sprang
+from tiny seeds, the greatest rivers from diminutive streams, and the
+most beautiful flowers and delicious fruits from small green
+buds,--all seemed to tell them of a superior Being, who had fashioned
+them to serve a definite purpose.
+
+They soon came to the conclusion that a hand mighty enough to call all
+these wonders into life, could also have created the beautiful Earth
+whereon they dwelt. These thoughts gave rise to others; suppositions
+became certainties; and soon the following myth or fable was evolved,
+to be handed down from generation to generation.
+
+At first, when all things lay in a great confused mass,--
+
+    "Ere earth, and sea, and covering heavens, were known,
+    The face of nature, o'er the world, was one;
+    And men have call'd it Chaos; formless, rude,
+    The mass; dead matter's weight, inert, and crude;
+    Where, in mix'd heap of ill-compounded mold,
+    The jarring seeds of things confusedly roll'd."
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+The Earth did not exist. Land, sea, and air were mixed up together; so
+that the earth was not solid, the sea was not fluid, nor the air
+transparent.
+
+    "No sun yet beam'd from yon cerulean height;
+    No orbing moon repair'd her horns of light;
+    No earth, self-poised, on liquid ether hung;
+    No sea its world-enclasping waters flung;
+    Earth was half air, half sea, an embryo heap;
+    Nor earth was fix'd, nor fluid was the deep;
+    Dark was the void of air; no form was traced;
+    Obstructing atoms struggled through the waste;
+    Where cold, and hot, and moist, and dry rebell'd;
+    Heavy the light, and hard the soft repell'd."
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Chaos and Nyx.]
+
+Over this shapeless mass reigned a careless deity called Chaos, whose
+personal appearance could not be described, as there was no light by
+which he could be seen. He shared his throne with his wife, the dark
+goddess of Night, named Nyx or Nox, whose black robes, and still
+blacker countenance, did not tend to enliven the surrounding gloom.
+
+[Sidenote: Erebus, Æther, and Hemera.]
+
+These two divinities wearied of their power in the course of time, and
+called their son Erebus (Darkness) to their assistance. His first act
+was to dethrone and supplant Chaos; and then, thinking he would be
+happier with a helpmeet, he married his own mother, Nyx. Of course,
+with our present views, this marriage was a heinous sin; but the
+ancients, who at first had no fixed laws, did not consider this union
+unsuitable, and recounted how Erebus and Nyx ruled over the chaotic
+world together, until their two beautiful children, Æther (Light) and
+Hemera (Day), acting in concert, dethroned them, and seized the
+supreme power.
+
+[Sidenote: Creation of Gæa and Uranus.]
+
+Space, illumined for the first time by their radiance, revealed itself
+in all its uncouthness. Æther and Hemera carefully examined the
+confusion, saw its innumerable possibilities, and decided to evolve
+from it a "thing of beauty;" but quite conscious of the magnitude of
+such an undertaking, and feeling that some assistance would be
+desirable, they summoned Eros (Amor or Love), their own child, to
+their aid. By their combined efforts, Pontus (the Sea) and Gæa (Ge,
+Tellus, Terra), as the Earth was first called, were created.
+
+In the beginning the Earth did not present the beautiful appearance
+that it does now. No trees waved their leafy branches on the
+hillsides; no flowers bloomed in the valleys; no grass grew on the
+plains; no birds flew through the air. All was silent, bare, and
+motionless. Eros, the first to perceive these deficiencies, seized his
+life-giving arrows and pierced the cold bosom of the Earth.
+Immediately the brown surface was covered with luxuriant verdure;
+birds of many colors flitted through the foliage of the new-born
+forest trees; animals of all kinds gamboled over the grassy plains;
+and swift-darting fishes swam in the limpid streams. All was now life,
+joy, and motion.
+
+  [Illustration: AMOR.--Martin.]
+
+Gæa, roused from her apathy, admired all that had already been done
+for her embellishment, and, resolving to crown and complete the work
+so well begun, created Uranus (Heaven).
+
+              "Her first-born Earth produc'd,
+    Of like immensity, the starry Heaven:
+    That he might sheltering compass her around
+    On every side."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The egg myth.]
+
+This version of the creation of the world, although but one of the
+many current with the Greeks and Romans, was the one most generally
+adopted; but another, also very popular, stated that the first
+divinities, Erebus and Nyx, produced a gigantic egg, from which Eros,
+the god of love, emerged to create the Earth.
+
+          "In the dreary chaotical closet
+    Of Erebus old, was a privy deposit,
+    By Night the primæval in secrecy laid;
+    A Mystical Egg, that in silence and shade
+    Was brooded and hatched; till time came about:
+    And Love, the delightful, in glory flew out."
+
+                 Aristophanes (Frere's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Mount Olympus and the river Oceanus.]
+
+The Earth thus created was supposed by the ancients to be a disk,
+instead of a sphere as science has proved. The Greeks fancied that
+their country occupied a central position, and that Mount Olympus, a
+very high mountain, the mythological abode of their gods, was placed
+in the exact center. Their Earth was divided into two equal parts by
+Pontus (the Sea,--equivalent to our Mediterranean and Black Seas); and
+all around it flowed the great river Oceanus in a "steady, equable
+current," undisturbed by storm, from which the Sea and all the rivers
+were supposed to derive their waters.
+
+[Sidenote: The Hyperboreans.]
+
+The Greeks also imagined that the portion of the Earth directly north
+of their country was inhabited by a fortunate race of men, the
+Hyperboreans, who dwelt in continual bliss, and enjoyed a never-ending
+springtide. Their homes were said to be "inaccessible by land or by
+sea." They were "exempt from disease, old age, and death," and were so
+virtuous that the gods frequently visited them, and even condescended
+to share their feasts and games. A people thus favored could not fail
+to be happy, and many were the songs in praise of their sunny land.
+
+    "I come from a land in the sun-bright deep,
+        Where golden gardens grow;
+    Where the winds of the north, becalm'd in sleep,
+        Their conch shells never blow.
+
+    "So near the track of the stars are we,
+        That oft, on night's pale beams,
+    The distant sounds of their harmony
+        Come to our ears, like dreams.
+
+    "The Moon, too, brings her world so nigh,
+        That when the night-seer looks
+    To that shadowless orb, in a vernal sky,
+        He can number its hills and brooks.
+
+    "To the Sun god all our hearts and lyres
+        By day, by night, belong;
+    And the breath we draw from his living fires
+        We give him back in song."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ethiopians and the Isles of the Blest.]
+
+South of Greece, also near the great river Oceanus, dwelt another
+nation, just as happy and virtuous as the Hyperboreans,--the
+Ethiopians. They, too, often enjoyed the company of the gods, who
+shared their innocent pleasures with great delight.
+
+And far away, on the shore of this same marvelous river, according to
+some mythologists, were the beautiful Isles of the Blest, where
+mortals who had led virtuous lives, and had thus found favor in the
+sight of the gods, were transported without tasting of death, and
+where they enjoyed an eternity of bliss. These islands had sun, moon,
+and stars of their own, and were never visited by the cold wintry
+winds that swept down from the north.
+
+    "The Isles of the Blest, they say,
+      The Isles of the Blest,
+    Are peaceful and happy, by night and by day,
+      Far away in the glorious west.
+
+    "They need not the moon in that land of delight,
+      They need not the pale, pale star;
+    The sun is bright, by day and night,
+      Where the souls of the blessed are.
+
+    "They till not the ground, they plow not the wave,
+      They labor not, never! oh, never!
+    Not a tear do they shed, not a sigh do they heave,
+      They are happy, for ever and ever!"
+
+                                     Pindar.
+
+[Sidenote: Uranus and Gæa.]
+
+Chaos, Erebus, and Nyx were deprived of their power by Æther and
+Hemera, who did not long enjoy the possession of the scepter; for
+Uranus and Gæa, more powerful than their progenitors, soon forced them
+to depart, and began to reign in their stead. They had not dwelt long
+on the summit of Mount Olympus, before they found themselves the
+parents of twelve gigantic children, the Titans, whose strength was
+such that their father, Uranus, greatly feared them. To prevent their
+ever making use of it against him, he seized them immediately after
+their birth, hurled them down into a dark abyss called Tartarus, and
+there chained them fast.
+
+[Sidenote: Titans, Cyclopes, and Centimani.]
+
+This chasm was situated far under the earth; and Uranus knew that his
+six sons (Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus), as
+well as his six daughters, the Titanides (Ilia, Rhea, Themis, Thetis,
+Mnemosyne, and Phoebe), could not easily escape from its cavernous
+depths. The Titans did not long remain sole occupants of Tartarus, for
+one day the brazen doors were again thrown wide open to admit the
+Cyclopes,--Brontes (Thunder), Steropes (Lightning), and Arges
+(Sheet-lightning),--three later-born children of Uranus and Gæa, who
+helped the Titans to make the darkness hideous with their incessant
+clamor for freedom. In due time their number was increased by the
+three terrible Centimani (Hundred-handed), Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes,
+who were sent thither by Uranus to share their fate.
+
+Greatly dissatisfied with the treatment her children had received at
+their father's hands, Gæa remonstrated, but all in vain. Uranus would
+not grant her request to set the giants free, and, whenever their
+muffled cries reached his ear, he trembled for his own safety. Angry
+beyond all expression, Gæa swore revenge, and descended into Tartarus,
+where she urged the Titans to conspire against their father, and
+attempt to wrest the scepter from his grasp.
+
+[Sidenote: The Titans revolt.]
+
+All listened attentively to the words of sedition; but none were
+courageous enough to carry out her plans, except Cronus, the youngest
+of the Titans, more familiarly known as Saturn or Time, who found
+confinement and chains peculiarly galling, and who hated his father
+for his cruelty. Gæa finally induced him to lay violent hands upon his
+sire, and, after releasing him from his bonds, gave him a scythe, and
+bade him be of good cheer and return victorious.
+
+Thus armed and admonished, Cronus set forth, came upon his father
+unawares, defeated him, thanks to his extraordinary weapon, and, after
+binding him fast, took possession of the vacant throne, intending to
+rule the universe forever. Enraged at this insult, Uranus cursed his
+son, and prophesied that a day would come when he, too, would be
+supplanted by his children, and would suffer just punishment for his
+rebellion.
+
+  [Illustration: FOUNTAIN OF CYBELE (RHEA). (Madrid.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Cronus and Rhea.]
+
+Cronus paid no heed to his father's imprecations, but calmly proceeded
+to release the Titans, his brothers and sisters, who, in their joy and
+gratitude to escape the dismal realm of Tartarus, expressed their
+willingness to be ruled by him. Their satisfaction was complete,
+however, when he chose his own sister Rhea (Cybele, Ops) for his
+consort, and assigned to each of the others some portion of the world
+to govern at will. To Oceanus and Thetis, for example, he gave charge
+over the ocean and all the rivers upon earth; while to Hyperion and
+Phoebe he intrusted the direction of the sun and moon, which the
+ancients supposed were daily driven across the sky in brilliant golden
+chariots.
+
+Peace and security now reigned on and around Mount Olympus; and
+Cronus, with great satisfaction, congratulated himself on the result
+of his enterprise. One fine morning, however, his equanimity was
+disturbed by the announcement that a son was born to him. The memory
+of his father's curse then suddenly returned to his mind. Anxious to
+avert so great a calamity as the loss of his power, he hastened to his
+wife, determined to devour the child, and thus prevent him from
+causing further annoyance. Wholly unsuspicious, Rhea heard him inquire
+for his son. Gladly she placed him in his extended arms; but imagine
+her surprise and horror when she beheld her husband swallow the babe!
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Jupiter.]
+
+Time passed, and another child was born, but only to meet with the
+same cruel fate. One infant after another disappeared down the
+capacious throat of the voracious Cronus,--a personification of Time,
+who creates only to destroy. In vain the bereaved mother besought the
+life of one little one: the selfish, hard-hearted father would not
+relent. As her prayers seemed unavailing, Rhea finally resolved to
+obtain by stratagem the boon her husband denied; and as soon as her
+youngest son, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus), was born, she concealed him.
+
+Cronus, aware of his birth, soon made his appearance, determined to
+dispose of him in the usual summary manner. For some time Rhea pleaded
+with him, but at last pretended to yield to his commands. Hastily
+wrapping a large stone in swaddling clothes, she handed it to Cronus,
+simulating intense grief. Cronus was evidently not of a very inquiring
+turn of mind, for he swallowed the whole without investigating the
+real contents of the shapeless bundle.
+
+                  "To th' imperial son of Heaven,
+    Whilom the king of gods, a stone she gave
+    Inwrapt in infant swathes; and this with grasp
+    Eager he snatch'd, and in his ravening breast
+    Convey'd away: unhappy! nor once thought
+    That for the stone his child behind remain'd
+    Invincible, secure; who soon, with hands
+    Of strength o'ercoming him, should cast him forth
+    From glory, and himself th' immortals rule."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Ignorant of the deception practiced upon him, Cronus then took leave,
+and the overjoyed mother clasped her rescued treasure to her breast.
+It was not sufficient, however, to have saved young Jupiter from
+imminent death: it was also necessary that his father should remain
+unconscious of his existence.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's infancy.]
+
+To insure this, Rhea intrusted her babe to the tender care of the
+Melian nymphs, who bore him off to a cave on Mount Ida. There a goat,
+Amalthea, was procured to act as nurse, and fulfilled her office so
+acceptably that she was eventually placed in the heavens as a
+constellation, a brilliant reward for her kind ministrations. To
+prevent Jupiter's cries being heard in Olympus, the Curetes
+(Corybantes), Rhea's priests, uttered piercing screams, clashed their
+weapons, executed fierce dances, and chanted rude war songs.
+
+The real significance of all this unwonted noise and commotion was not
+at all understood by Cronus, who, in the intervals of his numerous
+affairs, congratulated himself upon the cunning he had shown to
+prevent the accomplishment of his father's curse. But all his anxiety
+and fears were aroused when he suddenly became aware of the fraud
+practiced upon him, and of young Jupiter's continued existence. He
+immediately tried to devise some plan to get rid of him; but, before
+he could put it into execution, he found himself attacked, and, after
+a short but terrible encounter, signally defeated.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's supremacy.]
+
+Jupiter, delighted to have triumphed so quickly, took possession of
+the supreme power, and aided by Rhea's counsels, and by a nauseous
+potion prepared by Metis, a daughter of Oceanus, compelled Cronus to
+produce the unfortunate children he had swallowed; i.e., Neptune,
+Pluto, Vesta, Ceres, and Juno.
+
+Following the example of his predecessor, Jupiter gave his brothers
+and sisters a fair share of his new kingdom. The wisest among the
+Titans--Mnemosyne, Themis, Oceanus, and Hyperion--submitted to the new
+sovereign without murmur, but the others refused their allegiance;
+which refusal, of course, occasioned a deadly conflict.
+
+                  "When gods began with wrath,
+    And war rose up between their starry brows,
+    Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne
+    That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste
+    With opposite oaths that they would have no Zeus
+    To rule the gods forever."
+
+                             E. B. Browning.
+
+[Sidenote: The giants' war.]
+
+Jupiter, from the top of Mount Olympus, discerned the superior number
+of his foes, and, quite aware of their might, concluded that
+reënforcements to his party would not be superfluous. In haste,
+therefore, he released the Cyclopes from Tartarus, where they had
+languished so long, stipulating that in exchange for their freedom
+they should supply him with thunderbolts,--weapons which only they
+knew how to forge. This new engine caused great terror and dismay in
+the ranks of the enemy, who, nevertheless, soon rallied, and struggled
+valiantly to overthrow the usurper and win back the sovereignty of the
+world.
+
+During ten long years the war raged incessantly, neither party wishing
+to submit to the dominion of the other, but at the end of that time
+the rebellious Titans were obliged to yield. Some of them were hurled
+into Tartarus once more, where they were carefully secured by Neptune,
+Jupiter's brother, while the young conqueror joyfully proclaimed his
+victory.
+
+    "League all your forces then, ye powers above,
+    Join all, and try th' omnipotence of Jove:
+    Let down our golden everlasting chain,
+    Whose strong embrace holds heaven and earth and main:
+    Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth,
+    To drag, by this, the Thunderer down to earth,
+    Ye strive in vain! if I but stretch this hand,
+    I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land;
+    I fix the chain to great Olympus' height,
+    And the vast world hangs trembling in my sight!
+    For such I reign, unbounded and above;
+    And such are men and gods, compar'd to Jove."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+The scene of this mighty conflict was supposed to have been in
+Thessaly, where the country bears the imprint of some great natural
+convulsion; for the ancients imagined that the gods, making the most
+of their gigantic strength and stature, hurled huge rocks at each
+other, and piled mountain upon mountain to reach the abode of Jupiter,
+the Thunderer.
+
+    "Mountain on mountain, as the Titans erst,
+    My brethren, scaling the high seat of Jove,
+    Heaved Pelion upon Ossa's shoulders broad
+    In vain emprise."
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+Saturn, or Cronus, the leader and instigator of the revolt, weary at
+last of bloodshed and strife, withdrew to Italy, or Hesperia, where he
+founded a prosperous kingdom, and reigned in peace for many long
+years.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Typhoeus.]
+
+Jupiter, having disposed of all the Titans, now fancied he would enjoy
+the power so unlawfully obtained; but Gæa, to punish him for depriving
+her children of their birthright, created a terrible monster, called
+Typhoeus, or Typhon, which she sent to attack him. This Typhoeus was a
+giant, from whose trunk one hundred dragon heads arose; flames shot
+from his eyes, nostrils, and mouths; while he incessantly uttered such
+blood-curdling screams, that the gods, in terror, fled from Mount
+Olympus and sought refuge in Egypt. In mortal fear lest this
+terror-inspiring monster would pursue them, the gods there assumed the
+forms of different animals; and Jupiter became a ram, while Juno, his
+sister and queen, changed herself into a cow.
+
+The king of the gods, however, soon became ashamed of his cowardly
+flight, and resolved to return to Mount Olympus to slay Typhoeus with
+his terrible thunderbolts. A long and fierce struggle ensued, at the
+end of which, Jupiter, again victorious, viewed his fallen foe with
+boundless pride; but his triumph was very short-lived.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of Enceladus.]
+
+Enceladus, another redoubtable giant, also created by Gæa, now
+appeared to avenge Typhoeus. He too was signally defeated, and bound
+with adamantine chains in a burning cave under Mount Ætna. In early
+times, before he had become accustomed to his prison, he gave vent to
+his rage by outcries, imprecations, and groans: sometimes he even
+breathed forth fire and flames, in hopes of injuring his conqueror.
+But time, it is said, somewhat cooled his resentment; and now he is
+content with an occasional change of position, which, owing to his
+huge size, causes the earth to tremble over a space of many miles,
+producing what is called an earthquake.
+
+      "'Tis said, that thunder-struck Enceladus,
+    Groveling beneath the incumbent mountain's weight,
+    Lies stretched supine, eternal prey of flames;
+    And, when he heaves against the burning load,
+    Reluctant, to invert his broiling limbs,
+    A sudden earthquake shoots through all the isle,
+    And Ætna thunders dreadful under ground,
+    Then pours out smoke in wreathing curls convolved,
+    And shades the sun's bright orb, and blots out day."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter divides his realm.]
+
+Jupiter had now conquered all his foes, asserted his right to the
+throne, and could at last reign over the world undisturbed; but he
+knew that it would be no small undertaking to rule well heaven,
+earth, and sea, and resolved to divide the power with his brothers. To
+avoid quarrels and recriminations, he portioned the world out into
+lots, allowing each of his brothers the privilege of drawing his own
+share.
+
+Neptune thus obtained control over the sea and all the rivers, and
+immediately expressed his resolve to wear a symbolic crown, composed
+exclusively of marine shells and aquatic plants, and to abide within
+the bounds of his watery realm.
+
+Pluto, the most taciturn of the brothers, received for his portion the
+scepter of Tartarus and all the Lower World, where no beam of sunlight
+was ever allowed to find its way; while Jupiter reserved for himself
+the general supervision of his brothers' estates, and the direct
+management of Heaven and Earth.
+
+Peace now reigned throughout all the world. Not a murmur was heard,
+except from the Titans, who at length, seeing that further opposition
+would be useless, grew reconciled to their fate.
+
+In the days of their prosperity, the Titans had intermarried. Cronus
+had taken Rhea "for better or for worse;" and Iapetus had seen, loved,
+and wedded the fair Clymene, one of the ocean nymphs, or Oceanides,
+daughters of Oceanus. The latter pair became the proud parents of four
+gigantic sons,--Atlas, Menetius, Prometheus (Forethought), and
+Epimetheus (Afterthought),--who were destined to play prominent parts
+in Grecian mythology.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Prometheus.]
+
+At the time of the creation, after covering the new-born Earth with
+luxuriant vegetation, and peopling it with living creatures of all
+kinds, Eros perceived that it would be necessary to endow them with
+instincts which would enable them to preserve and enjoy the life they
+had received. He therefore called the youngest two sons of Iapetus to
+his aid, and bade them make a judicious distribution of gifts to all
+living creatures, and create and endow a superior being, called Man,
+to rule over all the others.
+
+  [Illustration: MINERVA AND PROMETHEUS.--Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)]
+
+Prometheus' and Epimetheus' first care was, very naturally, to provide
+for the beings already created. These they endowed with such reckless
+generosity, that all their favors were soon dispensed, and none
+remained for the endowment of man. Although they had not the remotest
+idea how to overcome this difficulty, they proceeded to fashion man
+from clay.
+
+    "Prometheus first transmuted
+    Atoms culled for human clay."
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+They first molded an image similar in form to the gods; bade Eros
+breathe into its nostrils the spirit of life, and Minerva (Pallas)
+endow it with a soul; whereupon man lived, and moved, and viewed his
+new domain.
+
+Justly proud of his handiwork, Prometheus observed man, and longed to
+bestow upon him some great power, unshared by any other creature of
+mortal birth, which would raise him far above all other living beings,
+and bring him nearer to the perfection of the immortal gods. Fire
+alone, in his estimation, could effect this; but fire was the special
+possession and prerogative of the gods, and Prometheus knew they would
+never willingly share it with man, and that, should any one obtain it
+by stealth, they would never forgive the thief. Long he pondered the
+matter, and finally determined to obtain fire, or die in the attempt.
+
+One dark night, therefore, he set out for Olympus, entered unperceived
+into the gods' abode, seized a lighted brand, hid it in his bosom, and
+departed unseen, exulting in the success of his enterprise. Arrived
+upon earth once more, he consigned the stolen treasure to the care of
+man, who immediately adapted it to various purposes, and eloquently
+expressed his gratitude to the benevolent deity who had risked his own
+life to obtain it for him.
+
+    "Of Prometheus, how undaunted
+      On Olympus' shining bastions
+    His audacious foot he planted,
+    Myths are told and songs are chanted,
+      Full of promptings and suggestions.
+
+    "Beautiful is the tradition
+      Of that flight through heavenly portals,
+    The old classic superstition
+    Of the theft and the transmission
+      Of the fire of the Immortals."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+From his lofty throne on the topmost peak of Mount Olympus Jupiter
+beheld an unusual light down upon earth. Anxious to ascertain its
+exact nature, he watched it closely, and before long discovered the
+larceny. His anger then burst forth, terrible to behold; and the gods
+all quailed when they heard him solemnly vow he would punish the
+unhappy Prometheus without mercy. To seize the offender in his mighty
+grasp, bear him off to the Caucasian Mountains, and bind him fast to a
+great rock, was but a moment's work. There a voracious vulture was
+summoned to feast upon his liver, the tearing of which from his side
+by the bird's cruel beak and talons caused the sufferer intense
+anguish. All day long the vulture gorged himself; but during the cool
+night, while the bird slept, Prometheus' suffering abated, and the
+liver grew again, thus prolonging the torture, which bade fair to have
+no end.
+
+Disheartened by the prospect of long years of unremitting pain,
+Prometheus at times could not refrain from pitiful complaints; but
+generation after generation of men lived on earth, and died, blessing
+him for the gift he had obtained for them at such a terrible cost.
+After many centuries of woe, Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmene,
+found Prometheus, killed the vulture, broke the adamantine chains, and
+liberated the long-suffering god.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Epimetheus and Pandora.]
+
+The first mortals lived on earth in a state of perfect innocence and
+bliss. The air was pure and balmy; the sun shone brightly all the
+year; the earth brought forth delicious fruit in abundance; and
+beautiful, fragrant flowers bloomed everywhere. Man was content.
+Extreme cold, hunger, sickness, and death were unknown. Jupiter, who
+justly ascribed a good part of this beatific condition to the gift
+conferred by Prometheus, was greatly displeased, and tried to devise
+some means to punish mankind for the acceptance of the heavenly fire.
+
+With this purpose in view, he assembled the gods on Mount Olympus,
+where, in solemn council, they decided to create woman; and, as soon
+as she had been artfully fashioned, each one endowed her with some
+special charm, to make her more attractive.
+
+                  "The crippled artist-god,
+    Illustrious, molded from the yielding clay
+    A bashful virgin's image, as advis'd
+    Saturnian Jove.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+      "But now when the fair mischief, seeming-good,
+    His hand had perfected, he led her forth
+    Exulting in her grac'd attire, the gift
+    Of Pallas, in the midst of gods and men.
+    On men and gods in that same moment seiz'd
+    The ravishment of wonder, when they saw
+    The deep deceit, th' inextricable snare."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Their united efforts were crowned with the utmost success. Nothing was
+lacking, except a name for the peerless creature; and the gods, after
+due consideration, decreed she should be called Pandora. They then
+bade Mercury take her to Prometheus as a gift from heaven; but he,
+knowing only too well that nothing good would come to him from the
+gods, refused to accept her, and cautioned his brother Epimetheus to
+follow his example. Unfortunately Epimetheus was of a confiding
+disposition, and when he beheld the maiden he exclaimed, "Surely so
+beautiful and gentle a being can bring no evil!" and accepted her most
+joyfully.
+
+The first days of their union were spent in blissful wanderings, hand
+in hand, under the cool forest shade; in weaving garlands of fragrant
+flowers; and in refreshing themselves with the luscious fruit, which
+hung so temptingly within reach.
+
+  [Illustration: PANDORA.--Sichel.]
+
+One lovely evening, while dancing on the green, they saw Mercury,
+Jupiter's messenger, coming towards them. His step was slow and weary,
+his garments dusty and travel-stained, and he seemed almost to stagger
+beneath the weight of a huge box which rested upon his shoulders.
+Pandora immediately ceased dancing, to speculate with feminine
+curiosity upon the contents of the chest. She nudged Epimetheus, and
+in a whisper begged him to ask Mercury what brought him thither.
+Epimetheus complied with her request; but Mercury evaded the question,
+asked permission to deposit his burden in their dwelling for
+safekeeping, professing himself too weary to convey it to its
+destination that day, and promised to call for it shortly. The
+permission was promptly granted. Mercury, with a sigh of relief,
+placed the box in one corner, and then departed, refusing all
+hospitable offers of rest and refreshment.
+
+He had scarcely crossed the threshold, when Pandora expressed a strong
+desire to have a peep at the contents of the mysterious box; but
+Epimetheus, surprised and shocked, told her that her curiosity was
+unseemly, and then, to dispel the frown and pout seen for the first
+time on the fair face of his beloved, he entreated her to come out
+into the fresh air and join in the merry games of their companions.
+For the first time, also, Pandora refused to comply with his request.
+Dismayed, and very much discouraged, Epimetheus sauntered out alone,
+thinking she would soon join him, and perhaps by some caress atone for
+her present willfulness.
+
+Left alone with the mysterious casket, Pandora became more and more
+inquisitive. Stealthily she drew near, and examined it with great
+interest, for it was curiously wrought of dark wood, and surmounted by
+a delicately carved head, of such fine workmanship that it seemed to
+smile and encourage her. Around the box a glittering golden cord was
+wound, and fastened on top in an intricate knot. Pandora, who prided
+herself specially on her deft fingers, felt sure she could unfasten
+it, and, reasoning that it would not be indiscreet to untie it if she
+did not raise the lid, she set to work. Long she strove, but all in
+vain. Ever and anon the laughing voices of Epimetheus and his
+companions, playing in the luxuriant shade, were wafted in on the
+summer breeze. Repeatedly she heard them call, and beseech her to join
+them; yet she persisted in her attempt. She was just on the point of
+giving it up in despair, when suddenly the refractory knot yielded to
+her fumbling fingers, and the cord, unrolling, dropped on the floor.
+
+Pandora had repeatedly fancied that sounds like whispers issued from
+the box. The noise now seemed to increase, and she breathlessly
+applied her ear to the lid to ascertain whether it really proceeded
+from within. Imagine, therefore, her surprise when she distinctly
+heard these words, uttered in the most pitiful accents: "Pandora, dear
+Pandora, have pity upon us! Free us from this gloomy prison! Open,
+open, we beseech you!"
+
+Pandora's heart beat so fast and loud, that it seemed for a moment to
+drown all other sounds. Should she open the box? Just then a familiar
+step outside made her start guiltily. Epimetheus was coming, and she
+knew he would urge her again to come out, and would prevent the
+gratification of her curiosity. Precipitately, therefore, she raised
+the lid to have one little peep before he came in.
+
+Now, Jupiter had malignantly crammed into this box all the diseases,
+sorrows, vices, and crimes that afflict poor humanity; and the box was
+no sooner opened, than all these ills flew out, in the guise of horrid
+little brown-winged creatures, closely resembling moths. These little
+insects fluttered about, alighting, some upon Epimetheus, who had just
+entered, and some upon Pandora, pricking and stinging them most
+unmercifully. Then they flew out through the open door and windows,
+and fastened upon the merrymakers without, whose shouts of joy were
+soon changed into wails of pain and anguish.
+
+Epimetheus and Pandora had never before experienced the faintest
+sensation of pain or anger; but, as soon as these winged evil spirits
+had stung them, they began to weep, and, alas! quarreled for the first
+time in their lives. Epimetheus reproached his wife in bitterest terms
+for her thoughtless action; but in the very midst of his vituperation
+he suddenly heard a sweet little voice entreat for freedom. The sound
+proceeded from the unfortunate box, whose cover Pandora had dropped
+again, in the first moment of her surprise and pain. "Open, open, and
+I will heal your wounds! Please let me out!" it pleaded.
+
+The tearful couple viewed each other inquiringly, and listened again.
+Once more they heard the same pitiful accents; and Epimetheus bade his
+wife open the box and set the speaker free, adding very amiably, that
+she had already done so much harm by her ill-fated curiosity, that it
+would be difficult to add materially to its evil consequences, and
+that, perchance, the box contained some good spirit, whose
+ministrations might prove beneficial.
+
+It was well for Pandora that she opened the box a second time, for the
+gods, with a sudden impulse of compassion, had concealed among the
+evil spirits one kindly creature, Hope, whose mission was to heal the
+wounds inflicted by her fellow-prisoners.
+
+    "Hope sole remain'd within, nor took her flight,
+    Beneath the vessel's verge conceal'd from light."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Lightly fluttering hither and thither on her snowy pinions, Hope
+touched the punctured places on Pandora's and Epimetheus' creamy skin,
+and relieved their suffering, then quickly flew out of the open
+window, to perform the same gentle office for the other victims, and
+cheer their downcast spirits.
+
+Thus, according to the ancients, evil entered into the world, bringing
+untold misery; but Hope followed closely in its footsteps, to aid
+struggling humanity, and point to a happier future.
+
+    "Hope rules a land forever green:
+    All powers that serve the bright-eyed Queen
+        Are confident and gay;
+    Clouds at her bidding disappear;
+    Points she to aught?--the bliss draws near,
+        And Fancy smooths the way."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+  [Illustration: HOPE.--Thorwaldsen.]
+
+During many centuries, therefore, Hope continued to be revered,
+although the other divinities had ceased to be worshiped.
+
+According to another version, Pandora was sent down to man, bearing a
+vase in which the evil spirits were imprisoned, and on the way, seized
+by a fit of curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed them all to
+escape.
+
+[Sidenote: The Four Ages.]
+
+Little by little the world was peopled; and the first years of man's
+existence upon earth were, as we have seen, years of unalloyed
+happiness. There was no occasion for labor, for the earth brought
+forth spontaneously all that was necessary for man's subsistence.
+"Innocence, virtue, and truth prevailed; neither were there any laws
+to restrict men, nor judges to punish." This time of bliss has justly
+borne the title of Golden Age, and the people in Italy then throve
+under the wise rule of good old Saturn, or Cronus.
+
+Unfortunately, nothing in this world is lasting; and the Golden Age
+was followed by another, not quite so prosperous, hence called the
+Silver Age, when the year was first divided into seasons, and men were
+obliged to toil for their daily bread.
+
+    "Succeeding times a silver age behold,
+    Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold.
+    Then summer, autumn, winter, did appear,
+    And spring was but a season of the year;
+    The sun his annual course obliquely made,
+    Good days contracted, and enlarg'd the bad.
+    The air with sultry heats began to glow,
+    The wings of winds were clogg'd with ice and snow;
+    And shivering mortals into houses driven,
+    Sought shelter from the inclemency of heaven.
+    Those houses, then, were caves or homely sheds,
+    With twining osiers fenc'd, and moss their beds.
+    Then plows, for seed, the fruitful furrows broke,
+    And oxen labor'd first beneath the yoke."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+Yet, in spite of these few hardships, the people were happy, far
+happier than their descendants during the Age of Brass, which
+speedily followed, when strife became customary, and differences were
+settled by blows.
+
+But by far the worst of all was the Iron Age, when men's passions knew
+no bounds, and they even dared refuse all homage to the immortal gods.
+War was waged incessantly; the earth was saturated with blood; the
+rights of hospitality were openly violated; and murder, rape, and
+theft were committed on all sides.
+
+[Sidenote: The Deluge.]
+
+Jupiter had kept a close watch over men's actions during all these
+years; and this evil conduct aroused his wrath to such a point, that
+he vowed he would annihilate the human race. But the modes of
+destruction were manifold, and, as he could not decide which would
+eventually prove most efficacious, he summoned the gods to deliberate
+and aid him by their counsels. The first suggestion offered, was to
+destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter's much-dreaded
+thunderbolts; and the king of gods was about to put it into instant
+execution, when his arm was stayed by the objection that the rising
+flames might set fire to his own abode, and reduce its magnificence to
+unsightly ashes. He therefore rejected the plan as impracticable, and
+bade the gods devise other means of destruction.
+
+After much delay and discussion, the immortals agreed to wash mankind
+off the face of the earth by a mighty deluge. The winds were
+instructed to gather together the rain clouds over the earth. Neptune
+let loose the waves of the sea, bidding them rise, overflow, and
+deluge the land. No sooner had the gods spoken, than the elements
+obeyed: the winds blew; the rain fell in torrents; lakes, seas,
+rivers, and oceans broke their bonds; and terrified mortals,
+forgetting their petty quarrels in a common impulse to flee from the
+death which threatened them, climbed the highest mountains, clung to
+uprooted trees, and even took refuge in the light skiffs they had
+constructed in happier days. Their efforts were all in vain, however;
+for the waters rose higher and higher, overtook them one after another
+in their ineffectual efforts to escape, closed over the homes where
+they might have been so happy, and drowned their last despairing
+cries in their seething depths.
+
+    "Now hills and vales no more distinction know,
+    And level'd nature lies oppress'd below;
+    The most of mortals perish in the flood."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha.]
+
+The rain continued to fall, until, after many days, the waves covered
+all the surface of the earth except the summit of Mount Parnassus, the
+highest peak in Greece. On this mountain, surrounded by the
+ever-rising flood, stood the son of Prometheus, Deucalion, with his
+faithful wife Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. From
+thence they, the sole survivors, viewed the universal desolation with
+tear-dimmed eyes.
+
+In spite of the general depravity, the lives of this couple had always
+been pure and virtuous; and when Jupiter saw them there alone, and
+remembered their piety, he decided not to include them in the general
+destruction, but to save their lives. He therefore bade the winds
+return to their cave, and the rain to cease. Neptune, in accordance
+with his decree, blew a resounding blast upon his conch shell to
+recall the wandering waves, which immediately returned within their
+usual bounds.
+
+    "At length the world was all restor'd to view,
+    But desolate, and of a sickly hue;
+    Nature beheld herself, and stood aghast,
+    A dismal desert and a silent waste."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+Deucalion and Pyrrha followed the receding waves step by step down the
+steep mountain side, wondering how they should repeople the desolate
+earth. As they talked, they came to the shrine of Delphi, which alone
+had been able to resist the force of the waves. There they entered to
+consult the wishes of the gods. Their surprise and horror were
+unbounded, however, when a voice exclaimed, "Depart from hence with
+veiled heads, and cast your mother's bones behind you!" To obey such
+a command seemed sacrilegious in the extreme; for the dead had always
+been held in deep veneration by the Greeks, and the desecration of a
+grave was considered a heinous crime, and punished accordingly. But,
+they reasoned, the gods' oracles can seldom be accepted in a literal
+sense; and Deucalion, after due thought, explained to Pyrrha what he
+conceived to be the meaning of this mysterious command.
+
+"The Earth," said he, "is the mother of all, and the stones may be
+considered her bones." Husband and wife speedily decided to act upon
+this premise, and continued their descent, casting stones behind them.
+All those thrown by Deucalion were immediately changed into men, while
+those cast by Pyrrha became women.
+
+Thus the earth was peopled for the second time with a blameless race
+of men, sent to replace the wicked beings slain by Jupiter. Deucalion
+and Pyrrha shortly after became the happy parents of a son named
+Hellen, who gave his name to all the Hellenic or Greek race; while his
+sons Æolus and Dorus, and grandsons Ion and Achæus, became the
+ancestors of the Æolian, Dorian, Ionian, and Achaian nations.
+
+Other mythologists, in treating of the deluvian myths, state that
+Deucalion and Pyrrha took refuge in an ark, which, after sailing about
+for many days, was stranded on the top of Mount Parnassus. This
+version was far less popular with the Greeks, although it betrays
+still more plainly the common source whence all these myths are
+derived.
+
+    "Who does not see in drown Deucalion's name,
+    When Earth her men and Sea had lost her shore,
+                Old Noah!"
+
+                                   Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+JUPITER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's titles.]
+
+Jupiter, Jove, or Zeus, king of the gods, supreme ruler of the
+universe, the special deity of mankind, the personification of the sky
+and of all the phenomena of the air, and the guardian of political
+order and peace, was the most prominent of all the Olympian
+divinities: the others were obliged to submit to his will, and
+trembled at his all-powerful nod.
+
+    "He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold,
+    The eternal Thunderer sat, enthroned in gold.
+    High heaven the footstool of his feet he makes,
+    And wide beneath him all Olympus shakes."
+
+    "He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows,
+    Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod,
+    The stamp of fate and sanction of the god:
+    High heaven with trembling the dread signal took,
+    And all Olympus to the center shook."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+The Fates and Destiny alone dared oppose Jupiter's sovereign will, and
+they continued to issue their irrevocable decrees, even after he
+supplanted his father and began to rule over all.
+
+In common with all other Greek and Roman divinities, Jupiter, though
+immortal, was subject to pleasure, pain, grief, and anger, and a prey
+to all the passions which rule the hearts of men.
+
+  [Illustration: OLYMPIAN ZEUS.--Flaxman.]
+
+It was he who presided at the councils held on the top of "many-peaked
+Olympus," and summoned the gods whenever he wished to discuss with
+them any matter of importance, or to indulge in a sumptuous repast,
+when they ate the celestial ambrosia and quaffed the fragrant nectar.
+
+He is generally represented as a fine majestic figure, with long
+curling hair and beard, clad in flowing drapery, his redoubtable
+thunderbolts or scepter in one hand, and a statue of Victory in the
+other. The world is his footstool; and the eagle, emblem of strength
+and power, is generally seen close beside him.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's attendants.]
+
+Jupiter had his own special attendants, such as Victoria, or Nice, the
+goddess of victory, who was ever ready to obey his slightest behest,
+and it is said her master loved her so dearly, that he generally held
+an image of her in his hand.
+
+The hundred-tongued goddess of fame, Fama, trumpet in hand,
+proclaimed, at his bidding, anything he wished, never questioning
+whether it were true or false.
+
+    "Fame than who never plague that runs
+        Its way more swiftly wins:
+    Her very motion lends her power:
+    She flies and waxes every hour.
+    At first she shrinks, and cowers for dread:
+        Ere long she soars on high:
+    Upon the ground she plants her tread,
+        Her forehead in the sky."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Close by Jupiter's side was sometimes seen Fortuna, goddess of
+fortune, poised on a constantly revolving wheel, whereon she journeyed
+throughout the world, scattering with careless hands her numerous
+gifts, and lavishing with indifference her choicest smiles; while
+Hebe, or Juventas, the goddess of youth, was ever ready at his wish to
+pour out the nectar, in which the gods were wont to pledge each other.
+
+              "Hebe, honored of them all,
+    Ministered nectar, and from cups of gold
+    They pledged each other."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: GANYMEDE AND THE EAGLE. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+But this fair goddess awkwardly tripped and fell on a solemn
+occasion, and was forced to resign her office. To replace her, the
+father of the gods was obliged to go in quest of another cup-bearer.
+
+To facilitate his search, he assumed the form of an eagle, and winged
+his flight over the earth. He had not flown far, before he beheld a
+youth of marvelous beauty, alone on a neighboring hill. To swoop down,
+catch him up in his mighty talons, and bear him safely off to Olympus,
+was but a moment's work; and there the kidnapped youth Ganymede, the
+son of a king of Troy, was carefully instructed in the duties he was
+called upon to perform in the future.
+
+    "And godlike Ganymede, most beautiful
+    Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up
+    To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour
+    The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Philemon and Baucis.]
+
+Solicitous for the welfare of mankind, Jupiter often visited the
+earth, taking great care to assume some disguise which would enable
+him to ascertain all he wished without any risk of detection. One day
+he and Mercury, his special messenger and favorite among the gods,
+took the forms of needy, belated travelers, and entered the lowly hut
+of a worthy old couple, Philemon and Baucis.
+
+Eager to offer their best to the strangers, these poor people decided
+to kill their sole remaining goose; but their efforts to secure it
+were vain, and finally the persecuted fowl took refuge between
+Jupiter's knees. Touched with their zeal, yet anxious to prevent the
+death of the confiding goose, Jupiter revealed himself to his faithful
+worshipers, and in gratitude for their intended sacrifice bade them
+ask any boon, promising by the great river Styx--the most binding and
+solemn oath a god could utter--to grant their request.
+
+Contrary to the custom current in similar cases, Philemon and Baucis
+made a modest and judicious choice, and proffered a timid request that
+they might serve the gods as long as life and strength endured, and
+finally die together. This most reasonable wish was immediately
+granted; and Jupiter, moreover, changed their humble abode into a
+superb temple, where they could offer daily sacrifices on his altars.
+
+    "Their little shed, scarce large enough for two,
+    Seems, from the ground increased, in height and bulk to grow.
+    A stately temple shoots within the skies,
+    The crotches of their cot in columns rise;
+    The pavement polish'd marble they behold,
+    The gates with sculpture grac'd, the spires and tiles of gold."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+After many years of faithful service, when age had made them long for
+death, Philemon and Baucis were transformed into majestic oaks, which
+stood for many a century in front of the temple, monuments of the love
+and faith which had bound the pair through life.
+
+Although married to Juno, Jupiter often indulged in love affairs with
+other goddesses, and even with mortal maidens. The ancients themselves
+did not practice polygamy, but their gods were supposed to be able to
+indulge all their passions with impunity. As the personification of
+the sky, Jupiter, therefore, consorted at times with Juno (the
+Atmosphere), with Dione (Moisture), with Themis (Justice), etc.,
+without incurring any reproach; for these marriages, in their
+estimation, were all symbolical.
+
+But Juno being of a jealous disposition, Jupiter was forced to conduct
+his courtships with great secrecy and circumspection, and therefore
+generally adopted the precaution of a disguise. To win Europa, the
+fair daughter of Agenor, for instance, he became a bull.
+
+                      "The gods themselves,
+    Humbling their deities to love, have taken
+    The shapes of beasts upon them. Jupiter
+    Became a bull, and bellow'd."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter kidnaps Europa.]
+
+One day Europa was playing in her father's meadows with her three
+brothers, Cadmus, Phoenix, and Cilix, when she suddenly saw a white
+bull coming towards her; not with fiery eyes and lowered horns, but
+gently, as if to express a mute request to be petted. The maiden,
+delighted, stroked the beast, and decked him with bright garlands of
+meadow-blossoms. Then, seeing him kneel, as if to invite her to mount,
+she lightly sprang upon his broad back, calling to her companions to
+follow her example; but, before they could do as she wished, the bull
+had risen to his feet, and galloped off towards the sea with his fair
+burden on his back.
+
+Instead of turning when he saw the foam-crested waves, he plunged into
+the midst of them, and in a few minutes disappeared from view, so
+rapidly did he swim away. To reassure the frightened girl, the bull
+now spoke in gentle accents, bidding her dismiss all fear, for he was
+the great Jupiter in disguise.
+
+    "Take courage, gentle maid! nor fear the tide:
+    I, though near-seen a bull, am heavenly Jove:
+    I change my shape at will."
+
+                      Moschus (Elton's tr.).
+
+Pleased with the novelty of her situation, and flattered by the god's
+evident admiration, Europa ceased to struggle, wound her arms more
+closely around the bull's neck to prevent the waves from washing her
+off her perilous seat, and allowed herself to be carried away.
+
+Jupiter finally deposited his fair burden upon the shores of a new
+land, to which he gallantly gave her name, Europe. He then resumed his
+wonted form, explained at length his reasons for so unceremoniously
+kidnapping her, and finally won her consent to their union. Their
+three sons were Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. The two former were
+subsequently appointed judges in the Infernal Regions, while the third
+found an early but glorious death during the Trojan war.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ABDUCTION OF EUROPA.--Albani. (Uffizi Palace,
+      Florence.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Search for Europa.]
+
+All unconscious of their sister's fate, the young princes had
+returned in haste to their father's palace to announce her sudden
+involuntary departure. Agenor, whose favorite she had always been,
+rent his garments for grief, and bade his sons go forth and seek her,
+and not to return till they had found her. Accompanied by their
+mother, Telephassa, they immediately set out on their journey,
+inquiring of all they met if they had seen their sister. Search and
+inquiry proved equally fruitless.
+
+At last, weary of this hopeless quest, Phoenix refused his further
+aid, and allowed his sorrowing relatives to continue without him,
+remaining in a land which from him was called Phoenicia. Cilix, too,
+soon followed his example, and settled in a fertile country which they
+had reached, hence called Cilicia; and finally Telephassa, worn out
+with grief and fatigue, lay down to die, charging her oldest son to go
+on alone.
+
+Cadmus wandered on till he came to Delphi, where he consulted the
+oracle; but, to his great dismay, the only reply he received was,
+"Follow the cow, and settle where she rests."
+
+In deep perplexity he left the temple, and, from force of habit,
+journeyed on, patiently questioning all he met. Soon he perceived a
+cow leisurely walking in front of him, and, mindful of the oracle, he
+ceased his search and followed her. Urged by curiosity, many
+adventurers joined him on the way, and, when the cow at last lay down
+in the land since called Boeotia, they all promised to aid Cadmus,
+their chosen leader, to found their future capital, which was to be
+called Thebes.
+
+[Sidenote: Founding of Thebes.]
+
+Parched with thirst after their long walk, the men then hastened to a
+neighboring spring, but, to Cadmus' surprise, time passed and still
+they did not return. Armed with his trusty sword, he finally went down
+to the spring to discover the cause of their delay, and found that
+they had all been devoured by a huge dragon, which lived in the
+hollow. The prince raised his sword to avenge their death, and dealt
+the dragon such a deadly blow upon the head, that he put an immediate
+end to its existence.
+
+While Cadmus stood there contemplating his lifeless foe, a voice bade
+him extract the dragon's teeth, and sow them in the ground already
+broken for his future city. No human being was within sight: so Cadmus
+knew the order proceeded from the immortal gods, and immediately
+prepared to obey it. The dragon's teeth were no sooner planted, than a
+crop of giants sprang from the soil, full grown, and armed to the
+teeth. They were about to fall upon Cadmus, when the same voice bade
+him cast a stone in the midst of their close-drawn phalanx. Cadmus,
+seeing the giants were almost upon him, and that no time was to be
+lost, quickly threw a stone. The effect produced was almost
+instantaneous; for the giants, each fancying it had been thrown by his
+neighbor, began fighting among themselves. In a few minutes the number
+of giants was reduced to five, who sheathed their bloodstained
+weapons, and humbly tendered their services to Cadmus. With their aid,
+the foundations of the city were laid; but their labor was not very
+arduous, as the gods caused some of the public buildings to rise up
+out of the ground, all complete, and ready for use.
+
+To reward Cadmus for his loving and painstaking search for Europa,
+Jupiter gave him the hand of the fair princess Harmonia, a daughter of
+Mars and Venus, in marriage. Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, is
+supposed to have invented the alphabet, and introduced its use into
+Greece. Although his career was very prosperous at first, he finally
+incurred the wrath of the gods by forgetting, on a solemn occasion, to
+offer them a suitable sacrifice; and, in anger at his dereliction,
+they changed him and Harmonia into huge serpents.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Jupiter.]
+
+Jupiter was, of course, very widely and generally worshiped by the
+ancients; and his principal temples--the Capitol at Rome, and the
+shrine of Jupiter Ammon in Libya--have been world-renowned. He also
+had a noted temple at Dodona, where an oak tree gave forth mysterious
+prophecies, which were supposed to have been inspired by the king of
+gods; this long lost shrine has recently been discovered.
+
+    "Oh, where, Dodona! is thine aged grove,
+    Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?
+    What valley echoed the response of Jove?
+    What trace remaineth of the Thunderer's shrine?
+    All, all forgotten!"
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+A magnificent temple at Olympia, on the Peloponnesus, was also
+dedicated to Jupiter; and here every fifth year the people of Greece
+were wont to assemble to celebrate games, in honor of Jupiter's great
+victory over the Titans. These festivals were known as the Olympian
+Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned time by olympiads, that is to
+say, by the space of time between the celebrations. Within the temple
+at Olympia stood a wonderful statue of gold and ivory, the work of
+Phidias. Its proportions and beauty were such, that it was counted one
+of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. It is said, too, that the
+artist, having completed this masterpiece, longed for some sign of
+approval from heaven, and fervently prayed for a token that the god
+accepted his labor. Jupiter, in answer to this prayer, sent a vivid
+flash of lightning, which played about the colossal image,
+illuminating it, but leaving it quite unharmed.
+
+The Greeks were indebted to Phidias for many of their most exquisite
+statues of the gods; but none of the others equaled this figure of
+Jupiter in size, dignity of attitude, or elaborate finish.
+
+        "Wise Phidias, thus his skill to prove,
+    Through many a god advanc'd to Jove,
+    And taught the polish'd rocks to shine
+    With airs and lineaments divine;
+    Till Greece, amaz'd, and half afraid,
+    Th' assembled deities survey'd."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+  [Illustration: JUNO. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+JUNO.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's marriage.]
+
+Juno (Hera, Here), queen of heaven, and goddess of the atmosphere and
+of marriage, was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and consequently the
+sister of Jupiter; but, as soon as the latter had dethroned his
+parents and seized the scepter, he began to look about him for a
+suitable helpmate. Juno won his affections by her great beauty; and he
+immediately began his courtship, which he carried on in the guise of a
+cuckoo, to infuse a little romance into it. He evidently found favor
+in her sight, and won her consent to share his throne; for shortly
+afterward their wedding was celebrated with great pomp on Mount
+Olympus. It was on this solemn occasion that the immortal conclave of
+the gods declared that Juno should be henceforth honored as goddess of
+marriage.
+
+                      "Juno, who presides
+    Supreme o'er bridegrooms and o'er brides."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+But although in the beginning this union seemed very happy, there soon
+arose subjects for contention; for unfortunately Jupiter was inclined
+to be faithless, and Juno jealous, and, like the element she
+personified, exceedingly variable in her moods. On such occasions she
+gave way to her violent temper, and bitterly reproached her husband,
+who, impatient of her censure, punished her severely, and, instead of
+reforming, merely continued his numerous intrigues with renewed zest.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Callisto and Arcas.]
+
+On one occasion he fell deeply in love with a maiden named Callisto,
+gentle, fair, and slender; but, in spite of all the precautions which
+he took when visiting her, Juno discovered the object of his
+affections. Night and day she thought and planned, until she devised a
+species of revenge which seemed adequate. The graceful girl was
+suddenly bereft of speech, changed into a rough, ungainly bear, and
+driven out into the solitudes of the great forests, which were from
+that time forth to be her home. Jupiter vainly sought his missing
+ladylove, and it was only long afterward that he discovered her and
+her little bear son Arcas. In pity for all they had suffered, he
+transferred them both to the sky, where they are still known as the
+constellations of the Great and Little Bear.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's attendant.]
+
+Juno, like her husband, had also her special attendant, Iris (the
+Rainbow), whom she frequently employed as messenger,--a task which
+this deity accomplished with as much celerity as Mercury. Her flight
+through the air was so rapid, that she was seldom seen; and no one
+would have known she had passed, had it not been for the brilliant
+trail her many-colored robe left behind her in the sky.
+
+    "Like fiery clouds, that flush with ruddy glare,
+    Or Iris, gliding through the purple air;
+    When loosely girt her dazzling mantle flows,
+    And 'gainst the sun in arching colors glows."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+Juno is the mother of Mars, Hebe, and Vulcan, and is always described
+and represented as a beautiful, majestic woman, clad in flowing robes,
+with a diadem and scepter. The peacock and cuckoo were both sacred to
+her, and are therefore often seen at her side.
+
+  [Illustration: IRIS.--Tito Conti.]
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Juno.]
+
+Her principal places of worship were at Mycenæ, Sparta, Argos, Rome,
+and Heræum. She had also numerous other sanctuaries scattered
+throughout the ancient world, and was worshiped in the same temples as
+Jupiter. Many fine statues of this goddess were found in Greece and
+Italy, some of which are still extant, and serve to show the
+ancients' exalted conception of the Queen of Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Cleobis and Biton.]
+
+Juno's festivals, the Matronalia, in Rome, were always celebrated with
+great pomp. Less important feasts were held in each city where a
+temple was dedicated to her. On one of these occasions an old
+priestess was very anxious to go to the temple at Argos, where she had
+ministered to the goddess for many years, and which she had left only
+to be married. The way was long and dusty: so the aged woman, who
+could no longer walk such a distance, bade her sons, Cleobis and
+Biton, harness her white heifers to her car. The youths hastened to do
+her bidding; but, although they searched diligently, the heifers could
+not be found. Rather than disappoint their aged mother, who had set
+her heart upon attending the services, these kind-hearted sons
+harnessed themselves to the cart, and drew her through the city to the
+temple gates, amid the acclamations of all the people, who admired
+this trait of filial devotion.
+
+The mother was so touched by her sons' affection, that, as she knelt
+before the altar, she fervently prayed Juno to bestow upon them the
+greatest boon in her power. At the conclusion of the services the
+ex-priestess went into the portico, where her sons had thrown
+themselves to rest after their unwonted exertions; but instead of
+finding them merely asleep, as she expected, she found them dead. The
+Queen of Heaven had transported them while asleep to the Elysian
+Fields, the place of endless bliss, where such as they enjoyed eternal
+life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MINERVA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Minerva.]
+
+Although immortal, the gods were not exempt from physical pain. One
+day Jupiter suffered intensely from a sudden headache, and, in hopes
+that some mode of alleviation would be devised, he summoned all the
+gods to Olympus. Their united efforts were vain, however; and even the
+remedies suggested by Apollo, god of medicine, proved inefficacious.
+Unwilling, or perchance unable, to endure the racking pain any longer,
+Jupiter bade one of his sons, Vulcan, cleave his head open with an ax.
+With cheerful alacrity the dutiful god obeyed; and no sooner was the
+operation performed, than Minerva (Pallas, Athene) sprang out of her
+father's head, full-grown, clad in glittering armor, with poised
+spear, and chanting a triumphant song of victory.
+
+                        "From his awful head
+    Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,
+    Golden, all radiant."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+The assembled gods recoiled in fear before this unexpected apparition,
+while at the same time a mighty commotion over land and sea proclaimed
+the advent of a great divinity.
+
+The goddess, who had thus joined the inhabitants of Olympus, was
+destined to preside over peace, defensive war, and needlework, to be
+the incarnation of wisdom, and to put to flight the obscure deity
+called Dullness, who until then had ruled the world.
+
+  [Illustration: MINERVA. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+    "Ere Pallas issu'd from the Thund'rer's head,
+    Dullness o'er all possess'd her ancient right,
+    Daughter of Chaos and eternal Night."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+Minerva, having forced her unattractive predecessor to beat an
+ignominious retreat, quickly seized the scepter, and immediately began
+to rule in her stead.
+
+[Sidenote: Naming of Athens.]
+
+Not long after her birth, Cecrops, a Phoenician, came to Greece, where
+he founded a beautiful city in the province since called Attica. All
+the gods watched his undertaking with great interest; and finally,
+seeing the town promised to become a thriving place, each wished the
+privilege of naming it. A general council was held, and after some
+deliberation most of the gods withdrew their claims. Soon none but
+Minerva and Neptune were left to contend for the coveted honor.
+
+To settle the quarrel without evincing any partiality, Jupiter
+announced that the city would be intrusted to the protection of the
+deity who would create the most useful object for the use of man.
+Raising his trident, Neptune struck the ground, from which a noble
+horse sprang forth, amid the exclamations of wonder and admiration of
+all the spectators. His qualities were duly explained by his proud
+creator, and all thought it quite impossible for Minerva to surpass
+him. Loudly they laughed, and scornfully too, when she, in her turn,
+produced an olive tree; but when she had told them the manifold uses
+to which wood, fruit, foliage, twigs, etc., could be applied, and
+explained that the olive was a sign of peace and prosperity, and
+therefore far more desirable than the horse, the emblem of war and
+wretchedness, they could but acknowledge her gift the most
+serviceable, and award her the prize.
+
+To commemorate this victory over her rival, Minerva gave her own name
+of Athene to the city, whose inhabitants, from that time forth, were
+taught to honor her as their tutelary goddess.
+
+Ever at Jupiter's side, Minerva often aided him by her wise counsels,
+and in times of war borrowed his terrible shield, the Ægis, which she
+flung over her shoulder when she sallied forth to give her support to
+those whose cause was just.
+
+                  "Her shoulder bore
+    The dreadful Ægis with its shaggy brim
+    Bordered with Terror. There was Strife, and there
+    Was Fortitude, and there was fierce Pursuit,
+    And there the Gorgon's head, a ghastly sight,
+    Deformed and dreadful, and a sign of woe."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The din of battle had no terrors for this doughty goddess, and on
+every occasion she was wont to plunge into the thickest of the fray
+with the utmost valor.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Arachne.]
+
+These virile tastes were, however, fully counterbalanced by some
+exclusively feminine, for Minerva was as deft with her needle as with
+her sword. In Greece there lived in those olden times a maiden by the
+name of Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome, she would have been loved
+by all had it not been for her inordinate pride, not in her personal
+advantages, but in her skill as a needlewoman.
+
+Arachne, in her conceit, fancied that no one could equal the work done
+by her deft fingers, so she boasted far and wide that she would have
+no fear to match her skill with Minerva's. She made this remark so
+loudly and so frequently, that the goddess was finally annoyed, and
+left her seat in high Olympus to come down upon earth and punish the
+maiden. In the guise of an old crone, she entered Arachne's house,
+seated herself, and began a conversation. In a few minutes the maiden
+had resumed her usual strain, and renewed her rash boast. Minerva
+gently advised her to be more modest, lest she should incur the wrath
+of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so blinded by
+her conceit, that she scorned the well-meant warning, saucily tossed
+her head, and declared she wished the goddess would hear her, and
+propose a contest, in which she would surely be able to prove the
+truth of her assertions. This insolent speech so incensed Minerva,
+that she cast aside her disguise and accepted the challenge.
+
+Both set up their looms, and began to weave exquisite designs in
+tapestry: Minerva choosing as her subject her contest with Neptune;
+and Arachne, the kidnapping of Europa. In silence the fair weavers
+worked, and their webs grew apace under their practiced fingers. The
+assembled gods, the horse, the olive tree, seemed to live and move
+under Minerva's flashing shuttle.
+
+    "Emongst these leaves she made a Butterflie,
+    With excellent device and wondrous slight,
+    Fluttring among the Olives wantonly,
+    That seem'd to live, so like it was in sight:
+    The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie,
+    The silken downe with which his backe is dight,
+    His broad outstretched hornes, his hayrie thies,
+    His glorious colours, and his glistering eies."
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+Arachne, in the mean while, was intent upon her swimming bull, against
+whose broad breast the waves splashed, and upon a half-laughing,
+half-frightened girl, who clung to the bull's horns, while the wind
+played with her flowing tresses and garments.
+
+              "Sweet Europa's mantle blew unclasp'd,
+      From off her shoulder backward borne:
+    From one hand droop'd a crocus: one hand grasp'd
+      The mild bull's golden horn."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+The finishing touches all given, each turned to view her rival's work,
+and at the very first glance Arachne was forced to acknowledge her
+failure. To be thus outstripped, after all her proud boasts, was
+humiliating indeed. Bitterly did Arachne now repent of her folly; and
+in her despair she bound a rope about her neck, and hung herself.
+Minerva saw her discomfited rival was about to escape: so she quickly
+changed her dangling body into a spider, and condemned her to weave
+and spin without ceasing,--a warning to all conceited mortals.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Minerva.]
+
+Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, was widely worshiped. Temples and
+altars without number were dedicated to her service, the most
+celebrated of all being the Parthenon at Athens. Naught but the ruins
+of this mighty pile now exist; but they suffice to testify to the
+beauty of the edifice, which served, in turn, as temple, church,
+mosque, and finally as powder magazine.
+
+    "Fair Parthenon! yet still must Fancy weep
+    For thee, thou work of nobler spirits flown.
+    Bright, as of old, the sunbeams o'er thee sleep
+    In all their beauty still--and thine is gone!
+    Empires have sunk since thou wert first revered.
+    And varying rites have sanctified thy shrine.
+    The dust is round thee of the race that rear'd
+    Thy walls; and thou--their fate must soon be thine!"
+
+                                     Hemans.
+
+Statues of Minerva--a beautiful, majestic woman, fully clothed and
+armed--were very numerous. The most celebrated of all, by the renowned
+Greek sculptor Phidias, measured full forty feet in height. Festivals
+were celebrated in honor of Minerva wherever her worship was
+held,--some, the Greek Panathenæa, for instance, only every four
+years; others, such as the Minervalia and Quinquatria, every year. At
+these festivals the Palladium, a statue of the goddess, said to have
+fallen from heaven, was carried in procession through the city, where
+the people hailed its appearance with joyful cries and songs of
+praise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+APOLLO.
+
+
+The most glorious and beautiful among all the gods was Apollo
+(Phoebus, Sol, Helios, Cynthius, Pytheus), god of the sun, of
+medicine, music, poetry, and all fine arts.
+
+    "Bright-hair'd Apollo!--thou who ever art
+    A blessing to the world--whose mighty heart
+    Forever pours out love, and light, and life;
+    Thou, at whose glance, all things of earth are rife
+    With happiness; to whom, in early spring,
+    Bright flowers raise up their heads, where'er they cling
+    On the steep mountain side, or in the vale
+    Are nestled calmly. Thou at whom the pale
+    And weary earth looks up, when winter flees,
+    With patient gaze: thou for whom wind-stripped trees
+    Put on fresh leaves, and drink deep of the light
+    That glitters in thine eye: thou in whose bright
+    And hottest rays the eagle fills his eye
+    With quenchless fire, and far, far up on high
+    Screams out his joy to thee, by all the names
+    That thou dost bear--whether thy godhead claims
+    Phoebus or Sol, or golden-hair'd Apollo,
+    Cynthian or Pythian, if thou dost follow
+    The fleeing night, oh, hear
+    Our hymn to thee, and willingly draw near!"
+
+                                       Pike.
+
+Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona, or Leto, the goddess of dark
+nights. Juno's jealousy had been aroused by Jupiter's preference for
+her rival. To avenge herself, she banished Latona to earth, and
+declared that if any one, mortal or immortal, showed her any pity or
+gave her any assistance, he would incur her lasting resentment.
+
+After long, painful wanderings on earth, poor Latona, weary and
+parched with thirst, drew near a small pool by the wayside to refresh
+herself; but, urged by Juno, some reapers bade her pass on, and then,
+seeing she paid no heed to their commands, they sprang into the
+shallow waters, and stirred up the mud at the bottom until it was
+quite unpalatable. With tear-dimmed eyes, Latona prayed these cruel
+men might never leave the spot whereon they now stood; and Jupiter, in
+answer to her prayer, immediately transformed them into huge green
+frogs, which creatures have since then showed great preference for
+muddy pools.
+
+Driven on once more by Juno's unrelenting hatred, Latona finally came
+to the seashore, where she stretched out imploring hands to Neptune,
+who sent a dolphin to bear her in safety to the floating island of
+Delos, raised in her behalf from the depths of the sea. The rocking
+motion, however, proving disagreeable to the goddess, Neptune chained
+the island fast in the Ægean Sea; and there in that delightful
+climate, justly praised by poets, were born to Jupiter and Latona twin
+children, Apollo and Diana, the divinities of the sun and moon.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Coronis.]
+
+Apollo, having attained manhood, could not avoid the usual lot of the
+gods, as well as of mortal men,--the pangs of love. They were first
+inspired by Coronis, a fair maiden, who kindled within his breast an
+ardent flame. The sun god wooed the girl warmly and persistently, and
+at length had the deep satisfaction of seeing his affections returned.
+His bliss, however, proved but fleeting; for Coronis, reasoning, that,
+if one lover were so delightful, two would be doubly so, secretly
+encouraged another suitor.
+
+    "Flirted with another lover
+      (So at least the story goes)
+    And was wont to meet him slyly,
+      Underneath the blushing rose."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Although so cleverly managed, these trysts could not escape the
+bright eyes of Apollo's favorite bird, the snowy raven,--for such was
+his hue in those early times,--so _he_ flew off in haste to his master
+to report the discovery he had made. Desperate with love and jealousy,
+Apollo did not hesitate, but, seizing his bow and deadly arrows, shot
+Coronis through the heart.
+
+The deed was no sooner accomplished, than all his love returned with
+tenfold power; and, hastening to Coronis' side, he vainly tried all
+his remedies (he was god of medicine) to recall her to life.
+
+            "The god of Physic
+      Had no antidote; alack!
+    He who took her off so deftly
+      Couldn't bring the maiden back!"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Bending over the lifeless body of his beloved one, he bewailed his
+fatal haste, and cursed the bird which had brought him the unwelcome
+tidings of her faithlessness.
+
+    "Then he turned upon the Raven,
+      'Wanton babbler! see thy fate!
+    Messenger of mine no longer,
+      Go to Hades with thy prate!
+
+    "'Weary Pluto with thy tattle!
+      Hither, monster, come not back;
+    And--to match thy disposition--
+      Henceforth be thy plumage black!'"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+[Sidenote: Æsculapius.]
+
+The only reminder of this unfortunate episode was a young son of
+Apollo and Coronis, Æsculapius (Asklepios), who was carefully
+instructed by Apollo in the healing art. The disciple's talent was so
+great, that he soon rivaled his master, and even, it is said, recalled
+the dead to life. Of course, these miracles did not long remain
+concealed from Jupiter's all-seeing eye; and he, fearing lest the
+people would forget him and worship their physician, seized one of
+his thunderbolts, hurled it at the clever youth, and thus brought to
+an untimely end his brilliant medical career.
+
+    "Then Jove, incensed that man should rise
+    From darkness to the upper skies,
+    The leech that wrought such healing hurled
+    With lightning down to Pluto's world."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Æsculapius' race was not entirely extinct, however, for he left two
+sons--Machaon and Podalirius, who inherited his medical skill--and a
+daughter, Hygeia, who watched over the health of man.
+
+[Sidenote: Admetus and Alcestis.]
+
+Maddened with grief at the unexpected loss of his son, Apollo would
+fain have wreaked his vengeance upon the Cyclopes, the authors of the
+fatal thunderbolt; but ere he could execute his purpose, Jupiter
+interfered, and, to punish him, banished him to earth, where he
+entered the service of Admetus, King of Thessaly. One consolation
+alone now remained to the exiled god,--his music. His dulcet tones
+soon won the admiration of his companions, and even that of the king,
+who listened to his songs with pleasure, and to reward him gave him
+the position of head shepherd.
+
+    "Then King Admetus, one who had
+      Pure taste by right divine,
+    Decreed his singing not too bad
+    To hear between the cups of wine:
+
+    "And so, well pleased with being soothed
+      Into a sweet half sleep
+    Three times his kingly beard he smoothed
+    And made him viceroy o'er his sheep."
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+Time passed. Apollo, touched by his master's kindness, wished to
+bestow some favor in his turn, and asked the gods to grant Admetus
+eternal life. His request was complied with, but only on condition,
+that, when the time came which had previously been appointed for the
+good king's death, some one should be found willing to die in his
+stead. This divine decree was reported to Alcestis, Admetus' beautiful
+young wife, who in a passion of self-sacrifice offered herself as
+substitute, and cheerfully gave her life for her husband. But
+immortality was too dearly bought at such a price; and Admetus mourned
+until Hercules, pitying his grief, descended into Hades, and brought
+her back from the tomb.
+
+                "Did not Hercules by force
+    Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb
+    Alcestis, a reanimated Corse,
+    Given back to dwell on earth in vernal bloom?"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: The walls of Troy.]
+
+Apollo, after endowing Admetus with immortality, left his service, and
+went to assist Neptune, who had also been banished to earth, to build
+the walls of Troy. Scorning to perform any menial tasks, the God of
+Music seated himself near by, and played such inspiring tunes that the
+stones waltzed into place of their own accord.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo slays Python.]
+
+Then, his term of exile being ended, he returned to heaven, and there
+resumed his wonted duties. From his exalted position he often cast
+loving glances down upon men, whose life he had shared for a short
+time, whose every privation he had endured; and, in answer to their
+prayers, he graciously extended his protection over them, and
+delivered them from misfortunes too numerous to mention. Among other
+deeds done for men was the slaying of the monster serpent Python, born
+from the slime and stagnant waters which remained upon the surface of
+the earth after the Deluge. None had dared approach the monster; but
+Apollo fearlessly drew near, and slew him with his golden shafts. The
+victory over the terrible Python won for Apollo the surname of Pytheus
+(the Slayer), by which appellation he was frequently invoked.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO BELVEDERE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+This annihilation of Python is, of course, nothing but an allegory,
+illustrating the sun's power to dry up marshes and stagnant pools,
+thus preventing the lurking fiend malaria from making further inroads.
+
+Apollo has always been a favorite subject for painters and sculptors.
+The most beautiful statue of him is the Apollo Belvedere, which
+represents him at the moment of his conquest of the Python.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Hyacinthus.]
+
+Although successful in war, Apollo was very unfortunate indeed in
+friendship. One day he came down to earth to enjoy the society of a
+youth of mortal birth, named Hyacinthus. To pass the time agreeably,
+the friends began a game of quoits, but had not played long, before
+Zephyrus, god of the south wind, passing by, saw them thus occupied.
+Jealous of Apollo, for he too loved Hyacinthus, Zephyrus blew Apollo's
+quoit aside so violently that it struck his playmate, and felled him
+to the ground. Vainly Apollo strove to check the stream of blood which
+flowed from the ghastly wound. Hyacinthus was already beyond aid, and
+in a few seconds breathed his last in his friend's arms. To keep some
+reminder of the departed, Apollo changed the fallen blood drops into
+clusters of flowers, ever since called, from the youth's name,
+hyacinths; while Zephyrus, perceiving too late the fatal effect of his
+jealousy, hovered inconsolable over the sad spot, and tenderly
+caressed the dainty flowers which had sprung from his friend's
+lifeblood.
+
+                  "Zephyr penitent,
+    Who now, ere Phoebus mounts the firmament,
+    Fondles the flower."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Cyparissus.]
+
+To divert his mind from the mournful fate of Hyacinthus, Apollo sought
+the company of Cyparissus, a clever young hunter; but this friendship
+was also doomed to a sad end, for Cyparissus, having accidentally
+killed Apollo's pet stag, grieved so sorely over this mischance, that
+he pined away, and finally died. Apollo then changed his lifeless clay
+into a cypress tree, which he declared should henceforth be used to
+shade the graves of those who had been greatly beloved through life.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Daphne.]
+
+Some time after this episode, Apollo encountered in the forest a
+beautiful nymph by the name of Daphne, the daughter of the river god
+Peneus. Love at first sight was the immediate consequence on Apollo's
+part, and he longed to speak to the maid and win her affections. He
+first tried to approach her gently, so as not to frighten her; but,
+before he could reach her side, she fled, and he, forgetful of all
+else, pursued her flying footsteps. As he ran, he called aloud to
+Daphne, entreating her to pause were it only for a moment, and
+promising to do her no harm.
+
+    "Abate, fair fugitive, abate thy speed,
+    Dismiss thy fears, and turn thy beauteous head;
+    With kind regard a panting lover view;
+    Less swiftly fly, less swiftly I'll pursue:
+    Pathless, alas! and rugged is the ground,
+    Some stone may hurt thee, or some thorn may wound.
+
+    "You fly, alas! not knowing whom you fly;
+    No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown, am I."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+The terrified girl paid no heed to promises or entreaties, but sped on
+until her strength began to fail, and she perceived, that,
+notwithstanding her utmost efforts, her pursuer was gaining upon her.
+Panting and trembling, she swerved aside, and rushed down to the edge
+of her father's stream, calling out loudly for his protection. No
+sooner had she reached the water's edge, than her feet seemed rooted
+to the ground. A rough bark rapidly inclosed her quivering limbs,
+while her trembling hands were filled with leaves. Her father had
+granted her prayer by changing her into a laurel tree.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO AND DAPHNE.--Bernini. (Villa Borghese, Rome.)]
+
+Apollo, coming up just then with outstretched arms, clasped nothing
+but a rugged tree trunk. At first he could not realize that the fair
+maiden had vanished from his sight forever; but, when the truth
+dawned upon him, he declared that from henceforth the laurel would be
+considered his favorite tree, and that prizes awarded to poets,
+musicians, etc., should consist of a wreath of its glossy foliage.
+
+                "I espouse thee for my tree:
+    Be thou the prize of honor and renown;
+    The deathless poet, and the poem, crown;
+    Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,
+    And, after poets, be by victors worn."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+This story of Apollo and Daphne was an illustration of the effect
+produced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne). The sun is
+captivated by its beauty, and longs to view it more closely; the dew,
+afraid of its ardent lover, flies, and, when its fiery breath touches
+it, vanishes, leaving nothing but verdure in the selfsame spot where
+but a moment before it sparkled in all its purity.
+
+[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]
+
+The ancients had many analogous stories, allegories of the sun and
+dew, amongst others the oft-quoted tale of Cephalus and Procris.
+Cephalus was a hunter, who fell in love with and married one of
+Diana's nymphs, Procris. She brought him as dowry a hunting dog,
+Lelaps, and a javelin warranted never to miss its mark. The newly
+married pair were perfectly happy; but their content was viewed with
+great displeasure by Eos (Aurora), goddess of dawn, who had previously
+tried, but without success, to win Cephalus' affections, and who now
+resolved to put an end to the bliss she envied.
+
+All day long Cephalus hunted in the forest, and, when the evening
+shadows began to fall, joined his loving wife in their cozy dwelling.
+Her marriage gifts proved invaluable, as Lelaps was swift of foot, and
+tireless in the chase. One day, to test his powers, the gods from
+Olympus watched him course a fox, a special creation of theirs; and so
+well were both animals matched in speed and endurance, that the chase
+bade fair to end only with the death of one or both of the
+participants. The gods, in their admiration for the fine run,
+declared the animals deserved to be remembered forever, and changed
+them into statues, which retained all the spirited action of the
+living creatures.
+
+In the warm season, when the sun became oppressive, Cephalus was wont
+to rest during the noon hour in some shady spot, and as he flung
+himself down upon the short grass he often called for a breeze,
+bidding it cool his heated brow.
+
+    "A hunter once in that grove reclin'd,
+      To shun the noon's bright eye,
+    And oft he woo'd the wandering wind,
+      To cool his brow with its sigh.
+    While mute lay ev'n the wild bee's hum,
+      Nor breath could stir the aspen's hair,
+    His song was still, 'Sweet air, oh come!'
+      While Echo answer'd, 'Come, sweet air!'"
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+Eos heard of this habit, and was fully aware that he merely addressed
+the passing wind; nevertheless she sought Procris, and informed her
+that her husband was faithless, and paid court to a fair maid, who
+daily met him at noonday in the forest solitudes. Procris, blinded by
+sudden jealousy, gave credit to the false story, and immediately
+resolved to follow her husband.
+
+The morning had well-nigh passed, and the sun was darting its
+perpendicular rays upon the earth, when Cephalus came to his usual
+resort, near which Procris was concealed.
+
+"Sweet air, oh come!" the hunter cried; and Procris, cut to the heart
+by what she considered an infallible proof of his infidelity, sank
+fainting to the ground. The rustle caused by her swoon attracted
+Cephalus' attention. Under the mistaken impression that some wild
+beast was lurking there, ready to pounce upon him, he cast his
+unerring javelin into the very midst of the thicket, and pierced the
+faithful bosom of his wife. Her dying moan brought him with one bound
+to her side; ere she breathed her last, an explanation was given and
+received; and Procris died with the blissful conviction that her
+husband had not deserved her unjust suspicions, and that his heart
+was all her own.
+
+There are, of course, many other versions of these selfsame myths; but
+one and all are intended to illustrate the same natural phenomena, and
+are subject to the same interpretation.
+
+Apollo's principal duty was to drive the sun chariot. Day after day he
+rode across the azure sky, nor paused on his way till he reached the
+golden boat awaiting him at the end of his long day's journey, to bear
+him in safety back to his eastern palace.
+
+    "Helios all day long his allotted labor pursues;
+      No rest to his passionate heart and his panting horses given,
+    From the moment when roseate-fingered Eos kindles the dews
+      And spurns the salt sea-floors, ascending silvery the heaven,
+    Until from the hand of Eos Hesperos, trembling, receives
+      His fragrant lamp, and faint in the twilight hangs it up."
+
+                              Owen Meredith.
+
+[Sidenote: Clytie.]
+
+A fair young maiden, named Clytie, watched Apollo's daily journey with
+strange persistency; and from the moment when he left his palace in
+the morning until he came to the far western sea in the evening, she
+followed his course with loving eyes, thought of the golden-haired
+god, and longed for his love. But, in spite of all this fervor, she
+never won favor in Apollo's eyes, and languished until the gods, in
+pity, changed her into a sunflower.
+
+Even in this altered guise, Clytie could not forget the object of her
+love; and now, a fit emblem of constancy, she still follows with
+upturned face the glowing orb in its daily journey across the sky.
+
+    "No, the heart that has truly lov'd never forgets,
+      But as truly loves on to the close;
+    As the sunflower turns on her god when he sets
+      The same look which she turn'd when he rose."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Marsyas.]
+
+A young shepherd, lying in the cool grass one summer afternoon, became
+aware of a distant sound of music, so sweet, so thrilling, that he
+fairly held his breath to listen. These weird, delightful tones were
+produced by Minerva, who, seated by the banks of a small stream, was
+trying her skill on the flute. As she bent over the limpid waters, she
+suddenly beheld her puffed cheeks and distorted features, and
+impetuously threw the instrument into the water, vowing never to touch
+it again.
+
+    "Hence, ye banes of beauty, hence!
+    What? shall I my charms disgrace
+    By making such an odious face?"
+
+                               Melanippides.
+
+The sudden break in the entrancing music caused the youth, Marsyas, to
+start from his abstraction and look about him. He then perceived the
+rejected flute sailing gently down the stream past his feet. To seize
+the instrument and convey it to his lips was the work of an instant;
+and no sooner had he breathed into it, than the magic strain was
+renewed. No recollection of his pastoral duties could avail to tear
+Marsyas away from his new-found treasure; and so rapidly did his skill
+increase, that he became insufferably conceited, and boasted he could
+rival Apollo, whom he actually challenged to a musical contest.
+
+Intending to punish him for his presumption, Apollo accepted the
+challenge, and selected the nine Muses--patronesses of poetry and
+music--as umpires. Marsyas was first called upon to exhibit his
+proficiency, and charmed all by his melodious strains.
+
+    "So sweet that alone the south wind knew,
+    By summer hid in green reeds' jointed cells
+    To wait imprisoned for the south wind's spells,
+    From out his reedy flute the player drew,
+    And as the music clearer, louder grew,
+    Wild creatures from their winter nooks and dells,
+    Sweet furry things with eyes like starry wells,
+    Crept wanderingly out; they thought the south wind blew.
+    With instant joyous trust, they flocked around
+    His feet who such a sudden summer made,
+    His eyes, more kind than men's, enthralled and bound
+    Them there."
+
+                                       H. H.
+
+The Muses bestowed much deserved praise, and then bade Apollo surpass
+his rival if he could. No second command was necessary. The god seized
+his golden lyre, and poured forth impassioned strains. Before
+pronouncing their decision, the Muses resolved to give both musicians
+a second hearing, and again both strove; but on this occasion Apollo
+joined the harmonious accents of his godlike voice to the tones of his
+instrument, causing all present, and the very Muses too, to hail him
+as conqueror.
+
+    "And, when now the westering sun
+    Touch'd the hills, the strife was done,
+    And the attentive Muses said:
+    'Marsyas, thou art vanquished!'"
+
+                             Matthew Arnold.
+
+According to a previous arrangement,--that the victor should have the
+privilege of flaying his opponent alive,--Apollo bound Marsyas to a
+tree, and slew him cruelly. As soon as the mountain nymphs heard of
+their favorite's sad death, they began to weep, and shed such torrents
+of tears, that they formed a new river, called Marsyas, in memory of
+the sweet musician.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Pan.]
+
+The mournful termination of this affair should have served as a
+warning to all rash mortals. Such was not the case, however; and
+shortly after, Apollo found himself engaged in another musical contest
+with Pan, King Midas' favorite flute player. Upon this occasion Midas
+himself retained the privilege of awarding the prize, and, blinded by
+partiality, gave it to Pan, in spite of the marked inferiority of his
+playing. Apollo was so incensed by this injustice, that he determined
+to show his opinion of the dishonest judge by causing generous-sized
+ass's ears to grow on either side of his head.
+
+    "The god of wit, to show his grudge,
+    Clapt asses' ears upon the judge;
+    A goodly pair, erect and wide,
+    Which he could neither gild nor hide."
+
+                                      Swift.
+
+Greatly dismayed by these new ornaments, Midas retreated into the
+privacy of his own apartment, and sent in hot haste for a barber, who,
+after having been sworn to secrecy, was admitted, and bidden to
+fashion a huge wig, which would hide the deformity from the eyes of
+the king's subjects. The barber acquitted himself deftly, and, before
+he was allowed to leave the palace, was again charged not to reveal
+the secret, under penalty of immediate death.
+
+But a secret is difficult to keep; and this one, of the king's long
+ears, preyed upon the poor barber's spirits, so that, incapable of
+enduring silence longer, he sallied out into a field, dug a deep hole,
+and shouted down into the bosom of the earth,--
+
+                    "'King Midas wears
+    (These eyes beheld them, these) such ass's ears!'"
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+Unspeakably relieved by this performance, the barber returned home.
+Time passed. Reeds grew over the hole, and, as they bent before the
+wind which rustled through their leaves, they were heard to murmur,
+"Midas, King Midas, has ass's ears!" and all who passed by caught the
+whisper, and noised it abroad, so that the secret became the general
+topic of all conversations.
+
+[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]
+
+As Apollo had frequent opportunities of meeting the Muses, it is not
+to be wondered at that he fell a victim to the charms of the fair
+Calliope, who, in her turn, loved him passionately, and even wrote
+verses in his honor. This being the state of her feelings, she readily
+consented to their union, and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who
+inherited his parents' musical and poetical gifts.
+
+    "Orpheus with his lute made trees,
+    And the mountain-tops, that freeze,
+      Bow themselves when he did sing:
+    To his music plants and flowers
+    Ever sprung; as sun and showers
+      There had made a lasting spring.
+
+    "Everything that heard him play,
+    Even the billows of the sea,
+      Hung their heads, and then lay by."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+This talent waxed greater as the years passed by, and became so
+remarkable, that the youth's fame was very widespread; and when he
+fell in love with Eurydice, he brought all his skill into play to
+serenade her, and wooed her with voice and glance and with tender,
+passionate music. Eurydice was touched by his courtship, and ere long
+requited the love lavished upon her by conferring her hand upon
+Orpheus.
+
+Shortly after their union, while walking alone in the fields, the
+bride encountered a youth named Aristæus, whose bold admiration proved
+so distasteful, that she fled from him as quickly as possible. In her
+haste she accidentally trod upon a venomous serpent lurking in the
+long grass, which immediately turned upon her, and bit her heel. A
+short period of agonized suffering ensued; then Eurydice died, and her
+spirit was conducted down into the gloomy realms of Pluto, leaving
+Orpheus broken-hearted.
+
+Plaintive, heartrending laments now replaced the joyous wedding
+strains; but even the charms of music failed to make life endurable,
+and Orpheus wandered off to Olympus, where he so piteously implored
+Jupiter to restore his wife to his longing arms, that the great god's
+heart was moved to compassion. He gave him permission, therefore, to
+go down into the Infernal Regions to seek his wife, but warned him at
+the same time that the undertaking was perilous in the extreme.
+
+Nothing daunted, Orpheus hastened to the entrance of Hades, and there
+saw the fierce three-headed dog, named Cerberus, who guarded the
+gate, and would allow no living being to enter, nor any spirit to pass
+out of Hades. As soon as this monster saw Orpheus, he began to growl
+and bark savagely, to frighten him away; but Orpheus merely paused,
+and began to play such melting chords, that Cerberus' rage was
+appeased, and he finally allowed him to pass into Pluto's dark
+kingdom.
+
+The magic sounds penetrated even into the remote depths of Tartarus,
+where the condemned suspended their toil for a moment, and hushed
+their sighs and groans to listen.
+
+      "E'en Tantalus ceased from trying to sip
+    The cup that flies from his arid lip;
+    Ixion, too, the magic could feel,
+    And, for a moment, blocked his wheel;
+    Poor Sisyphus, doomed to tumble and toss
+    The notable stone that gathers no moss,
+    Let go his burden, and turned to hear
+    The charming sounds that ravished his ear."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+No living being had ever before penetrated thus into the Infernal
+Regions, and Orpheus wandered on until he came to the throne of Pluto,
+king of these realms, whereon the stern ruler sat in silence, his wife
+Proserpina beside him, and the relentless Fates at his feet.
+
+Orpheus made known his errand in operatic guise, and succeeded in
+moving the royal pair to tears, whereupon they graciously consented to
+restore Eurydice to life and to her fond husband's care.
+
+              "Hell consented
+        To hear the Poet's prayer:
+      Stern Proserpine relented,
+        And gave him back the fair.
+          Thus song could prevail
+          O'er death, and o'er hell,
+    A conquest how hard and how glorious!
+      Tho' fate had fast bound her
+      With Styx nine times round her,
+    Yet music and love were victorious."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+  [Illustration: ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.--Beyschlag.]
+
+But one condition was imposed before he was allowed to depart; i.e.,
+that he should leave the Infernal Regions without turning once to look
+into his beloved wife's face.
+
+Orpheus accepted the condition joyfully, and wended his way out of
+Hades, looking neither to the right nor to the left, but straight
+before him; and as he walked he wondered whether Eurydice were changed
+by her sojourn in these rayless depths. His longing to feast his eyes
+once more upon her loved features made him forget the condition
+imposed by Pluto, and turn just before he reached the earth; but he
+only beheld the vanishing form of the wife he had so nearly snatched
+from the grave.
+
+All was now over. He had tried and failed. No hope remained. In
+despair, the lonely musician retreated to the forest solitudes, and
+there played his mournful laments,--
+
+    "Such strains as would have won the ear
+    Of Pluto, to have quite set free
+    His half-regained Eurydice."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+But there were none to hear except the trees, winds, and wild beasts
+in the forest, who strove in their dumb way to comfort him as he moved
+restlessly about, seeking a solace for his bursting heart. At times it
+seemed to his half-delirious fancy that he could discern Eurydice
+wandering about in the dim distance, with the selfsame mournful
+expression of which he had caught a mere glimpse as she drifted
+reluctantly back into the dark shadows of Hades.
+
+    "At that elm-vista's end I trace
+    Dimly thy sad leave-taking face,
+    Eurydice! Eurydice!
+    The tremulous leaves repeat to me
+    Eurydice! Eurydice!"
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+At last there dawned a day when some Bacchantes overtook him in the
+forest, and bade him play some gay music, so they might indulge in a
+dance. But poor Orpheus, dazed with grief, could not comply with their
+demands; and the sad notes which alone he now could draw from his
+instrument so enraged the merrymakers, that they tore him limb from
+limb, and cast his mangled remains into the Hebrus River.
+
+As the poet-musician's head floated down the stream, the pallid lips
+still murmured, "Eurydice!" for even in death he could not forget his
+wife; and, as his spirit drifted on to join her, he incessantly called
+upon her name, until the brooks, trees, and fountains he had loved so
+well caught up the longing cry, and repeated it again and again.
+
+Nothing was now left to remind mortals of the sweet singer who had
+thus perished, except his lute, which the gods placed in the heavens
+as a bright constellation, Lyra, also called by Orpheus' name.
+
+Another musician celebrated in mythological annals is Amphion, whose
+skill was reported to be but little inferior to Orpheus'.
+
+    "Tis said he had a tuneful tongue,
+      Such happy intonation,
+    Wherever he sat down and sung
+      He left a small plantation;
+    Wherever in a lonely grove
+      He set up his forlorn pipes,
+    The gouty oak began to move,
+      And flounder into hornpipes."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Amphion.]
+
+This musician, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, had a twin brother
+Zethus, who, however, shared none of his artistic tastes. Hearing that
+their mother Antiope had been repudiated by her second husband, Lycus,
+so that he might marry another wife by the name of Dirce, these youths
+hastened off to Thebes, where they found the state of affairs even
+worse than represented; for poor Antiope was now imprisoned, and
+subject to her rival's daily cruel treatment.
+
+  [Illustration: FARNESE BULL. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+Zethus and Amphion, after besieging and taking the city, put Lycus to
+death, and, binding Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, let him loose to
+drag her over briers and stones until she perished. This punishment
+inflicted upon Dirce is the subject of the famous group once belonging
+to the Farnese family, and now called by their name.
+
+Amphion's musical talent was of great use to him when he subsequently
+became King of Thebes, and wished to fortify his capital by building a
+huge rampart all around it; for the stones moved in rhythmic time,
+and, of their own volition, marched into their places.
+
+[Sidenote: Arion.]
+
+Second to him only, in musical fame, was Arion, the musician who won
+untold wealth by his talent. On one occasion, having gone to Sicily to
+take part in a musical contest which had attracted thither the most
+famous musicians from all points of the compass, he resolved to return
+home by sea.
+
+Unfortunately for him, the vessel upon which he had embarked was
+manned by an avaricious, piratical crew, who, having heard of his
+treasures, resolved to murder him to obtain possession of them. He was
+allowed but scant time to prepare for death; but, just as they were
+about to toss him overboard, he craved permission to play for the last
+time. The pirates consented. His clear notes floated over the sea, and
+allured a school of dolphins, which came and played about the ship.
+The pirates, terrified by the power of his music, and in dread lest
+their hearts should be moved, quickly laid hands upon him, and hurled
+him into the water, where he fell upon the broad back of a dolphin,
+who bore him in safety to the nearest shore.
+
+      "Then was there heard a most celestiall sound
+    Of dainty musicke, which did next ensew
+    Before the spouse: that was Arion crownd;
+    Who, playing on his harpe, unto him drew
+    The eares and hearts of all that goodly crew,
+    That even yet the Dolphin, which him bore
+    Through the Agean seas from Pirates vew,
+    Stood still by him astonisht at his lore,
+    And all the raging seas for joy forgot to rore."
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+To commemorate this miracle, the gods placed Arion's harp, together
+with the dolphin, in the heavens, where they form a constellation.
+
+In the sunny plains of Greece there once dwelt Clymene, a fair nymph.
+She was not alone, however, for her golden-haired little son Phaeton
+was there to gladden her heart with all his childish graces.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Phaeton.]
+
+Early in the morning, when the sun's bright orb first appeared above
+the horizon, Clymene would point it out to her boy, and tell him that
+his father, Apollo, was setting out for his daily drive. Clymene so
+often entertained her child with stories of his father's beauty and
+power, that at last Phaeton became conceited, and acquired a habit of
+boasting rather loudly of his divine parentage. His playmates, after a
+time, wearied of his arrogance, and, to avoid the constant repetition
+of his vain speeches, bade him show some proof of his divine origin,
+or keep his peace.
+
+Stung to the quick by some insolent taunts which they added, Phaeton
+hastened to his mother, and begged her to direct him to his father,
+that he might obtain the desired proof. Clymene immediately gave him
+all necessary information, and bade him make haste if he would reach
+his father's palace in the far east before the sun chariot passed out
+of its portals to accomplish its daily round. Directly eastward
+Phaeton journeyed, nor paused to rest until he came in view of the
+golden and jeweled pinnacles and turrets of his father's abode.
+
+    "The sun's bright palace, on high columns rais'd
+    With burnish'd gold and flaming jewels blaz'd,
+    The folding gates diffus'd a silver light,
+    And with a milder gleam refresh'd the sight."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+Quite undazzled by this splendor, the youth still pressed on,
+straining his eyes to catch the first glimpse of the godly father,
+whose stately bearing and radiant air his mother had so
+enthusiastically described.
+
+Apollo, from his golden throne, had watched the boy's approach, and,
+as he drew nearer, recognized him as his own offspring. Timidly now
+Phaeton advanced to the steps of his father's throne, and humbly
+waited for permission to make his errand known. Apollo addressed him
+graciously, called him his son, and bade him speak without fear. In a
+few minutes the youth impetuously poured out the whole story, and
+watched with pleasure the frown which gathered on Apollo's brow when
+he repeated his companions' taunts. As soon as he had finished his
+tale, Apollo exclaimed that he would grant him any proof he wished,
+and confirmed these words by a solemn oath.
+
+    "'By the terrible Styx!' said the angry sire,
+    While his eyes flashed volumes of fury and fire,
+    'To prove your reviler an infamous liar,
+    I swear I will grant you whate'er you desire!'"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+This oath was the most solemn any god could utter, and in case of
+perjury he was obliged to drink the waters of this river, which would
+lull him into senseless stupidity for one whole year. During nine
+years following he was deprived of his office, banished from Olympus,
+and not allowed to taste of the life-giving nectar and ambrosia.
+
+With a flash of triumph in his dark eyes, Phaeton, hearing this oath,
+begged permission to drive the sun chariot that very day, stating that
+all the world would be sure to notice his exalted position, and that
+none would ever dare doubt his veracity after such a signal mark of
+Apollo's favor.
+
+When the god heard this presumptuous request, he started back in
+dismay, for he alone could control the four fiery steeds which drew
+the golden-wheeled sun car. Patiently he then explained to Phaeton
+the great danger of such an undertaking, earnestly begging him to
+select some other, less fatal boon.
+
+    "Choose out a gift from seas, or earth, or skies,
+    For open to your wish all nature lies;
+    Only decline this one unequal task,
+    For 'tis a mischief, not a gift, you ask."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+But Phaeton, who, like many another conceited youth, fancied he knew
+better than his sire, would not give heed to the kindly warning, and
+persisted in his request, until Apollo, who had sworn the irrevocable
+oath, was obliged to fulfill his promise.
+
+The hour had already come when the Sun usually began his daily
+journey. The pawing, champing steeds were ready; rosy-fingered Aurora
+only awaited her master's signal to fling wide the gates of morn; and
+the Hours were ready to escort him as usual.
+
+Apollo, yielding to pressure, quickly anointed his son with a cooling
+essence to preserve him from the burning sunbeams, gave him the
+necessary directions for his journey, and repeatedly and anxiously
+cautioned him to watch his steeds with the utmost care, and to use the
+whip but sparingly, as they were inclined to be very restive.
+
+The youth, who had listened impatiently to cautions and directions,
+then sprang into the seat, gathered up the reins, signaled to Aurora
+to fling the gates wide, and dashed out of the eastern palace with a
+flourish.
+
+For an hour or two Phaeton bore in mind his father's principal
+injunctions, and all went well; but later, elated by his exalted
+position, he became very reckless, drove faster and faster, and soon
+lost his way. In finding it again he drove so close to the earth, that
+all the plants shriveled up, the fountains and rivers were dried in
+their mossy beds, the smoke began to rise from the parched and
+blackened earth, and even the people of the land over which he was
+passing were burned black,--a hue retained by their descendants to
+this day.
+
+  [Illustration: AURORA.--Guido Reni. (Rospigliosi Palace, Rome.)]
+
+Terrified at what he had done, Phaeton whipped up his steeds, and
+drove so far away, that all the vegetation which had survived the
+intense heat came to an untimely end on account of the sudden cold.
+
+The cries of mortals rose in chorus, and their clamors became so loud
+and importunate, that they roused Jupiter from a profound sleep, and
+caused him to look around to discover their origin. One glance of his
+all-seeing eye sufficed to reveal the damaged earth and the youthful
+charioteer. How had a beardless youth dared to mount the sun chariot?
+Jupiter could scarcely credit what he saw. In his anger he vowed he
+would make the rash mortal expiate his presumption by immediate death.
+He therefore selected the deadliest thunderbolt in his arsenal, aimed
+it with special care, and hurled it at Phaeton, whose burned and
+blackened corpse fell from his lofty seat down into the limpid waves
+of the Eridanus River.
+
+          "And Phaethon, caught in mid career,
+    And hurled from the Sun to utter sunlessness,
+    Like a flame-bearded comet, with ghastliest hiss,
+    Fell headlong in the amazed Eridanus,
+    Monarch of streams, who on the Italian fields
+    Let loose, and far beyond his flowery lips
+    Foam-white, ran ruinous to the Adrian deep."
+
+                                    Worsley.
+
+[Sidenote: The Heliades.]
+
+The tidings of his death soon reached poor Clymene, who mourned her
+only son, and refused to be comforted; while the Heliades, Phaeton's
+sisters, three in number,--Phaetusa, Lampetia, and Ægle,--spent their
+days by the riverside, shedding tears, wringing their white hands, and
+bewailing their loss, until the gods, in pity, transformed them into
+poplar trees, and their tears into amber, which substance was supposed
+by the ancients to flow from the poplar trees like teardrops.
+Phaeton's intimate friend, Cycnus, piously collected his charred
+remains, and gave them an honorable burial. In his grief he
+continually haunted the scene of his friend's death, and repeatedly
+plunged into the river, in the hope of finding some more scattered
+fragments, until the gods changed him into a swan; which bird is ever
+sailing mournfully about, and frequently plunging, his head into the
+water to continue his sad search.
+
+Apollo, as the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses,--daughters of
+Jupiter and Mnemosyne, goddess of memory,--was surnamed Musagetes.
+
+      "Whom all the Muses loved, not one alone;
+    Into his hands they put the lyre of gold,
+      And, crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,
+      Placed him as Musagetes on their throne."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+Although the Muses united at times in one grand song, they had each
+separate duties assigned them.
+
+[Sidenote: The nine Muses.]
+
+Clio, the Muse of history, recorded all great deeds and heroic
+actions, with the names of their authors, and was therefore generally
+represented with a laurel wreath and a book and stylus, to indicate
+her readiness to note all that happened to mortal men or immortal
+gods.
+
+Euterpe, the graceful "Mistress of Song," was represented with a
+flute, and garlands of fragrant flowers.
+
+Thalia, Muse of pastoral poetry, held a shepherd's crook and mask, and
+wore a crown of wild flowers.
+
+                "Mild pastoral Muse!
+    That, to the sparkling crown Urania wears,
+    And to her sister Clio's laurel wreath,
+    Preferr'st a garland culled from purple heath!"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+Her graver sister, Melpomene, who presided over tragedy, wore a crown
+of gold, and wielded a dagger and a scepter; while Terpsichore, the
+light-footed Muse of dancing, was represented treading an airy
+measure.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO AND THE MUSES.--Mengs.]
+
+Erato, who preferred lyric poetry to all other styles of composition,
+was pictured with a lyre; and Polyhymnia, Muse of rhetoric, held a
+scepter to show that eloquence rules with resistless sway.
+
+Calliope, Muse of heroic poetry, also wore a laurel crown; and Urania,
+Muse of astronomy, held mathematical instruments, indicative of her
+love of the exact sciences.
+
+This glorious sisterhood was wont to assemble on Mount Parnassus or on
+Mount Helicon, to hold their learned debates on poetry, science, and
+music.
+
+Apollo's favorite attendant was Eos (Aurora), the fair goddess of
+dawn, whose rose-tipped fingers opened wide the eastern gates of
+pearl, and who then flashed across the sky to announce her master's
+coming.
+
+      "Hail, gentle Dawn! mild blushing goddess, hail!
+    Rejoiced I see thy purple mantle spread
+    O'er half the skies; gems pave thy radiant way,
+    And orient pearls from every shrub depend."
+
+                                 Somerville.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Aurora and Tithonus.]
+
+This dainty goddess loved and married Tithonus, Prince of Troy, and
+won from the gods the boon of everlasting life to confer upon him.
+Alas! however, she forgot to ask at the same time for continued youth;
+and her husband grew older and older, and finally became so decrepit,
+that he was a burden to her. Knowing he would never die, and wishing
+to rid herself of his burdensome presence, she changed him into a
+grasshopper.
+
+At this time the goddess fell in love with Cephalus, the young hunter,
+and frequently visited him on Mount Hymettus.
+
+    "'Come,' Phoebus cries, 'Aurora, come--too late
+    Thou linger'st slumbering with thy wither'd mate!
+    Leave him, and to Hymettus' top repair!
+    Thy darling Cephalus expects thee there!'
+    The goddess, with a blush, her love betrays,
+    But mounts, and, driving rapidly, obeys."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Apollo.]
+
+The principal temples dedicated to the worship of Apollo were at
+Delos, his birthplace, and at Delphi, where a priestess called Pythia
+gave out mysterious oracles purporting to have come from the god. The
+ancients everywhere could not fail to recognize the sun's kindly
+influence and beneficent power, and were therefore ever ready to
+worship Apollo.
+
+    "I marvel not, O sun! that unto thee
+    In adoration man should bow the knee,
+      And pour his prayers of mingled awe and love;
+    For like a God thou art, and on thy way
+    Of glory sheddest with benignant ray,
+      Beauty, and life, and joyance from above."
+
+                                    Southey.
+
+The most renowned among the numerous festivals held in honor of Apollo
+were, without exception, the Pythian Games, celebrated at Delphi every
+three years.
+
+A manly, beardless youth of great beauty, Apollo is generally crowned
+with laurels, and bears either a bow or a lyre.
+
+          "The Lord of the unerring bow,
+    The God of life, and poesy, and light--
+    The Sun in human limbs array'd, and brow
+    All radiant from his triumph in the fight;
+    The shaft hath just been shot--the arrow bright
+    With an immortal's vengeance; in his eye
+    And nostril beautiful disdain, and might
+    And majesty, flash their full lightnings by,
+    Developing in that one glance the Deity."
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+One of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the famous Colossus of
+Rhodes, was a statue of Apollo, his head encircled with a halo of
+bright sunbeams, and his legs spread wide apart to allow vessels, with
+all their sails spread, to pass in and out of the harbor, whose
+entrance he guarded for many a year.
+
+  [Illustration: DIANA OF VERSAILLES. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DIANA.
+
+
+Diana (Cynthia, Phoebe, Selene, Artemis), the fair twin sister of
+Apollo, was not only goddess of the moon, but also of the chase.
+
+    "'Goddess serene, transcending every star!
+    Queen of the sky, whose beams are seen afar!
+    By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,
+    When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign'st to rove.'"
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+In works of art this goddess is generally represented as a beautiful
+maiden, clad in a short hunting dress, armed with a bow, a quiver full
+of arrows at her side, and a crescent on her well-poised head.
+
+Proud of her two children, Apollo and Diana, Latona boasted far and
+wide that such as hers had never been, for they excelled all others in
+beauty, intelligence, and power.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Niobe.]
+
+The daughter of Tantalus, Niobe, heard this boast, and laughed in
+scorn; for she was the mother of fourteen children,--seven manly sons
+and seven beautiful daughters. In her pride she called aloud to
+Latona, and taunted her because her offspring numbered but two.
+
+Shortly after, Niobe even went so far as to forbid her people to
+worship Apollo and Diana, and gave orders that all the statues
+representing them in her kingdom should be torn down from their
+pedestals, and destroyed. Enraged at this insult, Latona called her
+children to her side, and bade them go forth and slay all her luckless
+rival's offspring.
+
+Provided with well-stocked quivers, the twins set out to do her
+bidding; and Apollo, meeting the seven lads out hunting, cut their
+existence short with his unfailing arrows.
+
+          "Phoebus slew the sons
+    With arrows from his silver bow, incensed
+    At Niobe."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With all proverbial speed the tidings reached Niobe, whose heart
+failed when she heard that her seven sons, her pride and delight, had
+fallen under Apollo's shafts, and that they now lay cold and stiff in
+the forest, where they had eagerly hastened a few hours before, to
+follow the deer to its cover.
+
+As she mourned their untimely death, she thought her cup of sorrow was
+full; but long ere her first passion of grief was over, Diana began to
+slay her daughters.
+
+    "But what is this? What means this oozing flood?
+    Her daughters, too, are weltering in their blood:
+    One clasps her mother's knees, one clings around
+    Her neck, and one lies prostrate on the ground;
+    One seeks her breast; one eyes the coming woe
+    And shudders; one in terror crouches low."
+
+                                   Meleager.
+
+In vain the poor girls sought to escape the flying arrows. In vain
+Niobe sought to protect them, and called upon all the gods of Olympus.
+Her daughters fell one by one, never to rise again. The last clung
+convulsively to her mother's breast; but, even in that fond mother's
+passionate embrace, death found and claimed her. Then the gods,
+touched by the sight of woe so intense, changed Niobe into stone, just
+as she stood, with upturned face, streaming eyes, and quivering lips.
+
+This statue was placed on Mount Sipylus, close to a stream of running
+water; and it was said that tears continually flowed down the marble
+cheeks, for, though changed, Niobe still felt, and wept for her great
+loss.
+
+  [Illustration: NIOBE. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)]
+
+This story is an allegory, in which Niobe, the mother, represents
+winter, hard, cold, and proud; until Apollo's deadly arrows, the
+sunbeams, slay her children, the winter months. Her tears are emblems
+of the natural thaw which comes in spring, when winter's pride has
+melted.
+
+[Sidenote: Diana's avocations.]
+
+As soon as the young Goddess of the Moon had been introduced in
+Olympus, all the gods expressed a wish to marry her; but she refused
+to listen to their entreaties, begged her father's permission to
+remain single all her life, and pleaded her cause so ably, that
+Jupiter was forced to grant her request.
+
+Every evening, as soon as the Sun had finished his course, Diana
+mounted her moon car, and drove her milk-white steeds across the
+heavens, watched over and loved by the countless stars, which shone
+their brightest to cheer her on her way; and as she drove she often
+bent down to view the sleeping earth, so shadowy and dreamlike, and to
+breathe the intoxicating perfume of the distant flowers. It always
+seemed to her then as if Nature, so beautiful during the day, borrowed
+additional charms from the witching hours of the night.
+
+    "'Twas now the time when Phoebus yields to night,
+    And rising Cynthia sheds her silver light,
+    Wide o'er the world in solemn pomp she drew
+    Her airy chariot hung with pearly dew."
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Endymion.]
+
+One evening, as she was driving noiselessly along, she suddenly
+checked her steeds; for there on the hillside she saw a handsome young
+shepherd, fast asleep, his upturned face illumined by the moon's soft
+light. Diana wonderingly gazed upon his beauty, and before long felt
+her heart beat with more than admiration. Gliding gently from her
+chariot, she floated to his side, bent slowly, and dropped an airy
+kiss upon his slightly parted lips.
+
+The youth Endymion, only partially awakened by this demonstration,
+half raised his fringed lids, and for a moment his sleep-dimmed eyes
+rested wonderingly upon the beautiful vision. That one glance,
+although it drove Diana away in great haste, kindled in his heart an
+inextinguishable passion. He rose with a start, and rubbed his sleepy
+eyes; but when he saw the moon, which he fancied close beside him,
+sailing away across the deep-blue sky, he felt sure the whole
+occurrence had been but a dream, but so sweet a dream that he cast
+himself down upon the sward, hoping to woo it to visit him once more.
+
+It did not come again that night, however; but the next night, as he
+lay on the selfsame spot, it recurred in all its sweetness; and night
+after night it was repeated when the pale moonbeams fell athwart his
+sleeping face.
+
+      "Then, as the full orb poised upon the peak,
+    There came a lovely vision of a maid,
+    Who seemed to step as from a golden car
+    Out of the low-hung moon."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Diana, fully as enamored as he, could not bear to pass him by without
+a caress, and invariably left her car for a moment, as it touched the
+mountain peak, to run to him and snatch a hasty kiss.
+
+    "Chaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,
+    The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,
+    Sped through the silent space from star to star,
+    And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping."
+
+                                    Boyesen.
+
+But, even when asleep, Endymion watched for her coming, and enjoyed
+the bliss of her presence; yet a spell seemed to prevent his giving
+any sign of consciousness.
+
+Time passed thus. Diana, who could not bear to think of the youth's
+beauty being marred by want, toil, and exposure, finally caused an
+eternal sleep to fall upon him, and bore him off to Mount Latmus,
+where she concealed him in a cave held sacred to her, and never
+profaned by human gaze. There each night the goddess paused to gaze
+enraptured upon his beloved countenance, and to press a soft kiss upon
+his unconscious lips. Such is the tale of Diana and her lowly
+sweetheart, which has inspired poets of all ages.
+
+    "Queen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen
+    Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen!
+    As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,
+    So every tale, does this sweet tale of thine."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Orion.]
+
+Endymion was not, however, the only mortal loved by Diana, for
+mythologists report that her affections were also bestowed upon a
+young hunter by the name of Orion. All day long this youth scoured the
+forest, his faithful dog Sirius at his heels.
+
+One day, in the dense shade of the forest, he met a group of Diana's
+nymphs, the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. These fair maidens
+needed but to be seen to be passionately loved, and Orion's heart
+burned as he sought to approach them; but they were very coy, and, as
+he drew near and addressed them, turned and fled.
+
+Afraid lest he should never see them again were he now to lose sight
+of them, he pursued them hotly; but the nymphs sped on, until, their
+strength failing, they called upon their patroness's aid. Their prayer
+was no sooner heard than answered, and Orion, panting and weary, came
+up just in time to see seven snow-white pigeons wing their way up into
+the azure sky.
+
+There a second transformation overtook the Pleiades, who were changed
+into a constellation, composed of seven bright stars, and there they
+shone undimmed for ages; but when Troy fell into the enemy's hands,
+all grew pale with grief, and one, more timid and impressionable than
+the rest, withdrew from sight to hide her anguish from the curious
+eyes of men.
+
+    "And is there glory from the heavens departed?--
+        O void unmark'd!--thy sisters of the sky
+            Still hold their place on high,
+    Though from its rank thine orb so long hath started
+        Thou, that no more art seen of mortal eye!"
+
+                                     Hemans.
+
+Orion, like a fickle youth, was soon consoled for their disappearance,
+and loved Merope, daughter of Oenopion, King of Chios, who consented
+to their union on condition that his future son-in-law should win his
+bride by some heroic deed. Now, as Orion was anything but a patient
+man, the delay was very unwelcome indeed, and he made up his mind to
+abduct his bride instead of marrying her openly; but the plan was
+frustrated by Oenopion's watchfulness, and Orion was punished by the
+loss not only of his bride, but also of his eyesight.
+
+Blind, helpless, and alone, he now wandered from place to place,
+hoping to find some one capable of restoring his sight. At last he
+reached the Cyclopes' cave, and one of them took pity on him, and led
+him to the Sun, from whose radiance he borrowed a store of light,--
+
+    "When, blinded by Oenopion,
+    He sought the blacksmith at his forge,
+    And, climbing up the mountain gorge,
+    Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+Happy once more, he resumed his favorite sport, and hunted from morn
+till eve. Diana met him in the forest, and, sharing his tastes, soon
+learned to love him; but this affection was viewed with great
+displeasure by Apollo, from whose piercing glance nothing that
+occurred by day could be hidden, and he resolved to put an end to his
+sister's infatuation. He therefore summoned her to his side. To divert
+her suspicions, he began to talk of archery, and, under the pretext of
+testing her skill as a markswoman, bade her shoot at a dark speck
+rising and falling far out at sea.
+
+Diana seized her bow, feathered her arrow, and sent it with such force
+and accurate aim, that she touched the point, and saw it vanish
+beneath the waves, little suspecting that the dark head of Orion, who
+was refreshing himself by a sea bath, was given her as a target. When
+she discovered her error, she mourned his loss with many tears, vowed
+never to forget him, and placed him and his faithful dog Sirius as
+constellations in the sky.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Actæon.]
+
+When Diana had finished her nightly journey in her moon car, she
+seized her bow and arrows, and, attended by her nymphs, was wont to
+sally forth to hunt the wild beasts in the forest.
+
+One summer afternoon, after an unusually long and exciting pursuit,
+Diana and her followers came to one of the still mountain pools where
+they had often resorted to enjoy a plunge. The cool waters rippled so
+invitingly, that the goddess and her attendants hastened to divest
+themselves of their short hunting garments, and lave their heated
+limbs.
+
+But unfortunately the goddess and her attendant nymphs had not been
+the only ones out hunting that day. Actæon, the huntsman, had risen at
+dawn to stalk the deer; and now, weary and parched with thirst, he too
+sought the well-known mountain spring,
+
+    "Deep in the cool recesses of the wood,
+    Where the cold crystal of a mossy pool
+    Rose to the flowery marge, and gave again
+    The soft green lawn where ofttimes, overspent,
+    I lay upon the grass and eager bathed
+    My limbs in the clear lymph."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+As he drew near the accustomed spot, Actæon fancied he heard bursts of
+silvery laughter: so he crept on very cautiously, and soon, gently
+parting the thick branches of the underbrush, beheld the sporting
+group.
+
+At the selfsame moment Diana turned to ascertain the cause of the
+rustle which had caught her practiced ear, and met the admiring gaze
+of the astonished young hunter. Speechless with indignation that a
+mortal had beheld her thus, she caught some water in her hollow palm,
+flung it in his face, and bade him go and declare, if he could, that
+he had seen Diana disrobed.
+
+The glittering drops had no sooner touched the young man's face, than
+he turned to obey her command, and found himself transformed into a
+stag, with slender, sinewy limbs, furry skin, and wide-branching
+antlers. Nothing remained of his former self except the woeful
+consciousness of his transformation; and as he stood there, motionless
+and dismayed, the distant baying of his hounds coming to join him fell
+upon his ear.
+
+An electric thrill of fear shot through every vein, as, mindful of his
+new form, he bounded away through the forest. Alas! too late; for the
+pack had caught one glimpse of his sleek sides, and were after him in
+full cry.
+
+In vain poor Actæon strained every muscle. His limbs refused their
+support, and, as he sank exhausted to the ground, the hounds sprang at
+his quivering throat.
+
+    "Nearer they came and nearer, baying loud,
+    With bloodshot eyes and red jaws dripping foam;
+    And when I strove to check their savagery,
+    Speaking with words, no voice articulate came,
+    Only a dumb, low bleat. Then all the throng
+    Leapt swift on me, and tore me as I lay!"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Diana was widely worshiped, and temples without number were dedicated
+to her service; among others, the world-renowned sanctuary of Ephesus.
+The ancients also celebrated many festivals in honor of this fair
+goddess of the moon, who was ever ready to extend her protection over
+all deserving mortals.
+
+  [Illustration: VENUS DE MILO. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+VENUS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Venus' birth.]
+
+Venus (Dione, Aphrodite, Cytherea), the goddess of beauty, love,
+laughter, and marriage, is said by some mythologists to be the
+daughter of Jupiter and Dione, goddess of moisture: others report that
+she sprang from the foam of the sea.
+
+                          "Look, look, why shine
+    Those floating bubbles with such light divine?
+    They break, and from their mist a lily form
+    Rises from out the wave, in beauty warm.
+    The wave is by the blue-veined feet scarce press'd,
+    Her silky ringlets float about her breast,
+    Veiling its fairy loveliness; while her eye
+    Is soft and deep as the blue heaven is high.
+    The Beautiful is born; and sea and earth
+    May well revere the hour of that mysterious birth."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+The ocean nymphs were the first to discover her, cradled on a great
+blue wave; and they carried her down into their coral caves, where
+they tenderly nursed her, and taught her with the utmost care. Then,
+her education being completed, the sea nymphs judged it time to
+introduce her to the other gods, and, with that purpose in view,
+carried her up to the surface of the sea,--where Tritons, Oceanides,
+and Nereides all crowded around her, loudly expressing their ardent
+admiration,--and offered her pearls and choice bits of coral from the
+deep, as a tribute to her charms.
+
+  [Illustration: FOURTH HOUR OF THE NIGHT.--Raphael.]
+
+Then they pillowed her softly on a great wave, and intrusted her to
+the care of Zephyrus, the soft south wind, who blew a gentle breath,
+and wafted her to the Island of Cyprus.
+
+The four beautiful Horæ (the Seasons), daughters of Jupiter and
+Themis, goddess of justice, stood there on the shore to welcome her.
+
+                  "An ethereal band
+    Are visible above: the Seasons four,--
+    Green-kirtled Spring, flush Summer, golden store
+    In Autumn's sickle, Winter frosty hoar."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+And they were not alone to watch for her coming, for the three
+Charites (Graces, or Gratiæ) were also present.
+
+    "'These three on men all gracious gifts bestow,
+    Which decke the body or adorne the mynde,
+    To make them lovely or well-favoured show;
+    As comely carriage, entertainement kynde,
+    Sweete semblaunt, friendly offices that bynde,
+    And all the complements of curtesie:
+    They teach us how to each degree and kynde
+    We should our selves demeane, to low, to hie,
+    To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility.'"
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+Daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, these maidens, who bore the
+respective names of Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, longed to show
+their love for their new mistress. When the wave upon which she
+reclined came nearer still, the "rosy-bosomed Hours, fair Venus'
+train," appeared. The wind finally brought the fair goddess in safety
+to the shore; and, as soon as her foot touched the white sand, all
+bent in homage to her surpassing beauty, and reverentially watched her
+dry her hair.
+
+    "Idalian Aphrodite beautiful,
+    Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells,
+    With rosy slender fingers backward drew
+    From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair
+    Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat
+    And shoulder: from the violets her light foot
+    Shone rosy-white, and o'er her rounded form
+    Between the shadows of the vine bunches
+    Floated the glowing sunlights, as she moved."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+This hasty and somewhat primitive toilet completed, Venus and her
+followers set out for Mount Olympus, and on their way thither were
+joined by Himerus, god of the desire of love; Pothos, god of the
+amities of love; Suadela, god of the soft speech of love; and Hymen,
+god of marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Vulcan.]
+
+A throne had been prepared for the expected goddess, and, when she
+suddenly appeared to take possession of it, the assembled gods could
+not restrain a rapturous murmur of admiration. Her beauty took them by
+storm, and her grace won their hearts; but, although they one and all
+expressed a desire to marry her, Venus scornfully rejected their
+proposals. Even the king of gods was slighted, and, to punish her for
+her pride, he decreed she should marry Vulcan, god of the forge, the
+most ill-favored of all the heavenly council.
+
+This compulsory union was anything but a happy one; for Venus never
+showed any affection for her deformed consort, and, instead of being a
+faithful wife, soon deserted him, and openly declared she would please
+herself.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Alectryon.]
+
+Her first fancy was for Mars, the handsome god of war, who was not
+slow in reciprocating the fair goddess's affections, and many and
+sweet were the secret interviews they enjoyed. Yet, fearful lest some
+of the gods passing by should discover them together, Mars always
+placed his attendant Alectryon on guard, bidding him give due warning
+of any one's approach, and especially to call him before the sun rose,
+as the lovers were particularly anxious that Apollo should not witness
+their parting caresses.
+
+All prospered according to their desires, until one night the
+unfortunate Alectryon fell asleep; and so profound were his slumbers,
+that he did not even stir when Aurora flung open the gates of the
+east, and Apollo flashed forth to receive the melodious greetings of
+the feathered denizens of the forest.
+
+The sun god drove rapidly on, glancing right and left, and taking note
+of all he saw. Nothing escaped his bright and piercing eye, as it
+flashed its beams hither and thither, and he was soon aware of the
+sleeping watchman and of the guilty lovers. As fast as his
+fleet-footed steeds could carry him, Apollo hastened to Vulcan, to
+whom he vividly described the sight which had greeted his eyes.
+
+The irate husband lost no time, but, seizing a net of linked steel,
+went in search of his runaway wife. Stealthily he approached the
+lovers' bower, and deftly flung the net over both sleepers, who were
+caught in its fine meshes, and could not escape; and there he kept
+them imprisoned, in spite of their entreaties, until all the gods had
+seen their humiliating plight, and turned them into ridicule. But when
+he at last set them free, Mars darted away, vowing vengeance upon the
+negligent sentinel, who was still blissfully sleeping. Pouncing upon
+him, Mars awakened him roughly, administered a sharp reproof, changed
+him into a cock, banished him into the barnyard, and condemned him to
+give daily warning of the sun's approach.
+
+    "And, from out a neighboring farmyard,
+      Loud the cock Alectryon crowed."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus' children.]
+
+Several beautiful children were born to Mars and Venus. Hermione, or
+Harmonia, their daughter, married Cadmus, King of Thebes; and Cupid
+(Cupido, Eros, Amor), their little son, was appointed god of love.
+Although nursed with tender solicitude, this second-born child did not
+grow as other children do, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child,
+with gauzy wings and roguish, dimpled face. Alarmed for his health,
+Venus consulted Themis, who oracularly replied, "Love cannot grow
+without Passion."
+
+In vain the goddess strove to catch the concealed meaning of this
+answer. It was only revealed to her when Anteros, god of passion, was
+born. When with his brother, Cupid grew and flourished, until he
+became a handsome, slender youth; but when separated from him, he
+invariably resumed his childish form and mischievous habits.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Adonis.]
+
+Venus, however, did not lavish all her love upon Mars, for she is said
+to have felt a tender passion for a young man named Adonis, a bold
+young hunter, whose rash pursuit of dangerous game caused Venus many
+anxious alarms. In vain she besought him to forego the pleasures of
+the chase and remain with her. He laughingly escaped, and continued to
+join the other hunters in his favorite sport. But, alas! one day,
+after an exciting pursuit, he boldly attacked a wild boar, which,
+goaded to madness, turned upon him, buried his strong tusk in the
+youth's unprotected side, and trampled him to death.
+
+    "The white tusk of a boar has transpierced his white thigh.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+        "The youth lieth dead while his dogs howl around,
+    And the nymphs weep aloud from the mists of the hill."
+
+                 Bion (Mrs. Browning's tr.).
+
+Venus ran straight to the scene of his tragic death, rushing through
+underbrush and briers, tearing her delicate skin, and her blood
+tingeing all the white roses along her way to a faint pink. When she
+arrived, she found her beloved Adonis cold in death, and her
+passionate caresses met with no response. Then she burst into such a
+passion of tears, that the wood and water nymphs, the gods, men, and
+all nature in fact, joined with her to mourn the beloved youth.
+
+          "Her loss the Loves deplore:
+    Woe, Venus, woe! Adonis is no more."
+
+                         Bion (Elton's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: SLEEPING LOVE.--Perrault.]
+
+Very reluctantly Mercury at last appeared to lead the soul of the
+departed down into the Infernal Regions, where it was welcomed by
+Proserpina, queen of the realm, and led to the place where pure and
+virtuous mortals enjoyed an eternity of bliss. Venus, still
+inconsolable, shed countless tears, which, as they dropped upon the
+ground, were changed to anemones, while the red drops which had fallen
+from Adonis' side were transformed into red roses.
+
+    "As many drops as from Adonis bled,
+    So many tears the sorrowing Venus shed:
+    For every drop on earth a flower there grows:
+    Anemones for tears; for blood the rose."
+
+                         Bion (Elton's tr.).
+
+As time did not soften Venus' grief, but, on the contrary, made it
+more and more unendurable, she went to Olympus, where she fell at
+Jupiter's feet, imploring him to release Adonis from death's embrace,
+or allow her to share his lot in Hades.
+
+To allow Beauty to desert the earth was not possible, nor could he
+resist her pleading: so he finally decreed that Adonis should be
+restored to her longing arms. But Pluto, whose subject he had now
+become, refused to yield up Adonis; and after much dispute a
+compromise was agreed upon, by virtue of which Adonis was allowed to
+spend one half of the year on earth, providing he spent the remaining
+six months in the Elysian Fields.
+
+In early spring, therefore, Adonis left the Lower World, and came with
+bounding tread to join his beloved. On his path the flowers bloomed
+and the birds sang, to show their joy at his coming. An emblem of
+vegetation, which rises from the ground in early spring to deck the
+earth with beautiful foliage and flowers, and cause the birds to sing
+for gladness, Adonis reluctantly returned to Hades, when Winter, the
+cruel boar, slew him again with his white tusk, and made nature again
+droop, and mourn his departure.
+
+          "But even in death, so strong is Love,
+    I could not wholly die; and year by year,
+    When the bright springtime comes, and the earth lives,
+    Love opens these dread gates, and calls me forth
+    Across the gulf."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Anchises.]
+
+The Goddess of Beauty also loved Anchises, Prince of Troy, but,
+ashamed of lavishing favors upon a mere mortal, extorted from him a
+promise that he would never reveal their secret marriage.
+Unfortunately, however, Anchises was of a boastful disposition, and
+ere long yielded to temptation and revealed the secret, incurring her
+wrath to such an extent, that some mythologists accuse her of
+borrowing one of Jupiter's thunderbolts and slaying him. Others,
+however, report that Anchises lived to a ripe old age, and escaped
+from burning Troy on his son Æneas' back. Venus' love was, however,
+all transferred to her son Æneas, whom she signally protected
+throughout his checkered career.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hero and Leander.]
+
+Venus' most ardent admirers and faithful worshipers were the young
+people, for she delighted in their youthful sentiments, and was ever
+ready to lend a helping hand to all true lovers when apparently
+insurmountable obstacles appeared on their path.
+
+This was the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero, who was
+dedicated by her parents to Venus' service, and, as soon as old
+enough, spent all her time in the temple, ministering to the goddess,
+or in a lonely tower by the sea, where she dwelt alone with her aged
+nurse.
+
+      "Honey-sweet Hero, of a princely race,
+    Was priestess to Queen Venus in that place;
+    And at her father's tower, by the sea set--
+    Herself a Queen of Love, though maiden yet--
+    Dwelt."
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+The maiden's beauty increased with her years, until the fame of her
+loveliness spread throughout her native city Sestus, and even passed
+over the Hellespont and reached Abydus, where Leander, the bravest
+and handsomest youth of the town, was fired with a desire to view the
+charming young priestess.
+
+Just at that time a solemn festival in honor of Venus was to be
+celebrated at Sestus, to which all the youths and maidens were
+cordially invited. Under pretext of paying homage to the goddess,
+Leander entered her temple, and saw the young priestess, whose charms
+far surpassed all descriptions.
+
+Venus, as has already been stated, was always deeply interested in
+young lovers; and when she saw these two, so well matched in beauty
+and grace, she bade Cupid pierce them with his love darts, which
+behest the mischief-loving god immediately obeyed.
+
+          "God Eros, setting notch to string,
+    Wounded two bosoms with one shaft-shooting,
+    A maiden's and a youth's--Leander he,
+    And lovely Hero, Sestos' sweetest, she;
+    She of her town, and he of his, the boast;
+    A noble pair!"
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+An undying passion was thus simultaneously kindled in both young
+hearts; and, thanks to Venus' assistance, Leander managed to exchange
+a few words with Hero, declared his love, implored her to view his
+suit kindly, and, above all, to grant him a private interview, or he
+would surely die.
+
+The maiden listened to his pleading with mingled joy and terror, for
+she knew her parents would never consent to their union. Then, afraid
+lest some one should notice that she was talking to a stranger, she
+bade him depart; but he refused to go until he had learned where she
+lived, and proposed to swim across the Hellespont when the shades of
+night had fallen, and none could see his goal, and pay her a visit in
+her lonely tower.
+
+      "'Sweet! for thy love,' he cried, 'the sea I'd cleave,
+    Though foam were fire, and waves with flame did heave,
+    I fear not billows if they bear to thee;
+    Nor tremble at the hissing of the sea!
+    And I will come--oh! let me come--each night,
+    Swimming the swift flood to my dear delight:
+    For white Abydos, where I live, doth front
+    Thy city here, across our Hellespont.'"
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+At last his prayers overcame the maiden's scruples, and she arranged
+to receive him in her sea-girt tower, promising at a given hour to
+light a torch and hold it aloft to guide him safely across the sea.
+Then only he departed.
+
+Night came on; darkness stole over the earth; and Leander impatiently
+paced the sandy shore, and watched for the promised signal, which no
+sooner appeared, than he exultantly plunged into the dark waves, and
+parted them with lusty strokes, as he hastened across the deep to join
+his beloved. At times the huge billows towered above his head; but
+when he had escaped their threatening depths, and rose up on their
+foamy crests, he could catch a glimpse of the torch burning brightly,
+and pictured to himself the shy, sweet blushes which would dye Hero's
+cheek as he clasped her to his passionate heart.
+
+    "Leander had no fear--he cleft the wave--
+    What is the peril fond hearts will not brave!"
+
+                                     Landon.
+
+Venus, from the top of "many-peaked Olympus," smilingly viewed the
+success of her scheme, and nerved Leander's arm to cleave the rapid
+current. At last he reached the tower steps, and was lovingly greeted
+by Hero, whose heart had throbbed with anxiety at the thought of the
+perils her lover was braving for the sake of seeing her once more.
+
+It was only when the dawn began to whiten the east, that the lovers
+finished their interview and parted, he to return to Abydus, and she
+to prepare for the daily duties which would soon claim her attention.
+But separation by day was all these fond lovers could endure, and
+night after night, as soon as the first stars appeared, Hero lighted
+her torch, and Leander hastened to her, to linger by her side till
+dawn.
+
+    "Thus pass'd the summer shadows in delight:
+    Leander came as surely as the night,
+    And when the morning woke upon the sea,
+    It saw him not, for back at home was he."
+
+                                       Hunt.
+
+No one suspected their meetings; and all went well until the first
+fierce storms of winter swept down over the Hellespont. Hero, in the
+gray dawn of a winter's morning, besought her lover not to leave her
+to battle against the waves, which beat so violently against the stone
+tower; but he gently laughed at her fears, and departed, promising to
+return at night as usual.
+
+The storm, which had raged so fiercely already in the early morning,
+increased in violence as the day wore on, until the waves were lashed
+into foam, while the wind howled more and more ominously as the
+darkness came on again; but none of these signs could deter Leander
+from visiting Hero.
+
+      "There came one night, the wildest of the year,
+    When the wind smote like edge of hissing spear,
+    And the pale breakers thundered on the beach."
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+All day long Hero had hoped that her lover would renounce his nightly
+journey; but still, when evening came, she lighted her torch to serve
+as beacon, should he risk all to keep his word. The wind blew so
+fiercely, that the torch wavered and flickered, and nearly went out,
+although Hero protected its feeble flame by standing over it with
+outstretched robes.
+
+At sight of the wonted signal, Leander, who had already once been
+beaten back by the waves, made a second attempt to cross the strait,
+calling upon the gods to lend him their aid. But this time his prayers
+were unheard, drowned in the fury of the storm; yet he struggled on a
+while longer, with Hero's name on his lips.
+
+  [Illustration: HERO AND LEANDER.--Bodenhausen.]
+
+At last, exhausted and ready to sink, he lifted his eyes once more to
+view the cheering light. It was gone, extinguished by a passing gust
+of wind. Like a stone Leander sank, once, twice, thrice, and the
+billows closed forever over his head.
+
+Hero in the mean while had relighted her torch, and, quite unconscious
+of the tragedy which had taken place, stood on the tower, straining
+her eyes to pierce the darkness. All night long she waited and watched
+for the lover who did not come; and, when the first sunbeams shone
+over the tossing sea, she cast an anxious glance over the waters to
+Abydus. No one was in sight as far as she could see. She was about to
+descend to pursue her daily tasks, when, glancing at the foot of the
+tower, she saw her lover's corpse heaving up and down on the waves.
+
+    "As shaken on his restless pillow,
+    His head heaves with the heaving billow;
+    That hand, whose motion is not life,
+    Yet feebly seems to menace strife,
+    Flung by the tossing tide on high,
+        Then level'd with the wave."
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+Hero's heart broke at this sad sight, and she longed to die, too, that
+she might not be parted from Leander. To hasten their meeting, she
+threw herself into the sea, and perished in the waves, close by his
+side. Thus lived and died the faithful lovers, whose attachment has
+passed into a proverb.
+
+Byron, the celebrated English bard, attempted Leander's feat of
+swimming across the Hellespont, and, on his return from that dangerous
+venture, wrote the following lines, which are so familiar to all
+English-speaking people:--
+
+    "The winds are high on Helle's wave,
+        As on that night of stormy water
+    When Love, who sent, forgot to save
+    The young, the beautiful, the brave,
+        The lonely hope of Sestos' daughter.
+    Oh! when alone along the sky
+    Her turret torch was blazing high,
+    Though rising gale, and breaking foam,
+    And shrieking sea-birds warn'd him home;
+    And clouds aloft and tides below,
+    With signs and sounds, forbade to go,
+    He could not see, he would not hear,
+    Or sound or sign foreboding fear;
+    His eye but saw that light of love,
+    The only star it hail'd above;
+    His ear but rang with Hero's song,
+    'Ye waves, divide not lovers long!'
+    That tale is old, but love anew
+    May nerve young hearts to prove as true."
+
+[Sidenote: Pyramus and Thisbe.]
+
+An equally loving and unfortunate pair were Pyramus and Thisbe.
+Although no waves divided them, and they had the good fortune to
+occupy adjoining houses in Babylon, their parents having quarreled,
+they were forbidden to see or speak to each other. This decree wrung
+their tender hearts; and their continuous sighs finally touched Venus,
+who prepared to give them her aid. Thanks to this goddess's kind
+offices, a crack was discovered in the party wall, through which the
+lovers could peep at each other, converse, and even, it is said,
+exchange a kiss or two.
+
+Sundry stolen interviews through this crack made them long for
+uninterrupted and unrestrained meetings: so they made an appointment
+to meet on a certain day and hour, under a white mulberry tree, just
+without the city gates.
+
+Thisbe, anxious to see her lover, was the first to reach the trysting
+place, and, as she slowly paced back and forth to while away the time
+of waiting, she wondered what had happened to delay Pyramus. Her
+meditation was suddenly broken by a rustling sound in some neighboring
+bushes; and, thinking Pyramus was concealed there, she was about to
+call to him that he was discovered, when, instead of her lover, she
+saw a lion emerge from the thicket and come towards her, slowly
+lashing his sides with his tail, and licking his bloody jaws. With one
+terrified shriek the girl ran away, dropping her veil, which the lion
+caught in his bloody mouth and tore to shreds, before beating a
+retreat into the forest.
+
+Shortly after, Pyramus came rushing up, out of breath, and full of
+loving excuses for Thisbe, who was not there, however, to receive
+them. Wondering at her absence, Pyramus looked around, and after a
+short investigation discerned the lion's footprints and the mangled
+veil. These signs sufficed to convince him that Thisbe had perished,
+and in a fit of despair he drew his dagger from its sheath and thrust
+it into his heart.
+
+A few minutes later, Thisbe cautiously drew near, peering anxiously
+about to discover whether the lion were still lurking near. Her first
+glance showed her Pyramus stretched dead beneath the mulberry tree,
+with her bloody veil pressed convulsively to his lips. With a cry of
+terror she flew to his side, and tried to revive him; but, when
+assured that all her efforts were in vain, she drew the dagger from
+his breast, and, plunging it into her own bosom, fell beside him quite
+lifeless.
+
+                "In her bosom plunged the sword,
+    All warm and reeking from its slaughtered lord."
+
+                        Ovid (Eusden's tr.).
+
+Since that ominous day the fruit of the mulberry tree, which had been
+white, assumed a blood-like hue, dyed by the blood which flowed from
+the death wounds of Pyramus and Thisbe.
+
+[Sidenote: Echo and Narcissus.]
+
+The lovely and talkative nymph Echo lived free from care and whole of
+heart until she met Narcissus, hunting in the forest. This frivolous
+young lady no sooner beheld the youth, than she fell deeply in love
+with him, and was proportionately grieved when she saw that he did not
+return her affections.
+
+All her blandishments were unavailing, and, in her despair at his
+hard-heartedness, she implored Venus to punish him by making him
+suffer the pangs of unrequited love; then, melancholy and longing to
+die, she wandered off into the mountains, far from the haunts of her
+former companions, and there, brooding continually over her sorrow,
+pined away until there remained naught of her but her melodious voice.
+
+The gods, displeased at her lack of proper pride, condemned her to
+haunt rocks and solitary places, and, as a warning to other impulsive
+maidens, to repeat the last sounds which fell upon her ear.
+
+    "But her voice is still living immortal,--
+      The same you have frequently heard
+    In your rambles in valleys and forests,
+      Repeating your ultimate word."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Venus alone had not forgotten poor Echo's last passionate prayer, and
+was biding her time to punish the disdainful Narcissus. One day, after
+a prolonged chase, he hurried to a lonely pool to slake his thirst.
+
+    "In some delicious ramble, he had found
+    A little space, with boughs all woven round;
+    And in the midst of all, a clearer pool
+    Than e'er reflected in its pleasant cool
+    The blue sky here, and there, serenely peeping
+    Through tendril wreaths fantastically creeping."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Quickly he knelt upon the grass, and bent over the pellucid waters to
+take a draught; but he suddenly paused, surprised. Down near the
+pebbly bottom he saw a face so passing fair, that he immediately lost
+his heart, for he thought it belonged to some water nymph gazing up at
+him through the transparent flood.
+
+With sudden passion he caught at the beautiful apparition; but, the
+moment his arms touched the water, the nymph vanished. Astonished and
+dismayed, he slowly withdrew to a short distance, and breathlessly
+awaited the nymph's return.
+
+The agitated waters soon resumed their mirrorlike smoothness; and
+Narcissus, approaching noiselessly on tiptoe, and cautiously peeping
+into the pool, became aware first of curly, tumbled locks, and then of
+a pair of beautiful, watchful, anxious eyes. Evidently the nymph had
+just concluded to emerge from her hiding place to reconnoiter.
+
+More prudent this time, the youth gradually bent further over the
+pool; and, reassured by his kindly glances, the nymph's whole head
+appeared. In gentle tones the youth now addressed her; and her ruby
+lips parted and moved as if she were answering, though not a sound
+came to his ear. In his excitement he began to gesticulate, whereupon
+two snowy arms repeated his every gesture; but when, encouraged by her
+loving glances and actions, he tried once more to clasp her in his
+arms, she vanished as rapidly as the first time.
+
+Time and again the same pantomime was enacted, and time and again the
+nymph eluded his touch; but the enamored youth could not tear himself
+away from the spot haunted by this sweet image, whose sensitive face
+reflected his every emotion, and who grew as pale and wan as
+he,--evidently, like him, a victim to love and despair.
+
+Even the shades of night could not drive Narcissus away from his post,
+and, when the pale moonbeams illumined his retreat, he bent over the
+pool to ascertain whether she too were anxious and sleepless, and saw
+her gazing longingly up at him.
+
+There Narcissus lingered day and night, without eating or drinking,
+until he died, little suspecting that the fancied nymph was but his
+own image reflected in the clear waters. Echo was avenged; but the
+gods of Olympus gazed compassionately down upon the beautiful corpse,
+and changed it into a flower bearing the youth's name, which has ever
+since flourished beside quiet pools, wherein its pale image is clearly
+reflected.
+
+                          "A lonely flower he spied,
+    A meek and forlorn flower, with naught of pride,
+    Drooping its beauty o'er the watery clearness,
+    To woo its own sad image into nearness:
+    Deaf to light Zephyrus it would not move;
+    But still would seem to droop, to pine, to love."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Pygmalion and Galatea.]
+
+Pygmalion, King of Cyprus, was a very celebrated sculptor. All his
+leisure moments were spent in the faithful portrayal of the gods and
+goddesses. One day his practiced hand fashioned an image of Galatea.
+It was so beautiful that even before it was entirely finished its
+author loved it. When completed, Pygmalion admired it still more,
+deemed it too beautiful to remain inanimate, and besought Venus to
+give it life, stating that he wished a wife just like it.
+
+As Pygmalion had always been an obdurate bachelor, and had frequently
+declared he would never marry, Venus was delighted to see him at last
+a victim of the tender passion, and resolved to grant his request.
+Pygmalion clasped the exquisite image to his breast to infuse some of
+his own warmth into the icy bosom, and pressed kiss after kiss upon
+the chiseled lips, until at last they grew soft and warm at his touch,
+and a faint color flushed the pale cheeks, as a breath dilated her
+lungs, and sent her blood coursing along her veins,--
+
+    "As once with prayers in passion flowing,
+    Pygmalion embraced the stone,
+    Till, from the frozen marble glowing,
+    The light of feeling o'er him shone."
+
+                                   Schiller.
+
+Pygmalion's delight at seeing his fair image a living and breathing
+maiden was unbounded, and after a short but passionate wooing the
+object of his affections became his happy wife.
+
+[Sidenote: Cupid and Psyche.]
+
+In those same remote ages of "sweet mythology" there lived a king
+whose three daughters were world-renowned on account of their
+matchless beauty. Psyche, the youngest of the sisters, was so lovely,
+that her father's subjects declared her worthy to be called the
+Goddess of Beauty, and offered to pay homage to her instead of to
+Venus. Offended by this proposal, which Psyche had good sense enough
+to refuse, Venus resolved to demonstrate forcibly to that benighted
+race that the maiden was mortal. She therefore bade her son Cupid slay
+her.
+
+Armed with his bow and arrows, and provided with a deadly poison,
+Cupid set out to do her bidding, and at nightfall reached the palace,
+crept noiselessly past the sleeping guards, along the deserted halls,
+and came to Psyche's apartment, into which he glided unseen.
+Stealthily he approached the couch upon which the fair maiden was
+sleeping, and bent over her to administer the poisoned dose.
+
+A moonbeam falling athwart her face revealed her unequaled loveliness,
+and made Cupid start back in surprise; but, as he did so, one of his
+own love arrows came into contact with his rosy flesh, and inflicted a
+wound, from which he was to suffer for many a weary day.
+
+All unconscious of the gravity of his hurt, he hung enraptured over
+the sleeping maiden, and let her fair image sink into his heart; then,
+noiselessly as he had entered, he stole out again, vowing he would
+never harm such innocence and beauty.
+
+Morning dawned. Venus, who had expected to see the sun illumine her
+rival's corpse, saw her sporting as usual in the palace gardens, and
+bitterly realized that her first plan had completely failed. She
+therefore began to devise various torments of a petty kind, and
+persecuted the poor girl so remorselessly, that she fled from home
+with the firm intention of putting an end to the life she could no
+longer enjoy in peace.
+
+To achieve this purpose, Psyche painfully toiled up a rugged mountain,
+and, creeping to the very edge of a great precipice, cast herself
+down, expecting to be dashed to pieces on the jagged rocks below; but
+Cupid, who had indignantly though helplessly seen all his mother's
+persecutions, had followed Psyche unseen, and, when he perceived her
+intention to commit suicide, he called to Zephyrus (the South Wind),
+and entreated him to catch the maiden in his strong yet gentle arms,
+and bear her off to a distant isle.
+
+Consequently, instead of a swift, sharp fall and painful death, Psyche
+felt herself gently wafted over hill and dale, across sparkling
+waters; and, long before she wearied of this new mode of travel, she
+was gently laid on a flowery bank, in the midst of an exquisite
+garden.
+
+Bewildered, she slowly rose to her feet, rubbed her pretty eyes to
+make sure she was not dreaming, and wonderingly strolled about the
+beautiful grounds. Ere long she came to an enchanted palace, whose
+portals opened wide to receive her, while gentle voices bade her
+enter, and invisible hands drew her over the threshold and waited upon
+her.
+
+When night came, and darkness again covered the earth, Cupid appeared
+in search of his beloved Psyche. In the perfumed dusk he confessed his
+love, and tenderly begged for some return.
+
+Now, although the fading light would not permit her to discern the
+form or features of her unknown lover, Psyche listened to his soft
+tones with unconcealed pleasure, and soon consented to their union.
+Cupid then entreated her to make no attempt to discover his name, or
+to catch a glimpse of his face, warning her that if she did so he
+would be forced to leave her, never to return.
+
+    "'Dear, I am with thee only while I keep
+    My visage hidden; and if thou once shouldst see
+    My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods
+    Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself
+    From the full gaze of Knowledge.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Psyche solemnly promised to respect her mysterious lover's wishes, and
+gave herself up entirely to the enjoyment of his company. All night
+long they talked; and when the first faint streak of light appeared
+above the horizon, Cupid bade Psyche farewell, promising to return
+with the welcome shades of night. All day long Psyche thought of him,
+longed for him, and, as soon as the sun had set, sped to the bower
+where the birds were sleepily trilling forth their evening song, and
+breathlessly waited until he came to join her.
+
+        "Now on broad pinions from the realms above
+    Descending Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;
+    To his wide arms enamor'd Psyche springs,
+    And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.
+    A purple sash across His shoulder bends,
+    And fringed with gold the quiver'd shafts suspends."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+Although the hours of day seemed interminable, spent as they were in
+complete solitude, Psyche found the hours of night all too short in
+the sweet society of Love. Her every wish was gratified almost as soon
+as expressed; and at last, encouraged by her lover's evident anxiety
+to please her, she gave utterance to her longing to see and converse
+with her sisters once more. The ardent lover could not refuse to grant
+this request, yet Psyche noticed that his consent seemed somewhat
+hesitating and reluctant.
+
+The next morning, while enjoying a solitary stroll, Psyche suddenly
+encountered her two sisters. After rapturous embraces and an
+incoherent volley of questions and answers, they settled down to enjoy
+a long talk. Psyche related her desperate attempt at suicide, her
+miraculous preservation from certain death, her aërial journey, her
+entrance into the enchanted palace, her love for her mysterious
+nightly visitor,--all, in short, that had happened since she had left
+her father's home.
+
+Now, the elder sisters had always been jealous of Psyche's superior
+beauty; and when they saw her luxurious surroundings, and heard her
+raptures about her lover, they were envious, and resolved to mar the
+happiness which they could not enjoy. They therefore did all in their
+power to convince poor Psyche that her lover must be some monster, so
+hideous that he dare not brave the broad light of day, lest he should
+make her loathe him, and further added, that, if she were not very
+careful, he would probably end by devouring her.
+
+  [Illustration: CUPID AWAKENING PSYCHE.--Thumann.]
+
+They thereupon advised poor troubled Psyche to conceal a lamp and
+dagger in her lover's apartment, and to gaze upon him in secret, when
+his eyes were closed in sleep. If the light of the lamp revealed, as
+they felt sure it would, the hideous countenance and distorted form
+of a monster, they bade her use the dagger to kill him. Then,
+satisfied with their work, the sisters departed, leaving Psyche alone
+to carry out their evil suggestions.
+
+When safe at home once more, the sisters constantly brooded over the
+tale Psyche had poured into their ears, and, hoping to secure as
+luxurious a home and as fascinating a lover, they each hurried off in
+secret to the mountain gorge, cast themselves over the precipice,
+and--perished.
+
+Night having come, bringing the usually so welcome Cupid, Psyche,
+tortured with doubt, could with difficulty conceal her agitation.
+After repeated efforts to charm her from her silent mood, Cupid fell
+asleep; and, as soon as his regular breathing proclaimed him lost in
+slumber, Psyche noiselessly lighted her lamp, seized her dagger, and,
+approaching the couch with great caution, bent over her sleeping
+lover. The lamp, which she held high above her head, cast its light
+full upon the face and form of a handsome youth.
+
+    "Now trembling, now distracted; bold,
+    And now irresolute she seems;
+    The blue lamp glimmers in her hold,
+    And in her hand the dagger gleams.
+    Prepared to strike, she verges near,
+    Then, the blue light glimmering from above,
+    The hideous sight expects with fear--
+    And gazes on the god of Love."
+
+                                 Apollonius.
+
+Psyche's heart beat loudly with joy and pride as she beheld, instead
+of the monster, this graceful youth; and as she hung over him,
+enraptured, she forgot all caution. An inadvertent motion tipped her
+lamp, and one drop of burning oil, running over the narrow brim, fell
+upon Cupid's naked shoulder.
+
+The sudden pain made him open his eyes with a start. The lighted lamp,
+the glittering dagger, the trembling Psyche, told the whole story.
+Cupid sprang from the couch, seized his bow and arrows, and, with a
+last sorrowful, reproachful glance at Psyche, flew away through the
+open window, exclaiming,--
+
+    "'Farewell! There is no Love except with Faith,
+    And thine is dead! Farewell! I come no more!'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Psyche forsaken.]
+
+When he had vanished into the dusky air without, the balmy night winds
+ceased to blow; and suddenly a tempest began to rage with such fury,
+that poor frightened Psyche dared not remain alone in the palace, but
+hastened out into the gardens, where she soon lost consciousness of
+her misery in a deep swoon. When she opened her eyes once more, the
+storm had ceased, the sun was high in the heavens, and palace and
+gardens had vanished.
+
+Poor Psyche lingered there the following and many succeeding nights,
+vainly hoping for Cupid's return, and shedding many bitter tears of
+repentance. Finally she resolved to commit suicide, and, with that
+purpose in view, plunged into a neighboring river; but the god of the
+stream caught and carried her ashore, where his daughters, the water
+nymphs, restored her to life. Thus forced to live, Psyche wandered
+about disconsolate, seeking Cupid, and questioning all she met, the
+nymphs, Pan, and Ceres, who compassionately listened to her confession
+of love for her husband.
+
+    "Not as the earthly loves which throb and flush
+    Round earthly shrines was mine, but a pure spirit,
+    Lovelier than all embodied love, more pure
+    And wonderful; but never on his eyes
+    I looked, which still were hidden, and I knew not
+    The fashion of his nature; for by night,
+    When visual eyes are blind, but the soul sees,
+    Came he, and bade me seek not to inquire
+    Or whence he came or wherefore. Nor knew I
+    His name. And always ere the coming day,
+    As if he were the Sun god, lingering
+    With some too well loved maiden, he would rise
+    And vanish until eve."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Ceres had often seen Cupid, and had heard that very morning that he
+was having a wound in his shoulder dressed by Venus: so she advised
+Psyche to go to the Goddess of Beauty, to enter her service, and to
+perform every task with cheerful alacrity, knowing that such a course
+would ultimately bring about a meeting and reconciliation between the
+lovers.
+
+Psyche gratefully accepted and followed Ceres' advice, and labored
+early and late to satisfy her exacting mistress, who appointed such
+difficult tasks, that the poor girl would never have been able to
+accomplish them had she not been aided by all the beasts and insects,
+who loved her dearly.
+
+[Sidenote: Psyche's journey to Hades.]
+
+Venus repeatedly tested her fidelity and endurance, and finally
+resolved, as a crucial experiment, to send her to Hades to fetch a box
+of beauty ointment, for which Proserpina alone had the recipe.
+Directed by Zephyrus, her old friend, Psyche encountered the terrors
+of Hades in safety, delivered her message, and in return received a
+small box. The gates of Hades were closed behind her, and she had
+nearly finished her last task, when she suddenly fancied that it would
+be wise to appropriate a little of the magic preparation to efface the
+traces of sleepless nights and many tears.
+
+The box, however, contained naught but the spirit of Sleep, who,
+pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside. Cupid, passing by,
+saw her there, marked the ravages of grief, remembered his love and
+her suffering, and, wrestling with the spirit, forced him to reënter
+the narrow bounds of his prison, and woke Psyche with a loving kiss.
+
+                  "'Dear, unclose thine eyes.
+    Thou mayst look on me now. I go no more,
+    But am thine own forever.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+  [Illustration: CHARON AND PSYCHE.--Neide.]
+
+Then, hand in hand, they winged their flight to Olympus, entered the
+council hall; and there Cupid presented Psyche, his chosen bride, to
+the assembled deities, who all promised to be present at the nuptial
+ceremony. Venus even, forgetting all her former envy, welcomed the
+blushing bride, who was happy ever after.
+
+The ancients, for whom Cupid was an emblem of the heart, considered
+Psyche the personification of the soul, and represented her with
+butterfly wings; that little insect being another symbol of the soul,
+which cannot die.
+
+[Sidenote: Berenice's Hair.]
+
+One of the latest myths concerning Venus is that of Berenice, who,
+fearing for her beloved husband's life, implored the goddess to
+protect him in battle, vowing to sacrifice her luxuriant hair if he
+returned home in safety. The prayer was granted, and Berenice's
+beautiful locks laid upon Venus' shrine, whence they, however, very
+mysteriously disappeared. An astrologer, consulted concerning the
+supposed theft, solemnly pointed to a comet rapidly coming into view,
+and declared that the gods had placed Berenice's hair among the stars,
+there to shine forever in memory of her wifely sacrifice.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Venus.]
+
+Venus, goddess of beauty, is represented either entirely naked, or
+with some scanty drapery called a "cestus." Seated in her chariot,
+formed of a single pearl shell, and drawn by snow-white doves, her
+favorite birds, she journeyed from shrine to shrine, complacently
+admiring the lavish decorations of jewels and flowers her worshipers
+provided. The offerings of young lovers were ever those which found
+most favor in her sight.
+
+    "Venus loves the whispers
+      Of plighted youth and maid,
+    In April's ivory moonlight
+      Beneath the chestnut shade."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Numerous ancient and some modern statues of this goddess grace the
+various art galleries, but among them all the most perfect is the
+world-renowned Venus de Milo.
+
+Venus' festivals were always scenes of graceful amusements; and her
+votaries wore wreaths of fresh, fragrant flowers, the emblem of all
+natural beauty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+MERCURY.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Mercury.]
+
+As already repeatedly stated in the course of this work, Jupiter was
+never a strictly faithful spouse, and, in spite of his wife's
+remonstrances, could not refrain from indulging his caprice for every
+pretty face he met along his way. It is thus, therefore, that he
+yielded to the charms of Maia, goddess of the plains, and spent some
+blissful hours in her society. This divine couple's happiness
+culminated when they first beheld their little son, Mercury (Hermes,
+Psychopompus, Oneicopompus), who was born in a grotto on Mount
+Cyllene, in Arcadia,--
+
+                "Mercury, whom Maia bore,
+    Sweet Maia, on Cyllene's hoary top."
+
+                      Virgil (Cowper's tr.).
+
+This infant god was quite unlike mortal children, as will readily be
+perceived by the numerous pranks he played immediately after his
+birth. First he sprang from his mother's knee, grasped a tortoise
+shell lying on the ground, bored holes in its sides, stretched strings
+across its concavity, and, sweeping his hands over them, produced
+strains of sweetest music, thus inventing the first lyre.
+
+    "So there it lay, through wet and dry,
+    As empty as the last new sonnet,
+    Till by and by came Mercury,
+    And, having mused upon it,
+    'Why here,' cried he, 'the thing of things
+    In shape, material, and dimension!
+    Give it but strings, and, lo, it sings,
+    A wonderful invention.'"
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's theft.]
+
+Being very hungry toward evening, young Mercury escaped from his
+sleeping mother, and sallied out in search of food. He had not gone
+very far, before he came to a wide meadow, where Apollo's herds were
+at pasture. The oxen were fat and sleek; and the mischievous little
+god, after satisfying himself that they were young, and therefore
+promised to be tender and juicy, drove fifty of them off to a secluded
+spot, taking good care to envelop their feet in leafy branches, so
+they would leave no traces. Then, his hiding place being reached in
+safety, Mercury coolly killed two of the oxen, which he proceeded to
+eat.
+
+Apollo soon missed his cattle, and began to search for some clew to
+their hiding place or to the thief. He could, however, discover
+nothing but some broken twigs and scattered leaves. Suddenly he
+remembered that the babe whose birth had been announced early that
+morning in high Olympus had been appointed god of thieves. He
+therefore lost no more time in useless search and conjecture, but
+strode off to Mount Cyllene, where he found Mercury peacefully
+sleeping in his cradle. With a rude shake, the sun god roused him from
+his slumbers, and bade him restore the stolen cattle. Mercury
+pretended innocence, until Apollo, exasperated, dragged him off to
+Olympus, where he was convicted of the theft, and condemned to restore
+the stolen property. Mercury yielded to the decree, produced the
+remaining oxen, and, in exchange for the two missing, gave Apollo the
+lyre he had just fashioned.
+
+  [Illustration: FLYING MERCURY.--Bologna. (National Museum, Florence.)]
+
+This, like most other myths, admits of a natural explanation. Apollo
+(the Sun) was supposed by the ancients to possess great herds of
+cattle and sheep,--the clouds; and Mercury, the personification of the
+wind, born in the night, after a few hours' existence waxes
+sufficiently strong to drive away the clouds and conceal them, leaving
+no trace of his passage except a few broken branches and scattered
+leaves.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's wand, cap, and shoes.]
+
+The gift of the lyre pleased Apollo so well, that he in return wished
+to make a present to Mercury, and gave him a magic wand, called
+Caduceus, which had the power of reconciling all conflicting elements.
+Mercury, anxious to test it, thrust it between two quarreling snakes,
+who immediately wound themselves in amity around it. This so pleased
+him, that he bade them remain there forever, and used the wand on all
+occasions.
+
+            "A snake-encircl'd wand;
+    By classic authors term'd Caduceus
+    And highly fam'd for several uses."
+
+                                  Goldsmith.
+
+Mercury was in due time appointed messenger of the gods, who, to make
+him fleet of foot, presented him with winged sandals, the Talaria,
+which endowed him with marvelous rapidity of motion. As these sandals
+did not seem quite sufficient, however, the gods added the winged cap,
+Petasus, to the winged shoes.
+
+    "Foot-feather'd Mercury appear'd sublime
+    Beyond the tall tree tops; and in less time
+    Than shoots the slanted hail-storm, down he dropt
+    Towards the ground; but rested not, nor stopt
+    One moment from his home; only the sward
+    He with his wand light touch'd, and heavenward
+    Swifter than sight was gone."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Mercury was not only the messenger of the gods, but was also appointed
+god of eloquence, commerce, rain, wind, and the special patron of
+travelers, shepherds, cheats, and thieves.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Io.]
+
+Jupiter often intrusted to Mercury messages of a delicate nature, and
+always found him an invaluable ally; but the faithful messenger was
+never so much needed or so deeply appreciated as during Jupiter's
+courtship of Io, the peerless daughter of the river god Inachus.
+
+To avoid Juno's recriminations, Jupiter had carried on this affair
+with even more than his usual secrecy, visiting his beloved only when
+quite certain that his wife was asleep, and taking the further
+precaution of spreading a cloud over the spot where he generally met
+her, to shield her from all chance of being seen from Olympus.
+
+One fine afternoon, all conditions being favorable, Jupiter hastened
+down to earth to see Io, and began to stroll with her up and down the
+river edge. They heeded not the noonday heat, for the cloud over their
+heads screened them from the sun's too ardent rays.
+
+From some cause Juno's slumbers were less protracted than usual, and
+she soon arose from her couch to look about her realm, the atmosphere,
+and convince herself that all was well. Her attention was soon
+attracted by an opaque, immovable cloud near the earth,--a cloud which
+had no business there, for had she not bidden them all lie still on
+the blue until she awoke? Her suspicions being aroused by the presence
+of this cloud, she sought her husband in Olympus, and, not finding
+him, flew down to earth, brushing the cloud aside in her haste.
+
+Jupiter, thus warned of her coming, had but time to change the maiden
+beside him into a heifer, ere his wife alighted and inquired what he
+was doing there. Carelessly the god pointed to the heifer, and
+declared he had been whiling away the time by creating it; but the
+explanation failed to satisfy Juno, who, seeing no other living
+creature near, suspected that her spouse had been engaged in a
+clandestine flirtation, and had screened its fair object from her
+wrath only by a sudden transformation.
+
+Dissimulating these suspicions with care, Juno begged her husband to
+give her his new creation, which request he could not refuse, but
+granted most reluctantly, thus adding further confirmation to her
+jealous fears. The Queen of Heaven then departed, taking Io with her,
+and placed her under the surveillance of Argus, one of her servants,
+who possessed myriad eyes, but one half of which he closed at a time.
+
+    "The eyes of Argus, sentinel of Heaven:
+    Those thousand eyes that watch alternate kept,
+    Nor all o'er all his body waked or slept."
+
+                      Statius (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Argus' watch.]
+
+She bade him watch the heifer closely, and report anything unusual in
+its actions. One day, therefore, as he was watching his charge pasture
+by the river, Argus heard her relate to her father, Inachus, the story
+of her transformation, and immediately imparted his discovery to Juno,
+who, advising still closer watchfulness, sent him back to his post.
+
+Jupiter, in the mean while, was in despair; for days had passed
+without his being able to exchange a word with Io, or deliver her from
+her imprisonment. Finally he called Mercury to his aid, and bade him
+devise some plan to rescue her. Armed with a handful of poppies,
+Mercury approached Argus, and offered to while away the time by
+telling him tales.
+
+As Mercury was the prince of story-tellers, this offer was not to be
+despised, and Argus joyfully accepted; but instead of exerting himself
+to be entertaining, Mercury droned out such lengthy, uninteresting
+stories, that Argus soon closed half his eyes in profound sleep. Still
+talking in the same monotonous way, Mercury softly shook the poppies
+over the giant's head, until one by one the remaining eyelids closed,
+and Argus was wrapped in complete slumber.
+
+Then Mercury seized the giant's sword, and with one well-directed blow
+severed his head from the huge trunk. Only one half of the task was
+successfully accomplished; and while Mercury was driving the heifer
+away, Juno discovered his attempt, and promptly sent an enormous
+gadfly to torment the poor beast, who, goaded to madness by its cruel
+stings, fled wildly from one country to another, forded streams, and
+finally plunged into the sea, since called Ionian. After swimming
+across it, she took refuge in Egypt, where Jupiter restored her to all
+her girlish loveliness, and where her son Epaphus was born, to be the
+first king and the founder of Memphis.
+
+    "In coming time that hollow of the sea
+    Shall bear the name Ionian, and present
+    A monument of Io's passage through,
+    Unto all mortals."
+
+                             E. B. Browning.
+
+Juno mourned the loss of her faithful Argus most bitterly, and,
+gathering up his myriad eyes, scattered them over the tail of her
+favorite bird, the peacock, to have some memento of her faithful
+servant ever near her.
+
+    "From Argus slain a painted peacock grew,
+    Fluttering his feathers stain'd with various hue."
+
+                                    Moschus.
+
+This story also is an allegory. Io personifies the moon, restlessly
+wandering from place to place; Argus, the heavens, whose starry eyes
+keep ceaseless watch over the moon's every movement; Mercury is the
+rain, whose advent blots out the stars one by one, thus killing Argus,
+who else was never known to close all his eyes at once.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's offices and worship.]
+
+To Mercury was intrusted the charge of conducting the souls of the
+departed to Hades, and when occupied in this way he bore the name of
+Psychopompus, while, when addressed as conductor of Dreams, he was
+Oneicopompus.
+
+    "Gently as a kiss came Death to sever
+    From spirit flesh, and to the realm of gloom
+    The pallid shades with fearless brow descended
+    To Hades, by the winged god attended."
+
+                                    Boyesen.
+
+He was one of the twelve principal gods of Olympus, and was widely
+worshiped. Temples, altars, and shrines were dedicated to his service
+throughout the ancient countries. His statues were considered sacred
+boundary marks, and their removal punished by death. Solemn annual
+festivals were held in Rome in Mercury's honor in the month of May,
+and from him received their name of Mercuralia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+MARS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' character.]
+
+Mars (Ares), son of Jupiter and Juno, was the god of war, the
+personification of the angry clouded sky, and, although but little
+worshiped in Greece, was one of the principal Roman divinities. He is
+said to have first seen the light in Thrace, a country noted for its
+fierce storms and war-loving people.
+
+      "Infant Mars, where Thracia's mountains rose,
+    Press'd with his hardy limbs th' incrusted snows."
+
+                      Statius (Elton's tr.).
+
+Never sated with strife and bloodshed, this god preferred the din of
+battle to all other music, and found no occupation so congenial as the
+toils and dangers of war. No gentle deeds of kindness were ever
+expected from him; no loving prayers were ever addressed to him; and
+the ancients felt no love for him, but, on the contrary, shuddered
+with terror when his name was mentioned.
+
+Mars was generally represented in a brilliant suit of armor, a plumed
+helmet on his proud young head, a poised spear in one muscular hand,
+and a finely wrought shield in the other, showing him ever ready to
+cope with a foe.
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' attendants.]
+
+His attendants, or some say his children, sympathized heartily with
+his quarrelsome tastes, and delighted in following his lead. They were
+Eris (Discord), Phobos (Alarm), Metus (Fear), Demios (Dread), and
+Pallor (Terror).
+
+Bellona, or Enyo, goddess of war, also accompanied him, drove his
+chariot, parried dangerous thrusts, and watched over his general
+safety. Mars and Bellona were therefore worshiped together in the
+selfsame temple, and their altars were the only ones ever polluted by
+human sacrifices.
+
+    "And to the fire-ey'd maid of smoky war,
+    All hot and bleeding, will we offer them:
+    The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit,
+    Up to the ears in blood."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Otus and Ephialtes.]
+
+As strife was his favorite element, Mars was very active indeed during
+the war between the gods and giants, but in his martial ardor he
+frequently forgot all caution. On one occasion he was obliged to
+surrender to Otus and Ephialtes,--two giants, who, though but nine
+years of age, were already of immense stature, since they increased in
+height at the rate of nine inches each month.
+
+Proud of their victory over the God of War, these giants bore him off
+in triumph, and bound him fast with iron chains slipped through iron
+rings. Day and night they kept watch over him; and even when they
+slept, the rattle of the chains, whenever any one of the gods
+attempted to set him free, woke them up, and frustrated all efforts to
+deliver him. During fifteen weary months poor Mars lingered there in
+durance vile, until Mercury, the prince of thieves, noiselessly and
+deftly slipped the chains out of the rings, and restored him to
+freedom.
+
+In revenge for the cruel treatment inflicted by Otus and Ephialtes,
+Mars prevailed upon Apollo and Diana to use their poisoned arrows, and
+thus rid the world of these two ugly and useless giants.
+
+[Sidenote: The Areopagus.]
+
+Of a fiery disposition, Mars was never inclined to forgive an injury;
+and when Halirrhothius, Neptune's son, dared to carry off his daughter
+Alcippe, Mars hotly pursued the abductor, and promptly slew him.
+Neptune, angry at this act of summary justice, cited the God of War to
+appear before a tribunal held in the open air, on a hill near the
+newly founded city of Athens.
+
+It was then customary for such cases to be tried at night, in utter
+darkness, so that the judges might not be influenced by the personal
+appearance of either plaintiff or defendant; and no rhetoric of any
+kind was allowed, that their minds might remain quite unbiased. Mars
+appeared before the judges, simply stated his case, and was acquitted.
+Since then the hill upon which his trial took place has been called
+the Areopagus (Ares' Hill) or Mars' Hill, and the judges of the
+principal court of justice at Athens received the name of Areopagitæ.
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' children.]
+
+Although such a partisan of strife, Mars was not impervious to softer
+emotions, and passionately returned the devotion of Venus, who bore
+him three beautiful children,--Harmonia, Cupid, and Anteros. Mars also
+fell in love with a beautiful young Vestal named Ilia, a descendant of
+Æneas, who, in spite of the solemn pledge not to listen to a lover's
+pleadings until her time of service at the goddess Vesta's altar was
+accomplished, yielded to Mars' impetuous wooing, and consented to a
+clandestine union.
+
+[Sidenote: Romulus and Remus.]
+
+Although secretly married, Ilia continued to dwell in the temple until
+the birth of her twin sons Romulus and Remus. Her parents, hearing she
+had broken her vows, commanded that she should suffer the prescribed
+punishment of being buried alive, and that the children should be
+exposed to the teeth and claws of the wild beasts of the forest. The
+double sentence was ruthlessly carried out, and the young mother
+perished; but, contrary to all previsions, the babes survived, and,
+after having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf, were found and
+adopted by a shepherd.
+
+  [Illustration: VENUS DE MILO AND MARS.]
+
+Romulus and Remus throve under this man's kind care, and grew up
+strong and fearless. When they reached manhood, they longed for a
+wider sphere for their youthful activity, and, leaving the mountain
+where they had grown up, journeyed out into the world to seek their
+fortunes. After some time they came to a beautiful hilly country,
+where they decided to found a great city, the capital of their future
+realm. Accordingly the brothers began to trace the outline of their
+city limits, and, in doing so, quarreled over the name of the
+prospective town.
+
+Blinded by anger, Romulus suddenly raised the tool he held, and struck
+Remus such a savage blow that he fell to the ground, slain by his
+brother in a fit of passion. Alone now, Romulus at first vainly tried
+to pursue his undertaking, but, being soon joined by a number of
+adventurers as wicked and unscrupulous as he, they combined their
+forces, and built the celebrated city of Rome.
+
+    "Then, with his nurse's wolf-skin girt,
+    Shall Romulus the line assert,
+    Invite them to his new raised home,
+    And call the martial city Rome."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+As founder of this city, Romulus was its first king, and ruled the
+people with such an iron hand that his tyranny eventually became
+unbearable. The senators, weary of his exactions and arbitrary
+measures, finally resolved to free themselves of his presence. Taking
+advantage of an eclipse, which plunged the city in sudden darkness at
+noonday, and which occurred while all were assembled on the Forum, the
+magistrates slew Romulus, cut his body into pieces, and hid them under
+their wide togas.
+
+[Sidenote: Quirinus.]
+
+When the light returned, and the terrified and awestruck people,
+somewhat reassured, looked about them for their king, they were told
+he had gone, never to return, carried off by the immortal gods, who
+wished him to share their abode and dignity. The senators further
+informed the credulous population that Romulus was to be henceforth
+worshiped as a god under the name of Quirinus, and gave orders for the
+erection of a temple on one of the seven hills, which since then has
+been known as Mount Quirinal. Yearly festivals in Romulus' honor were
+ever after held in Rome, under the name of Quirinalia.
+
+Well pleased with the new city of Rome and its turbulent, lawless
+citizens, Mars took it under his special protection; and once, when a
+plague was raging which threatened to destroy all the people, the
+Romans rushed in a body to his temple, and clamored for a sign of his
+favor and protection.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ancile.]
+
+Even while they prayed, it is said, a shield, Ancile, fell from
+heaven, and a voice was distinctly heard to declare that Rome would
+endure as long as this token of the god's good will was preserved. The
+very same day the plague ceased its frightful ravages, and the Romans,
+delighted with the result of their petitions, placed the heavenly
+shield in one of their principal temples.
+
+Then, in constant dread lest some of their enemies should succeed in
+stealing it, they caused eleven other shields to be made, so exactly
+like the heaven-sent Ancile, that none but the guardian priests, the
+Salii, who kept continual watch over them, could detect the original
+from the facsimiles. During the month of March, which, owing to its
+blustery weather, was dedicated to Mars and bore his name, the ancilæ
+were carried in a procession all through the city, the Salii chanting
+their rude war songs, and executing intricate war dances.
+
+A Roman general, ere setting out on any warlike expedition, always
+entered the sanctuary of Mars, touched the sacred shield with the
+point of his lance, shook the spear in the hand of the god's effigy,
+and called aloud, "Mars, watch over us!"
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Mars.]
+
+A common superstition among the Roman soldiery was, that Mars, under
+the name of Gradivus, marched in person at the head of their army, and
+led them on to victory. Mars' principal votaries were therefore the
+Roman soldiers and youths, whose exercising ground was called, in his
+honor, the Campus Martius, or Field of Mars. All the laurel crowns
+bestowed upon victorious generals were deposited at the foot of his
+statues, and a bull was the customary thank offering after a
+successful campaign.
+
+    "The soldier, from successful camps returning
+    With laurel wreath'd, and rich with hostile spoil,
+    Severs the bull to Mars."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VULCAN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's fall.]
+
+Vulcan, or Hephæstus, son of Jupiter and Juno, god of fire and the
+forge, seldom joined the general council of the gods. His aversion to
+Olympus was of old standing. He had once been tenderly attached to his
+mother, had lavished upon her every proof of his affection, and had
+even tried to console her when she mourned Jupiter's neglect. On one
+occasion, intending to punish Juno for one of her usual fits of
+jealousy, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, fast bound by a golden
+chain; and Vulcan, perceiving her in this plight, tugged at the chain
+with all his might, drew her up, and was about to set her free, when
+Jupiter returned, and, in anger at his son's interference in his
+matrimonial concerns, kicked him out of heaven.
+
+The intervening space between heaven and earth was so great, that
+Vulcan's fall lasted during one whole day and night, ere he finally
+touched the summit of Mount Mosychlus, in the Island of Lemnos.
+
+                              "From morn
+    To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
+    A summer's day; and with the setting sun
+    Dropt from the zenith like a falling star,
+    On Lemnos th' Ægean isle."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+Of course, to any one but a god such a terrible fall would have proved
+fatal; and even Vulcan did not escape entirely unharmed, for he
+injured one of his legs, which accident left him lame and somewhat
+deformed for the remainder of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's forge.]
+
+Now, although Vulcan had risked so much and suffered so greatly in
+taking his mother's part, she never even made the slightest attempt to
+ascertain whether he had reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her
+indifference and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed never again to return to
+Olympus, and withdrew to the solitudes of Mount Ætna, where he
+established a great forge in the heart of the mountain, in partnership
+with the Cyclopes, who helped him manufacture many cunning and useful
+objects from the metals found in great profusion in the bosom of the
+earth.
+
+Among these ingenious contrivances were two golden handmaidens gifted
+with motion, who attended the god wherever he went, and supported his
+halting footsteps.
+
+    "Two golden statues, like in form and look
+    To living maidens, aided with firm gait
+    The monarch's steps."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The golden throne.]
+
+Vulcan also devised a golden throne with countless hidden springs,
+which, when unoccupied, did not present an extraordinary appearance;
+but as soon as any one ventured to make use of it, the springs moved,
+and, the chair closing around the person seated upon it, frustrated
+all attempts to rise and escape from its treacherous embrace.
+
+Vulcan dispatched this throne, when completed, to his mother, who,
+delighted with its beauty and delicate workmanship, proudly seated
+herself upon it, and found herself a prisoner. In vain she strove to
+escape, in vain the gods all gallantly rushed to her assistance. Their
+united strength and skill proved useless against the cunning springs.
+
+  [Illustration: FORGE OF VULCAN.--Velasquez. (Museum, Madrid.)]
+
+Finally Mercury was sent to Vulcan, primed with a most diplomatic
+request to honor high Olympus with his presence; but all Mercury's
+eloquence and persuasions failed to induce the god of the forge to
+leave his sooty abode, and the messenger god was forced to return
+alone and report the failure of his attempt. Then the gods
+deliberated anew, and decided to send Bacchus, god of wine, hoping his
+powers of persuasion would prove more effective.
+
+Armed with a flask of his choicest vintage, Bacchus presented himself
+before Vulcan, and offered him a refreshing draught. Vulcan,
+predisposed to thirst, and incited to drink by the very nature of his
+labor, accepted the offered cup, and allowed himself to be beguiled
+into renewing his potations, until he was quite intoxicated. In this
+condition, Bacchus led him passive to Olympus, made him release the
+Queen of Heaven, and urged him to embrace his father and crave
+forgiveness.
+
+Although restored to favor, Vulcan would not remain permanently in
+Olympus, but preferred to return to his forge and continue his labors.
+He undertook, however, the construction of magnificent golden palaces
+for each of the gods upon the Olympian heights, fashioned their
+sumptuous furniture from precious metals, and further embellished his
+work by a rich ornamentation of precious stones.
+
+    "Then to their starry domes the gods depart,
+    The shining monuments of Vulcan's art:
+    Jove on his couch reclin'd his awful head,
+    And Juno slumber'd on the golden bed."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+Aided by the Cyclopes, Vulcan manufactured Jupiter's weapons, the
+dread thunderbolts, whose frightful power none could withstand, and
+Cupid's love-inspiring darts.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's loves.]
+
+Vulcan, in spite of his deformity, extreme ugliness, and well-known
+aversion to any home but his sooty forge, was none the less prone to
+fall in love with the various goddesses. He first wooed Minerva, who,
+having sworn never to marry, contemptuously dismissed his suit. To
+console Vulcan for this rebuff, and at the same time punish the
+Goddess of Beauty, who, according to some mythologists, had refused
+even his addresses, Jupiter bestowed upon him the fair hand of Venus,
+and sent her and her mischievous train of Loves and Graces to reside
+in the dark caves of Mount Ætna.
+
+Amused by all the strange sights and sounds, the goddess at first
+seemed quite contented; but after a time Vulcan's gloomy abode lost
+all its attractions: so she forsook her ill-favored husband, and went
+in search of another, more congenial mate.
+
+Some time after, Vulcan married one of the Graces, who, however, seems
+to have also soon wearied of his society, for she deserted him.
+
+Vulcan's children were mostly monsters, such as Cacus, Periphetes,
+Cercyon, etc., all of whom play an important part in heroic mythology.
+He is also the reputed father of Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome,
+by a slave Ocrisia, whom he was wont to visit in the guise of a bright
+flame, which played harmlessly about her.
+
+Vulcan was worshiped by all blacksmiths and artisans, who recognized
+him as their special patron, and venerated him accordingly.
+
+                  "Those who labor
+    The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
+    Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,
+    Acknowledge Vulcan's aid."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+Great festivals, the Vulcanalia and the Hephæstia, were celebrated in
+honor of this god, who is generally represented as a short, muscular
+man, with one leg shorter than the other, a workman's cap on his curly
+locks, a short upper garment, and a smith's tools in his hand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+
+When Jupiter assigned to each of his brothers a separate portion of
+the universe, he decreed that Neptune, or Poseidon, should govern all
+the waters upon the face of the earth, and be sole monarch of the
+ocean.
+
+    "Neptune, the mighty marine god, I sing;
+    Earth's mover, and the fruitless ocean's king.
+    That Helicon and th' Ægean deeps dost hold.
+    O thou earth-shaker; thy command, twofold
+    The gods have sorted; making thee of horses
+    The awful tamer, and of naval forces
+    The sure preserver. Hail, O Saturn's birth!
+    Whose graceful green hair circles all the earth.
+    Bear a benign mind; and thy helpful hand
+    Lend all, submitted to thy dread command."
+
+                      Homer (Chapman's tr.).
+
+Before this new ruler made his appearance, the Titan Oceanus had
+wielded the scepter of the sea; and regretfully he now resigned it to
+his youthful supplanter, whom he nevertheless admired sincerely, and
+described in glowing colors to his brothers.
+
+    "Have ye beheld the young God of the Seas,
+    My dispossessor? Have ye seen his face?
+    Have ye beheld his chariot, foam'd along
+    By noble winged creatures he hath made?
+    I saw him on the calmed waters scud,
+    With such a glow of beauty in his eyes,
+    That it enforc'd me to bid sad farewell
+    To all my empire."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+  [Illustration: FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE.--Bologna. (Bologna.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's exile.]
+
+Neptune, the personification as well as the god of the sea, was of an
+exceedingly encroaching disposition. Dissatisfied with the portion
+allotted him, he once conspired to dethrone Jupiter; but,
+unfortunately for the success of his undertaking, his plot was
+discovered before he could put it into execution, and Jupiter, in
+punishment for his temerity, exiled him to earth. There he was
+condemned to build the walls of Troy for Laomedon, king of that city,
+who, in return, promised a handsome compensation.
+
+Apollo, also banished from heaven at that time, volunteered to aid
+Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by the power of
+sweet sounds (p. 65). The task satisfactorily ended, Laomedon, an
+avaricious and dishonest king, refused the promised guerdon, whereupon
+Neptune created a terrible monster, which came upon the shore,
+devoured the inhabitants, devastated everything within his reach, and
+inspired all with great terror.
+
+            "A great serpent from the deep,
+    Lifting his horrible head above their homes,
+    Devoured the children."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+To save themselves from the awful death which threatened them all, the
+Trojans consulted an oracle, who advised the sacrifice of a beautiful
+virgin, and promised the monster would disappear as soon as he had
+devoured the appointed victim.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hesione.]
+
+A young girl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the seashore,
+and chained by the priest's own hands to a slimy rock. As soon as her
+mourning friends had forsaken her, the hideous serpent came out of his
+lair in the waves, and devoured her; then he vanished, and nothing
+more was heard of him for a whole year, at the end of which time he
+reappeared, and resumed his former depredations, which were only
+checked by the sacrifice of a second virgin.
+
+Year after year, however, he returned, and year after year a fair girl
+was doomed to perish, until finally the lot fell upon Hesione, the
+king's only daughter. He could not bear the thought of the terrible
+fate awaiting her, and tried every means in his power to save her. As
+a last resort he sent heralds to publish far and wide that the king
+would give a great reward to any man who would dare attack and succeed
+in slaying the monster.
+
+Hercules, on his return from the scene of one of his stupendous
+labors, heard the proclamation, and, with no other weapon than the
+oaken club he generally carried, slew the monster just as he was about
+to drag poor Hesione down into his slimy cave. Laomedon was, of
+course, overjoyed at the monster's death, but, true to his nature,
+again refused the promised reward, and by his dishonesty incurred the
+hatred and contempt of this hero also. Some time after, having
+finished his time of servitude with Eurystheus, Hercules, aided by a
+chosen band of adventurers, came to Troy to punish him for his
+perfidy. The city was stormed and taken, the king slain, and his wife
+and children carried to Greece as captives. There Hesione became the
+bride of Telamon; while her brother Podarces, later known as Priam,
+was redeemed by his people and made King of Troy.
+
+Laomedon's failure to pay his just debts was the primary cause of the
+enmity which Apollo and Neptune displayed towards the Trojans during
+their famous war with the Greeks (p. 305).
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's contests.]
+
+Their term of exile ended, the gods were reinstated in their exalted
+positions, and hastened to resume their former occupations; but, in
+spite of the severe lesson just received, Neptune was not yet cured of
+his grasping tendencies. Not long after his return from Troy, he
+quarreled with Minerva for the possession of the then recently founded
+city of Athens, then nameless, and entered into the memorable contest
+in which he was signally defeated (p. 57). He also disputed the
+sovereignty of Troezene with Minerva, and that of Corinth with Apollo.
+In the latter instance, the disputants having chosen Briareus as
+umpire, the prize was awarded to him as the most powerful of all the
+gods except Jupiter.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's power.]
+
+As god of the sea, Neptune did not generally remain in Olympus, but
+dwelt way down in the coral caves of his kingdom, over which he ruled
+with resistless sway. By one word he could stir up or calm the wildest
+storm, and cause the billows to roar with fury or subside into
+peaceful ripples.
+
+      "He spake, and round about him called the clouds
+    And roused the ocean,--wielding in his hand
+    The trident,--summoned all the hurricanes
+    Of all the winds, and covered earth and sky
+    At once with mists, while from above the night
+    Fell suddenly."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The rivers, fountains, lakes, and seas were not only subject to his
+rule, but he could also cause terrible earthquakes at will, and, when
+he pleased, raise islands from the deep, as he did when Latona
+entreated him to shelter her from Juno's persecutions (p. 62).
+
+Neptune is said to have loved the goddess Ceres, and to have followed
+her during her prolonged search for her daughter, Proserpina. Annoyed
+by his persistent wooing, the goddess, to escape him, assumed the form
+of a mare; but the God of the Sea, not at all deceived by this
+stratagem, straightway assumed the form of a horse, in which guise he
+contentedly trotted after her and renewed his attentions.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's wives.]
+
+The offspring of this equine pair was Arion, a wonderful winged steed,
+gifted with the power of speech, whose early education was intrusted
+to the Nereides. They trained him to draw his father's chariot over
+the waves with incredible rapidity, and parted with him regretfully
+when he was given to Copreus, Pelops' son. This marvelous horse passed
+successively into Hercules' and Adrastus' hands; and the latter won
+all the chariot races, thanks to his fleetness.
+
+On another occasion, Neptune, having fallen deeply in love with a
+maiden named Theophane, and fearful lest some one of her numerous
+suitors should find favor in her eyes before he had time to urge his
+wooing, suddenly changed her into a sheep, and conveyed her to the
+Island of Crumissa, where he assumed the guise of a ram, and, in this
+metamorphosed condition, carried on his courtship, which eventually
+proved successful. The offspring of this union was the golden-fleeced
+ram which bore Phryxus in safety to the Colchian shores, and whose
+pelt was the goal of the Argonautic expedition (p. 265).
+
+Neptune also loved and married Medusa in the days of her youth and
+beauty, and when some drops of blood fell from her severed head into
+the salt sea foam, he produced from them the graceful winged steed
+Pegasus (p. 244).
+
+Neptune is also said to be the father of the giants Otus and
+Ephialtes, of Neleus, Pelias, and Polyphemus.
+
+[Sidenote: Amphitrite.]
+
+The Queen of the Ocean, Neptune's own true and lawful wife, was a
+Nereid, one of the fifty daughters of Doris and Nereus,--the
+personification of the calm and sunlit aspect of the sea. Her name was
+Amphitrite, or Salacia. At first she was in great awe of her
+distinguished suitor, and in her fear fled at his approach, leaving
+him no chance to admire any of her charms, except the grace and
+celerity with which she managed to flit, or rather glide, out of his
+sight.
+
+                "Along the deep
+    With beauteous ankles, Amphitrite glides."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+This conduct grieved Neptune so sorely, that he sent a dolphin to
+plead his cause, and persuade the fair nymph to share his throne. The
+messenger, carefully instructed beforehand, carried out the directions
+with such skill, that Amphitrite formally consented to become
+Neptune's wife.
+
+The King of the Deep was so overjoyed at these good tidings, that he
+transferred the dolphin to the sky, where he forms a well-known
+constellation. Neptune and Amphitrite in due time became the happy
+parents of several children, among whom the most celebrated is Triton,
+whose body was half man and half fish, and who gave his name to all
+his male descendants.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Idas and Marpessa.]
+
+Like all other gods, Neptune took a lively interest in men's affairs,
+and sometimes interfered in their behalf. On one occasion, for
+instance, he even lent his beautiful chariot to a youth by the name of
+Idas, who, loving a maiden dearly, and unable to win her father's
+consent to their union, had resolved to kidnap her. Marpessa, for such
+was the lady's name, allowed herself to be carried off without
+protest; and the lovers were blissfully speeding along in Neptune's
+chariot, when her father, Evenus, perceiving their escape, started in
+pursuit of them. In spite of the most strenuous efforts, he could not
+overtake the fleeing pair, and in his anger plunged into a river,
+where he was drowned, and which from him received the name of Evenus.
+
+Idas and Marpessa were just congratulating themselves upon their
+narrow escape, when suddenly Apollo appeared before them, and,
+checking their steeds, declared he loved the maiden too, and would not
+tamely yield her up to a rival.
+
+This was quite equivalent to a challenge; and Idas, stepping down from
+the chariot, was about to engage in the fight, when suddenly out of a
+clear sky a thunderbolt came crashing down to earth, and an imperious
+voice was heard to declare that the quarrel could be settled by
+Marpessa only, and that she should freely choose the suitor she
+preferred as husband.
+
+The maiden glanced at both her lovers, and quickly reviewed their
+respective attractions. Remembering that Apollo, being immortal, would
+retain all his youthful bloom when her more ephemeral beauty had
+vanished, and that he would then probably cease to love her, she held
+out her hand to Idas, declaring she preferred to link her fate to that
+of a mortal, who would grow old when she did, and love her as long as
+they both lived. This choice was approved by Jupiter; and the lovers,
+after reaching a place of safety, returned the wondrous chariot to
+Neptune, with many grateful thanks for his timely aid.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's attendants.]
+
+All the Nereides, Tritons, and lesser sea divinities formed a part of
+Neptune and Amphitrite's train, and followed closely when they rode
+forth to survey their kingdom.
+
+Neptune had, besides this, many subordinates, whose duty it was to
+look after various seas, lakes, rivers, fountains, etc., confided to
+their special care. In harmony with their occupations, these
+divinities were either hoary river gods (such as Father Nile), slender
+youths, beautiful maidens, or little babbling children. They seldom
+left the cool waves of their appointed dwellings, and strove to win
+Neptune's approbation mostly by the zeal they showed in the discharge
+of their various duties.
+
+Proteus, too, another inferior deity, had the care of the flocks of
+the deep, and he always attended Neptune when it was safe to leave his
+great herds of sea calves to bask on the sunny shores.
+
+    "In ages past old Proteus, with his droves
+    Of sea calves, sought the mountains and the groves."
+
+                                     Cowper.
+
+[Sidenote: Proteus.]
+
+In common with all the other gods, Proteus enjoyed the gift of
+prophecy, and had the power to assume any shape he pleased. The former
+gift he was wont to exercise very reluctantly; and when mortals wished
+to consult him, he would change his form with bewildering rapidity,
+and, unless they clung to him through all his changes, they could
+obtain no answer to their questions.
+
+      "Shouting [we] seize the god: our force t' evade,
+    His various arts he soon resumes in aid:
+    A lion now, he curls a surgy mane;
+    Sudden, our hands a spotted pard restrain;
+    Then, arm'd with tusks, and lightning in his eyes,
+    A boar's obscener shape the god belies:
+    On spiry volumes, there, a dragon rides;
+    Here, from our strict embrace a stream he glides;
+    And last, sublime, his stately growth he rears,
+    A tree, and well-dissembled foliage wears."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+But if these manifestations proved unavailing to drive his would-be
+hearers away, the god answered every question circumstantially.
+
+  [Illustration: FATHER NILE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+Amphitrite, Neptune's wife,--generally represented as a beautiful
+nude nymph, crowned with seaweed, and reclining in a pearl-shell
+chariot drawn by dolphins, or sea-horses,--was worshiped with her
+husband.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Neptune.]
+
+Neptune, majestic and middle-aged, with long, flowing hair and beard,
+wearing a seaweed crown, and brandishing a trident, or three-pronged
+fork, was widely worshiped throughout Greece and Italy, and had
+countless shrines. His principal votaries were the seamen and horse
+trainers, who often bespoke his aid.
+
+    "Hail, Neptune, greatest of the gods!
+    Thou ruler of the salt sea floods;
+    Thou with the deep and dark-green hair,
+    That dost the golden trident bear;
+    Thou that, with either arm outspread,
+    Embosomest the earth we tread:
+    Thine are the beasts with fin and scales,
+    That round thy chariot, as it sails,
+    Plunging and tumbling, fast and free,
+    All reckless follow o'er the sea."
+
+                                      Arion.
+
+Many large temples were dedicated exclusively to the worship of
+Neptune, and games were frequently celebrated in his honor. The most
+noted of all were undoubtedly the Isthmian Games,--a national
+festival, held every four years at Corinth, on the isthmus of the same
+name. Hither people came from all points of the compass, and all parts
+of the then known world, either to witness or to take part in the
+noted wrestling, boxing, and racing matches, or in the musical and
+poetical contests.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+PLUTO.
+
+
+Pluto[1] (Dis, Hades, Orcus, Aïdoneus), son of Cronus and Rhea,
+received as his share of the world the supervision of the Infernal
+Regions, situated beneath the earth, and was also appointed god of the
+dead and of riches, for all precious metals are buried deep in the
+bosom of the earth.
+
+    [1] Besides this Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, the
+    Greeks also worshiped Plutus, a son of Ceres and Jason, who
+    was known exclusively as the god of wealth. Abandoned in
+    infancy, he was brought up by Pax, the goddess of peace, who
+    is often represented holding him in her lap. Because Plutus
+    insisted upon bestowing his favors upon good and noble
+    mortals only, Jupiter soon deprived him of his sight. Since
+    then the blind god's gifts have been distributed
+    indiscriminately.
+
+This god inspired all men with a great fear. They never spoke of him
+without trembling, and fervently prayed that they might never see his
+face; for, when he appeared on the surface of the earth, it was only
+in search of some victim to drag down into his dismal abode, or to
+make sure there was no crevice through which a sunbeam might glide to
+brighten its gloom and dispel its shadows. Whenever the stern god set
+out on one of these expeditions, he rode in a chariot drawn by four
+coal-black steeds; and, if any obstacle presented itself to impede his
+progress, he struck it with his two-pronged fork, the emblem of his
+power, and the obstacle was immediately removed. It was on one of
+these occasions that Pluto kidnapped Proserpina, the fair goddess of
+vegetation, daughter of Ceres, whom he set on his throne in Hades, and
+crowned his queen (p. 183).
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Pluto.]
+
+Pluto is always represented as a stern, dark, bearded man, with
+tightly closed lips, a crown on his head, a scepter and a key in hand,
+to show how carefully he guards those who enter his domains, and how
+vain are their hopes to effect their escape. No temples were dedicated
+to him, and statues of this god are very rare. Human sacrifices were
+sometimes offered on his altars; and at his festivals, held every
+hundred years, and thence called Secular Games, none but black animals
+were slain.
+
+[Sidenote: Hades.]
+
+His kingdom, generally called Hades, was very difficult of access.
+According to Roman traditions, it could only be entered at Avernus,
+but the Greeks asserted that there was another entrance near the
+Promontory of Tænarum. Both nations agreed, however, in saying that it
+was an almost impossible feat to get out again if one were rash enough
+to venture in.
+
+    "To the shades you go a down-hill, easy way;
+    But to return and re-enjoy the day,
+    This is a work, a labor!"
+
+                                     Virgil.
+
+To prevent all mortals from entering, and all spirits from escaping,
+Pluto placed a huge three-headed dog, called Cerberus, to guard the
+gate.
+
+      "There in state old Cerberus sate,
+    A three-headed dog, as cruel as Fate,
+    Guarding the entrance early and late."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+From thence a long subterranean passage, through which shadowy spirits
+glided incessantly, led to the throne room, where Pluto and Proserpina
+sat in state, clad in their sable robes. From the foot of this throne
+flowed the rivers which channeled the Lower World. One, the Cocytus,
+rolled salt waves, composed of naught but the tears flowing
+continually from the eyes of the criminals condemned to hard labor in
+Tartarus, the portion of Hades reserved for the exclusive use of the
+wicked.
+
+    "Cocytus, named of lamentation loud
+    Heard on the rueful stream."
+
+                                      Homer.
+
+[Sidenote: Rivers of Hades.]
+
+To separate this section from the remainder of his realm, Pluto
+surrounded it with the Phlegethon, a river of fire; while the Acheron,
+a black and deep stream, was to be passed by all souls ere they
+reached Pluto's throne and heard his decree. The current of this river
+was so swift, that even the boldest swimmer could not pass over; and,
+as there was no bridge, all the spirits were obliged to rely upon the
+aid of Charon, an aged boatman, who plied the only available skiff--a
+leaky, worm-eaten punt--from shore to shore. Neither would he allow
+any soul to enter his bark, unless he was first given a small coin,
+called the obolus, the ferryman's fare, which the ancients carefully
+laid under the tongue of the dead, that they might pass on to Pluto
+without delay. Charon's leaky boat no sooner touched the shore than a
+host of eager spirits pressed forward to claim a place. The cruel
+boatman repulsed them roughly, and brandished his oars, while he
+leisurely selected those he would next ferry across the stream.
+
+              "The shiv'ring army stands,
+    And press for passage with extended hands.
+    Now these, now those, the surly boatman bore;
+    The rest he drove to distance from the shore."
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+All those who could not produce the required obolus were obliged to
+wait one hundred years, at the end of which time Charon reluctantly
+ferried them over free of charge.
+
+There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose waters the
+gods swore their most irrevocable oaths; and the blessed Lethe, whose
+waters had the power to make one forget all unpleasant things, thus
+preparing the good for a state of endless bliss in the Elysian Fields.
+
+  [Illustration: THE FURIES.--A Study for the Masque of
+      Cupid.--Burne-Jones.]
+
+    "Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls
+    Her wat'ry labrinth, whereof who drinks,
+    Forthwith his former state and being forgets,
+    Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+[Sidenote: The judges.]
+
+Near Pluto's throne were seated the three judges of Hades, Minos,
+Rhadamanthus, and Æacus, whose duty it was to question all newly
+arrived souls, to sort out the confused mass of good and bad thoughts
+and actions, and place them in the scales of Themis, the blindfolded,
+impartial goddess of justice, who bore a trenchant sword to indicate
+that her decrees would be mercilessly enforced. If the good outweighed
+the evil, the spirit was led to the Elysian Fields; but if, on the
+contrary, the evil prevailed, the spirit was condemned to suffer in
+the fires of Tartarus.
+
+                "Where his decrees
+    The guilty soul within the burning gates
+    Of Tartarus compel, or send the good
+    To inhabit, with eternal health and peace,
+    The valley of Elysium."
+
+                                   Akenside.
+
+[Sidenote: The Furies.]
+
+The guilty souls were always intrusted to the three snake-locked
+Furies (Erinnyes, or Eumenides), who drove them with their stinging
+lashes to the gates of Tartarus. These deities, who were sisters, and
+children of Acheron and Nyx, were distinguished by the individual
+names of Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megæra, and with Nemesis, goddess of
+revenge, were noted for their hard hearts and the merciless manner in
+which they hurried the ghosts intrusted to their care over the fiery
+flood of the Phlegethon, and through the brazen gates of their future
+place of incessant torment.
+
+  [Illustration: THE THREE FATES.--Thumann.]
+
+    "There rolls swift Phlegethon, with thund'ring sound,
+    His broken rocks, and whirls his surges round.
+    On mighty columns rais'd sublime are hung
+    The massy gates, impenetrably strong.
+    In vain would men, in vain would gods essay,
+    To hew the beams of adamant away.
+    Here rose an iron tow'r: before the gate,
+    By night and day, a wakeful Fury sate,
+    The pale Tisiphone; a robe she wore,
+    With all the pomp of horror, dy'd in gore."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Fates.]
+
+The three Fates (Moeræ, Parcæ), sisters, also sat near Pluto's throne.
+Clotho, the youngest, spun the thread of life, in which the bright and
+dark lines were intermingled. Lachesis, the second, twisted it; and
+under her fingers it was now strong, now weak.
+
+    "Twist ye, twine ye! even so,
+    Mingle shades of joy and woe,
+    Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,
+    In the thread of human life."
+
+                                      Scott.
+
+Atropos, the third sister, armed with a huge pair of shears,
+remorselessly cut short the thread of life,--an intimation that
+another soul would ere long find its way down into the dark kingdom of
+Hades.
+
+[Sidenote: Tartarus.]
+
+When the gates of Tartarus turned on their hinges to receive the
+newcomer, a chorus of cries, groans, and imprecations from within fell
+upon his ear, mingled with the whistling of the whips incessantly
+plied by retributive deities.
+
+    "What sounds were heard,
+    What scenes appeared,
+    O'er all the dreary coasts!
+        Dreadful gleams,
+        Dismal screams,
+        Fires that glow,
+        Shrieks of woe,
+        Sullen moans,
+        Hollow groans,
+    And cries of tortured ghosts."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+[Sidenote: The Danaides.]
+
+Many victims renowned while on earth for their cruelty found here the
+just punishment of their sins. Attention was first attracted by a
+group of beautiful maidens, who carried water to fill a bottomless
+cask. Down to the stream they hastened, a long procession, filled
+their urns with water, painfully clambered up the steep and slippery
+bank, and poured their water into the cask; but when, exhausted and
+ready to faint from fatigue, they paused to rest for a moment, the
+cutting lash fell upon their bare shoulders, and spurred them on to
+renewed efforts to complete a task so hopeless that it has become
+proverbial.
+
+These fair maidens were the Danaides, daughters of Danaus, who had
+pledged his fifty daughters to the fifty sons of his brother Ægyptus.
+The marriage preparations were all completed, when Danaus suddenly
+remembered an ancient prophecy which had quite escaped his memory, and
+which foretold that he would perish by the hand of his son-in-law.
+
+It was now too late to prevent the marriages, so, calling his
+daughters aside, he told them what the oracle had said, and, giving
+them each a sharp dagger, bade them slay their husbands on their
+wedding night. The marriages were celebrated, as was customary, with
+mirth, dance, and song; and the revelry continued until late at night,
+when, the guests having departed, the newly married couples retired.
+But as soon as Danaus' daughters were quite certain their husbands
+were fast asleep, they produced their daggers and slew their mates.
+
+    "Danaus arm'd each daughter's hand
+    To stain with blood the bridal bed."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+One of the brides only, Hypermnestra, loved her husband too dearly to
+obey her father's command, and, when morning broke, only forty-nine of
+Ægyptus' sons were found lifeless. The sole survivor, Lynceus, to
+avenge his brothers' death, slew Danaus, thus fulfilling the ominous
+prophecy; while the gods, incensed by the Danaides' heartlessness,
+sent them to Hades, where they were compelled to fill the bottomless
+cask.
+
+[Sidenote: Tantalus.]
+
+Tartarus also detained within its brazen portals a cruel king named
+Tantalus (the father of Niobe), who, while on earth, had starved and
+ill-treated his subjects, insulted the immortal gods, and on one
+occasion had even dared to cook and serve up to them his own son
+Pelops. Most of the gods were immediately aware of the deception
+practiced upon them, and refused the new dish; but Ceres, who was very
+melancholy on account of the recent loss of her daughter, paid no heed
+to what was offered her, and in a fit of absent-mindedness ate part of
+the lad's shoulder.
+
+The gods in pity restored the youth to life, and Ceres replaced the
+missing shoulder with one of ivory or of gold. Driven away from his
+kingdom, which was seized by the King of Troy, Pelops took refuge in
+Greece, where he ruled the extensive peninsula, the Peloponnesus,
+which still bears his name.
+
+To punish the inhuman Tantalus, the gods then sent him to Tartarus,
+where he stood up to his chin in a stream of pure water, tormented
+with thirst; for, whenever he stooped to drink, the waters fled from
+his parched lips. Over his head hung a branch of luscious fruit. His
+hunger was as intolerable as his thirst; but, whenever he clutched at
+the fruit, the branch swung upward, and eluded his eager grasp.
+
+    "Above, beneath, around his hapless head,
+    Trees of all kinds delicious fruitage spread.
+    The fruit he strives to seize; but blasts arise,
+    Toss it on high, and whirl it to the skies."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+This singular punishment inflicted upon Tantalus gave rise to the
+expression "to tantalize."
+
+[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]
+
+Another criminal was Sisyphus, who, while king of Corinth, had misused
+his power, had robbed and killed travelers, and even deceived the
+gods. His reprehensible conduct was punished in Tartarus, where he was
+condemned to roll a huge stone to the top of a very steep hill; and
+just as he reached the summit, and fancied his task done, the rock
+would slip from his grasp and roll to the foot of the hill, thus
+obliging him to renew all his exertions.
+
+    "With many a weary step, and many a groan,
+    Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;
+    The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,
+    Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.
+    Again the restless orb his toil renews,
+    Dust mounts in clouds, and sweat descends in dews."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Salmoneus.]
+
+Salmoneus, another king, had vainly tried to make his subjects believe
+he was Jupiter. To that effect, he had once driven over a brazen
+bridge to imitate the roll of thunder, and, to simulate the
+thunderbolts, had thrown lighted torches down upon the multitude,
+purposely assembled below.
+
+    "Th' audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew:
+    He wav'd a torch aloft, and, madly vain,
+    Sought godlike worship from a servile train.
+    Ambitious fool, with horny hoofs to pass
+    O'er hollow arches of resounding brass,
+    To rival thunder in its rapid course,
+    And imitate inimitable force!"
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+This insolent parody so incensed Jupiter, that he grasped one of his
+deadliest thunderbolts, brandished it aloft for a moment, and then
+hurled it with vindictive force at the arrogant king. In Tartarus,
+Salmoneus was placed beneath an overhanging rock, which momentarily
+threatened to fall, and crush him under its mass.
+
+    "He was doomed to sit under a huge stone,
+    Which the father of the gods
+    Kept over his head suspended.
+    Thus he sat
+    In continual dread of its downfall,
+    And lost to every comfort."
+
+                                     Pindar.
+
+[Sidenote: Tityus.]
+
+Still farther on was the recumbent form of Tityus, a giant whose body
+covered nine acres of ground. He had dared offer an insult to Juno,
+and in punishment was chained like Prometheus, while a vulture feasted
+on his liver.
+
+    "There Tityus was to see, who took his birth
+    From heav'n, his nursing from the foodful earth:
+    Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace,
+    Infold nine acres of infernal space.
+    A rav'nous vulture in his open side
+    Her crooked beak and cruel talons try'd:
+    Still for the growing liver digg'd his breast,
+    The growing liver still supply'd the feast."
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ixion.]
+
+Here in Tartarus, too, was Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, who had been
+given the hand of Dia in marriage on condition that he would give her
+father a stipulated sum of money in exchange, but who, as soon as the
+maiden was his, refused to keep his promise. The father-in-law was an
+avaricious man, and clamored so loudly for his money, that Ixion, to
+be rid of his importunities, slew him. Such an act of violence could
+not be overlooked by the gods: so Jupiter summoned Ixion to appear
+before him and state his case.
+
+Ixion pleaded so skillfully, that Jupiter was about to declare him
+acquitted, when he suddenly caught him making love to Juno, which
+offense seemed so unpardonable, that he sent him to Tartarus, where he
+was bound to a constantly revolving wheel of fire.
+
+        "Proud Ixion (doom'd to feel
+    The tortures of the eternal wheel,
+    Bound by the hand of angry Jove)
+    Received the due rewards of impious love."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Elysian Fields.]
+
+Far out of sight and hearing of the pitiful sounds which so constantly
+rose out of Tartarus, were the Elysian Fields, lighted by a sun and
+moon of their own, decked with the most fragrant and beautiful of
+flowers, and provided with every charm that nature or art could
+supply. No storms or wintry winds ever came to rob these fields of
+their springlike beauty; and here the blessed spent eternity, in
+pleasant communion with the friends they had loved on earth.
+
+    "Patriots who perished for their country's rights,
+    Or nobly triumphed in the fields of fight:
+    There holy priests and sacred poets stood,
+    Who sang with all the raptures of a god:
+    Worthies whose lives by useful arts refined;
+    With those who leave a deathless name behind,
+    Friends of the world, and fathers of mankind."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+BACCHUS.
+
+
+Among all the mortal maidens honored by the love of Jupiter, king of
+the gods, none was more attractive than Semele, daughter of Cadmus and
+Harmonia.
+
+    "For Semele was molded in the form
+    Of elegance; the beauty of her race
+    Shone in her forehead."
+
+                       Nonnus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Semele.]
+
+Although conscious of these superior attractions, Semele was
+excessively coy, and it was only with the greatest difficulty that
+Jupiter, disguised as a mortal, could urge his love suit. When he had
+at last obtained a hearing, he told her who he was, calculating upon
+the effect which such a revelation must necessarily produce.
+
+He was not mistaken in his previsions, for Semele, proud of having
+attracted the greatest among the gods, no longer offered any
+resistance, and consented to their union. Their love grew and
+prospered, and Jupiter came down from Olympus as often as possible to
+enjoy the society of his beloved. His frequent absences finally
+aroused Juno's suspicions, and, as usual, she spared no pains to
+discover what powerful charm could draw him from her side. After a few
+days she knew all, and straightway determined to have her revenge, and
+punish her fickle spouse. To accomplish this successfully, she assumed
+the face and form of Beroe, Semele's old nurse, and thus entered the
+young princess's apartment quite unsuspected.
+
+      "Old Beroe's decrepit shape she wears,
+    Her wrinkled visage, and her hoary hairs;
+    Whilst in her trembling gait she totters on,
+    And learns to tattle in the nurse's tone."
+
+                       Ovid (Addison's tr.).
+
+There she immediately entered into conversation with her supposed
+nursling, artfully extracted a complete confession, heard with
+suppressed rage how long Jupiter had wooed ere he had finally won the
+maiden's consent, and received a rapturous and minute catalogue of all
+his personal charms and a synopsis of all they had both said.
+
+The false nurse listened with apparent sympathy; but in reality she
+was furious, and, to put an end to it all, asked Semele if she were
+quite sure he was king of the gods, as he asserted, and whether he
+visited her in all the pomp of his regal apparel. The maiden
+shamefacedly replied that he was wont to visit her in the guise of a
+mortal only; whereupon Beroe, with feigned indignation, told her
+nursling he must either be a vile impostor, or else that he did not
+love her as dearly as he loved Juno, in whose presence he seldom
+appeared except in godlike array.
+
+With artful words she so worked upon the guileless nature of her
+rival, that, when Jupiter next came, the maiden used all her
+blandishments to extort from him a solemn oath to grant any request
+she chose to make. A lover is not very likely to weigh his words under
+such circumstances, and Jupiter took the most solemn of all the oaths
+to gratify her whim.
+
+    "'Bear me witness, Earth, and ye, broad Heavens
+    Above us, and ye, waters of the Styx,
+    That flow beneath us, mightiest oath of all,
+    And most revered by the blessed gods!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The promise won, the delighted Semele bade her lover speedily return
+to Olympus, don his own majestic form and apparel, and hasten back to
+her side, surrounded by all his heavenly pomp, and armed with his
+dreaded thunderbolts. Jupiter, horrified at this imprudent request,
+implored her to ask something else, and release him from a promise
+fraught with such danger to her; but all in vain. Semele, like many
+another fair lady, enjoyed having her own way, and fairly forced him
+to obey.
+
+Jupiter returned to Olympus, modified his costume as much as possible,
+dimmed his glory wherever he could, and chose the feeblest of all his
+bolts, for well he knew no mere mortal could endure the shock of his
+full glory. Then, mounted on a pale flash of lightning, he darted back
+to Semele.
+
+      "To keep his promise he ascends, and shrouds
+    His awful brow in whirlwinds and in clouds;
+    Whilst all around, in terrible array,
+    His thunders rattle, and his lightnings play.
+    And yet, the dazzling luster to abate,
+    He set not out in all his pomp and state,
+    Clad in the mildest lightning of the skies,
+    And arm'd with thunder of the smallest size:
+    Not those huge bolts, by which the giants slain,
+    Lay overthrown on the Phlegrean plain.
+    'Twas of a lesser mold, and lighter weight;
+    They call it thunder of a second-rate.
+    For the rough Cyclops, who by Jove's command
+    Temper'd the bolt and turn'd it to his hand,
+    Work'd up less flame and fury in its make,
+    And quench'd it sooner in the standing lake.
+    Thus dreadfully adorn'd, with horror bright,
+    Th' illustrious god, descending from his height,
+    Came rushing on her in a storm of light."
+
+                       Ovid (Addison's tr.).
+
+But, although so much milder than usual, this apparition was more than
+poor Semele's human nerves could bear, and she dropped to the floor in
+a swoon at the first glimpse of her lover. Oblivious of all but her
+alarming condition, Jupiter sprang to her side; but the lightning
+which played about his head set fire to the whole palace, which was
+reduced to ashes.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Bacchus.]
+
+Semele herself perished, burned to death; and the only person in all
+the building who escaped uninjured was Bacchus (Liber, Dionysus), the
+infant son of Jupiter and Semele, who was saved by his father's
+powerful hand. Jupiter was at first inconsolable at the death of
+Semele; and, to testify to all mortals how fondly he had loved her, he
+brought her spirit up to heaven, where he raised her to the rank of a
+deity.
+
+      "Semele of the flowing hair,
+    Who died in Thunder's crashing flame,
+    To deified existence came."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+The infant Bacchus was first intrusted to the care of his aunt Ino,
+the second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, who nursed him as tenderly
+as if he had been her own child. But all her love could not avail to
+screen him from the effects of Juno's persistent hatred: so Jupiter,
+fearing lest some harm might befall his precious son, bade Mercury
+convey him to the distant home of the Nysiades,--nymphs who guarded
+him most faithfully.
+
+Juno, not daring to continue her persecutions, wreaked all her anger
+upon poor Ino and her unhappy household by sending the Fury Tisiphone
+to goad Athamas to madness. In a fit of deluded frenzy, he pursued his
+wife and children as if they were wild beasts. One of his sons,
+Learchus, fell beneath his arrows; and, to escape his murderous fury,
+Ino plunged headlong into the sea with her second child in her arms.
+The gods, in pity for her sufferings, changed her into the goddess
+Leucothea, and her son into a sea deity by the name of Palæmon.
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus' attendants.]
+
+When still but a youth, Bacchus was appointed god of wine and revelry,
+and intrusted to the guidance of Silenus, a satyr, half man and half
+goat, who educated him, and accompanied him on all his travels; for he
+delighted in roaming all over the world, borne by his followers, or
+riding in his chariot drawn by wild beasts, while his tutor followed
+him, mounted on an ass, supported on either side by an attendant.
+
+  [Illustration: BACCHUS. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+    "And near him rode Silenus on his ass,
+    Pelted with flowers as he on did pass."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Bacchus' train was very large indeed, and composed of men and women,
+nymphs, fauns, and satyrs, all crowned with ivy leaves, who drank
+wine,--a drink compounded for their express use out of water and
+sunshine,--ate grapes, danced and sang, and loudly proclaimed him
+their chosen leader.
+
+    "'We follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,
+        A conquering!
+    Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,
+    We dance before him thorough kingdoms wide.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+The most unruly among his female followers were the Bacchantes, who
+delighted in revelry, and were in a perpetual state of intoxication as
+they went with him from land to land, where he taught the people the
+cultivation of the vine and the art of making wine. He traveled thus,
+it is said, throughout Greece and Asia Minor, and even ventured as far
+as India and Ethiopia.
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus and the pirates.]
+
+During these long journeys, Bacchus, as was inevitable, met with many
+adventures, which have been fertile themes for poetry and art. On one
+occasion, having strayed away from his followers and lost his way,
+Bacchus laid himself down upon the sand on the seashore to rest. Some
+pirates, sailing by, saw the handsome young sleeper, and noiselessly
+bore him off to their vessel, intending to sell him as a slave in
+Egypt.
+
+They were already quite far out at sea when the god awoke, and gazed
+around him in mute wonder at his surroundings. When fully roused, he
+bade the seamen take him back to land, but they merely replied by
+laughter and mockery. Their amusement was cut short, however, for the
+ship came to a sudden standstill; and, when they leaned over the sides
+to ascertain why their oars could no longer propel it onward, they saw
+a vine grow out of the sea, and twine its branches and tendrils with
+lightning-like velocity around oars, mast, and rigging, thus
+transforming the vessel into a floating arbor. Then a sound of music
+and revelry greeted their astonished ears, and Bacchus' followers came
+thronging over the ship's sides, riding on wild beasts, and chanting
+the praises of their god and of his favorite beverage.
+
+    "In chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,
+    Its power benign, and its flavor divine."
+
+                        Martinez de la Rosa.
+
+These extraordinary sights and sounds so bewildered the poor sailors,
+that they lost all presence of mind, and jumped overboard into the
+sea, where they were drowned and changed into dolphins.
+
+On another occasion, Silenus, after a great carousal, lost his way in
+the forest, and helplessly wandered from place to place in search of
+his companions, until he finally came to the court of Midas, King of
+Lydia, of ass's ears fame (p. 75).
+
+[Sidenote: The curse of gold.]
+
+Midas no sooner beheld the red nose and bloated appearance of the
+wanderer, than he recognized him as Bacchus' tutor, and volunteered to
+lead him back to his divine pupil. Delighted to see Silenus again,
+Bacchus promised Midas any reward he wished; whereupon Midas, who was
+an avaricious old king, fell upon his knees, and humbly besought the
+god to grant that all he touched might be changed into gold.
+
+    "'Give me,' says he (nor thought he ask'd too much),
+    'That with my body whatsoe'er I touch,
+    Changed from the nature which it held of old,
+    May be converted into yellow gold.'"
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+Bacchus immediately signified that his prayer was granted; and Midas,
+overjoyed at the success of his bold venture, wandered back to his
+palace, testing his new-won power, which changed all to gold at a mere
+touch of one of his fingers.
+
+    "Down from a lowly branch a twig he drew,
+    The twig straight glitter'd with a golden hue.
+    He takes a stone, the stone was turn'd to gold:
+    A clod he touches, and the crumbling mold
+    Acknowledged soon the great transforming power,
+    In weight and substance like a mass of ore.
+    He pluck'd the corn, and straight his grasp appears
+    Fill'd with a bending tuft of golden ears.
+    An apple next he takes, and seems to hold
+    The bright Hesperian vegetable gold:
+    His hand he careless on a pillar lays,
+    With shining gold the fluted pillars blaze."
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+The sight of these and many other wonders, wrought by a mere touch,
+filled his heart with joy; and in his elation he bade his servants
+prepare a sumptuous feast, and invite all his courtiers to share his
+merriment. His commands were obeyed with the utmost celerity, and
+Midas beamed with satisfaction as he took his place at the head of the
+board, and viewed the choice dishes and wines prepared for his
+delectation.
+
+Here, too, however, a new revelation awaited him; for cloth, plate,
+and cup turned to gold, as did the food and drink as soon as they met
+his eager lips.
+
+    "Whose powerful hands the bread no sooner hold,
+    But all its substance is transform'd to gold:
+    Up to his mouth he lifts the savory meat,
+    Which turns to gold as he attempts to eat:
+    His patron's noble juice of purple hue,
+    Touch'd by his lips, a gilded cordial grew,
+    Unfit for drink; and, wondrous to behold,
+    It trickles from his jaws a fluid gold.
+    The rich poor fool, confounded with surprise,
+    Starving in all his various plenty lies."
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+In the midst of plenty, the gnawing pangs of hunger now made
+themselves felt; and the precious gift, which prevented his allaying
+them, soon lost all its attractions. With weary feet, Midas now
+retraced the road he had traveled in his pride a few hours before,
+again cast himself at Bacchus' feet, and this time implored him to
+take back the inconvenient gift, which prevented him from satisfying
+his natural appetites.
+
+His distress seemed so real, that Bacchus bade him go and wash in the
+Pactolus River, if he would be rid of the power which had so soon
+turned into a curse. Midas hastened off to the river and plunged in
+its tide, noting that even its sands all turned to gold beneath his
+tread; since when,
+
+    "Pactolus singeth over golden sands."
+
+                                       Gray.
+
+[Sidenote: Naxos.]
+
+Bacchus' favorite place of resort was the Island of Naxos, which he
+visited after every journey. During one of his sojourns there, he
+discovered a fair maiden lying alone on the sandy shore. Ariadne, for
+such was the girl's name, had been forsaken there by her lover,
+Theseus, who had sailed away while she slept (p. 257). As soon as she
+awoke, she called her faithless lover; but no answering sound fell
+upon her ear except the mocking tones of Echo. Her tears flowed freely
+as she beat her breast in despair; but suddenly her lamentations
+ceased, as she caught the faint sound of music floating toward her on
+the summer breeze. Eagerly turning toward the pleasant music, she
+caught sight of a merry procession, headed by the God of Wine.
+
+    "'And as I sat, over the light blue hills
+    There came a noise of revelers: the rills
+    Into the wide stream came of purple hue--
+        'Twas Bacchus and his crew!
+    The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills
+    From kissing cymbals made a merry din--
+        'Twas Bacchus and his kin!
+    Like to a moving vintage down they came,
+    Crown'd with green leaves, and faces all on flame;
+    All madly dancing through the pleasant valley.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+  [Illustration: MARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.--Tintoretto. (Ducal
+      Palace, Venice.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus and Ariadne.]
+
+Bacchus, the first to perceive the fair mourner, hastened to her side,
+and brought all his powers of persuasion into play to console her. His
+devotion at last induced her to forget her recreant lover, and, after
+a short courtship, Bacchus won her as a bride.
+
+Their wedding was the gayest ever seen, and the feasting lasted for
+several days. The bridegroom presented the bride with a crown adorned
+with seven glittering stars,--an ornament which fitly enhanced her
+peerless beauty. Shortly after her marriage, however, poor Ariadne
+sickened and died, leaving a disconsolate widower, who took the crown
+she had so often worn and flung it up into the air. It rose higher and
+higher, until the gods fixed it in the sky, where it still forms a
+brilliant constellation, known as Ariadne's Crown, or Corona.
+
+    "And still her sign is seen in heaven,
+    And, 'midst the glittering symbols of the sky,
+    The starry crown of Ariadne glides."
+
+                         Apollonius Rhodius.
+
+Bacchus' lightheartedness had all vanished, and he no longer took any
+pleasure in music, dance, or revelry, until Jupiter, in pity for his
+bereavement, restored Ariadne to his longing arms, and, to prevent her
+being again claimed by Death, gave her immortal life.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Pentheus.]
+
+When but a short distance from Thebes, Bacchus once sent a herald to
+Pentheus, the king, to announce his approach, and bespeak a suitable
+reception and sumptuous entertainment. Rumors of the noise and
+disorder, which seemed to have been the invariable accompaniment of
+the god's presence, had already reached Pentheus, who therefore
+dismissed the herald with an insolent message, purporting that Bacchus
+had better remain outside of the city gates.
+
+To avenge this insult, Bacchus inspired the Theban women with a
+species of dementia, which made them rush simultaneously out of the
+city and join his followers. Then they all clamored for permission to
+witness the religious rites in his honor, generally called Mysteries,
+which permission was graciously granted.
+
+The king's spies reported all that had occurred, and their accounts
+made Pentheus long to view the ceremonies in secret. He therefore
+disguised himself, and hid in a bush near the consecrated place,
+hoping to see all without being seen; but an inadvertent movement
+attracted the attention of the already excited Bacchantes, who, led by
+Agave, the king's own mother, dragged him from his hiding place and
+tore him limb from limb.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Bacchus.]
+
+Bacchus, god of wine, was worshiped throughout the ancient world, and
+festivals without number were held in his honor. The most noted were
+the Greater and Lesser Dionysia, the Liberalia, and the Bacchanalia,
+where the wildest merrymaking and license were freely indulged in by
+all participants.
+
+    "Bacchus, on thee they call, in hymns divine,
+    And hang thy statues on the lofty pine:
+    Hence plenty every laughing vineyard fills,
+    Thro' the deep valleys and the sloping hills;
+    Where'er the god inclines his lovely face,
+    More luscious fruits the rich plantations grace.
+    Then let us Bacchus' praises duly sing,
+    And consecrated cakes, and chargers bring,
+    Dragg'd by their horns let victim goats expire,
+    And roast on hazel spits before the sacred fire."
+
+    "Come, sacred sire, with luscious clusters crown'd,
+    Here all the riches of thy reign abound;
+    Each field replete with blushing autumn glows,
+    And in deep tides for thee the foaming vintage flows."
+
+                      Virgil (Warton's tr.).
+
+Bacchus is generally represented as a handsome youth, crowned with ivy
+or grape leaves and clusters, bearing the thyrsus, an ivy-circled
+wand, as scepter, and riding in a chariot drawn by panthers or
+leopards.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+CERES AND PROSERPINA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]
+
+Ceres (Demeter), daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and one of Jupiter's
+numerous consorts, was goddess of agriculture and civilization. Her
+manifold cares were shared by her daughter, Proserpina (Cora,
+Pherephatta, Persephone), the goddess of vegetation. Whenever her
+duties permitted, this fair young goddess hastened off to the Island
+of Sicily, her favorite place of resort, where she wandered about all
+day long, attended by a merry girlish train, gathering flowers, on the
+green slopes of Mount Ætna, and danced with the nymphs in the
+beautiful plain of Enna.
+
+One day, weary of labor, Proserpina called these fair playmates to
+join her and spend a merry day gathering flowers.
+
+                      "And one fair morn--
+    Not all the ages blot it--on the side
+    Of Ætna we were straying. There was then
+    Summer nor winter, springtide nor the time
+    Of harvest, but the soft unfailing sun
+    Shone always, and the sowing time was one
+    With reaping."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Pluto kidnaps Proserpina.]
+
+The maidens sang merry lays as they wound their long garlands; and
+their joyous voices and ripples of silvery laughter attracted the
+attention of Pluto, just then driving past in his dark chariot drawn
+by four fiery coal-black steeds. To ascertain whence these sounds
+proceeded, the god stepped out of his car, and cautiously peeped
+through the thick foliage.
+
+He saw Proserpina sitting on a mossy bank, almost buried in many-hued
+blossoms, her laughing companions picturesquely grouped around her.
+One glance sufficed to convince Pluto of her loveliness and grace, and
+to make him feel that his happiness depended on the possession of this
+bright young creature.
+
+Long ere this, he had tried to persuade one after another of the
+goddesses to share his gloomy throne; but one and all had refused the
+honor, and declined to accompany him to a land where the sun never
+shone, the birds never sang, and the flowers never bloomed. Hurt and
+disappointed by these rebuffs, Pluto had finally registered a solemn
+vow never to go wooing again; and so, instead of gently inviting
+Proserpina to become his queen, he resolved to kidnap her.
+
+Straight through the bushes he strode, direct to the spot where she
+was seated. The noise of crackling branches and hasty footsteps made
+the assembled maidens swiftly turn. One glance sufficed to identify
+the intruder, for none but he could boast of such a dark, lowering
+countenance; and all exclaimed in mingled wonder and terror at his
+unwonted presence in those sunlit regions.
+
+  [Illustration: ABDUCTION OF PROSERPINA.--Schobelt.]
+
+    "'Tis he, 'tis he: he comes to us
+    From the depths of Tartarus.
+    For what of evil doth he roam
+    From his red and gloomy home,
+    In the center of the world,
+    Where the sinful dead are hurled?
+    Mark him as he moves along,
+    Drawn by horses black and strong,
+    Such as may belong to Night
+    Ere she takes her morning flight.
+    Now the chariot stops: the god
+    On our grassy world hath trod:
+    Like a Titan steppeth he,
+    Yet full of his divinity.
+    On his mighty shoulders lie
+    Raven locks, and in his eye
+    A cruel beauty, such as none
+    Of us may wisely look upon."
+
+                             Barry Cornwall.
+
+Frightened by his impetuous approach, the trembling nymphs first
+crowded around Proserpina, who, in her astonishment and trepidation,
+dropped all her pretty flowers and stood motionless among them. Her
+uncertainty as to his purpose was only momentary, for, catching her in
+his brawny arms ere she could make an attempt to escape, he bore her
+off to his chariot, in spite of prayers and struggles, and drove away
+as fast as his fleet steeds could carry him.
+
+He was soon out of hearing of the wild cries and lamentations of the
+nymphs, who vainly pursued him, and tried to overtake their beloved
+mistress. Afraid lest Ceres should come and force him to relinquish
+his new-won treasure, Pluto drove faster and faster, nor paused for an
+instant until he reached the banks of the Cyane River, whose waters,
+at his approach, began to seethe and roar in a menacing fashion, and
+spread themselves as much as possible, to check him in his flight.
+
+Pluto quickly perceived that to attempt to cross the river in his
+chariot would be madness, while by retracing his footsteps he ran the
+risk of meeting Ceres, and being forced to relinquish his prize. He
+therefore decided to have recourse to other means, and, seizing his
+terrible two-pronged fork, struck the earth such a mighty blow, that a
+great crevice opened under his feet, through which horses and chariot
+plunged down into the darkness of the Lower World.
+
+Proserpina turned her weeping eyes to catch a parting glimpse of the
+fair earth she was leaving, and then, with a fond thought of her
+anxious mother, who, when evening came, would vainly seek her child in
+all her favorite haunts, she quickly flung her girdle into the Cyane,
+and called to the water nymph to carry it to Ceres.
+
+Elated by the complete success of his bold venture, and no longer
+fearful of immediate pursuit, the happy god strained his fair captive
+to his breast, pressed kisses on her fresh young cheeks, and tried to
+calm her terrors, as the black steeds rushed faster and faster along
+the dark passage, nor paused until they reached the foot of their
+master's throne.
+
+    "Pleased as he grasps her in his iron arms,
+    Frights with soft sighs, with tender words alarms."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres' search.]
+
+In the mean while the sun had sunk below the Sicilian horizon; and
+Ceres, returning from the fields of fast-ripening grain to her own
+dwelling, sought for the missing Proserpina, of whom no trace could be
+found except the scattered flowers. Hither and thither the mother
+wandered, calling her daughter, and wondering where she could be, and
+why she did not come bounding to meet her. As time passed, and still
+Proserpina did not appear, Ceres' heart beat fast with apprehension,
+and the tears coursed down her cheeks as she rushed about from place
+to place, calling her daughter.
+
+    "What ails her that she comes not home?
+      Demeter seeks her far and wide,
+    And gloomy-browed doth ceaseless roam
+      From many a morn till eventide.
+    'My life, immortal though it be,
+    Is naught!' she cries, 'for want of thee,
+    Persephone--Persephone!'"
+
+                                    Ingelow.
+
+Night came, and Ceres, kindling a torch at the volcanic fires of Mount
+Ætna, continued her search. Day dawned, and still the mother called,
+awakening the morning echoes with her longing cries for her child. Her
+daily duties were all neglected. The rain no longer refreshed the
+drooping flowers, the grain was parched by the ardent rays of the sun,
+and the grass all perished, while Ceres roamed over hill and dale in
+search of Proserpina.
+
+Weary at last of her hopeless quest, the goddess seated herself by
+the wayside, near the city of Eleusis, and gave way to her
+overwhelming grief.
+
+    "Long was thine anxious search
+    For lovely Proserpine, nor didst thou break
+    Thy mournful fast, till the far-fam'd Eleusis
+    Received thee wandering."
+
+                                Orphic Hymn.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Triptolemus.]
+
+To avoid recognition, she had assumed the appearance of an aged crone;
+and as she sat there by the wayside, in tears, she attracted the
+compassionate inquiries of the daughters of Celeus, king of the
+country. Having heard her bewail the loss of her child, they entreated
+her to come to the palace, and, knowing nothing could so well soothe a
+breaking heart, offered her the charge of their infant brother
+Triptolemus.
+
+Ceres, touched by their ready sympathy, accepted the offer; and when
+she arrived at the palace, the royal heir was intrusted to her care.
+Tenderly the goddess kissed the puny child's little pinched face; and
+at her touch the child became rosy and well, to the unbounded
+astonishment of the royal family and all the court.
+
+In the night, while Ceres sat alone with her charge, it occurred to
+her that she might confer a still greater blessing upon him, that of
+immortality: so she anointed his limbs with nectar, murmured a
+powerful charm, and placed him upon the red-hot coals, to consume all
+the perishable elements left in his body.
+
+The queen, Metaneira, who had thought it somewhat imprudent to leave
+the child thus alone with a stranger, now stole noiselessly into the
+apartment, and with a wild shriek rushed to the fire and snatched her
+child out of the flames, pressed him anxiously to her breast, and,
+after ascertaining that he was quite unharmed, turned to vent her
+indignation upon the careless nurse; but the aged beggar woman had
+vanished, and in her stead she confronted the radiant Goddess of
+Agriculture.
+
+  [Illustration: CERES. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+              "From her fragrant robes
+    A lovely scent was scattered, and afar
+    Shone light emitted from her skin divine,
+    And yellow locks upon her shoulders waved;
+    White as from lightning, all the house was filled
+    With splendor."
+
+                               Homeric Hymn.
+
+With a gentle reproof to the queen for her untimely interference,
+Ceres explained what she fain would have done, and vanished, to
+continue her wanderings in other lands. She finally returned to Italy;
+and, while wandering along the river banks one day, the waters
+suddenly cast a glittering object at her feet. Stooping hastily to
+ascertain what it might be, she recognized the girdle her daughter had
+worn when she had parted from her in Sicily.
+
+Joyfully she embraced the token, and, thinking she must now be upon
+Proserpina's track, hastened on until she came to a crystal fountain,
+by whose side she sat down to rest. Her eyes were heavy with the
+combined effect of tears, fatigue, and oppressive heat, and she was
+about to lose all consciousness of her trouble in sleep, when the
+murmur of the fountain increased, until she fancied it was talking;
+not as mortals do, but in its own silvery accents.
+
+[Sidenote: Arethusa and Alpheus.]
+
+The goddess was not mistaken; for a few minutes later she could
+distinguish words, and heard the fountain entreat her to listen, if
+she would hear what had befallen her child. The fountain then went on
+to tell how she had not always been a mere stream, but was once a
+nymph, called Arethusa, in Diana's train, and how, overcome by the
+heat, she had once sought a cool stream wherein she might bathe her
+heated limbs.
+
+  [Illustration: A NYMPH.--Kray.]
+
+She soon found one, the Alpheus River, and selected a spot where the
+trees hung over the limpid waters, where the sand on the bottom was
+fine and even, and where no mortal eyes could see her as she threw
+aside her sandals and outer garments. She was enjoying the refreshing
+sensation of the water rippling around her hot limbs, and was
+reveling in the complete solitude, when suddenly the river, until now
+as smooth as a mirror, was ruffled by waves, which crept nearer and
+nearer to the startled nymph, until in affright she sprang out of the
+water.
+
+Then a voice--the voice of the river god Alpheus--was heard, calling
+to her in pleading accents to stay her flight and lend an ear to his
+wooing; but when the impetuous god, instead of waiting for an answer
+to his suit, rose up out of the water and rushed to clasp her in his
+arms, she turned and fled in great terror. She fled, but he pursued.
+Over hill and dale, through forest and field, Arethusa ran, still
+closely followed by her too ardent lover, until, exhausted, she paused
+for breath, crying aloud to Diana to come to her rescue.
+
+Her prayer was answered. A moment later she was enveloped in a thick
+mist and transformed into a fountain. Alpheus could no longer see her,
+but wandered about, bewailing her disappearance, and calling her in
+passionate accents.
+
+      "'O Arethusa, peerless nymph! why fear
+    Such tenderness as mine? Great Dian, why,
+    Why didst thou hear her prayer? Oh that I
+    Were rippling round her dainty fairness now,
+    Circling about her waist, and striving how
+    To entice her to a dive! then stealing in
+    Between her luscious lips and eyelids thin.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+The misty cloud in which Arethusa had been enveloped by Diana's
+protecting care was soon blown away by a mischievous breath from
+Zephyrus; and Alpheus, who was still hovering near there, suddenly
+beholding a fountain where none had ever existed before, surmised what
+had happened. Changing himself into an impetuous torrent, he rushed to
+join his beloved, who sprang out of her mossy bed, and hurried on over
+sticks and stones, until Diana, seeing her new plight, opened a
+crevice, through which she glided away from the bright sunlight she
+loved so well into the depths of Pluto's realm.
+
+While gliding there in the gloom, Arethusa had caught a glimpse of
+Proserpina on her sable throne, beside the stern-browed Pluto. She
+could not, however, pause to inquire how she came there, but hurried
+on breathlessly, until another crevice offered her the means of
+returning to the upper world, and seeing once more the blue sky and
+sun on the Sicilian plains.
+
+The monotonous murmur of the fountain now subsided again into its
+usual undertone; and Ceres, knowing where to seek her daughter, was
+about to depart, when she heard the sudden rush and roar of a large
+body of water. She immediately turned, and beheld the torrent Alpheus,
+who, after a disconsolate search underground for the lost Arethusa,
+had found a crevice, through which he passed to join his beloved on
+the Sicilian plains.
+
+    "Alpheus, Elis' stream, they say,
+    Beneath the seas here found his way,
+    And now his waters interfuse
+    With thine, O fountain Arethuse,
+        Beneath Sicilian skies."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+In spite of her previous efforts to escape him, Arethusa must still
+have been very glad to see him once more, for Ceres heard her murmur
+contentedly as she sank into his arms and listened to his louder tones
+of rapturous love.
+
+Maidens in Greece were wont to throw fresh garlands into the Alpheus
+River; and it was said the selfsame flowers, carried away by his
+current, soon reappeared in the Sicilian fountain, carried there as
+love offerings by the enamored river.
+
+    "O my beloved, how divinely sweet
+    Is the pure joy when kindred spirits meet!
+    Like him, the river god, whose waters flow,
+    With love their only light, through caves below,
+    Wafting in triumph all the flowery braids
+    And festal rings, with which Olympic maids
+    Have decked his current, an offering meet
+    To lay at Arethusa's shining feet.
+    Think when at last he meets his fountain bride
+    What perfect love must thrill the blended tide!
+    And lost in each, till mingling into one,
+    Their lot the same for shadow or for sun,
+    A type of true love, to the deep they run."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres' mourning.]
+
+Now, although poor Ceres had ascertained where to find her missing
+daughter, her grief was not at all diminished, for she felt convinced
+that Pluto would never willingly relinquish her. She therefore
+withdrew into a dark cave to mourn unseen, and still further neglected
+her wonted duties.
+
+Famine threatened to visit the people, and they prayed and clamored
+for her aid; but, absorbed in grief, she paid no heed to their
+distress, and vowed that nothing on earth should grow, with her
+permission, as long as her daughter was detained in Hades. In despair
+at this frightful state of affairs, the people then besought Jupiter
+to pity the sufferings they endured, and to allow Proserpina to
+revisit the upper world once more.
+
+    "Arise, and set the maiden free;
+    Why should the world such sorrow dree
+    By reason of Persephone?"
+
+                                    Ingelow.
+
+As soon as she became aware of this petition, Ceres hastened to
+Olympus, to join her supplications to the cries which rose from all
+parts of the earth; until Jupiter, wearied by these importunities,
+consented to Proserpina's return, upon condition, however, that she
+had not touched any food during the whole time of her sojourn in the
+Infernal Regions.
+
+                      "Last, Zeus himself,
+    Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth
+    His messenger beyond the western rim
+    To fetch me back to earth."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: The pomegranate seeds.]
+
+Ceres in person hastened to her daughter's new abode, and was about to
+lead her away in spite of Pluto, when a spirit, Ascalaphus, suddenly
+declared that the queen had partaken of some pomegranate seeds that
+very day. Proserpina could not refute the charge, and Jupiter decreed
+that for every seed she had eaten she should spend one month of every
+year in her husband's gloomy kingdom.
+
+Thus it came about that Proserpina was condemned to spend one half the
+year in Hades, and could linger on the bright earth only for six
+months at a time.
+
+Mercury was chosen to lead her to and from Hades; and, whenever he
+brought her out of her gloomy prison, the skies became blue and sunny,
+the grass sprang fresh and green beneath her elastic tread, the
+flowers bloomed along her way, the birds trilled forth their merry
+lays, and all was joy and brightness.
+
+    "And when, in springtime, with sweet-smelling flowers
+    Of various kinds the earth doth bloom, thou'lt come
+    From gloomy darkness back--a mighty joy
+    To gods and mortal men."
+
+                               Homeric Hymn.
+
+[Sidenote: Proserpina's return.]
+
+Ceres, happy once more in the possession of her beloved daughter,
+cheerfully and diligently attended to all her duties, and blessed the
+earth with plenty; but when the six months were over, and the skies
+wept and all nature mourned Proserpina's departure, she again returned
+to her cave, whence no entreaties could draw her.
+
+As for the merry, happy-natured Proserpina, the moment Hades' portals
+closed behind her, she became pale and melancholy; and none would have
+dreamed the playful, flower-crowned Goddess of Vegetation was
+identical with the sad-faced, sable-vested Queen of Hades (now called
+Hecate), who held a pomegranate in one hand, and a torch in the other.
+Proserpina, like Adonis, was the personification of vegetation,
+visibly prosperous during the six favorable months of the year, and
+lurking hidden under the cold ground during the remainder of the time.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Ceres.]
+
+Many beautiful temples were dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina in
+Greece and Italy, where yearly festivals, the Thesmophoria and the
+Cerealia, were celebrated with great pomp.
+
+    "To Ceres chief her annual rites be paid,
+    On the green turf, beneath a fragrant shade,
+    When winter ends, and spring serenely shines,
+    Then fat the lambs, then mellow are the wines,
+    Then sweet are slumbers on the flowery ground,
+    Then with thick shades are lofty mountains crown'd.
+    Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres' shrine;
+    Mix honey sweet, for her, with milk and mellow wine;
+    Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around,
+    And Ceres call, and choral hymns resound:
+    Presume not, swains, the ripen'd grain to reap,
+    Till crown'd with oak in antic dance ye leap,
+    Invoking Ceres, and in solemn lays,
+    Exalt your rural queen's immortal praise."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+To commemorate her long search for her daughter, Ceres returned to
+Eleusis, taught her former nursling, Triptolemus, the various secrets
+of agriculture, and gave him her chariot, bidding him travel
+everywhere, and teach the people how to plow, sow, and reap; and then
+she instituted the Eleusinia, festivals held in honor of her daughter
+and herself at Eleusis.
+
+Triptolemus did not fail to carry out the goddess's instructions, and
+journeyed far and wide, until he finally reached the court of Lyncus,
+King of Scythia, where the false monarch would have treacherously
+slain him had not Ceres by timely interference prevented the execution
+of his base purpose by changing the traitor into a lynx, the emblem of
+perfidy.
+
+Ceres was generally represented as a fair, matronly woman, clad in
+flowing draperies, sometimes crowned with wheat ears, and bearing a
+sheaf of grain and a sickle, or with a plow and a horn of plenty
+disgorging its wealth of fruit and flowers at her feet. Groves were
+frequently dedicated to her; and any mortal rash enough to lay the ax
+on one of these sacred trees was sure to incur the goddess's wrath, as
+is proved by the story of Erisichthon.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Erisichthon.]
+
+This man was evidently a freethinker, and, to show his contempt for
+the superstitious veneration paid to Ceres' trees, took his ax and cut
+down one of her sacred oaks. At his first blow, blood began to flow
+from the tree; but, undeterred by the phenomenon or the entreaties of
+the bystanders, Erisichthon continued. Finally, annoyed by the
+importunities of the spectators, he turned and slew one or two, and
+then completed his sacrilege.
+
+Ceres, incensed by his insolence and cruelty, devised a terrible
+chastisement for the unfortunate man, and sent Famine to gnaw his
+vitals, and torment him night and day. The wretch, tortured by a
+hunger which no amount of food could allay, disposed of all his
+property to obtain the means of procuring nourishment; but his
+monstrous appetite continued, and, as he had but one daughter left, he
+sold her as a slave to obtain food.
+
+The girl's master left her alone for a moment upon the seashore, and,
+in answer to her prayer, Neptune delivered her from servitude by
+changing her into a fisherman. When the master returned and found his
+slave gone, he questioned the fisherman, and, not obtaining any
+satisfactory information, departed. Neptune then restored the maiden
+to her own form, and let her return home; but, as her father sold her
+again, the god was obliged to interfere once more in her behalf, until
+at last Erisichthon, deprived of means to procure food, devoured
+himself.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Stellio.]
+
+Another anecdote illustrating Ceres' power is told about a lad,
+Stellio, who made fun of the goddess when she was journeying, on
+account of the haste with which she disposed of a bowl of gruel
+offered by some charitable person. To punish the boy for his rudeness,
+Ceres flung the remainder of her gruel into his face, and changed him
+into a lizard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+VESTA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Vesta.]
+
+Vesta, or Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, goddess of fire and of
+the family hearth, and guardian angel of mankind, was worshiped
+principally throughout Italy, although she also had shrines in Greece
+and Asia Minor.
+
+The family hearth in ancient times possessed a far different
+signification from what it does now, and was considered the family
+altar, for there the father of the family was wont to offer up his
+daily prayers and sacrifices. "As, according to the old heathen
+custom, all men were regarded as enemies unless by a special compact
+they had been made friends, so Vesta presided especially over true and
+faithful dealing;" and she was therefore generally represented as pure
+and undefiled.
+
+A beautiful circular temple in Rome was dedicated to Vesta's service;
+and here the Palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved, together
+with the goddess's sacred fire, originally kindled by the rays of the
+sun.
+
+This fire--an emblem of the flame of life, which the ancients fancied
+was kept burning within each human breast by Vesta, the
+life-giver--was kept constantly burning, and never allowed to go out
+for want of fuel or timely care. Its flames were also intended to
+represent the purity of the goddess, who, although wooed by many
+lovers,--among whom Apollo and Neptune can justly claim the
+precedence,--remained always a virgin.
+
+  [Illustration: SCHOOL OF THE VESTAL VIRGINS.--Le Roux.]
+
+The Romans fancied that her worship had been introduced in Italy by
+Æneas, their famous ancestor, who brought thither his home gods, and
+who, according to tradition, selected the first Vestal Virgins.
+
+[Sidenote: Vestal Virgins.]
+
+The second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, built a beautiful temple, and
+instituted various religious ceremonies, in honor of Vesta. The
+loveliest and noblest among the Roman maidens were chosen to serve
+this goddess, and were known as Vestals, or Vestal Virgins. Admitted
+into the temple at the early age of six, they were compelled to serve
+ten years in fitting themselves to fulfill the duties they would be
+called upon to perform during the next decade as priestesses and
+guardians of the sacred fire. The last ten years were spent in
+instructing the novices; and, when their thirty-years' service was
+ended, they were at liberty either to continue in the temple, where
+they were treated with the greatest respect, or to leave it, and even
+marry, if such were their pleasure.
+
+During their time of servitude, they were expected to keep their vows
+of chastity and fidelity to their patroness, and to maintain her
+sacred fire, under penalty of being buried alive in a vaulted chamber,
+fashioned for this express purpose by Numa Pompilius's order. In turn,
+each of the priestesses watched the fire, renewed the fuel, and fanned
+the flame, nor lost sight of it night or day; for the Romans
+considered the extinction of this sacred flame the precursor of some
+great public calamity.
+
+The Vestals were, however, so pure and vigilant, that during one
+thousand years only eighteen failed to keep their vows satisfactorily,
+and suffered punishment. The Vestal Tuccia was accused of breach of
+faith, but, as proof of her purity, was given power to carry water in
+a sieve from the Tiber to the temple.
+
+  [Illustration: THE VESTAL TUCCIA.--Le Roux.]
+
+In return for the signal services the Vestals rendered to the state by
+maintaining this sacred fire, they enjoyed many privileges: among
+others, that of being preceded by a lictor with fasces when they
+walked abroad; of occupying the seats of honor in public ceremonies
+and festivities; of being buried within the city limits (a privilege
+granted to but very few); and of obtaining the pardon of criminals
+whom they met by accident on their way to the place of execution.
+Loved and greatly honored by all, the Vestals have become types of all
+things pure and lovely in woman.
+
+          "By these her trembling fires,
+    Like Vesta's, ever burning; and, like hers,
+    Sacred to thoughts immaculate and pure."
+
+                                      Young.
+
+The Vestal Virgins were further distinguished by a vesture of pure
+white linen, with a purple border and a wide purple mantle. In time of
+war or danger they were answerable for the preservation of the sacred
+fire, which they were allowed to remove to any place of safety; and on
+several occasions they therefore carried it out of Rome and down the
+Tiber, lest it should fall into the enemy's hands.
+
+The Vestals continued their office until the reign of Theodosius the
+Great, who, being converted to Christianity A.D. 380, abolished the
+worship of Vesta, dispersed the Vestals, and extinguished the sacred
+fire.
+
+[Sidenote: Festivals.]
+
+Vesta's services were held with great pomp; and her festivals, the
+Vestalia, were among the most beautiful and popular in Rome. Statues
+of this goddess--generally representing a woman of majestic beauty,
+clad in long robes, holding a lighted torch or lamp in one hand and a
+votive bowl in the other--were carried through the main streets of the
+city on all solemn occasions.
+
+In public processions the Vestals had the privilege of carrying their
+sacred fire; while the Roman matrons, glad to swell their ranks,
+followed them, barefooted, chanting the praises of the good goddess
+Vesta.
+
+        "And from the temple brings
+    Dread Vesta, with her holy things,
+    Her awful fillets, and the fire
+    Whose sacred embers ne'er expire."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+On these occasions great banquets were prepared before each house,
+all daily toil was suspended, the millstones were decked with flowers,
+and the very asses wont to turn them were covered with garlands and
+led in the processions.
+
+Among the Romans, Vesta was not the only goddess invoked on the family
+hearth, for she shared that place of honor with the Lares, Manes, and
+Penates, who all enjoyed special veneration and sacrifices.
+
+[Sidenote: Lares, Manes, and Penates.]
+
+The Lares, quite unknown to the Greeks, were two in number, the
+children of Mercury and Lara, a naiad famous for her beauty as well as
+for her extreme loquacity, which no one could check. Tradition relates
+that this fair maiden talked from morning till night, and told all she
+knew. Upon one occasion she incurred Jupiter's wrath by relating to
+Juno a conversation she had overheard between him and one of his
+numerous ladyloves.
+
+To punish her, and at the same time prevent further tale-bearing, the
+king of the gods cut off Lara's tongue, and, summoning Mercury, bade
+him lead her down to Hades to linger there forever. But on the way to
+the dismal abode of the dead, the messenger god fell in love with his
+fair charge, who, being now effectually cured of her sole fault, was
+irresistibly charming; and, instead of obeying Jupiter, he made love
+to her, and by pantomime obtained her consent to their union. She bore
+him two children, who from her were called Lares, and to whom the
+Romans always paid divine honors, reserving special places for them on
+the family hearth, for they were supposed to preside over houses and
+families. Their statues resembled monkeys covered with the skins of
+dogs; while at their feet a barking dog, the symbol of their care and
+vigilance, was always represented.
+
+The Manes--a name generally applied to souls when separated from the
+body--were also reckoned among the Roman divinities, and the
+illustrious ancestors of different families were often worshiped under
+this name.
+
+As for the Penates, they presided over the houses and domestic
+affairs. Each head of a household was wont to choose his own Penates,
+whom he then invoked as his special patrons. The statues of the
+Penates were of clay, wax, ivory, silver, or gold, according to the
+wealth of the family whose hearth they graced, and the offerings
+generally made to them were a small part of each meal.
+
+Upon removing from one house to another or from one place to another,
+it was customary for the head of the family to remove his household
+gods also, and establish them suitably before he thought of his own or
+his family's comfort, and in return for this kindly care the Penates
+blessed him with peace and prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+JANUS.
+
+
+Janus, god of the past, present, and future, of gates, entrances, war,
+and peace, and patron of all beginnings, although one of the most
+important of all the Roman divinities, was entirely unknown to the
+Greeks.
+
+According to some mythologists, he was the son of Apollo; and,
+although born in Thessaly, he early in life came to Italy, where he
+founded a city on the Tiber, to which he gave the name Janiculum. Here
+he was joined by the exiled Saturn, with whom he generously shared his
+throne. Together they civilized the wild inhabitants of Italy, and
+blessed them with such prosperity that their reign has often been
+called the Age of Gold.
+
+              "Saturn fled before victorious Jove,
+    Driven down and banish'd from the realms above.
+    He, by just laws, embodied all the train,
+    Who roam'd the hills, and drew them to the plain;
+    There fixed, and Latium called the new abode,
+    Whose friendly shores concealed the latent god.
+    These realms, in peace, the monarch long controlled,
+    And blessed the nations with an age of gold."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Janus' two faces.]
+
+Janus is generally represented with two faces, turned in opposite
+directions, because he was acquainted with the past and future as well
+as with the present, and because he is considered an emblem of the
+sun, which opens the day at its rising, and closes the day at its
+setting.
+
+In some statues he is represented with one white-haired and bearded
+face, and the other quite youthful in appearance, while others
+represent him with three and even four heads.
+
+    "Janus am I; oldest of potentates;
+      Forward I look, and backward, and below
+    I count, as god of avenues and gates,
+      The years that through my portals come and go.
+
+    "I block the roads and drift the fields with snow;
+      I chase the wild-fowl from the frozen fen;
+    My frosts congeal the rivers in their flow;
+      My fires light up the hearths and hearts of men."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+The commencement of every new year, month, and day was held sacred to
+Janus, and at that time special sacrifices and prayers were offered up
+at his shrines. He also presided over all gates and avenues, and
+through him alone prayers were supposed to reach the immortal gods:
+therefore in all religious ceremonies his name was always the first
+invoked. From this circumstance he often appears with a key in his
+right hand, and a rod in his left; or, when he presides over the year,
+he holds the number 300 in one hand, and 65 in the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Janus.]
+
+He was also supposed to watch over peace and war, and had numerous
+temples throughout all Italy. One very celebrated temple was called
+Janus Quadrifons, because it was perfectly square. On each side of the
+building there was one door and three windows. These apertures were
+all symbolical,--the doors of the four seasons, and the windows of the
+twelve months, of the year.
+
+In times of war the temple gates were opened wide, for the people,
+being in need of aid and comfort, were all anxious to enter and
+present their offerings; but when peace reigned, the doors were
+immediately closed, for the god's intercession was no longer
+necessary. The Romans, however, were such a belligerent people, that
+the temple gates were closed but thrice in more than seven centuries,
+and then only for a very short period.
+
+Festivals in honor of Janus were celebrated on the first day of the
+new year; and one month bore the god's name, and was considered sacred
+to him. It was customary for friends and relatives to exchange calls,
+good wishes, and gifts on the first day of this month,--a Roman custom
+in force to this day.
+
+[Sidenote: Ancient divisions of time.]
+
+Janus is not the only one among the Greek and Latin divinities whose
+name has been given to a part of the year or week; for in Latin the
+names of the days are _dies Solis_ (Sun day), _dies Lunæ_ (Moon day),
+_dies Martis_ (Mars' day), _dies Mercurii_ (Mercury's day), _dies
+Jovis_ (Jove's day), _dies Veneris_ (Venus' day), _dies Saturni_
+(Saturn's day); Latin names which are still in use in legislative and
+judiciary acts, while in English the common nomenclature is derived
+from the names of the corresponding Saxon divinities.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+SOMNUS AND MORS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Cave of sleep.]
+
+After leaving the joyless regions of Pluto's realm, and following the
+even course of the Lethe River, the ancients fancied one reached a
+large cave in a remote and quiet valley. This cave was the dwelling of
+Somnus (or Hupnos), god of sleep, and of his twin brother Mors (or
+Thanatos), god of death; and both were sons of the Goddess of Night,
+who had once ruled the whole universe. Near the entrance of the cave,
+shadowy forms kept constant watch, gently shaking great bunches of
+poppies, and, with finger to lips, enjoining silence on all who
+ventured near. These forms were the genii of sleep and death,
+represented in art as crowned with poppies or amaranths, and sometimes
+holding a funeral urn or a reversed torch.
+
+[Sidenote: Somnus and Morpheus.]
+
+The cave was divided into chambers, each one darker and more silent
+than the one which preceded it. In one of the inner rooms, which was
+all draped with sable curtains, stood a downy couch, upon which
+reclined the monarch of sleep. His garments were also black, but all
+strewn with golden stars. He wore a crown of poppies on his head, and
+held a goblet full of poppy juice in his languid hand. His drowsy head
+was supported by Morpheus, his prime minister, who watched incessantly
+over his prolonged slumbers, and hindered any one from troubling his
+repose.
+
+  [Illustration: GENIUS OF DEATH.--Canova. (Tomb of Clement XIII.;
+      St. Peter's, Rome.)]
+
+    "Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god:
+    Whose gloomy mansion nor the rising sun,
+    Nor setting, visits, nor the lightsome noon:
+    But lazy vapors round the region fly,
+    Perpetual twilight, and a doubtful sky;
+    No crowing cock does there his wings display,
+    Nor with his horny bill provoke the day:
+    Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,
+    Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace:
+    Nor beast of nature, nor the tame, are nigh,
+    Nor trees with tempest rock'd, nor human cry;
+    But safe repose, without an air of breath,
+    Dwells here, and a dumb quiet next to death.
+      An arm of Lethe, with a gentle flow,
+    Arising upwards from the rock below,
+    The palace moats, and o'er the pebbles creeps,
+    And with soft murmurs calls the coming sleeps;
+    Around its entry nodding poppies grow,
+    And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;
+    Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,
+    And passing, sheds it on the silent plains:
+    No door there was the unguarded house to keep,
+    On creaking hinges turn'd to break his sleep.
+      But in the gloomy court was rais'd a bed,
+    Stuff'd with black plumes, and on an ebon sted:
+    Black was the covering too, where lay the god,
+    And slept supine, his limbs display'd abroad.
+    About his head fantastic visions fly,
+    Which various images of things supply,
+    And mock their forms; the leaves on trees not more,
+    Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Dreams and Nightmares.]
+
+All around the bed and over it hovered throngs of exquisite spirits,
+the Dreams, who stooped to whisper their pleasant messages in his ear;
+while in the distant corners of the apartment lurked the hideous
+Nightmares. The Dreams were often dispatched to earth under Mercury's
+charge, to visit mortals.
+
+Two gates led out of the valley of sleep,--one of ivory, and the other
+of horn. The Dreams which passed through the glittering gates of ivory
+were delusive, while those which passed through the homely gate of
+horn were destined to come true in the course of time.
+
+    "Of dreams, O stranger, some are meaningless
+    And idle, and can never be fulfilled.
+    Two portals are there for their shadowy shapes,
+    Of ivory one, and one of horn. The dreams
+    That come through the carved ivory deceive
+    With promises that never are made good;
+    But those which pass the doors of polished horn,
+    And are beheld of men, are ever true."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Dreams were also frequently sent through the gates of horn to prepare
+mortals for misfortunes, as in the case of Halcyone.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Ceyx and Halcyone.]
+
+Ceyx, King of Thessaly, was once forced to part from his beloved wife,
+Halcyone, to travel off to Delphi to consult the oracle. With many
+tears this loving couple parted, and Halcyone watched the lessening
+sail until it had quite vanished from sight; then she returned to her
+palace to pray for her husband's safe return. But, alas! the gods had
+decreed they should never meet again on earth; and, even while
+Halcyone prayed, a tempest arose which wrecked Ceyx's vessel, and
+caused him and all his crew to perish in the seething waves.
+
+Day after day the queen hastened down to the seashore, followed by her
+attendants, to watch for the returning sails of her husband's vessel;
+and night after night she lay on her couch, anxiously expecting the
+morrow, which she ever fancied would prove auspicious. The gods,
+seeing her anxiety, and wishing to prepare her to receive the news of
+his death, and especially to view with some composure his corpse,
+which they had decided should be washed ashore, sent a Dream to visit
+her.
+
+After assuming the face and form of Ceyx, the Dream glided away
+through the gate of horn, hastened to Halcyone's bedside, and
+whispered that her husband was dead, and that his body was even now
+being cast up on the smooth, sandy beach by the salt sea waves. With a
+wild cry of terror and grief, Halcyone awoke, and hastened to the
+seashore to convince herself that the dream had been false; but she
+had no sooner reached the beach, than the waves washed her husband's
+corpse to her feet.
+
+To endure life without him seemed too great a task for poor Halcyone,
+who immediately cast herself into the sea, to perish beside him.
+Touched by grief so real and intense, the gods changed both bodies
+into birds, since known as Halcyon birds, and decreed they should ever
+live on the waters. These birds were said to build their nests and
+hatch their young on the heaving billows, and to utter shrill cries of
+warning to the seamen whenever a storm threatened, bidding them
+prepare for the blast, and hasten to shelter in port, if they would
+not encounter the mournful fate of poor Ceyx.
+
+[Sidenote: Mors.]
+
+Mors, god of death, occupied one of the corners of Somnus' cave. He
+was a hideous, cadaverous-looking deity, clad in a winding sheet, and
+held an hourglass and a scythe in his hand. His hollow eyes were fixed
+upon the sands of time; and when they had run out, he knew some life
+was about to end, and sallied forth, scythe in hand, to mow down his
+prey with relentless joy.
+
+Needless to say, this cruel deity was viewed by the ancients with fear
+and dislike, and no homage was offered him.
+
+These two divinities were, however, but of slight importance in the
+general scheme of ancient mythology, in which Proserpina was generally
+regarded as the emblem of death, and they were therefore more like
+local divinities. The Lacedæmonians paid the most heed to them, and
+invariably placed their statues side by side.
+
+[Sidenote: Morpheus.]
+
+As for Morpheus, the son as well as the prime minister of Somnus, he
+was also called the god of sleep, and mortals were wont to intercede
+for his good offices. He is generally represented as a sleeping child
+of great corpulence, and with wings. Morpheus held a vase in one hand,
+and poppies in the other, which he gently shook to induce a state of
+drowsiness,--according to him, the acme of bliss.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ÆOLUS.
+
+
+Not very far away from the quiet realm of Somnus and Mors, but on the
+surface of the earth, were the Æolian Islands, now known as the Lipari
+Islands, where Æolus, god of the storm and winds, governed a very
+unruly and turbulent population.
+
+He is said to have received his royal dignity from the fair hands of
+Juno, and he was therefore specially eager to obey all her behests. He
+is commonly reputed to have married Aurora, or Eos, who gave him six
+sons i.e., Boreas, the north wind; Corus, the northwest wind; Aquilo,
+the west wind; Notus, the southwest wind; Eurus, the east wind; and
+lastly, Zephyrus, the gentle and lovable south wind, whose mission it
+was to announce to mortals the return of ever-welcome spring.
+
+[Sidenote: Æolus' children.]
+
+Æolus' five elder sons were of a noisy, roving, mischievous, turbulent
+disposition, and peace and quiet were utterly impossible to them. To
+prevent their causing serious disasters, he therefore ruled them with
+a very strict hand, kept them very closely confined in a great cave,
+and let them loose only one at a time, to stretch their limbs and take
+a little exercise.
+
+        "Æolus in a cavern vast
+    With bolt and barrier fetters fast
+    Rebellious storm and howling blast.
+    They with the rock's reverberant roar
+    Chafe blustering round their prison door
+    He, throned on high, the scepter sways,
+    Controls their moods, their wrath allays."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Although very unruly indeed, the winds always obeyed their father's
+voice, and at his command, however reluctant, returned to their gloomy
+prison, where they expended their impotent rage in trying to shake its
+strong walls.
+
+According to his own mood, or in conformity with the gods' request,
+Æolus either sent the gentler winds to play among the flowers, or,
+recalling them, let the fiercest of all his children free, with orders
+to pile up the waves mountain-high, lash them to foam, tear the sails
+of all the vessels at sea, break their masts, uproot the trees, tear
+the roofs off the houses, etc.,--in short, to do all the harm they
+possibly could.
+
+    "Now rising all at once, and unconfin'd,
+    From every quarter roars the rushing wind:
+    First, from the wide Atlantic Ocean's bed,
+    Tempestuous Corus rears his dreadful head,
+    Th' obedient deep his potent breath controls,
+    And, mountain-high, the foamy flood he rolls;
+    Him the Northeast encountering fierce, defied,
+    And back rebuffeted the yielding tide.
+    The curling surges loud conflicting meet,
+    Dash their proud heads, and bellow as they beat;
+    While piercing Boreas, from the Scythian strand,
+    Plows up the waves and scoops the lowest sand.
+    Nor Eurus then, I ween, was left to dwell,
+    Nor showery Notus in th' Æolian cell,
+    But each from every side, his power to boast,
+    Ranged his proud forces to defend the coast."
+
+                                      Lucan.
+
+Æolus, king of the winds, shared with Dædalus the honor of inventing
+the sails which propel the ships so swiftly over the tide. It was he,
+too, who, according to Homer, bound all his children but one in a
+leather bag, which he gave to Ulysses when the latter visited Æolia.
+Thanks to this gift, Ulysses reached the shores of Ithaca, and would
+have landed in safety, had not his men, in view of port, untied the
+sack to investigate its contents, and thus set free the angry winds,
+who stirred up the most frightful tempest in mythic annals.
+
+[Sidenote: Temple of Æolus.]
+
+The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular attention
+to the winds, to whom they dedicated a temple, which is still extant,
+and generally known as the Tower of the Winds, or the Temple of Æolus.
+This temple is hexagonal, and on each side a flying figure of one of
+the winds is represented.
+
+Eurus, the east wind, was generally depicted "as a young man flying
+with great impetuosity, and often appearing in a playful and wanton
+humor." Notus, or Auster, the southwest wind, "appeared generally as
+an old man, with gray hair, a gloomy countenance, a head covered with
+clouds, a sable vesture, and dusky wings," for he was considered the
+dispenser of rain and of all sudden and heavy showers. Zephyrus, mild
+and gentle, had a lapful of flowers, and, according to the Athenian
+belief, was wedded to Flora, with whom he was perfectly happy, and
+visited every land in turn. Corus, the northwest wind, drove clouds of
+snow before him; while Aquilo, dreadful in appearance, caused cold
+shivers to run down one's back at his mere sight. Boreas, rough and
+shivering too, was the father of rain, snow, hail, and tempests, and
+was therefore generally represented as veiled in impenetrable clouds.
+His favorite place of abode was in the Hyperborean Mountains, from
+whence he sallied forth on wild raids. During one of these excursions
+he carried off Orithyia, who always fled at his approach. But all her
+fleetness could not save her: she was overtaken, and borne away to the
+inaccessible regions of snow and ice, where he detained her, and made
+her his wife. She became the mother of Zetes and Calais,--who took
+part in the Argonautic expedition, and drove away the Harpies (p.
+267),--and of two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione.
+
+On another occasion, Boreas, having changed himself into a horse and
+united himself to the mares of Dardanus, King of Troy, became the
+father of twelve steeds so swift that none could overtake them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+HERCULES.
+
+      "Unto this thy son it shall be given,
+    With his broad heart to win his way to heaven;
+    Twelve labors shall he work; and all accurst
+    And brutal things o'erthrow, brute men the worst;
+    And in Trachinia shall the funeral pyre
+    Purge his mortalities away with fire;
+    And he shall mount amid the stars, and be
+    Acknowledg'd kin to those who envied thee,
+    And sent these den-born shapes to crush his destiny."
+
+                    Theocritus (Hunt's tr.).
+
+
+The ancients were not content to worship the gods only, but also
+offered up sacrifices to a few mortals, who, by their heroic deeds and
+virtuous lives, had won both admiration and respect. Foremost among
+these heroes--generally designated by the title of demigods--is
+Hercules (Heracles, Alcides), son of Jupiter and Alcmene, a mortal
+princess.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno persecutes Hercules.]
+
+As soon as the tidings of Hercules' birth reached Olympus, Juno began
+to plot how to destroy her rival's child. Two colossal serpents with
+poisonous fangs were therefore dispatched by her orders to attack the
+babe in its cradle. The monsters crept along noiselessly, entered the
+palace unseen, twined themselves around the cradle, and were about to
+crush the child to death in their folds, when, to the utter
+astonishment of the helpless attendants, little Hercules caught them
+fast by the neck in each tiny hand and strangled them, thus giving the
+first proof of the marvelous strength which was to make him famous.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AN INFANT. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+    "First two dread Snakes at Juno's vengeful nod
+    Climb'd round the cradle of the sleeping God;
+    Waked by the shrilling hiss, and rustling sound,
+    And shrieks of fair attendants trembling round,
+    Their gasping throats with clenching hands he holds;
+    And Death untwists their convoluted folds."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+When Juno perceived how easily Hercules had escaped from the danger
+which threatened him, she deemed it useless to make another attempt to
+take his life, but decided to vex his proud spirit by inflicting many
+petty annoyances, and to prevent his enjoying any lasting peace or
+happiness.
+
+To achieve this purpose, she first extorted from Jupiter a decree that
+condemned Hercules to serve his cousin Eurystheus--a mean and cowardly
+prince who ruled over the kingdom of Argos--for a certain number of
+years.
+
+Hercules' education was carefully attended to by Chiron, a learned
+Centaur, who taught him how to use all the different weapons, and
+trained him in all kinds of athletic sports. The years passed by
+happily and swiftly, until at last the time came when Hercules'
+education was completed, and the whole world lay before him, full of
+pleasant possibilities, and rich with many attractions.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' choice.]
+
+The youthful hero, dismissed by his instructor, now set out to seek
+his fortunes. He had not gone very far, however, before he met two
+beautiful women, who immediately entered into conversation with him,
+and drew from him a confession that he was in search of adventures.
+The women, Arete (Virtue) and Kakia (Vice), each offered to be his
+guide, but bade him choose which he preferred to follow.
+
+Kakia, to induce him to follow her guidance, promised riches, ease,
+consideration, and love; while Arete, a modest maiden, warned him that
+in her wake he would be obliged to wage incessant war against evil, to
+endure hardships without number, and spend his days in toil and
+poverty.
+
+Silently Hercules pondered for a while over these two so dissimilar
+offers, and then, mindful of his tutor's oft-repeated instructions,
+rose from his seat by the wayside, and, turning to Arete, declared
+himself ready to obey any command she might choose to give him.
+
+              "Young Hercules with firm disdain
+    Braved the soft smiles of Pleasure's harlot train;
+    To valiant toils his forceful limbs assign'd,
+    And gave to Virtue all his mighty mind."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+Courageously he then trod along the rough and thorny path she pointed
+out, and patiently performed the various tasks she assigned him,
+delivering the oppressed, defending the weak, and redressing all
+wrongs.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' madness.]
+
+In reward for these good actions he received the hand of Megara,
+daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, in marriage, and by her had three
+children, whom he tenderly loved. But Juno was not at all satisfied to
+see him leading such a peaceful and prosperous life, and to interrupt
+its even course drove the hero mad.
+
+In a fit of delirium he threw his offspring into the fire, and, we are
+told, slew his dearly beloved wife. Then only he recovered his senses,
+and suffered agonies of sorrow and remorse for the terrible crimes he
+had unwittingly committed. In his grief he withdrew to the mountain
+solitudes, where he would probably have lingered all the remainder of
+his life, had not Mercury come to get him, and announced that he was
+to serve Eurystheus, King of Argos, for a twelvemonth.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules in servitude.]
+
+The messenger god then offered to lead him to his appointed
+taskmaster. But when Hercules learned he was doomed to be a slave, he
+fell into such a passion, that he nearly lost his reason again; and
+instead of killing noxious beasts, and winning the people's blessings
+by his deeds of kindness, he wandered about stupidly and aimlessly,
+until he finally perceived how vain was his attempt to struggle
+against fate, and urged by his chosen adviser, Arete, voluntarily
+offered his services to Eurystheus, who informed him that he must
+accomplish twelve great labors ere he could again be free.
+
+[Sidenote: Nemean lion.]
+
+Eager to begin the appointed tasks, Hercules set out first to find and
+destroy a monstrous lion, whose den was in the Nemean Forest. Far and
+wide, throughout the whole neighborhood, this monster committed his
+depredations, carrying off cattle and sheep, men, women, and children,
+to devour at his ease. All warned Hercules of the danger and
+difficulty of the undertaking, described the failure of countless
+previous attempts to slay the monster, and prophesied that he would
+never return alive. The hero would not be dissuaded, but entered the
+forest, tracked the lion to his den, grasped him by the throat, and
+strangled him as he had strangled the snakes in his infancy. He then
+skinned the monster, whose shaggy pelt became his favorite covering.
+
+    "So from Nemea's den Alcides strode,
+    The lion's yellow spoil around his shoulders flow'd."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Hydra of Lerna.]
+
+On his return to Argos to report the successful termination of his
+first task, Hercules was told to repair to the marshes of Lerna, where
+lurked a seven-headed serpent, the Hydra, and put an end to its career
+of rapacity, for this snake devoured man and beast. Armed with a great
+sword, Hercules succeeded in cutting off one of the seven heads; but
+he had no sooner done so, than, to his dismay, he saw seven other
+heads suddenly spring from the bleeding stump. To prevent a repetition
+of this unpleasant miracle, Hercules bade his friend Iolaus, who had
+accompanied him thither to view his prowess, take a lighted brand and
+sear the wounds as soon as inflicted. Thanks to this wise plan, the
+monster was finally slain, although a friendly crab sent by Juno to
+defend Hydra continually pinched Hercules' feet. The hero, angry at
+this intervention, crushed the crab, which, however, received its
+reward, for the Queen of Heaven placed it in the sky as the
+constellation of Cancer (the Crab). The country was thus freed from
+its long state of thraldom; but, before leaving the scene of his
+second labor, Hercules dipped his arrows in the Hydra's venomous
+blood, knowing well that any wound they inflicted, however slight,
+would be sure to prove fatal.
+
+[Sidenote: Stag of Cerynea.]
+
+The third task appointed by Eurystheus was the capture of the
+golden-horned, brazen-footed stag of Cerynea, whose fleetness was such
+that he seemed scarcely to touch the ground. Hercules was obliged to
+pursue this animal for many a weary mile before he could overtake him;
+and he only managed the capture by driving him into a deep snowdrift,
+in a distant northern land, from which he extricated him, and carried
+him home in triumph.
+
+[Sidenote: Erymanthian boar.]
+
+The same success crowned his fourth labor, the capture of the wild
+boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia. Attacked by the Centaurs during the
+performance of this labor, Hercules turned his deadly arrows upon
+them, and accidentally wounded his beloved tutor Chiron, who was
+coming to settle the dispute. Vainly the hero applied every healing
+herb. The wound was mortal, and Chiron died; but in reward for his
+good offices the gods transferred him to the sky, where he is known as
+the constellation Sagittarius.
+
+[Sidenote: Augean stables.]
+
+Hercules was next sent to Augeas, King of Elis, who had immense droves
+of cattle. The stables usually occupied by these animals were in an
+incredibly filthy state, as they had not been cleaned in years; and
+now Hercules was given the task to remove the accumulated filth, and
+make a complete purification of the premises.
+
+Close by these stables rushed a torrent, or rather a river, the
+Alpheus. Hercules, with one glance, saw the use he could make of this
+rushing stream, which he dammed and turned aside from its course, so
+that the waters passed directly through the stables, carrying away all
+impurities, and finally washing them perfectly clean.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AND CENTAUR.--Bologna. (Florence.)]
+
+                    "Nothing else
+    Could clean the Augean stables."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+When Hercules saw that the work of purification was thoroughly
+accomplished, he guided the stream back to its original bed, and
+returned home to announce that the fifth labor was accomplished. The
+fabulous filth of the Augean stables, and the radical methods employed
+for their cleansing, have given rise to proverbial expressions still
+in current use.
+
+[Sidenote: Cretan bull.]
+
+Hercules next journeyed off to Crete to accomplish his sixth task, the
+capture of a mad bull given by Neptune to Minos, king of the island.
+The god had sent the animal with directions that he should be offered
+up in sacrifice; but Minos, charmed with his unusual size and beauty,
+resolved to keep him, and substituted a bull from his own herds for
+the religious ceremony.
+
+Angry at seeing his express command so wantonly disobeyed, Neptune
+maddened the bull, which rushed wildly all over the island, causing
+great damage. This was the animal that Hercules, with his usual
+strength and skill, caught and bound fast, thus finishing the sixth
+task.
+
+[Sidenote: Diomedes' steeds.]
+
+He then hastened on to Thrace, where Diomedes, the king, kept some
+fine coursers, which were fed on human flesh. In order to obtain a
+sufficient supply of fresh meat for his horses, Diomedes had decreed
+that all strangers who ventured into his kingdom should be seized,
+and, when sufficiently fat, executed, and served up in his horses'
+mangers. To punish Diomedes for this long-continued barbarity,
+Hercules fed him to his own horses, which were then led off to
+Eurystheus, as a token that the seventh labor was done.
+
+[Sidenote: Hippolyte's girdle.]
+
+Now, at the court of Eurystheus was his beautiful daughter, Admete, a
+vain princess, who delighted in dress and jewels, and who was never
+happier than when she obtained some new ornament or article of
+apparel. One day Admete heard a traveler describe a girdle worn by
+Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, and was immediately seized by the
+desire to possess the ornament.
+
+She imparted this wish to Eurystheus, who, delighted to gratify her as
+long as he could do so without taking any personal risk or trouble,
+sent Hercules in quest of the coveted jewel. The journey to the land
+of the Amazons--a fierce, warlike nation of women--was long and
+dangerous; but Hercules traveled on undaunted, nor paused, except when
+his services were needed in furthering some good work for mortals,
+until he reached their land, presented himself before their queen, and
+boldly explained the cause of his presence. Hippolyte listened to his
+explanation and request with queenly condescension, promised to
+consider the matter, and in the mean while bade him feast and rest in
+her palace.
+
+Hercules would have succeeded in this undertaking without any trouble,
+had not Juno suddenly remembered his existence, and resolved to
+continue her never entirely forgotten persecutions. In the guise of an
+Amazon, she mingled among the women, and artfully spread the report
+that Hercules had really come to kidnap their queen, and that the
+pretended quest of the girdle was a mere excuse, and only intended to
+distract their attention from his real purpose. The Amazons yielded
+implicit belief to these rumors, flew to arms, and surrounded their
+queen.
+
+    "The Amazons array their ranks,
+    In painted arms of radiant sheen
+    Around Hippolyte the queen."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+The assembled force then attacked Hercules, who met their onslaught
+single-handed, defeated them, and finally bore away the prize he had
+risked so much to obtain. It was on his homeward journey from this
+expedition that he saved Hesione, Laomedon's daughter, from the jaws
+of the sea monster who was about to devour her, as he had devoured
+many a fair Trojan maid before her (p. 152).
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNTED AMAZON GOING TO THE CHASE.--Thorwaldsen.
+      (Copenhagen.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Stymphalian birds.]
+
+Eurystheus, well pleased with the manner in which Hercules had
+accomplished eight out of the twelve tasks, bade him now go forth and
+slay the dangerous, brazen-clawed birds which hovered over the
+stagnant waters of Lake Stymphalus. The poisoned arrows now served him
+in good stead, and enabled him to put a speedy end to the whole flock.
+
+                          "His arrows slew
+    The monsters hov'ring fell Stymphalus round."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Cattle of Geryones.]
+
+Hercules was next told to capture the divine cattle of Geryones, a
+giant of Erythea. On his way home with this marvelous herd, Hercules
+paused on Mount Aventine, where, during the night, the loathsome giant
+Cacus stole some of his cows. To punish him for this theft, Hercules
+forced his way into his cave, attacked him, and, after a memorable
+encounter, slew him. The animals were soon after delivered into the
+hands of Eurystheus, who then sent Hercules in search of the Golden
+Apples of the Hesperides.
+
+[Sidenote: Hesperian apples.]
+
+This commission sadly perplexed Hercules, for he did not know in what
+portion of the world he would find these apples, which had been given
+to Juno as a wedding present, and which she had intrusted to the care
+of the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, god of the West. After
+numerous journeys and many inquiries, Hercules discovered that these
+maidens had carried these apples off to Africa, hung them on a tree in
+their garden, and placed the dragon Ladon at its foot to guard their
+treasures night and day. Unfortunately, no one could tell Hercules in
+what part of Africa the garden of the Hesperides might be situated: so
+he set out at a venture, determined to travel about until he gained
+some information. On his way he met with many adventures, and saw many
+strange sights. For instance, he first met the nymphs of the Eridanus
+River, and, questioning them about the golden apples, was told to
+consult old Nereus, god of the sea, who would probably be able to give
+him some information on the subject.
+
+Hercules, having surprised this aged divinity while asleep on the
+seashore, held him fast, in spite of the multitudinous transformations
+he underwent in the vain hope of frightening his would-be interlocutor
+away. In answer to Hercules' question, he finally very reluctantly
+bade him seek Prometheus, who alone would be able to direct him
+aright.
+
+In obedience to this advice, Hercules went to the Caucasian Mountains,
+where, on the brink of a mighty precipice, he found Prometheus, still
+bound with adamantine chains, and still a prey to the ravenous vulture
+(p. 28). To spring up the mountain side, kill the cruel bird, snap the
+adamantine chains, and set free the benefactor of all mankind, was the
+work of but a few minutes for such a hero as Hercules; and, in
+gratitude for the deliverance he had so long sought in vain,
+Prometheus directed Hercules to his brother Atlas, telling him he
+would be sure to know where the apples could be found.
+
+[Sidenote: Pygmies.]
+
+Hercules wended his way to Africa, where Atlas dwelt, and on his way
+passed through the land of a diminutive race of men, called Pygmies,
+who were so small that they lived in constant dread of their
+neighbors, so much larger and stronger than they, and of the cranes,
+which passed over their country in great flocks, and sometimes
+alighted to devour their harvests.
+
+To guard against these constant inroads, the Pygmies finally accepted
+the services of Antæus, a giant son of Gæa, who generously offered to
+defend them against all their enemies. When these little people,
+therefore, saw Hercules' mighty form looming up in the dim distance,
+they called aloud for fear, and bade Antæus go forth and kill the new
+invader, who, they wrongly fancied, had evil designs against them.
+
+Proud of his strength, Antæus went to meet Hercules, and defied him. A
+fierce struggle was the immediate result of this challenge, and, as
+the combatants were of equal size and strength, the victory seemed
+very uncertain. At last Hercules felt his great strength begin to
+fail, and noticed that every time his adversary touched the ground he
+seemed to renew his vigor. He therefore resolved to try and win by
+strategy, and, watching his opportunity, seized Antæus round the
+waist, raised him from the ground, and held him aloft in his powerful
+embrace.
+
+The giant struggled with all his might to get free; but Hercules held
+him fast, and felt him grow weaker and weaker, now that he was no
+longer sustained by his mother Earth, from whom he derived all his
+strength, until at last his struggles ceased, and he hung limp and
+lifeless in Hercules' crushing embrace.
+
+    "Lifts proud Antæus from his mother-plains,
+    And with strong grasp the struggling giant strains;
+    Back falls his fainting head and clammy hair,
+    Writhe his weak limbs, and flits his life in air."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: Atlas.]
+
+Now that the gigantic defender of the Pygmies no longer blocked his
+way, Hercules traveled onward in search of Atlas, whom he finally
+found supporting the heavens on his broad shoulders. Atlas listened
+attentively to all Hercules had to say, declared he knew where the
+apples could be found, and promised to get them if the hero would only
+relieve him of his burden for a little while. Glad to accomplish his
+purpose so easily, Hercules allowed the burden of the heavens to be
+transferred to his shoulders, and Atlas hastened off to fulfill his
+part of the agreement.
+
+From afar the giant saw the golden fruit glittering in the sunshine.
+Stealthily he drew near, entered the gardens, slew the dragon in his
+sleep, plucked the apples, and returned unmolested to the place where
+he had left Hercules. But his steps became slower and slower; and as
+he neared the hero, he could not help thinking with horror of the
+burden he must so soon resume, and bear for centuries, perhaps,
+without relief.
+
+This thought oppressed him. Freedom was so sweet, that he resolved to
+keep it, and, coolly stepping up to Hercules, announced that he would
+carry the golden apples to Eurystheus, and leave him to support the
+heavens in his stead. Feigning a satisfaction which he was very far
+from feeling, Hercules acquiesced, but detained Atlas for a moment,
+asking him to hold the heavens until he could place a cushion on his
+shoulders. Good-natured, as giants proverbially are, Atlas threw the
+apples on the grass beside him, and assumed the incumbent weight; but
+Hercules, instead of preparing to resume it, picked up the apples,
+leaving Atlas alone, in the same plight as he had found him, there to
+remain until some more compassionate hero should come and set him
+free.
+
+    "There Atlas, son of great Iapetus,
+    With head inclined and ever-during arms,
+    Sustains the spacious heavens."
+
+                                     Hesiod.
+
+It was during the course of one of his mighty labors, that Hercules,
+with one wrench of his powerful arm, tore a cleft in the mountains,
+and allowed the waters of the Sea to flow into Oceanus; and ever
+since, the rocks on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar have borne
+the name of Hercules' Pillars.
+
+The twelfth and last task appointed by Eurystheus was the most
+difficult of all to perform. Hercules was commanded to descend into
+Hades and bring up the dog Cerberus, securely bound.
+
+    "But for the last, to Pluto's drear abode
+    Through the dark jaws of Tænarus he went,
+    To drag the triple-headed dog to light."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+This command, like all the others, was speedily obeyed; but Eurystheus
+was so terrified at the aspect of the triple-headed dog, from the foam
+of whose dripping jaws the nightshade sprang, that he took refuge in a
+huge jar, and refused to come out until Hercules had carried the
+monster back to his cave.
+
+[Sidenote: Olympian Games.]
+
+The twelve appointed labors were finished; the time of bondage was
+ended; and Hercules, a free man, could wander at his own sweet will,
+and enjoy the happiness of freedom. A roaming existence had, from
+force of habit, become a necessity: so the hero first journeyed to
+Olympia, where he instituted games to be celebrated every fifth year
+in honor of Jupiter, his father. Thence he wandered from place to
+place, doing good, and came to the house of Admetus, where he was
+surprised to find all the court in mourning.
+
+His sympathetic inquiries soon brought forth a full account of
+Alcestis' sacrifice of her own life to insure the immortality of her
+husband (p. 65). The hero's heart was touched by the king's
+loneliness; and he again braved the terrors of Hades, and brought
+Alcestis back from the grave, and restored her to her husband's arms.
+
+Hercules took a prominent part in many heroic enterprises. Among
+others, he joined in the Argonautic expedition (p. 266), in the battle
+between the Centaurs and Lapithæ (p. 260), in the war of the gods and
+giants, and in the first siege of Troy (p. 152), which proved
+successful.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules and Omphale.]
+
+But the hero, although so lately escaped from servitude, was soon
+obliged to return into bondage; for in a fit of anger he slew a man,
+and was condemned by the assembled gods to serve Omphale, Queen of
+Lydia, for a certain lapse of time.
+
+No great deeds were now required of Hercules, whose strength was
+derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily by his
+admiration for her, made him submit to occupations unworthy of a man,
+and, while he was busy spinning, decked herself in his lion's skin,
+and brandished his renowned club.
+
+    "His lion spoils the laughing Fair demands,
+    And gives the distaff to his awkward hands."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AT THE FEET OF OMPHALE.--Gleyre.]
+
+However unworthy these effeminate tasks may seem for such a hero, they
+proved very agreeable indeed to Hercules, who, having fallen in love
+with his new mistress, seemed to wish nothing better than to remain
+her slave forever, and end his days in idleness and pleasure. Great
+labors were awaiting his mighty arm, however; and the gods, at the
+appointed time, freed him from his bondage to the Lydian queen, and
+bade him go forth and do all the good in his power.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules and Deianeira]
+
+In the course of his wanderings, Hercules next met Deianeira, daughter
+of Oeneus, and, having fallen in love with her, expressed a desire to
+marry her. But unfortunately another suitor, the river god Achelous,
+had already won the father's consent.
+
+                      "Achelous came,
+    The river god, to ask a father's voice,
+    And snatched me to his arms."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+So sure was this suitor of his attractions, that he did not even deem
+it necessary to secure the maiden's good graces; and when Hercules
+made known his love, she immediately promised to marry him, if he
+would only free her from the lover her father would fain force upon
+her. Delighted to be able to win his bride and punish his rival at the
+same time, Hercules challenged Achelous; and now began a wrestling
+match, the fame of which has come down to us through all the
+intervening centuries.
+
+Achelous was an opponent worthy of Hercules, and, besides, took
+advantage of his power to change his form at will, further to perplex
+and harass the sturdy hero. At last he assumed the shape of a bull,
+and with lowered horns rushed toward Hercules, intending to toss him
+aside. The hero, skillfully avoiding his first onset, seized him by
+one of his great thickset horns, and held it so firmly that all the
+bull's efforts to free himself from his powerful grasp were vain,
+until the horn broke.
+
+The Goddess of Plenty, the Attican Fortuna, a witness of this strange
+combat, appropriated the broken horn, stuffed her treasures in its
+hollow, and was so well pleased with the effect, that she decreed it
+should henceforth be one of her attributes. The fight, only
+temporarily suspended, was now resumed with redoubled ardor, for each
+of the lovers was intent upon winning the hand of the fair Deianeira.
+
+  [Illustration: FORTUNA. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+    "Warm, and more warm the conflict grows:
+    Dire was the noise of rattling bows,
+    Of front to front opposed, and hand to hand:
+    Deep was the animated strife
+    For love, for conquest, and for life."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+The victory, though long uncertain, finally rested with Hercules, who
+triumphantly departed with his hard-won bride, for his destiny would
+not permit him to tarry long in any place. Instead of wandering alone
+now, with none to cheer or sympathize, Hercules had Deianeira ever at
+his side; and after many days they came to the river Evenus, whose
+usually shallow and peaceful waters were swollen and turbid, for
+violent rainstorms had recently swept over that portion of the
+country.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Nessus.]
+
+Hercules paused for a moment to contemplate the stream, and glanced
+about for some safe mode to transport Deianeira across. While he was
+thus considering, a Centaur by the name of Nessus came to his
+assistance, and proposed to carry the fair young bride to the other
+shore in complete safety, if she would but consent to mount upon his
+broad back.
+
+    "The hoary centaur, who was wont for hire
+    To bear the traveler o'er the rapid flood
+    Of deep Evenus: not with oars or sail
+    He stemm'd the torrent, but with nervous arm
+    Opposed and pass'd it; me, when first a bride,
+    I left my father's hospitable roof
+    With my Alcides, in his arms he bore
+    Athwart the current."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Hercules, only too glad to avail himself of the Centaur's kind offer
+of assistance, quickly helped Deianeira to mount, saw them descend
+into the water, and prepared to follow, holding his bow and arrows
+aloft in one hand, and breasting the waves with the other.
+
+Now, the Centaur Nessus did not often have the good fortune to carry
+such a pretty passenger as Deianeira over the river, and as he swam he
+made up his mind to gallop off with her as soon as he reached the
+opposite shore. All his strength and energy, therefore, were called
+into requisition; and when he reached the shore, instead of pausing to
+allow his fair burden to dismount, he set off as fast as he could run.
+
+[Sidenote: Nessus' robe.]
+
+A loud shriek from Deianeira attracted Hercules' attention, and a
+second later one of his poisoned arrows had brought the would-be
+ravisher to the ground, pierced through the heart. With dying accents
+the Centaur Nessus professed repentance, and bade Deianeira take his
+robe,--but slightly stained with the blood which gushed from the wound
+inflicted by the poisoned arrow,--and keep it carefully, for it had
+magic power; and if she ever found her husband's love waning, he
+assured her, that, could she but induce him to put it on, all his
+early affection would revive, as pure and fervent as during their
+honeymoon.
+
+                                    "'Take
+    This white robe. It is costly. See, my blood
+    Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:
+    I know it, and repent me. If there come
+    A time when he grows cold--for all the race
+    Of heroes wander, nor can any love
+    Fix theirs for long--take it and wrap him in it,
+    And he shall love again.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Deianeira gratefully accepted the proffered gift, and promised to
+treasure it up carefully, although she sincerely hoped she would never
+be called upon to make use of it. Years passed by. Hercules often left
+Deianeira to deliver the oppressed and relieve the suffering, for
+people came from great distances to ask for his aid; and although his
+absences were sometimes prolonged, he always returned to her side, as
+loving as ever, and she had no cause for complaint. Finally duty took
+him back to the court of Eurytus, where he beheld Iole, whom he had
+seen and loved in the beginning of his career, but whom he had been
+obliged to leave to fulfill his arduous tasks. She was still young
+and charming, and his first glance into her sweet face rekindled all
+his former passion. Day after day he lingered by her side, forgetful
+of duty, Deianeira, and all but his first dream of love and happiness.
+When absent, Deianeira was wont to hear rumors of his heroic
+achievements; but on this occasion the only report which reached her
+ear was that he had returned to his allegiance to his first love, and
+this roused her jealousy, so long dormant.
+
+[Sidenote: Deianeira's jealousy.]
+
+Finally she heard that Hercules was wending his way homeward again,
+and her heart bounded with joy, but only to sink more heavily when
+told that he was accompanied by Iole and a numerous train. Then she
+remembered the long-forgotten gift of the Centaur. With trembling
+hands she sought the glittering robe, gave it to a messenger, and bade
+him hasten to meet Hercules, and prevail upon him to wear it for his
+triumphant return. The messenger, Lichas, hastened to do her bidding,
+and Deianeira waited with fast-beating heart for the success of her
+venture.
+
+    "I only wish the charm may be of power
+    To win Alcides from this virgin's love,
+    And bring him back to Deianeira's arms."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Lichas acquitted himself faithfully of his errand; and Hercules,
+viewing the costly garment, and anxious to appear to his best
+advantage before the bright eyes of Iole, immediately donned the
+richly embroidered robe.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' death.]
+
+He had no sooner put it on, than the Centaur's poisoned blood began
+its deadly work. First he experienced a burning, stinging sensation,
+which ran like fire through every vein. Vainly he tried to tear off
+the fatal garment. It clung to his limbs, and the poison ate its way
+into his flesh, until the pain was greater than he could bear.
+
+  [Illustration: FARNESE HERCULES. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+In his rage at the trick which had been played upon him, he seized
+Lichas--the unfortunate bearer of the poisoned robe--by the foot,
+and flung him from the heights of Mount Oeta down into the sea, where
+he perished.
+
+    "And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw
+    Into th' Euboic Sea."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+Then, resolved to end these unendurable torments by a death worthy of
+his whole life, Hercules called his servants, and bade them build his
+funeral pyre on the mountain peak; but they, in tears, refused to
+obey, for they could not bear the thought of parting with their
+beloved master. Commands and entreaties alike failed to move them: so
+Hercules climbed up the mountain side alone, tore up the huge oaks by
+their roots, flung them one upon the other until he had raised a
+mighty pile, upon which he stretched his colossal, pain-racked limbs,
+and bade his friend Philoctetes set fire to the stupendous mass.
+
+At first Philoctetes also refused to do his bidding; but, bribed by
+the promise of the world-renowned poisoned arrows, he finally
+consented to do as Hercules wished, and the red flames rose higher and
+higher, the wood crackled and burned, and the hero was soon enveloped
+in sheets of flame, which purged him from all mortality.
+
+Then Jupiter came down from his glorious abode, caught the noble soul
+in his mighty arms, and bore it off to Olympus, there to dwell in
+happiness forever with Hebe, the fair goddess of youth, whose hand was
+given him in marriage.
+
+    "Till the god, the earthly part forsaken,
+    From the man in flames asunder taken,
+    Drank the heavenly ethers' purer breath.
+    Joyous in the new, unwonted lightness,
+    Earth's dark, heavy burden lost in death.
+    High Olympus gives harmonious greeting
+    To the hall where reigns his sire adored;
+    Youth's bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,
+    Gives the nectar to her lord."
+
+                  Schiller (S. G. B.'s tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Hercules.]
+
+Hercules, the special divinity of athletic sports and of strength, was
+principally worshiped by young men. He is generally represented in art
+as a tall, powerfully built man, with a small, bearded head, a lion's
+skin carelessly thrown over his shoulder, and leaning upon a massive
+club.
+
+    "Great Alcides, stooping with his toil,
+    Rests on his club."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+It is said that some of the games celebrated at Olympia were held in
+his honor, although originally instituted by him in honor of Jupiter,
+his father. The Nemean Games, celebrated in the forest of Nemea, the
+scene of his first great labor, were the principal games held in
+Greece in commemoration of his noble deeds and early death.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+PERSEUS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Acrisius and Danae.]
+
+The life of Acrisius, King of Argos, had been a burden to him ever
+since the unfortunate day when an oracle had predicted that he would
+be killed by his grandson. Until then the king had been very fond of
+his only child, Danae, and until then, too, had thought with pride of
+the time when he would bestow her hand in marriage upon the noblest of
+all who came to woo.
+
+Now his plans were all changed, and his only wish was to keep her
+unmated,--a somewhat difficult task, for the maiden was very fair, and
+Acrisius knew that the wily God of Love would endeavor to find some
+way to outwit him and bring his plans to naught. After much thought,
+Acrisius decided to lock Danae up in a brazen tower, around which he
+stationed guards to prevent any one from even approaching the captive
+princess.
+
+But, although safely concealed from the eyes of men, Danae was plainly
+seen by the everlasting gods; and Jupiter, looking down from Olympus,
+beheld her in all her loveliness and in all her loneliness. She was
+seated on top of her brazen tower, her eyes wistfully turned toward
+the city, where girls of her age enjoyed freedom, and were allowed to
+marry when they pleased.
+
+[Sidenote: The shower of gold.]
+
+Jupiter, pitying her isolation and admiring her beauty, resolved to go
+down and converse with her for a little while. To avoid being seen, he
+changed himself into a golden shower, and gently dropped down on the
+turret beside her, where his presence and spirited conversation soon
+won the maiden's heart.
+
+    "Danae, in a brazen tower
+    Where no love was, loved a shower."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+This first successful visit was frequently repeated, and Danae no
+longer felt lonely and deserted, for Jupiter spent most of his time
+with her, pursuing his courtship most diligently, and finally winning
+her to a secret marriage, to which no one offered the slightest
+objection, as no one suspected his visits, which he continued quite
+unmolested.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Perseus.]
+
+But one morning the guards rushed in terror to Acrisius' palace to
+announce that Danae, his daughter, had given birth to a son, who, on
+account of his beauty, was called Perseus. The king no sooner learned
+this astonishing news, than he flew into a great rage, vowed that
+mother and child should perish, and dispatched the guards to fetch the
+unfortunate victims.
+
+Acrisius, however, was not cruel enough to stain his own hands with
+his child's blood, or to witness her execution: so he ordered that she
+should be placed in an empty cask with her helpless infant, and
+exposed to the fury of the waves. These orders were speedily executed;
+and Danae's heart sank with terror when she felt the cask buffeted
+about by the great waves far out of sight of land, and out of all
+reach of help. Clasping her babe close to her bosom, she fervently
+prayed the gods to watch over them both, and bring them in safety to
+some hospitable shore.
+
+    "When round the well-fram'd ark the blowing blast
+    Roar'd, and the heaving whirlpools of the deep
+    With rough'ning surge seem'd threatening to o'erturn
+    The wide-tost vessel, not with tearless cheeks
+    The mother round her infant gently twined
+    Her tender arm, and cried, 'Ah me! my child!
+    What sufferings I endure! thou sleep'st the while,
+    Inhaling in thy milky-breathing breast
+    The balm of slumber.'"
+
+                    Simonides (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Danae at Seriphus.]
+
+Her piteous prayer was evidently heard, for, after much tossing, the
+cask was finally washed ashore on the Island of Seriphus, where
+Polydectes, the king, kindly received mother and child. Here Perseus,
+the golden-haired, grew to manhood, and here made his first appearance
+in games and combats.
+
+In the mean while, Polydectes had fallen in love with Danae, and
+expressed his desire to marry her; but Danae did not return his
+affections, and would not consent. Angry at her persistent refusal of
+his proposals, Polydectes wished to compel her to obey, and thereby
+incurred the wrath of young Perseus, who loudly declared that none
+should dare force his mother as long as he were there to defend her.
+This boast did not at all allay the monarch's wrath; and, hoping to
+get rid of the young boaster, he bade him go forth and slay Medusa, if
+he wished to convince people that his bravery was real.
+
+[Sidenote: The Gorgons.]
+
+This Medusa was one of the three Gorgons. Her sisters, Euryale and
+Stheno, although immortal, had never had any claims to beauty; but
+Medusa, when only a girl, had been considered very handsome indeed.
+Her home, in a land where the sun never shone, was very distasteful to
+her, so she entreated Minerva to let her go and visit the beautiful
+sunny south.
+
+But when Minerva refused to grant her wish, she reviled the goddess,
+and declared that nothing but a conviction that mortals would no
+longer consider her beautiful if they but once beheld Medusa, could
+have prompted this denial. This presumptuous remark so incensed
+Minerva, that, to punish her for her vanity, she changed her beautiful
+curling locks into hissing, writhing serpents, and decreed that one
+glance into her still beautiful face would suffice to change the
+beholder into stone.
+
+    "Fatal Beauty! thou didst seem
+    The phantom of some fearful dream.
+    Extremes of horror and of love
+    Alternate o'er our senses move,
+    As, rapt and spellbound, we survey
+    The horrid coils which round thee play,
+    And mark thy wild, enduring smile,
+    Lit by no mortal fire the while,
+    Formed to attract all eyes to thee,
+    And yet their withering blight to be;
+    Thy power mysterious to congeal
+    And from life's blood its warmth to steal,
+    To petrify the mortal clay
+    In its first gleam of wild dismay,
+    Is a dread gift to one like thee,
+    Cursed with a hateful destiny."
+
+                              Mrs. St. John.
+
+[Sidenote: Perseus' quest.]
+
+The gods, who had carefully watched over Perseus through his childhood
+and youth, now decided to lend him their aid, so that he might
+successfully accomplish the great task of slaying Medusa. Pluto lent
+him a magic helmet, which made the wearer invisible at will; Mercury
+attached his own winged sandals to the youth's heels, to endow him
+with great rapidity of flight; while Minerva armed him with her own
+mirrorlike shield, the dreadful Ægis.
+
+      "Minerva thus to Perseus lent her shield;
+    Secure of conquest, sent him to the field:
+    The hero acted what the queen ordain'd,
+    So was his fame complete."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grææ.]
+
+Thus equipped, Perseus flew northward until he came to the land of
+perpetual darkness, the home of the Grææ, three horrible sisters, who
+possessed but one eye and one tooth, which they handed about and used
+in turn, and who were the only living beings cognizant of the place
+where Medusa dwelt.
+
+Invisible by virtue of his magic helmet, Perseus drew near the cave
+without fear of detection, and intercepted the eye while on its way
+from one sister to another. As soon as it was safe in his possession,
+he spoke to them, promising to restore it if they would only give him
+accurate directions for finding Medusa. The sisters, eager to recover
+the treasured eye, immediately gave the desired information; and
+Perseus, having honorably fulfilled his share of the contract,
+departed in search of Medusa.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Medusa.]
+
+Perseus at last perceived the Gorgon's home in the dim distance; and,
+as he was fully aware of Medusa's petrifying proclivities, he advanced
+very cautiously, holding his shield before him at such an angle that
+all surrounding objects were clearly reflected on its smooth,
+mirrorlike surface.
+
+He thus discovered Medusa asleep, raised his sword, and, without
+looking at anything but her mirrored form, severed her head from her
+body, seized it in one hand, and, holding it persistently behind his
+back, flew away in great haste, lest the two remaining Gorgons should
+fall upon him and attempt to avenge their sister's death.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of snakes.]
+
+Perseus then swiftly winged his way over land and sea, carefully
+holding his ghastly trophy behind him; and as he flew, Medusa's blood
+trickled down on the hot African sand, where it gave birth to a race
+of poisonous reptiles destined to infest the region in future ages,
+and cause the death of many an adventurous explorer. The drops which
+fell into the sea were utilized by Neptune, who created from them the
+famous winged steed called Pegasus (p. 154).
+
+    "And the life drops from thy head
+    On Libyan sands, by Perseus shed,
+    Sprang a scourging race from thee--
+    Fell types of artful mystery."
+
+                              Mrs. St. John.
+
+The return journey was long and wearisome, and on his way the hero had
+many adventures. Once, when flying high above a mountainous country,
+he caught a glimpse of Atlas, his pale face turned up to the heavens,
+whose weight he had patiently borne for many a long year,--a burden
+which seemed all the more grievous after the short taste of freedom he
+had enjoyed while Hercules stood in his place (pp. 228-9),--
+
+  [Illustration: PERSEUS.--Cellini. (Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence.)]
+
+    "Supporting on his shoulders the vast pillar
+    Of Heaven and Earth, a weight of cumbrous grasp."
+
+                    Æschylus (Potter's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Atlas petrified.]
+
+When Atlas saw Perseus flying toward him, hope revived, for he
+remembered that Fate had decreed that it was this hero who was to slay
+the Gorgon; and he thought, that, if he could but once gaze upon her
+stony face, he would be free from pain and weariness forever. As soon
+as the hero was within hearing, Atlas therefore addressed him as
+follows:--
+
+"'Hasten now, Perseus, and let me look upon the Gorgon's face, for the
+agony of my labor is well-nigh greater than I can bear.' So Perseus
+hearkened unto the word of Atlas, and he unveiled before him the dead
+face of Medusa. Eagerly he gazed for a moment on the changeless
+countenance, as though beneath the blackness of great horror he yet
+saw the wreck of her ancient beauty and pitied her for her hopeless
+woe. But in an instant the straining eyes were stiff and cold; and it
+seemed to Perseus, as he rose again into the pale yellow air, that the
+gray hairs which streamed from the giant's head were like the snow
+which rests on the peak of a great mountain, and that in place of the
+trembling limbs he saw only the rents and clefts on a rough hillside."
+
+Thus the mere sight of Medusa changed Atlas into the rugged mountains
+which have since borne his name; and, as their summits are lost in the
+clouds, the ancients supposed they sustained the full weight of the
+heavenly vault.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Andromeda.]
+
+Thence Perseus flew on until he reached the seashore, where a strange
+sight greeted him. Away down on the "rock-bound coast," so near the
+foaming billows that their spray continually dashed over her fair
+limbs, a lovely maiden was chained fast to an overhanging rock. This
+maiden was the Princess Andromeda. To atone for the vanity of her
+mother, Cassiopeia, who claimed she was fairer than any of the sea
+nymphs, she had been exposed there as prey for a terrible sea monster
+sent to devastate the homes along the coast.
+
+  [Illustration: PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.--Coypel.]
+
+An oracle, when consulted, declared that the monster would not depart
+until Andromeda was sacrificed to his fury; and Perseus could even now
+perceive the receding procession which had solemnly accompanied her to
+the appointed place of sacrifice, and chained her fast.
+
+At the same time, too, he saw the waters below the maiden lashed to
+foam by the monster's tail, and the scales of his hideous body slowly
+rising up out of the water. Fascinated by this horrible sight, the
+maiden's eyes were fixed on the monster. She did not see the rapid
+approach of her deliverer, who, dauntless, drew his sword from its
+scabbard, and, swooping down, attacked the monster, cheered by the
+shouts of the people, who had seen him, and now rushed back to witness
+the slaying of their foe.
+
+                      "On the hills a shout
+    Of joy, and on the rocks the ring of mail;
+    And while the hungry serpent's gloating eyes
+    Were fixed on me, a knight in casque of gold
+    And blazing shield, who with his flashing blade
+    Fell on the monster. Long the conflict raged,
+    Till all the rocks were red with blood and slime,
+    And yet my champion from those horrible jaws
+    And dreadful coils was scathless."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Of course, this fierce struggle could have but one conclusion; and
+when Perseus had slain the monster, freed Andromeda from her chains,
+and restored her to the arms of her overjoyed parents, they
+immediately offered any reward he might be pleased to claim. When he,
+therefore, expressed a desire to marry the maiden he had so bravely
+rescued, they gladly gave him her hand, although in early youth the
+princess had been promised to her uncle Phineus.
+
+[Sidenote: Phineus petrified.]
+
+Preparations for the marriage were immediately begun; and the former
+suitor, who had been too cowardly to venture a single blow to deliver
+her from the monster, prepared to fight the rival who was about to
+carry off his promised bride. Unbidden he came to the marriage feast
+with a number of armed followers, and was about to carry off
+Andromeda, when Perseus suddenly bade his adherents stand behind him,
+unveiled the Medusa head, and, turning its baleful face toward Phineus
+and his followers, changed them all into stone.
+
+The interrupted marriage feast was now resumed; and when it was over,
+Perseus took his bride to Seriphus. There, hearing that Polydectes had
+dared to ill treat his mother because she still refused to accede to
+his wishes and become his wife, he changed the importunate king into a
+rock by showing him his Medusa trophy, gave the kingdom to the king's
+brother, and, accompanied by wife and mother, returned to his native
+land. The borrowed helmet, sandals, and shield were all duly restored
+to their respective owners, and the Medusa head was given to Minerva
+in token of gratitude for her help. Greatly pleased with this gift,
+the goddess set it in the center of her terrible Ægis, where it
+retained all its petrifying power, and served her in many a fight.
+
+[Sidenote: Return to Argos.]
+
+Arrived at Argos, Perseus discovered that a usurper had claimed his
+grandfather's throne. To hurl the unlawful claimant from his exalted
+seat, and compel him to make full restitution and atonement, was but a
+trifle for the hero who had conquered Medusa; and Acrisius, now old
+and weak, was taken from the prison where he languished, and restored
+to his wonted honors, by the very youth he had been taught to fear.
+
+But the gods' decree was always sure to be fulfilled sooner or later;
+and one day, when Perseus was playing quoits, he accidentally killed
+his grandfather. To remain at Argos, haunted by the memory of this
+involuntary crime, was too painful for him: so he exchanged his
+kingdom for another, that of Mycenæ, which he ruled wisely and well.
+When Perseus died, after a long and glorious reign, the gods, who had
+always loved him, placed him among the stars, where he can still be
+seen, with his wife Andromeda, and mother-in-law Cassiopeia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+THESEUS.
+
+
+When yet but a very young man, Ægeus, King of Athens, journeyed off to
+Troezene, where he fell in love with and married a pretty young
+princess by the name of Æthra. For some reason, which mythologists do
+not make known, the king was forced to return alone to Athens; but ere
+he departed he concealed his sword and sandals beneath a stone,
+bidding his wife remember, that, as soon as the strength of their son
+Theseus permitted, he must raise the rock, appropriate sword and
+sandals, and come and join him in Athens, where he should be
+introduced to the people as his son and heir. These instructions
+given, Ægeus bade a fond farewell to his wife and infant son, and
+returned home.
+
+As the years passed by, they brought strength, beauty, and wisdom to
+Theseus, whose fame began to be published abroad. At last Æthra deemed
+him strong enough to raise the rock beneath which his father's trusty
+weapon lay; and, conducting him to the spot where it was, she told him
+the whole story, and bade him try his strength.
+
+Theseus immediately obeyed. With a mighty effort he raised the rock,
+and, to his great satisfaction, found the sword and sandals in a
+perfect state of preservation. Sword in hand, he then set out for
+Athens,--a long and dangerous journey. He proceeded slowly and
+cautiously, for he knew that many dangers lurked along his pathway,
+and that ere he reached his father's city he would have to encounter
+both giants and monsters, who would strive to bar his way.
+
+[Sidenote: Periphetes.]
+
+He was not at all mistaken in his previsions; for Troezene was
+scarcely lost to sight ere he came across the giant Periphetes, son of
+Vulcan, who stood in the road and attacked with a huge club, whose
+blows were generally fatal, all who strove to pass. Adroitly evading
+the giant's first onslaught, Theseus plunged his sword deep into his
+huge side ere he could renew the attack, and brought him lifeless to
+the ground.
+
+[Sidenote: Sinis.]
+
+Theseus then disarmed his fallen foe, and, retaining the club for
+future use, continued his journey in peace, until he came to the
+Isthmus of Corinth, where two adventures awaited him. The first was
+with a cruel giant named Sinis, nicknamed The Pine-bender, whose usual
+practice was to bend some huge pine until its top touched the ground,
+and call to any unsuspecting passer-by to seize it and lend him a
+helping hand for a moment. Then, as soon as the innocent stranger had
+complied with his request, he would suddenly let go the pine, which,
+freed from his gigantic grasp, sprang back to its upright position,
+and hurled the unfortunate traveler way up in the air, to be dashed to
+pieces against the rocky mountain side.
+
+Theseus, who had already heard of the giant's stratagem, skillfully
+eluded the danger, and finally caused Sinis to perish by the same
+cruel death which he had dealt out to so many others.
+
+[Sidenote: Sciron.]
+
+In one place the Isthmus of Corinth was exceedingly narrow, and the
+only practicable pathway led along a rocky ledge, guarded by a robber
+named Sciron, who forced all who tried to pass him to wash his feet.
+While the traveler was thus engaged, and knelt in the narrow pathway
+to do his bidding, he would suddenly raise his foot, kick him over the
+side, and hurl him down into the sea below, where a huge tortoise was
+ever waiting with gaping jaws to devour the victims.
+
+Instead of yielding to Sciron's exactions, Theseus drew his sword, and
+by his determined bearing so terrified the robber, that he offered him
+a free passage. This offer, however, did not satisfy Theseus, who
+said he would sheathe his sword only on condition that Sciron
+performed for him the menial office he had imposed upon so many
+others. Sciron dared not refuse, and obeyed in fear and trembling; but
+he was doomed never to molest any one again, for Theseus kicked him
+over the precipice, into the breakers, where the tortoise feasted upon
+his remains with as keen a relish as upon former victims.
+
+[Sidenote: Cercyon and Procrustes.]
+
+After disposing of another world-renowned robber, Cercyon (The
+Wrestler), Theseus encountered Procrustes (The Stretcher), a cruel
+giant, who, under pretext of entertainment, deluded travelers into
+entering his home, where he had two beds of very different
+dimensions,--one unusually short, the other unusually long. If the
+unfortunate traveler were a short man, he was put to bed in the long
+bedstead, and his limbs were pulled out of joint to make him fit it;
+but if, on the contrary, he were tall, he was assigned the short bed,
+and the superfluous length of limb was lopped off under the selfsame
+pretext. Taking Procrustes quite unawares, Theseus gave him a faint
+idea of the sufferings he had inflicted upon others by making him try
+each bed in turn, and then, to avoid his continuing these evil
+practices, put an end to his wretched existence.
+
+Theseus successfully accomplished a few more exploits of a similar
+character, and finally reached Athens, where he found that his fame
+had preceded him.
+
+    "In days of old, there liv'd of mighty fame,
+    A valiant prince, and Theseus was his name:
+    A chief, who more in feats of arms excell'd,
+    The rising nor the setting sun beheld."
+
+                                     Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea's draught.]
+
+The first tidings that there reached his ear were that Ægeus had just
+married Medea, the enchantress; but, although these tidings were very
+unwelcome, he hastened on to his father's court, to make himself
+known, and receive the welcome promised so many years before. Medea,
+seated by Ægeus' side, no sooner saw the young stranger draw near,
+than she knew him, and foresaw that he had come to demand his rights.
+To prevent his making known claims which might interfere with the
+prospects of her future offspring, she hastily mixed a deadly poison
+in a cup, which she filled with fragrant wine, and bade Ægeus offer it
+to the stranger.
+
+The monarch was about to execute her apparently hospitable purpose,
+when his eye suddenly rested upon the sword at Theseus' side, which he
+immediately recognized. One swift glance into the youth's open face
+convinced him that Æthra's son stood before him, and he eagerly
+stretched out his arms to clasp him to his heart. This sudden movement
+upset the goblet, and the poisonous contents, falling upon a dog lying
+at the king's feet, caused his almost instantaneous death. Seeing her
+crime discovered and Theseus recognized, Medea quickly mounted her
+magic dragon car, and fled to Media, whence she never returned.
+
+[Sidenote: Tribute to the Minotaur.]
+
+One day, some time after his arrival at Athens, Theseus heard a sound
+of weeping and great lamentation throughout all the city, and in reply
+to his wondering inquiries was told, that ever since an unfortunate
+war between the Cretans and Athenians, the latter, who had been
+vanquished, were obliged to pay a yearly tribute of seven youths and
+as many maidens, destined to serve as food for the Minotaur. Further
+questions evolved the fact that the Minotaur was a hideous monster,
+the property of Minos, King of Crete, who kept it in an intricate
+labyrinth, constructed for that express purpose by Dædalus, the
+far-famed architect.
+
+    "There lived and flourished long ago, in famous Athens town,
+    One Dædalus, a carpenter of genius and renown;
+    ('Twas he who with an augur taught mechanics how to bore,--
+    An art which the philosophers monopolized before.)"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+  [Illustration: DÆDALUS AND ICARUS.--Vien.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dædalus and Icarus.]
+
+This labyrinth was so very intricate, that those who entered could not
+find their way out; and even Dædalus and his son Icarus, after many
+days' attempt, found they could not leave it. Rather than remain
+imprisoned forever, Dædalus then manufactured wings for himself and
+for his son, and determined to make use of them to effect his escape.
+
+    "Now Dædalus, the carpenter, had made a pair of wings,
+    Contrived of wood and feathers and a cunning set of springs,
+    By means of which the wearer could ascend to any height,
+    And sail about among the clouds as easy as a kite."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+After repeated cautions to his son not to venture too high, lest the
+sun's heat should melt the wax fixing the feathers to the frame,
+Dædalus bade Icarus don his plumage and fly to a country where they
+would be free, promising to follow him thither very shortly.
+
+    "'My Icarus!' he says; 'I warn thee fly
+    Along the middle track: nor low, nor high;
+    If low, thy plumes may flag with ocean's spray;
+    If high, the sun may dart his fiery ray.'"
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+Delighted with this new mode of travel, Icarus flew swiftly along.
+Little by little he forgot the danger and his father's caution, and
+rose up higher and higher, until he could bask in the direct rays of
+the ardent sun. The heat, which seemed so grateful after his chilly
+flight, soon softened and melted the wax on his wings; and Icarus, no
+longer supported by the light feathers, sank down faster and faster,
+until he fell into the sea, where he was drowned, and which, in memory
+of him, bears the name of Icarian to this day.
+
+These varied details kindled Theseus' love of adventure, and still
+further strengthened him in his sudden resolve to join the mournful
+convoy, try his strength against the awful Minotaur, and, if possible,
+save his country from further similar exactions.
+
+    "While Attica thus groan'd, with ills opprest;
+    His country's wrongs inflam'd brave Theseus' breast;
+    Instant his gen'rous soul resolv'd to save
+    Cecrops' great offspring from a timeless grave."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+Even his father's tears and entreaties were powerless to move him
+from his purpose, and, the hour having come, he embarked upon the
+black-sailed vessel which was to bear the yearly tribute to Crete,
+promising to change the black sails for snowy white ones if he were
+fortunate enough to return victorious.
+
+[Sidenote: Talus.]
+
+Favorable winds soon wafted the galley to distant Crete, and as they
+sailed along the coast, searching for the harbor, they were challenged
+by the brazen giant Talus, who walked daily thrice around the whole
+island, killing, by contact with his red-hot body, all who had no
+business to land on that coast. Knowing, however, that the
+black-sailed galley brought a fresh supply of youths and maidens for
+the terrible Minotaur, Talus let it pass unharmed; and the victims
+were brought into the presence of Minos, who personally inspected each
+new freight-load, to make sure he was not being cheated by the
+Athenians.
+
+[Sidenote: Ariadne's clew.]
+
+At the monarch's side stood his fair daughter Ariadne, whose tender
+heart was filled with compassion when she beheld the frail maidens and
+gallant youths about to perish by such a loathsome death. Theseus, by
+right of his birth, claimed the precedence, and proffered a request to
+be the first victim,--a request which the king granted with a sardonic
+smile, ere he returned unmoved to his interrupted feast.
+
+Unnoticed by all, Ariadne slipped out of the palace, and, under cover
+of the darkness, entered the prison where Theseus was confined. There
+she tremblingly offered him a ball of twine and a sharp sword, bidding
+him tie one end of the twine to the entrance of the labyrinth, and
+keep the other in his hand as a clew to find the way out again should
+the sword enable him to kill the dreaded Minotaur. In token of
+gratitude for this timely assistance, Theseus solemnly promised
+Ariadne to take her with him to Athens as his bride, were he only
+successful in his undertaking.
+
+At dawn the next day Theseus was conducted to the entrance of the
+labyrinth, and there left to await the tender mercies of the Minotaur.
+Like all heroes, he preferred to meet any danger rather than remain
+inactive: so, mindful of Ariadne's instructions, he fastened his
+twine to the entrance, and then boldly penetrated into the intricate
+ways of the labyrinth, where many whitening bones plainly revealed the
+fate of all who had preceded him.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus and the Minotaur.]
+
+He had not gone very far before he encountered the Minotaur,--a
+creature more hideous than fancy can paint,--and he was obliged to use
+all his skill and ingenuity to avoid falling a prey to the monster's
+appetite, and all his strength to lay him low at last.
+
+The Minotaur slain, Theseus hastily retraced his footsteps.
+
+                    "And the slender clew,
+    Prepar'd in secret by th' enamor'd maid,
+    Thro' the curv'd labyrinth his steps convey'd."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' escape.]
+
+Arrived at the place where his ship rode at anchor, he found his
+companions and Ariadne awaiting him, and, springing on board, bade the
+sailors weigh anchor as quickly as possible. They were almost out of
+reach of the Cretan shores, when Talus came into view, and, perceiving
+that his master's prisoners were about to escape, leaned forward to
+catch the vessel by its rigging. Theseus, seeing this, sprang forward,
+and dealt the giant such a blow, that he lost his balance and fell
+into the deep sea, where he was drowned, and where thermal springs
+still bear witness to the heat of his brazen body.
+
+[Sidenote: Ariadne forsaken.]
+
+The returning vessel, favored by wind and tide, made but one port,
+Naxos; and here youths and maidens landed to view the beautiful
+island. Ariadne strayed apart, and threw herself down upon the ground
+to rest, where, before she was aware of it, sleep overtook her. Now,
+although very brave, Theseus was not very constant. He had already
+grown weary of Ariadne's love; and, when he saw her thus asleep, he
+basely summoned his companions, embarked with them, and set sail,
+leaving her alone upon the island, where Bacchus soon came to console
+her for the loss of her faithless lover (p. 181).
+
+  [Illustration: ARIADNE.--Rae.]
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' punishment.]
+
+Theseus, having committed a deed heinous in the eyes of gods and men,
+was doomed to suffer just punishment. In his preoccupation he entirely
+forgot his promise to change the black sails for white; and Ægeus,
+from Attica's rocky shore, seeing the sable sails when the vessel was
+yet far from land, immediately concluded that his son was dead, and in
+his grief cast himself into the sea since known as the Ægean, where he
+perished.
+
+      "As from a mountain's snowy top are driv'n
+    The rolling clouds, by the rude blasts of heav'n;
+    So from the mem'ry of lost Theseus fled
+    Those dictates, which before his reason sway'd:
+    But now his father from the ramparts' height,
+    All bath'd in tears, directs his eager sight;
+    O'er the wide sea, distended by the gale,
+    He spies, with dread amaze, the lurid sail."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' reign and marriage.]
+
+Theseus, on entering the city, heard of his father's death; and when
+he realized that it had been caused by his carelessness, he was
+overwhelmed with grief and remorse. All the cares of royalty and the
+wise measures he introduced for the happiness of his people could not
+divert his mind from this terrible catastrophe: so he finally resolved
+to resign his authority and set out again in search of adventures,
+which might help him forget his woes. He therefore made an excursion
+into the land of the Amazons, where Hercules had preceded him, and
+whence he brought back Hippolyte, whom he married. Theseus was now
+very happy indeed, and soon all his hopes were crowned by the birth of
+a son, whom he called Hippolytus. Shortly after this joyful event, the
+Amazons invaded his country under pretext of rescuing their kidnapped
+queen, and in the battle which ensued Hippolyte was accidentally
+wounded by an arrow, and breathed her last in Theseus' arms.
+
+Theseus next set out with an Athenian army to fight Pirithous, king of
+the Lapithæ, who had dared to declare war; but when the armies were
+face to face, the two chiefs, seized with a sudden liking for each
+other, simultaneously cast down their weapons, and, falling on each
+other's necks, embraced, and swore an eternal friendship.
+
+[Sidenote: Centaurs and Lapithæ]
+
+To show his devotion to this newly won friend, Theseus consented to
+accompany him to the court of Adrastus, King of Argos, and witness his
+marriage to Hippodamia, daughter of the king. Many guests were, of
+course, present to witness the marriage ceremony, among others
+Hercules and a number of the Centaurs. The latter, struck with
+admiration for the bride's unusual beauty, made an attempt to kidnap
+her, which was frustrated by the Lapithæ, seconded by Theseus and
+Hercules. The terrible struggle which ensued between the conflicting
+parties has ever been a favorite subject in art, and is popularly
+known as the "Battle between the Centaurs and Lapithæ."
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus in Hades.]
+
+The hotly contested bride did not, however, enjoy a very long life,
+and Pirithous soon found himself, like Theseus, a disconsolate
+widower. To avoid similar bereavement in future, they both resolved to
+secure goddesses, who, being immortal, would share their thrones
+forever. Aided by Pirithous, Theseus carried off Helen, the daughter
+of Jupiter (p. 311), and, as she was still but a child, intrusted her
+to the care of his mother, Æthra, until she attained a suitable age
+for matrimony. Then, in return for Pirithous' kind offices, he
+accompanied him to Hades, where they intended to carry off Proserpina.
+
+While they were thus engaged, Helen's twin brothers, Castor and
+Pollux, came to Athens, delivered her from captivity, and carried her
+home in triumph. As for Theseus and Pirithous, their treacherous
+intention was soon discovered by Pluto, who set the first on an
+enchanted rock, from which he could not descend unassisted, and bound
+the second to the constantly revolving wheel of his father, Ixion.
+
+  [Illustration: THESEUS.--Canova. (Volksgarten, Vienna.)]
+
+When Hercules was in Hades in search of Cerberus (p. 229), he
+delivered Theseus from his unpleasant position, and thus enabled him
+to return to his own home, where he now expected to spend the
+remainder of his life in peace.
+
+[Sidenote: Phædra and Hippolytus.]
+
+Although somewhat aged by this time, Theseus was still anxious to
+marry, and looked about him for a wife to cheer his loneliness.
+Suddenly he remembered that Ariadne's younger sister, Phædra, must be
+a charming young princess, and sent an embassy to obtain her hand in
+marriage. The embassy proved successful, and Phædra came to Athens;
+but, young and extremely beautiful, she was not at all delighted with
+her aged husband, and, instead of falling in love with him, bestowed
+all her affections upon his son, Hippolytus, a virtuous youth, who
+utterly refused to listen to her proposals to elope. In her anger at
+finding her advances scorned, Phædra went to Theseus and accused
+Hippolytus of attempting to kidnap her. Theseus, greatly incensed at
+what he deemed his son's dishonorable behavior, implored Neptune to
+punish the youth, who was even then riding in his chariot close by the
+shore. In answer to this prayer, a great wave suddenly arose, dashed
+over the chariot, and drowned the young charioteer, whose lifeless
+corpse was finally flung ashore at Phædra's feet. When the unfortunate
+queen saw the result of her false accusations, she confessed her
+crime, and, in her remorse and despair, hung herself.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Theseus.]
+
+As for Theseus, soured by these repeated misfortunes, he grew so stern
+and tyrannical, that he gradually alienated his people's affections,
+until at last they hated him, and banished him to the Island of
+Scyros, where, in obedience to a secret order, Lycomedes, the king,
+treacherously slew him by hurling him from the top of a steep cliff
+into the sea. As usual, when too late, the Athenians repented of their
+ingratitude, and in a fit of tardy remorse deified this hero, and
+built a magnificent temple on the Acropolis in his honor. This
+building, now used as a museum, contains many relics of Greek art.
+Theseus' bones were piously brought back, and inhumed in Athens, where
+he was long worshiped as a demigod.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+JASON.
+
+
+At Iolcus, in Thessaly, there once reigned a virtuous king, Æson, with
+his good wife, Alcimede. Their happiness, however, was soon disturbed
+by Pelias, the king's brother, who, aided by an armed host, took
+forcible possession of the throne. Æson and Alcimede, in fear of their
+lives, were forced to resort to a hasty and secret flight, taking with
+them their only son, Jason.
+
+The king and queen soon found a place of refuge, but, afraid lest
+their hiding place should be discovered and they should all be slain
+by the cruel Pelias, they intrusted their son to the Centaur Chiron,
+revealing to him alone the secret of the child's birth, and bidding
+him train him up to avenge their wrongs.
+
+Chiron discharged his duties most faithfully, trained the young prince
+with great care, and soon made him the wisest and most skillful of his
+pupils. The years spent by Jason in the diligent acquisition of
+knowledge, strength, and skill, passed very quickly; and at last the
+time came when Chiron made known to him the secret of his birth, and
+the story of the wrongs inflicted by Pelias, the usurper, upon his
+unfortunate parents.
+
+[Sidenote: Jason's vow.]
+
+This tale aroused the young prince's anger, and made him solemnly vow
+to punish his uncle, or perish in the attempt. Chiron encouraged him
+to start, and in parting bade him remember that Pelias alone had
+injured him, but that all the rest of the human race were entitled to
+any aid he could bestow. Jason listened respectfully to his tutor's
+last instructions; then, girding his sword and putting on his sandals,
+he set out on his journey to Iolcus.
+
+It was early in the spring, and the young man had not gone very far
+before he came to a stream, which, owing to the usual freshets of the
+season, was almost impassable. Jason, however, quite undaunted by the
+rushing, foaming waters, was about to attempt the crossing, when he
+saw an aged woman not far from him, gazing in helpless despair at the
+waters she could not cross.
+
+Naturally kind-hearted and helpful, and, besides that, mindful of
+Chiron's last recommendation, Jason offered the old woman his
+assistance, proposing to carry her across on his back if she would but
+lend him her staff to lean upon. The old woman gladly accepted this
+offer; and a few moments later, Jason, bending beneath his strange
+load, was battling with the rapid current.
+
+After many an effort, breathless and almost exhausted, Jason reached
+the opposite bank, and, after depositing his burden there, scrambled
+up beside her, casting a rueful glance at the torrent, which had
+wrenched off one of his golden sandals. He was about to part from the
+old dame with a kindly farewell, when she was suddenly transformed
+into a large, handsome, imperious-looking woman, whom, owing to the
+peacock by her side, he immediately recognized as Juno, queen of
+heaven. He bent low before her, and claimed her aid and protection,
+which she graciously promised ere she vanished from his sight.
+
+With eager steps Jason now pressed onward, nor paused until he came in
+view of his native city. As he drew near, he noticed an unusual
+concourse of people, and upon inquiry discovered that Pelias was
+celebrating a festival in honor of the immortal gods. Up the steep
+ascent leading to the temple Jason hastened, and pressed on to the
+innermost circle of spectators, until he stood in full view of his
+enemy Pelias, who, unconscious of coming evil, continued offering the
+sacrifice.
+
+[Sidenote: The one sandal.]
+
+At last the ceremony was completed, and the king cast an arrogant
+glance over the assembled people. His eyes suddenly fell upon Jason's
+naked foot, and he grew pale with horror as there flashed into his
+memory the recollection of an ancient oracle, warning him to beware of
+the man who appeared before him wearing but one sandal. Pelias
+tremblingly bade the guards bring forth the uninvited stranger. His
+orders were obeyed; and Jason, confronting his uncle boldly, summoned
+him to make a full restitution of the power he had so unjustly seized.
+
+[Sidenote: Phryxus and Helle.]
+
+To surrender power and wealth and return to obscurity was not to be
+thought of; but Pelias artfully concealed his displeasure, and told
+his nephew that they would discuss the matter and come to an amicable
+understanding after the banquet, which was already spread and awaiting
+their presence. During the festive meal, bards sang of all the heroic
+deeds accomplished by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery,
+stimulated Jason to attempt similar feats. At last the musicians
+recited the story of Phryxus and Helle, the son and daughter of
+Athamas and Nephele, who, to escape the cruel treatment of their
+stepmother, Ino (p. 174), mounted a winged, golden-fleeced ram sent by
+Neptune to transport them to Colchis.
+
+The ram flew over land and sea; but Helle, frightened at the sight of
+the waves tossing far beneath her, suddenly lost her hold on the
+golden fleece, and tumbled off the ram's back into a portion of the
+sea since known as the Hellespont,
+
+    "Where beauteous Helle found a watery grave."
+
+                                   Meleager.
+
+Phryxus, more fortunate than his sister, reached Colchis in safety,
+and in gratitude to the gods sacrificed the ram they had sent to
+deliver him, and hung its golden fleece on a tree, near which he
+stationed a dragon to guard it night and day. The bards then went on
+to relate that the glittering trophy still hung there, awaiting a hand
+bold enough to slay the dragon and bear it off.
+
+[Sidenote: The golden fleece.]
+
+This tale and his liberal potations greatly excited the youth Jason;
+and Pelias, perceiving it, hypocritically regretted his inability to
+win the golden fleece, and softly insinuated that young men of the
+present generation were not brave enough to risk their lives in such
+a glorious cause. The usurper's crafty remarks had the desired effect;
+for Jason suddenly sprang from his seat, and vowed he would go in
+quest of the golden fleece. Pelias, quite certain that the rash youth
+would lose his life in the attempt, and thus cause no more trouble,
+with much difficulty restrained all expressions of joy, and dared him
+to make the attempt.
+
+    "With terror struck, lest by young Jason's hand
+    His crown should be rent from him, Pelias sought
+    By machinations dark to slay his foe.
+    From Colchis' realm to bring the golden fleece
+    He charged the youth."
+
+                         Orphic Argonautics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Speaking Oak.]
+
+When Jason, sobered and refreshed by a long night's rest, perceived
+how foolish had been his vow, he would fain have recalled it; but,
+mindful of Chiron's teachings ever to be true to his word, he resolved
+to depart for Colchis. To secure Juno's assistance, he began by
+visiting her shrine at Dodona, where the oracle, a Speaking Oak,
+assured him of the goddess's good will and efficacious protection.
+Next the Speaking Oak bade him cut off one of its own mighty limbs,
+and carve from it a figurehead for the swift-sailing vessel which
+Minerva, at Juno's request, would build for his use from pine trees
+grown on Mount Pelion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Argo and crew.]
+
+Jason, having finished his figurehead, found that it too had the gift
+of speech, and that it would occasionally vouchsafe sage counsel in
+the direction of his affairs. When quite completed, Jason called his
+vessel the Argo (swift-sailing), and speedily collected a crew of
+heroes as brave as himself, among whom were Hercules, Castor, Pollux,
+Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, and Orpheus, who were all glad to undertake
+the perilous journey to lands unknown. To speed them on their way,
+Juno then bargained with Æolus for favorable winds, and forbade any
+tempest which might work them harm.
+
+    "Then with a whistling breeze did Juno fill the sail,
+    And Argo, self-impell'd, shot swift before the gale."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hylas.]
+
+On several occasions the heroes landed, either to renew their stock of
+provisions or to recruit their strength, but in general every delay
+brought them some misfortune. Once Hercules, having landed with a
+youth named Hylas to cut wood for new oars, bade the youth go to a
+neighboring spring and draw a pitcher of water to quench the thirst
+produced by his exertions. The youth promptly departed; but as he bent
+over the fountain, the nymphs, enamored with his beauty, drew him down
+into their moist abode to keep them company. Hercules, after vainly
+waiting for Hylas' return, went in search of him, but could find no
+trace of him, and, in his grief and disappointment at the death of his
+young friend, refused to continue the expedition, and, deserting the
+Argonauts, made his way home alone and on foot.
+
+[Sidenote: Phineus and the Harpies.]
+
+On another occasion, when Jason visited Phineus, the blind king of
+Thrace, he heard that this monarch's life was imbittered by the
+Harpies, vile monsters, part woman, part bird, who ate or befouled all
+the food placed before him, and never let him eat a mouthful in peace.
+Having repeated this tale to his companions, the two sons of Boreas,
+who were also in the Argo, begged permission to drive them away. Jason
+could not refuse their request; and the two youths, with drawn swords,
+pursued the Harpies to the Strophades Islands, where the birds
+promised to remain.
+
+Jason, sailing on in the mean while, was attacked by a flock of
+brazen-feathered birds, which rained their sharp plumage down upon the
+Argonauts, wounding many of them sorely. The captain of the
+expedition, seeing weapons were of no avail against these foes,
+consulted the figurehead, and, in obedience to its directions, clashed
+his arms against his shield, until, terrified by the din, the
+brazen-feathered birds flew rapidly away, uttering discordant cries of
+terror.
+
+[Sidenote: The Symplegades.]
+
+Some time during the course of their journey the Argonauts came to the
+Symplegades,--floating rocks which continually crashed together, and
+ground to powder all objects caught between them. Jason knew he was
+obliged to pass between these rocks or give up the expedition: so,
+calculating that the speed of his vessel was equal to that of a dove
+on the wing, he sent one out before him. The dove flew safely between
+the rocks, losing only one of its tail feathers as they again clashed
+together. Watching his opportunity, therefore, Jason bade his men row
+swiftly. The Argo darted through the opening, and, when the rocks
+again came into contact, they merely grazed the rudder. As a vessel
+had passed between them unharmed, their power for evil left them, and
+they were chained fast to the bottom of the sea, near the mouth of the
+Bosporus, where they remained immovable like any other rocks.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival at Colchis.]
+
+The Argonauts, after other adventures far too numerous to recount in
+detail, reached the Colchian shores, and presented themselves before
+Æetes, the king, to whom they made known their errand. Loath to part
+with his golden treasure, Æetes declared, that, before Jason could
+obtain the fleece, he must catch and harness two wild, fire-breathing
+bulls dedicated to Vulcan, and make use of them to plow a stony piece
+of ground sacred to Mars. This done, he must sow the field with some
+dragon's teeth, as Cadmus had done (p. 48), conquer the giants which
+would spring up, and, last of all, slay the guardian dragon, or the
+fleece would never be his.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea's aid.]
+
+One of these tasks would have sufficed to dismay many a brave youth;
+but Jason was of the dauntless kind, and merely hastened down to his
+vessel to ask the figurehead how he had better proceed. On his way to
+the seashore he met the king's daughter, Medea, a beautiful young
+sorceress, who had been charmed by his modest but firm bearing, and
+who was quite ready to bring her magic to his aid if he would but
+promise to marry her. Jason, susceptible to her attractions, and free
+from any conflicting ties, readily agreed to her proposal, and,
+carrying out her directions, caught and harnessed the fiery bulls,
+plowed the field, and sowed it with the dragon's teeth.
+
+    "And how he yoked the bulls, whose breathings fiery glow'd,
+    And with the dragons' teeth the furrow'd acres sow'd."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+But when he saw glittering spears and helmets grow out of the ground,
+and beheld the close ranks of giants in full armor, he was filled with
+dismay, and would have fled had it been possible. However, aware that
+such a performance would insure his ruin, he stood his ground, and,
+when the phalanx was quite near him, threw a handful of dust full in
+the giants' faces. Blinded with the sand, the giants attacked one
+another, and in a short time were exterminated.
+
+                    "They, like swift dogs,
+    Ranging in fierceness, on each other turn'd
+    Tumultuous battle. On their mother earth
+    By their own spears they sank; like pines, or oaks,
+    Strew'd by a whirlwind in the mountain dale."
+
+           Apollonius Rhodius (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The fleece captured.]
+
+Accompanied by Medea, Jason next hastened to the tree where the dragon
+kept guard over his treasure. An opiate prepared by Medea's magic
+skill soon made the dragon forget his charge in a profound sleep, and
+enabled Jason to draw near enough to sever his frightful head from his
+hideous trunk. Jason then tore the coveted fleece from the branch
+where it had hung for many a year, and bore it in triumph to the Argo.
+
+    "Exulting Jason grasped the shining hide,
+    His last of labors, and his envied pride.
+    Slow from the groaning branch the fleece was rent."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+His companions, who had made ready for a hasty departure, were already
+seated at their oars; and, as soon as he had embarked with Medea and
+her attendants, the Argo shot out of the Colchian harbor.
+
+  [Illustration: JASON AND THE DRAGON.--Salvator Rosa.]
+
+      "How softly stole from home the luckless-wedded maid,
+    Through darkness of the night, in linen robe array'd;
+    By Fate to Argo led, and urged by soft desire,
+    Nor yet regarding aught her father's furious ire."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+When morning dawned and Æetes awoke, he heard that the dragon was
+slain, the fleece stolen, his daughter gone, and the Grecian ship far
+out of sight. No time was lost in useless wailing, but a vessel was
+hurriedly launched and manned, and the king in person set out in
+pursuit of the fugitives, who had, moreover, taken his most precious
+treasure, his only son and heir, Absyrtus. Although the Colchian men
+were good sailors and skillful rowers, they did not catch sight of the
+Argo until they came near the mouth of the Danube, and Æetes wildly
+called to his daughter to return to her home and to her father.
+
+      "'Stay thy rash flight! and, from the distant main,--
+    For oh! thou canst, my daughter,--turn again.
+    Whither depart? the vessel backward steer;
+    Thy friends, thy still fond father, wait thee here.'"
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Absyrtus.]
+
+But Medea had no wish to be torn away from Jason's arms, and, instead
+of listening to her father's entreaties, urged the Argonauts to
+redoubled efforts. Little by little the distance between the two
+vessels grew less; the Colchian rowers were gaining upon the Greek;
+and Medea saw, that, unless she found means to delay her father, he
+would overtake her and compel her to return. With her own hands she
+therefore slew her little brother, Absyrtus, and cut his body into
+pieces, which she dropped over the side of the vessel one by one.
+Æetes, a helpless witness of this cruel, awful deed, piously collected
+his son's remains, and, in pausing to do so, lost sight of the Argo,
+and all hope of recovering his unnatural daughter: so he returned
+sadly to Colchis, where he buried his son's remains with due
+solemnity.
+
+  [Illustration: MEDEA.--Sichel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pelias dethroned.]
+
+In the mean while, Pelias had reigned contentedly over Thessaly,
+confident that Jason would never return. Imagine his dismay,
+therefore, when he heard that the Argo had arrived, bearing Jason, now
+the proud possessor of the renowned golden fleece. Ere he could take
+measures to maintain his usurped authority, Jason appeared, and
+compelled him to resign the throne in favor of the rightful king,
+Æson.
+
+Unfortunately, Æson was now so old and decrepit, that power had no
+charms for him: so Jason begged Medea to use her magic in his behalf,
+and restore him to the vigor and beauty of his early manhood. To
+gratify Jason, Medea called all her magic into play, and by some
+mysterious process restored Æson to all his former youth, strength,
+activity, and grace.
+
+    "Medea's spells dispersed the weight of years,
+    And Æson stood a youth 'mid youthful peers."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: The magic recipe.]
+
+As soon as Pelias' daughters heard of this miraculous transformation,
+they hastened to Medea and implored her to give them the recipe, that
+they might rejuvenate their father also. The sorceress maliciously
+bade them cut their father's body into small pieces, and boil them in
+a caldron with certain herbs, declaring that, if the directions were
+carefully carried out, the result would be satisfactory; but, when the
+too credulous maidens carried out these instructions, they only slew
+the father whom they had so dearly loved.
+
+Days and years now passed happily and uneventfully for Jason and
+Medea; but at last their affection for each other cooled, and Jason
+fell in love with Glauce, or Creusa. Frantic with jealousy, Medea
+prepared and sent the maiden a magic robe, which she no sooner donned
+than she was seized with terrible convulsions, in which she died.
+Medea, still full of resentment against Jason, then slew her own
+children, and, mounting her dragon car, departed, leaving a message
+for Jason, purporting that the Argo would yet cause his death.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Jason.]
+
+Jason, a victim of remorse and despair, now led a weary and sorrowful
+life, and every day he wandered down to the shore, where he sat under
+the shade of the Argo's hulk, which was slowly rotting away. One day,
+while he was sitting there musing over his youthful adventures and
+Medea's strange prophecy, a sudden gale detached a beam, which,
+falling on his head, fractured his skull and caused instantaneous
+death.
+
+The Argonautic expedition is emblematic of the first long maritime
+voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes; while the
+golden fleece which Jason brought back from Colchis is but a symbol of
+the untold riches they found in the East, and brought back to their
+own native land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Meleager.]
+
+Oeneus and Althæa, King and Queen of Calydon, in Ætolia, were very
+happy in the possession of a little son, Meleager, only a few days
+old, until they heard that the Fates had decreed the child should live
+only as long as the brand then smoking and crackling on the hearth.
+The parents were motionless with grief, until Althæa, with true
+mother's wit, snatched the brand from the fire, plunged it into an
+earthen jar filled with water, quenched the flames which were
+consuming it, and, carefully laying it aside, announced her intention
+to keep it forever.
+
+Meleager, thus saved from an untimely death by his mother's presence
+of mind, grew up a brave and handsome youth, and joined the Argonautic
+expedition. While he was absent, his father omitted the yearly
+sacrifice to Diana, who, enraged at his neglect, sent a monstrous boar
+to devour his subjects and devastate his realm. Meleager, on his
+return, gathered together all the brave men of the country, and
+instituted a great hunt, whose main object was the capture or death of
+the obnoxious boar.
+
+[Sidenote: The hunters.]
+
+Jason, Nestor, Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, Pirithous, and many other
+noted heroes, came at his call; but the attention of all the
+spectators was specially attracted by Castor and Pollux, and by the
+fair Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, King of Arcadia. This princess had
+led a very adventurous life; for when but a babe, her father,
+disappointed to see a daughter instead of the longed-for son, had
+exposed her on Mount Parthenium to the fury of the wild beasts. Some
+hunters, passing there shortly after this, found the babe fearlessly
+nursing from a she-bear, and in compassion carried her home, where
+they trained her to love the chase.
+
+The grand Calydonian Hunt was headed by Meleager and Atalanta, who
+were very fond of each other, and who boldly led the rest in pursuit
+of the boar. From one end of the Calydonian forest to the other the
+boar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and was at last brought to bay
+by Atalanta, who succeeded in dealing him a mortal wound. But even in
+his dying struggles the boar would have killed her, had not Meleager
+come to her rescue and given him his deathblow.
+
+[Sidenote: Meleager slays his uncles.]
+
+All the hunt now gathered around the boar's corpse, and watched
+Meleager take its spoil, which he gallantly bestowed upon Atalanta.
+Althæa's two brothers were present at the hunt; and, as they wished to
+possess the skin, they bitterly reproved their nephew on their way
+home for giving it to a stranger. They added taunts to this reproof,
+which so angered Meleager, that, in a sudden fit of passion, he slew
+them both. When Althæa saw her brothers' corpses, and heard that they
+had been slain by her son, she vowed to avenge their death, drew the
+carefully cherished brand from its hiding place, and threw it upon the
+fire burning brightly on her hearth. When the last bit of the precious
+wood crumbled away into ashes, Meleager died. All Althæa's affection
+for her son returned when his lifeless corpse was brought to her, and
+in her despair she committed suicide.
+
+  [Illustration: ATALANTA'S RACE.--Poynter.]
+
+[Sidenote: Atalanta's race.]
+
+In the mean while, Atalanta, proud of her skill and of her spoil, had
+returned to her father's court, where, no other heir having appeared,
+she was joyfully received, and entreated to marry. Many suitors came
+to woo the fair princess, but most of them refrained from pressing
+their suit when they heard what conditions were imposed upon all who
+would obtain her hand; for Atalanta disapproved of marriage, and,
+anxious to keep her freedom, decreed that she should marry only on
+condition that her suitor would beat her in a foot race. If he were
+beaten, however, he must pay for his defeat by forfeiting his life.
+
+[Sidenote: The golden apples.]
+
+In spite of these barbarous terms, a few youths had tried to outrun
+her; but they failed, and their lifeless heads were exposed on the
+racing ground to deter all other suitors. Undaunted by these ghastly
+trophies, Hippomenes, or Milanion, once came to Atalanta and expressed
+a desire to race with her. This youth had previously obtained Venus'
+protection, and concealed under his garment her gift of three golden
+apples. Atalanta prepared for her race as usual, and, as usual, passed
+her rival; but just as she did so, one of the golden apples rolled at
+her feet. For a moment she paused, then stooped and picked it up ere
+she resumed the race. Her adversary had passed her and won some
+advance; but she soon overtook him, when a second golden apple caused
+a second delay. She was about to reach the goal first, as usual, when
+a third golden treasure tempted her to pause, and enabled Hippomenes
+to win the race.
+
+                "Hippomenes turns her astray
+    By the golden illusions he flings on her way."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+Atalanta could now no longer refuse to marry, and her nuptials were
+soon celebrated. In his happiness at having won such a peerless bride,
+Hippomenes forgot to pay the promised thanks to Venus, for which
+offense he and his wife were severely punished by being transformed
+into a pair of lions, and doomed to drag Cybele's car (p. 19).
+
+[Sidenote: Castor and Pollux.]
+
+The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, or Gemini, who had
+greatly distinguished themselves by their daring in the Calydonian
+Hunt, were made the deities of boxing, wrestling, and all equestrian
+exercises.
+
+            "Leda's sons I'll sound,
+    Illustrious twins, that are
+    For wrestling this, and for the race renown'd."
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+One of these twins, Castor, was a mortal, and in a combat with the
+sons of Aphareus was slain. Pollux, who was immortal, then implored
+Jupiter to allow him to die also, that he might not be parted from his
+brother,--a proof of brotherly affection which so touched the father
+of the gods, that he permitted Castor to return to life on condition
+that Pollux would spend half his time in Hades.
+
+Later on, satisfied that even this sacrifice was none too great for
+their fraternal love, he translated them both to the skies, where they
+form a bright constellation, one of the signs of the zodiac. Castor
+and Pollux are generally represented as handsome youths, mounted on
+snowy chargers.
+
+    "So like they were, no mortal
+      Might one from other know:
+    White as snow their armor was:
+      Their steeds were white as snow."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Their appearance under certain circumstances foretold success in war,
+and the Romans believed that they fought at the head of their legions
+at the celebrated battle of Lake Regillus. Their name was also given
+to meteors, sometimes seen at sea, which attach themselves like balls
+of fire to the masts of ships,--a sure sign, according to the sailors,
+of fine weather and an auspicious journey.
+
+    "Safe comes the ship to haven,
+      Through billows and through gales,
+    If once the Great Twin Brethren
+      Sit shining on the sails."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Festivals celebrated in honor of these twin brethren, and called the
+Dioscuria, were held in many places, but specially in Sparta, their
+birthplace, where they had world-renowned wrestling matches.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+OEDIPUS.
+
+
+Laius and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes, in Boeotia, were greatly
+delighted at the birth of a little son. In their joy they sent for the
+priests of Apollo, and bade them foretell the glorious deeds their
+heir would perform; but all their joy was turned to grief when told
+that the child was destined to kill his father, marry his mother, and
+bring great misfortunes upon his native city.
+
+                                "Laius once,
+    Not from Apollo, but his priests, receiv'd
+    An oracle, which said, it was decreed
+    He should be slain by his own son."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+To prevent the fulfillment of this dreadful prophecy, Laius bade a
+servant carry the new-born child out of the city, and end its feeble
+little life. The king's mandate was obeyed only in part; for the
+servant, instead of killing the child, hung it up by its ankles to a
+tree in a remote place, and left it there to perish from hunger and
+exposure if it were spared by the wild beasts.
+
+When he returned, none questioned how he had performed the appointed
+task, but all sighed with relief to think that the prophecy could
+never be accomplished. The child, however, was not dead, as all
+supposed. A shepherd in quest of a stray lamb had heard his cries,
+delivered him from his painful position, and carried him to Polybus,
+King of Corinth, who, lacking an heir of his own, gladly adopted the
+little stranger. The Queen of Corinth and her handmaidens hastened
+with tender concern to bathe the swollen ankles, and called the babe
+Oedipus (swollen-footed).
+
+Years passed by. The young prince grew up in total ignorance of the
+unfortunate circumstances under which he had made his first appearance
+at court, until one day at a banquet one of his companions, heated by
+drink, began to quarrel with him, and taunted him about his origin,
+declaring that those whom he had been accustomed to call parents were
+in no way related to him.
+
+    "A drunken rev'ler at a feast proclaim'd
+    That I was only the supposed son
+    Of Corinth's king."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus consults the oracle.]
+
+These words, coupled with a few meaning glances hastily exchanged by
+the guests, excited Oedipus' suspicions, and made him question the
+queen, who, afraid lest he might do himself an injury in the first
+moment of his despair if the truth were revealed to him, had recourse
+to prevarication, and quieted him by the assurance that he was her
+beloved son.
+
+Something in her manner, however, left a lingering doubt in Oedipus'
+mind, and made him resolve to consult the oracle of Delphi, whose
+words he knew would reveal the exact truth. He therefore went to this
+shrine; but, as usual, the oracle answered somewhat ambiguously, and
+merely warned him that fate had decreed he should kill his father,
+marry his mother, and cause great woes to his native city.
+
+                                    "I felt
+    A secret anguish, and unknown to them
+    Sought out the Pythian oracle; in vain;
+    Touching my parents, nothing could I learn;
+    But dreadful were the mis'ries it denounc'd
+    Against me; 'twas my fate, Apollo said,
+    To wed my mother, to produce a race
+    Accursed and abhorr'd; and last, to slay
+    My father."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus leaves Corinth.]
+
+What! kill Polybus, who had ever been such an indulgent father, and
+marry the queen, whom he revered as his mother! Never! Rather than
+perpetrate these awful crimes, and bring destruction upon the people
+of Corinth, whom he loved, he would wander away over the face of the
+earth, and never see city or parents again.
+
+    "Lest I should e'er fulfill the dire prediction,
+    Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars
+    Guiding my hapless journey."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+But his heart was filled with intense bitterness, and as he journeyed
+he did not cease to curse the fate which drove him away from home.
+After some time, he came to three crossroads; and while he stood
+there, deliberating which direction to take, a chariot, wherein an
+aged man was seated, came rapidly toward him.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Laius.]
+
+The herald who preceded it haughtily called to the youth to stand
+aside and make way for his master; but Oedipus, who, as Polybus' heir,
+was accustomed to be treated with deference, resented the commanding
+tone, and refused to obey. Incensed at what seemed unparalleled
+impudence, the herald struck the youth, who, retaliating, stretched
+his assailant lifeless at his feet.
+
+This affray attracted the attention of the master and other servants.
+They immediately attacked the murderer, who slew them all, thus
+unconsciously accomplishing the first part of the prophecy; for the
+aged man was Laius, his father, journeying _incognito_ from Thebes to
+Delphi, where he wished to consult the oracle.
+
+Oedipus then leisurely pursued his way until he came to the gates of
+Thebes, where he found the whole city in an uproar, "because the king
+had been found lifeless by the roadside, with all his attendants slain
+beside him, presumably the work of a band of highway robbers or
+assassins."
+
+                                    "He fell
+    By strangers, murdered, for so fame reports,
+    By robbers in the place where three ways meet."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Of course, Oedipus did not connect the murder of such a great
+personage as the King of Thebes by an unknown band of robbers, with
+the death he had dealt to an arrogant old man, and he therefore
+composedly inquired what the second calamity alluded to might be.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sphinx.]
+
+With lowered voices, as if afraid of being overheard, the Thebans
+described the woman's head, bird's wings and claws, and lion's body,
+which were the outward presentment of a terrible monster called the
+Sphinx, which had taken up its station without the city gates beside
+the highway, and would allow none to pass in or out without
+propounding a difficult riddle. Then, if any hesitated to give the
+required answer, or failed to give it correctly, they were mercilessly
+devoured by the terrible Sphinx, which no one dared attack or could
+drive away.
+
+While listening to these tidings, Oedipus saw a herald pass along the
+street, proclaiming that the throne and the queen's hand would be the
+reward of any man who dared encounter the Sphinx, and was fortunate
+enough to free the country of its terrible presence.
+
+[Sidenote: The riddle.]
+
+As Oedipus attached no special value to the life made desolate by the
+oracle's predictions, he resolved to slay the dreaded monster, and,
+with that purpose in view, advanced slowly, sword in hand, along the
+road where lurked the Sphinx. He soon found the monster, which from
+afar propounded the following enigma, warning him, at the same time,
+that he forfeited his life if he failed to give the right answer:--
+
+    "Tell me, what animal is that
+    Which has four feet at morning bright,
+    Has two at noon, and three at night?"
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+  [Illustration: OEDIPUS AND THE SPHINX.--Ingres. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+Oedipus was not devoid of intelligence, by any manner of means, and
+soon concluded that the animal could only be man, who in infancy, when
+too weak to stand, creeps along on hands and knees, in manhood walks
+erect, and in old age supports his tottering steps with a staff.
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus marries his mother.]
+
+This reply, evidently as correct as unexpected, was received by the
+Sphinx with a hoarse cry of disappointment and rage as it turned to
+fly; but ere it could effect its purpose, it was stayed by Oedipus,
+who drove it at his sword's point over the edge of a neighboring
+precipice, where it was killed. On his return to the city, Oedipus was
+received with cries of joy, placed on a chariot, crowned King of
+Thebes, and married to his own mother, Jocasta, unwittingly fulfilling
+the second fearful clause of the prophecy.
+
+[Sidenote: The plague.]
+
+A number of happy and moderately uneventful years now passed by, and
+Oedipus became the father of two manly sons, Eteocles and Polynices,
+and two beautiful daughters, Ismene and Antigone; but prosperity was
+not doomed to favor him long.
+
+Just when he fancied himself most happy, and looked forward to a
+peaceful old age, a terrible scourge visited Thebes, causing the death
+of many faithful subjects, and filling the hearts of all with great
+terror. The people now turned to him, beseeching him to aid them, as
+he had done once before when threatened by the Sphinx; and Oedipus
+sent messengers to consult the Delphic oracle, who declared the plague
+would cease only when the former king's murderers had been found and
+punished.
+
+            "The plague, he said, should cease,
+    When those who murder'd Laius were discover'd,
+    And paid the forfeit of their crime by death,
+    Or banishment."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Messengers were sent in every direction to collect all possible
+information about the murder committed so long ago, and after a short
+time they brought unmistakable proofs which convicted Oedipus of the
+crime. At the same time the guilty servant confessed that he had not
+killed the child, but had exposed it on a mountain, whence it was
+carried to Corinth's king.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Jocasta.]
+
+The chain of evidence was complete, and now Oedipus discovered that he
+had involuntarily been guilty of the three crimes to avoid which he
+had fled from Corinth. The rumor of these dreadful discoveries soon
+reached Jocasta, who, in her despair at finding herself an accomplice,
+committed suicide.
+
+Oedipus, apprised of her intention, rushed into her apartment too late
+to prevent its being carried out, and found her lifeless. This sight
+was more than the poor monarch could bear, and in his despair he
+blinded himself with one of her ornaments.
+
+        "He pluck'd from off the robe she wore
+    A golden buckle that adorn'd her side,
+    And buried in his eyes the sharpen'd point,
+    Crying, he ne'er again would look on her,
+    Never would see his crimes or mis'ries more,
+    Or those whom guiltless he could ne'er behold,
+    Or those to whom he now must sue for aid."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Oedipus.]
+
+Penniless, blind, and on foot, he then left the scene of his awful
+crimes, accompanied by his daughter Antigone, the only one who loved
+him still, and who was ready to guide his uncertain footsteps wherever
+he wished to go. After many days of weary wandering, father and
+daughter reached Colonus, where grew a mighty forest sacred to the
+avenging deities, the Furies, or Eumenides.
+
+Here Oedipus expressed his desire to remain, and, after bidding his
+faithful daughter an affectionate farewell, he groped his way into the
+dark forest alone. The wind rose, the lightning flashed, the thunder
+pealed; but although, as soon as the storm was over, a search was made
+for Oedipus, no trace of him was ever found, and the ancients fancied
+that the Furies had dragged him down to Hades to receive the
+punishment of all his crimes.
+
+[Sidenote: Eteocles and Polynices.]
+
+Antigone, no longer needed by her unhappy father, slowly wended her
+way back to Thebes, where she found that the plague had ceased, but
+that her brothers had quarreled about the succession to the throne. A
+compromise was finally decided upon, whereby it was decreed that
+Eteocles, the elder son, should reign one year, and at the end of that
+period resign the throne to Polynices for an equal space of time, both
+brothers thus exercising the royal authority in turn. This arrangement
+seemed satisfactory to Eteocles; but when, at the end of the first
+year, Polynices returned from his travels in foreign lands to claim
+the scepter, Eteocles refused to relinquish it, and, making use of his
+power, drove the claimant away.
+
+    "Thou seest me banish'd from my native land,
+    Unjustly banish'd, for no other crime
+    But that I strove to keep the throne of Thebes,
+    By birthright mine, from him who drove me thence,
+    The young Eteocles: not his the claim
+    By justice, nor to me his fame in arms
+    Superior; but by soft, persuasive arts
+    He won the rebel city to his love."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The seven chiefs before Thebes.]
+
+Polynices' nature was not one to endure such a slight patiently; and
+he hastened off to Argos, where he persuaded Adrastus, the king, to
+give him his daughter in marriage, and aid him to recover his
+inheritance. True to his promise, Adrastus soon equipped a large army,
+which was led by seven determined and renowned chiefs, ready to risk
+all in the attempt, and either win or perish.
+
+                "Seven valiant leaders march
+    To Thebes, resolved to conquer or to die."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Their bravery was of no avail, however, for Thebes was well fortified
+and defended; and after a seven-years' siege they found themselves no
+nearer their goal than at the beginning of the war. Weary of the
+monotony of this quarrel, the conflicting armies finally decreed that
+the difference should be settled by a duel between the inimical
+brothers, who no sooner found themselves face to face, than they
+rushed upon each other with such animosity that both fell.
+
+By order of Jocasta's father, Creon, the corpse of Eteocles received
+all the honors of a Greek burial, while that of Polynices was left on
+the plain, a prey to the birds and wild beasts.
+
+      "Polynices' wretched carcass lies
+    Unburied, unlamented, left expos'd
+    A feast for hungry vultures on the plain."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Antigone's devotion.]
+
+Then a proclamation was issued, that, if any dared bury the body of
+the fallen prince, he would incur the penalty of being buried alive.
+Heedless of this injunction and Ismene's prayers to refrain from
+endangering her own life, Antigone dug a grave for her brother's
+remains, and, unaided, fulfilled the various customary funeral rites.
+Her task was almost completed, when the guards discovered her, and
+dragged her into the presence of Creon, who, although she was a
+relative and the promised wife of his son Hæmon, condemned her to
+death.
+
+    "Let her be carried instant to the cave,
+    And leave her there alone, to live, or die;
+    Her blood rests not on us: but she no longer
+    Shall breathe on earth."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Antigone and Hæmon.]
+
+Hæmon pleaded passionately for her life; but, when he saw his prayers
+were vain, he ran to the place where Antigone was confined, sprang
+into her narrow cell, wound his arms closely around her, and refused
+to leave her. There they were walled in; Antigone's sufferings were
+cut mercifully short by asphyxiation; and, when Hæmon saw she was no
+more, he, in utter despair, thrust his dagger into his side, and
+perished too.
+
+  [Illustration: ANTIGONE AND ISMENE.--Teschendorf.]
+
+          "On himself bent all his wrath,
+    Full in his side the weapon fix'd, but still,
+    Whilst life remain'd, on the soft bosom hung
+    Of the dear maid, and his last spirit breath'd
+    O'er her pale cheek, discolor'd with his blood.
+    Thus lay the wretched pair in death united,
+    And celebrate their nuptials in the tomb."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Ismene, the last of Oedipus' unfortunate race, died of grief, and thus
+the prophecy was fully accomplished. The Theban war was not, however,
+entirely ended, for, when both brothers fell, the two armies flew to
+attack each other; and such was their courage, that many fell, and
+only one of the seven chiefs returned to Argos. There he patiently
+waited until the children of these brave captains were old enough to
+bear arms, and then proposed to them to attack Thebes and avenge their
+fathers' death.
+
+The Epigoni (or those who come after), as these youths are
+collectively designated, received this proposal with rapture; and
+Thebes, again besieged, fell into their hands, and was duly sacked,
+burned, and destroyed, as the Delphic oracle had foretold so many
+years before.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+BELLEROPHON.
+
+
+Bellerophon, a brave young prince, the grandson of Sisyphus, King of
+Corinth, had the great misfortune to kill his own brother while
+hunting in the forest. His grief was, of course, intense; and the
+horror he felt for the place where the catastrophe had occurred, added
+to his fear lest he should incur judicial punishment for his
+involuntary crime, made him flee to the court of Argos, where he took
+refuge with Proetus, the king, who was also his kinsman.
+
+[Sidenote: Anteia's treachery.]
+
+He had not sojourned there very long, before Anteia, the queen, fell
+in love with him; and although her husband, Proetus, treated her with
+the utmost kindness, she made up her mind to desert him, and tried to
+induce Bellerophon to elope with her. Too honest to betray a man who
+had treated him as a friend, the young prince refused to listen to the
+queen's proposals. His refusal was to cost him dear, however; for,
+when Anteia saw that the youth would never yield to her wishes, she
+became very angry indeed, sought her husband, and accused the young
+stranger of crimes he had never even dreamed of committing.
+
+Proetus, indignant at what he deemed deep treachery on the part of an
+honored guest, yet reluctant to punish him with his own hand as he
+deserved, sent Bellerophon to Iobates, King of Lycia, with a sealed
+message bidding him put the bearer to death.
+
+Quite unconscious of the purport of this letter, Bellerophon traveled
+gayly onward, and presented himself before Iobates, who received him
+very hospitably, and, without inquiring his name or errand,
+entertained him royally for many days. After some time, Bellerophon
+suddenly remembered the sealed message intrusted to his care, and
+hastened to deliver it to Iobates, with many apologies for his
+forgetfulness.
+
+[Sidenote: The Chimæra.]
+
+With blanched cheeks and every outward sign of horror, the king read
+the missive, and then fell into a deep reverie. He did not like to
+take a stranger's life, and still could not refuse to comply with
+Proetus' urgent request: so, after much thought, he decided to send
+Bellerophon to attack the Chimæra, a terrible monster with a lion's
+head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail.
+
+        "Dire Chimæra's conquest was enjoin'd;
+    A mingled monster, of no mortal kind;
+    Behind, a dragon's fiery tail was spread;
+    A goat's rough body bore a lion's head;
+    Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire;
+    Her gaping throat emits infernal fire."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+His principal motive in choosing this difficult task was, that,
+although many brave men had set forth to slay the monster, none had
+ever returned, for one and all had perished in the attempt.
+
+Although very courageous, Bellerophon's heart beat fast with fear when
+told what great deed he must accomplish; and he left Iobates' palace
+very sorrowfully, for he dearly loved the king's fair daughter,
+Philonoe, and was afraid he would never see her again.
+
+[Sidenote: Minerva's advice.]
+
+While thus inwardly bewailing the ill luck which had so persistently
+dogged his footsteps, Bellerophon suddenly saw Minerva appear before
+him in all her splendor, and heard her inquire in gentle tones the
+cause of his too evident dejection. He had no sooner apprised her of
+the difficult task appointed him, than she promised him her aid, and
+before she vanished gave him a beautiful golden bridle, which she bade
+him use to control Pegasus.
+
+  [Illustration: CHIMÆRA. (Egyptian Museum, Florence.)]
+
+Bridle in hand, Bellerophon stood pondering her words, and gradually
+remembered that Pegasus was a wonderful winged steed, born from the
+blood which fell into the foam of the sea from Medusa's severed head
+(p. 244). This horse, as white as snow, and gifted with immortal life
+as well as incredible speed, was the favorite mount of Apollo and the
+Muses, who delighted in taking aërial flights on his broad back; and
+Bellerophon knew that from time to time he came down to earth to drink
+of the cool waters of the Hippocrene (a fountain which had bubbled
+forth where his hoofs first touched the earth), or to visit the
+equally limpid spring of Pirene, near Corinth.
+
+[Sidenote: Pegasus bridled.]
+
+Bellerophon now proceeded to the latter fountain, where, after
+lingering many days in the vain hope of catching even a glimpse of the
+winged steed, he finally beheld him sailing downward in wide curves,
+like a bird of prey. From his place of concealment in a neighboring
+thicket, Bellerophon watched his opportunity, and, while the winged
+steed was grazing, he boldly vaulted upon his back.
+
+Pegasus, who had never before been ridden by a mortal, reared and
+pranced, and flew up to dizzy heights; but all his efforts failed to
+unseat the brave rider, who, biding his time, finally thrust Minerva's
+golden bit between his teeth, and immediately he became gentle and
+tractable. Mounted upon this incomparable steed, Bellerophon now went
+in search of the winged monster Chimæra, who had given birth to the
+Nemean lion and to the riddle-loving Sphinx.
+
+[Sidenote: Chimæra slain.]
+
+From an unclouded sky Bellerophon and Pegasus swooped suddenly and
+unexpectedly down upon the terrible Chimæra, whose fiery breath and
+great strength were of no avail; for after a protracted struggle
+Bellerophon and Pegasus were victorious, and the monster lay lifeless
+upon the blood-soaked ground.
+
+This mighty deed of valor accomplished, Bellerophon returned to
+Iobates, to report the success of his undertaking; and, although the
+king was heartily glad to know the Chimæra was no more, he was very
+sorry to see Bellerophon safe and sound, and tried to devise some
+other plan to get rid of him.
+
+He therefore sent him to fight the Amazons; but the hero, aided by the
+gods, defeated these warlike women also, and returned to Lycia, where,
+after escaping from an ambush posted by the king for his destruction,
+he again appeared victorious at court.
+
+These repeated and narrow escapes from certain death convinced Iobates
+that the youth was under the special protection of the gods; and this
+induced the king not only to forego further attempts to slay him, but
+also to bestow upon the young hero his daughter's hand in marriage.
+
+Bellerophon, having now attained his dearest wishes, might have
+settled down in peace; but his head had been utterly turned by the
+many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus' back, and, encouraged by
+the fulsome flattery of his courtiers, he finally fancied himself the
+equal of the immortal gods, and wished to join them in their celestial
+abode.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellerophon's fall.]
+
+Summoning his faithful Pegasus once more, he rose higher and higher,
+and would probably have reached Olympus' heights, had not Jupiter sent
+a gadfly, which stung poor Pegasus so cruelly, that he shied
+viciously, and flung his too confident rider far down to the earth
+below.
+
+            "Bold Bellerophon (so Jove decreed
+    In wrath) fell headlong from the fields of air."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+This fall, which would doubtless have killed any one but a
+mythological hero, merely deprived Bellerophon of his eyesight; and
+ever after he groped his way disconsolately, thinking of the happy
+days when he rode along the paths of air, and gazed upon the beautiful
+earth at his feet.
+
+Bellerophon, mounted upon Pegasus, winging his flight through the air
+or fighting the Chimæra, is a favorite subject in sculpture and
+painting, which has frequently been treated by ancient artists, a few
+of whose most noted works are still extant in various museums.
+
+This story, like many others, is merely a sun myth, in which
+Bellerophon, the orb of day, rides across the sky on Pegasus, the
+fleecy white clouds, and slays Chimæra, the dread monster of darkness,
+which he alone can overcome. Driven from home early in life,
+Bellerophon wanders throughout the world like his brilliant prototype,
+and, like it, ends his career in total darkness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+MINOR DIVINITIES.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Naiades and Oreades.]
+
+According to the ancients' belief, every mountain, valley, plain,
+lake, river, grove, and sea was provided with some lesser deity, whose
+special duty was assigned by the powerful gods of Olympus. These were,
+for instance, the Naiades, beautiful water nymphs, who dwelt in the
+limpid depths of the fountains, and were considered local patrons of
+poetry and song.
+
+The Oreades, or mountain nymphs, were supposed to linger in the
+mountain solitudes, and guide weary travelers safely through their
+rocky mazes.
+
+    "Mark how the climbing Oreads
+    Beckon thee to their Arcades!"
+
+                                    Emerson.
+
+[Sidenote: Napææ and Dryades.]
+
+As for the Napææ, they preferred to linger in the valleys, which were
+kept green and fruitful by their watchful care, in which task they
+were ably seconded by the Dryades, the nymphs of vegetation.
+
+The very trees in the forest and along the roadside were supposed to
+be each under the protection of a special divinity called Hamadryad,
+said to live and die with the tree intrusted to her care.
+
+    "When the Fate of Death is drawing near,
+    First wither on the earth the beauteous trees,
+    The bark around them wastes, the branches fall,
+    And the nymph's soul, at the same moment, leaves
+    The sun's fair light."
+
+                                      Homer.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Dryope.]
+
+A sweet and touching story was told by the ancients of a mortal who
+was changed into a Hamadryad. This young girl, whose name was Dryope,
+was a beautiful young princess, the daughter of Baucis, so bright and
+clever, that all who knew her loved her dearly. Of course, as soon as
+she was old enough to think of marriage, a host of suitors asked her
+hand, each eager to win for his bride one so beautiful and gifted.
+
+    "No nymph of all Oechalia could compare,
+    For beauteous form, with Dryope the fair."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+Fully aware of the importance of making a wise choice, Dryope took her
+time, and finally decided to marry Andræmon, a worthy young prince,
+who possessed every charm calculated to win a fair girl's heart. The
+young people were duly married, and daily rejoiced in their happiness,
+which seemed almost too great for earth, when they became the parents
+of a charming little son.
+
+Every day Dryope carried the child along the banks of a little lake
+close by the palace, where bloomed a profusion of gay-colored flowers.
+
+      "A lake there was, with shelving banks around,
+    Whose verdant summit fragrant myrtles crown'd.
+    Those shades, unknowing of the Fates, she sought,
+    And to the Naiads flowery garlands brought;
+    Her smiling babe (a pleasing charge) she press'd
+    Between her arms."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+One day, while wandering there as usual, accompanied by her sister,
+she saw a lotus blossom, and pointed it out to her little son. He no
+sooner saw the brilliant flower, than he stretched out his little
+hands. To please him, the fond mother plucked it and gave it to him.
+
+She had scarcely done so, when she noticed drops of blood trickling
+from the broken stem; and while she stood there, speechless with
+wonder, a voice was heard accusing her of having slain Lotis, a nymph,
+who, to escape the pursuit of Priapus, god of the shade, had assumed
+the guise of a flower.
+
+    "Lotis the nymph (if rural tales be true),
+    As from Priapus' lawless love she flew,
+    Forsook her form; and fixing here became
+    A flowery plant, which still preserves her name."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+Recovering from her first speechless terror, Dryope turned to flee,
+with a pitiful cry of compassion on her pale lips, but, to her
+astonishment, she could not leave the spot: her feet seemed rooted to
+the ground. She cast a rapid glance downward to ascertain what could
+so impede her progress, and noticed the rough bark of a tree growing
+with fearful rapidity all around her.
+
+Higher and higher it rose, from her knees to her waist, and still it
+crept upward, in spite of her frantic attempts to tear it away from
+her shapely limbs. In despair she raised her trembling hands and arms
+to heaven to implore aid; but, ere the words were spoken, her arms
+were transformed into twisted branches, and her hands were filled with
+leaves.
+
+Nothing human now remained of poor Dryope except her sweet,
+tear-stained face; but this too would soon vanish under the
+all-involving bark. She therefore took hasty leave of her father,
+sister, husband, and son, who, attracted by her first cry, had rushed
+to give her all the assistance in their power. The last words were
+quickly spoken, but none too soon, for the bark closed over the soft
+lips and hid the lovely features from view.
+
+    "She ceased at once to speak, and ceased to be,
+    And all the nymph was lost within the tree:
+    Yet latent life through her new branches reign'd,
+    And long the plant a human heat retain'd."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+One of Dryope's last requests had been that her child might often play
+beneath her shady branches; and when the passing winds rustled
+through her leaves, the ancients said it was "Dryope's lone lulling of
+her child."
+
+[Sidenote: Satyrs and Pan.]
+
+The male divinities of the woods, which were also very numerous, were
+mostly Satyrs,--curious beings with a man's body and a goat's legs,
+hair, and horns. They were all passionately fond of music and revelry,
+and were wont to indulge in dancing at all times and in all places.
+The most famous among all the Satyrs was Silenus, Bacchus' tutor; and
+Pan, or Consentes, god of the shepherds, and the personification of
+nature. The latter was the reputed son of Mercury and a charming young
+nymph named Penelope; and we are told, that, when his mother first
+beheld him, she was aghast, for he was the most homely as well as the
+most extraordinary little creature she had ever seen. His body was all
+covered with goat's hair, and his feet and ears were also those of a
+goat.
+
+Amused at the sight of this grotesque little divinity, Mercury carried
+him off to Olympus, where all the gods turned him into ridicule. Pan
+was widely worshiped in olden times, however; and the ancients not
+only decked his altars with flowers, but sang his praises, and
+celebrated festivals in his honor.
+
+    "He is great and he is just,
+    He is ever good, and must
+    Be honored. Daffodillies,
+    Roses, pinks, and loved lilies,
+    Let us fling, while we sing,
+    Ever Holy! Ever Holy!
+    Ever honored! Ever young!
+    The great Pan is ever sung!"
+
+                      Beaumont and Fletcher.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Syrinx.]
+
+Pan was equally devoted to music, the dance, and pretty nymphs. He saw
+one of the nymphs, Syrinx, whom he immediately loved; but
+unfortunately for him, she, frightened at his appearance, fled.
+Exasperated by her persistent avoidance of him, Pan once pursued and
+was about to overtake her, when she paused, and implored Gæa to
+protect her. The prayer was scarcely ended, when she found herself
+changed into a clump of reeds, which the panting lover embraced,
+thinking he had caught the maiden, who had stood in that very spot a
+few moments before.
+
+His deception and disappointment were so severe, that they wrung from
+him a prolonged sigh, which, passing through the rustling reeds,
+produced plaintive tones. Pan, seeing Syrinx had gone forever, took
+seven pieces of the reed, of unequal lengths, bound them together, and
+fashioned from them a musical instrument, which was called by the name
+of the fair nymph.
+
+            "Fair, trembling Syrinx fled
+    Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread.
+    Poor nymph!--poor Pan!--how he did weep to find
+    Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind
+    Along the reedy stream; a half-heard strain
+    Full of sweet desolation--balmy pain."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Pan was supposed to delight in slyly overtaking belated travelers and
+inspiring them with sudden and unfounded fears,--from him called
+"panic." He is generally represented with a syrinx and shepherd's
+crook, and a pine garland around his misshapen head.
+
+[Sidenote: Silvan deities.]
+
+The Romans also worshiped three other divinities of nature entirely
+unknown to the Greeks; i.e., Silvanus, Faunus, and Fauna, the latter's
+wife, who had charge over the woods and plants. Priapus, god of the
+shade, was also a rural deity, but his worship was only known along
+the shores of the Hellespont.
+
+[Sidenote: Flora and Zephyrus.]
+
+The fairest among all the lesser gods was doubtless Flora, goddess of
+flowers, who married Zephyrus, the gentle god of the south wind, and
+wandered happily with him from place to place, scattering her favors
+with lavish generosity. She was principally worshiped by young girls,
+and the only offerings ever seen on her altars were fruits and
+garlands of beautiful flowers. Her festivals, generally celebrated in
+the month of May, were called the Floralia.
+
+  [Illustration: "A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY."--Thumann. (Vertumnus and
+      Pomona.)]
+
+                "Crowds of nymphs,
+    Soft voiced, and young, and gay,
+    In woven baskets bringing ears of corn,
+    Roses and pinks and violets to adorn
+    The shrine of Flora in her early May."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Vertumnus and Pomona.]
+
+Vertumnus and Pomona were the special divinities of the garden and
+orchard. They are represented with pruning knives and shears,
+gardening implements, and fruits and flowers. Pomona was very coy
+indeed, and had no desire to marry. Vertumnus, enamored of her charms,
+did his best to make her change her mind, but she would not even
+listen to his pleadings.
+
+At last the lover had recourse to stratagem, disguised himself as an
+aged crone, entered Pomona's garden, and inquired how it happened that
+such a very charming young woman should remain so long unmarried.
+Then, having received a mocking answer, he began to argue with her,
+and finally extracted an avowal, that, among all the suitors, one
+alone was worthy of her love, Vertumnus. Vertumnus seized the
+favorable opportunity, revealed himself, and clasped her to his
+breast. Pomona, perceiving that she had hopelessly betrayed herself,
+no longer refused to wed, but allowed him to share her labors, and
+help her turn the luscious fruit to ripen in the autumn sunshine.
+
+[Sidenote: Sea deities.]
+
+The lesser divinities of the sea were almost as numerous as those of
+the land, and included the lovely Oceanides and Nereides, together
+with their male companions the Tritons, who generally formed Neptune's
+regal train.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Glaucus.]
+
+One of the lesser sea gods, Glaucus, was once a poor fisherman, who
+earned his daily bread by selling the fish he caught in his nets. On
+one occasion he made an extra fine haul, and threw his net full of
+fish down upon a certain kind of grass, which the flapping fish
+immediately nibbled, and, as if endowed with extraordinary powers,
+bounded back into the waves and swam away.
+
+Greatly surprised at this occurrence, Glaucus began chewing a few
+blades of this peculiar grass, and immediately felt an insane desire
+to plunge into the sea,--a desire which soon became so intense, that
+he could no longer resist it, but dived down into the water. The mere
+contact with the salt waves sufficed to change his nature; and
+swimming about comfortably in the element, where he now found himself
+perfectly at home, he began to explore the depths of the sea.
+
+    "'I plung'd for life or death. To interknit
+    One's senses with so dense a breathing stuff
+    Might seem a work of pain; so not enough
+    Can I admire how crystal-smooth it felt,
+    And buoyant round my limbs. At first I dwelt
+    Whole days and days in sheer astonishment;
+    Forgetful utterly of self-intent;
+    Moving but with the mighty ebb and flow.
+    Then, like a new fledg'd bird that first doth show
+    His spreaded feathers to the morrow chill,
+    I try'd in fear the pinions of my will.
+    'Twas freedom! and at once I visited
+    The ceaseless wonders of this ocean-bed.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Glaucus was worshiped most particularly by the fishermen and boatmen,
+whose vessels he was supposed to guard from evil, and whose nets were
+often filled to overflow through his intervention.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+THE TROJAN WAR.
+
+
+Jupiter, father of the gods, once fell deeply in love with a beautiful
+sea nymph named Thetis, the daughter of Nereus and Doris,--
+
+      "Thetis of the silver feet, and child
+    Of the gray Ancient of the Deep."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter and Thetis.]
+
+He was very anxious indeed to marry her, but, before taking such an
+important step, deemed it prudent to consult the Fates, who alone
+could inform him whether this union would be for his happiness or not.
+It was very fortunate for him that he did so, for the three sisters
+told him that Thetis was destined to be the mother of a son who would
+far outshine his father.
+
+Jupiter carefully pondered this reply, and concluded to renounce the
+marriage rather than run any risk of being forced to surrender his
+power to one greater than he. Thetis' hand he then decreed should be
+given in marriage to Peleus, King of Phthia, who had loved her
+faithfully, and had long sued in vain.
+
+Thetis, however, was not at all anxious to accept the hand of a mere
+mortal after having enjoyed the attention of the gods (for Neptune
+also had wooed her), and demurred, until Jupiter promised his own and
+the gods' attendance at the marriage feast. The prospect of this
+signal honor reconciled the maiden, and the wedding preparations were
+made in the coral caves of her father, Nereus, beneath the
+foam-crested waves.
+
+Thither, mindful of his promise, came Jupiter, with all the gods of
+Olympus.
+
+      "Then, with his Queen, the Father of the gods
+    Came down from high Olympus' bright abodes;
+    Came down, with all th' attending deities."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+The guests took their seats, and pledged the bride and groom in
+brimming cups of wine,--Bacchus' wedding gift to Thetis. All was joy
+and merriment, when an uninvited guest suddenly appeared in the
+banquet-hall. All present immediately recognized Eris, or Discordia,
+goddess of discord, whose snaky locks, sour looks, and violent temper
+had caused her to be omitted from the wedding list,--
+
+    "The Abominable, that uninvited came
+    Into the fair Peleian banquet-hall."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: The apple of discord.]
+
+This omission angered her, and made her determine to have her revenge
+by troubling the harmony which evidently reigned among all the guests.
+For a moment she stood beside the bountiful board, then threw upon it
+a golden apple, and, exhaling over the assembly her poisoned breath,
+she vanished. The general attention was, of course, turned upon the
+golden fruit, whereon the inscription "To the fairest" was clearly
+traced.
+
+All the ladies were at first inclined to contend for the prize; but
+little by little all the claimants withdrew except Juno, Minerva, and
+Venus, who hotly disputed for its possession. Juno declared that the
+queen of the gods, in her majesty and power, surely had the best
+right; Minerva, that the beauty of wisdom and knowledge far surpassed
+external charms; and Venus smiled, and archly requested to be informed
+who might assert greater claims than the goddess of beauty.
+
+The dispute grew more and more bitter, and the irate goddesses called
+upon the guests to award the prize to the most deserving; but the
+guests, one and all, refused to act as umpires, for the apple could be
+given to but one, and the two others would be sure to vent their anger
+and disappointment upon the judge who passed over their charms in
+favor of a third. The final decision was therefore referred to Paris,
+who, although performing the lowly duties of a shepherd, was the son
+of Priam and Hecuba, King and Queen of Troy.
+
+When but a babe, Paris had been exposed on a mountain to perish,
+because an oracle had predicted that he would cause the death of his
+family and the downfall of his native city. Although thus cruelly
+treated, he had not perished, but had been adopted by a shepherd, who
+made him follow his own calling.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris and Oenone.]
+
+When Paris reached manhood, he was a very handsome and attractive
+young man, and won the love of Oenone, a beautiful nymph to whom he
+was secretly united. Their happiness, however, was but fleeting, for
+the Fates had decreed that Paris' love for the fair Oenone would soon
+die.
+
+                                "The Fate,
+    That rules the will of Jove, had spun the days
+    Of Paris and Oenone."
+
+             Quintus Smyrnæus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Judgment of Paris.]
+
+Instead of lingering by the fair nymph's side, Paris wandered off to a
+lonely mountain top, where the three goddesses sought him to judge
+their quarrel. Minerva, in glittering armor, first appeared before his
+dazzled eyes, and proffered the bribe of extensive wisdom if he would
+but give her the preference.
+
+Juno, queen of heaven, next appeared in royal robes and insignia, and
+whispered that he should have great wealth and unlimited power were he
+only to award the prize to her.
+
+                            "She to Paris made
+    Proffer of royal power, ample rule
+    Unquestion'd, overflowing revenue
+    Wherewith to embellish state, 'from many a vale
+    And river-sunder'd champaign clothed with corn,
+    Or labor'd mine undrainable of ore.
+    Honor,' she said, 'and homage, tax and toll,
+    From many an inland town and haven large,
+    Mast-throng'd beneath her shadowing citadel
+    In glassy bays among her tallest towers.'"
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+But all Minerva's and Juno's charms and bribes were forgotten when
+Venus, in her magic cestus, appeared before the judge. This artful
+simplicity was the result of much thought, for we are told that
+
+    "Venus oft with anxious care
+    Adjusted twice a single hair."
+
+                                     Cowper.
+
+Then, trembling lest her efforts should prove vain, she gently drew
+near the youth, and softly promised him a bride as fair as herself, in
+return for the coveted golden apple.
+
+Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe, Paris
+no longer hesitated, but placed the prize in her extended palm.
+
+      "Ere yet her speech was finished, he consign'd
+    To her soft hand the fruit of burnished rind;
+    And foam-born Venus grasp'd the graceful meed,
+    Of war, of evil war, the quickening seed."
+
+                     Coluthus (Elton's tr.).
+
+This act of partiality, of course, called down upon him the wrath and
+hatred of Juno and Minerva, who, biding their time, watched for a
+suitable opportunity to avenge themselves; while Venus, triumphant,
+and anxious to redeem her promise, directed Paris to return to Troy,
+make himself known to his parents,--who, the goddess promised, would
+welcome him warmly,--and obtain from them a fleet in which he might
+sail to Greece.
+
+  [Illustration: PARIS. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+In obedience to these instructions, Paris ruthlessly abandoned the
+fair and faithful Oenone, and, joining a band of youthful shepherds,
+went to Troy, under pretext of witnessing a solemn festival. There
+he took part in the athletic games, distinguished himself, and
+attracted the attention of his sister Cassandra.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris' return to Troy.]
+
+This princess was noted for her beauty, and it is said had even been
+wooed by Apollo, who, hoping to win her favor, bestowed upon her the
+gift of prophecy. For some reason the god's suit had not prospered;
+and, as he could not take back the power conferred, he annulled it by
+making her hearers refuse to credit her words.
+
+Cassandra immediately called her parents' attention to the
+extraordinary likeness Paris bore to her other brothers; and then,
+breaking out into a prophetic strain, she foretold that he would bring
+destruction upon his native city. Priam and Hecuba, scorning her
+prophecy, joyfully received their long-lost son, lovingly compelled
+him to take up his abode in their palace, and promised to atone for
+their past neglect by granting his every wish.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris sails for Greece.]
+
+Still advised by Venus, Paris soon expressed a desire to sail for
+Greece, under the pretext of rescuing Hesione, his father's sister,
+whom Hercules had carried off, after besieging Troy. He was promptly
+provided with several well-manned galleys, and soon after appeared at
+the court of Menelaus, King of Sparta, whose young wife, Helen, was
+the most beautiful woman of her time, if we are to believe the
+testimony of her contemporaries.
+
+    "Full threescore girls, in sportive flight we stray'd,
+    Like youths anointing, where along the glade
+    The baths of cool Eurotas limpid play'd.
+    But none, of all, with Helen might compare,
+    Nor one seem'd faultless of the fairest fair.
+    As morn, with vermeil visage, looks from high,
+    When solemn night has vanish'd suddenly;
+    When winter melts, and frees the frozen hours,
+    And spring's green bough is gemm'd with silvery flowers:
+    So bloom'd the virgin Helen in our eyes,
+    With full voluptuous limbs, and towering size:
+    In shape, in height, in stately presence fair,
+    Straight as a furrow gliding from the share;
+    A cypress of the gardens, spiring high,
+    A courser in the cars of Thessaly.
+    So rose-complexion'd Helen charm'd the sight;
+    Our Sparta's grace, our glory, and delight."
+
+                   Theocritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Helen's suitors.]
+
+A daughter of Jupiter and Leda (whom Jove had courted in the guise of
+a snow-white swan), Helen had many suitors who ardently strove to win
+her favor. The noblest, bravest, and best came to woo and hoped to
+win; but all were left in suspense, as the maiden did not show any
+preference, and refused to make known her choice.
+
+Tyndareus, Helen's stepfather, thinking the rejected suitors might
+attempt to steal her away from any husband she selected, proposed that
+all the candidates for her hand should take a solemn oath, binding
+themselves to respect the marital rights of the favored suitor, and
+help him regain possession of his wife should any one venture to
+kidnap her.
+
+                  "This was cause
+    To Tyndarus her father of much doubt,
+    To give, or not to give her, and how best
+    To make good fortune his: at length this thought
+    Occurr'd, that each to each the wooers give
+    Their oath, and plight their hands, and on the flames
+    Pour the libations, and with solemn vows
+    Bind their firm faith that him, who should obtain
+    The virgin for his bride, they all would aid;
+    If any dar'd to seize and bear her off,
+    And drive by force her husband from her bed,
+    All would unite in arms, and lay his town,
+    Greek or Barbaric, level with the ground."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+All agreed to this proposal, the oath was taken, and Helen, whose
+deliberations had come to an end, bestowed her hand upon Menelaus,
+King of Sparta.
+
+[Sidenote: Abduction of Helen.]
+
+On his arrival at Sparta, in Lacedæmonia, Paris was received with
+graceful hospitality by Menelaus and Helen. He had not sojourned there
+many days, however, before the king was called away from home, and
+departed, confiding to his wife the care of entertaining his princely
+guest. During his absence, Paris, urged by Venus, courted Helen so
+successfully, that she finally consented to elope with him, and
+allowed herself to be borne away in triumph to Troy.
+
+    "Then from her husband's stranger-sheltering home
+    He tempted Helen o'er the ocean foam."
+
+                     Coluthus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Preparations for war.]
+
+Menelaus, on his return from Crete, discovered his guest's treachery,
+and swore never to rest satisfied until he had recovered his truant
+wife, and punished her seducer. Messengers were sent in haste in every
+direction, to summon Helen's former suitors to keep their oath, and
+join Menelaus at Aulis with men and weapons. All came promptly at his
+call except Ulysses, King of Ithaca, who, to console himself for
+Helen's refusal of his suit, had married her cousin, Penelope, and had
+now no dearer wish than to linger by her side and admire his infant
+son, Telemachus.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses feigns madness.]
+
+In the presence of the messenger Palamedes, Ulysses feigned insanity,
+hoping thereby to elude the tedious journey to Troy; but the messenger
+was not so easily duped, and cleverly determined to ascertain the
+truth by stratagem. One day, therefore, when the king was plowing the
+seashore with an ox and horse harnessed together, and sowing this
+strange field with salt, Palamedes placed the babe Telemachus in the
+furrow, directly in front of the plow, and marked how skillfully
+Ulysses turned his ill-assorted team aside to avoid harming his heir.
+This action sufficed to prove to Palamedes that the king had not lost
+all control of his senses, and enabled him to force Ulysses to obey
+Menelaus' summons.
+
+  [Illustration: ABDUCTION OF HELEN.--Deutsch.]
+
+[Sidenote: Agamemnon made chief.]
+
+At Aulis the assembled army with unanimous consent elected
+Agamemnon, Menelaus' brother, chief of the expedition, which
+numbered, among many others, Nestor, noted for his wise counsel; Ajax,
+gigantic in strength and courage; and Diomedes, the renowned warrior.
+
+The troops were assembled, the vessels freighted; but before they
+departed, the chiefs considered it expedient to consult an oracle, to
+ascertain whether their expedition was destined to succeed. In a
+somewhat veiled and ambiguous manner, they received answer that Troy
+could never be taken without the aid of the son of Peleus and Thetis,
+Achilles, of whom the Fates had predicted that he would surpass his
+father in greatness (p. 305).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' early life.]
+
+Thetis loved this only child so dearly, that when he was but a babe,
+she had carried him to the banks of the Styx, whose waters had the
+magic power of rendering all the parts they touched invulnerable.
+Premising that her son would be a great warrior, and thus exposed to
+great danger, she plunged him wholly into the tide with the exception
+of one heel, by which she held him, and then returned home.
+
+Some time after, an oracle foretold that Achilles would die beneath
+the walls of Troy from a wound in his heel, the only vulnerable part
+of his body. With many tears Thetis vowed that her son should never
+leave her to encounter such a fate, and intrusted the care of his
+education to the Centaur Chiron, who had taught all the greatest
+heroes in turn.
+
+From this instructor Achilles learned the arts of war, wrestling,
+poetry, music, and song,--all, in short, that an accomplished Greek
+warrior was expected to know,--and, when his studies were finished,
+returned to his father's court to gladden his fond mother's heart by
+his presence.
+
+Thetis' joy was all turned to grief, however, when rumors of the war
+imminent between Greece and Troy came to her ears. She knew her son
+would soon be summoned, and, to prevent his going, sent him off to the
+court of Lycomedes, where, under some pretext, he was prevailed upon
+to assume a disguise and mingle with the king's daughters and their
+handmaidens.
+
+One messenger after another was dispatched to summon Achilles to join
+the fleet at Aulis, but one after another returned without having seen
+him, or being able to ascertain where he was hiding. The Greeks,
+however anxious to depart, dared not sail without him. They were in
+despair, until Ulysses, the wily, proposed a plan, and offered to
+carry it out.
+
+    "Ulysses, man of many arts,
+    Son of Laertes, reared in Ithaca,
+    That rugged isle, and skilled in every form
+    Of shrewd device and action wisely planned."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses discovers Achilles.]
+
+Arrayed in peddler's garb, with a pack upon his shoulders, Ulysses
+entered Lycomedes' palace, where he shrewdly suspected Achilles was
+concealed, and offered his wares for sale. The maidens selected
+trinkets; but one of them, closely veiled, seized a weapon concealed
+among the ornaments, and brandished it with such skill, that Ulysses
+saw through the assumed disguise, explained his presence and purpose,
+and by his eloquence persuaded the young Achilles to accompany him to
+Aulis.
+
+The Greeks were now ready to embark; but no favorable wind came to
+swell the sails, which day after day hung limp and motionless against
+the tall masts of their vessels.
+
+                    "The troops
+    Collected and imbodied, here we sit
+    Inactive, and from Aulis wish to sail
+    In vain."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Sacrifice of Iphigenia.]
+
+Calchas, the soothsayer of the expedition, was again consulted, to
+discover how they might best win the favor of the gods; and the reply
+given purported that no favorable wind would blow until Iphigenia,
+daughter of Agamemnon, was offered up in sacrifice to appease the
+everlasting gods.
+
+Many other propitiatory methods were tried; but as they all proved
+ineffective, Agamemnon, urged by his companions, sent for his
+daughter, feigning that he wished to celebrate her nuptials with
+Achilles before his departure.
+
+            "I wrote, I seal'd
+    A letter to my wife, that she should send
+    Her daughter, to Achilles as a bride
+    Affianc'd."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+Iphigenia came to her father secretly delighted at being the chosen
+bride of such a hero; but, instead of being led to the hymeneal altar,
+she was dragged to the place of sacrifice, where the priest, with
+uplifted knife, was about to end her sufferings, when Diana suddenly
+appeared, snatched her up in a cloud, and left in her stead a deer,
+which was duly sacrificed, while Iphigenia was borne in safety to
+Tauris, where she became a priestess in one of the goddess's temples.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival at Troy.]
+
+The gods were now propitious, and the wind slowly rose, filled the
+sails of the waiting vessels, and wafted them swiftly and steadily
+over the sea to the Trojan shores, where an army stood ready to
+prevent the Greek troops from disembarking. The invaders were eager to
+land to measure their strength against the Trojans; yet all hesitated
+to leave the ships, for an oracle had foretold that the first warrior
+who attempted to land would meet with instant death.
+
+                        "'The Delphic oracle foretold
+    That the first Greek who touched the Trojan strand
+    Should die.'"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: Protesilaus and Laodamia.]
+
+Protesilaus, a brave chief, seeing his comrades' irresolution, and
+animated by a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore, and
+perished, slain by the enemy, as soon as his foot had touched the
+foreign soil. When the tidings of his death reached his beloved wife,
+Laodamia, whom he had left in Thessaly, they well-nigh broke her
+heart; and in her despair she entreated the gods to let her die, or
+allow her to see her lord once more, were it but for a moment. Her
+appeal was so touching, that the gods could not refuse to hear it, and
+bade Mercury conduct her husband's shade back to earth, to tarry with
+her for three hours' time.
+
+          "'Such grace hath crowned thy prayer,
+    Laodamia! that at Jove's command
+    Thy husband walks the paths of upper air:
+    He comes to tarry with thee three hours' space;
+    Accept the gift, behold him face to face!'"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+With an inarticulate cry of joy, Laodamia beheld the beloved
+countenance of Protesilaus once more, and from his own lips heard the
+detailed account of his early death. The three hours passed all too
+quickly in delicious intercourse; and when Mercury reappeared to lead
+him back to Hades, the loving wife, unable to endure a second parting,
+died of grief.
+
+The same grave, it is said, was the resting place of this united pair,
+and kind-hearted nymphs planted elm trees over their remains. These
+trees grew "until they were high enough to command a view of Troy, and
+then withered away, while fresh branches sprang from the roots."
+
+                              "Upon the side
+    Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)
+    A knot of spiry trees for ages grew
+    From out the tomb of him for whom she died;
+    And ever, when such stature they had gained
+    That Ilium's walls were subject to their view,
+    The trees' tall summits withered at the sight;
+    A constant interchange of growth and blight!"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+Hostilities had now begun, and the war between the conflicting hosts
+was waged with equal courage and skill. During nine long years of
+uninterrupted strife, the Greeks' efforts to enter Troy, or Ilium, as
+it was also called, were vain, as were also the Trojans' attempts to
+force the foe to leave their shores. This memorable struggle is the
+theme of many poems. The oldest and most renowned of all, the Iliad,
+begins with the story of the tenth and last year's events.
+
+[Sidenote: Chryseis and Briseis.]
+
+Among a number of captives taken in a skirmish by the Hellenic troops,
+were two beautiful maidens, Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, priest of
+Apollo, and Briseis. The prisoners were, as usual, allotted to various
+chiefs, and Agamemnon received the priest's daughter as reward for his
+bravery, while Achilles triumphantly led to his tent the equally fair
+Briseis.
+
+When Chryses heard that his child had fallen into the hands of the
+enemy, he hastened to Agamemnon's tent to offer a rich ransom for her
+recovery; but the aged father's entreaties were all unheeded, and he
+was dismissed with many heartless taunts. Exasperated by this cruel
+treatment, he raised his hands to heaven, and implored Apollo to
+avenge the insults he had received by sending down upon the Greeks all
+manner of evil. This prayer was no sooner heard than answered, by the
+sun god's sending a terrible plague to decimate the enemy's troops.
+
+    "The aged man indignantly withdrew;
+    And Phoebus--for the priest was dear to him--
+    Granted his prayer, and sent among the Greeks
+    A deadly shaft. The people of the camp
+    Were perishing in heaps."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The Greeks, in terror, now consulted an oracle to know why this
+calamity had come upon them, and how they might check the progress of
+the deadly disease which was so rapidly reducing their forces. They
+were told that the plague would never cease until Agamemnon
+surrendered his captive, and thus disarmed Apollo's wrath, which had
+been kindled by his rude refusal to comply with the aged priest's
+request.
+
+All the Greek chiefs, assembled in council, decided to send Achilles
+to Agamemnon to apprise him of their wish that he should set Chryseis
+free,--a wish which he immediately consented to grant, if Briseis were
+given him in exchange.
+
+The plague was raging throughout the camp; the cries of the sufferers
+rent the air; many had already succumbed to the scourge, and all were
+threatened with an inglorious death. Achilles, mindful of all this,
+and anxious to save his beloved companions, consented to comply with
+this unreasonable request; but at the same time he swore, that, if
+Agamemnon really took his captive away, he would not strike another
+blow.
+
+Chryseis was immediately consigned to the care of a herald, who led
+her back to her aged father's arms. Ready to forgive all, now that his
+child was restored to him, Chryses implored Apollo to stay his hand,
+and the plague instantly ceased.
+
+As for Agamemnon, he sent his slaves to Achilles' tent to lead away
+Briseis; and the hero, true to his promise, laid aside his armor,
+determined to fight no more.
+
+    "The great Achilles, swift of foot, remained
+    Within his ships, indignant for the sake
+    Of the fair-haired Briseis."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' wrath.]
+
+Thetis, hearing of the wanton insult offered her son, left her coral
+caves, ascended to Olympus, cast herself at Jupiter's feet, and with
+many tears tremulously prayed he would avenge Achilles and make the
+Greeks fail in all their attempts as long as her son's wrath remained
+unappeased.
+
+Jupiter, touched by her beauty and distress, frowned until the very
+firmament shook, and swore to make the Greeks rue the day they left
+their native shores,
+
+    "To give Achilles honor and to cause
+    Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Agamemnon misled.]
+
+In consequence of a treacherous dream purposely sent by Jupiter to
+delude him, Agamemnon again assembled his troops, and proposed a new
+onslaught upon the Trojan forces. But when the army was drawn up in
+battle array, Hector, the eldest son of Priam, and therefore leader of
+his army, stepping forward, proposed that the prolonged quarrel should
+be definitely settled by a single combat between Paris and Menelaus.
+
+          "Hector then stood forth and said:--
+    'Hearken, ye Trojans and ye nobly-armed
+    Achaians, to what Paris says by me.
+    He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down
+    Their shining arms upon the teeming earth,
+    And he and Menelaus, loved of Mars,
+    Will strive in single combat, on the ground
+    Between the hosts, for Helen and her wealth;
+    And he who shall o'ercome, and prove himself
+    The better warrior, to his home shall bear
+    The treasure and the woman, while the rest
+    Shall frame a solemn covenant of peace.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Menelaus and Paris fight.]
+
+This proposal having been received favorably, Menelaus and Paris soon
+engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both armies, by Helen and
+Priam from the Trojan walls, and by the everlasting gods from the
+wooded heights of Mount Ida; but in the very midst of the fight,
+Venus, seeing her favorite about to succumb, suddenly snatched him
+away from the battlefield, and bore him unseen to his chamber, where
+he was joined by Helen, who bitterly reproached him for his cowardly
+flight.
+
+Indignant at this interference on Venus' part, the gods decreed that
+the war should be renewed; and Minerva, assuming the form of a Trojan
+warrior, aimed an arrow at Menelaus, who was vainly seeking his
+vanished opponent. This act of treachery was the signal for a general
+call to arms and a renewal of hostilities. Countless deeds of valor
+were now performed by the heroes on both sides, and also by the gods,
+who mingled in the ranks and even fought against each other, until
+recalled by Jupiter, and forbidden to fight any more.
+
+[Sidenote: Hector and Andromache.]
+
+For a little while fortune seemed to favor the Greeks; and Hector,
+hastening back to Troy, bade his mother go to the temple with all her
+women, and endeavor by her prayers and gifts to propitiate Minerva and
+obtain her aid. Then he hastened off in search of his wife Andromache
+and little son Astyanax, whom he wished to embrace once more before
+rushing out to battle and possible death.
+
+He found his palace deserted, and, upon questioning the women, heard
+that his wife had gone to the Scæan Gate, where he now drove as fast
+as his noble steeds could drag him. There, at the gate, took place the
+parting scene, which has deservedly been called the most pathetic in
+all the Iliad, in which Andromache vainly tried to detain her husband
+within the walls, while Hector gently reproved her, and demonstrated
+that his duty called him out upon the field of battle, where he must
+hold his own if he would not see the city taken, the Trojans slain,
+and the women, including his mother and beloved Andromache, borne away
+into bitter captivity.
+
+  [Illustration: PARTING OF HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE.--Maignan.]
+
+                                "Andromache
+    Pressed to his side meanwhile, and, all in tears,
+    Clung to his hand, and, thus beginning, said:--
+      'Too brave! thy valor yet will cause thy death.
+    Thou hast no pity on thy tender child,
+    Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be
+    Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee
+    To take thy life. A happier lot were mine,
+    If I must lose thee, to go down to earth,
+    For I shall have no hope when thou art gone,--
+    Nothing but sorrow. Father have I none,
+    And no dear mother.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+                                Hector, thou
+    Art father and dear mother now to me,
+    And brother and my youthful spouse besides.
+    In pity keep within the fortress here,
+    Nor make thy child an orphan nor thy wife
+    A widow.'
+      Then answered Hector, great in war: 'All this
+    I bear in mind, dear wife; but I should stand
+    Ashamed before the men and long-robed dames
+    Of Troy, were I to keep aloof and shun
+    The conflict, coward-like.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then he stretched out his arms for his infant son, who, however,
+shrank back affrighted at the sight of his brilliant helmet and
+nodding plumes, and would not go to him until he had set the gleaming
+headdress aside. After a passionate prayer for his little heir's
+future welfare, Hector gave the child back to Andromache, and, with a
+last farewell embrace, sprang into his chariot and drove away.
+
+    "'Sorrow not thus, beloved one, for me.
+    No living man can send me to the shades
+    Before my time; no man of woman born,
+    Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.
+    But go thou home, and tend thy labors there,--
+    The web, the distaff,--and command thy maids
+    To speed the work. The cares of war pertain
+    To all men born in Troy, and most to me.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Greeks repelled.]
+
+Paris, ashamed now of his former flight, soon joined his brother upon
+the battlefield, and together they performed many deeds of valor. The
+time had now come when Jupiter was about to redeem the promise given
+to Thetis, for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before
+the might of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success,
+and fired by Hector's example, performed miracles of valor, and
+finally drove their assailants into their intrenchments.
+
+Death and defeat now dogged the very footsteps of the Greek forces,
+who were driven, inch by inch, away from the walls, ever nearer the
+place where their vessels rode at anchor. They now ardently longed for
+the assistance of Achilles, whose mere presence, in days gone by, had
+filled the Trojan hearts with terror; but the hero, although Briseis
+had been returned unmolested, paid no heed to their entreaties for
+aid, and remained a sullen and indifferent spectator of their flight,
+while the Trojans began to set fire to some of the vessels of their
+fleet.
+
+      "The goddess-born Achilles, swift of foot,
+    Beside his ships still brooded o'er his wrath,
+    Nor came to counsel with the illustrious chiefs,
+    Nor to the war, but suffered idleness
+    To eat his heart away; for well he loved
+    Clamor and combat."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Discouraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resistance,
+the Greeks, in despair, concluded that the gods had entirely forsaken
+them, and beat a hasty and ignominious retreat to the shore, closely
+followed by the enemy, who uttered loud cries of triumph.
+
+[Sidenote: Patroclus dons Achilles' armor.]
+
+Patroclus, Achilles' intimate friend, then hastened to the hero's side
+to inform him of his comrades' flight, and implore him once more to
+rescue them from inevitable death. But Achilles, summoning all his
+pride to his assistance, did not waver in his resolve. Suddenly
+Patroclus remembered that the mere sight of Achilles' armor might
+suffice to arrest the enemy's advance and produce a diversion in favor
+of the Greeks: so he asked permission to wear it and lead the
+Myrmidons, Achilles' trusty followers, into the fray.
+
+        "Send me at least into the war,
+    And let me lead thy Myrmidons, that thus
+    The Greeks may have some gleam of hope. And give
+    The armor from thy shoulders. I will wear
+    Thy mail, and then the Trojans, at the sight,
+    May think I am Achilles, and may pause
+    From fighting, and the warlike sons of Greece,
+    Tired as they are, may breathe once more, and gain
+    A respite from the conflict."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Achilles had sworn, it is true, not to return to the scene of strife,
+but was quite willing to lend men and arms, if they might be of any
+use, and immediately placed them at his friend's disposal. Hastily
+Patroclus donned the glittering armor, called aloud to the Myrmidons
+to follow his lead, and rushed forth to encounter the enemy.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Patroclus.]
+
+The Trojans paused in dismay, thinking Achilles had come, and were
+about to take flight, when all at once they discovered the fraud. With
+renewed courage, they opposed the Greek onslaught. Many heroes bit the
+dust in this encounter, among others Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter and
+Europa (p. 45),--whose remains were borne away from the battlefield by
+the twin divinities Sleep and Death,--ere Hector, son of Priam, and
+chief among the Trojan warriors, challenged Patroclus to single
+combat. Needless to say, the two closed in deadly battle, and fought
+with equal valor, until Patroclus, already exhausted by his previous
+efforts, and betrayed by the gods, finally succumbed.
+
+                    "The hero fell
+    With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld
+    His fall with grief."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With a loud cry of victory, Hector wrenched the armor off the mangled
+corpse, and quickly withdrew to array himself in the brilliant spoils.
+The tidings of Patroclus' fall spread rapidly all through the Grecian
+camp, and reached Achilles, who wept aloud when he heard that his
+beloved friend, who had left him but a short time before full of life
+and energy, was now no more. So noisily did the hero mourn his loss,
+that Thetis, in the quiet ocean depths, heard his groans, and rushed
+to his side to ascertain their cause.
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' grief.]
+
+Into his mother's sympathetic ear Achilles poured the whole story of
+his grief and loss, while she gently strove to turn his thoughts aside
+from the sad event, and arouse an interest for some pursuit less
+dangerous than war. All her efforts were vain, however; for Achilles'
+soul thirsted for revenge, and he repeatedly swore he would go forth
+and slay his friend's murderer.
+
+                              "No wish
+    Have I to live, or to concern myself
+    In men's affairs, save this: that Hector first,
+    Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay
+    The debt of vengeance for Patroclus slain."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then, in sudden dread lest Hector should fall by another's hand, or
+withdraw from the battlefield and thus escape his vengeance, Achilles
+would have rushed from his tent unarmed; but his mother prevailed upon
+him to wait until the morrow, when she promised to bring him a full
+suit of armor from Vulcan's own hand. Rapidly Thetis then traversed
+the wide space which separates the coast of Asia Minor from Mount
+Ætna, where Vulcan labored at his forge.
+
+            "She found him there
+    Sweating and toiling, and with busy hand
+    Plying the bellows."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' armor.]
+
+Arrived before him, she breathlessly made known her errand, and the
+god promised that the arms should be ready within the given time, and
+immediately set to work to fashion them. By his skillful hands the
+marvelous weapons were forged; and when the first streak of light
+appeared above the horizon, he consigned them to Thetis, who hastened
+back to her son's tent, where she found him still bewailing the loss
+of Patroclus.
+
+  [Illustration: THETIS BEARING THE ARMOR OF ACHILLES.--Gérard.]
+
+During Thetis' absence, messengers had come to Achilles' tent to warn
+him that Patroclus' body was still in the enemy's hands, and to
+implore him to come and rescue the precious corpse. Mindful of his
+promise to his mother, Achilles still refused to fight, but, springing
+upon the rampart, uttered his mighty war-cry, the sound of which
+filled the enemy's hearts with terror, and made them yield to the
+well-directed onslaught of Ajax and Diomedes, who finally succeeded in
+recovering the body, which they then reverently bore to Achilles'
+tent.
+
+To console Achilles for his friend's death, Thetis exhibited the
+glorious armor she had just obtained, helped him put it on, and then
+bade him go forth and conquer.
+
+      "'Leave we the dead, my son, since it hath pleased
+    The gods that he should fall; and now receive
+    This sumptuous armor, forged by Vulcan's hand,
+    Beautiful, such as no man ever wore.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Hector.]
+
+Thus armed, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favorite steeds, and
+driven by his faithful charioteer Automedon, Achilles went forth to
+battle, and finally seeing Hector, whom alone he wished to meet, he
+rushed upon him with a hoarse cry of rage. The Trojan hero, at the
+mere sight of the deadly hatred which shone in Achilles' eyes, turned
+to flee. Achilles pursued him, and taunted him with his cowardice,
+until Hector turned and fought with all the courage and recklessness
+of despair.
+
+Their blows fell like hail, a cloud of dust enveloped their struggling
+forms, and the anxious witnesses only heard the dull thud of the blows
+and the metallic clash of the weapons. Suddenly there came a loud cry,
+then all was still; and when the dust-cloud had blown away, the
+Trojans from the ramparts, where they had waited in agony for the
+issue of the fight, beheld Achilles tear the armor from their
+champion's body, bind the corpse to his chariot, and drive nine times
+round the city walls, Hector's princely head dragging in the dust.
+Priam, Hecuba, and Andromache, Hector's beautiful young wife,
+tearfully watched this ignominious treatment, and finally saw Achilles
+drive off to the spot where Patroclus' funeral pile was laid, and
+there abandon the corpse.
+
+Achilles then returned to his tent, where for a long time he
+continued to mourn his friend's untimely end, refusing to be
+comforted.
+
+[Sidenote: The gods' decree.]
+
+The gods, from their celestial abode, had also witnessed this
+heartrending scene, and now Jupiter sent Iris to Thetis, and bade her
+hasten down to Achilles and command him to restore Hector's body to
+his mourning family. He also directed Mercury to lead Priam, unseen,
+into Achilles' tent, to claim and bear away his son's desecrated
+corpse. Thetis, seeking Achilles in his tent, announced the will of
+Jove:--
+
+                        "I am come
+    A messenger from Jove, who bids me say
+    The immortals are offended, and himself
+    The most, that thou shouldst in thy spite detain
+    The corse of Hector at the beaked ships,
+    Refusing its release. Comply thou, then,
+    And take the ransom and restore the dead."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Return of Hector's body.]
+
+Mercury acquitted himself with his usual dispatch, and soon guided
+Priam in safety through the Grecian camp to Achilles' tent, where the
+aged king fell at the hero's feet, humbly pleading for his son's body,
+and proffering a princely ransom in exchange.
+
+Achilles, no longer able to refuse this entreaty, and touched by a
+father's tears, consigned Hector's corpse to the old man's care, and
+promised an armistice of fourteen days, that the funeral rites in both
+camps might be celebrated with all due pomp and solemnity; and with
+the burial of Hector the Iliad comes to a close.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Penthesilea.]
+
+At the end of the truce the hostilities were renewed, and the Trojans
+were reinforced by the arrival of Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons,
+who, with a chosen troop of warrior maidens, came to offer her aid.
+The brave queen afforded them, however, only temporary relief, as she
+was slain by Achilles in their very first encounter.
+
+He, too, however, was doomed to die "in the flower of his youth and
+beauty," and the Fates had almost finished spinning his thread of
+life. In an early skirmish, while in close pursuit of the Trojans,
+Thetis' son had once caught sight of Polyxena, daughter of Priam, and
+had been deeply smitten by her girlish charms. He now vainly tried to
+make peace between the conflicting nations, hoping that, were the war
+but ended, he might obtain her hand in marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Achilles.]
+
+His efforts to make peace failed; but at last he prevailed upon Priam
+to celebrate his betrothal with Polyxena, with the stipulation that
+the marriage would take place as soon as the war was over. The
+betrothal ceremony was held without the city gates; and Achilles was
+just about to part from his blushing betrothed, when Paris, ever
+treacherous, stole behind him and shot a poisoned arrow into his
+vulnerable heel, thus slaying the hero who had caused so many brave
+warriors to bite the dust.
+
+    "Thus great Achilles, who had shown his zeal
+    In healing wounds, died of a wounded heel."
+
+                               O. W. Holmes.
+
+His armor--the glorious armor forged by Vulcan--was hotly contested
+for by Ulysses and Ajax. The former finally obtained the coveted
+weapons; and Ajax' grief at their loss was so intense, that he became
+insane, and killed himself in a fit of frenzy, while Polyxena,
+inconsolable at her betrothed's death, committed suicide on the
+magnificent tomb erected over his remains on the Trojan plain.
+
+[Sidenote: Philoctetes' arrows.]
+
+The oracles, silent so long, now announced that Troy could never be
+taken without the poisoned arrows of Hercules, then in the keeping of
+Philoctetes (p. 238). This hero had started with the expedition, but
+had been put ashore on the Island of Lemnos on account of a wound in
+his foot, which had become so offensive that none of the ship's
+company could endure his presence on board.
+
+Ten long years had already elapsed since then, and, although a party
+of Greeks immediately set out in search of him, they had but little
+hope of finding him alive. They nevertheless wended their way to the
+cave where they had deposited him, where, to their unbounded surprise,
+they still found him. The wound had not healed, but he had managed to
+exist by killing such game as came within reach of his hand.
+
+        "Exposed to the inclement skies,
+        Deserted and forlorn he lies;
+        No friend or fellow-mourner there,
+    To soothe his sorrows, and divide his care;
+    Or seek the healing plant, of power to 'suage
+    His aching wound, and mitigate its rage."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Incensed by the Greeks' former cruel desertion, no entreaty could now
+induce Philoctetes to accompany the messengers to Troy, until Hercules
+appeared to him in a dream, and bade him go without delay, for there
+he would find Machaon (p. 64), Æsculapius' son, who was to heal his
+wound.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Paris and Oenone.]
+
+The dream was realized. Philoctetes, whole once more, joined the Greek
+host, and caused great dismay in the enemy's ranks with his poisoned
+arrows. One of his deadly missiles even struck Paris, and, as the
+poison entered his veins, it caused him grievous suffering. Paris then
+remembered that his first love, Oenone, who knew all remedies and the
+best modes of applying them, had once told him to send for her should
+he ever be wounded. He therefore sent for Oenone; but she, justly
+offended by the base desertion and long neglect of her lover, refused
+her aid, and let him die in torture. When he was dead, Oenone repented
+of this decision; and when the flames of his funeral pyre rose around
+him, she rushed into their midst, and was burned to death on his
+corpse.
+
+    "But when she gain'd the broader vale and saw
+    The ring of faces redden'd by the flames
+    Infolding that dark body which had lain
+    Of old in her embrace, paused--and then ask'd
+    Falteringly, 'Who lies on yonder pyre?'
+    But every man was mute for reverence.
+    Then moving quickly forward till the heat
+    Smote on her brow, she lifted up a voice
+    Of shrill command, 'Who burns upon the pyre?'
+    Whereon their oldest and their boldest said,
+    'He, whom thou would'st not heal!' and all at once
+    The morning light of happy marriage broke,
+    Thro' all the clouded years of widowhood,
+    And muffling up her comely head, and crying
+    'Husband!' she leapt upon the funeral pile,
+    And mixt herself with _him_ and past in fire."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: The Palladium.]
+
+Two of Priam's sons had already expired, and yet Troy had not fallen
+into the hands of the Greeks, who now heard another prophecy, to the
+effect that Troy could never be taken as long as the Palladium--a
+sacred statue of Minerva, said to have fallen from heaven--remained
+within its walls (p. 60). So Ulysses and Diomedes in disguise effected
+an entrance into the city one night, and after many difficulties
+succeeded in escaping with the precious image.
+
+[Sidenote: The wooden horse.]
+
+Men and chiefs, impatient of further delay, now joyfully hailed
+Ulysses' proposal to take the city by stratagem. They therefore
+secretly built a colossal wooden horse, within whose hollow sides a
+number of brave warriors might lie concealed. The main army feigned
+weariness of the endless enterprise, and embarked, leaving the horse
+as a pretended offering to Minerva; while Sinon, a shrewd slave,
+remained to persuade the Trojans to drag the horse within their gates
+and keep him there, a lasting monument of their hard-won triumph.
+
+To the unbounded joy of the long-besieged Trojans, the Greek fleet
+then sailed away, until the Island of Tenedos hid the ships from view.
+All the inhabitants of Troy poured out of the city to view the wooden
+horse, and question Sinon, who pretended to have great cause of
+complaint against the Greeks, and strongly advised them to secure
+their last offering to Minerva.
+
+The Trojans hailed this idea with rapture; but Laocoon, a Trojan
+priest, implored them to leave the horse alone, lest they should bring
+untold evil upon their heads.
+
+          "'Wretched countrymen,' he cries,
+    'What monstrous madness blinds your eyes?
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+    Perchance--who knows?--these planks of deal
+    A Grecian ambuscade conceal,
+    Or 'tis a pile to o'erlook the town,
+    And pour from high invaders down,
+    Or fraud lurks somewhere to destroy:
+    Mistrust, mistrust it, men of Troy!'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Laocoon.]
+
+Deaf to all warnings and entreaties, they dragged the colossal image
+into the very heart of their city, tearing down a portion of their
+ramparts to allow its passage, while Laocoon hastened down to the
+shore to offer sacrifice to the gods. As he stood there by the
+improvised altar, with one of his sons on either side to assist him in
+his office, two huge serpents came out of the sea, coiled themselves
+around him and his sons, and crushed and bit them to death.
+
+                "Unswerving they
+    Toward Laocoon hold their way;
+    First round his two young sons they wreathe,
+    And grind their limbs with savage teeth:
+    Then, as with arms he comes to aid,
+    The wretched father they invade
+    And twine in giant folds: twice round
+    His stalwart waist their spires are wound,
+    Twice round his neck, while over all
+    Their heads and crests tower high and tall.
+    He strains his strength their knots to tear,
+    While gore and slime his fillets smear,
+    And to the unregardful skies
+    Sends up his agonizing cries."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: LAOCOON. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+The awestruck witnesses of this terrible scene, of course, declared
+that the gods resented his interference concerning the wooden horse,
+and had justly punished the sacrilegious hand which had dared strike
+it with a spear, merely to demonstrate, that, being hollow, it might
+contain an armed band. Ever since then, Laocoon and his sons' struggle
+with the serpents has been a favorite subject for poets and artists.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of Troy.]
+
+In the mean while, the Greeks had been hiding behind Tenedos; but when
+night came on, they returned to the site of their ten-years'
+encampment, and were let into the city by Sinon, who also released
+their companions from their prison within the wooden horse. Although
+taken by surprise, the city guards made desperate attempts to repel
+the Greeks; but it was now too late, for the enemy had already broken
+into houses and palaces, and were killing, pillaging, and burning all
+in their way.
+
+          "The melancholy years,
+    The miserable melancholy years,
+    Crept onward till the midnight terror came,
+    And by the glare of burning streets I saw
+    Palace and temple reel in ruin and fall,
+    And the long-baffled legions, bursting in
+    Through gate and bastion, blunted sword and spear
+    With unresisted slaughter."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+The royal family, even, was not exempt from the general massacre; and
+the aged Priam, who lived to see his last son perish before his eyes,
+finally found relief in death.
+
+[Sidenote: Return of the Greeks.]
+
+Their object accomplished, the Greeks immediately sailed for home,
+their vessels heavily laden with plunder and slaves. But the homeward
+journey was not as joyful as might have been expected; and many, after
+escaping from the enemy's hands, perished in the waves, or found death
+lying in wait for them by their own fireside.
+
+Menelaus, with his wife Helen, who, in spite of the added ten years,
+retained all her youthful beauty, were detained in Egypt by contrary
+winds, sent to punish them for omitting the usual sacrifice to the
+gods. He at last consulted Proteus, who revealed how the wrath of the
+gods could best be allayed, and how favorable winds could be secured
+to waft him home.
+
+As for Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks, he returned to Argos only to
+be murdered by his wife Clytæmnestra and her paramour Ægisthus.
+
+          "'Ægisthus, bent upon my death,
+    Plotted against me with my guilty wife,
+    And bade me to his house, and slew me there,
+    Even at the banquet.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then, mortally afraid lest Orestes, Agamemnon's son, should avenge his
+father's death, Ægisthus prepared to slay him too; but Electra, the
+boy's sister, discovering this intention, helped him to escape, and
+placed him under the fatherly protection of Strophius, King of Phocis,
+whose son, Pylades, became his inseparable friend. In fact, their
+devotion to each other was so great, that it has become proverbial in
+every tongue.
+
+Electra had not forgotten her father's base murder, although years had
+elapsed since it occurred; and when Orestes had attained manhood, she
+bade him come and punish those who had committed the crime. Orestes
+came, slew Ægisthus and Clytæmnestra, and then, terrified at what he
+had done, took flight, but only to be pursued by the Furies and
+Nemesis, goddess of revenge, sent by the gods to punish him for taking
+justice into his own hands.
+
+Arrived at Delphi, Orestes consulted the oracle, and learned that his
+crime would be forgiven if he brought a statue of Diana in Tauris back
+to Greece. The young prince hastened thither, accompanied by the
+ever-faithful Pylades, who never left his side; and there, in a
+temple, he found his long-lost sister Iphigenia, who helped him obtain
+the image he sought, and accompanied him back to his native land,
+where Nemesis left him forever.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES.
+
+
+The Greek chiefs, on their return from Troy, were, as we have seen,
+all more or less visited by the wrath of the gods; but none of them
+endured as many hardships as Ulysses (Odysseus), King of Ithaca, the
+hero of Homer's world-renowned epic the Odyssey. During ten long years
+he roamed the seas, driven away from his native land by adverse winds,
+sailing about from place to place, losing his ships and companions,
+until at last the gods allowed him to return home. His marvelous
+adventures and numerous mishaps during these ten years form the theme
+of the Odyssey, which is about as follows.
+
+[Sidenote: Siege of Ismarus.]
+
+After leaving Troy in ruins, Ulysses embarked with his men and spoils,
+and, favored by a good wind, soon came within sight of Ismarus, the
+home of the worthy and wealthy Ciconians. To increase the riches he
+was carrying home, he proposed to his army to land and storm the
+city,--a proposal which was enthusiastically received and immediately
+carried out.
+
+But when the men collected near the fleet, instead of embarking as
+Ulysses urged them to do, they began to drink the rich wine, to roast
+oxen whole, and to indulge in games and revelry. While they were thus
+employed and entirely off their guard, the neighbors and allies of the
+Ciconians came upon them unawares, and put many to death.
+
+The Greeks, although taken by surprise, fought bravely; but it was
+only when the sun was fast sinking, that they finally embarked, and
+left the fatal Ciconian shores.
+
+      "Onward we sailed, lamenting bitterly
+    Our comrades slain, yet happy to escape
+    From death ourselves."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Lotus-eaters.]
+
+A hurricane soon arose. The flying clouds blotted the stars from view.
+The vessels, with broken masts and torn sails, were driven far out of
+their course, and, after ten days, reached the land of the Lotophagi
+or Lotus-eaters,--a people whose sole food consisted of lotus fruit
+and blossoms.
+
+Three of Ulysses' best men were sent ashore to reconnoiter: but they
+had not gone very far before they met the natives, seated under their
+favorite trees, banqueting on their sweet food. These received the
+strangers hospitably, and made them partake of the lotus blossoms; but
+no sooner had the three men done so, than all recollection of their
+waiting companions or distant homes passed from their minds, while a
+dreamy, lethargic sensation stole over them, and made them long to
+recline there and feast forever.
+
+    "Whoever tasted once of that sweet food
+    Wished not to see his native country more,
+    Nor give his friends the knowledge of his fate.
+    And then my messengers desired to dwell
+    Among the Lotus-eaters, and to feed
+    Upon the lotus, never to return."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Ulysses impatiently watched for their return; then, seeing they did
+not appear, feared some evil had befallen them, and set out, with a
+few well-armed men, to go in search of them. Instead of finding them
+in chains, as he fully expected, he soon perceived them feasting among
+the Lotus-eaters. Their eyes had lost all animation, and rested upon
+him in a vague, dreamy way, which aroused his suspicions. At the same
+moment some of the Lotus-eaters advanced to invite him and his troop
+to join in their feast.
+
+    "Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,
+    Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave
+    To each, but whoso did receive of them,
+    And taste, to him the gushing of the wave
+    Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave
+    On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,
+    His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;
+    And deep asleep he seem'd, yet all awake,
+    And music in his ears his beating heart did make."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+In peremptory tones Ulysses quickly forbade his men to taste of the
+magic food, directed them to seize and bind their unwilling comrades,
+and forcibly take them back to their ships. There the magic effect of
+the lotus food soon wore away, and the men rowed steadily westward,
+until they came to the Island of Sicily, then inhabited by the
+Cyclopes, a rude race of one-eyed giants.
+
+              "A single ball of sight was fix'd
+    In their mid-forehead: hence the Cyclops' name:
+    For that one circular eye was broad infix'd
+    In the mid-forehead:--strength was theirs, and force,
+    And craft of curious toil."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+The main part of the fleet was stationed at another island not far
+distant, but Ulysses and twelve companions landed in Sicily in search
+of food. The prospect was promising, for on the plains and hillsides
+great flocks of sheep cropped the tender grass; and Ulysses and his
+followers soon came to a great cave filled with rich stores of milk
+and cheese. This was the abode of Polyphemus, son of Neptune, the
+largest and fiercest among the gigantic Cyclopean race. The Greeks'
+first impulse was to help themselves, since no one was there to say
+them nay; but they finally decided to await the master's home-coming,
+and courteously ask his assistance. They had moored their vessel under
+an overhanging cliff, where no one would be likely to find it, and had
+therefore no fear lest their means of escape should be cut off.
+
+  [Illustration: TRIUMPH OF GALATEA.--Raphael.]
+
+[Sidenote: Polyphemus and Galatea.]
+
+Polyphemus, the ugly giant in whose cave they were waiting, had once
+seen the charming sea nymph Galatea riding in her pearl-shell chariot
+drawn by bounding dolphins. Her unsurpassed loveliness made a vivid
+impression upon him, and he was soon deeply in love with her. He
+neglected his flocks, shunned his companions, and spent all his time
+near the seashore, watching for her, and bitterly cursing his fate,
+which prevented his seeking her in her native element, for the gods
+had cursed the race of Cyclops with an unconquerable aversion to
+water. He
+
+                                --"lov'd
+    Not in the little present-making style,
+    With baskets of new fruit and pots of roses,
+    But with consuming passion. Many a time
+    Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve,
+    Leaving him wasting by the dark seashore,
+    And sunrise would behold him wasting still."
+
+                    Theocritus (Hunt's tr.).
+
+To induce Galatea to leave the salt sea waves and linger by his side
+on the white sandy beach, Polyphemus constantly made the most
+extravagant promises; but the dainty nymph merely laughed at all his
+professions, and strolled on the shore only when he was sound asleep.
+Although she made fun of his love, she was not so obdurate to the suit
+of Acis, a very fascinating young shepherd, who had no need to call
+her repeatedly; for she always yielded to his first appeal, joyfully
+joined him, and sat beside him under the shade of some great rock,
+listening to his tender wooing.
+
+  [Illustration: ACIS AND GALATEA (Evening).--Claude Lorraine. (St.
+      Petersburg.)]
+
+Polyphemus once accidentally came upon them thus, ere they were aware
+of his proximity. For a moment he glared down upon them; then, seizing
+a huge rock, he vowed his rival Acis should not live to enjoy the love
+which was denied him, and hurled it down upon the unsuspecting lovers.
+Galatea, the goddess, being immortal, escaped unhurt; but poor Acis,
+her beloved, was crushed to death. The stream of blood from his
+mangled remains was changed by the gods into an exhaustless stream
+of limpid water, which ever hastened down to the sea to join Galatea.
+
+[Sidenote: Polyphemus' cave.]
+
+Ulysses and his companions, waiting in the cave, soon felt the ground
+shake beneath their feet, and saw the sheep throng into the cave and
+take their usual places; then behind them came the horrible apparition
+of Polyphemus, who picked up a huge rock and placed it before the
+opening of the cave, preventing all egress. Ulysses' companions had
+shrunk with fear into the darkest corners of the cave, whence they
+watched the giant milk his ewes, dispose of his cheeses, and make his
+evening meal. But the firelight soon revealed the intruders; and
+Polyphemus immediately demanded who they were, whence they came, and
+what they were seeking.
+
+Ulysses, ever wily, replied that his name was No man, that he and his
+companions were shipwrecked mariners, and that they would fain receive
+his hospitality. In answer to this statement, the Cyclops stretched
+forth his huge hand and grasped two of the sailors, whom he proceeded
+to devour for dessert. Then, his frightful repast being ended, he lay
+down on the rushes and fell asleep, his loud snores reverberating like
+thunder through the great cave.
+
+Ulysses silently crept to his side, sword in hand, and was about to
+kill him, when he suddenly recollected that neither he nor his men
+could move the rock at the cave's mouth, and that they would never be
+able to escape. He therefore resolved to have recourse to a stratagem.
+
+When morning came, the giant rose, milked his flock, made his cheese,
+arranged the vessels, and then, without the least warning, again
+seized and devoured two of the Greeks. His brawny arm next pushed
+aside the rock, and he stood beside it with watchful eye, until all
+his herd had passed out; then, replacing the stone to prevent the
+escape of his prisoners, he went off to the distant pasture ground.
+
+During his absence, Ulysses and his men devised a cunning plan
+whereby they hoped to effect their escape, and made all their
+preparations to insure its complete success. A huge pine club which
+they found in the cave was duly pointed, hardened in the fire, and set
+aside for future use.
+
+When the darkness began to fall over the earth, Polyphemus again
+rolled the stone away to admit his flocks, keeping careful guard upon
+the Greeks. The sheep all in, he replaced the rock, performed his
+usual evening duties, and then devoured two of Ulysses' crew.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses blinds Polyphemus.]
+
+When this part of the evening meal was over, Ulysses drew near and
+offered him a leather flask full of heady wine, which the giant took
+down at a gulp, little suspecting its effect. Very soon he sank into a
+deep drunken sleep; and then the men, at a sign from Ulysses, heated
+the point of the huge club and put out his sole eye, in spite of his
+frightful cries and execrations, which soon attracted the attention of
+the other Cyclopes.
+
+They thronged without the cave, clamoring to know who was hurting him.
+"No man!" replied the Cyclops, howling with pain, "No man!" which
+answer convinced his would-be helpers that he needed no assistance,
+and made them disperse.
+
+      "'If no man does thee violence, and thou
+    Art quite alone, reflect that none escape
+    Diseases; they are sent by Jove.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' escape.]
+
+Deserted by his companions, Polyphemus spent the night in agony; and,
+when the anxious lowing of his herd roused him at break of day, he
+fumblingly milked them, and prepared to let them go forth, as usual,
+in search of their morning meal. To avoid the Greeks escaping, he
+rolled the stone only partly aside, and allowed the sheep to pass out
+a few at a time, carefully running his hand over each broad back to
+make sure that none of the prisoners were mounted upon them.
+
+Ulysses, in the mean while, having observed this maneuver, fastened
+his companions under the rams, reserving one for his own use, and
+watched them pass out one after the other undetected. Then, clinging
+to the wool of the largest ram, he too was slowly dragged out; while
+Polyphemus petted the ram, and inquired how he came to pass out last
+of all.
+
+    "'My favorite ram, how art thou now the last
+    To leave the cave? It hath not been thy wont
+    To let the sheep go first, but thou didst come
+    Earliest to feed among the flowery grass,
+    Walking with stately strides, and thou wert first
+    At the fresh stream, and first at eve to seek
+    The stable; now thou art the last of all.
+    Grievest thou for thy master, who has lost
+    His eye, put out by a deceitful wretch
+    And his vile crew?'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Ulysses, having thus escaped, sprang to his feet, set his companions
+free, rushed with them down to the seashore, taking the choice animals
+on board, and then, when his men had rowed some distance, raised his
+voice and taunted Polyphemus, revealing at the same time his identity.
+
+    "'Ha! Cyclops! those whom in thy rocky cave
+    Thou, in thy brutal fury, hast devoured,
+    Were friends of one not unexpert in war;
+    Amply have thy own guilty deeds returned
+    Upon thee. Cruel one! who didst not fear
+    To eat the strangers sheltered by thy roof,
+    Jove and the other gods avenge them thus!
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+    Cyclops, if any man of mortal birth
+    Note thine unseemly blindness, and inquire
+    The occasion, tell him that Laertes' son,
+    Ulysses, the destroyer of walled towns,
+    Whose home is Ithaca, put out thine eye.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With a cry of rage, Polyphemus then ran down to the shore, tore up
+some huge rocks, which he hurled in the direction whence the taunting
+voice came, and in his rage almost destroyed the Greeks; for one piece
+of rock fell very near their vessel, and they were forced to redouble
+their efforts to row out of reach and prevent disaster.
+
+[Sidenote: Gift of Æolus.]
+
+The Greeks now sailed on until they reached the Æolian Islands, where
+dwelt Æolus, king and father of the winds. He had heard of Ulysses'
+prowess, received him kindly, and at parting gave him a leather bag
+containing all the contrary winds, which Ulysses was thus at liberty
+to retain imprisoned until he had safely reached home (p. 214).
+
+Day and night Ulysses' barks now bounded over the blue waves. On the
+ninth evening the shores of Ithaca were discerned by the eager eyes on
+board, and all made their preparations for landing early the next
+morning. For the first time since he had left the Æolian shores,
+Ulysses now indulged in sleep; and while he was lost in oblivion his
+sailors opened the leather bag, intending to rob their master of a
+portion of his treasure, for they imagined that Æolus had given him
+much gold.
+
+The bag was no sooner opened, than the contrary winds, weary and
+cramped with their uncomfortable position, sprang out with a rush and
+a roar, and in a few moments stirred up a terrible storm, which tore
+the ships from their anchors, and soon drove them far out to sea.
+
+After untold suffering, the Greeks landed again upon the Æolian Isle,
+and Ulysses sought the king, to beseech his aid once more; but this
+time the god received him coldly, and bade him depart, as his cruelty
+to Polyphemus had awakened the gods' wrath.
+
+    "'Hence with thee! Leave our island instantly,
+    Vilest of living men! It may not be
+    That I receive or aid as he departs
+    One who is hated by the blessed gods,--
+    And thou art hated by the gods. Away!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Læstrygonians.]
+
+Sorrowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being hurried
+along by favorable winds, they were obliged to row against wind and
+waves, and only after many days came to the land of the Læstrygonians,
+where fresh losses awaited them. These people were cannibals, who were
+in the habit of slaying all the strangers who visited their shores, to
+satisfy their horrible appetites. When they saw the vessels enter
+their harbor, they sunk some of them by casting huge rocks at them
+from their tall cliffs, and speared and devoured the unfortunate
+crews.
+
+Ulysses, ever cautious, had lingered without the harbor; and when,
+from afar, he saw his companions' horrible fate, he bade his men
+strike the waves with their "sounding oars" and escape.
+
+[Sidenote: Circe, the enchantress.]
+
+The Greeks went on again until they came to Ææa, an island inhabited
+by the golden-haired enchantress Circe, sister of Æetes, and aunt of
+Medea. Here Ulysses' crew was divided into two parties, one of which,
+led by Eurylochus, set out to explore the island, while the other,
+headed by Ulysses, remained to guard the ships. Through a dense
+forest, peopled with strangely gentle wild beasts, Eurylochus led his
+force, until they came in sight of the beautiful palace home of Circe.
+From afar they could hear her sweet voice raised in song, as she wove
+a beautiful web for her own adornment: so they pressed eagerly on, and
+entered the palace hall, Eurylochus alone lingering on the porch,
+fearing lest some fraud might suddenly be revealed.
+
+Circe received her self-invited guests most graciously, seated them on
+tapestry-covered couches, and bade her numerous handmaidens speedily
+set before them all manner of good cheer,--an order which was
+immediately carried out. The men feasted greedily, for they had fasted
+for many days, and Circe watched them with ill-concealed disgust.
+Suddenly she started from her seat, waved her wand over their heads,
+and bade them assume the form of swine (which obscene animals their
+gluttony suggested), and hie them to their sties.
+
+  [Illustration: CIRCE AND THE FRIENDS OF ULYSSES.--Rivière.]
+
+                                  "Then instantly
+    She touched them with a wand, and shut them up
+    In sties, transformed to swine in head and voice,
+    Bristles and shape, though still the human mind
+    Remained to them. Thus sorrowing they were driven
+    Into their cells, where Circe flung to them
+    Acorns of oak and ilex, and the fruit
+    Of cornel, such as nourish wallowing swine."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Eurylochus, meanwhile, vainly awaited their return, and finally
+resolved to go back alone to the ships and report what had happened.
+Sword in hand, Ulysses then set out alone to rescue his comrades; but
+he had not gone far before he met a youth,--Mercury in disguise,--who
+warned him not to approach any nearer Circe, and told him of his
+companions' transformation.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses and Circe.]
+
+As Ulysses would not be dissuaded from his purpose, Mercury gave him
+some moly, an herb warranted to preserve him from Circe's magic
+spells, and sundry important directions, which were all duly listened
+to and observed.
+
+Pressing onward, Ulysses reached the palace, entered the banquet room,
+drank Circe's mixture, which was rendered ineffective by the moly's
+power, and, when she waved her wand over his head and bade him join
+his fellows, drew his sword and rushed upon her, threatening to take
+her life if she did not immediately restore his friends to their human
+forms, and promise to do them no further harm.
+
+Circe, terrified at the threat, agreed to comply with all his demands;
+and in a few moments Ulysses was again surrounded by his companions,
+who were touchingly grateful for their rescue. Circe now prepared a
+second feast, and entertained them all so well, that Ulysses lingered
+there for one whole year.
+
+                "And there from day to day
+    We lingered a full year, and banqueted
+    Nobly on plenteous meats and delicate wines."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses visits Cimmeria.]
+
+At the end of that time, Ulysses' companions began to long for their
+own homes, and prevailed upon their chief to leave the fair
+enchantress Circe. At first she was loath to let him go; but, seeing
+that her efforts to detain him longer would be of no avail, she bade
+him seek the Cimmerian shores, and there consult the seer Tiresias.
+This land, which lay on the confines of Pluto's dark realm, was
+inhabited by shadows, the spirits of the dead, condemned to sojourn
+there a while ere they were admitted into Hades.
+
+Ulysses embarked, and, according to Circe's directions, let his vessel
+drift along until its prow grated on a pebbly beach, where he landed.
+Then, walking straight before him, he came to a spot whence he could
+hear the roar of the Phlegethon as it joined the Acheron, and here he
+dug a trench with his sword.
+
+The trench finished, he killed two black victims, furnished by Circe,
+and made their blood flow into the trench. Immediately all the spirits
+crowded about him, eager to drink the fresh blood; but Ulysses, with
+drawn sword, forced them back, until at last Tiresias, the blind seer,
+approached.
+
+He was allowed to stoop down and drink; and, as soon as he had done
+so, he recovered the power of human speech, and warned Ulysses of the
+many trials still awaiting him. Then, his prophecy concluded, he
+vanished; but Ulysses lingered a little longer to allow his mother to
+drink some blood, and explain how she came to be here in the spirit
+land.
+
+Many others came and conversed with him; but at last he was forced to
+depart, and return to Ææa, where he lingered to perform the funeral
+rites for Elpenor,--one of his followers, a youth who had fallen
+asleep on one of the palace turrets, and by an inadvertent movement
+had fallen to the ground, where he had been found dead.
+
+  [Illustration: SIREN. (Acropolis Museum, Athens.)]
+
+[Sidenote: The Sirens.]
+
+These obsequies over, the Greeks, favored by a fresh wind, left
+Circe's isle, and sailed along until they drew near the rocky ledge
+where the Sirens had their abode. These maidens were wont to sit on
+the rocks and sing entrancing songs, which allured the mariners
+until they turned aside from their course, and their vessels were
+dashed to pieces on the rocks.
+
+According to Circe's advice, Ulysses bade his men bind him fast to the
+mast, disregard his cries and gestures of command, and keep on their
+course until the dangerous rocks were lost to view; but, before he
+allowed them to execute these orders, he stopped their ears with
+melted wax, so they could not hear a sound, for he alone could hear
+the Sirens' song and live.
+
+The men then bound him hand and foot to the mast, returned to their
+oars, and rowed steadily on. Soon the Sirens' melody fell upon
+Ulysses' charmed ears; but, although he commanded and implored his men
+to set him free and alter their course, they kept steadily on until no
+sound of the magic song could reach them, when they once more set
+their leader free.
+
+[Sidenote: Charybdis and Scylla.]
+
+Now, although this danger had been safely passed, Ulysses was troubled
+in spirit, for he knew he would soon be obliged to steer his course
+between two dread monsters, Charybdis and Scylla, who lay so close
+together, that, while striving to avoid one, it was almost impossible
+not to fall an easy prey to the other.
+
+Charybdis' den lay under a rock crowned with a single wild fig tree;
+and three times daily she ingulfed the surrounding waters, drawing
+even large galleys into her capacious jaws.
+
+As for Scylla, she too dwelt in a cave, whence her six ugly heads
+protruded to devour any prey that came within reach.
+
+                    "No mariner can boast
+    That he has passed by Scylla with a crew
+    Unharmed; she snatches from the deck, and bears
+    Away in each grim mouth, a living man."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+This selfsame Scylla, once a lovely maiden, had won the heart of the
+sea god Glaucus (p. 303), but coquettishly tormented him until he
+implored Circe to give him some love potion strong enough to compel
+her love.
+
+Circe, who had long nursed a secret passion for Glaucus, was angry at
+him, and jealous of her rival, and, instead of a love potion, prepared
+a loathsome drug, which she bade him pour into the water where Scylla
+was wont to bathe. Glaucus faithfully did as she commanded; but when
+Scylla plunged into the water, her body, and not her feelings,
+changed, and she became a loathsome monster, a terror to gods and men.
+
+When in sight of the fig tree, Ulysses, cased in armor, stood on the
+prow to attack Scylla should she attempt to seize one of his crew. The
+sound of the rushing waters whirling around Charybdis made all on
+board tremble with fear, and the pilot steered nearer still to dread
+Scylla's den.
+
+Suddenly a piercing cry was heard, as the monster seized six of the
+men and devoured them. The rest passed on unharmed; but since then, in
+speaking of conflicting dangers, it has been customary to use the
+expression, "falling from Charybdis into Scylla."
+
+[Sidenote: Cattle of the sun.]
+
+Only too glad to effect an escape at any price, the Greeks again rowed
+on until they sighted Trinacria, the island of the sun, where Phaetusa
+and Lampetia watched over the sun god's sacred herds. The men wished
+to land here to rest; but Ulysses reminded them that Tiresias, the
+blind seer, had warned them to avoid it, lest by slaying any of the
+sacred animals they should incur divine wrath.
+
+The men, however, worn out with the toil of many days' rowing,
+entreated so piteously to be allowed to rest, voluntarily pledging
+themselves to be content with their own provisions and not to slay a
+single animal, that Ulysses reluctantly yielded to their entreaties,
+and all went ashore.
+
+After they had duly rested, they were still detained by unfavorable
+winds, until all their provisions were exhausted, and the few birds
+and fishes they managed to secure no longer sufficed to still the
+pangs of hunger.
+
+Led by Eurylochus, some of the men, during one of Ulysses' temporary
+absences, caught and slew some of the sun god's cattle. To the
+general amazement and terror, the meat lowed while roasting on the
+spit, and the empty skins moved and crawled as if alive. All these
+sounds and sights could not, however, deter the sailors, who were
+bound to have a good feast, which they kept up for seven days, ere
+Ulysses could make them leave the Trinacrian shores.
+
+In the mean while, Lampetia had hastened to Apollo to apprise him of
+the crime committed by Ulysses' men. In anger he appeared before the
+assembled gods and demanded amends, threatening to withdraw the light
+of his countenance if he were not properly indemnified. Jupiter, to
+appease his hot anger, immediately promised that all the offenders
+should perish.
+
+    "'Still shine, O Sun! among the deathless gods
+    And mortal men, upon the nourishing earth.
+    Soon will I cleave, with a white thunderbolt,
+    Their galley in the midst of the black sea!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+This promise he immediately fulfilled by drowning all except Ulysses,
+who alone had not partaken of the sacred flesh, and who, after
+clinging to the rudder for nine long days, a plaything for the wind
+and waves, was washed ashore on the Island of Ogygia, where the fair
+sea nymph Calypso had taken up her abode.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses and Calypso.]
+
+There he was kindly and most hospitably entertained during eight long
+years; but he could not depart, as he had no vessel or crew to bear
+him away. At last Minerva, who had always befriended him, prevailed
+upon Jupiter to allow him to return to Ithaca. Mercury was sent to
+Ogygia to bid Calypso furnish all things necessary for his comfort,
+and aid in the construction of a huge raft, whereon our hero found
+himself afloat after many years of reluctant lingering on the land.
+
+All seemed well now; but Neptune suddenly became aware that his old
+enemy, the torturer of Polyphemus, was about to escape from his
+clutches. With one blow of his trident he stirred up one of those
+sudden tempests whose fury nothing can withstand, shattered Ulysses'
+raft, and buffeted him about on the waves, until the goddess Leucothea
+(p. 174), seeing his distress, helped him to reach the Phæacian shore.
+
+[Sidenote: Nausicaa and Ulysses.]
+
+Too weary to think of aught but rest, Ulysses dragged himself into a
+neighboring wood, where he fell asleep on a bed of dry leaves. While
+he was thus resting, Minerva visited Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous,
+King of the Phæacians, in a dream, and bade her go down to the shore
+and wash her linen robes in readiness for her wedding day, which the
+goddess assured her was near at hand. Nausicaa obeyed, and drove with
+her maidens down to the shore, where, after their labors were duly
+finished, they all indulged in a game of ball, with the usual
+accompaniment of shrill cries and much laughter. Their cries awoke
+Ulysses, who came on the scene just in time to save their ball from
+the waves, and claimed Nausicaa's protection for a shipwrecked
+mariner.
+
+She graciously permitted him to follow her to her father's palace, and
+presented him to Alcinous and Arete, who bade him welcome, and invited
+him to join in the games then taking place. He did so, and displayed
+such strength and skill that his identity was revealed. Alcinous then
+promised to send him safely home in a Phæacian bark, which reached
+Ithaca in safety, and deposited Ulysses, asleep, on his native shore.
+
+[Sidenote: The petrified ship.]
+
+When Neptune discovered that the Phæacians had outwitted him, he was
+so angry that he changed the returning vessel into a rock, which
+blocked the harbor and put an end to further maritime excursions on
+their part.
+
+                              "He drew near
+    And smote it with his open palm, and made
+    The ship a rock, fast rooted in the bed
+    Of the deep sea."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: PENELOPE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' return to Ithaca.]
+
+Disguised as a beggar by Minerva's kindly care, Ulysses sought the
+lowly dwelling of Eumæus, his swineherd, and from him learned all he
+wished to know about his wife and son. He heard that Penelope was
+fairly besieged with suitors, who were even now feasting and reveling
+in his palace, whence they refused to depart until she had made choice
+of a second husband; and also that Telemachus, now a young man,
+indignant and displeased with the suitors' conduct, and guided and
+accompanied by his tutor Mentor, had set out in search of the father
+whom he could not believe dead.
+
+Mentor was Minerva in disguise, who guided the young man to the courts
+of Nestor and Menelaus, and finally in a dream bade him return to
+Ithaca, where he would find the parent he sought. The young prince
+immediately obeyed, and landed near Eumæus' hut, escaping a clever
+ambuscade posted by the suitors at the entrance of the port.
+
+Minerva now permitted the father and son to recognize each other, in
+spite of their twenty years' separation, and together they planned how
+best to punish the insolent suitors. They finally agreed that
+Telemachus should return to the palace and make no mention of his
+father's return; while Ulysses, still in the guise of a beggar, should
+enter his home and claim the usual hospitality.
+
+All was executed as they had planned. No one recognized the
+long-expected hero in the miserable old beggar--no one save his aged
+nurse Euryclea, and his faithful old dog Argus, who died for joy at
+his long-lost master's feet.
+
+    "While over Argus the black night of death
+    Came suddenly as soon as he had seen
+    Ulysses, absent now for twenty years."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Penelope's web.]
+
+Penelope, hearing that a stranger was within her gates, sent for him,
+to inquire whether he knew aught of her husband. She too failed to
+pierce his disguise, and languidly continued a piece of work which she
+cleverly used to baffle her suitors; for once, when urged to marry,
+she had replied that she would do so as soon as her work was finished.
+
+As she was a diligent worker, the suitors expected soon to hear her
+decision, little knowing that she raveled at night all the web so
+carefully woven during the day.
+
+                          "Three full years
+    She practiced thus, and by the fraud deceived
+    The Grecian youths."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' bow.]
+
+At last the subterfuge was discovered, and the unfortunate Penelope
+was forced to finish her work; but ere it was quite done, she found
+another expedient to postpone her choice of a husband. She brought
+Ulysses' bow, and announced that she would marry the man who could
+bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings which she pointed out.
+
+                  "'I bring to you
+    The mighty bow that great Ulysses bore.
+    Whoe'er among you he may be whose hand
+    Shall bend this bow, and send through these twelve rings
+    An arrow, him I follow hence, and leave
+    This beautiful abode of my young years,
+    With all its plenty,--though its memory,
+    I think, will haunt me even in my dreams.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the suitors.]
+
+The suitors all vainly strove to bend the mighty bow, which was then
+seized by the disguised Ulysses, while the youths laughed aloud in
+scorn, until Telemachus bade them let the old man try his strength. To
+the amazement of all, Ulysses easily performed the required feat; and
+then, turning his aim toward Antinous, the handsomest and most
+treacherous of all the suitors, he pierced his heart.
+
+A scene of wild commotion ensued, in which Ulysses, Telemachus,
+Eumæus, and Minerva disguised as Mentor, opposed and slew all the
+wooers. Penelope, unconscious of all this bloodshed, slept in her
+room, until she was gently awakened by Euryclea, who announced the
+return of her long-absent husband.
+
+      "'Awake, Penelope, dear child, and see
+    With thine own eyes what thou hast pined for long.
+    Ulysses has returned; thy lord is here,
+    Though late, and he has slain the arrogant crew
+    Of suitors, who disgraced his house, and made
+    His wealth a spoil, and dared insult his son.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+But Penelope had too long believed her husband dead to credit this
+marvelous news; and it was only after Ulysses had given her an
+infallible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret which was
+shared by her alone, that she received him.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' last journey.]
+
+Ulysses was now safe at home, after twenty years of warfare and
+adventure, and at first greatly enjoyed the quiet and peace of his
+home life; but after a while these tame joys grew wearisome, and he
+decided to renew his wanderings. He therefore prepared a fleet, and
+sailed "out into the West," whence he never returned. The Greeks,
+however, averred that he had gone in search of the Isles of the Blest,
+where he dwelt in perfect peace, and enjoyed the constant society of
+heroes as brave and renowned as himself.
+
+                  "'Come, my friends,
+    'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
+    Push off, and sitting well in order smite
+    The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
+    To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
+    Of all the western stars, until I die.
+    It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
+    It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
+    And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
+    Tho' much is taken, much abides: and tho'
+    We are not now that strength which in old days
+    Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;
+    One equal temper of heroic hearts,
+    Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
+    To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.'"
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+ADVENTURES OF ÆNEAS.
+
+
+You have already heard how the Greeks entered the city of Troy in the
+dead of night, massacred the inhabitants, and set fire to the
+beautiful buildings which had been the king's pride and delight. Now
+you shall hear how Virgil relates the escape of some of the Trojans
+from general destruction.
+
+Unconscious of coming danger, Æneas, son of Venus and Anchises, lay
+fast asleep in his palace; but the gods had not doomed him to perish,
+and sent the shade of Hector to warn him in a dream to arise, leave
+the city, and fly to some distant land.
+
+    "'Ah, goddess-born,' he warns me, 'fly!
+    Escape these flames: Greece holds the walls;
+    Proud Ilium from her summit falls.
+    Think not of king's or country's claims:
+    Country and king, alas! are names:
+    Could Troy be saved by hands of men,
+    This hand had saved her then, e'en then.
+    The gods of her domestic shrines
+    That country to your care consigns:
+    Receive them now, to share your fate:
+    Provide them mansions strong and great,
+    The city's walls, which Heaven has willed
+    Beyond the seas you yet shall build.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas goes to save Priam.]
+
+Awakened at last by the ever-increasing tumult without, Æneas seized
+his arms and hastened forth, attended by many of his fellow-citizens,
+to ascertain the cause of the great uproar. A few minutes later he
+discovered that the Greek army had entered the town, and was even now
+killing, plundering, and burning without mercy. The men were all
+slain, but the fairest women were dragged away to be sold as slaves in
+Greece; and among them Æneas beheld in the hands of Agamemnon's
+soldiers the unfortunate daughter of Priam, Cassandra, whom the gods
+had endowed with prophetic powers (p. 310), but whom no one would
+heed.
+
+Æneas, seeing ere long that there was no hope of saving the doomed
+city, quickly disguised himself in a Greek armor which he tore from
+the corpse of one of his foes, and rushed on to the palace, hoping to
+save the aged king, who, at the first alarm, had seized his weapons,
+determined to fight to the very last.
+
+Hecuba, his wife, was clinging to him, imploring him to remain, when
+suddenly Polites, their son, rushed into their presence, closely
+followed by Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, who thrust his
+sword into the youth, and then murdered Priam also.
+
+    "So Priam's fortunes closed at last:
+    So passed he, seeing as he passed
+    His Troy in flames, his royal tower
+    Laid low in dust by hostile power,
+    Who once o'er land and peoples proud
+    Sat, while before him Asia bowed:
+    Now on the shore behold him dead,
+    A nameless trunk, a trunkless head."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Æneas, who arrived just too late to hinder this frightful catastrophe,
+now suddenly remembered that a similar fate awaited his aged father
+Anchises, his wife Creusa, and little son Iulus, who were at home
+without any protector near them. The hero therefore madly cut his way
+through the foe, and rushed through the once magnificent palace, which
+was now stripped of its rarest treasures and desecrated by an enemy's
+tread.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus appears to Æneas.]
+
+There, in one of the abandoned halls, he saw Helen, the fair cause of
+all this war and bloodshed,--who, after Paris' death, had married
+Deiphobus, his brother,--and for a moment he determined to take her
+life; but ere he could do so, Venus, his mother, stayed his hand, and
+bade him remember that the immortal gods had long ago decreed that the
+city should fall, and that Helen was merely the pretext used to induce
+the rival nations to fly to arms.
+
+Further to convince him of the truth of her assertions, she enabled
+him to see what was hidden from mortal eyes: i.e., Neptune, Minerva,
+Juno, and Jupiter even, fighting and leveling the walls with mighty
+blows. She then vehemently implored her son to leave this scene of
+carnage, and fly, with his family and followers, to some safe place
+without the city, whence he could embark, and sail away to a more
+fortunate land; and her entreaties finally prevailed.
+
+[Sidenote: Anchises' escape.]
+
+Æneas rushed home and bade his father prepare to leave Troy; but
+Anchises obstinately refused to leave his post, until he saw a bright
+flame hover for a moment above his grandson's head, which sign he
+interpreted as an omen that his race should endure. He no longer
+resisted; and, as he was too weak to walk, Æneas bade him hold the
+Lares and Penates, and, taking him on his back, carried him off, while
+with one hand he led his little son, and bade Creusa closely follow
+him.
+
+      "'Come, mount my shoulders, dear my sire:
+    Such load my strength shall never tire.
+    Now, whether fortune smiles or lowers,
+    One risk, one safety shall be ours.
+    My son shall journey at my side,
+    My wife her steps by mine shall guide,
+    At distance safe.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Creusa's ghost.]
+
+A trysting place near a ruined temple had already been appointed for
+his servants, and thither Æneas turned his steps. When he arrived
+there, he found many awaiting him, and counted them carefully to make
+sure none were missing. All were there except Creusa, his beloved
+young wife; and he retraced his steps with anxious haste, hoping to
+find her still alive. But on the threshold of his once happy home he
+met her disembodied spirit, and heard her bid him seek the banks of
+the Tiber, where a beautiful young bride would comfort him for her
+loss. This speech ended, Creusa's ghost vanished, and Æneas sadly
+returned to the ruined temple, where he found many fugitives ready to
+follow him wherever he went, and eager to obey his every command.
+Their preparations for departure were speedily completed, the sails
+unfurled, and the little exiled band soon lost sight of the shores of
+Troy.
+
+    "Weeping I quit the port, the shore,
+    The plains where Ilium stood before,
+    And homeless launch upon the main,
+    Son, friends, and home gods in my train."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Thrace.]
+
+Although they had escaped from burning Troy and the swords of the
+Greeks, their trials had only just begun. After many days' sailing,
+they landed in Thrace, viewed the country, decided to settle there,
+and began to trace the foundations of a new city, which they decided
+to call the Æneadæ, in honor of their leader.
+
+Their next care was to offer a sacrifice to the gods; but when Æneas,
+with due ceremony, cut down a sapling, he was startled to see blood
+flow from its severed stem. At the same time a mysterious voice was
+heard, bidding him forbear, for his former friend Polydorus, sent to
+Thrace to conceal some treasures, had been murdered there by an
+avaricious king, and this grove of trees had sprouted from the spear
+handles driven into his unhappy breast.
+
+[Sidenote: Delos and Crete.]
+
+After paying the customary funeral rites to appease the soul of his
+unfortunate friend, Æneas easily prevailed upon his followers to leave
+these inhospitable shores and seek another resting place. They rowed
+over the briny deep until they came to Delos, where they stopped to
+consult the oracle, who bade them seek the cradle of their race, and
+settle there.
+
+      "'Stout Dardan hearts, the realm of earth
+    Where first your nation sprang to birth,
+    That realm shall now receive you back:
+    Go, seek your ancient mother's track.
+    There shall Æneas' house, renewed
+    For ages, rule a world subdued.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+This obscure command left them uncertain what course to pursue, until
+the aged Anchises remembered that one of his ancestors, Teucer, had
+once reigned in Crete. Thither they sailed, and hoped to settle; but a
+terrible pestilence came upon them, and decimated their already sparse
+ranks.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' vision.]
+
+One night Æneas had a vision, in which his household gods bade him
+seek the Italian or Hesperian shores; and when, on waking, he imparted
+this advice to Anchises, the latter remembered a long-forgotten
+prophecy of Cassandra, purporting that they would settle there, and
+also that Dardanus, their first progenitor, was reported to have come
+from thence.
+
+    "There is a land, by Greece of old
+    Surnamed Hesperia, rich its mold,
+        Its children brave and free:
+    Oenotrians were its settlers: fame
+    Now gives the race its leader's name,
+        And calls it Italy.
+    Here Dardanus was born, our king,
+    And old Iasius, whence we spring:
+        Here our authentic seat."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Celæno, the Harpy.]
+
+Ere many days Æneas and his trusty followers were once more afloat,
+and forced to battle with fierce storms sent by Juno to hinder their
+advance. Exhausted, they landed on the Strophades Islands, where they
+proposed to recruit their strength by a hearty meal; but no sooner
+was their table spread, than the meats were devoured and destroyed by
+the loathsome Harpies. A terrible prophecy uttered by Celæno, one of
+these monsters,--half woman and half bird,--made them embark again in
+great haste, and row on until they came to Epirus, where they again
+effected a landing. In this country they met the sorrowing Andromache,
+Hector's widow, the slave of King Helenus, who entertained them
+royally and sent them on their way again, with many kindly cautions to
+beware of the Cyclopes and avoid Charybdis and Scylla by
+circumnavigating the whole island of Sicily.
+
+[Sidenote: Rescue of Achemenides.]
+
+This advice was duly followed by Æneas, who, while rounding one of the
+promontories of the island, saw and rescued Achemenides, one of
+Ulysses' companions, accidentally left behind when they escaped from
+the rage of Polyphemus, the Cyclops. This giant now came down to the
+shore, and was regarded with unconcealed horror by the Trojans, who
+rowed away in haste. Soon after, Æneas moored his ships in the harbors
+of Sicania and Drepanum, and while there lost his aged father
+Anchises.
+
+                          "There
+    I lose my stay in every care,
+    My sire Anchises!"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Juno, in the mean while, had not been idle, and gloated over the
+dangers she had forced the unhappy Trojans to encounter during the
+seven years which had already elapsed since they first sailed from
+Troy. She was not yet weary of persecuting them, however; and as soon
+as she saw them once more afloat, she hurried off to Æolus, and bade
+him let loose his fiercest children, and scatter the fleet by a
+terrible storm.
+
+    "'O Æolus! since the Sire of all
+    Has made the wind obey thy call
+        To raise or lay the foam,
+    A race I hate now plows the sea,
+    Transporting Troy to Italy
+        And home gods reft of home:
+    Lash thou thy winds, their ships submerge,
+    Or toss them weltering o'er the surge.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The tempest.]
+
+This request was immediately granted. The vessels, tossed hither and
+thither, lost sight of each other. Some were stranded, some sank, and
+still the tempest raged on with unabated fury, and death stared the
+unhappy Trojans in the face. The commotion on the deep finally aroused
+Neptune, who came to the surface just in time to see all the
+misfortunes which had overwhelmed Æneas. He imperiously sent the winds
+away, and lent a helping hand to float the stranded ships once more.
+
+    "'Back to your master instant flee,
+    And tell him, not to him but me
+    The imperial trident of the sea
+        Fell by the lot's award.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+The Trojans, grateful for his timely aid, and reassured by the calm
+which now reigned supreme, steered for the nearest port, where they
+anchored their seven vessels, all that now remained of their once
+large fleet.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Libya.]
+
+Æneas and Achates, his faithful friend, immediately set out to view
+the land, and ere long encountered Venus, disguised as a mortal, who
+informed them that they had landed upon the Libyan coast, which was
+under the sway of Dido, a fugitive from Tyre. Dido's husband, Sychæus,
+King of Tyre, the possessor of untold riches, had been murdered by
+Pygmalion, his brother-in-law; but the queen was kept in complete
+ignorance of this crime, until visited in a dream by the shade of
+Sychæus, which bade her fly with his treasures, whose place of
+concealment she alone knew.
+
+Dido obeyed the ghost's commands, and, accompanied by a number of
+faithful subjects, landed on the Libyan coast, where she entreated
+the inhabitants to sell her as much land as an ox-hide would inclose.
+This seemingly modest request was immediately granted; but the Libyans
+regretted their compliance when they saw the ox-hide cut up into tiny
+strips, which inclosed a considerable tract of land, the site of
+Dido's beautiful capital, Carthage.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas and Dido.]
+
+Thither Venus advised her son to proceed and claim the queen's
+protection. Æneas and Achates obediently hastened onward, and entered
+the town unseen, for Venus had enveloped them both in a mist. Their
+attention was first attracted by the festive appearance of the people
+assembled together, and by the beauty of the queen, giving audience to
+some of their companions, who had miraculously escaped from the waves.
+
+These men spoke to the queen of their renowned chief, whose fame had
+already reached her ear; and she gladly promised to send out a search
+party to discover him, and aid him if necessary.
+
+                      "'I will send
+    And search the coast from end to end,
+    If haply, wandering up and down,
+    He bide in woodland or in town.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+At these gracious words, Æneas stepped forward, the mist vanished, and
+he stood before the queen in all his manly beauty.
+
+Dido then led her guests to the banquet hall, where they recounted
+their adventures by land and sea, while partaking of the viands and
+wines set before them. At this feast, Cupid, at Venus' request,
+assumed the face and form of Iulus, Æneas' young son, and, reclining
+on the queen's bosom, secretly thrust one of his darts into her heart,
+and made her fall in love with Æneas.
+
+  [Illustration: ÆNEAS AT THE COURT OF DIDO.--Guerin.]
+
+Day after day now passed in revelry and pleasure, and still Æneas
+lingered by Dido's side, forgetful of the new kingdom he was destined
+to found. One whole year passed thus; and the gods, impatient of
+delay, finally sent Mercury to remind Æneas of his duty.
+
+To avoid Dido's tears and recriminations, the hero kept his
+preparations for departure a complete secret, and finally set sail
+while she was wrapt in slumber. When she awoke and looked out of her
+palace window, it was only to see the last vessel sink beneath the
+horizon.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Dido.]
+
+Concealing her grief, and pretending an anger she did not feel, she
+bade her servants make a funeral pyre, and place upon it all the
+objects Æneas had used during his sojourn in her palace; then, on top
+of it all, she set an effigy of her false lover, set fire to the pyre,
+sprang into the midst of the flames, and there stabbed herself.
+
+    "'Yet let me die: thus, thus I go
+    Exulting to the shades below.
+    Let the false Dardan feel the blaze
+    That burns me pouring on his gaze,
+    And bear along, to cheer his way,
+    The funeral presage of to-day.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+From the mast of his vessel Æneas saw the rising column of smoke, and
+his heart sank within him; for he suspected its fatal import, and
+honestly mourned the death of the beautiful queen.
+
+[Sidenote: Funeral games.]
+
+The Trojans sailed onward until the threatening clouds made them take
+refuge in the Sicanian port, where they celebrated the usual games to
+commemorate Anchises' death, which had occurred there just one year
+previous. While the men were engaged in the customary naval, foot, and
+horse races, boxing, wrestling, and archery matches, the women
+gathered together, and, instigated by Juno, began to bewail the hard
+lot which compelled them to encounter again the perils of the sea.
+Their discontent ultimately reached such a pitch that they set fire to
+the vessels. When Æneas heard of this new misfortune, he rushed down
+to the shore, tore his costly festal garments, and cried to Heaven
+for assistance in this his time of direst need.
+
+      "'Dread Sire, if Ilium's lorn estate
+    Deserve not yet thine utter hate,
+    If still thine ancient faithfulness
+    Give heed to mortals in distress,
+    Oh, let the fleet escape the flame!
+    Oh, save from death Troy's dying name!'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Apparition of Anchises.]
+
+This prayer was instantly answered by a sudden severe shower, which
+quenched the devouring flames. Soon after this miracle, Anchises
+appeared to Æneas, and bade him leave the women, children, and aged
+men in Sicily, and travel on to Cumæ, where he was to consult the
+Sibyl, visit the Infernal Regions, and there receive further advice
+from him.
+
+    "First seek the halls of Dis below,
+    Pass deep Avernus' vale, and meet
+    Your father in his own retreat."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Æneas again dutifully obeyed; but when Venus saw him afloat once more,
+she hastened to Neptune, and bade him watch over her unfortunate son.
+Neptune listened very graciously to her appeal, and promised to take
+but one of all the many lives intrusted to his care. That one was
+Æneas' pilot, Palinurus, who, falling asleep at the helm, fell
+overboard and was drowned.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cumæan Sibyl.]
+
+As for the fleet, it reached the Cumæan shore in safety; and Æneas
+hastened off to the Sibyl's cave, made known his wish to visit Hades,
+and entreated her to serve as his guide in that perilous journey. She
+consented, but at the same time informed him that he must first obtain
+a golden twig, which grew in a dark forest.
+
+      "None may reach the shades without
+    The passport of that golden sprout."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: CUMÆAN SIBYL.--Domenichino. (Borghese Gallery, Rome.)]
+
+Almost despairing, Æneas now prayed for assistance; for how could he
+find a tiny golden sprig in the midst of the dense forest foliage
+without the gods' aid? In answer to this appeal, Venus, ever mindful
+of her son, sent two of her snowy doves to lead the way and alight on
+the tree, where Æneas readily found the object of his search.
+
+Armed with this branch as key, he and the Sibyl boldly entered the
+Lower Regions, where all the ghastly sights and sounds we have already
+described (p. 167) met them on every side. Charon quickly ferried them
+over the Acheron, on whose bank they saw the wandering shade of
+Palinurus, who had no obolus to pay his way across, and that of Dido,
+with a gaping wound in her breast.
+
+They did not pause, however, until they reached the Elysian Fields,
+where they found Anchises, gravely considering among the unborn souls
+those who were destined to animate his race and make it illustrious in
+the future. These he carefully pointed out to Æneas, foretelling their
+future achievements, and called by name Romulus, Brutus, Camillus, the
+Gracchi, Cæsar,--in fact, all the heroes of Roman history.
+
+    "Anchises showed Æneas, in long line,
+    The illustrious shades of those who were to shine
+    One day the glory of the Italian shore."
+
+                           Tomas de Iriarte.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Latium.]
+
+After a prolonged conversation with his father, Æneas returned to his
+companions, and led them to the mouth of the Tiber, whose course they
+followed until they reached Latium, where their wanderings were to
+cease. Latinus, king of the country, received them hospitably, and
+promised the hand of his daughter Lavinia in marriage to Æneas.
+
+Lavinia was very beautiful, and had already had many suitors, among
+whom Turnus, a neighboring prince, boasted of the most exalted rank.
+The queen, Amata, specially favored this youth's suit; and the king
+would gladly have received him for a son-in-law, had he not twice
+been warned by the gods to reserve his daughter for a foreign prince,
+who had now appeared.
+
+In spite of all the years which had elapsed since Paris scorned her
+attractions and bribes (p. 307), Juno had not yet forgotten her hatred
+of the Trojan race, and, afraid lest her enemy's course should now
+prove too smooth, she sent Alecto, the Fury, down upon earth to stir
+up war, and goad Amata to madness. The Fury executed both commands,
+and Amata fled to the woods, where she concealed her daughter Lavinia,
+to keep her safe for Turnus, whom she preferred to Æneas.
+
+[Sidenote: War with the Latins.]
+
+As Iulus and some companions had unfortunately wounded the pet stag of
+Silvia, daughter of the head shepherd, a brawl ensued, which, fomented
+by Alecto, soon developed into a bloody war. Hostilities having thus
+begun, Turnus, with the various Latin chiefs, immediately besought
+Latinus to open the gates of Janus' temple. He refused; but Juno,
+afraid lest even now her plans might be set at naught, came down from
+Olympus, and with her own hand flung wide the brazen doors. This
+unexpected apparition kindled a general ardor; new troops enlisted;
+and even Camilla, the Volscian warrior-maiden, came to proffer her aid
+to Turnus.
+
+    "Last marches forth for Latium's sake
+      Camilla fair, the Volscian maid,
+    A troop of horsemen in her wake
+      In pomp of gleaming steel arrayed;
+    Stern warrior queen!"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Camilla.]
+
+When but a babe in arms, Camilla had been carried off by her father,
+as he fled before the Volscian troops. When he came to the Amasenus
+River, he found his pursuers close at his heels. Tying his infant
+daughter to his spear, he hurled her to the opposite bank, which,
+thanks to Diana's aid, she reached unharmed, while her father plunged
+into the waves to join her. In his gratitude to find her safe, he
+dedicated her to Diana, who trained her to love the chase and all
+manly pursuits.
+
+Surprised to see Latinus' friendly offers of hospitality so suddenly
+withdrawn, Æneas made rapid preparations for war, and sailed farther
+up the Tiber to secure the aid of Evander, king of the Tuscans, the
+hereditary foe of the Latins. This monarch, too old to lead his troops
+in person, nevertheless promised his aid, and sent his beloved son
+Pallas in his stead to command the troops he supplied.
+
+[Sidenote: Nisus and Euryalus.]
+
+Juno, still implacable, had in the mean while sent Iris to apprise
+Turnus of Æneas' departure, and to urge him to set fire to the
+remainder of the fleet,--a suggestion which Turnus joyfully obeyed.
+The Trojans, headed by young Iulus, Æneas' son, defended themselves
+with their usual courage; but, seeing the enemy would soon overpower
+them, they dispatched Nisus and Euryalus, two of their number, to warn
+Æneas of their danger, and entreat him to hasten up with his
+reënforcements. These unfortunate youths passed through the camp
+unseen, but farther on fell into the hands of a troop of Volscian
+horsemen, who cruelly put them to death, and then hurried with the
+Rutules to lend assistance to Turnus. Next some of the Trojan vessels
+were fired by the enemy; but, instead of being consumed by the flames,
+they were changed into water nymphs by the intervention of the gods,
+and, sailing down the Tiber, met Æneas, and warned him to hasten to
+his son's rescue.
+
+    "His vessels change their guise,
+    And each and all as Nereids rise."
+
+                                     Virgil.
+
+[Sidenote: The armor.]
+
+In the mean while, Venus, who befriended the Trojans, had sought
+Vulcan's detested abode, and had prevailed upon him to forge a
+beautiful armor for Æneas. On the shield, which is minutely described
+in one of the books of Virgil's celebrated epic poem, the Æneid, were
+depicted many of the stirring scenes in the lives of the future
+descendants of Æneas, the heroes of Roman history. As soon as this
+armor was completed, Venus brought it to her son, who donned it with
+visible pleasure, and, encouraged by his mother's words, prepared to
+meet the Latins and hold his own.
+
+Venus and Juno were not the only deities interested in the coming
+struggle; for all the gods, having watched Æneas' career, were anxious
+about his fate. Seeing this, and fearful lest their interference
+should still further endanger the hero whom he favored, Jupiter
+assembled the gods on high Olympus, and sternly forbade their taking
+any active part in the coming strife, under penalty of his severe
+displeasure.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' arrival.]
+
+Æneas and his Tuscan allies arrived on the battle scene just in time
+to give the necessary support to the almost exhausted Trojans; and now
+the fight raged more fiercely than ever, and prodigies of valor were
+accomplished on both sides, until finally young Pallas fell, slain by
+Turnus. When aware of the death of this promising young prince, Æneas'
+heart was filled with grief, for he could imagine the sorrow of the
+aged Evander when he saw his son's corpse brought home for burial; and
+he then and there registered a solemn vow to avenge Pallas' death by
+slaying Turnus, and immediately hastened forth to keep his word.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's treachery.]
+
+In the mean while, Juno, suspecting what his purpose would be, and
+afraid to allow Turnus to encounter such a formidable antagonist as
+Æneas, had determined to lure her favorite away from the field. To
+compass this, she assumed the form of Æneas, challenged Turnus, and,
+as soon as he began the fight, fled toward the river, and took refuge
+on one of the vessels, closely pursued by him. No sooner did she see
+the Rutule chief safe on board, than she loosed the vessel from its
+moorings, and allowed it to drift down the stream, bearing Turnus away
+from the scene of battle. Aware now of the delusion practiced, Turnus
+raved, and accused the gods, and then eagerly watched for an
+opportunity to land, and make his way, alone and on foot, back to the
+scene of conflict.
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' prowess.]
+
+During Turnus' involuntary absence, Æneas had ranged all over the
+battlefield in search of him, and had encountered and slain many
+warriors, among others Lausus and his aged father Mezentius, two
+allies of Latinus, who had specially distinguished themselves by their
+great valor. The dead and dying covered the field, when Latinus, weary
+of bloodshed, summoned a council, and again vainly tried to make
+peace. But his efforts were of no avail. The war was renewed more
+fiercely than ever; and in the next encounter, Camilla, the brave
+Volscian maiden, fell at last, breathing a fervent entreaty that
+Turnus should hasten to the succor of his despairing people if he
+would not see them all slain and the town in the hands of the Trojans.
+
+    "'Go: my last charge to Turnus tell,
+    To haste with succor, and repel
+    The Trojans from the town--farewell.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' wound.]
+
+Shortly after her death, in the very midst of the fray, Æneas suddenly
+felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious hand. He
+hastened to seek the aid of the leech Iapis; but, in spite of his
+ministrations, the barb could not be removed nor the wound dressed,
+until Venus brought a magic herb, which instantly healed the hero, and
+enabled him to return to the fight with unabated strength and energy.
+
+The tide was now decidedly turning in favor of the Trojans; for Amata,
+the Latin queen, sorry for her ill-advised opposition to her
+daughter's marriage with Æneas, brought Lavinia home and hung herself
+in a fit of remorse.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Turnus.]
+
+Æneas, appearing once more on the battlefield, finally encountered the
+long-sought Turnus, who had made his way back, and was now driving
+about in his chariot, jealously guarded by his sister Juturna, who,
+the better to watch over his safety, had taken the place of his
+chariot driver. The two heroes, having met, instantly closed in deadly
+fight; but, in spite of Turnus' bravery, he was finally obliged to
+succumb, and sank to the ground, frankly acknowledging himself beaten
+as he exhaled his last sigh.
+
+    "'Yours is the victory: Latian bands
+    Have seen me stretch imploring hands:
+    The bride Lavinia is your own:
+    Thus far let foeman's hate be shown.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Æneas' progeny.]
+
+With the death of Turnus the war came to an end. A lasting peace was
+made with Latinus; and the brave Trojan hero, whose woes were now
+over, was united in marriage with Lavinia. In concert with Latinus, he
+ruled the Latins, and founded a city, which he called Lavinia in honor
+of his bride, and which became for a time the capital of Latium.
+
+Æneas, as the gods had predicted, became the father of a son named
+Æneas Silvia, who founded Alba Longa, where his descendants reigned
+for many a year, and where one of his race, the Vestal Virgin Ilia,
+after marrying Mars, gave birth to Remus and Romulus, the founders of
+Rome (p. 142).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+ANALYSIS OF MYTHS.
+
+    "I shall indeed interpret all that I can, but I cannot
+    interpret all that I should like."--_Grimm._
+
+
+[Sidenote: Early theories.]
+
+In attempting an analysis of the foregoing myths, and an explanation
+of their origin, it is impossible, in a work of this kind, to do more
+than give a very superficial idea of the scientific theories of
+various eminent mythologists, who, on this subject, like doctors, are
+sure to disagree.
+
+These myths, comprising "the entire intellectual stock of the age to
+which they belonged," existed as "floating talk among the people" long
+ere they passed into the literature of the nation; and while to us
+mythology is merely "an affair of historical or antiquarian study, we
+must remember that the interpretation of myths was once a thing full
+of vital interest to men whose moral and religious beliefs were deeply
+concerned." Received at first with implicit faith, these myths became
+a stumbling block as civilization advanced. Cultured man recoiled from
+much of the grossness which had appeared quite natural to his
+ancestors in a savage state, and made an attempt to find out their
+primitive meaning, or an explanation which would satisfy his purer
+taste.
+
+With the latter object in view, the sages and writers of old
+interpreted all that seemed "silly and senseless" in mythology as
+physical allegories,--a system subsequently carried to extremes by
+many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of evading Christian
+satire.
+
+Learned men have also explained these selfsame myths as historical
+facts disguised as metaphors, or as moral allegories, which the choice
+of Hercules (p. 218) undoubtedly is. Euhemerus (316 B.C.) was the
+pioneer of the former theory, and Bacon an exponent of the latter.
+Euhemerus' method was exaggerated by his disciples, who declared Zeus
+was merely a king of Crete; his war with the giants, an attempt to
+repress a sedition; Danae's shower of gold (p. 240), the money with
+which her guards were bribed; Prometheus, a maker of clay images,
+"whence it was hyperbolically said he created man out of clay;" and
+Atlas, an astronomer, who was therefore spoken of as supporting the
+weight of the heavens. This mode of interpretation was carried to such
+an extreme that it became ridiculous, and the inevitable reaction took
+place. In the course of time, however, the germ of truth it contained
+was again brought to light; and very few persons now refuse to believe
+that some of the heroic myths have some slight historical basis, the
+"silly and senseless" element being classed as accretions similar to
+the fabulous tales attached to the indubitably historical name of
+Charlemagne. During the seventeenth century, some philosophers,
+incited by "the resemblance between biblical narrative and ancient
+myths, came to the conclusion that the Bible contained a pure and the
+myths a distorted form of an original revelation." But within the past
+century new theories have gradually gained ground: for the
+philologists have attempted to prove that the myths arose from a
+"disease of language;" while the anthropologists, basing their theory
+on comparative mythology, declare "it is man, it is human thought and
+human language combined, which naturally and necessarily produced the
+strange conglomerate of ancient fable."
+
+[Sidenote: Modern theories.]
+
+As these two last-named schools have either successfully confuted or
+incorporated the theories of all their predecessors, a brief outline
+of their respective beliefs will not be out of place. While philology
+compares only the "myths of races which speak languages of the same
+family" (as will shortly be demonstrated), anthropology resorts to all
+folklore, and seeks for the origin of myths, not in language, which
+it considers only as a subordinate cause, but in the "condition of
+thought through which all races have passed."
+
+[Sidenote: Anthropological theory.]
+
+The anthropologists, or comparative mythologists, do not deny that
+during the moderate allowance of two hundred and fifty thousand years,
+which they allot to the human race on earth, the myths may have spread
+from a single center, and either by migration, or by slave or wife
+stealing, or by other natural or accidental methods, may have
+"wandered all around the globe;" but they principally base their
+arguments on the fact that just as flint arrowheads are found in all
+parts of the world, differing but slightly in form and manufacture, so
+the myths of all nations "resemble each other, because they were
+formed to meet the same needs, out of the same materials."
+
+They argue that this similarity exists, "not because the people came
+from the same stock" (which is the philologist's view), "but because
+they passed through the same savage intellectual condition." By
+countless examples taken from the folklore of all parts of the earth,
+they prove that the savage considers himself akin to beasts (generally
+to the one whose image is used as a tribal or family badge or totem),
+and "regards even plants, inanimate objects, and the most abstract
+phenomena, as persons with human parts and passions." To the savage,
+"sun, moon, and stars are persons, but savage persons;" and, as he
+believes "many of his own tribe fellows to have the power of assuming
+the form of animals," he concedes the same privilege and power to sun,
+moon, and stars, etc. This school further prove that all pre-Christian
+religions have idols representing beasts, that all mythologies
+represent the gods as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare,
+that, although the Greeks were a thoroughly civilized people, we can
+still find in their mythology and religion "abundant survivals of
+savage manners and savage myths." They claim, that, during the
+myth-making age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an
+intellectual level with the present Australian Bushmen, and that
+"everything in civilized mythologies which we regard as irrational,
+seems only part of the accepted and rational order of things to the
+contemporary savages, and in the past seemed equally rational and
+natural to savages concerning whom we have historical information." Of
+course it is difficult, not to say impossible, for civilized man to
+put himself in the savage's place, and regard things from his point of
+view. The nearest approach to primitive intelligence which comes under
+our immediate observation is the working of the minds of small
+children, who, before they can talk intelligibly, whip the table or
+chair against which they have bumped their heads, and later on delight
+in weaving the most extraordinary tales. A little four-year-old seized
+a book and began to "read a story;" that is to say, to improvise a
+very improbable and highly colored tale of a pony. Forced to pause
+from lack of breath, she resumed the thread of her narrative with the
+words, "Now, this dog;" and, when it was suggested that the story was
+about a pony, she emphatically replied, "Well, this pony was a dog,"
+and continued. Now, either because she perceived that the
+transformation had attracted attention, or to satisfy the childish
+inborn taste for the marvelous, in the course of the next few minutes
+the pony underwent as many transformations as Proteus, all of which
+apparently seemed perfectly natural to her. The anthropologists
+explain the tales of the various transformations of Jupiter and his
+animal progeny "as in many cases survivals of the totemistic belief in
+descent from beasts," while the mythologists explain them as
+"allegories of the fruitful union of heaven and earth, of rain and
+grain." The former school also declare that the myth of Cupid and
+Psyche, which has its parallel in stories found in all parts of the
+world, was invented to explain curious marriage customs (for in some
+countries it is unlawful for the husband to see his wife's face until
+after she has given birth to her first child, and in others a wife may
+not speak her husband's name): the latter school interpret the same
+myth as a beautiful allegory of the soul and the union of faith and
+love.
+
+[Sidenote: Philological theory.]
+
+The philologists' interpretation of myths is not only the most
+accredited at the present time, but also the most poetical. We
+therefore give a brief synopsis of their theory, together with an
+analysis, from their point of view, of the principal myths told at
+length in the course of this work. According to this school, "myths
+are the result of a disease of language, as the pearl is the result of
+a disease of the oyster;" the key to all mythologies lies in language;
+and the original names of the gods, "ascertained by comparative
+philology, will be found, as a rule, to denote elemental or physical
+phenomena," that is, phenomena of the sunshine, the clouds, rain,
+winds, fire, etc.
+
+To make their process of reasoning plain, it should be explained, that
+as French, Spanish, and Italian are derived from the Latin, even so
+Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have a common source in a much older
+language; that, even if Latin were entirely lost, the similarity of
+the word "bridge," for instance (_pons_ in Latin), in French (_pont_),
+in Spanish (_puente_), and in Italian (_ponte_), would justify the
+conclusion that these terms had their origin in a common language, and
+that the people who spoke it were familiar with bridges, which they
+evidently called by some name phonetically the same.
+
+Further to prove their position, they demonstrate the similarity of
+the most common words in all the languages of the same family, showing
+(as is the case with the word "father" in the accompanying table) that
+they undergo but few changes in sixteen different languages.
+
+    Sanskrit, _pitri_.
+    Zend, _paitar_.
+    Persian, _pader_.
+    Erse, _athair_.
+    Italian, _padre_.
+    Spanish, _padre_.
+    French, _père_.
+    Saxon, _fæder_.
+    Latin, _pater_.
+    Greek, pronounced _pätair_.
+    Gothic, _vatar_.
+    German, _vater_.
+    Dutch, _fader_.
+    Danish, _fader_.
+    Swedish, _fader_.
+    English, _father_.
+
+The most learned of all these philologists argues that during the
+first or Rhematic period, there existed a tribe in Central Asia which
+spoke a monosyllabic language, in which lay the germs of the Turanian,
+Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This Rhematic period was followed
+by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, when, little by little, the
+languages "received once for all that peculiar impress of their
+formative system which we still find in all the dialects and national
+idioms comprised under the name of Aryan or Semitic;" that is to say,
+in the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Roman, Celt, Slav, and Teutonic
+languages, and in some three thousand kindred dialects.
+
+After the Agglutinative period, and previous to the National era and
+"the appearance of the first traces of literature," he places "a
+period represented everywhere by the same characteristic features,
+called the Mythological or Mythopoeic age."
+
+It was during this period that the main part of the vast fund of
+mythic lore is supposed to have crystallized; for primitive man,
+knowing nothing whatever of physical laws, cause and effect, and the
+"necessary regularity of things," yet seeking an explanation of the
+natural phenomena, described them in the only way possible to him, and
+attributed to all inanimate objects his own sentiments and passions,
+fancying them influenced by the same things, in the same way. This
+tendency to personify or animate everything is universal among
+savages, who are nothing but men in the primitive state; and "in early
+philosophy throughout the world, the sun, moon, and stars are alive,
+and, as it were, human in their nature." "Poetry has so far kept alive
+in our minds the old animative theory of nature, that it is no great
+effort in us to fancy the waterspout a huge giant or a sea monster,
+and to depict, in what we call appropriate metaphor, its march across
+the field of ocean."
+
+As the names of the Greek gods and heroes have in a great measure been
+found to correspond with the Sanskrit names of physical things, we
+have been able to read some of the first thoughts of primitive man;
+and "the obvious meaning" of many words "did much to preserve vestiges
+of plain sense in classic legend, in spite of all the efforts of the
+commentators."
+
+According to the philologists, therefore, these thoughts had already
+assumed a definite form in the remote epoch when many nations, now
+scattered over the face of the earth, occupied the same country, spoke
+the same language, and formed but one people. Of course, "as long as
+such beings as Heaven or Sun are consciously talked of in mythic
+language, the meaning of their legends is open to no question, and the
+action ascribed to them will as a rule be natural and appropriate;"
+but with the gradual diffusion of this one people to various parts of
+the earth, the original meaning of these words was entirely lost, and
+they came to be looked upon eventually simply as the names of deities
+or heroes--very much in the way that the word "good-by" has long
+survived its original form as a conscious prayer, "God be with you!"
+and the word "ostracism" has lost all connection with an oyster shell.
+
+The primitive meaning of a myth died away with the original meaning of
+a word; and it is because "the Greek had forgotten that Zeus (Jupiter)
+meant 'the bright sky,' that he could make him king" over a company of
+manlike deities on Olympus.
+
+We can best explain how the many anomalies occur, and how the myths
+got so tangled up together that now it is almost impossible to
+disentangle them and trace them back to their original meanings, by
+comparing their descent through the ages to the course of a snowball,
+which, rolling down a mountain side, gathers to itself snow, earth,
+rocks, etc., until, in the vast agglomeration of kindred and foreign
+substances, the original nucleus is entirely lost to sight.
+
+The fact that there are many different myths to explain the same
+phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying,
+"circumstances alter cases." Thus the heat of the sun, for example, so
+beneficial at certain times, may prove baleful and injurious at
+others.
+
+The philologists, who believe that all myths (except the imitative
+myths, of which the tale of Berenice is a fair example) were
+originally nature myths, have divided them into a few large classes,
+which include the myths of the sky, the sun, dawn, daylight, night,
+moon, earth, sea, clouds, fire, wind, and finally those of the
+underworld and of the demons of drought and darkness.
+
+
+SKY MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Uranus.]
+
+Taking them in the order in which they are presented in this work, we
+find among the myths of the sky, Uranus, whose name, like that of the
+old Hindoo god Varuna, is derived from the Sanskrit root _var_ ("to
+veil, conceal, or cover"). This god was therefore a personification of
+the heavens, which are spread out like a veil, and cover all the
+earth; and we are further told that he hurled the thunder and
+lightning, his Cyclop children, down from his abode into the abyss
+called Tartarus.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter.]
+
+Zeus (or Jupiter), whose name is the same as the Hindoo Dyaus Pitar,
+the god and personification of the bright sky or the heavens, has
+likewise been traced to the Sanskrit root _div_ or _dyu_, meaning "to
+shine;" and there is also a noun _dyu_ in that language which means
+either "sky" or "day." In early times the name was applied to the one
+God, and was therefore "retained by the Greeks and all other kindred
+people to express all they felt toward God;" but as the word also
+meant the visible sky, with its ever-changing aspect, some of the
+phrases used to describe it came, in the course of time, to denote
+vile and fickle actions, and apparently inconsistent behavior.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno.]
+
+The name of Hera (or Juno), the heavenly light, and therefore the
+complement and consort of the sky, is supposed to be derived from the
+Sanskrit _soar_ ("the bright sky") and _surya_ ("the sun"); and all
+the manifold changes which at first merely denoted the varying
+atmosphere, by being personified, gradually gave the impression of the
+jealous, capricious, vengeful person whom poets and writers have taken
+pleasure in depicting ever since.
+
+[Sidenote: Argus.]
+
+Another personification of the sky, this time under the nocturnal and
+starry aspect, is Argus, whose many bright eyes never closed all at
+once, but kept constant watch over the moon (Io)--confided to his care
+by the heavenly light (Juno)--until at last their beams were quenched
+by the wind and rain (Mercury).
+
+
+SUN AND DAWN MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Europa.]
+
+The myths of the sun, from which it is almost impossible to separate
+those of the dawn, are probably more numerous than any others, and
+have some main features of resemblance in all cases. The first sun
+myth mentioned in the course of this work is the story of Europa, in
+which Europa is "the broad spreading light," born in Phoenicia (the
+"purple land of morn"), the child of Telephassa ("she who shines from
+afar"), carried away from her eastern birthplace by the sky (Jupiter),
+closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus), who, after passing
+through many lands, slays a dragon (the usual demon of drought or
+darkness), and sets (dies) at last without having ever overtaken the
+light of dawn (Europa).
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo.]
+
+Apollo, whose name of Helios is pure Greek for "the sun," had
+therefore not lost all physical significance for the Hellenic race,
+who worshiped in him the radiant personification of the orb of day.
+Another of his appellations, Phoebus ("the lord of life and light"),
+still further emphasizes his character; and we are informed that he
+was born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the dark night (Leto), in the
+"bright land" (Delos), whence he daily starts on his westward journey.
+
+Like all other solar heroes, Apollo is beautiful and golden-haired,
+radiant and genial, armed with unerring weapons, which he wields for
+good or evil, as the mood sways him. He is forced to labor, against
+his will at times, for the benefit of man, as, for instance, when he
+serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the cattle, by which he evidently
+sets such store, are the fleecy clouds, pasturing "in the infinite
+meadows of heaven," whose full udders drop down rain and fatness upon
+the land, which are stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the
+storm demon (Cacus), or the impious companions of Ulysses, who pay for
+their sacrilegious temerity with their lives.
+
+[Sidenote: Coronis.]
+
+The sun's affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for Coronis,
+who, however beloved, falls beneath his bright darts; and, as "the
+sun was regarded naturally as the restorer of life" after the
+blighting influence of winter and disease, so their offspring
+(Æsculapius) was naturally supposed to have been endowed with
+marvelous curative powers.
+
+The sun, for the same reason, was supposed to wage continual warfare
+against cold, sickness, and disease, and to use his bright beams or
+arrows against the demon of drought, darkness, or illness (Python),
+which in some form or other inevitably appears in every solar myth.
+
+[Sidenote: Daphne.]
+
+In the story of Daphne, a name derived from _Dahana_, the Sanskrit
+_dawn_, we find another version of the same story, where the sun,
+although enamored with the dawn, causes her death. As some
+mythologists have interpreted it, Daphne is a personification of the
+morning dew, which vanishes beneath the sun's hot breath, and leaves
+no trace of its passage except in the luxuriant verdure.
+
+[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]
+
+In Cephalus and Procris the sun again appears, and his unerring spear
+unwittingly causes the death of his beloved Procris "while she lingers
+in a thicket (a place where the dew lingers longest)." This
+interpretation has been further confirmed by philological researches,
+which prove that the name "Procris" originated from a Sanskrit word
+meaning "to sprinkle;" and the stories evidently arose from three
+simple phrases,--"'the sun loves the dew,' 'the morning loves the
+sun,' and 'the sun kills the dew.'"
+
+[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]
+
+In the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice, while some mythologists see in
+him a personification of the winds, which "tear up trees as they
+course along, chanting their wild music," others see an emblem of "the
+morning, with its short-lived beauty." Eurydice, whose name, like that
+of Europa, comes from a Sanskrit word denoting "the broad spreading
+flush of the dawn across the sky," is, of course, a personification of
+that light, slain by "the serpent of darkness at twilight."
+
+Orpheus is also sometimes considered as the sun, plunging into an
+abyss of darkness, in hopes of overtaking the vanishing dawn,
+Eurydice; and as the light (Eurydice) reappears opposite the place
+where he disappeared, but is no more seen after the sun himself has
+fairly risen, "they say that Orpheus has turned around too soon to
+look at her, and so was parted from the wife he loved so dearly."
+
+His death in the forest, when his strength had all forsaken him, and
+his severed head floated down the stream murmuring "Eurydice," may
+also, perchance, have been intended to represent either the last faint
+breath of the expiring wind, or the setting of the sun in blood-tinged
+clouds.
+
+[Sidenote: Phaeton.]
+
+In the story of Phaeton, whose name means "the bright and shining
+one," a description of the golden palace and car of the sun is given
+us. We are told that the venturesome young charioteer, by usurping his
+father's place, causes incalculable mischief, and, in punishment for
+his mismanagement of the solar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is
+hurled from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of
+Jupiter.
+
+"This story arose from phrases which spoke of drought as caused by the
+chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who knew not how to guide
+his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton by the bolt of Zeus is the
+ending of the time of drought by a sudden storm of thunder."
+
+[Sidenote: Endymion.]
+
+The story of Diana and Endymion has also been interpreted as a sun
+myth, in which the name "Endymion" refers specially to the dying or
+setting sun, who sinks to rest on Mount Latmus ("the land of
+forgetfulness," derived from the same root as "Leto"). Müller, the
+great authority in philology, tells us, that, in the ancient poetical
+and proverbial language of Elis, people said, "Selene loves and
+watches Endymion," instead of saying, "It is getting late;" "Selene
+embraces Endymion," instead of, "The sun is setting and the moon is
+rising;" "Selene kisses Endymion into sleep," instead of, "It is
+night."
+
+These expressions remained long after their real meaning had ceased
+to be understood; and, as the human mind is generally as anxious for a
+reason as ready to invent one, a story arose without any conscious
+effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad loved by a young
+maiden, Selene.
+
+[Sidenote: Adonis.]
+
+In the story of Adonis some mythologists find another sun myth, in
+which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain by the boar, the demon of
+darkness, and passionately mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus),
+who utterly refuses to exist without him.
+
+[Sidenote: Tantalus.]
+
+In the story of Tantalus (the sun), who in time of drought offers to
+Jupiter the flesh of his own offspring, Pelops (the withered fruits),
+and in punishment for his impiety is doomed to hunger and torturing
+thirst, we have again merely a story founded upon an expression used
+in time of drought, when the sun's heat, becoming too intense, burns
+up the fruit his fostering rays had produced, and men exclaimed,
+"Tantalus is slaying and roasting his own child!"
+
+[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]
+
+In the same way the stone which Sisyphus painfully forced up a steep
+ascent, only to see it go rolling down and plunge into a dark abyss
+enveloped in a great cloud of dust, has been interpreted to represent
+the sun, which is no "sooner pushed up to the zenith, than it rolls
+down to the horizon."
+
+[Sidenote: Ixion.]
+
+The name of Ixion has been identified with the Sanskrit word
+_Akshanah_, denoting one who is bound to a wheel, and has been proved
+akin "to the Greek _axôn_, the Latin _axis_, and the English _axle_."
+This whirling wheel of fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was
+bound by order of Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insult Juno (the
+queen of the blue air); while Dia, his wife, is the dawn, the
+counterpart of Europa, Coronis, Daphne, Procris, Eurydice, and Venus,
+in the foregoing illustrations.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules.]
+
+One of the greatest of all the solar heroes is doubtless the demigod
+Hercules, born at Argos (a word signifying "brightness") from the sky
+(Jupiter) and the dawn (Alcmene), who, in early infancy, throttles
+the serpents of darkness, and who, with untiring strength and
+patience, plods through life, never resting, and always on his journey
+performing twelve great tasks, interpreted to represent either the
+twelve signs of the Zodiac, or the twelve months of the solar year, or
+the twelve hours of daylight.
+
+[Sidenote: Iole.]
+
+Like Apollo and Cadmus, Hercules is forced to labor for mankind
+against his will. We see him early in life united to Megara, and, like
+Tantalus, slaying his own offspring in a sudden fit of madness. He
+loves and is soon forced to leave Iole, the violet-colored clouds. He
+performs great deeds, slays innumerable demons of drought and darkness
+on his way, and visits the enchanted land of the Hesperides,--a symbol
+of the western sky and clouds at sunset.
+
+[Sidenote: Deianeira.]
+
+The main part of his life is spent with Deianeira ("the destroying
+spouse"), a personification of the daylight; but toward the end of his
+career he again encounters Iole, now the beautiful twilight. It is
+then that Deianeira (the daylight), jealous of her rival's charms,
+sends him the bloody Nessus robe, which he has no sooner donned, than
+he tears it from his bleeding limbs, ascends the burning pile, and
+ends his career in one grand blaze,--the emblem of the sun setting in
+a framework of flaming crimson clouds.
+
+Like all solar heroes, he too has unerring poisoned weapons ("the word
+_ios_, 'a spear,' is the same in sound as the word _ios_, 'poison'"),
+of which he is shorn only at death.
+
+[Sidenote: Perseus.]
+
+Perseus also belongs to this category of myths. Danae, his mother,
+either the earth (_dano_ means "burnt earth") or the dawn, a daughter
+of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos (brightness). Loved by
+Jupiter, the all-embracing sky, she gives birth to the golden-haired
+Perseus, a personification of the radiant orb of day; and he, like
+many another solar hero, is cast adrift immediately after his birth,
+owing to an ominous prophecy that he will slay the darkness from which
+he originally sprang.
+
+As soon as Perseus attains manhood, he is forced to journey against
+his will into the distant land of the mists (the Grææ), and conquer
+the terrible Medusa, "the starlit night, solemn in its beauty, but
+doomed to die when the sun rises." He accomplishes this by means of
+his irresistible sword, the piercing rays of the sun, and then passes
+on to encounter the monster of drought, and to marry Andromeda,
+another personification of the dawn, the offspring of Celeus and
+Cassiopeia, who also represent night and darkness.
+
+In company with Andromeda, Perseus, whose name also signifies "the
+destroyer," revisits his native land, and fulfills the prophecy by
+slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he originally sprang.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus.]
+
+In the Athenian solar myth, Theseus is the sun, born of Ægeus (the
+sea, derived from _aisso_, "to move quickly like the waves") and Æthra
+(the pure air). He lingers in his birthplace, Troezene, until he has
+acquired strength enough to wield his invincible sword, then journeys
+onward in search of his father, performing countless great deeds for
+the benefit of mankind. He slays the Minotaur, the terrible monster of
+darkness, and carries off the dawn (Ariadne); whom he is, however,
+forced to abandon shortly after on the Island of Naxos.
+
+In his subsequent career we find him the involuntary cause of his
+father's death, then warring against the Centaurs (personifications of
+the clouds, through which the victorious sun is sometimes forced to
+fight his way), then again plunging for a short space of time into the
+depths of Tartarus, whence he emerges once more; and finally we see
+him uniting his fate to Phædra (the twilight), a sister of the
+beautiful dawn he loved in his youth. He ends his eventful career by
+being hurled headlong from a cliff into the sea,--an emblem of the
+sun, which often seems to plunge into the waves at eventide.
+
+[Sidenote: Argonauts.]
+
+In the story of the Argonautic expedition we have Athamas, who marries
+Nephele (the mist). Their children are Phryxus and Helle (the cold and
+warm air, or personifications of the clouds), carried off to the far
+east by the ram--whose golden fleece was but an emblem of the rays of
+the sun--to enable them to escape from the baleful influence of their
+stepmother Ino (the broad daylight), who would fain encompass their
+destruction.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea.]
+
+Helle, an emblem of the condensation of vapor, falls from her exalted
+seat into the sea, where she is lost. The ship Argo "is a symbol of
+the earth as a parent, which contains in itself the germs of all
+living things." Its crew is composed mainly of solar heroes, all in
+quest of the golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers
+by the aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dragon (the demon of
+drought). Æetes, Medea's father, is a personification of the darkness,
+which vainly attempts to recover his children, the dawn and light (?),
+after they have been borne away by the all-conquering sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Glauce.]
+
+Glauce (the broad daylight) next charms Jason; and the poisoned robe
+which causes her death is woven by Medea, now the evening twilight,
+who mounts her dragon car and flies to the far east, forsaking her
+husband (the sun) in his old age, when he is about to sink into the
+sleep of death.
+
+[Sidenote: Meleager.]
+
+Meleager is also a solar hero. After joining the Argonautic
+expedition, and wandering far and wide, he returns home, slays the
+boar (or drought fiend), loves, but parts from, Atalanta (the dawn
+maiden), and is finally slain by his own mother, who casts into the
+flames the brand upon which his existence depends.
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus.]
+
+In the Theban solar myth, Laius (derived from the same root as "Leto"
+and "Latmus") is the emblem of darkness, who, after marrying Jocasta
+(like Iole, a personification of the violet-tinted clouds of dawn),
+becomes the father of Oedipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of
+his father. Early in life Oedipus is exposed on the barren hillside to
+perish,--an emblem of the horizontal rays of the rising sun, which
+seem to lie for a while upon the mountain slopes, ere they rise to
+begin their journey.
+
+He too, like Cadmus, Apollo, Hercules, Perseus, Theseus, and Jason, is
+forced to wander far from home, and, after a prolonged journey,
+encounters and slays Laius (the darkness), from whom he derived his
+existence, and kills the dread monster of drought, the Sphinx, whose
+very name means "one who binds fast,"--a creature who had imprisoned
+the rain in the clouds, and thus caused great distress.
+
+Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother, Jocasta, now
+the violet-tinted twilight, and ends his life amid lightning flashes
+and rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to the end of his course
+by Antigone ("the pale light which springs up opposite the sun at his
+setting"). This story--which at first was merely intended to signify
+that the sun (Oedipus) must slay the darkness (Laius) and linger for a
+while beside the violet-colored clouds (Jocasta)--having lost its
+physical meaning, the Thebans added the tragic sequel, for it seemed
+but poetic justice that the author of such crimes should receive
+signal punishment.
+
+[Sidenote: Eumenides.]
+
+As the Eumenides, or Erinnyes, were at first merely the searching
+light of day, from which nothing can be hidden, they came gradually to
+be considered the detectives and avengers of crime, and were therefore
+said to take possession of a criminal at the end of his course, and
+hurry him down into darkness to inflict horrible torments upon him.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellerophon.]
+
+In the story of Bellerophon, although the name originally came from
+_Bellero_ (some "power of darkness, drought, winter, or moral evil")
+and from _phon_ or _phontes_ (a word derived from the Sanskrit
+_han-tâ_, "the killer"), the Greeks, having forgotten the
+signification of the first part of the word, declared this hero was
+the murderer of Bellero, his brother, for which involuntary crime he
+was driven from home, and forced to wander about in search of shelter.
+
+We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn), virtuously
+hastening away, then sent against his will to fight the Chimæra (the
+monster of drought), whom he overcomes, thanks to his weapon and to
+Pegasus (the clouds), born from the mist of the sea, beneath whose
+hoofs fresh fountains were wont to spring.
+
+Bellerophon, after many journeys, is finally united to Philonoe, a
+personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being hurled
+from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter's deadly
+thunderbolts.
+
+"The fall of Bellerophon is the rapid descent of the sun toward
+evening, and the Alein plain is that broad expanse of somber light
+through which the sun sometimes seems to travel sullenly and alone to
+his setting."
+
+[Sidenote: Trojan war.]
+
+In the story of the Trojan war there are several sun myths; for Paris,
+Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Achilles have equal claims to be considered
+personifications of the sun. They love Oenone, Helen, Clytæmnestra,
+Briseis, various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are
+forsaken by, their ladyloves, whom they meet again at the end of their
+career: for Paris sees Oenone, and expires with her on the burning
+pile; Menelaus recovers Helen, with whom he vanishes in the far west;
+Agamemnon rejoins Clytæmnestra, and dies by her hand in a bloody bath;
+while Achilles, after a period of sullen gloom, meets with an untimely
+death shortly after recovering the beautiful Briseis.
+
+Like Perseus and Oedipus, Paris is exposed in early infancy, and lives
+to fulfill his destiny, and cause, though indirectly, the death of his
+parents.
+
+In this myth, Helen (the beautiful dawn or twilight), whose name
+corresponds phonetically with the Sanskrit _Sarama_, born of the sky
+(Jupiter) and of the night (Leda, derived from the same root as
+"Leto," "Latmus," and "Laius"), is carried away by Paris, whom some
+mythologists identify with the Hindoo _Panis_ (or "night demons")
+instead of the sun. In this character he entices away the fickle
+twilight (Helen) during her husband's temporary absence, and bears her
+off to the far east, where, after struggling for a while to retain
+possession of her and her treasures, he is finally forced to
+relinquish her, and she returns to her husband and her allegiance.
+
+The siege of Troy has thus been interpreted to signify "a repetition
+of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that every evening
+are robbed of their brightest treasures in the west."
+
+Achilles, like several of his brother heroes, "fights in no quarrel of
+his own; his wrath is the sun hiding his face behind the clouds; the
+Myrmidons are his attendant beams, who no longer appear when the sun
+is hidden; Patroclus is the feeble reflection of the sun's splendor,
+and stands to him in precisely the same relation as Phaeton to
+Helios," and, like him, meets with an early death.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses.]
+
+In the story of Ulysses we find a reproduction of the story of
+Hercules and Perseus: for Ulysses, early in life, after wedding
+Penelope, is forced to leave her to fight for another; and on his
+return, although longing to rejoin his morning bride, he cannot turn
+aside from the course marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the
+moon), who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of
+darkness); but neither can keep him forever, and he returns home
+enveloped in an impenetrable disguise, after having visited the
+Phæacian land (the land of clouds or mists). It is only after he has
+slain the suitors of Penelope (the weaver of bright evening clouds)
+that he casts aside his beggar's garb to linger for a short time
+beside her ere he vanishes in the west.
+
+[Sidenote: Minerva.]
+
+The greater part of the dawn myths have been explained simultaneously
+with the sun myths, with which they are inextricably interwoven. One
+personification of the dawn, however, stands apart. It is Minerva,
+whose Greek name, Athene, is derived, like Daphne, from the Sanskrit
+_Dahana_, or _ahana_ (meaning "the light of daybreak"), and we are
+thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as sprung from
+the forehead of Zeus (the heavens). She gradually became the
+impersonation of the illuminating and knowledge-giving light of the
+sky; for in Sanskrit the same word also means "to wake" and "to know,"
+while the Latins connected her name of Minerva with _mens_, the same
+as the Greek _ménos_ and the English _mind_.
+
+
+MOON MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Diana, Io, and Circe.]
+
+In the moon myths the most important personification is first Diana,
+the horned huntress, "for to the ancients the moon was not a lifeless
+ball of stones and clods." Diana, like Apollo, her twin brother, was
+also a child of the sky (Jupiter) and of night (Latona), and, like
+him, was born in the "bright land" (Delos). She also possessed bright
+and unerring arrows, and in the course of her nightly journey she
+looked lovingly down upon the sleeping face of the setting sun
+(Endymion).
+
+Io and Circe, already mentioned, are also personifications of the
+moon, and Io's wanderings represent its journeys across the sky.
+
+
+EARTH MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Gæa and Rhea.]
+
+In the earth myths, beside those already mentioned in connection with
+the sun myths, we have Gæa and Rhea, the mothers and consorts of the
+Sky and of Time, who swallows his own children, "the Days, as they
+come each in order."
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]
+
+We have also Ceres or Demeter, "the mother of all things," and more
+particularly of "the maiden" Cora (or Proserpina), whose loss she
+grievously mourned; for she had been carried away by Pluto to the
+underworld, whence she could only emerge at the command of Jupiter.
+During the time of Ceres' mourning, the earth remained barren, and it
+seemed as though all mortal things must die. But when Proserpina (the
+spring or vegetation) returned from her sojourn under the ground,
+people said "that the daughter of the earth was returning in all her
+beauty; and when summer faded into winter, they said that the
+beautiful child had been stolen away from her mother by dark beings,
+who kept her imprisoned beneath the earth." The sorrow of Ceres was
+therefore merely a poetical way of expressing "the gloom which falls
+on the earth during the cheerless months of winter."
+
+[Sidenote: Danae and Semele.]
+
+Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the golden
+shower, the light of the morning, which streamed in upon the darkness
+of the night. Semele has also been interpreted as the earth, the
+chosen bride of the sky, who brings forth her offspring in the midst
+of the thunder and lightning of a summer storm.
+
+
+SEA MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Oceanus and Neptune.]
+
+The myths of the sea comprise, of course, Oceanus and Neptune (the
+earth-shaker), whose name is connected with such words as "potent" and
+"despot," and whose "green hair circles all the earth." We are further
+informed that he loves the earth (Ceres), whom he embraces, and that
+he marries the graceful undulating Amphitrite, whose gliding charms
+appeal to him. Neptune's palace is beneath the deep waters near
+Greece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift chariot
+drawn by golden or white maned steeds.
+
+[Sidenote: Nereus.]
+
+Nereus, another personification of the sea, whose name is derived from
+_nao_ ("to flow"), is quite inseparable from his native element, even
+in the Greeks' conception of him, as are also the Tritons, Oceanides,
+Nereides, and the alluring Sirens; who, however, have also been viewed
+as personifications of the winds.
+
+
+CLOUD MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Charon.]
+
+The cloud myths, to which frequent allusion has already been made,
+comprise not only the cattle of the sun, the Centaurs, Nephele,
+Phryxus, Helle, and Pegasus, but as, "in primitive Aryan lore, the sky
+itself was a blue sea, and the clouds were ships sailing over it," so
+Charon's boat was supposed to be one of these vessels, and the gilded
+shallop in which the sun daily made his pilgrimage back to the far
+east, another.
+
+[Sidenote: Niobe.]
+
+As the ancient Aryan had the same word to denote cloud and mountain
+("for the piles of vapor on the horizon were so like Alpine ranges"),
+the cloud and mountain myths are often the same. In the story of Niobe
+we have one of the cloud myths. According to some mythologists, Niobe
+herself is a personification of the clouds. Her many children, the
+mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by whose bright
+darts they are ruthlessly slain. Niobe grieves so sorely at their
+untimely death, that she dissolves in a rain of tears, which turns
+into hard ice on the mountain summit. According to other authorities,
+she was a personification of winter, and her tears represented the
+thaw occasioned by the sunbeams (Apollo's arrows).
+
+
+FIRE MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Cyclopes.]
+
+The fire myths also form quite a large class, and comprise the
+Cyclopes (the thunder and lightning), children of Heaven and Earth,
+whose single blazing eye has been considered an emblem of the sun.
+They forge the terrible thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky
+(Jupiter), by means of which he is enabled to triumph over all his
+enemies, and rule supreme.
+
+[Sidenote: Titans.]
+
+The Titans are emblems of the subterranean fires and the volcanic
+forces of nature, which, hidden deep underground, occasionally emerge,
+heave up great masses of rock, and hurl them about with an
+accompaniment of deafening roars, while their ponderous tread causes
+the very earth beneath them to tremble.
+
+[Sidenote: Prometheus.]
+
+In this group we also find Prometheus, whose name has been traced to
+the Sanskrit _pramantha_ (or "fire drill"). Learned men have therefore
+proved that the "beneficent Titan, who stole fire from heaven and
+bestowed it upon mankind as the richest of boons," was originally
+nothing but the lightning ("the celestial drill which churns fire out
+of the clouds"); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this
+etymological meaning, that they interpreted his name as the
+"fore-thinker," and considered him endowed with extraordinary
+prophetic powers.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan.]
+
+Vulcan (or Hephæstus), strictly "the brightness of the flame," another
+fire hero, is represented as very puny at birth, because the flame
+comes from a tiny spark. His name is derived from the Hindoo _agni_,
+whence come the Latin _ignis_ and the English verb _to ignite_. Vulcan
+dwells by preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the intense heat
+keeps the metals in fusion, and so malleable that he can mold them at
+will; and, as "the association of the heavenly fire with the
+life-giving forces of nature is very common," the Hindoo Agni was
+considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire; and the Greeks,
+to carry out this idea, united their fire god, Hephæstus, to the
+goddess of marriage, Aphrodite.
+
+[Sidenote: Vesta.]
+
+The Greek Hestia (or Latin Vesta) was also a personification of fire;
+and, her name having retained its primitive meaning to a great extent,
+"she continued to the end, as she had been from the beginning, the
+household altar, the sanctuary of peace and equity, and the source of
+all happiness and wealth." Her office was not limited merely to the
+hearths of households and cities, for it was supposed "that in the
+center of the earth there was a hearth which answered to the hearth
+placed in the center of the universe."
+
+
+WIND MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury.]
+
+In the myths of the wind, Mercury (or Hermes) was one of the principal
+personifications. According to the ancients, he was born of the sky
+(Jupiter) and the plains (Maia), and after a very few hours' existence
+assumed gigantic proportions, stole away the cattle of the sun (the
+clouds), and, after fanning up a great fire in which he consumed some
+of the herd, glided back into his cradle at dawn. With a low, mocking
+chuckle at the recollection of the pranks he had played, he sank
+finally into rest. His name, derived from the Sanskrit _Sarameias_,
+means "the breeze of a summer morning;" and it is in his capacity of
+god of the wind that he is supposed to waft away the souls of the
+dead; for "the ancients held that in the wind were the souls of the
+dead." Mercury is the "lying, tricksome wind god who invented music,"
+for his music is but "the melody of the winds, which can awaken
+feelings of joy and sorrow, of regret and yearning, of fear and hope,
+of vehement gladness and utter despair."
+
+[Sidenote: Mars.]
+
+Another personification of the wind was Mars (or Ares), born of the
+sky (Jupiter) and of the heavenly light (Juno) in the bleak land of
+Thrace, rejoicing in din and in the noise of warfare. His nature is
+further revealed by his inconstancy and capriciousness; and whenever
+he is overcome, he is noted for his great roar. His name comes from
+the same root as Maruts, the Indian god, and means the "grinder" or
+"crusher." It was first applied "to the storms which throw heaven and
+earth into confusion, and hence the idea of Ares is confined to mere
+disorder and tumult."
+
+[Sidenote: Otus and Ephialtes.]
+
+Otus and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Neptune, were also at first
+merely personifications of the wind and hurricanes. The name of the
+latter indicates "one who leaps." Although very short-lived, these
+giants were supposed to increase rapidly in size, and assume colossal
+proportions, which inspired the hearts of men and gods with terror,
+until they saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Pan, Æolus, and the Harpies.]
+
+Pan, Æolus, his numerous progeny, and the Harpies, were also wind
+divinities who never entirely lost their original character with the
+Greeks, and were therefore worshiped merely as personifications of the
+elements.
+
+
+UNDERWORLD MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Cerberus and Pluto.]
+
+The myths of drought, darkness, and of the underworld have
+sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra,
+Geryones, the Gorgons, Grææ, Minotaur, Sphinx, Chimæra, etc.; but
+their main personifications were Cerberus (the grim three-headed
+guardian of the nether world) and Pluto (or Aïdes), whose name means
+"the wealth-giver," or "the unseen," who greedily drew all things down
+into his realm, never to relinquish his grasp upon them.
+
+Such is the physical explanation of the various poetical myths which
+form the staple of classic literature, and which have been a fount of
+inspiration for poets and artists of all ages.
+
+
+
+
+GENEALOGICAL TABLE.
+
+
+Note.--Double vertical lines indicate that several generations intervene.
+
+ Chaos-_Nyx_
+  |
+  +-Erebus-_Nyx_
+     |
+     +-_Hemera_-
+     +-Æther
+     |  |
+     |  +-_Gæa_
+     |  |   |
+     |  |   +-Uranus-_Gæa_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Oceanus-
+     |  |      +-_Thetis_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Achelous-_Calliope_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Sirens_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Alpheus-_Arethusa_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Peneus-_Gæa_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Daphne_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Inachus
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Io_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Proteus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Doris_-Nereus
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Amphitrite_-Neptune
+     |  |      |   |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   |   +-Triton
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Dione_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   |   +-_Venus_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Arethusa_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Galatea_-Acis
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Peleus-_Thetis_
+     |  |      |   |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                  Jupiter-_Antiope_-Lycus-_Dirce_
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   +-Zethus    Tantalus
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   +-Amphion-_Niobe_-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                                     |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                              Pelops-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                                  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                           Atreus-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                               |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |   Tyndareus-_Leda_-Jupiter    |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-_Helen_                  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-Castor                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-Pollux                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-_Clytæmnestra_-Agamemnon-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |          _Iphigenia_-+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |     Pylades-_Electra_+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |              Orestes-+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                               |
+     |  |      |   |   |  +-Achilles     _Helen_-Menelaus-+
+     |  |      |   |   |     |                    |
+     |  |      |   |   |     +-Pyrrhus-_Hermione_-+
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Clymene_-Apollo
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-_Heliades_
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-Phaeton
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Metis_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Minerva_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clymene_-Iapetus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Æthra_-Atlas
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Pleiades_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Maia_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-Mercury-_Penelope_-Ulysses
+     |  |      |   |          |                  |
+     |  |      |   |          +-Pan              +-Telemachus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Calypso_-Ulysses
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clytie_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Electra_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |       |
+     |  |      |       |                 Teucer
+     |  |      |       |                  |
+     |  |      |       +-Dardanus-_Batea_-+
+     |  |      |          ||
+     |  |      |          +-Laomedon
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-Priam-_Hecuba_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Hector-_Andromache_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Paris-_Helen_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-_Cassandra_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Polites
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-_Polyxena_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Deiphobus-_Helen_
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-_Hesione_-Telamon
+     |  |      |          |  |   |
+     |  |      |          |  |   +-Ajax
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-Tithonus-_Aurora_
+     |  |      |          |
+     |  |      |          +-_Themis_-Capys
+     |  |      |              |
+     |  |      |              +-Anchises-_Venus_
+     |  |      |                 |
+     |  |      |                 +-Æneas-_Creusa_
+     |  |      |                     &       |
+     |  |      |                 -_Lavinia_  +-Iulus
+     |  |      |                    |
+     |  |      |                    +-Æneas Silvia
+     |  |      |                       ||
+     |  |      |                       +-Numitor
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-_Ilia_-Mars
+     |  |      |                              |
+     |  |      |                              +-Remus
+     |  |      |                              |
+     |  |      |                              +-Romulus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Coeus-
+     |  |      +-_Phoebe_
+     |  |      |    |
+     |  |      |    +-_Latona_-Jupiter               Mars
+     |  |      |        |                             |
+     |  |      |        |                 _Dia_-Ixion-+
+     |  |      |        |                        |    |
+     |  |      |        |               Centaurs-+    |
+     |  |      |        |                        |    |
+     |  |      |        | _Hippodamia_-Pirithous-+    |
+     |  |      |        |                             |
+     |  |      |        +-Apollo- & -_Coronis_--------+
+     |  |      |        +-_Diana_      |
+     |  |      |                       +-Æsculapius
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-Machaon
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-_Hygeia_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Iapetus-_Clymene_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Menetius
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Atlas
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Hesperus
+     |  |      |  |  |
+     |  |      |  |  +-_Hesperides_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Epimetheus-_Pandora_
+     |  |      |  |  |
+     |  |      |  |  +-_Pyrrha_-Deucalion
+     |  |      |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |      +-Hellen                            Sol
+     |  |      |  |         |                                 |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Æolus                 _Pasiphæ_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |                              |
+     |  |      |  |         |  +-Salmoneus            _Circe_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |  |                           |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |  +-_Tyro_-Neptune      Æetes-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |                  |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Æson    Absyrtus-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |  |               |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |  +-Jason-_Medea_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Pelias
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Neleus
+     |  |      |  |         |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |         +-Nestor
+     |  |      |  |         |  |
+     |  |      |  |         |  +-Sisyphus
+     |  |      |  |         |     |
+     |  |      |  |         |     +-Glaucus
+     |  |      |  |         |        |
+     |  |      |  |         |        +-Bellerophon-_Philonoë_
+     |  |      |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Dorus
+     |  |      |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Xuthus
+     |  |      |  |            |
+     |  |      |  |            +-Ion
+     |  |      |  |            |
+     |  |      |  |            +-Achæus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Prometheus
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-Deucalion-_Pyrrha_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Hyperion-_Gæa_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-_Aurora_-Æolus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Boreas-_Orithyia_
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-Zetus
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-Calais
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-_Cleopatra_
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-_Chione_
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Corus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Eurus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Notus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Aquilo
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Zephyrus-_Flora_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Crius
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Themis_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Parcæ_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Horæ_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Ilia_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Cronus-
+     |  |      +-_Rhea_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Vesta_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Juno_-
+     |  |      |   +-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Mars-_Venus_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Anteros
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cupid-_Psyche_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |       Jupiter-_Io_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        +-Epaphus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |           |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |           +-_Libya_-Neptune
+     |  |      |   |  |  |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  | _Telephassa_- |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        Agenor-+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |  +-Belus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Pygmalion
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-_Dido_-Sychæus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Danaus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |  +-_Danaides_-50 Sons
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      ||
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Acrisius
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         +-_Danae_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |     Celeus-    |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |   _Cassiopeia_ |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |             |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     | _Andromeda_-+  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |    -Perseus----+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Alcæus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  +-Amphitryon-_Alcmene_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     +-Iphicles
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        +-Iolaus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Electryon
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  +-_Alcmene_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |   Oeneus-_Althæa_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |      Meleager-+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     | _Deianeira_- -+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     +-Hercules
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        +-Hyllus-_Iole_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Sthenelus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         +-Eurystheus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |            |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |            +-_Admete_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Ægyptus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |        +-50 Sons
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-_Harmonia_ |
+     |  |      |   |  |     | -Cadmus-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Cilix
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Phoenix
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-_Europa_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Sarpedon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Rhadamanthus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Minos
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                   ||
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                   +-Minos-_Pasiphae_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |  Ægeus-_Æthra_          |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |  _Hippolyte_        |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |       &             |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +----Theseus-_Phædra_-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Hippolytus    |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                         +-_Ariadne_-Bacchus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Ino_-Athamas-_Nephele_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |         Phryxus-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |         _Helle_-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Palæmon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Learchus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Autonoe_-Aristæus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Actæon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Agave_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Pentheus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Semele_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Bacchus-_Ariadne_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-Polydorus
+     |  |      |   |  |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |        +-Labdacus
+     |  |      |   |  |           |
+     |  |      |   |  |           +-Laius-_Jocasta_
+     |  |      |   |  |              |
+     |  |      |   |  |              +-Oedipus-_Jocasta_
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-Eteocles
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-Polynices
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-_Antigone_
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-_Ismene_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Vulcan-_Medusa_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cacus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Periphetes
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cercyon
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Hebe_-Hercules
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Neptune-_Amphitrite_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Triton
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Ceres_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Proserpina_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Pluto-_Proserpina_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Mnemosyne_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clio_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Hymen
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Calliope_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Orpheus-_Eurydice_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Thalia_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Euterpe_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Urania_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Melpomene_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Terpsichore_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Polyhymnia_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Erato_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Brontes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Steropes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Arges
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Briareus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Cottus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Gyes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Typhoeus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Hydra
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Cerberus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Chimæra
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-Nemean Lion
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-_Sphinx_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Enceladus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Antæus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Harpies_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Tityus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Nereus
+     |  |
+     |  +-Eros
+     |  |
+     |  +-Pontus
+     |     |
+     |     +-Phorcys
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Bellona_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Stheno_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Euryale_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Medusa_-Neptune
+     |            |
+     |            +-Pegasus
+     |            |
+     |            +-Polyphemus
+     |
+     +-Charon
+     |
+     +-_Eris_
+     |
+     +-Somnus
+     |  |
+     |  +-Morpheus
+     |
+     +-Mors
+
+
+{Transcription:
+
+Chaos (M) married Nyx (F).
+Their child was Erebus (M).
+
+  Erebus (M) married Nyx (F).
+  Their children were Hemera (F), Æther (M), Charon (M), Eris (F),
+      Somnus (M) and Mors (M).
+
+    Hemera (F) married Æther (M).
+    Their children were Gæa (F), Eros (M) and Pontus (M).
+
+      Gæa (F) had a child, Uranus (M).
+
+        Uranus (M) married Gæa (F).
+        Their children were Oceanus (M), Thetis (F), Coeus (M), Phoebe
+            (F), Iapetus (M), Hyperion (M), Crius (M), Themis (F),
+            Ilia (F), Cronus (M), Rhea (F), Mnemosyne (F), Brontes
+            (M), Steropes (M), Arges (M), Briareus (M), Cottus (M),
+            Gyes (M), Typhoeus (M), Enceladus (M), Antæus (M), Harpies
+            (F), Tityus (M) and Nereus (M).
+
+          Oceanus (M) married Thetis (F).
+          Their children were Achelous (M), Alpheus (M), Peneus (M),
+              Inachus (M), Proteus (M), Doris (F), Metis (F), Clymene
+              (F), Æthra (F), Calypso (F), Clytie (F) and Electra (F).
+
+            Achelous (M) married Calliope (F).
+            Their children were Sirens (F).
+
+            Alpheus (M) married Arethusa (F).
+
+            Peneus (M) married Gæa (F).
+            Their child was Daphne (F).
+
+            Inachus (M) had a child, Io (F).
+
+            Doris (F) married Nereus (M).
+            Their children were Amphitrite (F), Dione (F), Arethusa
+                (F), Galatea (F), Thetis (F) and Clymene (F).
+
+              Amphitrite (F) married Neptune (M).
+              Their child was Triton (M).
+
+              Dione (F) married Jupiter (M).
+              Their child was Venus (F).
+
+              Galatea (F) married Acis (M).
+
+              Thetis (F) married Peleus (M).
+              Their child was Achilles (M).
+
+                Achilles (M) had a child, Pyrrhus (M).
+
+                  Pyrrhus (M) married Hermione (F).
+                  Hermione's parents were Menelaus (M) and Helen (F).
+                  Menelaus (M) had a sibling, Agamemnon (M).
+                  Their parent was Atreus (M).
+                  Atreus' (M) parent was Pelops (M).
+                  Pelops (M) had a sibling, Niobe (F).
+                  Their parent was Tantalus (M).
+                  Niobe (F) married Amphion (M).
+                  Amphion (M) had a sibling, Zethus (M).
+                  Their parents were Jupiter (M) and Antiope (F).
+                  Antiope (F) also married Lycus (M), and Lycus (M)
+                      also married Dirce (F).
+                  Agamemnon (M) married Clytæmnestra (F).
+                  Their children were Iphigenia (F), Electra (F) and
+                      Orestes (M).
+                  Electra (F) married Pylades (M).
+                  Clytæmnestra (F) had three siblings, Helen (F),
+                      Castor (M) and Pollux (M)
+                  Their parents were Tyndareus (M) and Leda (F).
+                  Leda (F) also married Jupiter (M).
+
+              Clymene (F) married Apollo (M).
+              Their children were Heliades (F) and Phaeton (M).
+
+            Metis (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Minerva (F).
+
+            Clymene (F) married Iapetus (M).
+
+            Æthra (F) married Atlas (M).
+            Their children were Pleiades (F) and Maia (F).
+
+              Maia (F) married Jupiter (M).
+              Their child was Mercury (M).
+
+                Mercury (M) married Penelope (F).
+                Their child was Pan (M).
+                Penelope (F) also married Ulysses (M).
+                Their child was Telemachus (M).
+
+            Calypso (F) married Ulysses (M).
+
+            Electra (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Dardanus (M).
+
+              Dardanus (M) married Batea (F), whose parent was
+                  Teucer (M).
+              Their descendants were Laomedon (M) and Themis (F).
+
+                Laomedon (M) had three children, Priam (M), Hesione
+                    (F) and Tithonus (M).
+
+                  Priam (M) married Hecuba (F).
+                  Their children were Hector (M), Paris (M), Cassandra
+                      (F), Polites (M), Polyxena (F) and Deiphobus (M).
+
+                    Hector (M) married Andromache (F).
+
+                    Paris (M) married Helen (F).
+
+                    Deiphobus (M) married Helen (F).
+
+                  Hesione (F) married Telamon (M).
+                  Their child was Ajax (M).
+
+                  Tithonus (M) married Aurora (F).
+
+                Themis (F) married Capys (M).
+                Their child was Anchises (M).
+
+                  Anchises (M) married Venus (F).
+                  Their child was Æneas (M).
+
+                    Æneas (M) married Lavinia (F).
+                    Their child was Æneas Silvia (M).
+                    Æneas (M) also married Creusa (F).
+                    Their child was Iulus (M).
+
+                      Æneas Silvia's (M) descendant was Numitor (M).
+
+                        Numitor (M) had a child, Ilia (F).
+
+                          Ilia (F) married Mars (M).
+                          Their children were Remus (M) and Romulus (M).
+
+          Coeus (M) married Phoebe (F).
+          Their child was Latona (F).
+
+            Latona (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their children were Apollo (M) and Diana (F).
+
+              Apollo (M) married Diana (F).
+              Apollo (M) also married Coronis (F).
+              Their child was Æsculapius (M).
+              Coronis (F) had a sibling, Ixion (M)
+              Their parent was Mars (M).
+              Ixion (M) married Dia (F).
+              Their children were Centaurs (M) and Pirithous (M).
+
+                Æsculapius (M) had two children, Machaon (M) and
+                    Hygeia (F).
+
+                Pirithous married Hippodamia (F).
+
+          Iapetus (M) married Clymene (F).
+          Their children were Menetius (M), Atlas (M), Hesperus (M),
+              Epimetheus (M) and Prometheus (M).
+
+            Hesperus (M) had a child, Hesperides (F).
+
+            Epimetheus (M) married Pandora (F).
+            Their child was Pyrrha (F).
+
+            Prometheus (M) had a child, Deucalion (M).
+
+              Pyrrha (F) married Deucalion (M).
+              Their child was Hellen (M).
+
+                Hellen (M) had three children, Æolus (M), Dorus (M)
+                    and Xuthus (M).
+
+                  Æolus (M) had two children, Salmoneus (M) and
+                      Sisyphus (M).
+
+                    Salmoneus (M) had a child, Tyro (F).
+
+                      Tyro (F) married Neptune (M).
+                      Their children were Æson (M), Pelias (M) and
+                          Neleus (M).
+
+                        Æson (M) had a child, Jason (M).
+
+                          Jason (M) married Medea (F).
+                          Medea (F) had a sibling, Absyrtus (M).
+                          Their parent was Æetes (M).
+                          Æetes (M) had two siblings, Pasiphæ (F) and
+                              Circe (F).
+                          Their parent was Sol (M).
+
+                        Neleus (M) had a child, Nestor (M).
+
+                    Sisyphus (M) had a child, Glaucus (M).
+
+                      Glaucus (M) had a child, Bellerophon (M).
+
+                        Bellerophon (M) married Philonoë (F).
+
+                  Xuthus (M) had two children, Ion (M) and Achæus (M).
+
+          Hyperion (M) married Gæa (F).
+          Their child was Aurora (F).
+
+            Aurora (F) married Æolus (M).
+            Their children were Boreas (M), Corus (M), Eurus (M),
+                Notus (M), Aquilo (M) and Zephyrus (M).
+
+              Boreas (M) married Orithyia (F).
+              Their children were Zetus (M), Calais (M), Cleopatra (F)
+                  and Chione (F).
+
+              Zephyrus (M) married Flora (F).
+
+          Themis (F) married Jupiter (M).
+          Their children were Parcæ (F) and Horæ (F).
+
+          Cronus (M) married Rhea (F).
+          Their children were Vesta (F), Juno (F), Jupiter (M),
+              Neptune (M), Ceres (F) and Pluto (M).
+
+            Juno (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their children were Mars (M), Vulcan (M) and Hebe (F).
+
+              Mars (M) married Venus (F).
+              Their children were Anteros (M), Cupid (M) and
+                  Harmonia (F).
+
+                Cupid (M) married Psyche (F).
+
+                Harmonia (F) married Cadmus (M).
+
+              Vulcan (M) married Medusa (F).
+              Their children were Cacus (M), Periphetes (M) and
+                  Cercyon (M).
+
+              Hebe (F) married Hercules (M).
+
+            Jupiter (M) married Io (F).
+            Their child was Epaphus (M).
+
+              Epaphus (M) had a child, Libya (F).
+
+                Libya (F) married Neptune (M).
+                Their children were Agenor (M) and Belus (M).
+
+                  Agenor (M) married Telephassa (F).
+                  Their children were Cadmus (M), Cilix (M), Phoenix
+                      (M) and Europa (F).
+
+                    Cadmus (M) married Harmonia (F).
+                    Their children were Ino (F), Autonoe (F), Agave
+                        (F), Semele (F) and Polydorus (M).
+
+                      Ino (F) married Athamas (M).
+                      Their children were Palæmon (M) and Learchus (M).
+                      Athamas (M) also married Nephele (F).
+                      Their children were Phryxus (M) and Helle (F).
+
+                      Autonoe (F) married Aristæus (M).
+                      Their child was Actæon (M).
+
+                      Agave (F) had a child, Pentheus (M).
+
+                      Semele (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                      Their child was Bacchus (M).
+
+                        Bacchus (M) married Ariadne (F).
+
+                      Polydorus (M) had a child, Labdacus (M).
+
+                        Labdacus (M) had a child, Laius (M).
+
+                          Laius (M) married Jocasta (F).
+                          Their child was Oedipus (M).
+
+                            Oedipus married Jocasta (F).
+                            Their children were Eteocles (M), Polynices
+                                (M), Antigone (F) and Ismene (F).
+
+                    Europa (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                    Their children were Sarpedon (M), Rhadamanthus (M)
+                        and Minos (M).
+
+                      Minos' (M) descendant was Minos (M).
+
+                        Minos (M) married Pasiphae (F).
+                        Their children were Phædra (F) and Ariadne (F).
+
+                          Phædra (F) married Theseus (M), whose parents
+                              were Ægeus (M) and Æthra (F).
+                          Theseus (M) also married Hippolyte (F).
+                          Their child was Hippolytus (M).
+
+                          Ariadne (F) married Bacchus (M).
+
+                  Belus (M) had four children, Pygmalion (M), Dido (F),
+                      Danaus (M) and Ægyptus (M).
+
+                    Dido (F) married Sychæus (M).
+
+                    Danaus' (M) children were the Danaides (F).
+
+                    Ægyptus (M) had 50 sons.
+
+                      The Danaides (F) married the 50 sons.
+                      Their descendant was Acrisius (M).
+
+                        Acrisius (M) had a child, Danae (F).
+
+                          Danae (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                          Their child was Perseus (M).
+
+                            Perseus (M) married Andromeda (F), whose
+                                parents were Celeus (M) and Cassiopeia (F).
+                            Their children were Alcæus (M), Electryon (M)
+                                and Sthenelus (M).
+
+                              Alcæus (M) had a child, Amphitryon (M).
+
+                              Electryon (M) had a child, Alcmene (F).
+
+                                Amphitryon (M) married Alcmene (F).
+                                Their child was Iphicles (M).
+
+                                  Iphicles (M) had a child, Iolaus (M).
+
+                                Alcmene (F) also married Jupiter (M).
+                                Their child was Hercules (M).
+
+                                  Hercules (M) married Deianeira (F),
+                                      whose sibling was Meleager (M),
+                                      and whose parents were Oeneus (M)
+                                      and Althæa (F).
+                                  Their child was Hyllus (M), who married
+                                      Iole (F).
+
+                              Sthenelus (M) had a child, Eurystheus (M).
+
+                                Eurystheus (M) had a child, Admete (F).
+
+            Neptune (M) married Amphitrite (F).
+            Their child was Triton (M).
+
+            Ceres (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Proserpina (F).
+
+            Pluto (M) married Proserpina (F).
+
+          Mnemosyne (F) married Jupiter (M).
+          Their children were Clio (F), Calliope (F), Thalia (F),
+              Euterpe (F), Urania (F), Melpomene (F), Terpsichore
+              (F), Polyhymnia (F) and Erato (F).
+
+            Clio (F) had a child, Hymen (M).
+
+            Calliope (F) had a child, Orpheus (M).
+
+              Orpheus (M) married Eurydice (F).
+
+          Typhoeus (M) had three children, Hydra (M), Cerberus (M)
+              and Chimæra (M).
+
+            Chimæra (M) had two children, Nemean Lion (M) and
+                Sphinx (F).
+
+      Pontus (M) had a child, Phorcys (M).
+
+        Phorcys (M) had four children, Bellona (F), Stheno (F), Euryale
+            (F) and Medusa (F).
+
+          Medusa (F) married Neptune (M).
+          Their children were Pegasus (M) and Polyphemus (M).
+
+    Somnus (M) had a child, Morpheus (M).}
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.
+
+
+    Addison, 24, 49, 83, 85, 165, 172, 173.
+
+    Æschylus, 246.
+
+    Akenside, 163.
+
+    Apollonius, 126.
+
+    Apollonius Rhodius, 181, 269.
+
+    Arion, 158.
+
+    Aristophanes, 15.
+
+    Arnold, Edwin, 111, 112, 114.
+
+    Arnold, Matthew, 74.
+
+
+    Beaumont and Fletcher, 300.
+
+    Bion, 108, 110.
+
+    Boyesen, 97, 137.
+
+    Browning, E. B., 22, 108, 137.
+
+    Bryant, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 153, 172, 211, 305, 315, 318, 319,
+        320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345,
+        346, 349, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359.
+
+    Byron, 49, 91, 93, 116.
+
+
+    Catullus, 226, 255, 257, 259, 306.
+
+    Chapman, 149.
+
+    Coluthus, 308, 312.
+
+    Conington, 41, 51, 64, 142, 193, 202, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361,
+        362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 376, 377.
+
+    Cornwall, 184.
+
+    Cowper, 131, 156, 308.
+
+    Croxall, 177, 178.
+
+
+    Darwin, 123, 187, 218, 219, 228, 230.
+
+    Dryden, 35, 37, 44, 70, 161, 168, 169, 208.
+
+
+    Elton, 12, 15, 21, 29, 33, 45, 52, 108, 110, 136, 138, 154, 171,
+        220, 241, 255, 267, 269, 271, 307, 308, 310, 312, 339.
+
+    Emerson, 297.
+
+    Euripides, 166, 229, 311, 315, 316.
+
+    Eusden, 118.
+
+
+    Flaccus, 52, 220, 269, 271.
+
+    Fletcher, 38.
+
+    Francklin, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287,
+        288, 290, 331.
+
+    Frere, 15.
+
+
+    Goldsmith, 134.
+
+    Gray, 179.
+
+
+    Hemans, 60, 98.
+
+    H. H. (Helen Hunt Jackson), 73.
+
+    Hesiod, 15, 21, 29, 33, 154, 229, 339.
+
+    Holmes, 330.
+
+    Homer, 23, 39, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 147, 149, 153, 156, 161, 167,
+        168, 172, 211, 292, 297, 305, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323,
+        324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 352,
+        354, 355, 357, 358, 359.
+
+    Homeric Hymn, 190, 195.
+
+    Horace, 27, 75, 278.
+
+    Hunt, 114, 216, 341.
+
+
+    Ingelow, 187, 194.
+
+    Iriarte, Tomas de, 372.
+
+
+    Keats, 67, 90, 98, 105, 119, 120, 134, 149, 176, 179, 192, 301,
+        303, 304.
+
+
+    Landon, 113.
+
+    Longfellow, 27, 88, 99, 107, 206.
+
+    Lowell, 23, 64, 79, 131.
+
+    Lucan, 214.
+
+
+    Macaulay, 130, 279.
+
+    Martinez de la Rosa, 177.
+
+    Melanippides, 73.
+
+    Meleager, 94, 265.
+
+    Meredith, Owen, 72.
+
+    Milton, 79, 144, 163, 238.
+
+    Moore, 16, 71, 72, 193, 278.
+
+    Morris, 97, 100, 101, 110, 123, 127, 128, 151, 183, 194, 235, 248,
+        252, 335.
+
+    Moschus, 45, 137.
+
+
+    Nonnus, 171.
+
+
+    Onomacritus, 267, 269, 271.
+
+    Orphic Argonautics, 266.
+
+    Orphic Hymn, 188.
+
+    Ovid, 12, 35, 37, 44, 70, 118, 172, 173, 177, 178, 208, 255, 298, 299.
+
+
+    Pike, 61.
+
+    Pindar, 17, 168.
+
+    Pitt, 163, 196, 205.
+
+    Pope, 23, 39, 57, 77, 147, 156, 167, 168, 239, 292, 298, 299.
+
+    Potter, 166, 229, 246, 311, 315, 316.
+
+    Prior, 68, 143, 148, 174, 243, 283.
+
+
+    Quintus Smyrnæus, 307.
+
+
+    St. John, 242, 244.
+
+    Saxe, 62, 63, 77, 84, 119, 160, 253, 255.
+
+    Schiller, 121, 238.
+
+    Scott, 165.
+
+    S. G. B., 238.
+
+    Shakespeare, 44, 76, 139.
+
+    Shelley, 55, 103, 241.
+
+    Simonides, 241.
+
+    Somerville, 90.
+
+    Sophocles, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287,
+        288, 290, 331.
+
+    Southey, 91.
+
+    Spenser, 59, 82, 105.
+
+    Statius, 136, 138.
+
+    Swift, 75.
+
+
+    Tennyson, 59, 80, 105, 306, 307, 331, 339, 359.
+
+    Theocritus, 216, 310, 341.
+
+    Timocreon of Rhodes, 159.
+
+
+    Virgil, 41, 51, 64, 131, 142, 160, 161, 163, 168, 169, 182, 193,
+        196, 202, 205, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
+        366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 374, 376, 377.
+
+
+    Warton, 182.
+
+    Wordsworth, 33, 65, 88, 223, 273, 295, 316, 317.
+
+    Worsley, 87.
+
+
+    Young, 202.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
+
+
+    Ab-syr´tus.
+      Son of King Æetes of Colchis;
+      slain by Medea, 271.
+
+    A-by´dus.
+      A city of Asia Minor;
+      the home of Leander, 111-116.
+
+    A-chæ´us.
+      Grandson of Hellen, and ancestor of the Achaians, 38.
+
+    A-cha´i-ans.
+      Inhabitants of the province of Achaia, 38.
+
+    A-cha´tes.
+      Friend and inseparable companion of Æneas, 366, 367.
+
+    Ach-e-lo´us.
+      River in Greece, bearing the name of its god, 232.
+
+    Ach-e-men´i-des.
+      Ulysses' sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by Æneas, 365.
+
+    Ach´e-ron.
+      1. River in Hades, 161;
+         Ulysses visits, 350;
+         Æneas crosses, 372.
+      2. Father of Furies, 163.
+
+    A-chil´les.
+      Son of Peleus and Thetis, 314-316;
+      surrenders Briseis, 318, 319;
+      the Greeks appeal to, 323-325;
+      slays Hector, 326-329;
+      death, 330;
+      in Happy Isles, 359;
+      father of Pyrrhus, 361;
+      significance, 394, 395.
+
+    A´cis.
+      Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, 341.
+
+    A-cris´i-us.
+      King of Argos, and father of Danae, 240, 241, 249;
+      significance, 390, 391.
+
+    A-crop´o-lis.
+      Hill in Athens, the site of the Parthenon and Theseus' temple, 262.
+
+    Ac-tæ´on.
+      Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, 100, 101.
+
+    Ad-me´te.
+      Daughter of Eurystheus, covets Hippolyte's girdle, 223.
+
+    Ad-me´tus.
+      King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by
+          Alcestis, 64, 65;
+      Hercules restores Alcestis to, 230;
+      one of the Argonauts, 266;
+      in Calydonian Hunt, 275;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    A-do´nis.
+      Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, 108-110;
+      significance, 195, 389.
+
+    A-dras´tus.
+      King of Argos;
+      his horse Arion, 153;
+      father of Hippodamia, 260;
+      sends expedition against Thebes, 287.
+
+    Æ´a-cus.
+      One of the three judges of the dead in Hades, 163.
+
+    Æ-æ´a.
+      Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, 347-350.
+
+    Æ-e´tes.
+      King of Colchis, father of Medea and Absyrtus, 268, 271;
+      brother of Circe, 347;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Æ-ge´an Sea.
+      Delos chained in, 62;
+      Arion borne by dolphins in, 82, 83;
+      named after Ægeus, 259.
+
+    Æ-ge´us.
+      King of Athens;
+      father of Theseus, 250, 252, 253;
+      drowns himself, 259;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Æ´gis.
+      Shield or breastplate of Minerva and Jupiter, 58;
+      loaned to Perseus, 243;
+      bears Medusa's head, 249.
+
+    Æ-gis´thus.
+      Murderer of Agamemnon;
+      slain by Orestes, 336.
+
+    Æg´le.
+      One of the Heliades;
+      changed to a poplar tree, 87.
+
+    Æ-gyp´tus.
+      Brother of Danaus, 166.
+
+    Æ-ne´a-dæ.
+      City which Æneas proposed to found in Thrace, 363.
+
+    Æ-ne´as.
+      Son of Venus and Anchises, 111;
+      Æneas' descendants, 140;
+      worship introduced into Italy by, 198;
+      hero of Virgil's Æneid, 360-377.
+
+    Æ-ne´as Sil´vi-a.
+      Son of Æneas;
+      founder of Alba Longa, 377.
+
+    Æ-ne´id.
+      Virgil's epic poem on the adventures of Æneas, 374.
+
+    Æ-o´li-a.
+      1. Same as Æolian Islands.
+      2. In Asia Minor, near Ægean Sea, 214.
+
+    Æ-o´li-an Islands.
+      The home of Æolus, god of the winds, 213, 346;
+      supposed to be Lipari Islands, 213.
+
+    Æ-o´li-an Race.
+      Descendants of Æolus, son of Hellen, 38.
+
+    Æ´o-lus.
+      1. God of the winds, 213-215;
+         Juno's bargain with, 266;
+         gift to Ulysses, 346;
+         destruction of Æneas' fleet, 365;
+         significance, 400.
+      2. Son of Hellen, founder of the Æolian race, 38.
+
+    Æs-cu-la´pi-us.
+      Son of Apollo and Coronis, 63, 64;
+      Machaon, son of, 331;
+      significance, 387.
+
+    Æ´son.
+      Father of Jason, 263;
+      rejuvenated by Medea, 273.
+
+    Æ´ther.
+      God of light, 13;
+      dethroned, 17.
+
+    Æ´thra.
+      Princess of Troezene, 250;
+      mother of Theseus, 253;
+      Helen intrusted to, 260;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Æt´na.
+      Volcano in Sicily, 183;
+      the tomb of Enceladus, 24;
+      forge of Vulcan, 145, 148, 326;
+      Ceres' visit to, 187.
+
+    Æ-to´li-a.
+      Country between Epirus and Locris, 275.
+
+    Af´ri-ca.
+      Hercules' visit to, 226, 227.
+
+    Afterthought.
+      Name given to Epimetheus, 25.
+
+    Ag-a-mem´non.
+      Chief of the expedition against Troy, 314-319;
+      return of, 336;
+      troops of, 361;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    A-ga´ve.
+      Mother of Pentheus;
+      infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, 182.
+
+    A-ge´nor.
+      Father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Phoenix, 44-47.
+
+    Ag-la´ia.
+      One of the Graces;
+      an attendant of Venus, 105.
+
+    A-ï´des.
+      Same as Pluto;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    A-ï-do´neus.
+      Same as Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, 159.
+
+    A´jax.
+      Greek hero in Trojan war, 314;
+      Patroclus' corpse recovered by, 328;
+      insanity of, 330.
+
+    Al´ba Lon´ga.
+      City in Italy founded by Æneas Silvia, 377.
+
+    Al-ces´tis.
+      Wife of Admetus;
+      dies to save his life, 65;
+      restored by Hercules, 230.
+
+    Al-ci´des.
+      Same as Hercules, 216;
+      lion skin of, 220;
+      Deianeira accompanies, 234;
+      Deianeira's charm for, 236;
+      pose of, 239.
+
+    Al-cim´e-de.
+      Queen of Iolcus;
+      mother of Jason, 263.
+
+    Al-cin´o-us.
+      Phæacian king, enables Ulysses to reach Ithaca, 355.
+
+    Al-cip´pe.
+      Daughter of Mars;
+      carried off by Halirrhothius, 139.
+
+    Alc-me´ne.
+      Wife of Jupiter, and mother of Hercules, 28, 216;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    A-lec´to.
+      One of the Furies, 163;
+      sent by Juno to kindle war between Æneas and the Latins, 373.
+
+    A-lec´try-on.
+      Servant of Mars;
+      changed to a cock, 106, 107.
+
+    Al-phe´us.
+      1. River of Peloponnesus;
+         dammed to clean Augean stable, 221.
+      2. The river god who pursued Arethusa, 190-193.
+
+    Al-thæ´a.
+      Mother of Meleager, 275, 276.
+
+    Am-al-the´a.
+      Goat which nursed Jupiter, 21.
+
+    Am-a-se´nus.
+      River over which Metabus flung Camilla, 373.
+
+    A-ma´ta.
+      Wife of Latinus, 372;
+      driven mad by Alecto, 373;
+      suicide of, 376.
+
+    Am´a-zons.
+      Nation of warlike women;
+      Hercules visits, 224;
+      Theseus visits, 259;
+      Bellerophon visits, 295;
+      Queen of the, 329.
+
+    Am-bro´si-a.
+      Celestial food used by the gods, 41;
+      gods deprived of, 84.
+
+    Am´mon.
+      Temple of Jupiter in Libya, 48.
+
+    A´mor.
+      Same as Eros, Cupid, etc.;
+      god of love, 13;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 107.
+
+    Am-phi´on.
+      Son of Jupiter and Antiope;
+      musician;
+      King of Thebes, 80-82.
+
+    Am-phi-tri´te.
+      Same as Salacia, queen of the sea;
+      wife of Neptune, 154, 158;
+      train of, 155;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    An-chi´ses.
+      Husband of Venus, 111;
+      father of Æneas, 360-362;
+      prophecy recalled by, 364;
+      death of, 365;
+      death anniversary of, 369;
+      Æneas' visit to, 370-372.
+
+    An-ci´le.
+      Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, 143.
+
+    An-dræ´mon.
+      Husband of Dryope;
+      saw her changed to a tree, 298.
+
+    An-drom´a-che.
+      Wife of Hector;
+      parting of Hector and, 321-323;
+      grief of, 328;
+      captivity of, 365.
+
+    An-drom´e-da.
+      Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia;
+      saved by Perseus, 246-249;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    An-tæ´us.
+      Giant son of Gæa;
+      defender of the Pygmies;
+      slain by Hercules, 227, 228.
+
+    An-te´i-a.
+      Wife of Proetus;
+      accuses Bellerophon falsely, 291;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    An´te-ros.
+      God of passion, 107, 108;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 140.
+
+    An-tig´o-ne.
+      Daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta;
+      buried alive, 285-288;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    An-tin´o-us.
+      One of Penelope's suitors;
+      slain by Ulysses, 358.
+
+    An-ti´o-pe.
+      Wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Amphion and Zethus;
+      persecuted by Dirce, 80.
+
+    A-pha´re-us.
+      Father of Castor's murderer, 279.
+
+    Aph-ro-di´te.
+      Same as Venus, Dione, etc., 103, 105;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    A-pol´lo.
+      Same as Phoebus, Sol, and Helios, 61-91;
+      god of the sun, music, poetry, and medicine, 55;
+      Diana's brother, 93;
+      Niobe's sons slain by, 94;
+      Mars and Venus seen by, 106, 107;
+      Mercury steals cattle of, 132-134;
+      giants slain by, 139;
+      walls built by, 151, 152;
+      Marpessa claimed by, 155;
+      Vesta loved by, 198;
+      Janus, son of, 205;
+      oracles of, 280, 281;
+      steed of, 294;
+      Cassandra loved by, 310;
+      Chryses appeals to, 318, 319;
+      Ulysses incurs anger of, 354;
+      significance, 386, 390, 393, 396, 398.
+
+    Aq´ui-lo.
+      West wind, son of Æolus and Aurora, 213, 215.
+
+    A-rach´ne.
+      Minerva's needlework contest with, 58, 59.
+
+    Ar-ca´di-a.
+      Province of Peloponnesus, 221, 275;
+      Mercury's birthplace, 131.
+
+    Ar´cas.
+      Son of Jupiter and Callisto;
+      constellation of the Little Bear, 52.
+
+    A-re-o-pa-gi´tæ.
+      Judges of the criminal court of Athens, 140.
+
+    A-re-op´a-gus.
+      Hill near Athens;
+      site of the Parthenon, 140.
+
+    A´res.
+      Same as Mars, 138;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    A-re´te.
+      1. Goddess of virtue;
+         takes charge of Hercules, 218-220.
+      2. Wife of Alcinous;
+         mother of Nausicaa, 355.
+
+    Ar-e-thu´sa.
+      Nymph of Diana;
+      changed to a fountain, 190-193.
+
+    Ar´ges (Sheet-lightning).
+      A Cyclop;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Ar´go.
+      Vessel in which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece,
+          266-274;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ar-go-nau´tic Expedition
+      in search of golden fleece, 154;
+      Zetes and Calais in, 215;
+      Hercules in, 230;
+      Meleager in, 275;
+      significance, 391, 392.
+
+    Ar´go-nauts.
+      Name given to Jason and crew, 267-271;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ar´gos.
+      City in Argolis, dedicated to Juno, 52-54;
+      Eurystheus, king of, 218-220;
+      Acrisius, king of, 240, 249;
+      Adrastus, king of, 260, 287;
+      Proetus, king of, 291;
+      Agamemnon's return to, 336;
+      significance, 389, 390.
+
+    Ar´gus.
+      1. Name of myriad-eyed giant who watched Io, 135-137;
+         significance, 385.
+      2. Name of Ulysses' faithful hound, 357.
+
+    A-ri-ad´ne.
+      Daughter of Minos;
+      Theseus aided by, 256, 257;
+      deserted by Theseus, 179, 257;
+      marries Bacchus, 181;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    A-ri´on.
+      1. Winged steed;
+         the offspring of Neptune and Ceres, 153.
+      2. Musician;
+         thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, 82, 83.
+
+    Ar-is-tæ´us.
+      Youth who indirectly causes Eurydice's death, 76.
+
+    Ar´te-mis.
+      Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 97.
+
+    As-cal´a-phus.
+      Spirit in Hades who saw Proserpina eat pomegranate seeds, 195.
+
+    A´si-a Mi´nor.
+      West of Asia;
+      Bacchus' visit to, 176;
+      Vesta's shrine in, 198;
+      Thetis' flight from, 326.
+
+    As-kle´pi-os.
+      Same as Æsculapius;
+      son of Apollo and Coronis, 63.
+
+    As-ty´a-nax.
+      Infant son of Hector and Andromache, 321.
+
+    At-a-lan´ta.
+      Maiden who takes part in Calydonian Hunt and races with Milanion
+          or Hippomenes, 275-278;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ath´a-mas.
+      King of Thebes;
+      father of Phryxus and Helle, 265;
+      Ino in madness slain by, 174;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    A-the´ne.
+      Same as Minerva, 55;
+      tutelary goddess of Athens, 57;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    A-the´ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Athens, 215;
+      tribute of, 253, 256;
+      ingratitude of, 262.
+
+    Ath´ens.
+      Minerva's festivals at, 60;
+      tribunal at, 139, 140;
+      contest for, 152;
+      Ægeus, king of, 250;
+      Theseus' arrival at, 252, 253;
+      Ariadne elopes to, 256;
+      Castor and Pollux' visit to, 260;
+      Theseus, king of, 262;
+      Peleus, king of, 305.
+
+    At´las.
+      1. Mountains.
+      2. One of Iapetus' sons, 25;
+         daughters of, 98;
+         heavens supported by, 227-229;
+         Perseus petrifies, 244-246;
+         significance, 379.
+
+    At´ro-pos.
+      One of the Fates;
+      cuts the thread of life, 165.
+
+    At´ti-ca.
+      Province of Greece;
+      Cecrops founds city in, 57;
+      oppression of, 255;
+      shores of, 259.
+
+    Au-ge´as.
+      King of Elis;
+      his stables were cleansed by Hercules, 221-223.
+
+    Au´lis.
+      Port in Boeotia, the meeting-place of the Greek expedition
+          against Troy, 312, 315.
+
+    Au-ro´ra.
+      Same as Eos, goddess of dawn;
+      attendant of Apollo, 85, 107;
+      jealousy of, 70;
+      Tithonus loved by, 90;
+      Æolus' wife, 213.
+
+    Aus´ter.
+      Southwest wind, same as Notus;
+      a son of Æolus and Aurora, 215.
+
+    Au-tom´e-don.
+      Achilles' charioteer, 328.
+
+    Av´en-tine.
+      One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 226.
+
+    A-ver´nus.
+      Lake near Naples;
+      the entrance to Hades in Italy, 160;
+      Æneas' visit to, 370.
+
+
+    Bab´y-lon.
+      The home of Pyramus and Thisbe, 117.
+
+    Bac-cha-na´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Bac-chan´tes.
+      Female followers of Bacchus, 176, 182;
+      Orpheus slain by, 79, 80.
+
+    Bac´chus.
+      Same as Dionysus, god of wine and revelry;
+      son of Jupiter and Semele, 171-182;
+      Vulcan visited by, 147;
+      Ariadne rescued by, 257;
+      tutor of, 300;
+      gift from, 306.
+
+    Bau´cis.
+      1. The mortal who showed hospitality to Jupiter and Mercury;
+         wife of Philemon, 43, 44.
+      2. Father of Dryope (changed to a tree), 298.
+
+    Bel-ler´o-phon.
+      Demigod;
+      mounts Pegasus and slays the dread Chimæra, 291-296;
+      significance, 393, 394.
+
+    Bel-lo´na.
+      Goddess of war;
+      attendant of Mars, 138.
+
+    Ber-e-ni´ce.
+      Queen whose hair was changed into a comet, 130, 384.
+
+    Ber´o-e.
+      Nurse of Semele, whose form Juno assumes to arouse Semele's
+          jealousy, 171, 172.
+
+    Bi´ton.
+      Brother of Cleobis;
+      draws his mother to the temple, 54.
+
+    Boe-o´ti-a.
+      Province in Greece, whose principal city was Thebes, 47, 280.
+
+    Bo´re-as.
+      North wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora;
+      kidnaps Orithyia, 213-215;
+      sons of, 267.
+
+    Bos´po-rus.
+      Channel connecting Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, on route of
+          Argonauts, 268.
+
+    Brass Age.
+      Third age of world, 35.
+
+    Bri-a´re-us.
+      One of the Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18;
+      umpire, 152.
+
+    Bri-se´is.
+      Captive of Achilles during Trojan war;
+      claimed by Agamemnon, 318, 319, 324;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Bron´tes (Thunder).
+      A Cyclop;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Bru´tus.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+
+    Ca´cus.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, 226;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Cad´mus.
+      Brother of Europa;
+      founder of Thebes, 45-48;
+      husband of Harmonia, 107;
+      daughter of, 171;
+      dragon-tooth seed of, 268;
+      significance, 386, 390, 393.
+
+    Ca-du´ce-us.
+      Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, 134.
+
+    Cæ´sar.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Cal´a-is.
+      Son of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Cal´chas.
+      Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, 315.
+
+    Cal-li´o-pe.
+      One of the nine Muses, loved by Apollo, 90;
+      mother of Orpheus, 75.
+
+    Cal-lis´to.
+      Maiden loved by Jupiter;
+      changed into a bear by Juno;
+      the Great Bear, 52.
+
+    Cal´y-don.
+      Home of Meleager;
+      site of Calydonian Hunt, 275.
+
+    Cal-y-do´ni-an Hunt.
+      Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, 275-279.
+
+    Ca-lyp´so.
+      Nymph who detained Ulysses on Ogygia seven years, 354;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Ca-mil´la.
+      Volscian maiden;
+      fights, and is slain by, Æneas, 373, 376;
+      dedicated to Diana, 374.
+
+    Ca-mil´lus.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Cam´pus mar´ti-us.
+      Roman exercising grounds sacred to Mars, 143.
+
+    Can´cer.
+      Crab which attacked Hercules to defend the Hydra;
+      a constellation, 221.
+
+    Cap´i-tol.
+      Temple dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, 48.
+
+    Car´thage.
+      A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by Æneas, 367.
+
+    Cas-san´dra.
+      Daughter of Priam;
+      her prophecies, though true, were always disbelieved, 310, 364;
+      captivity of, 361.
+
+    Cas-si-o-pe´ia.
+      Mother of Andromeda, 246;
+      a constellation, 249;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Cas´tor.
+      One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, 278, 279;
+      rescue of Helen by, 260;
+      Argonauts joined by, 266;
+      Calydonian Hunt joined by, 275.
+
+    Cau-ca´si-an Mountains.
+      Same as Caucasus;
+      Prometheus chained to, 28, 227.
+
+    Ce´crops.
+      Founder of Athens, 57;
+      descendants of, 255.
+
+    Ce-læ´no.
+      One of the Harpies;
+      frightens Æneas by prophesying harm, 365.
+
+    Ce´le-us.
+      1. King of Eleusis;
+         father of Triptolemus, 188.
+      2. Father of Andromeda;
+         significance, 391.
+
+    Cen´taurs.
+      Children of Ixion, half man, half horse;
+      Chiron, 218, 263, 314;
+      Hercules fights, 221;
+      battle of, 230, 260;
+      Nessus, 234-236;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Cen-tim´a-ni (Hundred-handed).
+      Three sons of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 18.
+
+    Ceph´a-lus.
+      Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, 70, 71, 90;
+      significance, 387.
+
+    Cer´be-rus.
+      Three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of Hades, 76, 77, 160;
+      Hercules captures, 229, 260;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Cer´cy-on.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      encountered by Theseus, 252.
+
+    Ce-re-a´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, 196.
+
+    Ce´res.
+      Same as Demeter, goddess of agriculture and civilization, 159,
+          183-197;
+      Cronus disgorges, 22;
+      Psyche consults, 127, 128;
+      Neptune loves, 153;
+      Pelops' shoulder eaten by, 167;
+      significance, 396, 397.
+
+    Cer-y-ne´a.
+      Town of Achaia, 221.
+
+    Cer-y-ne´ian Stag.
+      Stag taken by Hercules;
+      one of his labors, 221.
+
+    Ces´tus.
+      Venus' magic, love-inspiring girdle, 130, 308.
+
+    Ce´yx.
+      King of Thessaly;
+      shipwrecked, and changed with his wife Halcyone into birds, 211, 212.
+
+    Cha´os.
+      The first of all divinities, who ruled over confusion, 12, 13;
+      ejection of, 17;
+      daughter of, 57.
+
+    Char´i-tes.
+      The three Graces;
+      attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Cha´ron.
+      The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, 161;
+      Æneas ferried by, 372;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Cha-ryb´dis.
+      Whirlpool near the coast of Sicily, 352, 353, 365.
+
+    Chi-mæ´ra.
+      Monster slain by Bellerophon, 292-296;
+      significance, 394, 401.
+
+    Chi´o-ne.
+      Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Chi´os.
+      One of the islands of the Archipelago, 99.
+
+    Chi´ron.
+      Learned Centaur, 218, 263, 266, 314;
+      death of, 221.
+
+    Chry-se´is.
+      Daughter of Chryses;
+      taken by Agamemnon, 318, 319.
+
+    Chry´ses.
+      Father of Chryseis;
+      priest of Apollo;
+      brings a plague on the Greek camp, 318, 319.
+
+    Ci-co´ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Ci-lic´i-a.
+      Province in Asia Minor, between Æolia and Troas, 47.
+
+    Ci´lix.
+      Brother of Europa;
+      founder of Cilicia, 45, 47.
+
+    Cim-me´ri-an Shores.
+      Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, 350.
+
+    Cir´ce.
+      Sister of Æetes;
+      sorceress who changes Ulysses' men into swine, 347-353;
+      significance, 395, 396.
+
+    Cle´o-bis.
+      Brother of Biton;
+      a devoted son, 54.
+
+    Cle-o-pa´tra.
+      Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Cli´o.
+      One of the nine Muses, 88.
+
+    Clo´tho.
+      One of the Fates;
+      she spins the thread of life, 165.
+
+    Clym´e-ne.
+      1. Wife of Iapetus;
+         an ocean nymph, 25.
+      2. Nymph loved by Apollo;
+         mother of Phaeton, 83, 87.
+
+    Clyt-æm-nes´tra.
+      Wife of Agamemnon;
+      slain by Orestes, 336;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Clyt´i-e.
+      Maiden who loves Apollo, and is changed into a sunflower, 72.
+
+    Co-cy´tus.
+      River in Hades, formed of tears of the condemned, 160, 161.
+
+    Coe´us.
+      One of the Titans;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+
+    Col´chi-an Land.
+      Ram bears Phryxus to, 154;
+      Argonauts arrive at, 268;
+      Argonauts depart from, 269;
+      sailors of, 271.
+
+    Col´chis.
+      Land in Asia ruled by Æetes, where the golden fleece was kept,
+          265, 266;
+      return from, 274.
+
+    Co-lo´nus.
+      Forest sacred to Furies, where Oedipus vanished in a storm, 286.
+
+    Co-los´sus.
+      Statue of Apollo in the Island of Rhodes, 91.
+
+    Con-sen´tes.
+      Same as Pan, god of the universe and of nature, 300.
+
+    Co´pre-us.
+      Son of Pelops;
+      owner of the marvelous horse Arion, 153.
+
+    Co´ra.
+      Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Cor´inth.
+      City and isthmus between Greece proper and the Peloponnesus,
+          152, 158, 294;
+      Sisyphus, king of, 167, 291;
+      Sciron at, 251;
+      Polybus, king of, 280-282, 286.
+
+    Co-ro´na.
+      Constellation, also known as Ariadne's Crown, 181.
+
+    Co-ro´nis.
+      Maiden loved by Apollo;
+      mother of Æsculapius, 62, 63;
+      significance, 386, 389.
+
+    Co´rus.
+      Northwest wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Cor-y-ban´tes.
+      Same as Curetes;
+      Rhea's priests, 21.
+
+    Cot´tus.
+      One of the Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Cre´on.
+      Father of Jocasta and of Megara, 219;
+      King of Thebes, 288.
+
+    Cre´tan Bull.
+      Hercules captures, 223.
+
+    Crete.
+      Island home of Minos, 223, 253, 256;
+      Menelaus' journey to, 312;
+      Æneas' sojourn in, 364;
+      Zeus, king of, 379.
+
+    Cre-u´sa.
+      1. Wife of Æneas;
+         killed in attempting to fly from Troy, 361-363.
+      2. Same as Glauce;
+         maiden loved by Jason, 273.
+
+    Cri´us.
+      One of the Titans;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+
+    Cro´nus.
+      Same as Saturn;
+      a Titan who rules supreme;
+      father of Jupiter, 17-23, 25, 35;
+      daughters of, 51, 183, 198;
+      son of, 159.
+
+    Cru´mis-sa.
+      Island where Neptune carried Theophane;
+      birthplace of the golden-fleeced ram, 154.
+
+    Cu´mæ.
+      Cave where the Sibyl gave her prophecies, 370.
+
+    Cu´pid, or Cu-pi´do.
+      Same as Amor, god of love;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 107, 140;
+      growth of, 108;
+      darts of, 112, 147, 367;
+      Psyche and, 121-130, 381.
+
+    Cu-re´tes.
+      Same as Corybantes;
+      Rhea's priests, 21.
+
+    Cy´a-ne.
+      River which tried to stop Pluto when he kidnapped Proserpina, 186.
+
+    Cyb´e-le.
+      Same as Rhea, goddess of the earth, 20;
+      chariot of, 278.
+
+    Cy-clo´pes.
+      Three children of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 18;
+      thunderbolts forged by, 22, 64, 147;
+      Orion visits the, 99;
+      Vulcan and the, 145;
+      Island of the, 339;
+      Æneas warned against, 365;
+      significance, 385, 398.
+
+    Cy´clops.
+      Polyphemus the, 339-345, 365.
+
+    Cyc´nus.
+      Intimate friend of Phaeton, 87.
+
+    Cyl-le´ne.
+      Mountain upon which Mercury was born, 131, 132.
+
+    Cyn´thi-a.
+      Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 96.
+
+    Cyn´thi-us.
+      Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and fine arts, 61.
+
+    Cyp-a-ris´sus.
+      Friend of Apollo;
+      turned to a cypress tree, 67.
+
+    Cy´prus.
+      Island in the Mediterranean sacred to Venus, 105, 120, 123.
+
+    Cyth-e-re´a.
+      Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, and laughter, 103.
+
+
+    Dæd´a-lus.
+      Architect who planned the Cretan Labyrinth, 253-255;
+      inventor of sails, 214.
+
+    Dan´a-e.
+      Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower;
+      mother of Perseus, 240-242;
+      significance, 379, 390, 397.
+
+    Da-na´i-des.
+      Daughters of Danaus, who slay their husbands, 166, 167.
+
+    Dan´a-us.
+      King of Argos;
+      father of the fifty Danaides, 166.
+
+    Dan´ube.
+      River of Europe;
+      Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, 271.
+
+    Daph´ne.
+      Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree, 68-70;
+      significance, 387, 389, 395.
+
+    Dar´da-nus.
+      Ancient king of Troy, who gives his name to his race, 364;
+      mares of, 215.
+
+    De-i-a-nei´ra.
+      Wife of Hercules, 232-236;
+      causes Hercules' death by using the Nessus robe, 235, 236;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    De-iph´o-bus.
+      Son of Priam and Hecuba;
+      married Helen after the death of Paris, 362.
+
+    De´los.
+      Floating island;
+      birthplace of Apollo and Diana, 62;
+      shrine of Apollo at, 91, 363, 364;
+      significance, 386, 396.
+
+    Del´phi.
+      Shrine of Apollo, famed for its oracles, 37, 47, 91;
+      Ceyx visits, 211;
+      Oedipus consults oracle at, 281, 282, 285, 290;
+      Orestes at, 336.
+
+    Del´uge.
+      Caused by Jupiter's wrath, 36;
+      slime from, 65.
+
+    De-me´ter.
+      Same as Ceres;
+      goddess of agriculture, 183, 187;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    De´mi-os (Dread).
+      Attendant or son of Mars, 138.
+
+    Des´ti-ny.
+      One of the ancient deities not subjected to Jupiter, 39.
+
+    Deu-ca´li-on.
+      Only male survivor of Deluge;
+      father of Hellen, 37, 38.
+
+    Di´a.
+      Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, 169;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Di-a´na.
+      Goddess of the moon and chase;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 93-101;
+      birth of, 62;
+      nymphs of, 70, 190;
+      arrows of, 139;
+      Arethusa protected by, 192;
+      Oeneus neglects, 275;
+      Iphigenia saved by, 316;
+      temple of, 336;
+      Camilla rescued by, 373, 374;
+      significance, 388, 396, 398.
+
+    Di´do.
+      Queen of Tyre and Carthage;
+      loved and deserted by Æneas, 366-369;
+      Æneas sees, in Hades, 372.
+
+    Di-o-me´des.
+      1. Greek hero during Trojan war, 314;
+         recovers Patroclus' body, 328;
+         helps Ulysses secure the Palladium, 332.
+      2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, 223.
+
+    Di-o´ne.
+      1. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, etc., 103.
+      2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter;
+         goddess of moisture, 44.
+
+    Di-o-nys´i-a.
+      Festivals held in Greece in honor of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Di-o-nys´us.
+      Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.
+
+    Di-os-cu´ri.
+      Collective name given to Castor and Pollux, 278.
+
+    Di-os-cu´ri-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Castor and Pollux, 279.
+
+    Dir´ce.
+      Wife of Lycus;
+      bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.
+
+    Dis.
+      Same as Pluto, god of Infernal Regions, 159, 370.
+
+    Dis-cor´di-a, or Eris.
+      Goddess of discord, 138;
+      she appears at Peleus' marriage feast, 306.
+
+    Do-do´na.
+      Temple and grove sacred to Jupiter, 48, 49, 266.
+
+    Dol´phin.
+      Constellation, 82.
+
+    Do´ri-an Race.
+      Descendants of Dorus, 38.
+
+    Do´ris.
+      Wife of Nereus, 154, 305.
+
+    Do´rus.
+      Son of Hellen;
+      ancestor of Dorian race, 38.
+
+    Dreams.
+      Spirits in cave of Somnus;
+      passed out through gates of ivory and horn, 210, 211;
+      Mercury, leader of, 137.
+
+    Drep´a-num.
+      Land visited by Æneas, where Anchises died, 365.
+
+    Dry´a-des.
+      Plant nymphs, supposed to watch over vegetation, 297.
+
+    Dry´o-pe.
+      Princess changed into a tree, 298-300.
+
+    Dull´ness.
+      Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, 55, 57.
+
+
+    Earth.
+      Æther and Hemera create the, 13;
+      divisions of the, 15;
+      realm of the, 25;
+      the mother of all, 38;
+      oath by the, 172;
+      Antæus, son of the, 228;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    E´cho.
+      Nymph who pined for love of Narcissus;
+      changed to a voice, 118, 119;
+      answers Cephalus, 71;
+      mocks Ariadne, 179.
+
+    Egg.
+      Earth hatched from a mythical, 15.
+
+    E´gypt.
+      Gods take refuge in, 24;
+      Io takes refuge in, 136;
+      Menelaus and Helen detained in, 336.
+
+    E-lec´tra.
+      Daughter of Agamemnon;
+      saves Orestes, 336.
+
+    El-eu-sin´i-a.
+      Festivals at Eleusis, in honor of Ceres and Proserpina, 196.
+
+    E-leu´sis.
+      City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for
+          Proserpina, 188, 196.
+
+    E´lis.
+      Province of the Peloponnesus;
+      Alpheus in, 193;
+      Augeas, king of, 221;
+      significance, 388.
+
+    El-pe´nor.
+      Follower of Ulysses;
+      dies in Island of Ææa, 350.
+
+    E-lys´i-an Fields.
+      Abode of the blessed in Hades, 161, 163, 169;
+      Cleobis and Biton conveyed to, 54;
+      Adonis conveyed to, 110.
+
+    En-cel´a-dus.
+      Giant defeated by Jupiter;
+      buried under Mt. Ætna, 24.
+
+    En-dym´i-on.
+      Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus, 96-98;
+      significance, 388, 389, 396.
+
+    En´na.
+      Plain in Sicily;
+      favorite resort of Proserpina, 183.
+
+    E-ny´o.
+      Name given to Bellona, goddess of war, 138.
+
+    E´os.
+      Name given to Aurora, goddess of dawn, 72, 90;
+      jealousy of, 70, 71;
+      winds, offspring of, 213.
+
+    Ep´a-phus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Io;
+      founder of Memphis, 136.
+
+    Eph´e-sus.
+      City in Asia Minor sacred to Diana, 101.
+
+    Eph-i-al´tes.
+      Giant son of Neptune, 154;
+      brother of Otus;
+      imprisons Mars, 139;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    E-pig´o-ni.
+      Sons of the seven chiefs who besieged Thebes, 290.
+
+    Ep-i-me´theus (Afterthought).
+      Son of Iapetus, 25;
+      husband of Pandora, 28-34, 37.
+
+    E-pi´rus.
+      Country visited by Æneas, who meets Andromache there, 365.
+
+    Er´a-to.
+      One of the Muses;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.
+
+    Er´e-bus.
+      God of darkness, 13;
+      marries his mother, Night, 13;
+      progenitor of egg, 15;
+      dethroned, 17.
+
+    E-rid´a-nus.
+      River into which Phaeton fell from the sun chariot, 87;
+      Hercules consults nymphs of, 226.
+
+    E-rin´ny-es.
+      Collective name given to the Furies, 163;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    E´ris.
+      Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, 138;
+      apple cast by, 306.
+
+    Er-i-sich´thon.
+      An unbeliever;
+      punished by famine, 197.
+
+    E´ros.
+      Same as Cupid, 107;
+      child of Light and Day, 13;
+      arrows of, 13, 112;
+      egg produces, 15;
+      causes man's creation, 25;
+      man's life given by, 27.
+
+    Er-y-man´thus.
+      Place where Hercules slew the wild boar, 221.
+
+    Er-y-the´a.
+      Island home of Geryones;
+      visited by Hercules, 226.
+
+    E-te´o-cles.
+      Son of Oedipus and Jocasta, 285;
+      reigns one year, 287;
+      slain by his brother, 288.
+
+    E-thi-o´pi-a.
+      Country visited by Bacchus, 176.
+
+    E-thi-o´pi-ans.
+      Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus;
+      visited by the gods, 16.
+
+    Eu-boe´an or Eu-bo´ic Sea.
+      Sea where Hercules cast Lichas, 238.
+
+    Eu-mæ´us.
+      Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, 355, 357;
+      Ulysses aided by, 358.
+
+    Eu-men´i-des.
+      Collective name given to Furies, 163;
+      forest sacred to, 286;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    Eu-phros´y-ne.
+      One of the three Graces or Charites;
+      attendant of Venus, 105.
+
+    Eu-ro´pa.
+      Daughter of Agenor;
+      wife of Jupiter, 44-48, 59;
+      mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, 45, 325;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Eu-ro´tas.
+      River near Sparta, where Helen bathed, 310.
+
+    Eu´rus.
+      East wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Eu-ry´a-le.
+      One of the three terrible Gorgons, 242.
+
+    Eu-ry´a-lus.
+      Youth sent with Nisus to warn Æneas that his son was in danger, 374.
+
+    Eu-ry-cle´a.
+      Nurse of Ulysses;
+      recognizes him after twenty years' absence, 357;
+      Penelope awakened by, 358.
+
+    Eu-ryd´i-ce.
+      Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her in Hades, 75-80;
+      significance, 387-389.
+
+    Eu-ryl´o-chus.
+      Leader of Ulysses' men, 347;
+      escaped Circe's spell, 349;
+      Ulysses' men misled by, 353.
+
+    Eu-ryn´o-me.
+      Wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of the Graces, 105.
+
+    Eu-rys´theus.
+      Hercules' taskmaster;
+      appointed twelve labors, 218-229.
+
+    Eu´ry-tus.
+      Iole's father;
+      visited twice by Hercules, 235.
+
+    Eu-ter´pe.
+      One of the Muses;
+      presided over music, 88.
+
+    Eux´ine Sea.
+      Same as Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea, 15.
+
+    E-van´der.
+      King of Tuscans;
+      ally of Æneas;
+      father of Pallas, 374, 375.
+
+    E-ve´nus.
+      Father of Marpessa;
+      drowned himself in river of same name, 155;
+      Hercules crosses, 234.
+
+
+    Fa´ma.
+      Attendant of Jupiter, goddess of fame, 41.
+
+    Fates.
+      Three sisters;
+      also known as Moeræ or Parcæ, 165.
+
+    Fau´na.
+      Wife of Faunus;
+      a rural divinity of the Romans, 301.
+
+    Fau´nus.
+      Rural divinity of the Romans;
+      husband of Fauna, 301.
+
+    Flo´ra.
+      Goddess of flowers, 301, 303;
+      wife of Zephyrus, 215, 301.
+
+    Flo-ra´li-a.
+      Festivals in May in honor of Flora, 301.
+
+    Forethought.
+      Name given to Prometheus, 25.
+
+    For-tu´na.
+      1. Goddess of fortune;
+         an attendant of Jupiter, 41.
+      2. Goddess of plenty, 232.
+
+    Fo´rum.
+      Chief place in Rome where public matters were discussed, 142.
+
+    Fu´ries.
+      The Eumenides, or avenging deities, 163;
+      Oedipus punished by, 286;
+      Orestes pursued by, 336.
+
+
+    Gæ´a.
+      Same as Tellus and Terra, 13;
+      wife of Uranus, 15;
+      reign of, 17;
+      conspiracy of, 18;
+      Typhoeus created by, 23;
+      Enceladus created by, 24;
+      Antæus, son of, 227;
+      Syrinx protected by, 300;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Gal-a-te´a.
+      1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, 341-343.
+      2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life, 121.
+
+    Gan´y-mede.
+      Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer, 43.
+
+    Ge.
+      Same as Gæa, Tellus, Terra, the Earth, 13.
+
+    Gem´i-ni.
+      Same as Dioscuri;
+      Castor and Pollux, 278.
+
+    Ge-ry´o-nes.
+      Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, 226;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Glau´ce.
+      Maiden loved by Jason;
+      slain by Medea, 273;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Glau´cus.
+      Fisherman changed to a sea god, 303, 304;
+      lover of Scylla, 352, 353.
+
+    Golden Age.
+      First age of the ancient world, when all was bliss, 35;
+      Janus' reign, 205.
+
+    Gor´gons.
+      Three sisters,--Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa, 242-246;
+      Ægis decorated by head of one of, 58;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Grac´chi, The.
+      Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Gra´ces.
+      Same as Gratiæ;
+      the three attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Gra-di´vus.
+      Name given to Mars when leader of armies, 143.
+
+    Græ´æ.
+      Three sisters with but one eye and tooth among them, 243;
+      significance, 391, 401.
+
+    Gra´ti-æ.
+      Same as Graces, or Charites;
+      Venus' attendants, 105.
+
+    Great Bear.
+      Constellation formed by Callisto, 52.
+
+    Gre´ci-an.
+      Mythology, 25;
+      camp, 329.
+
+    Greece.
+      Highest peak in, 37;
+      alphabet introduced into, 48;
+      nations of, 49;
+      art in, 52;
+      Cecrops comes to, 57;
+      Pelops takes refuge in, 167;
+      Paris visits, 310;
+      war between Troy and, 314;
+      Orestes' return to, 336;
+      captives taken to, 361.
+
+    Greek Divinities, 39;
+      Panathenæa, 60;
+      fleet, 332.
+
+    Greeks.
+      Departure of, 315;
+      plague visits, 318;
+      defeat of, 323, 324;
+      return of, 335;
+      Agamemnon, chief of, 336;
+      attack Ciconians, 337;
+      Polyphemus visited by, 343-346;
+      Circe visited by, 347;
+      a civilized nation, 380.
+
+    Gy´es.
+      One of the three Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+
+    Ha´des.
+      The Infernal Region, kingdom of Pluto, 159-170;
+      Hercules' visit to, 65, 229, 230;
+      Orpheus' visit to, 76-79;
+      Adonis' visit to, 110;
+      Psyche's visit to, 128;
+      Mercury conducts souls to, 137, 317;
+      Proserpina's visit to, 194, 195;
+      Lara conducted to, 203;
+      Theseus' visit to, 260;
+      Pollux in, 279;
+      Oedipus in, 286;
+      Ulysses' visit to, 350;
+      Æneas' visit to, 370.
+
+    Hæ´mon.
+      Son of Creon;
+      lover of Antigone, 288.
+
+    Hal-cy´o-ne.
+      Wife of Ceyx, King of Thessaly, 211, 212.
+
+    Hal-irr-ho´thi-us.
+      Son of Neptune;
+      slain by Mars, 139.
+
+    Ham-a-dry´a-des.
+      Nymphs who lived and died with the trees they inhabited, 297, 298.
+
+    Har-mo´ni-a.
+      Daughter of Mars and Venus, 107, 140;
+      wife of Cadmus, 48;
+      mother of Semele, 171.
+
+    Har´pies.
+      Monsters, half woman, half bird;
+      banished to Strophades Islands, 267;
+      Æneas sees, 365;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Heav´en.
+      Creation of, 15;
+      realm of, 25;
+      Atlas, supporter of, 244;
+      significance, 384, 398.
+
+    He´be.
+      Goddess of youth;
+      cup-bearer of the gods, 41;
+      wife of Hercules, 238.
+
+    He´brus.
+      River in which the Bacchantes cast Orpheus' remains, 80.
+
+    Hec´a-te.
+      Name given to Proserpina as Queen of Hades, 195.
+
+    Hec´tor.
+      Son of Priam;
+      leader of Trojan army, 320-326;
+      slain by Achilles, 328;
+      Priam buries, 329;
+      shade of, 360;
+      widow of, 365.
+
+    Hec´u-ba.
+      Wife of Priam;
+      mother of Paris and Hector, 307, 310;
+      Hector seen by, 328;
+      captivity of, 361.
+
+    Hel´en.
+      Daughter of Jupiter and Leda;
+      wife of Menelaus;
+      kidnapped by Paris, 310-312;
+      kidnapped by Theseus, 260;
+      Paris upbraided by, 320;
+      return of, 335;
+      Æneas wishes to slay, 361;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Hel´e-nus.
+      King of Epirus, whose slave Andromache became after the death
+          of Hector, 365.
+
+    He-li´a-des.
+      Sisters of Phaeton;
+      changed into trees, 87.
+
+    Hel´i-con.
+      Mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and Muses, 90, 149.
+
+    He´li-os.
+      Name of Apollo as god of the sun, 61, 72;
+      significance, 386, 388, 395.
+
+    Hel´le.
+      Daughter of Athamas and Nephele;
+      drowned in the Hellespont, 265;
+      significance, 391, 392, 397.
+
+    Hel´len.
+      Son of Deucalion;
+      ancestor of the Hellenes, 38.
+
+    Hel-le´nes.
+      Name given to ancient Greeks, 38.
+
+    Hel´les-pont.
+      Name given to the strait from Helle, 265;
+      Leander swims across the, 111-117.
+
+    He-me´ra (Day).
+      One of the first divinities, who rules with Æther (Light), 13, 17.
+
+    Heph-æs-ti´a.
+      Festivals in honor of Hephæstus, or Vulcan, 148.
+
+    He-phæs´tus.
+      Name given to Vulcan, god of the forge, 144;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    He´ra, or He´re.
+      Name given to Juno, queen of heaven, and goddess of the
+          atmosphere and of marriage, 51;
+      significance, 385.
+
+    Her´a-cles.
+      Same as Hercules;
+      son of Jupiter and Alcmene, 216.
+
+    He-ræ´um.
+      Town dedicated to the service of Juno, 52.
+
+    Her´cu-les.
+      Same as Heracles, god of all athletic games, 216-239;
+      Prometheus delivered by, 28;
+      Hades visited by, 65;
+      Hesione delivered by, 152;
+      Centaurs defeated by, 260;
+      Argonautic expedition joined by, 266, 267;
+      arrows of, 330;
+      apparition of, 331;
+      significance, 379, 389, 390, 393, 395.
+
+    Her´mes.
+      Same as Mercury, messenger of the gods, 131;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Her-mi´o-ne.
+      Same as Harmonia;
+      daughter of Venus and Mars, 107.
+
+    He´ro.
+      Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her,
+          111-117.
+
+    He-si´o-ne.
+      Daughter of Laomedon;
+      rescued from sea monster by Hercules, 151, 152, 224.
+
+    Hes-pe´ri-a.
+      Ancient name of Italy, so called by Æneas, 23, 364.
+
+    Hes-per´i-des.
+      Daughters of Hesperus, guardians of golden apples, 226;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Hes´pe-rus.
+      God of the West;
+      father of the Hesperides, 72, 226.
+
+    Hes´ti-a.
+      Same as Vesta, goddess of the family hearth, 198;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Him´e-rus.
+      God of the desire of love;
+      attendant in Venus' numerous train, 106.
+
+    Hip-po-cre´ne.
+      Fountain created by Pegasus, 294.
+
+    Hip-po-da-mi´a.
+      Wife of Pirithous;
+      almost carried off by the Centaurs, 260.
+
+    Hip-pol´y-te.
+      Queen of the Amazons, 223, 224;
+      Theseus' wife, 259.
+
+    Hip-pol´y-tus.
+      Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, 259;
+      loved by Phædra, 262.
+
+    Hip-pom´e-nes.
+      Same as Milanion;
+      lover of Atalanta, 278.
+
+    Hope.
+      The good spirit in Pandora's box;
+      an ancient deity, 33-35.
+
+    Ho´ræ.
+      Collective name of the seasons;
+      Venus' attendants, 105.
+
+    Horn Gate.
+      Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.
+
+    Hours.
+      Attendants of Apollo, 85;
+      attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Hundred-handed, the.
+      Same as Centimani, 18.
+
+    Hup´nos.
+      Same as Somnus, god of sleep, 208.
+
+    Hy-a-cin´thus.
+      Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus;
+      changed to a flower, 67.
+
+    Hy´dra.
+      Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna, 220, 221;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Hy-ge´ia.
+      Daughter of Æsculapius;
+      watched over health of man, 64.
+
+    Hy´las.
+      Youth loved by Hercules;
+      stolen by the water nymphs, 267.
+
+    Hy´men.
+      God of marriage;
+      attendant of Venus, 106.
+
+    Hy-met´tus. Mountain in Attica, 90.
+
+    Hyp-er-bo´re-an Mountains.
+      The mountains separating the land of the Hyperboreans from
+          Thrace, 215.
+
+    Hyp-er-bo´re-ans.
+      People north of Oceanus, a virtuous race, 16.
+
+    Hy-pe´ri-on.
+      The Titan who had charge of the sun chariot, 17, 20, 22.
+
+    Hyp-erm-nes´tra.
+      Daughter of Danaus;
+      saves her husband, 166.
+
+
+    I-ap´e-tus.
+      One of the Titans;
+      father of Prometheus, 17, 25, 229.
+
+    I-a´pis.
+      Leech consulted by Æneas;
+      cures Æneas with Venus' aid, 376.
+
+    I-a´si-us.
+      Same as Iasion;
+      father of Atalanta, 275, 364.
+
+    Ic´a-rus.
+      Son of Dædalus;
+      fell into the Icarian Sea, 253-255.
+
+    I´da.
+      Mountain in Crete, and near Troy also, 21, 320.
+
+    I´das.
+      A mortal befriended by Neptune;
+      elopes with Marpessa, 155.
+
+    Il´i-a.
+      1. One of the Titanides;
+         daughter of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+      2. Priestess of Vesta;
+         wife of Mars;
+         mother of Romulus and Remus, 140, 377.
+
+    Il´i-ad.
+      Homer's epic poem on the Trojan war, 318, 321, 329.
+
+    Il´i-um.
+      Same as Troy whence comes the Iliad's name, 317, 360, 363, 370.
+
+    In´a-chus.
+      River god (father of Io), 134, 136.
+
+    Infernal Regions.
+      Judges in the, 45;
+      Orpheus visits, 76-79;
+      Adonis visits, 108;
+      Pluto's realm, 159;
+      Proserpina's sojourn in, 194;
+      Æneas visits, 370.
+
+    I´no.
+      Same as Leucothea;
+      second wife of Athamas;
+      daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 174, 265;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    I´o.
+      Maiden loved by Jupiter;
+      changed into a heifer, 134-137;
+      significance, 385, 396.
+
+    I-ob´a-tes.
+      King of Lycia;
+      recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon, 291-295.
+
+    I-o-la´us.
+      Friend of Hercules;
+      helped slay the Hydra, 220.
+
+    I-ol´cus.
+      Kingdom of Æson and Jason;
+      usurped by Pelias, 263.
+
+    I´o-le.
+      Maiden loved by Hercules, 235, 236;
+      significance, 390, 392.
+
+    I´on.
+      Grandson of Hellen;
+      ancestor of Ionian race, 38.
+
+    I-o´ni-an Race.
+      Race descended from Ion, grandson of Hellen, 38.
+
+    I-o´ni-an Sea.
+      Sea west of Greece, named after Io, 136, 137.
+
+    Iph-i-ge-ni´a.
+      Daughter of Agamemnon;
+      sacrificed to Diana, 315, 316;
+      Orestes finds, 336.
+
+    I´ris (the Rainbow).
+      Attendant of Juno, 52, 329, 374.
+
+    Iron Age.
+      Fourth and last age previous to the Deluge, 36.
+
+    Isles of the Blest.
+      Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead, 16, 17;
+      Ulysses searches for, 359.
+
+    Is´ma-rus.
+      Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Is-me´ne.
+      Daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, 285;
+      dies of grief, 290.
+
+    Isth´mi-an Games.
+      Games held in honor of Neptune, at Corinth, every four years, 158.
+
+    It´a-ly.
+      Saturn retires to, 23;
+      Ceres returns to, 190;
+      Janus, king of, 205.
+
+    Ith´a-ca.
+      Ulysses' island kingdom, 214, 312, 337;
+      Ulysses arrives in sight of, 346;
+      Ulysses returns to, 354, 355;
+      Telemachus returns to, 357;
+      home of Penelope.
+
+    I-u´lus.
+      Æneas' son;
+      Æneas saves, 361;
+      Cupid assumes form of, 367;
+      stag wounded by, 373;
+      brave defense by, 374.
+
+    Ivory Gate.
+      Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.
+
+    Ix-i´on.
+      Criminal in Tartarus;
+      bound to wheel of fire, 77, 169, 260;
+      significance, 389.
+
+
+    Ja-nic´u-lum.
+      City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, 205.
+
+    Ja´nus.
+      God of all beginnings, of entrances, gates, etc., 205-207;
+      opening of temple of, 373.
+
+    Ja´nus Quad´ri-fons.
+      A square temple dedicated to Janus, 206.
+
+    Ja´son.
+      Son of Æson;
+      captured the golden fleece, 263-274;
+      significance, 392, 393.
+
+    Jo-cas´ta.
+      Wife of Laius, 280;
+      marries Oedipus, her son, 285;
+      commits suicide, 286;
+      significance, 392, 393.
+
+    Jove.
+      Same as Jupiter, 39;
+      birth of, 20;
+      day of, 207;
+      Leda courted by, 311;
+      decree of, 329.
+
+    Ju´no.
+      Birth of, 22;
+      flight of, 24;
+      Jupiter's wife, 44;
+      same as Hera, 51-54;
+      jealousy of, 61, 62, 135-137, 171, 172, 174, 203, 216;
+      Mars, son of, 138;
+      Vulcan, son of, 144;
+      Tityus insults, 169;
+      Æolus, servant of, 213;
+      Hercules persecuted by, 216-218, 219, 224;
+      Jason carries, 264;
+      Jason aided by, 266, 267;
+      contest of Minerva and Venus with, 306-308;
+      Troy destroyed by, 362;
+      Æneas persecuted by, 364, 365, 369, 373-375;
+      significance, 385, 389, 400.
+
+    Ju´pi-ter.
+      Birth of, 20;
+      supremacy of, 21;
+      giants defeated by, 22-24;
+      kingdom divided by, 25;
+      Prometheus punished by, 28;
+      Mercury, messenger of, 31, 134;
+      Deluge caused by, 36;
+      same as Jove, 39-49;
+      Juno courted by, 51;
+      Minerva borne by, 55;
+      Latona courted by, 61;
+      Æsculapius slain by, 64;
+      Amphion, son of, 80;
+      Phaeton slain by, 87;
+      Muses, daughters of, 88;
+      Venus, daughter of, 103;
+      Graces, daughters of, 105;
+      Venus borrows thunderbolts of, 111;
+      Mercury, son of, 131;
+      Io courted by, 135, 136;
+      Mars, son of, 138;
+      Vulcan, son of, 144;
+      thunderbolts of, 147, 155;
+      Neptune exiled by, 151;
+      Semele courted by, 171-174;
+      Ceres, wife of, 183;
+      Hercules, son of, 216, 218;
+      games in honor of, 230, 239;
+      Hercules saved by, 238;
+      Danae courted by, 240, 241;
+      Helen, daughter of, 260, 311;
+      Bellerophon punished by, 295;
+      Thetis loved by, 305, 306;
+      Thetis seeks, 319;
+      interference of, 320, 362, 375;
+      Sarpedon, son of, 325;
+      Apollo appeased by, 354;
+      significance, 381, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 394, 396, 398-400.
+
+    Jus´tice.
+      Same as Themis, 44;
+      mother of seasons, 105.
+
+    Ju-tur´na.
+      Sister and charioteer of Turnus, 376.
+
+    Ju-ven´tas.
+      Same as Hebe, goddess of youth, 41.
+
+
+    Ka´kia.
+      Goddess of vice;
+      tries to mislead Hercules, 218.
+
+
+    Lab´y-rinth.
+      A maze in Crete, constructed by Dædalus for the Minotaur, 253-257.
+
+    Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-a.
+      Province in Peloponnesus;
+      capital Sparta, also name of Sparta, 312.
+
+    Lac-e-dæ-mo´ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Lacedæmonia, or Sparta, 212.
+
+    Lach´e-sis.
+      One of the Fates;
+      twists the thread of life, 165.
+
+    La´don.
+      Dragon which guarded golden apples of Hesperides, 226.
+
+    La-er´tes.
+      Father of Ulysses, 315, 345;
+      Penelope weaves his shroud, 357.
+
+    Læs-try-go´ni-ans.
+      Cannibals visited by Ulysses, 347.
+
+    La´ius.
+      Father of Oedipus, 280;
+      slain by him, 282;
+      significance, 392-394.
+
+    Lam-pe´tia.
+      One of the Heliades, 87;
+      guards the cattle of the sun, 353, 354.
+
+    La-oc´o-on.
+      Trojan priest;
+      crushed to death by two serpents, 333-335.
+
+    La-od-a-mi´a.
+      Wife of Protesilaus;
+      dies of grief, 316, 317.
+
+    La-om´e-don.
+      King of Troy;
+      employs Neptune and Apollo to build walls, 151, 152;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Lap´i-thæ.
+      People who dwelt in Thessaly and fought the Centaurs, 230, 260;
+      Ixion, king of, 169;
+      Pirithous, king of, 259.
+
+    La´ra.
+      Wife of Mercury;
+      mother of the two Lares, 203.
+
+    La´res.
+      Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households, 203;
+      saved by Anchises, 362.
+
+    Lat´in.
+      Names of days in, 207.
+
+    Lat´ins.
+      People of Latinus and Æneas, 377;
+      Æneas fights, 375.
+
+    La-ti´nus.
+      King of Latium, 372;
+      welcomes and then wars against Æneas, 373, 374, 376;
+      Æneas makes peace with, 377.
+
+    La´ti-um.
+      Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, 377;
+      Æneas comes to, 372.
+
+    Lat´mus.
+      Mountain in Asia Minor, where Endymion lies asleep, 97;
+      significance, 388, 392, 394.
+
+    La-to´na.
+      Same as Leto;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Apollo and Diana, 61, 62;
+      boast of, 93;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Lau´sus.
+      Hero slain by Æneas during wars against the Rutules, 376.
+
+    La-vin´i-a.
+      Daughter of Latinus, 372, 373;
+      Æneas' second wife, 376, 377.
+
+    Le-an´der.
+      Youth of Abydus;
+      Hero's lover, who swam the Hellespont, 111-117.
+
+    Le-ar´chus.
+      Son of Athamas and Ino;
+      slain by his father, 174.
+
+    Le´da.
+      Mother of Castor and Pollux, Helen and Clytæmnestra, 311;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Le´laps.
+      The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus, 70.
+
+    Lem´nos.
+      Island in the Grecian Archipelago;
+      Vulcan landed there, 144;
+      Philoctetes on, 330.
+
+    Ler´na.
+      Marsh where the Hydra lay concealed, 220.
+
+    Le´the.
+      River of forgetfulness, which separated the Elysian Fields from
+          Hades, 161, 163, 208, 210.
+
+    Le´to.
+      Same as Latona;
+      mother of Apollo and Diana, 61;
+      significance, 386, 388, 392, 394.
+
+    Leu-co´the-a.
+      Same as Ino, Athamas' wife;
+      sea goddess, 174;
+      Ulysses rescued by, 355.
+
+    Li´ber.
+      Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.
+
+    Lib-er-a´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Liber, or Bacchus, held in the autumn, 182.
+
+    Lib´y-a.
+      Ancient name of Africa;
+      coast upon which Æneas landed, 48, 366.
+
+    Li´chas.
+      Bearer of the Nessus robe;
+      slain by Hercules, 236-238.
+
+    Light.
+      Same as Æther, 13.
+
+    Lip´a-ri Islands.
+      Same as Æolian Islands, where Ulysses landed, 213.
+
+    Little Bear.
+      Arcas changed into the constellation of the, 52.
+
+    Lo´tis.
+      Nymph changed into a lotus blossom, 299.
+
+    Lo-toph´a-gi.
+      People whose food was the lotus;
+      the Lotus-eaters, 338.
+
+    Love.
+      Same as Eros, Cupid, etc., 13;
+      Psyche courted by, 124-127.
+
+    Loves.
+      Attendants of Venus, 148.
+
+    Lower Regions.
+      Visited by Æneas, 372.
+
+    Lu´nae.
+      Same as Diana, 207.
+
+    Lyc´i-a.
+      Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the
+          Chimæra, 291, 295.
+
+    Lyc-o-me´des.
+      King of Scyros;
+      treacherously slays Theseus, 262;
+      shelters Achilles, 314, 315.
+
+    Ly´cus.
+      Antiope's second husband;
+      slain by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.
+
+    Lyd´i-a.
+      Kingdom of Midas, in Asia Minor, 177, 230.
+
+    Lyn´ceus.
+      Husband of Hypermnestra, who spared his life, 166.
+
+    Lyn´cus.
+      King of Scythia;
+      changed into a lynx by Ceres, 196.
+
+    Ly´ra.
+      Orpheus' lute;
+      placed in heavens as a constellation, 80.
+
+
+    Ma-cha´on.
+      Celebrated leech;
+      son of Æsculapius, 64;
+      Philoctetes healed by, 331.
+
+    Ma´ia.
+      Goddess of the plains;
+      mother of Mercury, 131;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Ma´nes.
+      Tutelary divinities of Roman households, with the Lares and
+          Penates, 203.
+
+    Mar-pes´sa.
+      Daughter of Evenus;
+      marries Idas, 155.
+
+    Mars.
+      Same as Ares;
+      son of Jupiter and Juno, 52;
+      god of war, 138-143;
+      Venus courted by, 106-108;
+      day of, 207;
+      descendants of, 377;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Mar´sy-as.
+      1. Shepherd who enters into competition with Apollo, 73, 74.
+      2. Name of river, 74.
+
+    Mar´ti-us, Cam´pus.
+      Roman exercising grounds, 143.
+
+    Mat-ro-na´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Juno, in Rome, 54.
+
+    Me-de´a.
+      Daughter of Æetes, 268, 269;
+      wife of Jason, 271, 273, 274;
+      wife of Ægeus, 252, 253;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Me´di-a.
+      Country in Asia Minor, where Medea took refuge, 253.
+
+    Med-i-ter-ra´ne-an.
+      Sea dividing world in two, 15.
+
+    Me-du´sa.
+      Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes, 242-249;
+      Neptune marries, 154;
+      Pegasus, offspring of, 294;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Me-gæ´ra.
+      One of the Furies, Eumenides, or Erinnyes, 163.
+
+    Meg´a-ra.
+      First wife of Hercules, whose three children he burns in his
+          madness, 219;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Me-le-a´ger.
+      Son of Oeneus and Althæa;
+      leader of Calydonian Hunt, 275, 276;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Me´li-an Nymphs.
+      Nymphs who nursed Jupiter in infancy, 21.
+
+    Mel-pom´e-ne.
+      One of the Muses;
+      presides over tragedy, 88.
+
+    Mem´phis.
+      Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, 136.
+
+    Men-e-la´us.
+      King of Sparta;
+      husband of Helen of Troy, 310-314;
+      Paris fights, 320;
+      return of, 335;
+      Telemachus visits, 357;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Men´e-ti-us.
+      One of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, 25.
+
+    Men´tor.
+      Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus, 357, 358.
+
+    Mer-cu-ra´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Mercury, the messenger god, 137.
+
+    Mer´cu-ry.
+      Same as Hermes;
+      son of Jupiter and Maia, 131-137;
+      Pandora guided by, 29, 31;
+      Jupiter's ally, 43;
+      Adonis guided by, 108;
+      Mars delivered by, 139;
+      Bacchus guarded by, 174;
+      Proserpina guided by, 195;
+      Lara loved by, 203;
+      day of, 207;
+      leader of dreams, 210;
+      Perseus helped by, 243;
+      Pan, son of, 300;
+      Protesilaus guided by, 317;
+      Priam led by, 329;
+      Ulysses aided by, 349, 354;
+      Æneas aided by, 369;
+      significance, 385, 386, 399, 400.
+
+    Mer´o-pe.
+      Daughter of Oenopion;
+      promised bride of Orion, 99.
+
+    Met-a-nei´ra.
+      Wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis;
+      mother of Triptolemus, 188.
+
+    Me´tis.
+      Daughter of Oceanus;
+      gives a potion to Cronus, 22.
+
+    Me´tus.
+      Attendant of Mars;
+      god of war and strife, 138.
+
+    Me-zen´ti-us.
+      Father of Lausus;
+      slain by Æneas, 376.
+
+    Mi´das.
+      King of Lydia, 74, 75;
+      changed all he touched to gold, 177-179.
+
+    Mi-la´ni-on.
+      Same as Hippomenes;
+      husband of Atalanta, 278.
+
+    Mi´lo.
+      Island where statue of Venus was found, 130.
+
+    Mi-ner´va.
+      Same as Athene, goddess of wisdom;
+      daughter of Jupiter, 55-60;
+      man given soul by, 27;
+      flute of, 73;
+      Vulcan wooes, 147;
+      contest of Neptune and, 152;
+      Medusa punished by, 242;
+      Perseus aided by, 243;
+      gift to, 249;
+      Argo built by, 266;
+      Bellerophon helped by, 292;
+      Juno and Venus dispute with, 306-308;
+      Ulysses aided by, 354-358;
+      significance, 395, 396.
+
+    Min-er-va´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Minerva, in Rome, 60.
+
+    Mi´nos.
+      1. King of Crete, 223;
+         father of Ariadne and Phædra, 253, 256.
+      2. Son of Jupiter and Europa;
+         judge in Hades, 45, 163.
+
+    Min´o-taur.
+      Monster which Minos kept in the Labyrinth, 253-257;
+      significance, 391, 401.
+
+    Mne-mos´y-ne.
+      A Titanide, 17, 22;
+      goddess of memory;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of the Muses, 88.
+
+    Moe´ræ.
+      The Fates, or Parcæ, who spin, twist, and cut the thread of
+          life, 165.
+
+    Mor´pheus.
+      Prime minister of Somnus, god of sleep, 208, 212.
+
+    Mors.
+      Same as Thanatos, god of death, 208-212, 213.
+
+    Mo-sych´lus.
+      Mountain in Lemnos, where Vulcan fell from heaven, 144.
+
+    Mu-sag´e-tes.
+      Apollo's name when he led the choir of the Muses, 88.
+
+    Mu´ses, the Nine.
+      Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 73-75, 88-90;
+      mount of the, 294.
+
+    My-ce´næ.
+      Favorite city of Juno, with Sparta and Argos, 52;
+      Perseus exchanges Argos for, 249.
+
+    Myr´mi-dons.
+      Achilles' followers;
+      led by Patroclus, 324, 325;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Mys´ter-ies.
+      Religious rites celebrated in honor of the God of Wine, 182.
+
+    Myths.
+      Fabulous tales, 378-401.
+
+
+    Na-i´a-des.
+      Fountain nymphs subject to Neptune, 297, 298.
+
+    Na-pæ´æ.
+      Valley nymphs, who looked after the flocks also, 297.
+
+    Nar-cis´sus.
+      Youth loved by Echo;
+      enamored with his own image, 118-120.
+
+    Nau-sic´a-a.
+      Daughter of Alcinous and Arete;
+      befriends Ulysses, 355.
+
+    Nax´os.
+      Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, 179, 257;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Nec´tar.
+      Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede, 41, 84.
+
+    Ne´leus.
+      Son of Neptune;
+      brother of Pelias, 154.
+
+    Ne´me-a.
+      Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, 220.
+
+    Ne´me-an Games.
+      Games in honor of Jupiter and Hercules, 239.
+
+    Ne´me-an Lion.
+      Monster slain by Hercules, 220.
+
+    Nem´e-sis.
+      Goddess of vengeance, 163;
+      pursues Orestes, 336.
+
+    Ne-op-tol´e-mus.
+      Same as Pyrrhus;
+      Achilles' son;
+      slays Priam, 361.
+
+    Neph´e-le.
+      Wife of Athamas;
+      mother of Phryxus and Helle, 265;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Nep´tune.
+      Same as Poseidon, god of the sea, 149-158;
+      son of Cronus, 22;
+      kingdom given to, 25;
+      Deluge controlled by, 36, 37;
+      horse created by, 57;
+      Delos created by, 62;
+      walls built by, 65;
+      Mars punished by, 139;
+      girl protected by, 197;
+      Vesta wooed by, 198;
+      Minos punished by, 223;
+      Pegasus created by, 244;
+      Hippolytus slain by, 262;
+      Thetis wooed by, 305;
+      Trojans punished by, 332, 333;
+      Polyphemus, son of, 339;
+      Ulysses' men slain by, 354, 355;
+      Æneas saved by, 366, 370;
+      significance, 397, 400.
+
+    Ne-re´i-des.
+      Water nymphs;
+      daughters of Nereus and Doris, 153, 155;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Ne´re-us.
+      God of the sea;
+      the personification of its pleasant aspect, 154, 226;
+      father of Thetis, 305;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Nes´sus.
+      The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river;
+      slain by Hercules, 234, 235;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Nes´tor.
+      Greek hero during Trojan war;
+      noted for wise counsel, 275, 314, 357.
+
+    Ni´ce.
+      Same as Victory;
+      attendant of Jupiter, 41.
+
+    Night.
+      Same as Nyx or Nox, 13, 15, 57, 208.
+
+    Nightmares.
+      Attendants of Somnus, crouching in his cave, 210.
+
+    Ni´o-be.
+      Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and
+          Diana, 93-96, 167;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    Ni´sus.
+      Youth who accompanies Euryalus to summon Æneas back to camp, 374.
+
+    No´man.
+      Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, 343, 344.
+
+    No´tus or Auster.
+      Southwest wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Nox.
+      Same as Nyx, goddess of night;
+      marries Chaos and Erebus, 13.
+
+    Nu´ma Pom-pil´i-us.
+      Second king of Rome;
+      built Vesta's temple, 200.
+
+    Nymphs.
+      Name given to female minor divinities, 297.
+
+    Ny-si´a-des.
+      Nymphs who cared for Bacchus, and form a constellation, 174.
+
+    Nyx.
+      Same as Nox, goddess of night;
+      mother of Day and Light, 13, 15, 17, 163.
+
+
+    O-ce-an´i-des.
+      Daughters of Oceanus;
+      nymphs of the ocean, 25, 103, 303;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    O-ce´a-nus.
+      1. River surrounding the earth, according to ancients, 15, 16, 229.
+      2. One of the Titans;
+         son of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 20, 22, 25, 149;
+         significance, 397.
+
+    O-cris´i-a.
+      A slave;
+      wife of Vulcan;
+      mother of Servius Tullius, 148.
+
+    O-dys´seus.
+      Same as Ulysses;
+      hero of the Odyssey, 337.
+
+    Od´ys-sey.
+      Epic poem of Homer on the adventures of Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Oed´i-pus.
+      Son of Laius and Jocasta;
+      King of Thebes, 280-290;
+      significance, 392, 393, 394.
+
+    Oe´neus.
+      Father of Meleager and Deianeira;
+      husband of Althæa, 232, 275.
+
+    Oe-no´ne.
+      Wife of Paris, son of Priam, 307, 308;
+      she dies on his funeral pyre, 331;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Oe-no´pi-on. Father of Merope;
+      blinds Orion, 99.
+
+    Oe´ta.
+      Mountain on whose summit Hercules builds his funeral pyre, 238.
+
+    O-gyg´i-a.
+      Island where Calypso detains Ulysses seven years, 354.
+
+    O-lym´pi-a.
+      City in Elis noted for its temple and games, 49, 230, 239.
+
+    O-lym´pi-ad.
+      Time between Olympian Games; i.e., four years, 49.
+
+    O-lym´pi-an Games.
+      Games instituted by Hercules in honor of Jupiter, 49, 230.
+
+    O-lym´pus.
+      Mountain north of Greece;
+      the abode of the gods, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 39, 51, 55,
+          58, 70, 76, 96, 106, 120, 128, 132, 135, 153, 171, 240, 297,
+          373, 375;
+      gods fly from, 24;
+      Prometheus visits, 28;
+      Ganymede transported to, 43;
+      Vulcan expelled from, 144;
+      Ceres visits, 194;
+      Bellerophon storms, 295;
+      Thetis visits, 319;
+      significance, 384.
+
+    Om´pha-le.
+      Queen of Lydia;
+      the taskmistress of Hercules, 230.
+
+    O-ne-i-co-pom´pus.
+      Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, 131, 137.
+
+    Ops.
+      Same as Cybele;
+      name given to Rhea, and also to Ceres, 20.
+
+    O-re´a-des.
+      Mountain nymphs who guided travelers, 297.
+
+    O-res´tes.
+      Son of Agamemnon and Clytæmnestra;
+      friend of Pylades, 336.
+
+    O-ri´on.
+      Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, 98-100.
+
+    Or-i-thy´i-a.
+      Wife of Boreas;
+      mother of Calais, Zetus, Cleopatra, and Chione, 215.
+
+    Or´pheus.
+      Musician;
+      son of Apollo and Calliope, 75-80, 266;
+      significance, 387, 388.
+
+    Os´sa.
+      Mountain in Thessaly, upon which the Titans piled Pelion, 23.
+
+    O´tus.
+      Giant son of Neptune;
+      slain by Diana and Apollo, 139, 154;
+      significance, 400.
+
+
+    Pac-to´lus.
+      River in Asia Minor in which Midas washed, to remove his golden
+          plague, 179.
+
+    Pa-læ´mon.
+      Son of Athamas and Ino;
+      changed into sea god, 174.
+
+    Pal-a-me´des.
+      Messenger sent to summon Ulysses to war against Troy, 312.
+
+    Pal-i-nu´rus.
+      Æneas' pilot;
+      lost at sea off Cape Misenum, 370, 372.
+
+    Pal-la´di-um.
+      Statue of Minerva, 60;
+      stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, 198, 332.
+
+    Pal´las.
+      1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, 27, 55, 57.
+      2. Son of Evander;
+         slain by Turnus while fighting for Æneas, 374, 375.
+
+    Pal´lor.
+      Special attendant of Mars;
+      lover of strife, 138.
+
+    Pan.
+      Same as Consentes, god of nature and the universe, 74, 127, 300, 301;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Pan-ath-e-næ´a.
+      Festivals held in honor of Minerva, 60.
+
+    Pan-do´ra.
+      First woman;
+      created in heaven, she brings evil into the world, 29-35, 37.
+
+    Par´cæ.
+      The Fates, or Moeræ;
+      they spin the thread of destiny, 165.
+
+    Par´is.
+      Son of Priam and Hecuba, 307;
+      judgment of, 308;
+      visits Troy, 308, 310;
+      elopes with Helen, 312;
+      duel with Menelaus, 320;
+      in battle, 323;
+      Achilles slain by, 330;
+      death of, 331;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Par-nas´sus.
+      Mountain in Greece, 37, 38;
+      sacred to Apollo and the Muses, 90.
+
+    Par-the´ni-um.
+      Mountain upon which Atalanta was exposed, 275.
+
+    Par´the-non.
+      Temple dedicated to Minerva at Athens, 60.
+
+    Pa-tro´clus.
+      Friend of Achilles;
+      slain by Hector, 324-328;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Peg´a-sus.
+      Steed born from the sea foam and the blood of Medusa, 154, 244;
+      Bellerophon rides, 292-296;
+      significance, 394, 397.
+
+    Pe´leus.
+      Husband of Thetis;
+      father of Achilles, 266, 275, 305, 314.
+
+    Pe´li-as.
+      Uncle of Jason;
+      brother of Neleus, 154;
+      usurps the throne of Æson, 263-266, 273.
+
+    Pe´li-on.
+      A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to
+          reach Olympus, 23, 266.
+
+    Pel-o-pon-ne´sus.
+      The peninsula south of Greece, 49, 167.
+
+    Pe´lops.
+      Son of Tantalus;
+      gave his name to the Peloponnesus, 167;
+      father of Copreus, 153;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Pe-na´tes.
+      Household gods worshiped in Rome with the Lares, 203, 204;
+      Æneas saves the, 362.
+
+    Pe-nel´o-pe.
+      1. Wife of Ulysses, 312;
+         suitors of, 357-359;
+         significance, 395.
+      2. A nymph, the mother of Pan, 300.
+
+    Pe-ne´us.
+      1. River god;
+         father of Daphne;
+         changes Daphne into a laurel.
+      2. Name of a river in Greece, 68.
+
+    Pen-the-si-le´a.
+      Queen of Amazons;
+      slain during Trojan war, 329.
+
+    Pen´theus.
+      King of Thebes;
+      refuses to receive Bacchus, and is slain, 181, 182.
+
+    Per-i-phe´tes.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.
+
+    Per-seph´o-ne.
+      Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183, 187, 194.
+
+    Per´seus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Danae;
+      slays Medusa, 240-249;
+      significance, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395.
+
+    Pet´a-sus.
+      Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, 134.
+
+    Phæ-a´ci-ans.
+      People who dwelt in Scheria, and sent Ulysses home, 355;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Phæ´dra.
+      Daughter of Minos;
+      wife of Theseus, 262;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Pha´e-ton.
+      Son of Apollo and Clymene;
+      drives the sun car, and is slain, 83-88;
+      significance, 388, 395.
+
+    Pha-e-tu´sa.
+      Sister of Phaeton;
+      one of the Heliades, 87;
+      Apollo's flocks guarded by, 353.
+
+    Phe-re-phat´ta.
+      Name given to Persephone, or Proserpina, 183.
+
+    Phid´i-as.
+      Noted Greek sculptor;
+      made statues of the gods, 49, 60.
+
+    Phi-le´mon.
+      Husband of Baucis;
+      changed into an oak, 43, 44.
+
+    Phil-oc-te´tes.
+      Friend of Hercules;
+      receives his arrows, 238, 330, 331.
+
+    Phi-lon´o-e.
+      Daughter of Iobates;
+      wife of Bellerophon, 292;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Phin´e-us.
+      The blind king of Thrace;
+      annoyed by the Harpies, 248, 249, 267.
+
+    Phleg´e-thon.
+      One of the rivers of Hades;
+      a river of fire, 161, 163, 350.
+
+    Pho´bos.
+      One of the attendants of Mars, god of war, 138.
+
+    Pho´cis.
+      Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of
+          Corinth, 336.
+
+    Phoe´be.
+      One of the Titanides, 17, 20;
+      same as Diana, 93.
+
+    Phoe´bus.
+      Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and of medicine, 61, 67,
+          90, 94, 96, 318;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Phoe-nic´i-a.
+      Province in Asia Minor, named after Phoenix, 47;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Phoe´nix.
+      Brother of Europa, who gave his name to Phoenicia, 45, 47.
+
+    Phryx´us.
+      Son of Athamas and Nephele;
+      rides on golden-fleeced ram to Colchis, 154, 265;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Pi-re´ne.
+      Fountain near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, 294.
+
+    Pi-rith´o-us.
+      King of the Lapithæ;
+      friend of Theseus, 259, 260, 275.
+
+    Ple´ia-des.
+      Seven of Diana's nymphs;
+      pursued by Orion and changed into stars, 98.
+
+    Plu´to.
+      Same as Hades, Dis, Aïdoneus, etc., 159-170;
+      god of the Infernal Regions, 25, 76, 77, 79, 110, 208, 350;
+      birth of, 22;
+      Proserpina kidnapped by, 183-187;
+      Arethusa sees, 193;
+      Ceres visits, 195;
+      Perseus aided by, 243;
+      Theseus punished by, 260;
+      significance, 396, 401.
+
+    Plu´tus.
+      Name given to Pluto when invoked as god of wealth, 159.
+
+    Pod-a-lir´i-us.
+      Son of Æsculapius;
+      skilled in medicine, 64.
+
+    Po-dar´ces.
+      Same as Priam, King of Troy;
+      slain by Pyrrhus, 152.
+
+    Po-li´tes.
+      Last of Priam's sons;
+      slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, 361.
+
+    Pol´lux.
+      Son of Jupiter and Leda;
+      brother of Castor, Helen, and Clytæmnestra, 260, 266, 275, 278, 279.
+
+    Pol´y-bus.
+      King of Corinth;
+      adopted Oedipus when forsaken by the servant, 280-282.
+
+    Pol-y-dec´tes.
+      King of Seriphus;
+      sends Perseus in quest of Medusa, 242, 249.
+
+    Pol-y-do´rus.
+      Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace;
+      his grave discovered by Æneas, 363.
+
+    Pol-y-hym´ni-a.
+      Muse of rhetoric;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.
+
+    Pol-y-ni´ces.
+      Son of Oedipus, 285;
+      slain by Eteocles, 287;
+      buried by Antigone, 288.
+
+    Pol-y-phe´mus.
+      Giant son of Neptune, 154;
+      Ulysses visits, 339-346;
+      Galatea loved by, 341;
+      blinded by Ulysses, 344;
+      Achemenides escapes from, 365.
+
+    Po-lyx´e-na.
+      Daughter of Priam;
+      affianced wife of Achilles, 330.
+
+    Po-mo´na.
+      Goddess of the orchards;
+      wife of Vertumnus, 303.
+
+    Pon´tus.
+      Name given to the sea when first created, 13, 15.
+
+    Po-sei´don.
+      Same as Neptune, god of the sea and of horse trainers, 149.
+
+    Po´thos.
+      God of the amities of love;
+      one of the numerous attendants of Venus, 106.
+
+    Pri´am.
+      Same as Podarces, 152;
+      King of Troy, 307;
+      Paris received by, 310;
+      duel witnessed by, 320;
+      Hector, son of, 325;
+      Hector's death seen by, 328;
+      Mercury leads, 329;
+      Polyxena, daughter of, 330;
+      death of, 335, 361.
+
+    Pri-a´pus.
+      God of the shade;
+      pursues the nymph Lotis, 299, 301.
+
+    Pro´cris.
+      Wife of Cephalus;
+      slain by his unerring javelin, 70, 71;
+      significance, 387, 389.
+
+    Pro-crus´tes (The Stretcher).
+      Encountered and slain by Theseus, 252.
+
+    Proe´tus.
+      Husband of Anteia, and kinsman of Bellerophon, 291, 292.
+
+    Pro-me´theus (Forethought).
+      Son of Iapetus;
+      man created by, 25;
+      Olympus visited by, 27;
+      chained to Caucasian Mountains, 28;
+      Hercules delivers, 28, 227;
+      Deucalion, son of, 37;
+      significance, 379, 398.
+
+    Pro-ser´pi-na.
+      Same as Proserpine and Persephone;
+      goddess of vegetation, 183-197;
+      Orpheus visits, 77;
+      Adonis welcomed by, 110;
+      Pluto kidnaps, 159;
+      emblem of death, 212;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Pro-tes-i-la´us.
+      First Greek who landed on Trojan coast, 316, 317.
+
+    Pro´teus.
+      Inferior sea divinity;
+      shepherd of the deep, 156;
+      Menelaus consults, 336;
+      significance, 381.
+
+    Psy´che.
+      Fair princess loved by Cupid;
+      the emblem of the soul, 121-130;
+      significance, 381.
+
+    Psy-cho-pom´pus.
+      Name given to Mercury as leader of souls to Hades, 131, 137.
+
+    Pyg-ma´li-on.
+      1. Celebrated sculptor, who loves a statue, 120, 121.
+      2. Brother of Dido;
+         murderer of Sychæus, Dido's husband, 366.
+
+    Pyg´mies.
+      Race of small people in Africa;
+      defended by Antæus, 227, 228.
+
+    Pyl´a-des.
+      Son of Strophius;
+      intimate friend of Orestes, 336.
+
+    Pyr´a-mus.
+      Faithful lover of Thisbe;
+      commits suicide, 117, 118.
+
+    Pyr´rha.
+      Wife of Deucalion;
+      the only woman who survives the Flood, 37, 38.
+
+    Pyr´rhus.
+      Same as Neoptolemus;
+      son of Achilles, 361.
+
+    Pyth´e-us.
+      Surname given to Apollo as python slayer, 61, 65.
+
+    Pyth´i-a.
+      Name given to Apollo's priestess at Delphi, 91.
+
+    Pyth´i-an Games.
+      Games celebrated at Delphi every three years, 91.
+
+    Py´thon.
+      Serpent born of the Deluge slime;
+      slain by Apollo, 65-67;
+      significance, 387, 400.
+
+
+    Quin-qua´tri-a.
+      Festivals in honor of the goddess Minerva, 60.
+
+    Quir´i-nal.
+      One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 142.
+
+    Quir-i-na´li-a.
+      Festivals in Rome in honor of Quirinus, 142.
+
+    Qui-ri´nus.
+      Name given to Romulus when deified, 142.
+
+
+    Re-gil´lus.
+      Lake in Italy where occurred the battle in which the Dioscuri
+          were supposed to assist, 279.
+
+    Re´mus.
+      Son of Mars and Ilia;
+      twin brother of Romulus, 140-142, 377.
+
+    Rhad-a-man´thus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Europa;
+      judge in Hades, 45, 163.
+
+    Rhe´a.
+      Female Titan;
+      daughter of Uranus and Gæa, 17;
+      wife of Cronus, 18;
+      Jupiter saved by, 20;
+      Corybantes, priests of, 21;
+      Cronus defeated by, 22;
+      Juno, daughter of, 51;
+      Pluto, son of, 159;
+      Ceres, daughter of, 183;
+      Vesta, daughter of, 198;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Rhodes.
+      Island in the Mediterranean, where the Colossus stood, 91.
+
+    Rome.
+      City founded by Romulus;
+      it comprises seven hills, 142.
+
+    Rom´u-lus.
+      Son of Mars and Ilia;
+      founder of Rome, 140, 142, 372, 377.
+
+    Ru´tu-les.
+      Nation in Italy, governed by Turnus, 374, 375.
+
+
+    Sa-git-ta´ri-us.
+      The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught
+          Hercules, 221.
+
+    Sa-la´ci-a.
+      Same as Amphitrite;
+      wife of Neptune, 154.
+
+    Sa´li-i.
+      Priests appointed to watch the sacred shields in Rome, 143.
+
+    Sal-mo´neus.
+      King who wished to emulate Jupiter, 168.
+
+    Sar-pe´don.
+      Son of Jupiter and Europa, 45;
+      slain during the Trojan war, 325.
+
+    Sat´urn, or Cronus.
+      Son of Uranus and Gæa, 18;
+      father of Jupiter, 20;
+      Italy ruled by, 23, 35;
+      husband of Rhea, 25;
+      day of, 207.
+
+    Sa´tyrs.
+      Male divinities of the woods, half man, half goat, 300.
+
+    Scæ´an Gate.
+      Gate which led from Troy to the plain, 321.
+
+    Sci´ron.
+      Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth, 251, 252.
+
+    Scyl´la.
+      Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of
+          same name, 352, 353, 365.
+
+    Scy´ros.
+      Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by
+          Achilles and Theseus, 262.
+
+    Scyth´i-a.
+      Country north of the Euxine Sea, 196.
+
+    Seasons.
+      The four daughters of Jupiter and Themis, 105.
+
+    Sec´u-lar Games.
+      Games in honor of Pluto every hundred years, 160.
+
+    Se-le´ne.
+      Name given to Diana as moon goddess, 93;
+      significance, 388, 389.
+
+    Sem´e-le.
+      Daughter of Cadmus;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Bacchus, 171-174;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Se-ri´phus.
+      Island where Danae and Perseus were cast ashore, 242, 249.
+
+    Ser´vi-us Tul´li-us.
+      Sixth king of Rome;
+      son of Vulcan and Ocrisia, 148.
+
+    Ses´tus.
+      City opposite Abydus;
+      the home of Hero, 111, 112, 116.
+
+    Seven Wonders of the World, 49, 91.
+
+    Sheet-lightning.
+      Same as Arges, 18.
+
+    Sib´yl.
+      Prophetess of Cumæ, who led Æneas down to the infernal Regions,
+          370-372.
+
+    Si-ca´ni-a.
+      Land where Anchises died;
+      visited twice by Æneas, 365.
+
+    Sic´i-ly.
+      Island home of Polyphemus;
+      visited by Arion, 82;
+      visited by Proserpina, 183;
+      visited by Ulysses, 339;
+      visited by Æneas, 365, 370.
+
+    Si-le´nus.
+      Tutor of Bacchus;
+      generally represented on an ass, 174-177, 300.
+
+    Sil-va´nus.
+      God of the woods;
+      one of the lesser Roman divinities, 301.
+
+    Silver Age.
+      Second age of the ancient world, 35.
+
+    Sil´vi-a.
+      Daughter of Latin shepherd;
+      her stag was wounded by Iulus, 373.
+
+    Si´nis (The Pine-bender).
+      Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.
+
+    Si´non.
+      Greek slave, who advised the Trojans to secure the wooden horse,
+          332, 335.
+
+    Sip´y-lus.
+      Mountain where stood the statue of Niobe, 94.
+
+    Si´rens.
+      Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs, 350-352;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Sir´i-us.
+      Favorite dog of Orion;
+      a constellation, 98, 100.
+
+    Sis´y-phus.
+      King condemned to roll a rock in Tartarus to the top of a steep
+          hill, 77, 167;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Sol.
+      Name frequently given to Apollo as god of the sun, 61.
+
+    Som´nus.
+      God of sleep;
+      the child of Nox, and twin brother of Mors, 208-212.
+
+    Spar´ta.
+      Capital of Lacedæmon;
+      favorite city of Juno, 52;
+      home of Menelaus, 310-312.
+
+    Sphinx.
+      Riddle-giving monster;
+      slain by Oedipus, 283-285;
+      significance, 393, 401.
+
+    Stel´li-o.
+      Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina, 197.
+
+    Ster´o-pes (Lightning).
+      One of the Cyclopes;
+      son of Uranus and Gæa, 18.
+
+    Sthe´no.
+      One of the three Gorgon sisters, immortal, like Euryale, 242.
+
+    Stroph´a-des.
+      Islands where the Harpies took refuge when driven from Thrace, 267;
+      Æneas visits the, 364.
+
+    Stro´phi-us.
+      Father of Pylades;
+      shelters Orestes, 336.
+
+    Stym-pha´lus.
+      Lake upon whose banks Hercules slew the brazen-clawed birds, 226.
+
+    Styx.
+      River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most
+          sacred oaths, 43, 77, 84, 161, 172;
+      Achilles bathed in the, 314.
+
+    Su-a-de´la.
+      One of Venus' train of attendants;
+      god of the soft speech of love, 106.
+
+    Sy-chæ´us.
+      King of Tyre;
+      husband of Dido;
+      murdered by Pygmalion, 366.
+
+    Sym-pleg´a-des.
+      Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, 268.
+
+    Sy´rinx.
+      Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, 300, 301.
+
+
+    Tæn´a-rum, or Tæn´a-rus.
+      The Greek entrance to Hades on Cimmerian coast, 160, 229.
+
+    Ta-la´ri-a.
+      Mercury's winged sandals, given by the gods, 134.
+
+    Ta´lus.
+      Brazen giant;
+      son of Vulcan;
+      the watchman of Minos, 256, 257.
+
+    Tan´ta-lus.
+      Father of Pelops;
+      condemned to hunger and thirst in Hades, 77, 93, 167;
+      significance, 389, 390.
+
+    Tar´ta-rus.
+      Abyss under the earth, where the Titans, etc., were confined,
+          17, 18, 22, 25;
+      Orpheus' music heard in, 77;
+      wicked in, 161-169;
+      significance, 385, 391.
+
+    Tau´ris.
+      Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, 316;
+      visited by Orestes, 336.
+
+    Tel´a-mon.
+      Husband of Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, 152.
+
+    Te-lem´a-chus.
+      Son of Ulysses and Penelope, 312;
+      adventures of, 357, 358.
+
+    Tel-e-phas´sa.
+      Wife of Agenor;
+      mother of Europa, 47;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Tel´lus.
+      Same as Gæa;
+      name given to Rhea, 13.
+
+    Ten´e-dos.
+      Island off the coast of Troy, 332, 335.
+
+    Terp-sich´o-re.
+      Muse of dancing;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88.
+
+    Ter´ra.
+      Same as Gæa, goddess of the earth, 13.
+
+    Teu´cer.
+      Ancient king of the Trojans, 364.
+
+    Tha-li´a.
+      1. One of the three Graces;
+         daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, 105.
+      2. One of the nine Muses;
+         Muse of comedy, 88.
+
+    Than´a-tos.
+      Same as Mors, god of death, 208.
+
+    Thebes.
+      Capital of Boeotia;
+      founded by Cadmus, 47, 48;
+      Amphion, king of, 80-82;
+      Athamas, king of, 174;
+      Pentheus, king of, 181;
+      Oedipus, king of, 280-290.
+
+    The´mis.
+      One of the six female Titans, 17, 22;
+      goddess of justice, 44, 105, 107, 163.
+
+    The-oph´a-ne.
+      Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, 153.
+
+    The´seus.
+      Son of Ægeus and Æthra;
+      hero of Athens, 179, 250-262, 266, 275;
+      significance, 391, 393.
+
+    Thes-mo-pho´ri-a.
+      Festivals in Greece in honor of Ceres, 196.
+
+    Thes´sa-ly.
+      A province of Greece, 311;
+      fight of the gods in, 23;
+      Admetus, king of, 64;
+      Ceyx, king of, 211;
+      Æson, king of, 263, 273;
+      Protesilaus of, 316.
+
+    The´tis.
+      1. Mother of Achilles, 314;
+         a sea nymph, 20.
+      2. One of the Titanides, 17;
+         marriage feast of, 305, 306;
+         Olympus visited by, 319;
+         Achilles comforted by, 325;
+         Achilles' armor brought by, 326-328;
+         Achilles instructed by, 329.
+
+    This´be.
+      Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, 117, 118.
+
+    Thrace.
+      Country on the Black Sea;
+      the home of Mars, 138, 223, 267, 363;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Thyr´sus.
+      The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Ti´ber.
+      River in Italy, 200, 202, 205;
+      Æneas sails up the, 363, 372, 374.
+
+    Ti-re´si-as.
+      The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore, 350, 353.
+
+    Ti-siph´o-ne.
+      One of the three Furies, or Eumenides, 163, 165, 174.
+
+    Ti-tan´i-des.
+      The six daughters of Uranus and Gæa, 17.
+
+    Ti´tans.
+      Name given to the six sons of Uranus and Gæa, 17, 18;
+      revolt of, 22, 23, 25;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    Ti-tho´nus.
+      Trojan prince who visited Aurora, 90.
+
+    Tit´y-us.
+      Giant in Tartarus, whose prostrate body covered nine acres, 169.
+
+    Tra-chin´i-a.
+      Land where Hercules died, 216.
+
+    Tri-na´cri-a.
+      Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun,
+          353, 354.
+
+    Trip-tol´e-mus.
+      Nursling and protégé of Ceres, 188, 196.
+
+    Tri´ton.
+      Son of Neptune and Amphitrite;
+      father of the Tritons, 154, 303;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Troe-ze´ne.
+      Ancient city in Argolis, 152;
+      birthplace of Theseus, 250, 251;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Tro´jans.
+      Inhabitants of Troy, 316-335, 360-376.
+
+    Troy.
+      City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam;
+      war of, 305-336.
+
+    Tuc´ci-a.
+      Vestal virgin who stood the test of purity, 200.
+
+    Tur´nus.
+      Chief of the Rutules;
+      wars against Æneas, 372-377.
+
+    Tus´cans.
+      People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander;
+      allies of Æneas, 374, 375.
+
+    Tyn-da´re-us.
+      Stepfather of Helen;
+      binds her suitors by oath, 311.
+
+    Ty-phoe´us.
+      Same as Typhon;
+      monster sent to dethrone Jupiter, 23, 24.
+
+    Tyre.
+      City in Phoenicia, governed by Sychæus and Dido, 366.
+
+
+    U-lys´ses.
+      Same as Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey;
+      King of Ithaca, 214, 312, 315, 330, 332;
+      adventures of, 337-359;
+      significance, 386, 395.
+
+    U-ra´ni-a.
+      Muse of astronomy, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88, 90.
+
+    U´ra-nus (Heaven).
+      Husband of Gæa, created by her, 15, 17, 18;
+      significance, 385.
+
+
+    Ve´nus.
+      Same as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, 103-130;
+      day of, 207;
+      Hippomenes aided by, 278;
+      Juno and Minerva dispute with, 306-308;
+      Paris advised by, 310, 312;
+      Paris saved by, 320;
+      Æneas, son of, 360, 362, 366, 367, 370, 372, 376;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Ver-tum´nus.
+      God of the orchards;
+      loved by Pomona, 303.
+
+    Ves´ta.
+      Same as Hestia, goddess of fire and of the family hearth, 198-204;
+      birth of, 22;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Ves-ta´li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Vesta, held in Rome, 202.
+
+    Ves´tals.
+      Virgins dedicated to the service of Vesta, 200-202, 377.
+
+    Vic-to´ri-a.
+      Same as Nice, goddess of victory, 41.
+
+    Vol´scians.
+      Tribe in Italy who join the Rutules against Æneas, 373, 374, 376.
+
+    Vul´can.
+      Same as Hephæstus, god of the forge, 144-148;
+      Jupiter's head cleft by, 55;
+      Venus, wife of, 106, 107;
+      armor made by, 326, 374;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Vul-ca-na´li-a.
+      Festivals celebrated in honor of Vulcan, 148.
+
+
+    Zeph´y-rus.
+      God of the south wind;
+      son of Æolus and Aurora, 213;
+      Hyacinthus slain by, 67;
+      Venus conducted by, 105;
+      Psyche saved by, 122, 128;
+      Flora, wife of, 301.
+
+    Ze´tes.
+      Son of Boreas and Orithyia;
+      took part in Argonautic expedition, and drove away Harpies, 215.
+
+    Ze´thus.
+      Twin brother of Amphion;
+      son of Jupiter and Antiope, 80-82.
+
+    Zeus.
+      Same as Jupiter;
+      father of the gods, 39;
+      significance, 379, 385, 388, 395.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Variations in spelling of proper nouns are preserved as printed.
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation and accent
+usage has been made consistent.
+
+Page 260--capitivity amended to captivity--"... came to Athens,
+delivered her from captivity, ..."
+
+The transcriptions of the genealogical table have been added by the
+transcriber for the convenience of the reader. Please note that the
+original table stated erroneously that Hemera was male and Æther was
+female. This has been corrected in the transcriptions.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Myths of Greece and Rome
+       Narrated with Special Reference to Literature and Art
+
+Author: H. A. Guerber
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2012 [EBook #39250]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="391" height="600"
+alt="Title page of the book" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h1>MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME<br />
+<br />
+<span class="tinyfont">NARRATED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO<br />
+LITERATURE AND ART</span></h1>
+
+<p class="center padtop smlfont">BY</p>
+
+<p class="center padbase"><span class="lrgfont">H. A. GUERBER</span><br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">LECTURER ON MYTHOLOGY</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/mgr01.jpg" width="90" height="100"
+alt="Publisher's logo" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center padtop padbase"><span class="lrgfont">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</span><br />
+<span class="smlfont">NEW YORK <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> CINCINNATI <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> CHICAGO</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center padtop vsmlfont">Copyright, 1893, by<br />
+<span class="smcap">American Book Company</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center vsmlfont">Copyright. 1921, by<br />
+<span class="smcap">H. A. Guerber</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center vsmlfont padbase">&mdash;<br />
+Guerber&rsquo;s Myths.<br />
+<br />
+E.P. 44</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center padtop padbase">DEDICATED<br />
+<br />
+TO MY KIND FRIENDS<br />
+<br />
+MISS MACKIE AND MISS MASTERS<br />
+<br />
+IN WHOSE SCHOOLS MY LECTURES WERE FIRST GIVEN</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padtop padbase smlfont">MADE IN U. S. A.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 458px;">
+<a name="homer" id="homer"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr02.jpg" width="458" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">HOMER.&mdash;Fran&ccedil;ois G&eacute;rard.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>HE aim of this book is to present a complete and entertaining
+account of Grecian and Roman mythology in such a
+manner that the student will appreciate its great influence upon
+literature and art.</p>
+
+<p>These myths, an inexhaustible fund of inspiration for the poets
+and artists of the past, have also inspired many noted modern
+works. To impress this fact forcibly upon the student, appropriate
+quotations from the poetical writings of all ages, from Hesiod&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Works and Days,&rdquo; to Tennyson&rsquo;s &ldquo;&OElig;none,&rdquo; have been inserted
+in the text, while reproductions of ancient masterpieces and
+noted examples of modern painting and sculpture are plentifully
+used as illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>The myths are told as graphically and accurately as possible,
+great care being taken, however, to avoid the more repulsive
+features of heathen mythology; and when two or more versions
+of the same myth occur, the preference has invariably been given
+to the most popular, that is to say, to the one which has inspired
+the greatest works.</p>
+
+<p>Both the Latin and the Greek forms of proper names are given,
+but the Latin names are usually retained throughout the narrative,
+because more frequently used in poetry and art.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>6]</a></span>
+The closing chapter includes an analysis of myths by the light
+of philology and comparative mythology, and the philological
+explanation of the stories related in the preceding chapters.</p>
+
+<p>A map, genealogical table, and complete glossary and index
+adapt this little volume for constant use in the library and art
+gallery, at home and abroad.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>7]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="2">MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MYTHS</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="2">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">CHAP. I.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">The Beginning of All Things</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">II.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Jupiter</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">III.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Juno</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">IV.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Minerva</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">V.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Apollo</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">VI.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Diana</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">VII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Venus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">VIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Mercury</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">IX.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Mars</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">X.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Vulcan</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XI.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Neptune</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Pluto</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Bacchus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XIV.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Ceres and Proserpina</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XV.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Vesta</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XVI.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Janus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XVII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Somnus and Mors</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XVIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">&AElig;olus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XIX.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Hercules</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XX.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Perseus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXI.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Theseus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Jason</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">The Calydonian Hunt</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXIV.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">&OElig;dipus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXV.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Bellerophon</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXVI.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Minor Divinities</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXVII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">The Trojan War</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXVIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Adventures of Ulysses</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXIX.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Adventures of &AElig;neas</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdrt">XXX.</td>
+    <td class="tdlsc">Analysis of Myths</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_378">378</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="2">GENEALOGICAL TABLE</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_402">402</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="2">INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="2">GLOSSARY AND INDEX</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>8]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/mgr03t.jpg" width="600" height="435"
+alt="Maps of Greece, the Mediterranean area, and Rome" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="link"><a href="images/mgr03.jpg">See larger image</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"><!-- continuation of maps --></a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>10]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="List of illustrations">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Homer</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#homer">2</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Amor</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#amor">14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Fountain of Cybele (Rhea)</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#cybele">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Minerva and Prometheus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#minerva">26</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pandora</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#pandora">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Hope</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hope">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Olympian Zeus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#zeus">40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ganymede and the Eagle</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ganymede">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Abduction of Europa</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#europa">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Juno</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#juno">50</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Iris</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#iris">53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Minerva</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#minerva1">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Apollo Belvedere</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#apollo">66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Apollo and Daphne</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#apollo1">69</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Orpheus and Eurydice</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#orpheus">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Farnese Bull</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#farnese">81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Aurora</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#aurora">86</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Apollo and the Muses</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#apollo2">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Diana of Versailles</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#diana">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Niobe</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#niobe">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Venus de Milo</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#venus">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Fourth Hour of the Night</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hour">104</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Sleeping Love</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#love">109</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Hero and Leander</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hero">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cupid awakening Psyche</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#cupid">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Charon and Psyche</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#charon">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Flying Mercury</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#mercury">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Venus de Milo and Mars</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#venus1">141</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Forge of Vulcan</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#vulcan">146</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Fountain of Neptune</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#neptune">150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Father Nile</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#nile">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Furies</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#furies">162</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Three Fates</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#fates">164</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Bacchus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#bacchus">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#bacchus1">180</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Abduction of Proserpina</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#proserpina">185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ceres</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ceres">189</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">A Nymph</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#nymph">191</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">School of the Vestal Virgins</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#vestal">199</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Vestal Tuccia</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#tuccia">201</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Genius of Death</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#death">209</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Hercules an Infant</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules">217</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Hercules and Centaur</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules1">222</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Mounted Amazon going to the Chase</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#amazon">225</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Hercules at the Feet of Omphale</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules2">231</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Fortuna</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#fortuna">233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Farnese Hercules</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hercules3">237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Perseus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#perseus">245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Perseus and Andromeda</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#perseus1">247</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">D&aelig;dalus and Icarus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#daedalus">254</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ariadne</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ariadne">258</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Theseus</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#theseus">261</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Jason and the Dragon</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#jason">270</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Medea</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#medea">272</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Atalanta&rsquo;s Race</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#atalanta">277</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&OElig;dipus and the Sphinx</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#oedipus">284</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Antigone and Ismene</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#antigone">289</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Chim&aelig;ra</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#chimaera">293</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Vertumnus and Pomona</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#vertumnus">302</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Paris</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#paris">309</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Abduction of Helen</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#helen">313</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Parting of Hector and Andromache</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#hector">322</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Thetis bearing the Armor of Achilles</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#thetis">327</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Laocoon</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#laocoon">334</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Triumph of Galatea</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#galatea">340</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Acis and Galatea (Evening)</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#acis">342</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Circe and the Friends of Ulysses</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#circe">348</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Siren</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#siren">351</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Penelope</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#penelope">356</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&AElig;neas at the Court of Dido</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#aeneas">368</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cum&aelig;an Sibyl</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#sibyl">371</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padtop vlrgfont">MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME.</p>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="padtop">CHAPTER I.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>YTHOLOGY is the science which treats of the early traditions,
+or myths, relating to the religion of the ancients, and
+includes, besides a full account of the origin of their gods, their
+theory concerning the beginning of all things.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Myths of
+creation.</div>
+
+<p>Among all the nations scattered over the face of the earth, the
+Hebrews alone were instructed by God, who gave them not only
+a full account of the creation of the world and of
+all living creatures, but also a code of laws to regulate
+their conduct. All the questions they fain would ask were
+fully answered, and no room remained for conjecture.</p>
+
+<p>It was not so, however, with the other nations. The Greeks
+and Romans, for instance, lacking the definite knowledge which
+we obtain from the Scriptures, and still anxious to know everything,
+were forced to construct, in part, their own theory. As they
+looked about them for some clue to serve as guide, they could
+not help but observe and admire the wonders of nature. The succession
+of day and night, summer and winter, rain and sunshine;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>12]</a></span>
+the fact that the tallest trees sprang from tiny seeds, the greatest
+rivers from diminutive streams, and the most beautiful flowers
+and delicious fruits from small green buds,&mdash;all seemed to tell
+them of a superior Being, who had fashioned them to serve a
+definite purpose.</p>
+
+<p>They soon came to the conclusion that a hand mighty enough
+to call all these wonders into life, could also have created the
+beautiful Earth whereon they dwelt. These thoughts gave rise
+to others; suppositions became certainties; and soon the following
+myth or fable was evolved, to be handed down from
+generation to generation.</p>
+
+<p>At first, when all things lay in a great confused mass,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem28">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Ere earth, and sea, and covering heavens, were known,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The face of nature, o&rsquo;er the world, was one;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And men have call&rsquo;d it Chaos; formless, rude,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mass; dead matter&rsquo;s weight, inert, and crude;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where, in mix&rsquo;d heap of ill-compounded mold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The jarring seeds of things confusedly roll&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Earth did not exist. Land, sea, and air were mixed up
+together; so that the earth was not solid, the sea was not fluid,
+nor the air transparent.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;No sun yet beam&rsquo;d from yon cerulean height;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No orbing moon repair&rsquo;d her horns of light;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No earth, self-poised, on liquid ether hung;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No sea its world-enclasping waters flung;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Earth was half air, half sea, an embryo heap;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor earth was fix&rsquo;d, nor fluid was the deep;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dark was the void of air; no form was traced;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Obstructing atoms struggled through the waste;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where cold, and hot, and moist, and dry rebell&rsquo;d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heavy the light, and hard the soft repell&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Chaos and
+Nyx.</div>
+
+<p>Over this shapeless mass reigned a careless deity called Chaos,
+whose personal appearance could not be described, as there was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>13]</a></span>
+no light by which he could be seen. He shared his throne
+with his wife, the dark goddess of Night, named
+Nyx or Nox, whose black robes, and still blacker
+countenance, did not tend to enliven the surrounding gloom.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Erebus, &AElig;ther,
+and Hemera.</div>
+
+<p>These two divinities wearied of their power in the course of
+time, and called their son Erebus (Darkness) to their assistance.
+His first act was to dethrone and supplant Chaos;
+and then, thinking he would be happier with a
+helpmeet, he married his own mother, Nyx. Of course, with
+our present views, this marriage was a heinous sin; but the ancients,
+who at first had no fixed laws, did not consider this union
+unsuitable, and recounted how Erebus and Nyx ruled over the
+chaotic world together, until their two beautiful children, &AElig;ther
+(Light) and Hemera (Day), acting in concert, dethroned them,
+and seized the supreme power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Creation of G&aelig;a
+and Uranus.</div>
+
+<p>Space, illumined for the first time by their radiance, revealed
+itself in all its uncouthness. &AElig;ther and Hemera carefully examined
+the confusion, saw its innumerable possibilities,
+and decided to evolve from it a &ldquo;thing of
+beauty;&rdquo; but quite conscious of the magnitude of such an undertaking,
+and feeling that some assistance would be desirable, they
+summoned Eros (Amor or Love), their own child, to their aid.
+By their combined efforts, Pontus (the Sea) and G&aelig;a (Ge, Tellus,
+Terra), as the Earth was first called, were created.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning the Earth did not present the beautiful appearance
+that it does now. No trees waved their leafy branches
+on the hillsides; no flowers bloomed in the valleys; no grass
+grew on the plains; no birds flew through the air. All was silent,
+bare, and motionless. Eros, the first to perceive these deficiencies,
+seized his life-giving arrows and pierced the cold bosom
+of the Earth. Immediately the brown surface was covered with
+luxuriant verdure; birds of many colors flitted through the foliage
+of the new-born forest trees; animals of all kinds gamboled
+over the grassy plains; and swift-darting fishes swam in the limpid
+streams. All was now life, joy, and motion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>14]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a name="amor" id="amor"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr04.jpg" width="400" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">AMOR.&mdash;Martin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>15]</a></span>
+G&aelig;a, roused from her apathy, admired all that had already
+been done for her embellishment, and, resolving to crown and
+complete the work so well begun, created Uranus (Heaven).</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Her first-born Earth produc&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of like immensity, the starry Heaven:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That he might sheltering compass her around<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On every side.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The egg myth.</div>
+
+<p>This version of the creation of the world, although but one
+of the many current with the Greeks and Romans, was the one
+most generally adopted; but another, also very
+popular, stated that the first divinities, Erebus and
+Nyx, produced a gigantic egg, from which Eros, the god of love,
+emerged to create the Earth.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;In the dreary chaotical closet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Erebus old, was a privy deposit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By Night the prim&aelig;val in secrecy laid;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A Mystical Egg, that in silence and shade<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was brooded and hatched; till time came about:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Love, the delightful, in glory flew out.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Aristophanes</span> (Frere&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mount Olympus
+and the river
+Oceanus.</div>
+
+<p>The Earth thus created was supposed by the ancients to be
+a disk, instead of a sphere as science has proved. The Greeks
+fancied that their country occupied a central position,
+and that Mount Olympus, a very high mountain,
+the mythological abode of their gods, was
+placed in the exact center. Their Earth was divided into two
+equal parts by Pontus (the Sea,&mdash;equivalent to our Mediterranean
+and Black Seas); and all around it flowed the great
+river Oceanus in a &ldquo;steady, equable current,&rdquo; undisturbed by
+storm, from which the Sea and all the rivers were supposed to
+derive their waters.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Hyperboreans.</div>
+
+<p>The Greeks also imagined that the portion of the Earth directly
+north of their country was inhabited by a fortunate race of men,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>16]</a></span>
+the Hyperboreans, who dwelt in continual bliss, and enjoyed a
+never-ending springtide. Their homes were said to be &ldquo;inaccessible
+by land or by sea.&rdquo; They were &ldquo;exempt
+from disease, old age, and death,&rdquo; and were so
+virtuous that the gods frequently visited them, and even condescended
+to share their feasts and games. A people thus favored
+could not fail to be happy, and many were the songs in praise of
+their sunny land.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;I come from a land in the sun-bright deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where golden gardens grow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the winds of the north, becalm&rsquo;d in sleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their conch shells never blow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;So near the track of the stars are we,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That oft, on night&rsquo;s pale beams,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The distant sounds of their harmony<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Come to our ears, like dreams.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The Moon, too, brings her world so nigh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That when the night-seer looks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To that shadowless orb, in a vernal sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He can number its hills and brooks.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;To the Sun god all our hearts and lyres<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By day, by night, belong;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the breath we draw from his living fires<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We give him back in song.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Ethiopians
+and the Isles
+of the Blest.</div>
+
+<p>South of Greece, also near the great river Oceanus, dwelt another
+nation, just as happy and virtuous as the Hyperboreans,&mdash;the
+Ethiopians. They, too, often enjoyed the
+company of the gods, who shared their innocent
+pleasures with great delight.</p>
+
+<p>And far away, on the shore of this same marvelous river, according
+to some mythologists, were the beautiful Isles of the
+Blest, where mortals who had led virtuous lives, and had thus
+found favor in the sight of the gods, were transported without
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>17]</a></span>
+tasting of death, and where they enjoyed an eternity of bliss.
+These islands had sun, moon, and stars of their own, and were
+never visited by the cold wintry winds that swept down from the
+north.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The Isles of the Blest, they say,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The Isles of the Blest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are peaceful and happy, by night and by day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Far away in the glorious west.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;They need not the moon in that land of delight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">They need not the pale, pale star;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sun is bright, by day and night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Where the souls of the blessed are.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;They till not the ground, they plow not the wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">They labor not, never! oh, never!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not a tear do they shed, not a sigh do they heave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">They are happy, for ever and ever!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pindar.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Uranus and
+G&aelig;a.</div>
+
+<p>Chaos, Erebus, and Nyx were deprived of their power by
+&AElig;ther and Hemera, who did not long enjoy the possession of
+the scepter; for Uranus and G&aelig;a, more powerful
+than their progenitors, soon forced them to depart,
+and began to reign in their stead. They had not dwelt long on
+the summit of Mount Olympus, before they found themselves the
+parents of twelve gigantic children, the Titans, whose strength
+was such that their father, Uranus, greatly feared them. To prevent
+their ever making use of it against him, he seized them immediately
+after their birth, hurled them down into a dark abyss
+called Tartarus, and there chained them fast.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Titans, Cyclopes,
+and Centimani.</div>
+
+<p>This chasm was situated far under the earth; and Uranus
+knew that his six sons (Oceanus, C&oelig;us, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus,
+and Cronus), as well as his six daughters,
+the Titanides (Ilia, Rhea, Themis, Thetis, Mnemosyne,
+and Ph&oelig;be), could not easily escape from its
+cavernous depths. The Titans did not long remain sole occupants
+of Tartarus, for one day the brazen doors were again
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>18]</a></span>
+thrown wide open to admit the Cyclopes,&mdash;Brontes (Thunder),
+Steropes (Lightning), and Arges (Sheet-lightning),&mdash;three later-born
+children of Uranus and G&aelig;a, who helped the Titans to
+make the darkness hideous with their incessant clamor for freedom.
+In due time their number was increased by the three terrible
+Centimani (Hundred-handed), Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes,
+who were sent thither by Uranus to share their fate.</p>
+
+<p>Greatly dissatisfied with the treatment her children had received
+at their father&rsquo;s hands, G&aelig;a remonstrated, but all in vain.
+Uranus would not grant her request to set the giants free, and,
+whenever their muffled cries reached his ear, he trembled for his
+own safety. Angry beyond all expression, G&aelig;a swore revenge,
+and descended into Tartarus, where she urged the Titans to conspire
+against their father, and attempt to wrest the scepter from
+his grasp.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Titans
+revolt.</div>
+
+<p>All listened attentively to the words of sedition; but none were
+courageous enough to carry out her plans, except Cronus, the
+youngest of the Titans, more familiarly known as
+Saturn or Time, who found confinement and chains
+peculiarly galling, and who hated his father for his cruelty. G&aelig;a
+finally induced him to lay violent hands upon his sire, and, after
+releasing him from his bonds, gave him a scythe, and bade him
+be of good cheer and return victorious.</p>
+
+<p>Thus armed and admonished, Cronus set forth, came upon his
+father unawares, defeated him, thanks to his extraordinary weapon,
+and, after binding him fast, took possession of the vacant
+throne, intending to rule the universe forever. Enraged at this
+insult, Uranus cursed his son, and prophesied that a day would
+come when he, too, would be supplanted by his children, and
+would suffer just punishment for his rebellion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="cybele" id="cybele"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr05.jpg" width="600" height="394"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FOUNTAIN OF CYBELE (RHEA). (Madrid.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cronus and
+Rhea.</div>
+
+<p>Cronus paid no heed to his father&rsquo;s imprecations, but calmly
+proceeded to release the Titans, his brothers and sisters, who, in
+their joy and gratitude to escape the dismal realm of Tartarus,
+expressed their willingness to be ruled by him. Their satisfaction
+was complete, however, when he chose his own sister Rhea
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"><!-- original location of Fountain of Cybele illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>20]</a></span>
+(Cybele, Ops) for his consort, and assigned to each of the others
+some portion of the world to govern at will. To Oceanus and
+Thetis, for example, he gave charge over the ocean
+and all the rivers upon earth; while to Hyperion
+and Ph&oelig;be he intrusted the direction of the sun and moon, which
+the ancients supposed were daily driven across the sky in brilliant
+golden chariots.</p>
+
+<p>Peace and security now reigned on and around Mount Olympus;
+and Cronus, with great satisfaction, congratulated himself
+on the result of his enterprise. One fine morning, however, his
+equanimity was disturbed by the announcement that a son was
+born to him. The memory of his father&rsquo;s curse then suddenly returned
+to his mind. Anxious to avert so great a calamity as the
+loss of his power, he hastened to his wife, determined to devour
+the child, and thus prevent him from causing further annoyance.
+Wholly unsuspicious, Rhea heard him inquire for his son. Gladly
+she placed him in his extended arms; but imagine her surprise
+and horror when she beheld her husband swallow the babe!</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth
+of Jupiter.</div>
+
+<p>Time passed, and another child was born, but only to meet
+with the same cruel fate. One infant after another disappeared
+down the capacious throat of the voracious Cronus,&mdash;a
+personification of Time, who creates only
+to destroy. In vain the bereaved mother besought the life of
+one little one: the selfish, hard-hearted father would not relent.
+As her prayers seemed unavailing, Rhea finally resolved to obtain
+by stratagem the boon her husband denied; and as soon as her
+youngest son, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus), was born, she concealed him.</p>
+
+<p>Cronus, aware of his birth, soon made his appearance, determined
+to dispose of him in the usual summary manner. For
+some time Rhea pleaded with him, but at last pretended to yield
+to his commands. Hastily wrapping a large stone in swaddling
+clothes, she handed it to Cronus, simulating intense grief. Cronus
+was evidently not of a very inquiring turn of mind, for he
+swallowed the whole without investigating the real contents of
+the shapeless bundle.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>21]</a></span>
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;To th&rsquo; imperial son of Heaven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whilom the king of gods, a stone she gave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Inwrapt in infant swathes; and this with grasp<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eager he snatch&rsquo;d, and in his ravening breast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Convey&rsquo;d away: unhappy! nor once thought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That for the stone his child behind remain&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Invincible, secure; who soon, with hands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of strength o&rsquo;ercoming him, should cast him forth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From glory, and himself th&rsquo; immortals rule.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ignorant of the deception practiced upon him, Cronus then
+took leave, and the overjoyed mother clasped her rescued treasure
+to her breast. It was not sufficient, however, to have saved
+young Jupiter from imminent death: it was also necessary that
+his father should remain unconscious of his existence.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter&rsquo;s
+infancy.</div>
+
+<p>To insure this, Rhea intrusted her babe to the tender care of
+the Melian nymphs, who bore him off to a cave on Mount Ida.
+There a goat, Amalthea, was procured to act as
+nurse, and fulfilled her office so acceptably that
+she was eventually placed in the heavens as a constellation, a
+brilliant reward for her kind ministrations. To prevent Jupiter&rsquo;s
+cries being heard in Olympus, the Curetes (Corybantes), Rhea&rsquo;s
+priests, uttered piercing screams, clashed their weapons, executed
+fierce dances, and chanted rude war songs.</p>
+
+<p>The real significance of all this unwonted noise and commotion
+was not at all understood by Cronus, who, in the intervals
+of his numerous affairs, congratulated himself upon the cunning
+he had shown to prevent the accomplishment of his father&rsquo;s curse.
+But all his anxiety and fears were aroused when he suddenly
+became aware of the fraud practiced upon him, and of young
+Jupiter&rsquo;s continued existence. He immediately tried to devise
+some plan to get rid of him; but, before he could put it into
+execution, he found himself attacked, and, after a short but
+terrible encounter, signally defeated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter&rsquo;s
+supremacy.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter, delighted to have triumphed so quickly, took possession
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>22]</a></span>
+of the supreme power, and aided by Rhea&rsquo;s counsels, and by
+a nauseous potion prepared by Metis, a daughter of Oceanus,
+compelled Cronus to produce the unfortunate children
+he had swallowed; i.e., Neptune, Pluto, Vesta,
+Ceres, and Juno.</p>
+
+<p>Following the example of his predecessor, Jupiter gave his
+brothers and sisters a fair share of his new kingdom. The wisest
+among the Titans&mdash;Mnemosyne, Themis, Oceanus, and Hyperion&mdash;submitted
+to the new sovereign without murmur, but
+the others refused their allegiance; which refusal, of course, occasioned
+a deadly conflict.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;When gods began with wrath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And war rose up between their starry brows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With opposite oaths that they would have no Zeus<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To rule the gods forever.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">E. B. Browning.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The giants&rsquo;
+war.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter, from the top of Mount Olympus, discerned the superior
+number of his foes, and, quite aware of their might, concluded
+that re&euml;nforcements to his party would not be superfluous.
+In haste, therefore, he released the Cyclopes
+from Tartarus, where they had languished so long, stipulating
+that in exchange for their freedom they should supply him
+with thunderbolts,&mdash;weapons which only they knew how to
+forge. This new engine caused great terror and dismay in the
+ranks of the enemy, who, nevertheless, soon rallied, and struggled
+valiantly to overthrow the usurper and win back the sovereignty
+of the world.</p>
+
+<p>During ten long years the war raged incessantly, neither party
+wishing to submit to the dominion of the other, but at the end
+of that time the rebellious Titans were obliged to yield. Some
+of them were hurled into Tartarus once more, where they were
+carefully secured by Neptune, Jupiter&rsquo;s brother, while the young
+conqueror joyfully proclaimed his victory.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem28">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>23]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;League all your forces then, ye powers above,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Join all, and try th&rsquo; omnipotence of Jove:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let down our golden everlasting chain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose strong embrace holds heaven and earth and main:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To drag, by this, the Thunderer down to earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye strive in vain! if I but stretch this hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I fix the chain to great Olympus&rsquo; height,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the vast world hangs trembling in my sight!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For such I reign, unbounded and above;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And such are men and gods, compar&rsquo;d to Jove.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The scene of this mighty conflict was supposed to have been
+in Thessaly, where the country bears the imprint of some great
+natural convulsion; for the ancients imagined that the gods,
+making the most of their gigantic strength and stature, hurled
+huge rocks at each other, and piled mountain upon mountain to
+reach the abode of Jupiter, the Thunderer.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Mountain on mountain, as the Titans erst,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My brethren, scaling the high seat of Jove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heaved Pelion upon Ossa&rsquo;s shoulders broad<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In vain emprise.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Saturn, or Cronus, the leader and instigator of the revolt,
+weary at last of bloodshed and strife, withdrew to Italy, or Hesperia,
+where he founded a prosperous kingdom, and reigned in
+peace for many long years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death
+of Typh&oelig;us.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter, having disposed of all the Titans, now fancied he
+would enjoy the power so unlawfully obtained; but G&aelig;a, to punish
+him for depriving her children of their birthright,
+created a terrible monster, called Typh&oelig;us,
+or Typhon, which she sent to attack him. This Typh&oelig;us was a
+giant, from whose trunk one hundred dragon heads arose; flames
+shot from his eyes, nostrils, and mouths; while he incessantly
+uttered such blood-curdling screams, that the gods, in terror, fled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>24]</a></span>
+from Mount Olympus and sought refuge in Egypt. In mortal
+fear lest this terror-inspiring monster would pursue them, the
+gods there assumed the forms of different animals; and Jupiter
+became a ram, while Juno, his sister and queen, changed herself
+into a cow.</p>
+
+<p>The king of the gods, however, soon became ashamed of his
+cowardly flight, and resolved to return to Mount Olympus to slay
+Typh&oelig;us with his terrible thunderbolts. A long and fierce struggle
+ensued, at the end of which, Jupiter, again victorious, viewed
+his fallen foe with boundless pride; but his triumph was very
+short-lived.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Defeat of
+Enceladus.</div>
+
+<p>Enceladus, another redoubtable giant, also created by G&aelig;a,
+now appeared to avenge Typh&oelig;us. He too was signally defeated,
+and bound with adamantine chains in a
+burning cave under Mount &AElig;tna. In early times,
+before he had become accustomed to his prison, he gave vent to
+his rage by outcries, imprecations, and groans: sometimes he
+even breathed forth fire and flames, in hopes of injuring his conqueror.
+But time, it is said, somewhat cooled his resentment;
+and now he is content with an occasional change of position,
+which, owing to his huge size, causes the earth to tremble over a
+space of many miles, producing what is called an earthquake.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&rsquo;Tis said, that thunder-struck Enceladus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Groveling beneath the incumbent mountain&rsquo;s weight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lies stretched supine, eternal prey of flames;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, when he heaves against the burning load,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Reluctant, to invert his broiling limbs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sudden earthquake shoots through all the isle,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And &AElig;tna thunders dreadful under ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then pours out smoke in wreathing curls convolved,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And shades the sun&rsquo;s bright orb, and blots out day.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter divides
+his realm.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter had now conquered all his foes, asserted his right to
+the throne, and could at last reign over the world undisturbed;
+but he knew that it would be no small undertaking to rule well
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>25]</a></span>
+heaven, earth, and sea, and resolved to divide the power with
+his brothers. To avoid quarrels and recriminations,
+he portioned the world out into lots, allowing
+each of his brothers the privilege of drawing his own share.</p>
+
+<p>Neptune thus obtained control over the sea and all the rivers,
+and immediately expressed his resolve to wear a symbolic crown,
+composed exclusively of marine shells and aquatic plants, and to
+abide within the bounds of his watery realm.</p>
+
+<p>Pluto, the most taciturn of the brothers, received for his portion
+the scepter of Tartarus and all the Lower World, where no
+beam of sunlight was ever allowed to find its way; while Jupiter
+reserved for himself the general supervision of his brothers&rsquo; estates,
+and the direct management of Heaven and Earth.</p>
+
+<p>Peace now reigned throughout all the world. Not a murmur
+was heard, except from the Titans, who at length, seeing that
+further opposition would be useless, grew reconciled to their fate.</p>
+
+<p>In the days of their prosperity, the Titans had intermarried.
+Cronus had taken Rhea &ldquo;for better or for worse;&rdquo; and Iapetus
+had seen, loved, and wedded the fair Clymene, one of the ocean
+nymphs, or Oceanides, daughters of Oceanus. The latter pair became
+the proud parents of four gigantic sons,&mdash;Atlas, Menetius,
+Prometheus (Forethought), and Epimetheus (Afterthought),&mdash;who
+were destined to play prominent parts in Grecian mythology.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Prometheus.</div>
+
+<p>At the time of the creation, after covering the new-born Earth
+with luxuriant vegetation, and peopling it with living creatures of
+all kinds, Eros perceived that it would be necessary
+to endow them with instincts which would
+enable them to preserve and enjoy the life they had received.
+He therefore called the youngest two sons of Iapetus to his aid,
+and bade them make a judicious distribution of gifts to all living
+creatures, and create and endow a superior being, called Man,
+to rule over all the others.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;">
+<a name="minerva" id="minerva"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr06.jpg" width="408" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">MINERVA AND PROMETHEUS.&mdash;Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Prometheus&rsquo; and Epimetheus&rsquo; first care was, very naturally, to
+provide for the beings already created. These they endowed with
+such reckless generosity, that all their favors were soon dispensed,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"><!-- Original location of Minerva and Prometheus illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>27]</a></span>
+and none remained for the endowment of man. Although they
+had not the remotest idea how to overcome this difficulty, they
+proceeded to fashion man from clay.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem16">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Prometheus first transmuted<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Atoms culled for human clay.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Horace.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>They first molded an image similar in form to the gods; bade
+Eros breathe into its nostrils the spirit of life, and Minerva (Pallas)
+endow it with a soul; whereupon man lived, and moved, and
+viewed his new domain.</p>
+
+<p>Justly proud of his handiwork, Prometheus observed man, and
+longed to bestow upon him some great power, unshared by any
+other creature of mortal birth, which would raise him far above
+all other living beings, and bring him nearer to the perfection of
+the immortal gods. Fire alone, in his estimation, could effect
+this; but fire was the special possession and prerogative of the
+gods, and Prometheus knew they would never willingly share it
+with man, and that, should any one obtain it by stealth, they
+would never forgive the thief. Long he pondered the matter, and
+finally determined to obtain fire, or die in the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>One dark night, therefore, he set out for Olympus, entered
+unperceived into the gods&rsquo; abode, seized a lighted brand, hid it
+in his bosom, and departed unseen, exulting in the success of his
+enterprise. Arrived upon earth once more, he consigned the
+stolen treasure to the care of man, who immediately adapted it to
+various purposes, and eloquently expressed his gratitude to the
+benevolent deity who had risked his own life to obtain it for him.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Of Prometheus, how undaunted<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">On Olympus&rsquo; shining bastions<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His audacious foot he planted,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Myths are told and songs are chanted,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Full of promptings and suggestions.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Beautiful is the tradition<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of that flight through heavenly portals,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>28]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">The old classic superstition<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the theft and the transmission<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of the fire of the Immortals.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>From his lofty throne on the topmost peak of Mount Olympus
+Jupiter beheld an unusual light down upon earth. Anxious to
+ascertain its exact nature, he watched it closely, and before long
+discovered the larceny. His anger then burst forth, terrible to
+behold; and the gods all quailed when they heard him solemnly
+vow he would punish the unhappy Prometheus without mercy.
+To seize the offender in his mighty grasp, bear him off to the
+Caucasian Mountains, and bind him fast to a great rock, was but
+a moment&rsquo;s work. There a voracious vulture was summoned to
+feast upon his liver, the tearing of which from his side by the
+bird&rsquo;s cruel beak and talons caused the sufferer intense anguish.
+All day long the vulture gorged himself; but during the cool
+night, while the bird slept, Prometheus&rsquo; suffering abated, and the
+liver grew again, thus prolonging the torture, which bade fair to
+have no end.</p>
+
+<p>Disheartened by the prospect of long years of unremitting
+pain, Prometheus at times could not refrain from pitiful complaints;
+but generation after generation of men lived on earth,
+and died, blessing him for the gift he had obtained for them at
+such a terrible cost. After many centuries of woe, Hercules, son
+of Jupiter and Alcmene, found Prometheus, killed the vulture,
+broke the adamantine chains, and liberated the long-suffering
+god.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Epimetheus
+and Pandora.</div>
+
+<p>The first mortals lived on earth in a state of perfect innocence
+and bliss. The air was pure and balmy; the sun shone brightly
+all the year; the earth brought forth delicious
+fruit in abundance; and beautiful, fragrant flowers
+bloomed everywhere. Man was content. Extreme
+cold, hunger, sickness, and death were unknown. Jupiter, who
+justly ascribed a good part of this beatific condition to the gift
+conferred by Prometheus, was greatly displeased, and tried to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>29]</a></span>
+devise some means to punish mankind for the acceptance of the
+heavenly fire.</p>
+
+<p>With this purpose in view, he assembled the gods on Mount
+Olympus, where, in solemn council, they decided to create
+woman; and, as soon as she had been artfully fashioned, each
+one endowed her with some special charm, to make her more
+attractive.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;The crippled artist-god,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Illustrious, molded from the yielding clay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A bashful virgin&rsquo;s image, as advis&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Saturnian Jove.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> *<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;But now when the fair mischief, seeming-good,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His hand had perfected, he led her forth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Exulting in her grac&rsquo;d attire, the gift<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Pallas, in the midst of gods and men.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On men and gods in that same moment seiz&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ravishment of wonder, when they saw<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The deep deceit, th&rsquo; inextricable snare.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Their united efforts were crowned with the utmost success.
+Nothing was lacking, except a name for the peerless creature;
+and the gods, after due consideration, decreed she should be
+called Pandora. They then bade Mercury take her to Prometheus
+as a gift from heaven; but he, knowing only too well that
+nothing good would come to him from the gods, refused to accept
+her, and cautioned his brother Epimetheus to follow his
+example. Unfortunately Epimetheus was of a confiding disposition,
+and when he beheld the maiden he exclaimed, &ldquo;Surely
+so beautiful and gentle a being can bring no evil!&rdquo; and accepted
+her most joyfully.</p>
+
+<p>The first days of their union were spent in blissful wanderings,
+hand in hand, under the cool forest shade; in weaving garlands
+of fragrant flowers; and in refreshing themselves with the luscious
+fruit, which hung so temptingly within reach.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;">
+<a name="pandora" id="pandora"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr07.jpg" width="351" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">PANDORA.&mdash;Sichel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One lovely evening, while dancing on the green, they saw
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"><!-- original location of Pandora illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>31]</a></span>
+Mercury, Jupiter&rsquo;s messenger, coming towards them. His step
+was slow and weary, his garments dusty and travel-stained, and
+he seemed almost to stagger beneath the weight of a huge box
+which rested upon his shoulders. Pandora immediately ceased
+dancing, to speculate with feminine curiosity upon the contents
+of the chest. She nudged Epimetheus, and in a whisper begged
+him to ask Mercury what brought him thither. Epimetheus
+complied with her request; but Mercury evaded the question,
+asked permission to deposit his burden in their dwelling for safekeeping,
+professing himself too weary to convey it to its destination
+that day, and promised to call for it shortly. The permission
+was promptly granted. Mercury, with a sigh of relief, placed
+the box in one corner, and then departed, refusing all hospitable
+offers of rest and refreshment.</p>
+
+<p>He had scarcely crossed the threshold, when Pandora expressed
+a strong desire to have a peep at the contents of the mysterious
+box; but Epimetheus, surprised and shocked, told her that her
+curiosity was unseemly, and then, to dispel the frown and pout
+seen for the first time on the fair face of his beloved, he entreated
+her to come out into the fresh air and join in the merry games of
+their companions. For the first time, also, Pandora refused to
+comply with his request. Dismayed, and very much discouraged,
+Epimetheus sauntered out alone, thinking she would soon join
+him, and perhaps by some caress atone for her present willfulness.</p>
+
+<p>Left alone with the mysterious casket, Pandora became more
+and more inquisitive. Stealthily she drew near, and examined it
+with great interest, for it was curiously wrought of dark wood,
+and surmounted by a delicately carved head, of such fine workmanship
+that it seemed to smile and encourage her. Around
+the box a glittering golden cord was wound, and fastened on top
+in an intricate knot. Pandora, who prided herself specially on
+her deft fingers, felt sure she could unfasten it, and, reasoning
+that it would not be indiscreet to untie it if she did not raise the
+lid, she set to work. Long she strove, but all in vain. Ever
+and anon the laughing voices of Epimetheus and his companions,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>32]</a></span>
+playing in the luxuriant shade, were wafted in on the summer
+breeze. Repeatedly she heard them call, and beseech her to join
+them; yet she persisted in her attempt. She was just on the
+point of giving it up in despair, when suddenly the refractory
+knot yielded to her fumbling fingers, and the cord, unrolling,
+dropped on the floor.</p>
+
+<p>Pandora had repeatedly fancied that sounds like whispers issued
+from the box. The noise now seemed to increase, and she breathlessly
+applied her ear to the lid to ascertain whether it really
+proceeded from within. Imagine, therefore, her surprise when
+she distinctly heard these words, uttered in the most pitiful
+accents: &ldquo;Pandora, dear Pandora, have pity upon us! Free us
+from this gloomy prison! Open, open, we beseech you!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Pandora&rsquo;s heart beat so fast and loud, that it seemed for a
+moment to drown all other sounds. Should she open the box?
+Just then a familiar step outside made her start guiltily. Epimetheus
+was coming, and she knew he would urge her again to
+come out, and would prevent the gratification of her curiosity.
+Precipitately, therefore, she raised the lid to have one little peep
+before he came in.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Jupiter had malignantly crammed into this box all the
+diseases, sorrows, vices, and crimes that afflict poor humanity;
+and the box was no sooner opened, than all these ills flew out,
+in the guise of horrid little brown-winged creatures, closely
+resembling moths. These little insects fluttered about, alighting,
+some upon Epimetheus, who had just entered, and some
+upon Pandora, pricking and stinging them most unmercifully.
+Then they flew out through the open door and windows, and
+fastened upon the merrymakers without, whose shouts of joy were
+soon changed into wails of pain and anguish.</p>
+
+<p>Epimetheus and Pandora had never before experienced the
+faintest sensation of pain or anger; but, as soon as these winged
+evil spirits had stung them, they began to weep, and, alas! quarreled
+for the first time in their lives. Epimetheus reproached his
+wife in bitterest terms for her thoughtless action; but in the very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>33]</a></span>
+midst of his vituperation he suddenly heard a sweet little voice
+entreat for freedom. The sound proceeded from the unfortunate
+box, whose cover Pandora had dropped again, in the first
+moment of her surprise and pain. &ldquo;Open, open, and I will heal
+your wounds! Please let me out!&rdquo; it pleaded.</p>
+
+<p>The tearful couple viewed each other inquiringly, and listened
+again. Once more they heard the same pitiful accents; and
+Epimetheus bade his wife open the box and set the speaker free,
+adding very amiably, that she had already done so much harm
+by her ill-fated curiosity, that it would be difficult to add
+materially to its evil consequences, and that, perchance, the box
+contained some good spirit, whose ministrations might prove
+beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>It was well for Pandora that she opened the box a second time,
+for the gods, with a sudden impulse of compassion, had concealed
+among the evil spirits one kindly creature, Hope, whose mission
+was to heal the wounds inflicted by her fellow-prisoners.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Hope sole remain&rsquo;d within, nor took her flight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beneath the vessel&rsquo;s verge conceal&rsquo;d from light.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lightly fluttering hither and thither on her snowy pinions,
+Hope touched the punctured places on Pandora&rsquo;s and Epimetheus&rsquo;
+creamy skin, and relieved their suffering, then quickly flew
+out of the open window, to perform the same gentle office for the
+other victims, and cheer their downcast spirits.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, according to the ancients, evil entered into the world,
+bringing untold misery; but Hope followed closely in its footsteps,
+to aid struggling humanity, and point to a happier future.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Hope rules a land forever green:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All powers that serve the bright-eyed Queen<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are confident and gay;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clouds at her bidding disappear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Points she to aught?&mdash;the bliss draws near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Fancy smooths the way.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;">
+<a name="hope" id="hope"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr08.jpg" width="399" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">HOPE.&mdash;Thorwaldsen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>35]</a></span>
+During many centuries, therefore, Hope continued to be revered,
+although the other divinities had ceased to be worshiped.</p>
+
+<p>According to another version, Pandora was sent down to man,
+bearing a vase in which the evil spirits were imprisoned, and on
+the way, seized by a fit of curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed
+them all to escape.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Four Ages.</div>
+
+<p>Little by little the world was peopled; and the first years of
+man&rsquo;s existence upon earth were, as we have seen, years of
+unalloyed happiness. There was no occasion for
+labor, for the earth brought forth spontaneously
+all that was necessary for man&rsquo;s subsistence. &ldquo;Innocence, virtue,
+and truth prevailed; neither were there any laws to restrict
+men, nor judges to punish.&rdquo; This time of bliss has justly borne
+the title of Golden Age, and the people in Italy then throve
+under the wise rule of good old Saturn, or Cronus.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, nothing in this world is lasting; and the Golden
+Age was followed by another, not quite so prosperous, hence
+called the Silver Age, when the year was first divided into seasons,
+and men were obliged to toil for their daily bread.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Succeeding times a silver age behold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Excelling brass, but more excell&rsquo;d by gold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then summer, autumn, winter, did appear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And spring was but a season of the year;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sun his annual course obliquely made,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Good days contracted, and enlarg&rsquo;d the bad.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The air with sultry heats began to glow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wings of winds were clogg&rsquo;d with ice and snow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And shivering mortals into houses driven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sought shelter from the inclemency of heaven.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those houses, then, were caves or homely sheds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With twining osiers fenc&rsquo;d, and moss their beds.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then plows, for seed, the fruitful furrows broke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And oxen labor&rsquo;d first beneath the yoke.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Yet, in spite of these few hardships, the people were happy,
+far happier than their descendants during the Age of Brass, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>36]</a></span>
+speedily followed, when strife became customary, and differences
+were settled by blows.</p>
+
+<p>But by far the worst of all was the Iron Age, when men&rsquo;s passions
+knew no bounds, and they even dared refuse all homage
+to the immortal gods. War was waged incessantly; the earth
+was saturated with blood; the rights of hospitality were openly
+violated; and murder, rape, and theft were committed on all sides.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Deluge.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter had kept a close watch over men&rsquo;s actions during
+all these years; and this evil conduct aroused his wrath to such
+a point, that he vowed he would annihilate the
+human race. But the modes of destruction were
+manifold, and, as he could not decide which would eventually
+prove most efficacious, he summoned the gods to deliberate and
+aid him by their counsels. The first suggestion offered, was to
+destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter&rsquo;s much-dreaded
+thunderbolts; and the king of gods was about to put it into
+instant execution, when his arm was stayed by the objection that
+the rising flames might set fire to his own abode, and reduce its
+magnificence to unsightly ashes. He therefore rejected the plan
+as impracticable, and bade the gods devise other means of destruction.</p>
+
+<p>After much delay and discussion, the immortals agreed to wash
+mankind off the face of the earth by a mighty deluge. The
+winds were instructed to gather together the rain clouds over the
+earth. Neptune let loose the waves of the sea, bidding them
+rise, overflow, and deluge the land. No sooner had the gods
+spoken, than the elements obeyed: the winds blew; the rain fell
+in torrents; lakes, seas, rivers, and oceans broke their bonds; and
+terrified mortals, forgetting their petty quarrels in a common impulse
+to flee from the death which threatened them, climbed
+the highest mountains, clung to uprooted trees, and even took
+refuge in the light skiffs they had constructed in happier days.
+Their efforts were all in vain, however; for the waters rose higher
+and higher, overtook them one after another in their ineffectual
+efforts to escape, closed over the homes where they might have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>37]</a></span>
+been so happy, and drowned their last despairing cries in their
+seething depths.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Now hills and vales no more distinction know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And level&rsquo;d nature lies oppress&rsquo;d below;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The most of mortals perish in the flood.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Deucalion
+and Pyrrha.</div>
+
+<p>The rain continued to fall, until, after many days, the waves
+covered all the surface of the earth except the summit of Mount
+Parnassus, the highest peak in Greece. On this
+mountain, surrounded by the ever-rising flood,
+stood the son of Prometheus, Deucalion, with his
+faithful wife Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora.
+From thence they, the sole survivors, viewed the universal desolation
+with tear-dimmed eyes.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the general depravity, the lives of this couple had
+always been pure and virtuous; and when Jupiter saw them there
+alone, and remembered their piety, he decided not to include them
+in the general destruction, but to save their lives. He therefore
+bade the winds return to their cave, and the rain to cease. Neptune,
+in accordance with his decree, blew a resounding blast upon
+his conch shell to recall the wandering waves, which immediately
+returned within their usual bounds.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;At length the world was all restor&rsquo;d to view,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But desolate, and of a sickly hue;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nature beheld herself, and stood aghast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A dismal desert and a silent waste.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Deucalion and Pyrrha followed the receding waves step by
+step down the steep mountain side, wondering how they should
+repeople the desolate earth. As they talked, they came to the
+shrine of Delphi, which alone had been able to resist the force of
+the waves. There they entered to consult the wishes of the gods.
+Their surprise and horror were unbounded, however, when a
+voice exclaimed, &ldquo;Depart from hence with veiled heads, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>38]</a></span>
+cast your mother&rsquo;s bones behind you!&rdquo; To obey such a command
+seemed sacrilegious in the extreme; for the dead had
+always been held in deep veneration by the Greeks, and the desecration
+of a grave was considered a heinous crime, and punished
+accordingly. But, they reasoned, the gods&rsquo; oracles can seldom be
+accepted in a literal sense; and Deucalion, after due thought,
+explained to Pyrrha what he conceived to be the meaning of this
+mysterious command.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The Earth,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;is the mother of all, and the stones
+may be considered her bones.&rdquo; Husband and wife speedily
+decided to act upon this premise, and continued their descent,
+casting stones behind them. All those thrown by Deucalion
+were immediately changed into men, while those cast by Pyrrha
+became women.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the earth was peopled for the second time with a blameless
+race of men, sent to replace the wicked beings slain by
+Jupiter. Deucalion and Pyrrha shortly after became the happy
+parents of a son named Hellen, who gave his name to all the
+Hellenic or Greek race; while his sons &AElig;olus and Dorus, and
+grandsons Ion and Ach&aelig;us, became the ancestors of the &AElig;olian,
+Dorian, Ionian, and Achaian nations.</p>
+
+<p>Other mythologists, in treating of the deluvian myths, state
+that Deucalion and Pyrrha took refuge in an ark, which, after
+sailing about for many days, was stranded on the top of Mount
+Parnassus. This version was far less popular with the Greeks,
+although it betrays still more plainly the common source whence
+all these myths are derived.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Who does not see in drown Deucalion&rsquo;s name,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When Earth her men and Sea had lost her shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Old Noah!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Fletcher.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>39]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">JUPITER.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter&rsquo;s titles.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jupiter</span>, Jove, or Zeus, king of the gods, supreme ruler of the
+universe, the special deity of mankind, the personification of the
+sky and of all the phenomena of the air, and the
+guardian of political order and peace, was the most
+prominent of all the Olympian divinities: the others were obliged
+to submit to his will, and trembled at his all-powerful nod.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The eternal Thunderer sat, enthroned in gold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">High heaven the footstool of his feet he makes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wide beneath him all Olympus shakes.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The stamp of fate and sanction of the god:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">High heaven with trembling the dread signal took,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all Olympus to the center shook.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Fates and Destiny alone dared oppose Jupiter&rsquo;s sovereign
+will, and they continued to issue their irrevocable decrees, even
+after he supplanted his father and began to rule over all.</p>
+
+<p>In common with all other Greek and Roman divinities, Jupiter,
+though immortal, was subject to pleasure, pain, grief, and anger,
+and a prey to all the passions which rule the hearts of men.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;">
+<a name="zeus" id="zeus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr09.jpg" width="402" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">OLYMPIAN ZEUS.&mdash;Flaxman.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was he who presided at the councils held on the top of
+&ldquo;many-peaked Olympus,&rdquo; and summoned the gods whenever he
+wished to discuss with them any matter of importance, or to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"><!-- original location of Olympian Zeus illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>41]</a></span>
+indulge in a sumptuous repast, when they ate the celestial ambrosia
+and quaffed the fragrant nectar.</p>
+
+<p>He is generally represented as a fine majestic figure, with long
+curling hair and beard, clad in flowing drapery, his redoubtable
+thunderbolts or scepter in one hand, and a statue of Victory
+in the other. The world is his footstool; and the eagle,
+emblem of strength and power, is generally seen close beside him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter&rsquo;s
+attendants.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter had his own special attendants, such as Victoria, or
+Nice, the goddess of victory, who was ever ready
+to obey his slightest behest, and it is said her master
+loved her so dearly, that he generally held an image of her in
+his hand.</p>
+
+<p>The hundred-tongued goddess of fame, Fama, trumpet in hand,
+proclaimed, at his bidding, anything he wished, never questioning
+whether it were true or false.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Fame than who never plague that runs<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its way more swiftly wins:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her very motion lends her power:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She flies and waxes every hour.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At first she shrinks, and cowers for dread:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ere long she soars on high:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the ground she plants her tread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Her forehead in the sky.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Close by Jupiter&rsquo;s side was sometimes seen Fortuna, goddess
+of fortune, poised on a constantly revolving wheel, whereon she
+journeyed throughout the world, scattering with careless hands
+her numerous gifts, and lavishing with indifference her choicest
+smiles; while Hebe, or Juventas, the goddess of youth, was ever
+ready at his wish to pour out the nectar, in which the gods were
+wont to pledge each other.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;Hebe, honored of them all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ministered nectar, and from cups of gold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They pledged each other.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>42]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a name="ganymede" id="ganymede"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr10.jpg" width="400" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">GANYMEDE AND THE EAGLE. (National Museum, Naples.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>43]</a></span>
+But this fair goddess awkwardly tripped and fell on a solemn occasion,
+and was forced to resign her office. To replace her, the
+father of the gods was obliged to go in quest of another cup-bearer.</p>
+
+<p>To facilitate his search, he assumed the form of an eagle, and
+winged his flight over the earth. He had not flown far, before
+he beheld a youth of marvelous beauty, alone on a neighboring
+hill. To swoop down, catch him up in his mighty talons, and
+bear him safely off to Olympus, was but a moment&rsquo;s work; and
+there the kidnapped youth Ganymede, the son of a king of Troy,
+was carefully instructed in the duties he was called upon to perform
+in the future.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And godlike Ganymede, most beautiful<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Philemon
+and Baucis.</div>
+
+<p>Solicitous for the welfare of mankind, Jupiter often visited the
+earth, taking great care to assume some disguise which would
+enable him to ascertain all he wished without any
+risk of detection. One day he and Mercury, his
+special messenger and favorite among the gods,
+took the forms of needy, belated travelers, and entered the lowly
+hut of a worthy old couple, Philemon and Baucis.</p>
+
+<p>Eager to offer their best to the strangers, these poor people
+decided to kill their sole remaining goose; but their efforts to
+secure it were vain, and finally the persecuted fowl took refuge
+between Jupiter&rsquo;s knees. Touched with their zeal, yet anxious to
+prevent the death of the confiding goose, Jupiter revealed himself
+to his faithful worshipers, and in gratitude for their intended
+sacrifice bade them ask any boon, promising by the great river
+Styx&mdash;the most binding and solemn oath a god could utter&mdash;to
+grant their request.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to the custom current in similar cases, Philemon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>44]</a></span>
+and Baucis made a modest and judicious choice, and proffered
+a timid request that they might serve the gods as long as life
+and strength endured, and finally die together. This most reasonable
+wish was immediately granted; and Jupiter, moreover,
+changed their humble abode into a superb temple, where they
+could offer daily sacrifices on his altars.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem31">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Their little shed, scarce large enough for two,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Seems, from the ground increased, in height and bulk to grow.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A stately temple shoots within the skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The crotches of their cot in columns rise;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pavement polish&rsquo;d marble they behold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gates with sculpture grac&rsquo;d, the spires and tiles of gold.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After many years of faithful service, when age had made
+them long for death, Philemon and Baucis were transformed into
+majestic oaks, which stood for many a century in front of the
+temple, monuments of the love and faith which had bound the
+pair through life.</p>
+
+<p>Although married to Juno, Jupiter often indulged in love affairs
+with other goddesses, and even with mortal maidens. The ancients
+themselves did not practice polygamy, but their gods were supposed
+to be able to indulge all their passions with impunity. As
+the personification of the sky, Jupiter, therefore, consorted at
+times with Juno (the Atmosphere), with Dione (Moisture), with
+Themis (Justice), etc., without incurring any reproach; for these
+marriages, in their estimation, were all symbolical.</p>
+
+<p>But Juno being of a jealous disposition, Jupiter was forced to
+conduct his courtships with great secrecy and circumspection, and
+therefore generally adopted the precaution of a disguise. To win
+Europa, the fair daughter of Agenor, for instance, he became a bull.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;The gods themselves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Humbling their deities to love, have taken<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shapes of beasts upon them. Jupiter<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Became a bull, and bellow&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Shakespeare.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter kidnaps
+Europa.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>45]</a></span>
+One day Europa was playing in her father&rsquo;s meadows with her
+three brothers, Cadmus, Ph&oelig;nix, and Cilix, when she suddenly
+saw a white bull coming towards her; not with
+fiery eyes and lowered horns, but gently, as if to
+express a mute request to be petted. The maiden, delighted,
+stroked the beast, and decked him with bright garlands of meadow-blossoms.
+Then, seeing him kneel, as if to invite her to mount,
+she lightly sprang upon his broad back, calling to her companions
+to follow her example; but, before they could do as she wished,
+the bull had risen to his feet, and galloped off towards the sea
+with his fair burden on his back.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of turning when he saw the foam-crested waves, he
+plunged into the midst of them, and in a few minutes disappeared
+from view, so rapidly did he swim away. To reassure
+the frightened girl, the bull now spoke in gentle accents, bidding
+her dismiss all fear, for he was the great Jupiter in disguise.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Take courage, gentle maid! nor fear the tide:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I, though near-seen a bull, am heavenly Jove:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I change my shape at will.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Moschus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pleased with the novelty of her situation, and flattered by the
+god&rsquo;s evident admiration, Europa ceased to struggle, wound her
+arms more closely around the bull&rsquo;s neck to prevent the waves
+from washing her off her perilous seat, and allowed herself to be
+carried away.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter finally deposited his fair burden upon the shores of a
+new land, to which he gallantly gave her name, Europe. He
+then resumed his wonted form, explained at length his reasons for
+so unceremoniously kidnapping her, and finally won her consent
+to their union. Their three sons were Minos, Rhadamanthus,
+and Sarpedon. The two former were subsequently appointed
+judges in the Infernal Regions, while the third found an early
+but glorious death during the Trojan war.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="europa" id="europa"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr11.jpg" width="600" height="410"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ABDUCTION OF EUROPA.&mdash;Albani. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Search
+for Europa.</div>
+
+<p>All unconscious of their sister&rsquo;s fate, the young princes had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"><!-- original location of Abduction of Europa illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>47]</a></span>
+returned in haste to their father&rsquo;s palace to announce her sudden
+involuntary departure. Agenor, whose favorite she had always
+been, rent his garments for grief, and bade his sons
+go forth and seek her, and not to return till they
+had found her. Accompanied by their mother, Telephassa, they
+immediately set out on their journey, inquiring of all they met if
+they had seen their sister. Search and inquiry proved equally
+fruitless.</p>
+
+<p>At last, weary of this hopeless quest, Ph&oelig;nix refused his further
+aid, and allowed his sorrowing relatives to continue without
+him, remaining in a land which from him was called Ph&oelig;nicia.
+Cilix, too, soon followed his example, and settled in a fertile
+country which they had reached, hence called Cilicia; and
+finally Telephassa, worn out with grief and fatigue, lay down to
+die, charging her oldest son to go on alone.</p>
+
+<p>Cadmus wandered on till he came to Delphi, where he consulted
+the oracle; but, to his great dismay, the only reply he received
+was, &ldquo;Follow the cow, and settle where she rests.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In deep perplexity he left the temple, and, from force of habit,
+journeyed on, patiently questioning all he met. Soon he perceived
+a cow leisurely walking in front of him, and, mindful of
+the oracle, he ceased his search and followed her. Urged by
+curiosity, many adventurers joined him on the way, and, when
+the cow at last lay down in the land since called B&oelig;otia, they
+all promised to aid Cadmus, their chosen leader, to found their
+future capital, which was to be called Thebes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Founding
+of Thebes.</div>
+
+<p>Parched with thirst after their long walk, the men then hastened
+to a neighboring spring, but, to Cadmus&rsquo; surprise, time
+passed and still they did not return. Armed with
+his trusty sword, he finally went down to the spring
+to discover the cause of their delay, and found that they had
+all been devoured by a huge dragon, which lived in the hollow.
+The prince raised his sword to avenge their death, and dealt
+the dragon such a deadly blow upon the head, that he put an
+immediate end to its existence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>48]</a></span>
+While Cadmus stood there contemplating his lifeless foe, a
+voice bade him extract the dragon&rsquo;s teeth, and sow them in the
+ground already broken for his future city. No human being was
+within sight: so Cadmus knew the order proceeded from the
+immortal gods, and immediately prepared to obey it. The dragon&rsquo;s
+teeth were no sooner planted, than a crop of giants
+sprang from the soil, full grown, and armed to the teeth. They
+were about to fall upon Cadmus, when the same voice bade him
+cast a stone in the midst of their close-drawn phalanx. Cadmus,
+seeing the giants were almost upon him, and that no time was to be
+lost, quickly threw a stone. The effect produced was almost instantaneous;
+for the giants, each fancying it had been thrown by
+his neighbor, began fighting among themselves. In a few minutes
+the number of giants was reduced to five, who sheathed their
+bloodstained weapons, and humbly tendered their services to
+Cadmus. With their aid, the foundations of the city were laid;
+but their labor was not very arduous, as the gods caused some
+of the public buildings to rise up out of the ground, all complete,
+and ready for use.</p>
+
+<p>To reward Cadmus for his loving and painstaking search for
+Europa, Jupiter gave him the hand of the fair princess Harmonia,
+a daughter of Mars and Venus, in marriage. Cadmus, the
+founder of Thebes, is supposed to have invented the alphabet,
+and introduced its use into Greece. Although his career was very
+prosperous at first, he finally incurred the wrath of the gods by
+forgetting, on a solemn occasion, to offer them a suitable sacrifice;
+and, in anger at his dereliction, they changed him and Harmonia
+into huge serpents.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship
+of Jupiter.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter was, of course, very widely and generally worshiped
+by the ancients; and his principal temples&mdash;the Capitol at Rome,
+and the shrine of Jupiter Ammon in Libya&mdash;have
+been world-renowned. He also had a noted temple
+at Dodona, where an oak tree gave forth mysterious prophecies,
+which were supposed to have been inspired by the king of
+gods; this long lost shrine has recently been discovered.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>49]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Oh, where, Dodona! is thine aged grove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What valley echoed the response of Jove?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What trace remaineth of the Thunderer&rsquo;s shrine?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All, all forgotten!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A magnificent temple at Olympia, on the Peloponnesus, was
+also dedicated to Jupiter; and here every fifth year the people of
+Greece were wont to assemble to celebrate games, in honor of
+Jupiter&rsquo;s great victory over the Titans. These festivals were
+known as the Olympian Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned
+time by olympiads, that is to say, by the space of time between
+the celebrations. Within the temple at Olympia stood a
+wonderful statue of gold and ivory, the work of Phidias. Its proportions
+and beauty were such, that it was counted one of the
+Seven Wonders of the ancient world. It is said, too, that the
+artist, having completed this masterpiece, longed for some sign
+of approval from heaven, and fervently prayed for a token that
+the god accepted his labor. Jupiter, in answer to this prayer,
+sent a vivid flash of lightning, which played about the colossal
+image, illuminating it, but leaving it quite unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks were indebted to Phidias for many of their most
+exquisite statues of the gods; but none of the others equaled
+this figure of Jupiter in size, dignity of attitude, or elaborate
+finish.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Wise Phidias, thus his skill to prove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through many a god advanc&rsquo;d to Jove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And taught the polish&rsquo;d rocks to shine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With airs and lineaments divine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till Greece, amaz&rsquo;d, and half afraid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th&rsquo; assembled deities survey&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>50]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;">
+<a name="juno" id="juno"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr12.jpg" width="415" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">JUNO. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>51]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">JUNO.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Juno&rsquo;s
+marriage.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Juno</span> (Hera, Here), queen of heaven, and goddess of the
+atmosphere and of marriage, was the daughter of Cronus and
+Rhea, and consequently the sister of Jupiter; but,
+as soon as the latter had dethroned his parents and
+seized the scepter, he began to look about him for a suitable helpmate.
+Juno won his affections by her great beauty; and he immediately
+began his courtship, which he carried on in the guise
+of a cuckoo, to infuse a little romance into it. He evidently
+found favor in her sight, and won her consent to share his throne;
+for shortly afterward their wedding was celebrated with great
+pomp on Mount Olympus. It was on this solemn occasion that
+the immortal conclave of the gods declared that Juno should be
+henceforth honored as goddess of marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;Juno, who presides<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Supreme o&rsquo;er bridegrooms and o&rsquo;er brides.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But although in the beginning this union seemed very happy,
+there soon arose subjects for contention; for unfortunately Jupiter
+was inclined to be faithless, and Juno jealous, and, like the element
+she personified, exceedingly variable in her moods. On such
+occasions she gave way to her violent temper, and bitterly reproached
+her husband, who, impatient of her censure, punished
+her severely, and, instead of reforming, merely continued his numerous
+intrigues with renewed zest.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Callisto
+and Arcas.</div>
+
+<p>On one occasion he fell deeply in love with a maiden named
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>52]</a></span>
+Callisto, gentle, fair, and slender; but, in spite of all the precautions
+which he took when visiting her, Juno discovered the object
+of his affections. Night and day she thought
+and planned, until she devised a species of revenge
+which seemed adequate. The graceful girl was suddenly
+bereft of speech, changed into a rough, ungainly bear, and driven
+out into the solitudes of the great forests, which were from that
+time forth to be her home. Jupiter vainly sought his missing
+ladylove, and it was only long afterward that he discovered her
+and her little bear son Arcas. In pity for all they had suffered,
+he transferred them both to the sky, where they are still known
+as the constellations of the Great and Little Bear.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Juno&rsquo;s
+attendant.</div>
+
+<p>Juno, like her husband, had also her special attendant, Iris
+(the Rainbow), whom she frequently employed as messenger,&mdash;a
+task which this deity accomplished with as much
+celerity as Mercury. Her flight through the air
+was so rapid, that she was seldom seen; and no one would have
+known she had passed, had it not been for the brilliant trail her
+many-colored robe left behind her in the sky.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Like fiery clouds, that flush with ruddy glare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or Iris, gliding through the purple air;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When loosely girt her dazzling mantle flows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And &rsquo;gainst the sun in arching colors glows.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Juno is the mother of Mars, Hebe, and Vulcan, and is always
+described and represented as a beautiful, majestic woman, clad
+in flowing robes, with a diadem and scepter. The peacock and
+cuckoo were both sacred to her, and are therefore often seen at
+her side.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 459px;">
+<a name="iris" id="iris"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr13.jpg" width="459" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">IRIS.&mdash;Tito Conti.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship
+of Juno.</div>
+
+<p>Her principal places of worship were at Mycen&aelig;, Sparta, Argos,
+Rome, and Her&aelig;um. She had also numerous other sanctuaries
+scattered throughout the ancient world, and was
+worshiped in the same temples as Jupiter. Many
+fine statues of this goddess were found in Greece and Italy, some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"><!-- original location of Iris illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>54]</a></span>
+of which are still extant, and serve to show the ancients&rsquo; exalted
+conception of the Queen of Heaven.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Cleobis
+and Biton.</div>
+
+<p>Juno&rsquo;s festivals, the Matronalia, in Rome, were always celebrated
+with great pomp. Less important feasts were held in
+each city where a temple was dedicated to her.
+On one of these occasions an old priestess was very
+anxious to go to the temple at Argos, where she had ministered to
+the goddess for many years, and which she had left only to be
+married. The way was long and dusty: so the aged woman, who
+could no longer walk such a distance, bade her sons, Cleobis and
+Biton, harness her white heifers to her car. The youths hastened
+to do her bidding; but, although they searched diligently, the
+heifers could not be found. Rather than disappoint their aged
+mother, who had set her heart upon attending the services, these
+kind-hearted sons harnessed themselves to the cart, and drew
+her through the city to the temple gates, amid the acclamations
+of all the people, who admired this trait of filial devotion.</p>
+
+<p>The mother was so touched by her sons&rsquo; affection, that, as she
+knelt before the altar, she fervently prayed Juno to bestow upon
+them the greatest boon in her power. At the conclusion of the
+services the ex-priestess went into the portico, where her sons
+had thrown themselves to rest after their unwonted exertions;
+but instead of finding them merely asleep, as she expected, she
+found them dead. The Queen of Heaven had transported
+them while asleep to the Elysian Fields, the place of endless
+bliss, where such as they enjoyed eternal life.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>55]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">MINERVA.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of
+Minerva.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Although</span> immortal, the gods were not exempt from physical
+pain. One day Jupiter suffered intensely from a sudden headache,
+and, in hopes that some mode of alleviation
+would be devised, he summoned all the gods to
+Olympus. Their united efforts were vain, however; and even
+the remedies suggested by Apollo, god of medicine, proved inefficacious.
+Unwilling, or perchance unable, to endure the racking
+pain any longer, Jupiter bade one of his sons, Vulcan, cleave
+his head open with an ax. With cheerful alacrity the dutiful
+god obeyed; and no sooner was the operation performed, than
+Minerva (Pallas, Athene) sprang out of her father&rsquo;s head, full-grown,
+clad in glittering armor, with poised spear, and chanting
+a triumphant song of victory.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;From his awful head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Golden, all radiant.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Shelley.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The assembled gods recoiled in fear before this unexpected
+apparition, while at the same time a mighty commotion over
+land and sea proclaimed the advent of a great divinity.</p>
+
+<p>The goddess, who had thus joined the inhabitants of Olympus,
+was destined to preside over peace, defensive war, and needlework,
+to be the incarnation of wisdom, and to put to flight the
+obscure deity called Dullness, who until then had ruled the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>56]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;">
+<a name="minerva1" id="minerva1"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr14.jpg" width="402" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">MINERVA. (National Museum, Naples.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>57]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Ere Pallas issu&rsquo;d from the Thund&rsquo;rer&rsquo;s head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dullness o&rsquo;er all possess&rsquo;d her ancient right,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Daughter of Chaos and eternal Night.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Minerva, having forced her unattractive predecessor to beat an
+ignominious retreat, quickly seized the scepter, and immediately
+began to rule in her stead.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Naming
+of Athens.</div>
+
+<p>Not long after her birth, Cecrops, a Ph&oelig;nician, came to
+Greece, where he founded a beautiful city in the province since
+called Attica. All the gods watched his undertaking
+with great interest; and finally, seeing the town
+promised to become a thriving place, each wished the privilege
+of naming it. A general council was held, and after some deliberation
+most of the gods withdrew their claims. Soon none
+but Minerva and Neptune were left to contend for the coveted
+honor.</p>
+
+<p>To settle the quarrel without evincing any partiality, Jupiter
+announced that the city would be intrusted to the protection of
+the deity who would create the most useful object for the use of
+man. Raising his trident, Neptune struck the ground, from which
+a noble horse sprang forth, amid the exclamations of wonder and
+admiration of all the spectators. His qualities were duly explained
+by his proud creator, and all thought it quite impossible
+for Minerva to surpass him. Loudly they laughed, and scornfully
+too, when she, in her turn, produced an olive tree; but
+when she had told them the manifold uses to which wood, fruit,
+foliage, twigs, etc., could be applied, and explained that the
+olive was a sign of peace and prosperity, and therefore far more
+desirable than the horse, the emblem of war and wretchedness,
+they could but acknowledge her gift the most serviceable, and
+award her the prize.</p>
+
+<p>To commemorate this victory over her rival, Minerva gave
+her own name of Athene to the city, whose inhabitants, from
+that time forth, were taught to honor her as their tutelary
+goddess.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>58]</a></span>
+Ever at Jupiter&rsquo;s side, Minerva often aided him by her wise
+counsels, and in times of war borrowed his terrible shield, the
+&AElig;gis, which she flung over her shoulder when she sallied forth
+to give her support to those whose cause was just.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Her shoulder bore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dreadful &AElig;gis with its shaggy brim<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bordered with Terror. There was Strife, and there<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was Fortitude, and there was fierce Pursuit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And there the Gorgon&rsquo;s head, a ghastly sight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deformed and dreadful, and a sign of woe.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The din of battle had no terrors for this doughty goddess,
+and on every occasion she was wont to plunge into the thickest
+of the fray with the utmost valor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Arachne.</div>
+
+<p>These virile tastes were, however, fully counterbalanced by
+some exclusively feminine, for Minerva was as deft with her
+needle as with her sword. In Greece there lived
+in those olden times a maiden by the name of
+Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome, she would have been
+loved by all had it not been for her inordinate pride, not in her
+personal advantages, but in her skill as a needlewoman.</p>
+
+<p>Arachne, in her conceit, fancied that no one could equal the
+work done by her deft fingers, so she boasted far and wide that
+she would have no fear to match her skill with Minerva&rsquo;s. She
+made this remark so loudly and so frequently, that the goddess was
+finally annoyed, and left her seat in high Olympus to come down
+upon earth and punish the maiden. In the guise of an old
+crone, she entered Arachne&rsquo;s house, seated herself, and began
+a conversation. In a few minutes the maiden had resumed
+her usual strain, and renewed her rash boast. Minerva gently
+advised her to be more modest, lest she should incur the wrath
+of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so
+blinded by her conceit, that she scorned the well-meant warning,
+saucily tossed her head, and declared she wished the goddess
+would hear her, and propose a contest, in which she would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>59]</a></span>
+surely be able to prove the truth of her assertions. This insolent
+speech so incensed Minerva, that she cast aside her disguise and
+accepted the challenge.</p>
+
+<p>Both set up their looms, and began to weave exquisite designs
+in tapestry: Minerva choosing as her subject her contest with
+Neptune; and Arachne, the kidnapping of Europa. In silence
+the fair weavers worked, and their webs grew apace under their
+practiced fingers. The assembled gods, the horse, the olive tree,
+seemed to live and move under Minerva&rsquo;s flashing shuttle.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Emongst these leaves she made a Butterflie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With excellent device and wondrous slight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fluttring among the Olives wantonly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That seem&rsquo;d to live, so like it was in sight:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The silken downe with which his backe is dight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His broad outstretched hornes, his hayrie thies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His glorious colours, and his glistering eies.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Spenser.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Arachne, in the mean while, was intent upon her swimming
+bull, against whose broad breast the waves splashed, and upon a
+half-laughing, half-frightened girl, who clung to the bull&rsquo;s horns,
+while the wind played with her flowing tresses and garments.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;Sweet Europa&rsquo;s mantle blew unclasp&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">From off her shoulder backward borne:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From one hand droop&rsquo;d a crocus: one hand grasp&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The mild bull&rsquo;s golden horn.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The finishing touches all given, each turned to view her
+rival&rsquo;s work, and at the very first glance Arachne was forced to
+acknowledge her failure. To be thus outstripped, after all her
+proud boasts, was humiliating indeed. Bitterly did Arachne now
+repent of her folly; and in her despair she bound a rope about
+her neck, and hung herself. Minerva saw her discomfited rival
+was about to escape: so she quickly changed her dangling body
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>60]</a></span>
+into a spider, and condemned her to weave and spin without
+ceasing,&mdash;a warning to all conceited mortals.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Minerva.</div>
+
+<p>Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, was widely worshiped. Temples
+and altars without number were dedicated to her service,
+the most celebrated of all being the Parthenon
+at Athens. Naught but the ruins of this mighty
+pile now exist; but they suffice to testify to the beauty of the
+edifice, which served, in turn, as temple, church, mosque, and
+finally as powder magazine.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Fair Parthenon! yet still must Fancy weep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For thee, thou work of nobler spirits flown.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bright, as of old, the sunbeams o&rsquo;er thee sleep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In all their beauty still&mdash;and thine is gone!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Empires have sunk since thou wert first revered.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And varying rites have sanctified thy shrine.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dust is round thee of the race that rear&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy walls; and thou&mdash;their fate must soon be thine!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Hemans.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Statues of Minerva&mdash;a beautiful, majestic woman, fully clothed
+and armed&mdash;were very numerous. The most celebrated of all, by
+the renowned Greek sculptor Phidias, measured full forty feet in
+height. Festivals were celebrated in honor of Minerva wherever
+her worship was held,&mdash;some, the Greek Panathen&aelig;a, for instance,
+only every four years; others, such as the Minervalia
+and Quinquatria, every year. At these festivals the Palladium, a
+statue of the goddess, said to have fallen from heaven, was carried
+in procession through the city, where the people hailed its
+appearance with joyful cries and songs of praise.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>61]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">APOLLO.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> most glorious and beautiful among all the gods was Apollo
+(Ph&oelig;bus, Sol, Helios, Cynthius, Pytheus), god of the sun, of medicine,
+music, poetry, and all fine arts.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Bright-hair&rsquo;d Apollo!&mdash;thou who ever art<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A blessing to the world&mdash;whose mighty heart<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forever pours out love, and light, and life;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou, at whose glance, all things of earth are rife<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With happiness; to whom, in early spring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bright flowers raise up their heads, where&rsquo;er they cling<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On the steep mountain side, or in the vale<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are nestled calmly. Thou at whom the pale<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And weary earth looks up, when winter flees,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With patient gaze: thou for whom wind-stripped trees<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put on fresh leaves, and drink deep of the light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That glitters in thine eye: thou in whose bright<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hottest rays the eagle fills his eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With quenchless fire, and far, far up on high<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Screams out his joy to thee, by all the names<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That thou dost bear&mdash;whether thy godhead claims<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ph&oelig;bus or Sol, or golden-hair&rsquo;d Apollo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cynthian or Pythian, if thou dost follow<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fleeing night, oh, hear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our hymn to thee, and willingly draw near!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pike.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona, or Leto, the goddess
+of dark nights. Juno&rsquo;s jealousy had been aroused by
+Jupiter&rsquo;s preference for her rival. To avenge herself, she banished
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>62]</a></span>
+Latona to earth, and declared that if any one, mortal or immortal,
+showed her any pity or gave her any assistance, he would
+incur her lasting resentment.</p>
+
+<p>After long, painful wanderings on earth, poor Latona, weary
+and parched with thirst, drew near a small pool by the wayside
+to refresh herself; but, urged by Juno, some reapers bade her
+pass on, and then, seeing she paid no heed to their commands,
+they sprang into the shallow waters, and stirred up the mud at
+the bottom until it was quite unpalatable. With tear-dimmed
+eyes, Latona prayed these cruel men might never leave the spot
+whereon they now stood; and Jupiter, in answer to her prayer,
+immediately transformed them into huge green frogs, which creatures
+have since then showed great preference for muddy pools.</p>
+
+<p>Driven on once more by Juno&rsquo;s unrelenting hatred, Latona
+finally came to the seashore, where she stretched out imploring
+hands to Neptune, who sent a dolphin to bear her in safety to
+the floating island of Delos, raised in her behalf from the depths
+of the sea. The rocking motion, however, proving disagreeable
+to the goddess, Neptune chained the island fast in the &AElig;gean
+Sea; and there in that delightful climate, justly praised by poets,
+were born to Jupiter and Latona twin children, Apollo and Diana,
+the divinities of the sun and moon.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Coronis.</div>
+
+<p>Apollo, having attained manhood, could not avoid the usual
+lot of the gods, as well as of mortal men,&mdash;the pangs of love.
+They were first inspired by Coronis, a fair maiden,
+who kindled within his breast an ardent flame.
+The sun god wooed the girl warmly and persistently, and at length
+had the deep satisfaction of seeing his affections returned. His
+bliss, however, proved but fleeting; for Coronis, reasoning, that,
+if one lover were so delightful, two would be doubly so, secretly
+encouraged another suitor.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Flirted with another lover<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">(So at least the story goes)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And was wont to meet him slyly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Underneath the blushing rose.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>63]</a></span>
+Although so cleverly managed, these trysts could not escape
+the bright eyes of Apollo&rsquo;s favorite bird, the snowy raven,&mdash;for
+such was his hue in those early times,&mdash;so <em>he</em> flew off in
+haste to his master to report the discovery he had made. Desperate
+with love and jealousy, Apollo did not hesitate, but, seizing
+his bow and deadly arrows, shot Coronis through the heart.</p>
+
+<p>The deed was no sooner accomplished, than all his love returned
+with tenfold power; and, hastening to Coronis&rsquo; side, he
+vainly tried all his remedies (he was god of medicine) to recall
+her to life.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;The god of Physic<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Had no antidote; alack!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He who took her off so deftly<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Couldn&rsquo;t bring the maiden back!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bending over the lifeless body of his beloved one, he bewailed
+his fatal haste, and cursed the bird which had brought him the
+unwelcome tidings of her faithlessness.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then he turned upon the Raven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">&lsquo;Wanton babbler! see thy fate!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Messenger of mine no longer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Go to Hades with thy prate!<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Weary Pluto with thy tattle!<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Hither, monster, come not back;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And&mdash;to match thy disposition&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Henceforth be thy plumage black!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;sculapius.</div>
+
+<p>The only reminder of this unfortunate episode was a young
+son of Apollo and Coronis, &AElig;sculapius (Asklepios), who was
+carefully instructed by Apollo in the healing art.
+The disciple&rsquo;s talent was so great, that he soon
+rivaled his master, and even, it is said, recalled the dead to life.
+Of course, these miracles did not long remain concealed from
+Jupiter&rsquo;s all-seeing eye; and he, fearing lest the people would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>64]</a></span>
+forget him and worship their physician, seized one of his thunderbolts,
+hurled it at the clever youth, and thus brought to an
+untimely end his brilliant medical career.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then Jove, incensed that man should rise<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From darkness to the upper skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The leech that wrought such healing hurled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With lightning down to Pluto&rsquo;s world.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;sculapius&rsquo; race was not entirely extinct, however, for he left
+two sons&mdash;Machaon and Podalirius, who inherited his medical
+skill&mdash;and a daughter, Hygeia, who watched over the health of
+man.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Admetus and
+Alcestis.</div>
+
+<p>Maddened with grief at the unexpected loss of his son, Apollo
+would fain have wreaked his vengeance upon the Cyclopes, the
+authors of the fatal thunderbolt; but ere he could
+execute his purpose, Jupiter interfered, and, to punish
+him, banished him to earth, where he entered the service of
+Admetus, King of Thessaly. One consolation alone now remained
+to the exiled god,&mdash;his music. His dulcet tones soon won the
+admiration of his companions, and even that of the king, who
+listened to his songs with pleasure, and to reward him gave him
+the position of head shepherd.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then King Admetus, one who had<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Pure taste by right divine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Decreed his singing not too bad<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To hear between the cups of wine:<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And so, well pleased with being soothed<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Into a sweet half sleep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Three times his kingly beard he smoothed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And made him viceroy o&rsquo;er his sheep.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Time passed. Apollo, touched by his master&rsquo;s kindness, wished
+to bestow some favor in his turn, and asked the gods to grant
+Admetus eternal life. His request was complied with, but only on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>65]</a></span>
+condition, that, when the time came which had previously been
+appointed for the good king&rsquo;s death, some one should be found
+willing to die in his stead. This divine decree was reported to
+Alcestis, Admetus&rsquo; beautiful young wife, who in a passion of self-sacrifice
+offered herself as substitute, and cheerfully gave her
+life for her husband. But immortality was too dearly bought at
+such a price; and Admetus mourned until Hercules, pitying his
+grief, descended into Hades, and brought her back from the
+tomb.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Did not Hercules by force<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Alcestis, a reanimated Corse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Given back to dwell on earth in vernal bloom?&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The walls of
+Troy.</div>
+
+<p>Apollo, after endowing Admetus with immortality, left his service,
+and went to assist Neptune, who had also been banished
+to earth, to build the walls of Troy. Scorning to
+perform any menial tasks, the God of Music seated
+himself near by, and played such inspiring tunes that the stones
+waltzed into place of their own accord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo slays
+Python.</div>
+
+<p>Then, his term of exile being ended, he returned to heaven,
+and there resumed his wonted duties. From his exalted position
+he often cast loving glances down upon men,
+whose life he had shared for a short time, whose
+every privation he had endured; and, in answer to their prayers,
+he graciously extended his protection over them, and delivered
+them from misfortunes too numerous to mention. Among other
+deeds done for men was the slaying of the monster serpent
+Python, born from the slime and stagnant waters which remained
+upon the surface of the earth after the Deluge. None had dared
+approach the monster; but Apollo fearlessly drew near, and
+slew him with his golden shafts. The victory over the terrible
+Python won for Apollo the surname of Pytheus (the Slayer), by
+which appellation he was frequently invoked.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 406px;">
+<a name="apollo" id="apollo"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr15.jpg" width="406" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">APOLLO BELVEDERE. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This annihilation of Python is, of course, nothing but an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"><!-- original location of Apollo Belvedere illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>67]</a></span>
+allegory, illustrating the sun&rsquo;s power to dry up marshes and stagnant
+pools, thus preventing the lurking fiend malaria from making
+further inroads.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo has always been a favorite subject for painters and
+sculptors. The most beautiful statue of him is the Apollo Belvedere,
+which represents him at the moment of his conquest of the
+Python.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo and
+Hyacinthus.</div>
+
+<p>Although successful in war, Apollo was very unfortunate indeed
+in friendship. One day he came down to earth to enjoy the
+society of a youth of mortal birth, named Hyacinthus.
+To pass the time agreeably, the friends
+began a game of quoits, but had not played long, before Zephyrus,
+god of the south wind, passing by, saw them thus occupied.
+Jealous of Apollo, for he too loved Hyacinthus, Zephyrus
+blew Apollo&rsquo;s quoit aside so violently that it struck his
+playmate, and felled him to the ground. Vainly Apollo strove
+to check the stream of blood which flowed from the ghastly
+wound. Hyacinthus was already beyond aid, and in a few seconds
+breathed his last in his friend&rsquo;s arms. To keep some reminder
+of the departed, Apollo changed the fallen blood drops
+into clusters of flowers, ever since called, from the youth&rsquo;s name,
+hyacinths; while Zephyrus, perceiving too late the fatal effect
+of his jealousy, hovered inconsolable over the sad spot, and
+tenderly caressed the dainty flowers which had sprung from his
+friend&rsquo;s lifeblood.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Zephyr penitent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who now, ere Ph&oelig;bus mounts the firmament,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fondles the flower.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo and
+Cyparissus.</div>
+
+<p>To divert his mind from the mournful fate of Hyacinthus,
+Apollo sought the company of Cyparissus, a clever young hunter;
+but this friendship was also doomed to a sad end,
+for Cyparissus, having accidentally killed Apollo&rsquo;s
+pet stag, grieved so sorely over this mischance, that he pined away,
+and finally died. Apollo then changed his lifeless clay into a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>68]</a></span>
+cypress tree, which he declared should henceforth be used
+to shade the graves of those who had been greatly beloved
+through life.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo and
+Daphne.</div>
+
+<p>Some time after this episode, Apollo encountered in the forest
+a beautiful nymph by the name of Daphne, the daughter of
+the river god Peneus. Love at first sight was the
+immediate consequence on Apollo&rsquo;s part, and he
+longed to speak to the maid and win her affections. He first
+tried to approach her gently, so as not to frighten her; but, before
+he could reach her side, she fled, and he, forgetful of all else,
+pursued her flying footsteps. As he ran, he called aloud to
+Daphne, entreating her to pause were it only for a moment, and
+promising to do her no harm.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Abate, fair fugitive, abate thy speed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dismiss thy fears, and turn thy beauteous head;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With kind regard a panting lover view;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Less swiftly fly, less swiftly I&rsquo;ll pursue:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pathless, alas! and rugged is the ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Some stone may hurt thee, or some thorn may wound.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;You fly, alas! not knowing whom you fly;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown, am I.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The terrified girl paid no heed to promises or entreaties, but
+sped on until her strength began to fail, and she perceived, that,
+notwithstanding her utmost efforts, her pursuer was gaining upon
+her. Panting and trembling, she swerved aside, and rushed down
+to the edge of her father&rsquo;s stream, calling out loudly for his protection.
+No sooner had she reached the water&rsquo;s edge, than her
+feet seemed rooted to the ground. A rough bark rapidly inclosed
+her quivering limbs, while her trembling hands were filled with
+leaves. Her father had granted her prayer by changing her into
+a laurel tree.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 403px;">
+<a name="apollo1" id="apollo1"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr16.jpg" width="403" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">APOLLO AND DAPHNE.&mdash;Bernini. (Villa Borghese, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Apollo, coming up just then with outstretched arms, clasped
+nothing but a rugged tree trunk. At first he could not realize
+that the fair maiden had vanished from his sight forever; but,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"><!-- original location of Apollo and Daphne illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>70]</a></span>
+when the truth dawned upon him, he declared that from henceforth
+the laurel would be considered his favorite tree, and that
+prizes awarded to poets, musicians, etc., should consist of a
+wreath of its glossy foliage.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;I espouse thee for my tree:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be thou the prize of honor and renown;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The deathless poet, and the poem, crown;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, after poets, be by victors worn.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This story of Apollo and Daphne was an illustration of the
+effect produced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne).
+The sun is captivated by its beauty, and longs to view it more
+closely; the dew, afraid of its ardent lover, flies, and, when its
+fiery breath touches it, vanishes, leaving nothing but verdure in
+the selfsame spot where but a moment before it sparkled in all
+its purity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cephalus and
+Procris.</div>
+
+<p>The ancients had many analogous stories, allegories of the sun
+and dew, amongst others the oft-quoted tale of Cephalus and
+Procris. Cephalus was a hunter, who fell in love
+with and married one of Diana&rsquo;s nymphs, Procris.
+She brought him as dowry a hunting dog, Lelaps, and a javelin
+warranted never to miss its mark. The newly married pair were
+perfectly happy; but their content was viewed with great displeasure
+by Eos (Aurora), goddess of dawn, who had previously
+tried, but without success, to win Cephalus&rsquo; affections, and who
+now resolved to put an end to the bliss she envied.</p>
+
+<p>All day long Cephalus hunted in the forest, and, when the
+evening shadows began to fall, joined his loving wife in their
+cozy dwelling. Her marriage gifts proved invaluable, as Lelaps
+was swift of foot, and tireless in the chase. One day, to test his
+powers, the gods from Olympus watched him course a fox, a
+special creation of theirs; and so well were both animals matched
+in speed and endurance, that the chase bade fair to end only
+with the death of one or both of the participants. The gods, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>71]</a></span>
+their admiration for the fine run, declared the animals deserved
+to be remembered forever, and changed them into statues, which
+retained all the spirited action of the living creatures.</p>
+
+<p>In the warm season, when the sun became oppressive, Cephalus
+was wont to rest during the noon hour in some shady spot,
+and as he flung himself down upon the short grass he often called
+for a breeze, bidding it cool his heated brow.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;A hunter once in that grove reclin&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">To shun the noon&rsquo;s bright eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And oft he woo&rsquo;d the wandering wind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">To cool his brow with its sigh.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While mute lay ev&rsquo;n the wild bee&rsquo;s hum,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Nor breath could stir the aspen&rsquo;s hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His song was still, &lsquo;Sweet air, oh come!&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">While Echo answer&rsquo;d, &lsquo;Come, sweet air!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Eos heard of this habit, and was fully aware that he merely
+addressed the passing wind; nevertheless she sought Procris, and
+informed her that her husband was faithless, and paid court to a
+fair maid, who daily met him at noonday in the forest solitudes.
+Procris, blinded by sudden jealousy, gave credit to the false
+story, and immediately resolved to follow her husband.</p>
+
+<p>The morning had well-nigh passed, and the sun was darting
+its perpendicular rays upon the earth, when Cephalus came to
+his usual resort, near which Procris was concealed.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Sweet air, oh come!&rdquo; the hunter cried; and Procris, cut to
+the heart by what she considered an infallible proof of his infidelity,
+sank fainting to the ground. The rustle caused by her
+swoon attracted Cephalus&rsquo; attention. Under the mistaken impression
+that some wild beast was lurking there, ready to pounce
+upon him, he cast his unerring javelin into the very midst of
+the thicket, and pierced the faithful bosom of his wife. Her dying
+moan brought him with one bound to her side; ere she breathed
+her last, an explanation was given and received; and Procris
+died with the blissful conviction that her husband had not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>72]</a></span>
+deserved her unjust suspicions, and that his heart was all her
+own.</p>
+
+<p>There are, of course, many other versions of these selfsame
+myths; but one and all are intended to illustrate the same natural
+phenomena, and are subject to the same interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo&rsquo;s principal duty was to drive the sun chariot. Day after
+day he rode across the azure sky, nor paused on his way till
+he reached the golden boat awaiting him at the end of his long
+day&rsquo;s journey, to bear him in safety back to his eastern palace.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem31">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Helios all day long his allotted labor pursues;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">No rest to his passionate heart and his panting horses given,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the moment when roseate-fingered Eos kindles the dews<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And spurns the salt sea-floors, ascending silvery the heaven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Until from the hand of Eos Hesperos, trembling, receives<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">His fragrant lamp, and faint in the twilight hangs it up.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Owen Meredith.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Clytie.</div>
+
+<p>A fair young maiden, named Clytie, watched Apollo&rsquo;s daily
+journey with strange persistency; and from the moment when he
+left his palace in the morning until he came to the
+far western sea in the evening, she followed his
+course with loving eyes, thought of the golden-haired god, and
+longed for his love. But, in spite of all this fervor, she never won
+favor in Apollo&rsquo;s eyes, and languished until the gods, in pity,
+changed her into a sunflower.</p>
+
+<p>Even in this altered guise, Clytie could not forget the object
+of her love; and now, a fit emblem of constancy, she still follows
+with upturned face the glowing orb in its daily journey across
+the sky.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;No, the heart that has truly lov&rsquo;d never forgets,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">But as truly loves on to the close;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As the sunflower turns on her god when he sets<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The same look which she turn&rsquo;d when he rose.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo and
+Marsyas.</div>
+
+<p>A young shepherd, lying in the cool grass one summer afternoon,
+became aware of a distant sound of music, so sweet, so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>73]</a></span>
+thrilling, that he fairly held his breath to listen. These weird,
+delightful tones were produced by Minerva, who, seated by the
+banks of a small stream, was trying her skill on
+the flute. As she bent over the limpid waters, she
+suddenly beheld her puffed cheeks and distorted features, and
+impetuously threw the instrument into the water, vowing never
+to touch it again.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Hence, ye banes of beauty, hence!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What? shall I my charms disgrace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By making such an odious face?&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Melanippides.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sudden break in the entrancing music caused the youth,
+Marsyas, to start from his abstraction and look about him.
+He then perceived the rejected flute sailing gently down the
+stream past his feet. To seize the instrument and convey it to
+his lips was the work of an instant; and no sooner had he
+breathed into it, than the magic strain was renewed. No recollection
+of his pastoral duties could avail to tear Marsyas away
+from his new-found treasure; and so rapidly did his skill increase,
+that he became insufferably conceited, and boasted he
+could rival Apollo, whom he actually challenged to a musical
+contest.</p>
+
+<p>Intending to punish him for his presumption, Apollo accepted
+the challenge, and selected the nine Muses&mdash;patronesses of
+poetry and music&mdash;as umpires. Marsyas was first called upon
+to exhibit his proficiency, and charmed all by his melodious
+strains.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem29">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;So sweet that alone the south wind knew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By summer hid in green reeds&rsquo; jointed cells<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To wait imprisoned for the south wind&rsquo;s spells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From out his reedy flute the player drew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And as the music clearer, louder grew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wild creatures from their winter nooks and dells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweet furry things with eyes like starry wells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crept wanderingly out; they thought the south wind blew.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>74]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">With instant joyous trust, they flocked around<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His feet who such a sudden summer made,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His eyes, more kind than men&rsquo;s, enthralled and bound<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Them there.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">H. H.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Muses bestowed much deserved praise, and then bade
+Apollo surpass his rival if he could. No second command was
+necessary. The god seized his golden lyre, and poured forth impassioned
+strains. Before pronouncing their decision, the Muses
+resolved to give both musicians a second hearing, and again both
+strove; but on this occasion Apollo joined the harmonious accents
+of his godlike voice to the tones of his instrument, causing
+all present, and the very Muses too, to hail him as conqueror.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And, when now the westering sun<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Touch&rsquo;d the hills, the strife was done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the attentive Muses said:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Marsyas, thou art vanquished!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Matthew Arnold.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>According to a previous arrangement,&mdash;that the victor should
+have the privilege of flaying his opponent alive,&mdash;Apollo bound
+Marsyas to a tree, and slew him cruelly. As soon as the mountain
+nymphs heard of their favorite&rsquo;s sad death, they began to
+weep, and shed such torrents of tears, that they formed a new
+river, called Marsyas, in memory of the sweet musician.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo
+and Pan.</div>
+
+<p>The mournful termination of this affair should have served as
+a warning to all rash mortals. Such was not the case, however;
+and shortly after, Apollo found himself engaged in
+another musical contest with Pan, King Midas&rsquo;
+favorite flute player. Upon this occasion Midas himself retained
+the privilege of awarding the prize, and, blinded by partiality,
+gave it to Pan, in spite of the marked inferiority of his playing.
+Apollo was so incensed by this injustice, that he determined to
+show his opinion of the dishonest judge by causing generous-sized
+ass&rsquo;s ears to grow on either side of his head.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>75]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The god of wit, to show his grudge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clapt asses&rsquo; ears upon the judge;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A goodly pair, erect and wide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which he could neither gild nor hide.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Swift.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Greatly dismayed by these new ornaments, Midas retreated
+into the privacy of his own apartment, and sent in hot haste for
+a barber, who, after having been sworn to secrecy, was admitted,
+and bidden to fashion a huge wig, which would hide the deformity
+from the eyes of the king&rsquo;s subjects. The barber acquitted
+himself deftly, and, before he was allowed to leave the palace, was
+again charged not to reveal the secret, under penalty of immediate
+death.</p>
+
+<p>But a secret is difficult to keep; and this one, of the king&rsquo;s
+long ears, preyed upon the poor barber&rsquo;s spirits, so that, incapable
+of enduring silence longer, he sallied out into a field,
+dug a deep hole, and shouted down into the bosom of the
+earth,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;&lsquo;King Midas wears<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(These eyes beheld them, these) such ass&rsquo;s ears!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Horace.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Unspeakably relieved by this performance, the barber returned
+home. Time passed. Reeds grew over the hole, and, as they
+bent before the wind which rustled through their leaves, they
+were heard to murmur, &ldquo;Midas, King Midas, has ass&rsquo;s ears!&rdquo;
+and all who passed by caught the whisper, and noised it abroad,
+so that the secret became the general topic of all conversations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Orpheus and
+Eurydice.</div>
+
+<p>As Apollo had frequent opportunities of meeting the Muses,
+it is not to be wondered at that he fell a victim to the charms of
+the fair Calliope, who, in her turn, loved him passionately,
+and even wrote verses in his honor.
+This being the state of her feelings, she readily consented to their
+union, and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who inherited
+his parents&rsquo; musical and poetical gifts.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>76]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Orpheus with his lute made trees,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the mountain-tops, that freeze,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Bow themselves when he did sing:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To his music plants and flowers<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ever sprung; as sun and showers<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">There had made a lasting spring.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Everything that heard him play,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Even the billows of the sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Hung their heads, and then lay by.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Shakespeare.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This talent waxed greater as the years passed by, and became
+so remarkable, that the youth&rsquo;s fame was very widespread; and
+when he fell in love with Eurydice, he brought all his skill into
+play to serenade her, and wooed her with voice and glance and
+with tender, passionate music. Eurydice was touched by his
+courtship, and ere long requited the love lavished upon her by
+conferring her hand upon Orpheus.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after their union, while walking alone in the fields, the
+bride encountered a youth named Arist&aelig;us, whose bold admiration
+proved so distasteful, that she fled from him as quickly as
+possible. In her haste she accidentally trod upon a venomous
+serpent lurking in the long grass, which immediately turned upon
+her, and bit her heel. A short period of agonized suffering
+ensued; then Eurydice died, and her spirit was conducted down
+into the gloomy realms of Pluto, leaving Orpheus broken-hearted.</p>
+
+<p>Plaintive, heartrending laments now replaced the joyous wedding
+strains; but even the charms of music failed to make life
+endurable, and Orpheus wandered off to Olympus, where he so
+piteously implored Jupiter to restore his wife to his longing arms,
+that the great god&rsquo;s heart was moved to compassion. He gave
+him permission, therefore, to go down into the Infernal Regions
+to seek his wife, but warned him at the same time that the undertaking
+was perilous in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing daunted, Orpheus hastened to the entrance of Hades,
+and there saw the fierce three-headed dog, named Cerberus, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>77]</a></span>
+guarded the gate, and would allow no living being to enter, nor
+any spirit to pass out of Hades. As soon as this monster saw
+Orpheus, he began to growl and bark savagely, to frighten him
+away; but Orpheus merely paused, and began to play such melting
+chords, that Cerberus&rsquo; rage was appeased, and he finally
+allowed him to pass into Pluto&rsquo;s dark kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>The magic sounds penetrated even into the remote depths
+of Tartarus, where the condemned suspended their toil for a
+moment, and hushed their sighs and groans to listen.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;E&rsquo;en Tantalus ceased from trying to sip<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The cup that flies from his arid lip;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ixion, too, the magic could feel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, for a moment, blocked his wheel;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Poor Sisyphus, doomed to tumble and toss<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The notable stone that gathers no moss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let go his burden, and turned to hear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The charming sounds that ravished his ear.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>No living being had ever before penetrated thus into the Infernal
+Regions, and Orpheus wandered on until he came to the throne of
+Pluto, king of these realms, whereon the stern ruler sat in silence,
+his wife Proserpina beside him, and the relentless Fates at his feet.</p>
+
+<p>Orpheus made known his errand in operatic guise, and succeeded
+in moving the royal pair to tears, whereupon they graciously
+consented to restore Eurydice to life and to her fond
+husband&rsquo;s care.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Hell consented<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To hear the Poet&rsquo;s prayer:<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Stern Proserpine relented,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And gave him back the fair.<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Thus song could prevail<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">O&rsquo;er death, and o&rsquo;er hell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A conquest how hard and how glorious!<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Tho&rsquo; fate had fast bound her<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">With Styx nine times round her,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet music and love were victorious.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 344px;">
+<a name="orpheus" id="orpheus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr17.jpg" width="344" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.&mdash;Beyschlag.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>79]</a></span>
+But one condition was imposed before he was allowed to depart;
+i.e., that he should leave the Infernal Regions without
+turning once to look into his beloved wife&rsquo;s face.</p>
+
+<p>Orpheus accepted the condition joyfully, and wended his way
+out of Hades, looking neither to the right nor to the left, but
+straight before him; and as he walked he wondered whether
+Eurydice were changed by her sojourn in these rayless depths.
+His longing to feast his eyes once more upon her loved features
+made him forget the condition imposed by Pluto, and turn just
+before he reached the earth; but he only beheld the vanishing
+form of the wife he had so nearly snatched from the grave.</p>
+
+<p>All was now over. He had tried and failed. No hope remained.
+In despair, the lonely musician retreated to the forest
+solitudes, and there played his mournful laments,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Such strains as would have won the ear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Pluto, to have quite set free<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His half-regained Eurydice.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But there were none to hear except the trees, winds, and wild
+beasts in the forest, who strove in their dumb way to comfort
+him as he moved restlessly about, seeking a solace for his bursting
+heart. At times it seemed to his half-delirious fancy that
+he could discern Eurydice wandering about in the dim distance,
+with the selfsame mournful expression of which he had caught
+a mere glimpse as she drifted reluctantly back into the dark
+shadows of Hades.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;At that elm-vista&rsquo;s end I trace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dimly thy sad leave-taking face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eurydice! Eurydice!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tremulous leaves repeat to me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eurydice! Eurydice!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At last there dawned a day when some Bacchantes overtook
+him in the forest, and bade him play some gay music, so they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>80]</a></span>
+might indulge in a dance. But poor Orpheus, dazed with grief,
+could not comply with their demands; and the sad notes which
+alone he now could draw from his instrument so enraged the
+merrymakers, that they tore him limb from limb, and cast his
+mangled remains into the Hebrus River.</p>
+
+<p>As the poet-musician&rsquo;s head floated down the stream, the
+pallid lips still murmured, &ldquo;Eurydice!&rdquo; for even in death he
+could not forget his wife; and, as his spirit drifted on to join her,
+he incessantly called upon her name, until the brooks, trees, and
+fountains he had loved so well caught up the longing cry, and
+repeated it again and again.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was now left to remind mortals of the sweet singer
+who had thus perished, except his lute, which the gods placed
+in the heavens as a bright constellation, Lyra, also called by
+Orpheus&rsquo; name.</p>
+
+<p>Another musician celebrated in mythological annals is Amphion,
+whose skill was reported to be but little inferior to
+Orpheus&rsquo;.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Tis said he had a tuneful tongue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Such happy intonation,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wherever he sat down and sung<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">He left a small plantation;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wherever in a lonely grove<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">He set up his forlorn pipes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gouty oak began to move,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And flounder into hornpipes.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Amphion.</div>
+
+<p>This musician, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, had a twin
+brother Zethus, who, however, shared none of his artistic tastes.
+Hearing that their mother Antiope had been
+repudiated by her second husband, Lycus, so that
+he might marry another wife by the name of Dirce, these youths
+hastened off to Thebes, where they found the state of affairs
+even worse than represented; for poor Antiope was now imprisoned,
+and subject to her rival&rsquo;s daily cruel treatment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>81]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;">
+<a name="farnese" id="farnese"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr18.jpg" width="402" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FARNESE BULL. (National Museum, Naples.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>82]</a></span>
+Zethus and Amphion, after besieging and taking the city, put
+Lycus to death, and, binding Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, let
+him loose to drag her over briers and stones until she perished.
+This punishment inflicted upon Dirce is the subject of the
+famous group once belonging to the Farnese family, and now
+called by their name.</p>
+
+<p>Amphion&rsquo;s musical talent was of great use to him when he
+subsequently became King of Thebes, and wished to fortify his
+capital by building a huge rampart all around it; for the stones
+moved in rhythmic time, and, of their own volition, marched into
+their places.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arion.</div>
+
+<p>Second to him only, in musical fame, was Arion, the musician
+who won untold wealth by his talent. On one occasion, having
+gone to Sicily to take part in a musical contest
+which had attracted thither the most famous
+musicians from all points of the compass, he resolved to return
+home by sea.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for him, the vessel upon which he had embarked
+was manned by an avaricious, piratical crew, who, having heard
+of his treasures, resolved to murder him to obtain possession
+of them. He was allowed but scant time to prepare for death;
+but, just as they were about to toss him overboard, he craved
+permission to play for the last time. The pirates consented.
+His clear notes floated over the sea, and allured a school of
+dolphins, which came and played about the ship. The pirates,
+terrified by the power of his music, and in dread lest their hearts
+should be moved, quickly laid hands upon him, and hurled him
+into the water, where he fell upon the broad back of a dolphin,
+who bore him in safety to the nearest shore.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Then was there heard a most celestiall sound<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of dainty musicke, which did next ensew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before the spouse: that was Arion crownd;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who, playing on his harpe, unto him drew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The eares and hearts of all that goodly crew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That even yet the Dolphin, which him bore<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>83]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Through the Agean seas from Pirates vew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stood still by him astonisht at his lore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the raging seas for joy forgot to rore.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Spenser.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To commemorate this miracle, the gods placed Arion&rsquo;s harp,
+together with the dolphin, in the heavens, where they form a
+constellation.</p>
+
+<p>In the sunny plains of Greece there once dwelt Clymene, a
+fair nymph. She was not alone, however, for her golden-haired
+little son Phaeton was there to gladden her heart with all his
+childish graces.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Phaeton.</div>
+
+<p>Early in the morning, when the sun&rsquo;s bright orb first appeared
+above the horizon, Clymene would point it out to her boy, and
+tell him that his father, Apollo, was setting out for
+his daily drive. Clymene so often entertained her
+child with stories of his father&rsquo;s beauty and power, that at last
+Phaeton became conceited, and acquired a habit of boasting
+rather loudly of his divine parentage. His playmates, after a
+time, wearied of his arrogance, and, to avoid the constant repetition
+of his vain speeches, bade him show some proof of his divine
+origin, or keep his peace.</p>
+
+<p>Stung to the quick by some insolent taunts which they added,
+Phaeton hastened to his mother, and begged her to direct him to
+his father, that he might obtain the desired proof. Clymene immediately
+gave him all necessary information, and bade him
+make haste if he would reach his father&rsquo;s palace in the far east
+before the sun chariot passed out of its portals to accomplish its
+daily round. Directly eastward Phaeton journeyed, nor paused
+to rest until he came in view of the golden and jeweled pinnacles
+and turrets of his father&rsquo;s abode.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The sun&rsquo;s bright palace, on high columns rais&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With burnish&rsquo;d gold and flaming jewels blaz&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The folding gates diffus&rsquo;d a silver light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with a milder gleam refresh&rsquo;d the sight.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>84]</a></span>
+Quite undazzled by this splendor, the youth still pressed on,
+straining his eyes to catch the first glimpse of the godly father,
+whose stately bearing and radiant air his mother had so enthusiastically
+described.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo, from his golden throne, had watched the boy&rsquo;s approach,
+and, as he drew nearer, recognized him as his own offspring.
+Timidly now Phaeton advanced to the steps of his father&rsquo;s throne,
+and humbly waited for permission to make his errand known.
+Apollo addressed him graciously, called him his son, and bade
+him speak without fear. In a few minutes the youth impetuously
+poured out the whole story, and watched with pleasure
+the frown which gathered on Apollo&rsquo;s brow when he repeated
+his companions&rsquo; taunts. As soon as he had finished his tale,
+Apollo exclaimed that he would grant him any proof he wished,
+and confirmed these words by a solemn oath.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;By the terrible Styx!&rsquo; said the angry sire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While his eyes flashed volumes of fury and fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;To prove your reviler an infamous liar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I swear I will grant you whate&rsquo;er you desire!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This oath was the most solemn any god could utter, and in
+case of perjury he was obliged to drink the waters of this river,
+which would lull him into senseless stupidity for one whole year.
+During nine years following he was deprived of his office,
+banished from Olympus, and not allowed to taste of the life-giving
+nectar and ambrosia.</p>
+
+<p>With a flash of triumph in his dark eyes, Phaeton, hearing this
+oath, begged permission to drive the sun chariot that very day,
+stating that all the world would be sure to notice his exalted
+position, and that none would ever dare doubt his veracity after
+such a signal mark of Apollo&rsquo;s favor.</p>
+
+<p>When the god heard this presumptuous request, he started
+back in dismay, for he alone could control the four fiery steeds
+which drew the golden-wheeled sun car. Patiently he then
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>85]</a></span>
+explained to Phaeton the great danger of such an undertaking,
+earnestly begging him to select some other, less fatal boon.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Choose out a gift from seas, or earth, or skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For open to your wish all nature lies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Only decline this one unequal task,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For &rsquo;tis a mischief, not a gift, you ask.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Addison.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But Phaeton, who, like many another conceited youth, fancied
+he knew better than his sire, would not give heed to the kindly
+warning, and persisted in his request, until Apollo, who had sworn
+the irrevocable oath, was obliged to fulfill his promise.</p>
+
+<p>The hour had already come when the Sun usually began his
+daily journey. The pawing, champing steeds were ready; rosy-fingered
+Aurora only awaited her master&rsquo;s signal to fling wide the
+gates of morn; and the Hours were ready to escort him as usual.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo, yielding to pressure, quickly anointed his son with a
+cooling essence to preserve him from the burning sunbeams,
+gave him the necessary directions for his journey, and repeatedly
+and anxiously cautioned him to watch his steeds with the utmost
+care, and to use the whip but sparingly, as they were inclined to
+be very restive.</p>
+
+<p>The youth, who had listened impatiently to cautions and directions,
+then sprang into the seat, gathered up the reins, signaled
+to Aurora to fling the gates wide, and dashed out of the eastern
+palace with a flourish.</p>
+
+<p>For an hour or two Phaeton bore in mind his father&rsquo;s principal
+injunctions, and all went well; but later, elated by his exalted
+position, he became very reckless, drove faster and faster, and
+soon lost his way. In finding it again he drove so close to
+the earth, that all the plants shriveled up, the fountains and
+rivers were dried in their mossy beds, the smoke began to rise
+from the parched and blackened earth, and even the people of the
+land over which he was passing were burned black,&mdash;a hue retained
+by their descendants to this day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>86]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="aurora" id="aurora"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr19.jpg" width="600" height="295"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">AURORA.&mdash;Guido Reni. (Rospigliosi Palace, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>87]</a></span>
+Terrified at what he had done, Phaeton whipped up his steeds,
+and drove so far away, that all the vegetation which had survived
+the intense heat came to an untimely end on account of
+the sudden cold.</p>
+
+<p>The cries of mortals rose in chorus, and their clamors became
+so loud and importunate, that they roused Jupiter from a profound
+sleep, and caused him to look around to discover their
+origin. One glance of his all-seeing eye sufficed to reveal the
+damaged earth and the youthful charioteer. How had a beardless
+youth dared to mount the sun chariot? Jupiter could
+scarcely credit what he saw. In his anger he vowed he would
+make the rash mortal expiate his presumption by immediate
+death. He therefore selected the deadliest thunderbolt in his
+arsenal, aimed it with special care, and hurled it at Phaeton,
+whose burned and blackened corpse fell from his lofty seat down
+into the limpid waves of the Eridanus River.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;And Phaethon, caught in mid career,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hurled from the Sun to utter sunlessness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like a flame-bearded comet, with ghastliest hiss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fell headlong in the amazed Eridanus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Monarch of streams, who on the Italian fields<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let loose, and far beyond his flowery lips<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Foam-white, ran ruinous to the Adrian deep.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Worsley.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Heliades.</div>
+
+<p>The tidings of his death soon reached poor Clymene, who
+mourned her only son, and refused to be comforted; while the
+Heliades, Phaeton&rsquo;s sisters, three in number,&mdash;Phaetusa,
+Lampetia, and &AElig;gle,&mdash;spent their days
+by the riverside, shedding tears, wringing their white hands, and
+bewailing their loss, until the gods, in pity, transformed them
+into poplar trees, and their tears into amber, which substance
+was supposed by the ancients to flow from the poplar trees
+like teardrops. Phaeton&rsquo;s intimate friend, Cycnus, piously
+collected his charred remains, and gave them an honorable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>88]</a></span>
+burial. In his grief he continually haunted the scene of his
+friend&rsquo;s death, and repeatedly plunged into the river, in the hope
+of finding some more scattered fragments, until the gods
+changed him into a swan; which bird is ever sailing mournfully
+about, and frequently plunging, his head into the water to continue
+his sad search.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo, as the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses,&mdash;daughters
+of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, goddess of memory,&mdash;was surnamed
+Musagetes.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Whom all the Muses loved, not one alone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into his hands they put the lyre of gold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And, crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Placed him as Musagetes on their throne.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the Muses united at times in one grand song, they
+had each separate duties assigned them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The nine
+Muses.</div>
+
+<p>Clio, the Muse of history, recorded all great deeds and heroic
+actions, with the names of their authors, and was therefore generally
+represented with a laurel wreath and a book
+and stylus, to indicate her readiness to note all
+that happened to mortal men or immortal gods.</p>
+
+<p>Euterpe, the graceful &ldquo;Mistress of Song,&rdquo; was represented
+with a flute, and garlands of fragrant flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Thalia, Muse of pastoral poetry, held a shepherd&rsquo;s crook and
+mask, and wore a crown of wild flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Mild pastoral Muse!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That, to the sparkling crown Urania wears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to her sister Clio&rsquo;s laurel wreath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Preferr&rsquo;st a garland culled from purple heath!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Her graver sister, Melpomene, who presided over tragedy,
+wore a crown of gold, and wielded a dagger and a scepter; while
+Terpsichore, the light-footed Muse of dancing, was represented
+treading an airy measure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>89]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="apollo2" id="apollo2"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr20.jpg" width="600" height="372"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">APOLLO AND THE MUSES.&mdash;Mengs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>90]</a></span>
+Erato, who preferred lyric poetry to all other styles of composition,
+was pictured with a lyre; and Polyhymnia, Muse of rhetoric,
+held a scepter to show that eloquence rules with resistless sway.</p>
+
+<p>Calliope, Muse of heroic poetry, also wore a laurel crown; and
+Urania, Muse of astronomy, held mathematical instruments, indicative
+of her love of the exact sciences.</p>
+
+<p>This glorious sisterhood was wont to assemble on Mount Parnassus
+or on Mount Helicon, to hold their learned debates on
+poetry, science, and music.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo&rsquo;s favorite attendant was Eos (Aurora), the fair goddess
+of dawn, whose rose-tipped fingers opened wide the eastern
+gates of pearl, and who then flashed across the sky to announce
+her master&rsquo;s coming.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Hail, gentle Dawn! mild blushing goddess, hail!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rejoiced I see thy purple mantle spread<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O&rsquo;er half the skies; gems pave thy radiant way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And orient pearls from every shrub depend.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Somerville.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Aurora and
+Tithonus.</div>
+
+<p>This dainty goddess loved and married Tithonus, Prince of
+Troy, and won from the gods the boon of everlasting life to
+confer upon him. Alas! however, she forgot to
+ask at the same time for continued youth; and
+her husband grew older and older, and finally became
+so decrepit, that he was a burden to her. Knowing he
+would never die, and wishing to rid herself of his burdensome
+presence, she changed him into a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the goddess fell in love with Cephalus, the young
+hunter, and frequently visited him on Mount Hymettus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Come,&rsquo; Ph&oelig;bus cries, &lsquo;Aurora, come&mdash;too late<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou linger&rsquo;st slumbering with thy wither&rsquo;d mate!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leave him, and to Hymettus&rsquo; top repair!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy darling Cephalus expects thee there!&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The goddess, with a blush, her love betrays,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But mounts, and, driving rapidly, obeys.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship
+of Apollo.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>91]</a></span>
+The principal temples dedicated to the worship of Apollo were
+at Delos, his birthplace, and at Delphi, where a priestess called
+Pythia gave out mysterious oracles purporting to
+have come from the god. The ancients everywhere
+could not fail to recognize the sun&rsquo;s kindly influence and
+beneficent power, and were therefore ever ready to worship Apollo.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;I marvel not, O sun! that unto thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In adoration man should bow the knee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And pour his prayers of mingled awe and love;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For like a God thou art, and on thy way<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of glory sheddest with benignant ray,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Beauty, and life, and joyance from above.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Southey.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The most renowned among the numerous festivals held in
+honor of Apollo were, without exception, the Pythian Games,
+celebrated at Delphi every three years.</p>
+
+<p>A manly, beardless youth of great beauty, Apollo is generally
+crowned with laurels, and bears either a bow or a lyre.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;The Lord of the unerring bow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The God of life, and poesy, and light&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Sun in human limbs array&rsquo;d, and brow<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All radiant from his triumph in the fight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shaft hath just been shot&mdash;the arrow bright<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With an immortal&rsquo;s vengeance; in his eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And nostril beautiful disdain, and might<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And majesty, flash their full lightnings by,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Developing in that one glance the Deity.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the famous
+Colossus of Rhodes, was a statue of Apollo, his head encircled
+with a halo of bright sunbeams, and his legs spread wide apart
+to allow vessels, with all their sails spread, to pass in and out of
+the harbor, whose entrance he guarded for many a year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>92]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;">
+<a name="diana" id="diana"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr21.jpg" width="392" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">DIANA OF VERSAILLES. (Louvre, Paris.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>93]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">DIANA.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Diana</span> (Cynthia, Ph&oelig;be, Selene, Artemis), the fair twin sister
+of Apollo, was not only goddess of the moon, but also of
+the chase.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Goddess serene, transcending every star!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Queen of the sky, whose beams are seen afar!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign&rsquo;st to rove.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In works of art this goddess is generally represented as a beautiful
+maiden, clad in a short hunting dress, armed with a bow, a
+quiver full of arrows at her side, and a crescent on her well-poised
+head.</p>
+
+<p>Proud of her two children, Apollo and Diana, Latona boasted
+far and wide that such as hers had never been, for they excelled
+all others in beauty, intelligence, and power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Niobe.</div>
+
+<p>The daughter of Tantalus, Niobe, heard this boast, and
+laughed in scorn; for she was the mother of fourteen
+children,&mdash;seven manly sons and seven beautiful
+daughters. In her pride she called aloud to Latona, and
+taunted her because her offspring numbered but two.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after, Niobe even went so far as to forbid her people
+to worship Apollo and Diana, and gave orders that all the statues
+representing them in her kingdom should be torn down from
+their pedestals, and destroyed. Enraged at this insult, Latona
+called her children to her side, and bade them go forth and slay
+all her luckless rival&rsquo;s offspring.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>94]</a></span>
+Provided with well-stocked quivers, the twins set out to do her
+bidding; and Apollo, meeting the seven lads out hunting, cut
+their existence short with his unfailing arrows.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;Ph&oelig;bus slew the sons<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With arrows from his silver bow, incensed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At Niobe.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With all proverbial speed the tidings reached Niobe, whose
+heart failed when she heard that her seven sons, her pride and
+delight, had fallen under Apollo&rsquo;s shafts, and that they now lay
+cold and stiff in the forest, where they had eagerly hastened a
+few hours before, to follow the deer to its cover.</p>
+
+<p>As she mourned their untimely death, she thought her cup
+of sorrow was full; but long ere her first passion of grief was
+over, Diana began to slay her daughters.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;But what is this? What means this oozing flood?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her daughters, too, are weltering in their blood:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One clasps her mother&rsquo;s knees, one clings around<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her neck, and one lies prostrate on the ground;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One seeks her breast; one eyes the coming woe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And shudders; one in terror crouches low.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Meleager.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In vain the poor girls sought to escape the flying arrows. In
+vain Niobe sought to protect them, and called upon all the gods
+of Olympus. Her daughters fell one by one, never to rise again.
+The last clung convulsively to her mother&rsquo;s breast; but, even in
+that fond mother&rsquo;s passionate embrace, death found and claimed
+her. Then the gods, touched by the sight of woe so intense,
+changed Niobe into stone, just as she stood, with upturned face,
+streaming eyes, and quivering lips.</p>
+
+<p>This statue was placed on Mount Sipylus, close to a stream of
+running water; and it was said that tears continually flowed
+down the marble cheeks, for, though changed, Niobe still felt, and
+wept for her great loss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>95]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;">
+<a name="niobe" id="niobe"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr22.jpg" width="402" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">NIOBE. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>96]</a></span>
+This story is an allegory, in which Niobe, the mother, represents
+winter, hard, cold, and proud; until Apollo&rsquo;s deadly arrows,
+the sunbeams, slay her children, the winter months. Her tears
+are emblems of the natural thaw which comes in spring, when
+winter&rsquo;s pride has melted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Diana&rsquo;s
+avocations.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as the young Goddess of the Moon had been introduced
+in Olympus, all the gods expressed a wish to marry her;
+but she refused to listen to their entreaties, begged
+her father&rsquo;s permission to remain single all her life,
+and pleaded her cause so ably, that Jupiter was forced to grant
+her request.</p>
+
+<p>Every evening, as soon as the Sun had finished his course,
+Diana mounted her moon car, and drove her milk-white steeds
+across the heavens, watched over and loved by the countless
+stars, which shone their brightest to cheer her on her way; and
+as she drove she often bent down to view the sleeping earth, so
+shadowy and dreamlike, and to breathe the intoxicating perfume
+of the distant flowers. It always seemed to her then as if
+Nature, so beautiful during the day, borrowed additional charms
+from the witching hours of the night.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&rsquo;Twas now the time when Ph&oelig;bus yields to night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And rising Cynthia sheds her silver light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wide o&rsquo;er the world in solemn pomp she drew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her airy chariot hung with pearly dew.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Endymion.</div>
+
+<p>One evening, as she was driving noiselessly along, she suddenly
+checked her steeds; for there on the hillside she saw a handsome
+young shepherd, fast asleep, his upturned
+face illumined by the moon&rsquo;s soft light. Diana
+wonderingly gazed upon his beauty, and before long felt her
+heart beat with more than admiration. Gliding gently from
+her chariot, she floated to his side, bent slowly, and dropped an
+airy kiss upon his slightly parted lips.</p>
+
+<p>The youth Endymion, only partially awakened by this demonstration,
+half raised his fringed lids, and for a moment his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>97]</a></span>
+sleep-dimmed eyes rested wonderingly upon the beautiful vision.
+That one glance, although it drove Diana away in great haste,
+kindled in his heart an inextinguishable passion. He rose
+with a start, and rubbed his sleepy eyes; but when he saw the
+moon, which he fancied close beside him, sailing away across the
+deep-blue sky, he felt sure the whole occurrence had been but a
+dream, but so sweet a dream that he cast himself down upon the
+sward, hoping to woo it to visit him once more.</p>
+
+<p>It did not come again that night, however; but the next
+night, as he lay on the selfsame spot, it recurred in all its sweetness;
+and night after night it was repeated when the pale moonbeams
+fell athwart his sleeping face.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Then, as the full orb poised upon the peak,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There came a lovely vision of a maid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who seemed to step as from a golden car<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Out of the low-hung moon.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Diana, fully as enamored as he, could not bear to pass him
+by without a caress, and invariably left her car for a moment, as
+it touched the mountain peak, to run to him and snatch a hasty
+kiss.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Chaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sped through the silent space from star to star,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Boyesen.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But, even when asleep, Endymion watched for her coming,
+and enjoyed the bliss of her presence; yet a spell seemed to prevent
+his giving any sign of consciousness.</p>
+
+<p>Time passed thus. Diana, who could not bear to think of the
+youth&rsquo;s beauty being marred by want, toil, and exposure, finally
+caused an eternal sleep to fall upon him, and bore him off to
+Mount Latmus, where she concealed him in a cave held sacred
+to her, and never profaned by human gaze. There each night
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>98]</a></span>
+the goddess paused to gaze enraptured upon his beloved countenance,
+and to press a soft kiss upon his unconscious lips. Such
+is the tale of Diana and her lowly sweetheart, which has inspired
+poets of all ages.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Queen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So every tale, does this sweet tale of thine.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Orion.</div>
+
+<p>Endymion was not, however, the only mortal loved by Diana,
+for mythologists report that her affections were also bestowed
+upon a young hunter by the name of Orion. All
+day long this youth scoured the forest, his faithful
+dog Sirius at his heels.</p>
+
+<p>One day, in the dense shade of the forest, he met a group of
+Diana&rsquo;s nymphs, the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. These
+fair maidens needed but to be seen to be passionately loved, and
+Orion&rsquo;s heart burned as he sought to approach them; but they
+were very coy, and, as he drew near and addressed them, turned
+and fled.</p>
+
+<p>Afraid lest he should never see them again were he now to
+lose sight of them, he pursued them hotly; but the nymphs sped
+on, until, their strength failing, they called upon their patroness&rsquo;s
+aid. Their prayer was no sooner heard than answered, and
+Orion, panting and weary, came up just in time to see seven
+snow-white pigeons wing their way up into the azure sky.</p>
+
+<p>There a second transformation overtook the Pleiades, who
+were changed into a constellation, composed of seven bright
+stars, and there they shone undimmed for ages; but when Troy
+fell into the enemy&rsquo;s hands, all grew pale with grief, and one,
+more timid and impressionable than the rest, withdrew from
+sight to hide her anguish from the curious eyes of men.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And is there glory from the heavens departed?&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">O void unmark&rsquo;d!&mdash;thy sisters of the sky<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Still hold their place on high,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>99]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Though from its rank thine orb so long hath started<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thou, that no more art seen of mortal eye!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Hemans.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Orion, like a fickle youth, was soon consoled for their disappearance,
+and loved Merope, daughter of &OElig;nopion, King of
+Chios, who consented to their union on condition that his future
+son-in-law should win his bride by some heroic deed. Now, as
+Orion was anything but a patient man, the delay was very unwelcome
+indeed, and he made up his mind to abduct his bride
+instead of marrying her openly; but the plan was frustrated by
+&OElig;nopion&rsquo;s watchfulness, and Orion was punished by the loss
+not only of his bride, but also of his eyesight.</p>
+
+<p>Blind, helpless, and alone, he now wandered from place to
+place, hoping to find some one capable of restoring his sight. At
+last he reached the Cyclopes&rsquo; cave, and one of them took pity
+on him, and led him to the Sun, from whose radiance he borrowed
+a store of light,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;When, blinded by &OElig;nopion,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He sought the blacksmith at his forge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, climbing up the mountain gorge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Happy once more, he resumed his favorite sport, and hunted
+from morn till eve. Diana met him in the forest, and, sharing
+his tastes, soon learned to love him; but this affection was
+viewed with great displeasure by Apollo, from whose piercing
+glance nothing that occurred by day could be hidden, and he
+resolved to put an end to his sister&rsquo;s infatuation. He therefore
+summoned her to his side. To divert her suspicions, he began
+to talk of archery, and, under the pretext of testing her skill as a
+markswoman, bade her shoot at a dark speck rising and falling
+far out at sea.</p>
+
+<p>Diana seized her bow, feathered her arrow, and sent it with
+such force and accurate aim, that she touched the point, and
+saw it vanish beneath the waves, little suspecting that the dark
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>100]</a></span>
+head of Orion, who was refreshing himself by a sea bath,
+was given her as a target. When she discovered her error, she
+mourned his loss with many tears, vowed never to forget him,
+and placed him and his faithful dog Sirius as constellations in
+the sky.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Act&aelig;on.</div>
+
+<p>When Diana had finished her nightly journey in her moon
+car, she seized her bow and arrows, and, attended
+by her nymphs, was wont to sally forth to hunt
+the wild beasts in the forest.</p>
+
+<p>One summer afternoon, after an unusually long and exciting
+pursuit, Diana and her followers came to one of the still mountain
+pools where they had often resorted to enjoy a plunge.
+The cool waters rippled so invitingly, that the goddess and her
+attendants hastened to divest themselves of their short hunting
+garments, and lave their heated limbs.</p>
+
+<p>But unfortunately the goddess and her attendant nymphs had
+not been the only ones out hunting that day. Act&aelig;on, the
+huntsman, had risen at dawn to stalk the deer; and now, weary
+and parched with thirst, he too sought the well-known mountain
+spring,</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Deep in the cool recesses of the wood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the cold crystal of a mossy pool<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rose to the flowery marge, and gave again<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The soft green lawn where ofttimes, overspent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I lay upon the grass and eager bathed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My limbs in the clear lymph.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As he drew near the accustomed spot, Act&aelig;on fancied he
+heard bursts of silvery laughter: so he crept on very cautiously,
+and soon, gently parting the thick branches of the underbrush,
+beheld the sporting group.</p>
+
+<p>At the selfsame moment Diana turned to ascertain the cause
+of the rustle which had caught her practiced ear, and met the
+admiring gaze of the astonished young hunter. Speechless with
+indignation that a mortal had beheld her thus, she caught some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>101]</a></span>
+water in her hollow palm, flung it in his face, and bade him go
+and declare, if he could, that he had seen Diana disrobed.</p>
+
+<p>The glittering drops had no sooner touched the young man&rsquo;s
+face, than he turned to obey her command, and found himself
+transformed into a stag, with slender, sinewy limbs, furry skin,
+and wide-branching antlers. Nothing remained of his former
+self except the woeful consciousness of his transformation; and as
+he stood there, motionless and dismayed, the distant baying of
+his hounds coming to join him fell upon his ear.</p>
+
+<p>An electric thrill of fear shot through every vein, as, mindful
+of his new form, he bounded away through the forest. Alas!
+too late; for the pack had caught one glimpse of his sleek sides,
+and were after him in full cry.</p>
+
+<p>In vain poor Act&aelig;on strained every muscle. His limbs refused
+their support, and, as he sank exhausted to the ground, the
+hounds sprang at his quivering throat.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Nearer they came and nearer, baying loud,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With bloodshot eyes and red jaws dripping foam;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when I strove to check their savagery,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Speaking with words, no voice articulate came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Only a dumb, low bleat. Then all the throng<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leapt swift on me, and tore me as I lay!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Diana was widely worshiped, and temples without number
+were dedicated to her service; among others, the world-renowned
+sanctuary of Ephesus. The ancients also celebrated
+many festivals in honor of this fair goddess of the moon, who
+was ever ready to extend her protection over all deserving
+mortals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>102]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;">
+<a name="venus" id="venus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr23.jpg" width="398" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">VENUS DE MILO. (Louvre, Paris.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>103]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">VENUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Venus&rsquo;
+birth.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Venus</span> (Dione, Aphrodite, Cytherea), the goddess of beauty,
+love, laughter, and marriage, is said by some
+mythologists to be the daughter of Jupiter and
+Dione, goddess of moisture: others report that she sprang from
+the foam of the sea.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;Look, look, why shine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those floating bubbles with such light divine?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They break, and from their mist a lily form<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rises from out the wave, in beauty warm.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wave is by the blue-veined feet scarce press&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her silky ringlets float about her breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Veiling its fairy loveliness; while her eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is soft and deep as the blue heaven is high.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Beautiful is born; and sea and earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May well revere the hour of that mysterious birth.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Shelley.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The ocean nymphs were the first to discover her, cradled on a
+great blue wave; and they carried her down into their coral
+caves, where they tenderly nursed her, and taught her with the
+utmost care. Then, her education being completed, the sea
+nymphs judged it time to introduce her to the other gods, and,
+with that purpose in view, carried her up to the surface of the
+sea,&mdash;where Tritons, Oceanides, and Nereides all crowded around
+her, loudly expressing their ardent admiration,&mdash;and offered her
+pearls and choice bits of coral from the deep, as a tribute to her
+charms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>104]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;">
+<a name="hour" id="hour"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr24.jpg" width="408" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FOURTH HOUR OF THE NIGHT.&mdash;Raphael.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>105]</a></span>
+Then they pillowed her softly on a great wave, and intrusted
+her to the care of Zephyrus, the soft south wind, who blew a
+gentle breath, and wafted her to the Island of Cyprus.</p>
+
+<p>The four beautiful Hor&aelig; (the Seasons), daughters of Jupiter
+and Themis, goddess of justice, stood there on the shore to welcome
+her.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;An ethereal band<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are visible above: the Seasons four,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Green-kirtled Spring, flush Summer, golden store<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In Autumn&rsquo;s sickle, Winter frosty hoar.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>And they were not alone to watch for her coming, for the
+three Charites (Graces, or Grati&aelig;) were also present.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;These three on men all gracious gifts bestow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which decke the body or adorne the mynde,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To make them lovely or well-favoured show;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As comely carriage, entertainement kynde,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweete semblaunt, friendly offices that bynde,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the complements of curtesie:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They teach us how to each degree and kynde<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We should our selves demeane, to low, to hie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Spenser.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, these maidens, who bore
+the respective names of Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, longed
+to show their love for their new mistress. When the wave upon
+which she reclined came nearer still, the &ldquo;rosy-bosomed Hours,
+fair Venus&rsquo; train,&rdquo; appeared. The wind finally brought the fair
+goddess in safety to the shore; and, as soon as her foot touched
+the white sand, all bent in homage to her surpassing beauty, and
+reverentially watched her dry her hair.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Idalian Aphrodite beautiful,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With rosy slender fingers backward drew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>106]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And shoulder: from the violets her light foot<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shone rosy-white, and o&rsquo;er her rounded form<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Between the shadows of the vine bunches<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Floated the glowing sunlights, as she moved.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This hasty and somewhat primitive toilet completed, Venus
+and her followers set out for Mount Olympus, and on their way
+thither were joined by Himerus, god of the desire of love;
+Pothos, god of the amities of love; Suadela, god of the soft
+speech of love; and Hymen, god of marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Venus and
+Vulcan.</div>
+
+<p>A throne had been prepared for the expected goddess, and,
+when she suddenly appeared to take possession of it, the assembled
+gods could not restrain a rapturous murmur
+of admiration. Her beauty took them by storm,
+and her grace won their hearts; but, although they one and all
+expressed a desire to marry her, Venus scornfully rejected their
+proposals. Even the king of gods was slighted, and, to punish
+her for her pride, he decreed she should marry Vulcan, god of
+the forge, the most ill-favored of all the heavenly council.</p>
+
+<p>This compulsory union was anything but a happy one; for
+Venus never showed any affection for her deformed consort,
+and, instead of being a faithful wife, soon deserted him, and
+openly declared she would please herself.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Alectryon.</div>
+
+<p>Her first fancy was for Mars, the handsome god of war, who
+was not slow in reciprocating the fair goddess&rsquo;s affections, and
+many and sweet were the secret interviews they
+enjoyed. Yet, fearful lest some of the gods passing
+by should discover them together, Mars always placed his
+attendant Alectryon on guard, bidding him give due warning of
+any one&rsquo;s approach, and especially to call him before the sun
+rose, as the lovers were particularly anxious that Apollo should
+not witness their parting caresses.</p>
+
+<p>All prospered according to their desires, until one night the
+unfortunate Alectryon fell asleep; and so profound were his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>107]</a></span>
+slumbers, that he did not even stir when Aurora flung open the
+gates of the east, and Apollo flashed forth to receive the melodious
+greetings of the feathered denizens of the forest.</p>
+
+<p>The sun god drove rapidly on, glancing right and left, and
+taking note of all he saw. Nothing escaped his bright and piercing
+eye, as it flashed its beams hither and thither, and he was
+soon aware of the sleeping watchman and of the guilty lovers.
+As fast as his fleet-footed steeds could carry him, Apollo hastened
+to Vulcan, to whom he vividly described the sight which
+had greeted his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>The irate husband lost no time, but, seizing a net of linked
+steel, went in search of his runaway wife. Stealthily he approached
+the lovers&rsquo; bower, and deftly flung the net over both
+sleepers, who were caught in its fine meshes, and could not
+escape; and there he kept them imprisoned, in spite of their entreaties,
+until all the gods had seen their humiliating plight, and
+turned them into ridicule. But when he at last set them free,
+Mars darted away, vowing vengeance upon the negligent sentinel,
+who was still blissfully sleeping. Pouncing upon him, Mars
+awakened him roughly, administered a sharp reproof, changed
+him into a cock, banished him into the barnyard, and condemned
+him to give daily warning of the sun&rsquo;s approach.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And, from out a neighboring farmyard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Loud the cock Alectryon crowed.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Venus&rsquo;
+children.</div>
+
+<p>Several beautiful children were born to Mars and Venus.
+Hermione, or Harmonia, their daughter, married Cadmus, King of
+Thebes; and Cupid (Cupido, Eros, Amor), their
+little son, was appointed god of love. Although
+nursed with tender solicitude, this second-born child did not grow
+as other children do, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child,
+with gauzy wings and roguish, dimpled face. Alarmed for his
+health, Venus consulted Themis, who oracularly replied, &ldquo;Love
+cannot grow without Passion.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>108]</a></span>
+In vain the goddess strove to catch the concealed meaning of
+this answer. It was only revealed to her when Anteros, god of
+passion, was born. When with his brother, Cupid grew and
+flourished, until he became a handsome, slender youth; but when
+separated from him, he invariably resumed his childish form and
+mischievous habits.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Venus and
+Adonis.</div>
+
+<p>Venus, however, did not lavish all her love upon Mars, for she
+is said to have felt a tender passion for a young man named
+Adonis, a bold young hunter, whose rash pursuit
+of dangerous game caused Venus many anxious
+alarms. In vain she besought him to forego the pleasures of
+the chase and remain with her. He laughingly escaped, and continued
+to join the other hunters in his favorite sport. But, alas!
+one day, after an exciting pursuit, he boldly attacked a wild boar,
+which, goaded to madness, turned upon him, buried his strong
+tusk in the youth&rsquo;s unprotected side, and trampled him to death.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem29">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The white tusk of a boar has transpierced his white thigh.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> *<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;The youth lieth dead while his dogs howl around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the nymphs weep aloud from the mists of the hill.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Bion</span> (Mrs. Browning&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Venus ran straight to the scene of his tragic death, rushing
+through underbrush and briers, tearing her delicate skin, and her
+blood tingeing all the white roses along her way to a faint pink.
+When she arrived, she found her beloved Adonis cold in death,
+and her passionate caresses met with no response. Then she
+burst into such a passion of tears, that the wood and water
+nymphs, the gods, men, and all nature in fact, joined with her
+to mourn the beloved youth.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Her loss the Loves deplore:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Woe, Venus, woe! Adonis is no more.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Bion</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="love" id="love"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr25.jpg" width="600" height="416"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">SLEEPING LOVE.&mdash;Perrault.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Very reluctantly Mercury at last appeared to lead the soul of
+the departed down into the Infernal Regions, where it was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"><!-- original location of Sleeping Love illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>110]</a></span>
+welcomed by Proserpina, queen of the realm, and led to the place
+where pure and virtuous mortals enjoyed an eternity of bliss.
+Venus, still inconsolable, shed countless tears, which, as they
+dropped upon the ground, were changed to anemones, while the
+red drops which had fallen from Adonis&rsquo; side were transformed
+into red roses.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;As many drops as from Adonis bled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So many tears the sorrowing Venus shed:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For every drop on earth a flower there grows:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Anemones for tears; for blood the rose.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Bion</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As time did not soften Venus&rsquo; grief, but, on the contrary,
+made it more and more unendurable, she went to Olympus,
+where she fell at Jupiter&rsquo;s feet, imploring him to release Adonis
+from death&rsquo;s embrace, or allow her to share his lot in Hades.</p>
+
+<p>To allow Beauty to desert the earth was not possible, nor
+could he resist her pleading: so he finally decreed that Adonis
+should be restored to her longing arms. But Pluto, whose subject
+he had now become, refused to yield up Adonis; and after
+much dispute a compromise was agreed upon, by virtue of which
+Adonis was allowed to spend one half of the year on earth,
+providing he spent the remaining six months in the Elysian
+Fields.</p>
+
+<p>In early spring, therefore, Adonis left the Lower World, and
+came with bounding tread to join his beloved. On his path
+the flowers bloomed and the birds sang, to show their joy at his
+coming. An emblem of vegetation, which rises from the ground
+in early spring to deck the earth with beautiful foliage and flowers,
+and cause the birds to sing for gladness, Adonis reluctantly
+returned to Hades, when Winter, the cruel boar, slew him again
+with his white tusk, and made nature again droop, and mourn
+his departure.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;But even in death, so strong is Love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I could not wholly die; and year by year,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>111]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">When the bright springtime comes, and the earth lives,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Love opens these dread gates, and calls me forth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Across the gulf.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Venus and
+Anchises.</div>
+
+<p>The Goddess of Beauty also loved Anchises, Prince of Troy,
+but, ashamed of lavishing favors upon a mere mortal, extorted
+from him a promise that he would never reveal
+their secret marriage. Unfortunately, however,
+Anchises was of a boastful disposition, and ere long yielded to
+temptation and revealed the secret, incurring her wrath to such
+an extent, that some mythologists accuse her of borrowing one
+of Jupiter&rsquo;s thunderbolts and slaying him. Others, however,
+report that Anchises lived to a ripe old age, and escaped from
+burning Troy on his son &AElig;neas&rsquo; back. Venus&rsquo; love was, however,
+all transferred to her son &AElig;neas, whom she signally protected
+throughout his checkered career.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Hero
+and Leander.</div>
+
+<p>Venus&rsquo; most ardent admirers and faithful worshipers were the
+young people, for she delighted in their youthful
+sentiments, and was ever ready to lend a helping
+hand to all true lovers when apparently insurmountable obstacles
+appeared on their path.</p>
+
+<p>This was the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero,
+who was dedicated by her parents to Venus&rsquo; service, and, as soon
+as old enough, spent all her time in the temple, ministering to the
+goddess, or in a lonely tower by the sea, where she dwelt alone
+with her aged nurse.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Honey-sweet Hero, of a princely race,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was priestess to Queen Venus in that place;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And at her father&rsquo;s tower, by the sea set&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Herself a Queen of Love, though maiden yet&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dwelt.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The maiden&rsquo;s beauty increased with her years, until the fame
+of her loveliness spread throughout her native city Sestus, and
+even passed over the Hellespont and reached Abydus, where
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>112]</a></span>
+Leander, the bravest and handsomest youth of the town, was
+fired with a desire to view the charming young priestess.</p>
+
+<p>Just at that time a solemn festival in honor of Venus was to
+be celebrated at Sestus, to which all the youths and maidens
+were cordially invited. Under pretext of paying homage to the
+goddess, Leander entered her temple, and saw the young priestess,
+whose charms far surpassed all descriptions.</p>
+
+<p>Venus, as has already been stated, was always deeply interested
+in young lovers; and when she saw these two, so well
+matched in beauty and grace, she bade Cupid pierce them with
+his love darts, which behest the mischief-loving god immediately
+obeyed.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;God Eros, setting notch to string,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wounded two bosoms with one shaft-shooting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A maiden&rsquo;s and a youth&rsquo;s&mdash;Leander he,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lovely Hero, Sestos&rsquo; sweetest, she;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She of her town, and he of his, the boast;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A noble pair!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>An undying passion was thus simultaneously kindled in both
+young hearts; and, thanks to Venus&rsquo; assistance, Leander managed
+to exchange a few words with Hero, declared his love, implored
+her to view his suit kindly, and, above all, to grant him a
+private interview, or he would surely die.</p>
+
+<p>The maiden listened to his pleading with mingled joy and
+terror, for she knew her parents would never consent to their
+union. Then, afraid lest some one should notice that she was
+talking to a stranger, she bade him depart; but he refused to go
+until he had learned where she lived, and proposed to swim
+across the Hellespont when the shades of night had fallen, and
+none could see his goal, and pay her a visit in her lonely tower.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem28">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Sweet! for thy love,&rsquo; he cried, &lsquo;the sea I&rsquo;d cleave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though foam were fire, and waves with flame did heave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I fear not billows if they bear to thee;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor tremble at the hissing of the sea!<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>113]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">And I will come&mdash;oh! let me come&mdash;each night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Swimming the swift flood to my dear delight:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For white Abydos, where I live, doth front<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy city here, across our Hellespont.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At last his prayers overcame the maiden&rsquo;s scruples, and she
+arranged to receive him in her sea-girt tower, promising at a
+given hour to light a torch and hold it aloft to guide him safely
+across the sea. Then only he departed.</p>
+
+<p>Night came on; darkness stole over the earth; and Leander
+impatiently paced the sandy shore, and watched for the promised
+signal, which no sooner appeared, than he exultantly plunged into
+the dark waves, and parted them with lusty strokes, as he hastened
+across the deep to join his beloved. At times the huge billows
+towered above his head; but when he had escaped their threatening
+depths, and rose up on their foamy crests, he could catch a
+glimpse of the torch burning brightly, and pictured to himself
+the shy, sweet blushes which would dye Hero&rsquo;s cheek as he
+clasped her to his passionate heart.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Leander had no fear&mdash;he cleft the wave&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What is the peril fond hearts will not brave!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Landon.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Venus, from the top of &ldquo;many-peaked Olympus,&rdquo; smilingly
+viewed the success of her scheme, and nerved Leander&rsquo;s arm to
+cleave the rapid current. At last he reached the tower steps, and
+was lovingly greeted by Hero, whose heart had throbbed with
+anxiety at the thought of the perils her lover was braving for the
+sake of seeing her once more.</p>
+
+<p>It was only when the dawn began to whiten the east, that the
+lovers finished their interview and parted, he to return to Abydus,
+and she to prepare for the daily duties which would soon claim
+her attention. But separation by day was all these fond lovers
+could endure, and night after night, as soon as the first stars appeared,
+Hero lighted her torch, and Leander hastened to her, to
+linger by her side till dawn.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>114]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Thus pass&rsquo;d the summer shadows in delight:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leander came as surely as the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when the morning woke upon the sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It saw him not, for back at home was he.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Hunt.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>No one suspected their meetings; and all went well until the
+first fierce storms of winter swept down over the Hellespont.
+Hero, in the gray dawn of a winter&rsquo;s morning, besought her lover
+not to leave her to battle against the waves, which beat so violently
+against the stone tower; but he gently laughed at her fears,
+and departed, promising to return at night as usual.</p>
+
+<p>The storm, which had raged so fiercely already in the early
+morning, increased in violence as the day wore on, until the
+waves were lashed into foam, while the wind howled more and
+more ominously as the darkness came on again; but none of
+these signs could deter Leander from visiting Hero.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;There came one night, the wildest of the year,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When the wind smote like edge of hissing spear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the pale breakers thundered on the beach.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Edwin Arnold.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>All day long Hero had hoped that her lover would renounce
+his nightly journey; but still, when evening came, she lighted
+her torch to serve as beacon, should he risk all to keep his word.
+The wind blew so fiercely, that the torch wavered and flickered,
+and nearly went out, although Hero protected its feeble flame
+by standing over it with outstretched robes.</p>
+
+<p>At sight of the wonted signal, Leander, who had already once
+been beaten back by the waves, made a second attempt to cross
+the strait, calling upon the gods to lend him their aid. But
+this time his prayers were unheard, drowned in the fury of the
+storm; yet he struggled on a while longer, with Hero&rsquo;s name on
+his lips.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;">
+<a name="hero" id="hero"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr26.jpg" width="433" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">HERO AND LEANDER.&mdash;Bodenhausen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At last, exhausted and ready to sink, he lifted his eyes once
+more to view the cheering light. It was gone, extinguished by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"><!-- original location of Hero and Leander illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>116]</a></span>
+a passing gust of wind. Like a stone Leander sank, once, twice,
+thrice, and the billows closed forever over his head.</p>
+
+<p>Hero in the mean while had relighted her torch, and, quite unconscious
+of the tragedy which had taken place, stood on the
+tower, straining her eyes to pierce the darkness. All night long
+she waited and watched for the lover who did not come; and,
+when the first sunbeams shone over the tossing sea, she cast an
+anxious glance over the waters to Abydus. No one was in
+sight as far as she could see. She was about to descend to
+pursue her daily tasks, when, glancing at the foot of the tower,
+she saw her lover&rsquo;s corpse heaving up and down on the waves.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;As shaken on his restless pillow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His head heaves with the heaving billow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That hand, whose motion is not life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet feebly seems to menace strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Flung by the tossing tide on high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Then level&rsquo;d with the wave.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Byron.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hero&rsquo;s heart broke at this sad sight, and she longed to die,
+too, that she might not be parted from Leander. To hasten
+their meeting, she threw herself into the sea, and perished in the
+waves, close by his side. Thus lived and died the faithful lovers,
+whose attachment has passed into a proverb.</p>
+
+<p>Byron, the celebrated English bard, attempted Leander&rsquo;s feat
+of swimming across the Hellespont, and, on his return from
+that dangerous venture, wrote the following lines, which are so
+familiar to all English-speaking people:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The winds are high on Helle&rsquo;s wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As on that night of stormy water<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When Love, who sent, forgot to save<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The young, the beautiful, the brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The lonely hope of Sestos&rsquo; daughter.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh! when alone along the sky<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her turret torch was blazing high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though rising gale, and breaking foam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And shrieking sea-birds warn&rsquo;d him home;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>117]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">And clouds aloft and tides below,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With signs and sounds, forbade to go,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He could not see, he would not hear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or sound or sign foreboding fear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His eye but saw that light of love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The only star it hail&rsquo;d above;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His ear but rang with Hero&rsquo;s song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Ye waves, divide not lovers long!&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That tale is old, but love anew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May nerve young hearts to prove as true.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pyramus
+and Thisbe.</div>
+
+<p>An equally loving and unfortunate pair were Pyramus and
+Thisbe. Although no waves divided them, and they had the
+good fortune to occupy adjoining houses in Babylon,
+their parents having quarreled, they were forbidden
+to see or speak to each other. This decree wrung
+their tender hearts; and their continuous sighs finally touched
+Venus, who prepared to give them her aid. Thanks to this
+goddess&rsquo;s kind offices, a crack was discovered in the party wall,
+through which the lovers could peep at each other, converse,
+and even, it is said, exchange a kiss or two.</p>
+
+<p>Sundry stolen interviews through this crack made them long
+for uninterrupted and unrestrained meetings: so they made an
+appointment to meet on a certain day and hour, under a white
+mulberry tree, just without the city gates.</p>
+
+<p>Thisbe, anxious to see her lover, was the first to reach the
+trysting place, and, as she slowly paced back and forth to while
+away the time of waiting, she wondered what had happened to
+delay Pyramus. Her meditation was suddenly broken by a rustling
+sound in some neighboring bushes; and, thinking Pyramus
+was concealed there, she was about to call to him that he was
+discovered, when, instead of her lover, she saw a lion emerge from
+the thicket and come towards her, slowly lashing his sides with
+his tail, and licking his bloody jaws. With one terrified shriek
+the girl ran away, dropping her veil, which the lion caught in his
+bloody mouth and tore to shreds, before beating a retreat into
+the forest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>118]</a></span>
+Shortly after, Pyramus came rushing up, out of breath, and
+full of loving excuses for Thisbe, who was not there, however,
+to receive them. Wondering at her absence, Pyramus looked
+around, and after a short investigation discerned the lion&rsquo;s footprints
+and the mangled veil. These signs sufficed to convince
+him that Thisbe had perished, and in a fit of despair he drew
+his dagger from its sheath and thrust it into his heart.</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes later, Thisbe cautiously drew near, peering
+anxiously about to discover whether the lion were still lurking
+near. Her first glance showed her Pyramus stretched dead beneath
+the mulberry tree, with her bloody veil pressed convulsively
+to his lips. With a cry of terror she flew to his side, and tried
+to revive him; but, when assured that all her efforts were in vain,
+she drew the dagger from his breast, and, plunging it into her
+own bosom, fell beside him quite lifeless.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;In her bosom plunged the sword,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All warm and reeking from its slaughtered lord.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Eusden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since that ominous day the fruit of the mulberry tree, which
+had been white, assumed a blood-like hue, dyed by the blood
+which flowed from the death wounds of Pyramus and Thisbe.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Echo and
+Narcissus.</div>
+
+<p>The lovely and talkative nymph Echo lived free from care
+and whole of heart until she met Narcissus, hunting in the forest.
+This frivolous young lady no sooner beheld
+the youth, than she fell deeply in love with him,
+and was proportionately grieved when she saw that he did not
+return her affections.</p>
+
+<p>All her blandishments were unavailing, and, in her despair at
+his hard-heartedness, she implored Venus to punish him by making
+him suffer the pangs of unrequited love; then, melancholy
+and longing to die, she wandered off into the mountains, far
+from the haunts of her former companions, and there, brooding
+continually over her sorrow, pined away until there remained
+naught of her but her melodious voice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>119]</a></span>
+The gods, displeased at her lack of proper pride, condemned
+her to haunt rocks and solitary places, and, as a warning to
+other impulsive maidens, to repeat the last sounds which fell
+upon her ear.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;But her voice is still living immortal,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The same you have frequently heard<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In your rambles in valleys and forests,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Repeating your ultimate word.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Venus alone had not forgotten poor Echo&rsquo;s last passionate
+prayer, and was biding her time to punish the disdainful Narcissus.
+One day, after a prolonged chase, he hurried to a lonely
+pool to slake his thirst.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;In some delicious ramble, he had found<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A little space, with boughs all woven round;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in the midst of all, a clearer pool<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than e&rsquo;er reflected in its pleasant cool<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The blue sky here, and there, serenely peeping<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through tendril wreaths fantastically creeping.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Quickly he knelt upon the grass, and bent over the pellucid
+waters to take a draught; but he suddenly paused, surprised.
+Down near the pebbly bottom he saw a face so passing fair, that
+he immediately lost his heart, for he thought it belonged to some
+water nymph gazing up at him through the transparent flood.</p>
+
+<p>With sudden passion he caught at the beautiful apparition;
+but, the moment his arms touched the water, the nymph vanished.
+Astonished and dismayed, he slowly withdrew to a short distance,
+and breathlessly awaited the nymph&rsquo;s return.</p>
+
+<p>The agitated waters soon resumed their mirrorlike smoothness;
+and Narcissus, approaching noiselessly on tiptoe, and
+cautiously peeping into the pool, became aware first of curly,
+tumbled locks, and then of a pair of beautiful, watchful, anxious
+eyes. Evidently the nymph had just concluded to emerge from
+her hiding place to reconnoiter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>120]</a></span>
+More prudent this time, the youth gradually bent further over
+the pool; and, reassured by his kindly glances, the nymph&rsquo;s
+whole head appeared. In gentle tones the youth now addressed
+her; and her ruby lips parted and moved as if she were answering,
+though not a sound came to his ear. In his excitement he
+began to gesticulate, whereupon two snowy arms repeated his
+every gesture; but when, encouraged by her loving glances and
+actions, he tried once more to clasp her in his arms, she vanished
+as rapidly as the first time.</p>
+
+<p>Time and again the same pantomime was enacted, and time
+and again the nymph eluded his touch; but the enamored youth
+could not tear himself away from the spot haunted by this sweet
+image, whose sensitive face reflected his every emotion, and who
+grew as pale and wan as he,&mdash;evidently, like him, a victim to
+love and despair.</p>
+
+<p>Even the shades of night could not drive Narcissus away
+from his post, and, when the pale moonbeams illumined his retreat,
+he bent over the pool to ascertain whether she too were
+anxious and sleepless, and saw her gazing longingly up at him.</p>
+
+<p>There Narcissus lingered day and night, without eating or
+drinking, until he died, little suspecting that the fancied nymph
+was but his own image reflected in the clear waters. Echo was
+avenged; but the gods of Olympus gazed compassionately down
+upon the beautiful corpse, and changed it into a flower bearing
+the youth&rsquo;s name, which has ever since flourished beside quiet
+pools, wherein its pale image is clearly reflected.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;A lonely flower he spied,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A meek and forlorn flower, with naught of pride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drooping its beauty o&rsquo;er the watery clearness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To woo its own sad image into nearness:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deaf to light Zephyrus it would not move;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But still would seem to droop, to pine, to love.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pygmalion
+and
+Galatea.</div>
+
+<p>Pygmalion, King of Cyprus, was a very celebrated sculptor.
+All his leisure moments were spent in the faithful portrayal of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>121]</a></span>
+gods and goddesses. One day his practiced hand fashioned an
+image of Galatea. It was so beautiful that even before it was
+entirely finished its author loved it. When completed,
+Pygmalion admired it still more, deemed
+it too beautiful to remain inanimate, and besought
+Venus to give it life, stating that he wished a wife just like it.</p>
+
+<p>As Pygmalion had always been an obdurate bachelor, and
+had frequently declared he would never marry, Venus was delighted
+to see him at last a victim of the tender passion, and resolved
+to grant his request. Pygmalion clasped the exquisite
+image to his breast to infuse some of his own warmth into the
+icy bosom, and pressed kiss after kiss upon the chiseled lips,
+until at last they grew soft and warm at his touch, and a faint
+color flushed the pale cheeks, as a breath dilated her lungs, and
+sent her blood coursing along her veins,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;As once with prayers in passion flowing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pygmalion embraced the stone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till, from the frozen marble glowing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The light of feeling o&rsquo;er him shone.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Schiller.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pygmalion&rsquo;s delight at seeing his fair image a living and
+breathing maiden was unbounded, and after a short but passionate
+wooing the object of his affections became his happy wife.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cupid and
+Psyche.</div>
+
+<p>In those same remote ages of &ldquo;sweet mythology&rdquo; there lived
+a king whose three daughters were world-renowned on account
+of their matchless beauty. Psyche, the youngest
+of the sisters, was so lovely, that her father&rsquo;s subjects
+declared her worthy to be called the Goddess of Beauty, and
+offered to pay homage to her instead of to Venus. Offended by
+this proposal, which Psyche had good sense enough to refuse,
+Venus resolved to demonstrate forcibly to that benighted race
+that the maiden was mortal. She therefore bade her son Cupid
+slay her.</p>
+
+<p>Armed with his bow and arrows, and provided with a deadly
+poison, Cupid set out to do her bidding, and at nightfall reached
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>122]</a></span>
+the palace, crept noiselessly past the sleeping guards, along the
+deserted halls, and came to Psyche&rsquo;s apartment, into which he
+glided unseen. Stealthily he approached the couch upon which
+the fair maiden was sleeping, and bent over her to administer the
+poisoned dose.</p>
+
+<p>A moonbeam falling athwart her face revealed her unequaled
+loveliness, and made Cupid start back in surprise; but, as he did
+so, one of his own love arrows came into contact with his rosy
+flesh, and inflicted a wound, from which he was to suffer for
+many a weary day.</p>
+
+<p>All unconscious of the gravity of his hurt, he hung enraptured
+over the sleeping maiden, and let her fair image sink into his
+heart; then, noiselessly as he had entered, he stole out again,
+vowing he would never harm such innocence and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Morning dawned. Venus, who had expected to see the sun
+illumine her rival&rsquo;s corpse, saw her sporting as usual in the palace
+gardens, and bitterly realized that her first plan had completely
+failed. She therefore began to devise various torments
+of a petty kind, and persecuted the poor girl so remorselessly,
+that she fled from home with the firm intention of putting an
+end to the life she could no longer enjoy in peace.</p>
+
+<p>To achieve this purpose, Psyche painfully toiled up a rugged
+mountain, and, creeping to the very edge of a great precipice,
+cast herself down, expecting to be dashed to pieces on the
+jagged rocks below; but Cupid, who had indignantly though
+helplessly seen all his mother&rsquo;s persecutions, had followed Psyche
+unseen, and, when he perceived her intention to commit suicide,
+he called to Zephyrus (the South Wind), and entreated him to
+catch the maiden in his strong yet gentle arms, and bear her
+off to a distant isle.</p>
+
+<p>Consequently, instead of a swift, sharp fall and painful death,
+Psyche felt herself gently wafted over hill and dale, across sparkling
+waters; and, long before she wearied of this new mode of
+travel, she was gently laid on a flowery bank, in the midst of an
+exquisite garden.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>123]</a></span>
+Bewildered, she slowly rose to her feet, rubbed her pretty eyes
+to make sure she was not dreaming, and wonderingly strolled
+about the beautiful grounds. Ere long she came to an enchanted
+palace, whose portals opened wide to receive her, while
+gentle voices bade her enter, and invisible hands drew her over
+the threshold and waited upon her.</p>
+
+<p>When night came, and darkness again covered the earth,
+Cupid appeared in search of his beloved Psyche. In the perfumed
+dusk he confessed his love, and tenderly begged for some
+return.</p>
+
+<p>Now, although the fading light would not permit her to discern
+the form or features of her unknown lover, Psyche listened
+to his soft tones with unconcealed pleasure, and soon consented
+to their union. Cupid then entreated her to make no
+attempt to discover his name, or to catch a glimpse of his face,
+warning her that if she did so he would be forced to leave her,
+never to return.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Dear, I am with thee only while I keep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My visage hidden; and if thou once shouldst see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the full gaze of Knowledge.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Psyche solemnly promised to respect her mysterious lover&rsquo;s
+wishes, and gave herself up entirely to the enjoyment of his company.
+All night long they talked; and when the first faint streak
+of light appeared above the horizon, Cupid bade Psyche farewell,
+promising to return with the welcome shades of night. All
+day long Psyche thought of him, longed for him, and, as soon as
+the sun had set, sped to the bower where the birds were sleepily
+trilling forth their evening song, and breathlessly waited until he
+came to join her.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Now on broad pinions from the realms above<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Descending Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>124]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">To his wide arms enamor&rsquo;d Psyche springs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A purple sash across His shoulder bends,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And fringed with gold the quiver&rsquo;d shafts suspends.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the hours of day seemed interminable, spent as they
+were in complete solitude, Psyche found the hours of night all
+too short in the sweet society of Love. Her every wish was
+gratified almost as soon as expressed; and at last, encouraged
+by her lover&rsquo;s evident anxiety to please her, she gave utterance
+to her longing to see and converse with her sisters once more.
+The ardent lover could not refuse to grant this request, yet
+Psyche noticed that his consent seemed somewhat hesitating and
+reluctant.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, while enjoying a solitary stroll, Psyche suddenly
+encountered her two sisters. After rapturous embraces
+and an incoherent volley of questions and answers, they settled
+down to enjoy a long talk. Psyche related her desperate attempt
+at suicide, her miraculous preservation from certain death,
+her a&euml;rial journey, her entrance into the enchanted palace, her
+love for her mysterious nightly visitor,&mdash;all, in short, that had
+happened since she had left her father&rsquo;s home.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the elder sisters had always been jealous of Psyche&rsquo;s
+superior beauty; and when they saw her luxurious surroundings,
+and heard her raptures about her lover, they were envious, and
+resolved to mar the happiness which they could not enjoy.
+They therefore did all in their power to convince poor Psyche
+that her lover must be some monster, so hideous that he dare not
+brave the broad light of day, lest he should make her loathe him,
+and further added, that, if she were not very careful, he would
+probably end by devouring her.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 427px;">
+<a name="cupid" id="cupid"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr27.jpg" width="427" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">CUPID AWAKENING PSYCHE.&mdash;Thumann.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>They thereupon advised poor troubled Psyche to conceal a
+lamp and dagger in her lover&rsquo;s apartment, and to gaze upon him
+in secret, when his eyes were closed in sleep. If the light of the
+lamp revealed, as they felt sure it would, the hideous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"><!-- original location of Cupid Awakening Psyche illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>126]</a></span>
+countenance and distorted form of a monster, they bade her use the
+dagger to kill him. Then, satisfied with their work, the sisters
+departed, leaving Psyche alone to carry out their evil suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>When safe at home once more, the sisters constantly brooded
+over the tale Psyche had poured into their ears, and, hoping to
+secure as luxurious a home and as fascinating a lover, they each
+hurried off in secret to the mountain gorge, cast themselves over
+the precipice, and&mdash;perished.</p>
+
+<p>Night having come, bringing the usually so welcome Cupid,
+Psyche, tortured with doubt, could with difficulty conceal her
+agitation. After repeated efforts to charm her from her silent
+mood, Cupid fell asleep; and, as soon as his regular breathing proclaimed
+him lost in slumber, Psyche noiselessly lighted her lamp,
+seized her dagger, and, approaching the couch with great caution,
+bent over her sleeping lover. The lamp, which she held high
+above her head, cast its light full upon the face and form of a
+handsome youth.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Now trembling, now distracted; bold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And now irresolute she seems;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The blue lamp glimmers in her hold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in her hand the dagger gleams.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Prepared to strike, she verges near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, the blue light glimmering from above,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hideous sight expects with fear&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gazes on the god of Love.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Apollonius.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Psyche&rsquo;s heart beat loudly with joy and pride as she beheld,
+instead of the monster, this graceful youth; and as she hung over
+him, enraptured, she forgot all caution. An inadvertent motion
+tipped her lamp, and one drop of burning oil, running over the
+narrow brim, fell upon Cupid&rsquo;s naked shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>The sudden pain made him open his eyes with a start. The
+lighted lamp, the glittering dagger, the trembling Psyche, told
+the whole story. Cupid sprang from the couch, seized his bow
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>127]</a></span>
+and arrows, and, with a last sorrowful, reproachful glance at
+Psyche, flew away through the open window, exclaiming,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Farewell! There is no Love except with Faith,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thine is dead! Farewell! I come no more!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Psyche
+forsaken.</div>
+
+<p>When he had vanished into the dusky air without, the balmy
+night winds ceased to blow; and suddenly a tempest began to
+rage with such fury, that poor frightened Psyche
+dared not remain alone in the palace, but hastened
+out into the gardens, where she soon lost consciousness of her
+misery in a deep swoon. When she opened her eyes once more,
+the storm had ceased, the sun was high in the heavens, and
+palace and gardens had vanished.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Psyche lingered there the following and many succeeding
+nights, vainly hoping for Cupid&rsquo;s return, and shedding many bitter
+tears of repentance. Finally she resolved to commit suicide,
+and, with that purpose in view, plunged into a neighboring river;
+but the god of the stream caught and carried her ashore, where
+his daughters, the water nymphs, restored her to life. Thus
+forced to live, Psyche wandered about disconsolate, seeking
+Cupid, and questioning all she met, the nymphs, Pan, and Ceres,
+who compassionately listened to her confession of love for her
+husband.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Not as the earthly loves which throb and flush<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Round earthly shrines was mine, but a pure spirit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lovelier than all embodied love, more pure<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wonderful; but never on his eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I looked, which still were hidden, and I knew not<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fashion of his nature; for by night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When visual eyes are blind, but the soul sees,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came he, and bade me seek not to inquire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or whence he came or wherefore. Nor knew I<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His name. And always ere the coming day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As if he were the Sun god, lingering<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With some too well loved maiden, he would rise<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And vanish until eve.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>128]</a></span>
+Ceres had often seen Cupid, and had heard that very morning
+that he was having a wound in his shoulder dressed by
+Venus: so she advised Psyche to go to the Goddess of Beauty, to
+enter her service, and to perform every task with cheerful alacrity,
+knowing that such a course would ultimately bring about a
+meeting and reconciliation between the lovers.</p>
+
+<p>Psyche gratefully accepted and followed Ceres&rsquo; advice, and
+labored early and late to satisfy her exacting mistress, who appointed
+such difficult tasks, that the poor girl would never have
+been able to accomplish them had she not been aided by all the
+beasts and insects, who loved her dearly.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Psyche&rsquo;s
+journey to
+Hades.</div>
+
+<p>Venus repeatedly tested her fidelity and endurance, and finally
+resolved, as a crucial experiment, to send her to Hades to fetch
+a box of beauty ointment, for which Proserpina
+alone had the recipe. Directed by Zephyrus, her
+old friend, Psyche encountered the terrors of Hades
+in safety, delivered her message, and in return received a small
+box. The gates of Hades were closed behind her, and she had
+nearly finished her last task, when she suddenly fancied that it
+would be wise to appropriate a little of the magic preparation to
+efface the traces of sleepless nights and many tears.</p>
+
+<p>The box, however, contained naught but the spirit of Sleep,
+who, pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside.
+Cupid, passing by, saw her there, marked the ravages of grief,
+remembered his love and her suffering, and, wrestling with the
+spirit, forced him to re&euml;nter the narrow bounds of his prison,
+and woke Psyche with a loving kiss.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;&lsquo;Dear, unclose thine eyes.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou mayst look on me now. I go no more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But am thine own forever.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="charon" id="charon"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr28.jpg" width="600" height="395"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">CHARON AND PSYCHE.&mdash;Neide.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, hand in hand, they winged their flight to Olympus,
+entered the council hall; and there Cupid presented Psyche, his
+chosen bride, to the assembled deities, who all promised to be
+present at the nuptial ceremony. Venus even, forgetting all her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"><!-- original location of Charon and Psyche illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>130]</a></span>
+former envy, welcomed the blushing bride, who was happy ever
+after.</p>
+
+<p>The ancients, for whom Cupid was an emblem of the heart,
+considered Psyche the personification of the soul, and represented
+her with butterfly wings; that little insect being another
+symbol of the soul, which cannot die.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Berenice&rsquo;s
+Hair.</div>
+
+<p>One of the latest myths concerning Venus is that of Berenice,
+who, fearing for her beloved husband&rsquo;s life, implored the goddess
+to protect him in battle, vowing to sacrifice her
+luxuriant hair if he returned home in safety. The
+prayer was granted, and Berenice&rsquo;s beautiful locks laid upon
+Venus&rsquo; shrine, whence they, however, very mysteriously disappeared.
+An astrologer, consulted concerning the supposed theft,
+solemnly pointed to a comet rapidly coming into view, and declared
+that the gods had placed Berenice&rsquo;s hair among the stars,
+there to shine forever in memory of her wifely sacrifice.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Venus.</div>
+
+<p>Venus, goddess of beauty, is represented either entirely naked,
+or with some scanty drapery called a &ldquo;cestus.&rdquo; Seated in her
+chariot, formed of a single pearl shell, and drawn
+by snow-white doves, her favorite birds, she journeyed
+from shrine to shrine, complacently admiring the lavish
+decorations of jewels and flowers her worshipers provided. The
+offerings of young lovers were ever those which found most favor
+in her sight.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem17">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Venus loves the whispers<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of plighted youth and maid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In April&rsquo;s ivory moonlight<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Beneath the chestnut shade.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Macaulay.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Numerous ancient and some modern statues of this goddess
+grace the various art galleries, but among them all the most
+perfect is the world-renowned Venus de Milo.</p>
+
+<p>Venus&rsquo; festivals were always scenes of graceful amusements;
+and her votaries wore wreaths of fresh, fragrant flowers, the
+emblem of all natural beauty.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>131]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">MERCURY.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of
+Mercury.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">As</span> already repeatedly stated in the course of this work, Jupiter
+was never a strictly faithful spouse, and, in spite of his wife&rsquo;s
+remonstrances, could not refrain from indulging
+his caprice for every pretty face he met along
+his way. It is thus, therefore, that he yielded to the charms
+of Maia, goddess of the plains, and spent some blissful hours in
+her society. This divine couple&rsquo;s happiness culminated when
+they first beheld their little son, Mercury (Hermes, Psychopompus,
+Oneicopompus), who was born in a grotto on Mount
+Cyllene, in Arcadia,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Mercury, whom Maia bore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweet Maia, on Cyllene&rsquo;s hoary top.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Cowper&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This infant god was quite unlike mortal children, as will
+readily be perceived by the numerous pranks he played immediately
+after his birth. First he sprang from his mother&rsquo;s knee,
+grasped a tortoise shell lying on the ground, bored holes in its
+sides, stretched strings across its concavity, and, sweeping his
+hands over them, produced strains of sweetest music, thus inventing
+the first lyre.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;So there it lay, through wet and dry,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As empty as the last new sonnet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till by and by came Mercury,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, having mused upon it,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>132]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Why here,&rsquo; cried he, &lsquo;the thing of things<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In shape, material, and dimension!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Give it but strings, and, lo, it sings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A wonderful invention.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lowell.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mercury&rsquo;s
+theft.</div>
+
+<p>Being very hungry toward evening, young Mercury escaped
+from his sleeping mother, and sallied out in search of food. He
+had not gone very far, before he came to a wide
+meadow, where Apollo&rsquo;s herds were at pasture.
+The oxen were fat and sleek; and the mischievous little god, after
+satisfying himself that they were young, and therefore promised
+to be tender and juicy, drove fifty of them off to a secluded spot,
+taking good care to envelop their feet in leafy branches, so they
+would leave no traces. Then, his hiding place being reached
+in safety, Mercury coolly killed two of the oxen, which he proceeded
+to eat.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo soon missed his cattle, and began to search for some
+clew to their hiding place or to the thief. He could, however,
+discover nothing but some broken twigs and scattered leaves.
+Suddenly he remembered that the babe whose birth had been
+announced early that morning in high Olympus had been appointed
+god of thieves. He therefore lost no more time in useless
+search and conjecture, but strode off to Mount Cyllene,
+where he found Mercury peacefully sleeping in his cradle. With
+a rude shake, the sun god roused him from his slumbers, and
+bade him restore the stolen cattle. Mercury pretended innocence,
+until Apollo, exasperated, dragged him off to Olympus,
+where he was convicted of the theft, and condemned to restore
+the stolen property. Mercury yielded to the decree, produced
+the remaining oxen, and, in exchange for the two missing, gave
+Apollo the lyre he had just fashioned.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;">
+<a name="mercury" id="mercury"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr29.jpg" width="367" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FLYING MERCURY.&mdash;Bologna. (National Museum, Florence.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This, like most other myths, admits of a natural explanation.
+Apollo (the Sun) was supposed by the ancients to possess great
+herds of cattle and sheep,&mdash;the clouds; and Mercury, the personification
+of the wind, born in the night, after a few hours&rsquo;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"><!-- original location of Flying Mercury illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>134]</a></span>
+existence waxes sufficiently strong to drive away the clouds and
+conceal them, leaving no trace of his passage except a few
+broken branches and scattered leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mercury&rsquo;s
+wand, cap,
+and shoes.</div>
+
+<p>The gift of the lyre pleased Apollo so well, that he in return
+wished to make a present to Mercury, and gave him a magic
+wand, called Caduceus, which had the power of
+reconciling all conflicting elements. Mercury, anxious
+to test it, thrust it between two quarreling
+snakes, who immediately wound themselves in amity around it.
+This so pleased him, that he bade them remain there forever, and
+used the wand on all occasions.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;A snake-encircl&rsquo;d wand;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By classic authors term&rsquo;d Caduceus<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And highly fam&rsquo;d for several uses.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Goldsmith.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mercury was in due time appointed messenger of the gods,
+who, to make him fleet of foot, presented him with winged sandals,
+the Talaria, which endowed him with marvelous rapidity of
+motion. As these sandals did not seem quite sufficient, however,
+the gods added the winged cap, Petasus, to the winged shoes.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Foot-feather&rsquo;d Mercury appear&rsquo;d sublime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beyond the tall tree tops; and in less time<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than shoots the slanted hail-storm, down he dropt<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Towards the ground; but rested not, nor stopt<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One moment from his home; only the sward<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He with his wand light touch&rsquo;d, and heavenward<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Swifter than sight was gone.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mercury was not only the messenger of the gods, but was also
+appointed god of eloquence, commerce, rain, wind, and the special
+patron of travelers, shepherds, cheats, and thieves.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Io.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter often intrusted to Mercury messages of a delicate
+nature, and always found him an invaluable ally;
+but the faithful messenger was never so much
+needed or so deeply appreciated as during Jupiter&rsquo;s courtship
+of Io, the peerless daughter of the river god Inachus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>135]</a></span>
+To avoid Juno&rsquo;s recriminations, Jupiter had carried on this
+affair with even more than his usual secrecy, visiting his beloved
+only when quite certain that his wife was asleep, and taking the
+further precaution of spreading a cloud over the spot where he
+generally met her, to shield her from all chance of being seen
+from Olympus.</p>
+
+<p>One fine afternoon, all conditions being favorable, Jupiter hastened
+down to earth to see Io, and began to stroll with her up
+and down the river edge. They heeded not the noonday heat,
+for the cloud over their heads screened them from the sun&rsquo;s too
+ardent rays.</p>
+
+<p>From some cause Juno&rsquo;s slumbers were less protracted than
+usual, and she soon arose from her couch to look about her
+realm, the atmosphere, and convince herself that all was well.
+Her attention was soon attracted by an opaque, immovable
+cloud near the earth,&mdash;a cloud which had no business there,
+for had she not bidden them all lie still on the blue until she
+awoke? Her suspicions being aroused by the presence of this
+cloud, she sought her husband in Olympus, and, not finding him,
+flew down to earth, brushing the cloud aside in her haste.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter, thus warned of her coming, had but time to change
+the maiden beside him into a heifer, ere his wife alighted and
+inquired what he was doing there. Carelessly the god pointed
+to the heifer, and declared he had been whiling away the time
+by creating it; but the explanation failed to satisfy Juno, who,
+seeing no other living creature near, suspected that her spouse
+had been engaged in a clandestine flirtation, and had screened
+its fair object from her wrath only by a sudden transformation.</p>
+
+<p>Dissimulating these suspicions with care, Juno begged her husband
+to give her his new creation, which request he could not refuse,
+but granted most reluctantly, thus adding further confirmation
+to her jealous fears. The Queen of Heaven then departed,
+taking Io with her, and placed her under the surveillance of Argus,
+one of her servants, who possessed myriad eyes, but one half of
+which he closed at a time.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>136]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The eyes of Argus, sentinel of Heaven:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those thousand eyes that watch alternate kept,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor all o&rsquo;er all his body waked or slept.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Statius</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Argus&rsquo; watch.</div>
+
+<p>She bade him watch the heifer closely, and report anything
+unusual in its actions. One day, therefore, as he was watching
+his charge pasture by the river, Argus heard her
+relate to her father, Inachus, the story of her transformation,
+and immediately imparted his discovery to Juno, who,
+advising still closer watchfulness, sent him back to his post.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter, in the mean while, was in despair; for days had passed
+without his being able to exchange a word with Io, or deliver
+her from her imprisonment. Finally he called Mercury to his
+aid, and bade him devise some plan to rescue her. Armed with
+a handful of poppies, Mercury approached Argus, and offered
+to while away the time by telling him tales.</p>
+
+<p>As Mercury was the prince of story-tellers, this offer was not
+to be despised, and Argus joyfully accepted; but instead of
+exerting himself to be entertaining, Mercury droned out such
+lengthy, uninteresting stories, that Argus soon closed half his eyes
+in profound sleep. Still talking in the same monotonous way,
+Mercury softly shook the poppies over the giant&rsquo;s head, until one
+by one the remaining eyelids closed, and Argus was wrapped in
+complete slumber.</p>
+
+<p>Then Mercury seized the giant&rsquo;s sword, and with one well-directed
+blow severed his head from the huge trunk. Only one
+half of the task was successfully accomplished; and while Mercury
+was driving the heifer away, Juno discovered his attempt,
+and promptly sent an enormous gadfly to torment the poor
+beast, who, goaded to madness by its cruel stings, fled wildly
+from one country to another, forded streams, and finally plunged
+into the sea, since called Ionian. After swimming across it,
+she took refuge in Egypt, where Jupiter restored her to all her
+girlish loveliness, and where her son Epaphus was born, to be
+the first king and the founder of Memphis.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>137]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;In coming time that hollow of the sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall bear the name Ionian, and present<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A monument of Io&rsquo;s passage through,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unto all mortals.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">E. B. Browning.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Juno mourned the loss of her faithful Argus most bitterly, and,
+gathering up his myriad eyes, scattered them over the tail of
+her favorite bird, the peacock, to have some memento of her
+faithful servant ever near her.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;From Argus slain a painted peacock grew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fluttering his feathers stain&rsquo;d with various hue.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Moschus.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This story also is an allegory. Io personifies the moon, restlessly
+wandering from place to place; Argus, the heavens, whose
+starry eyes keep ceaseless watch over the moon&rsquo;s every movement;
+Mercury is the rain, whose advent blots out the stars one
+by one, thus killing Argus, who else was never known to close
+all his eyes at once.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mercury&rsquo;s
+offices and
+worship.</div>
+
+<p>To Mercury was intrusted the charge of conducting the
+souls of the departed to Hades, and when occupied
+in this way he bore the name of Psychopompus,
+while, when addressed as conductor of Dreams, he was
+Oneicopompus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Gently as a kiss came Death to sever<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From spirit flesh, and to the realm of gloom<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pallid shades with fearless brow descended<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Hades, by the winged god attended.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Boyesen.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was one of the twelve principal gods of Olympus, and
+was widely worshiped. Temples, altars, and shrines were dedicated
+to his service throughout the ancient countries. His statues
+were considered sacred boundary marks, and their removal punished
+by death. Solemn annual festivals were held in Rome in
+Mercury&rsquo;s honor in the month of May, and from him received
+their name of Mercuralia.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>138]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">MARS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mars&rsquo;
+character.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mars</span> (Ares), son of Jupiter and Juno, was the god of war, the
+personification of the angry clouded sky, and, although but little
+worshiped in Greece, was one of the principal
+Roman divinities. He is said to have first seen
+the light in Thrace, a country noted for its fierce storms and
+war-loving people.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Infant Mars, where Thracia&rsquo;s mountains rose,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Press&rsquo;d with his hardy limbs th&rsquo; incrusted snows.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Statius</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Never sated with strife and bloodshed, this god preferred the
+din of battle to all other music, and found no occupation so
+congenial as the toils and dangers of war. No gentle deeds of
+kindness were ever expected from him; no loving prayers were
+ever addressed to him; and the ancients felt no love for him,
+but, on the contrary, shuddered with terror when his name was
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Mars was generally represented in a brilliant suit of armor, a
+plumed helmet on his proud young head, a poised spear in one
+muscular hand, and a finely wrought shield in the other, showing
+him ever ready to cope with a foe.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mars&rsquo;
+attendants.</div>
+
+<p>His attendants, or some say his children, sympathized heartily
+with his quarrelsome tastes, and delighted in following
+his lead. They were Eris (Discord), Phobos
+(Alarm), Metus (Fear), Demios (Dread), and Pallor (Terror).</p>
+
+<p>Bellona, or Enyo, goddess of war, also accompanied him, drove
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>139]</a></span>
+his chariot, parried dangerous thrusts, and watched over his
+general safety. Mars and Bellona were therefore worshiped
+together in the selfsame temple, and their altars were the only
+ones ever polluted by human sacrifices.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And to the fire-ey&rsquo;d maid of smoky war,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All hot and bleeding, will we offer them:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up to the ears in blood.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Shakespeare.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Otus
+and Ephialtes.</div>
+
+<p>As strife was his favorite element, Mars was very active indeed
+during the war between the gods and giants, but in his martial
+ardor he frequently forgot all caution. On one
+occasion he was obliged to surrender to Otus and
+Ephialtes,&mdash;two giants, who, though but nine years of age, were
+already of immense stature, since they increased in height at the
+rate of nine inches each month.</p>
+
+<p>Proud of their victory over the God of War, these giants bore
+him off in triumph, and bound him fast with iron chains slipped
+through iron rings. Day and night they kept watch over him;
+and even when they slept, the rattle of the chains, whenever any
+one of the gods attempted to set him free, woke them up, and
+frustrated all efforts to deliver him. During fifteen weary
+months poor Mars lingered there in durance vile, until Mercury,
+the prince of thieves, noiselessly and deftly slipped the chains out
+of the rings, and restored him to freedom.</p>
+
+<p>In revenge for the cruel treatment inflicted by Otus and Ephialtes,
+Mars prevailed upon Apollo and Diana to use their poisoned
+arrows, and thus rid the world of these two ugly and useless giants.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Areopagus.</div>
+
+<p>Of a fiery disposition, Mars was never inclined to forgive an
+injury; and when Halirrhothius, Neptune&rsquo;s son, dared to carry off
+his daughter Alcippe, Mars hotly pursued the abductor,
+and promptly slew him. Neptune, angry at
+this act of summary justice, cited the God of War to appear
+before a tribunal held in the open air, on a hill near the newly
+founded city of Athens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>140]</a></span>
+It was then customary for such cases to be tried at night, in
+utter darkness, so that the judges might not be influenced by the
+personal appearance of either plaintiff or defendant; and no
+rhetoric of any kind was allowed, that their minds might remain
+quite unbiased. Mars appeared before the judges, simply stated
+his case, and was acquitted. Since then the hill upon which his
+trial took place has been called the Areopagus (Ares&rsquo; Hill) or
+Mars&rsquo; Hill, and the judges of the principal court of justice at
+Athens received the name of Areopagit&aelig;.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mars&rsquo;
+children.</div>
+
+<p>Although such a partisan of strife, Mars was not impervious
+to softer emotions, and passionately returned the devotion of Venus,
+who bore him three beautiful children,&mdash;Harmonia,
+Cupid, and Anteros. Mars also fell in love
+with a beautiful young Vestal named Ilia, a descendant of &AElig;neas,
+who, in spite of the solemn pledge not to listen to a lover&rsquo;s pleadings
+until her time of service at the goddess Vesta&rsquo;s altar was
+accomplished, yielded to Mars&rsquo; impetuous wooing, and consented
+to a clandestine union.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Romulus and
+Remus.</div>
+
+<p>Although secretly married, Ilia continued to dwell in the
+temple until the birth of her twin sons Romulus and Remus.
+Her parents, hearing she had broken her vows, commanded
+that she should suffer the prescribed punishment
+of being buried alive, and that the children should be exposed
+to the teeth and claws of the wild beasts of the forest.
+The double sentence was ruthlessly carried out, and the young
+mother perished; but, contrary to all previsions, the babes survived,
+and, after having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf,
+were found and adopted by a shepherd.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;">
+<a name="venus1" id="venus1"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr30.jpg" width="430" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">VENUS DE MILO AND MARS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Romulus and Remus throve under this man&rsquo;s kind care, and
+grew up strong and fearless. When they reached manhood, they
+longed for a wider sphere for their youthful activity, and, leaving
+the mountain where they had grown up, journeyed out into the
+world to seek their fortunes. After some time they came to a
+beautiful hilly country, where they decided to found a great city,
+the capital of their future realm. Accordingly the brothers began
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"><!-- original location of Venus de Milo and Mars illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>142]</a></span>
+to trace the outline of their city limits, and, in doing so, quarreled
+over the name of the prospective town.</p>
+
+<p>Blinded by anger, Romulus suddenly raised the tool he held,
+and struck Remus such a savage blow that he fell to the ground,
+slain by his brother in a fit of passion. Alone now, Romulus at
+first vainly tried to pursue his undertaking, but, being soon joined
+by a number of adventurers as wicked and unscrupulous as
+he, they combined their forces, and built the celebrated city of
+Rome.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then, with his nurse&rsquo;s wolf-skin girt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall Romulus the line assert,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Invite them to his new raised home,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And call the martial city Rome.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As founder of this city, Romulus was its first king, and ruled
+the people with such an iron hand that his tyranny eventually
+became unbearable. The senators, weary of his exactions and
+arbitrary measures, finally resolved to free themselves of his
+presence. Taking advantage of an eclipse, which plunged the
+city in sudden darkness at noonday, and which occurred while
+all were assembled on the Forum, the magistrates slew Romulus,
+cut his body into pieces, and hid them under their wide togas.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quirinus.</div>
+
+<p>When the light returned, and the terrified and awestruck
+people, somewhat reassured, looked about them for their king,
+they were told he had gone, never to return, carried
+off by the immortal gods, who wished him to share
+their abode and dignity. The senators further informed the
+credulous population that Romulus was to be henceforth worshiped
+as a god under the name of Quirinus, and gave orders
+for the erection of a temple on one of the seven hills, which
+since then has been known as Mount Quirinal. Yearly festivals
+in Romulus&rsquo; honor were ever after held in Rome, under the name
+of Quirinalia.</p>
+
+<p>Well pleased with the new city of Rome and its turbulent, lawless
+citizens, Mars took it under his special protection; and once,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>143]</a></span>
+when a plague was raging which threatened to destroy all the
+people, the Romans rushed in a body to his temple, and clamored
+for a sign of his favor and protection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Ancile.</div>
+
+<p>Even while they prayed, it is said, a shield, Ancile, fell from
+heaven, and a voice was distinctly heard to declare that Rome
+would endure as long as this token of the god&rsquo;s
+good will was preserved. The very same day the
+plague ceased its frightful ravages, and the Romans, delighted
+with the result of their petitions, placed the heavenly shield in
+one of their principal temples.</p>
+
+<p>Then, in constant dread lest some of their enemies should succeed
+in stealing it, they caused eleven other shields to be made,
+so exactly like the heaven-sent Ancile, that none but the guardian
+priests, the Salii, who kept continual watch over them, could
+detect the original from the facsimiles. During the month of
+March, which, owing to its blustery weather, was dedicated to
+Mars and bore his name, the ancil&aelig; were carried in a procession
+all through the city, the Salii chanting their rude war songs,
+and executing intricate war dances.</p>
+
+<p>A Roman general, ere setting out on any warlike expedition,
+always entered the sanctuary of Mars, touched the sacred shield
+with the point of his lance, shook the spear in the hand of the
+god&rsquo;s effigy, and called aloud, &ldquo;Mars, watch over us!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship
+of Mars.</div>
+
+<p>A common superstition among the Roman soldiery was,
+that Mars, under the name of Gradivus, marched
+in person at the head of their army, and led them
+on to victory. Mars&rsquo; principal votaries were therefore the Roman
+soldiers and youths, whose exercising ground was called, in his
+honor, the Campus Martius, or Field of Mars. All the laurel
+crowns bestowed upon victorious generals were deposited at the
+foot of his statues, and a bull was the customary thank offering
+after a successful campaign.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The soldier, from successful camps returning<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With laurel wreath&rsquo;d, and rich with hostile spoil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Severs the bull to Mars.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>144]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER X.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">VULCAN.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vulcan&rsquo;s fall.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vulcan</span>, or Heph&aelig;stus, son of Jupiter and Juno, god of fire
+and the forge, seldom joined the general council of the gods.
+His aversion to Olympus was of old standing. He
+had once been tenderly attached to his mother,
+had lavished upon her every proof of his affection, and had
+even tried to console her when she mourned Jupiter&rsquo;s neglect.
+On one occasion, intending to punish Juno for one of her usual
+fits of jealousy, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, fast bound by a
+golden chain; and Vulcan, perceiving her in this plight, tugged
+at the chain with all his might, drew her up, and was about to
+set her free, when Jupiter returned, and, in anger at his son&rsquo;s
+interference in his matrimonial concerns, kicked him out of
+heaven.</p>
+
+<p>The intervening space between heaven and earth was so great,
+that Vulcan&rsquo;s fall lasted during one whole day and night, ere he
+finally touched the summit of Mount Mosychlus, in the Island of
+Lemnos.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;From morn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A summer&rsquo;s day; and with the setting sun<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dropt from the zenith like a falling star,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Lemnos th&rsquo; &AElig;gean isle.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course, to any one but a god such a terrible fall would have
+proved fatal; and even Vulcan did not escape entirely unharmed,
+for he injured one of his legs, which accident left him lame and
+somewhat deformed for the remainder of his life.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">
+Vulcan&rsquo;s
+forge.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>145]</a></span>
+Now, although Vulcan had risked so much and suffered so
+greatly in taking his mother&rsquo;s part, she never even made the
+slightest attempt to ascertain whether he had
+reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her indifference
+and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed never again to return to
+Olympus, and withdrew to the solitudes of Mount &AElig;tna, where
+he established a great forge in the heart of the mountain, in
+partnership with the Cyclopes, who helped him manufacture
+many cunning and useful objects from the metals found in great
+profusion in the bosom of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Among these ingenious contrivances were two golden handmaidens
+gifted with motion, who attended the god wherever he
+went, and supported his halting footsteps.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Two golden statues, like in form and look<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To living maidens, aided with firm gait<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The monarch&rsquo;s steps.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The golden
+throne.</div>
+
+<p>Vulcan also devised a golden throne with countless hidden
+springs, which, when unoccupied, did not present an extraordinary
+appearance; but as soon as any one ventured
+to make use of it, the springs moved, and, the chair
+closing around the person seated upon it, frustrated all attempts
+to rise and escape from its treacherous embrace.</p>
+
+<p>Vulcan dispatched this throne, when completed, to his mother,
+who, delighted with its beauty and delicate workmanship,
+proudly seated herself upon it, and found herself a prisoner. In
+vain she strove to escape, in vain the gods all gallantly rushed
+to her assistance. Their united strength and skill proved useless
+against the cunning springs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="vulcan" id="vulcan"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr31.jpg" width="600" height="447"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FORGE OF VULCAN.&mdash;Velasquez. (Museum, Madrid.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Finally Mercury was sent to Vulcan, primed with a most diplomatic
+request to honor high Olympus with his presence; but
+all Mercury&rsquo;s eloquence and persuasions failed to induce the god
+of the forge to leave his sooty abode, and the messenger god
+was forced to return alone and report the failure of his attempt.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"><!-- original location of Forge of Vulcan illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>147]</a></span>
+Then the gods deliberated anew, and decided to send Bacchus,
+god of wine, hoping his powers of persuasion would prove more
+effective.</p>
+
+<p>Armed with a flask of his choicest vintage, Bacchus presented
+himself before Vulcan, and offered him a refreshing draught.
+Vulcan, predisposed to thirst, and incited to drink by the very
+nature of his labor, accepted the offered cup, and allowed himself
+to be beguiled into renewing his potations, until he was quite
+intoxicated. In this condition, Bacchus led him passive to
+Olympus, made him release the Queen of Heaven, and urged
+him to embrace his father and crave forgiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Although restored to favor, Vulcan would not remain permanently
+in Olympus, but preferred to return to his forge and
+continue his labors. He undertook, however, the construction
+of magnificent golden palaces for each of the gods upon the
+Olympian heights, fashioned their sumptuous furniture from precious
+metals, and further embellished his work by a rich ornamentation
+of precious stones.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then to their starry domes the gods depart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shining monuments of Vulcan&rsquo;s art:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jove on his couch reclin&rsquo;d his awful head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Juno slumber&rsquo;d on the golden bed.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Aided by the Cyclopes, Vulcan manufactured Jupiter&rsquo;s weapons,
+the dread thunderbolts, whose frightful power none could
+withstand, and Cupid&rsquo;s love-inspiring darts.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vulcan&rsquo;s
+loves.</div>
+
+<p>Vulcan, in spite of his deformity, extreme ugliness, and well-known
+aversion to any home but his sooty forge, was none the
+less prone to fall in love with the various goddesses.
+He first wooed Minerva, who, having
+sworn never to marry, contemptuously dismissed his suit. To
+console Vulcan for this rebuff, and at the same time punish the
+Goddess of Beauty, who, according to some mythologists, had
+refused even his addresses, Jupiter bestowed upon him the fair
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>148]</a></span>
+hand of Venus, and sent her and her mischievous train of Loves
+and Graces to reside in the dark caves of Mount &AElig;tna.</p>
+
+<p>Amused by all the strange sights and sounds, the goddess at
+first seemed quite contented; but after a time Vulcan&rsquo;s gloomy
+abode lost all its attractions: so she forsook her ill-favored husband,
+and went in search of another, more congenial mate.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after, Vulcan married one of the Graces, who, however,
+seems to have also soon wearied of his society, for she deserted
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Vulcan&rsquo;s children were mostly monsters, such as Cacus, Periphetes,
+Cercyon, etc., all of whom play an important part in
+heroic mythology. He is also the reputed father of Servius
+Tullius, sixth king of Rome, by a slave Ocrisia, whom he was
+wont to visit in the guise of a bright flame, which played harmlessly
+about her.</p>
+
+<p>Vulcan was worshiped by all blacksmiths and artisans, who
+recognized him as their special patron, and venerated him accordingly.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Those who labor<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Acknowledge Vulcan&rsquo;s aid.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Great festivals, the Vulcanalia and the Heph&aelig;stia, were celebrated
+in honor of this god, who is generally represented as a
+short, muscular man, with one leg shorter than the other, a workman&rsquo;s
+cap on his curly locks, a short upper garment, and a smith&rsquo;s
+tools in his hand.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>149]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">NEPTUNE.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When</span> Jupiter assigned to each of his brothers a separate portion
+of the universe, he decreed that Neptune, or Poseidon,
+should govern all the waters upon the face of the earth, and be
+sole monarch of the ocean.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Neptune, the mighty marine god, I sing;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Earth&rsquo;s mover, and the fruitless ocean&rsquo;s king.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That Helicon and th&rsquo; &AElig;gean deeps dost hold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O thou earth-shaker; thy command, twofold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gods have sorted; making thee of horses<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The awful tamer, and of naval forces<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sure preserver. Hail, O Saturn&rsquo;s birth!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose graceful green hair circles all the earth.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bear a benign mind; and thy helpful hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lend all, submitted to thy dread command.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Chapman&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before this new ruler made his appearance, the Titan
+Oceanus had wielded the scepter of the sea; and regretfully he
+now resigned it to his youthful supplanter, whom he nevertheless
+admired sincerely, and described in glowing colors to his brothers.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Have ye beheld the young God of the Seas,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My dispossessor? Have ye seen his face?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have ye beheld his chariot, foam&rsquo;d along<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By noble winged creatures he hath made?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I saw him on the calmed waters scud,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With such a glow of beauty in his eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That it enforc&rsquo;d me to bid sad farewell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To all my empire.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>150]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;">
+<a name="neptune" id="neptune"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr32.jpg" width="446" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE.&mdash;Bologna. (Bologna.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Neptune&rsquo;s
+exile.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>151]</a></span>
+Neptune, the personification as well as the god of the sea, was
+of an exceedingly encroaching disposition. Dissatisfied with the
+portion allotted him, he once conspired to dethrone
+Jupiter; but, unfortunately for the success of his
+undertaking, his plot was discovered before he could put it into
+execution, and Jupiter, in punishment for his temerity, exiled him
+to earth. There he was condemned to build the walls of Troy
+for Laomedon, king of that city, who, in return, promised a
+handsome compensation.</p>
+
+<p>Apollo, also banished from heaven at that time, volunteered
+to aid Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by
+the power of sweet sounds (p. <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>). The task satisfactorily ended,
+Laomedon, an avaricious and dishonest king, refused the promised
+guerdon, whereupon Neptune created a terrible monster,
+which came upon the shore, devoured the inhabitants, devastated
+everything within his reach, and inspired all with great terror.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;A great serpent from the deep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lifting his horrible head above their homes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Devoured the children.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To save themselves from the awful death which threatened
+them all, the Trojans consulted an oracle, who advised the sacrifice
+of a beautiful virgin, and promised the monster would disappear
+as soon as he had devoured the appointed victim.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Hesione.</div>
+
+<p>A young girl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the
+seashore, and chained by the priest&rsquo;s own hands to a slimy rock.
+As soon as her mourning friends had forsaken her,
+the hideous serpent came out of his lair in the
+waves, and devoured her; then he vanished, and nothing more
+was heard of him for a whole year, at the end of which time he
+reappeared, and resumed his former depredations, which were
+only checked by the sacrifice of a second virgin.</p>
+
+<p>Year after year, however, he returned, and year after year a
+fair girl was doomed to perish, until finally the lot fell upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>152]</a></span>
+Hesione, the king&rsquo;s only daughter. He could not bear the
+thought of the terrible fate awaiting her, and tried every means
+in his power to save her. As a last resort he sent heralds to
+publish far and wide that the king would give a great reward
+to any man who would dare attack and succeed in slaying the
+monster.</p>
+
+<p>Hercules, on his return from the scene of one of his stupendous
+labors, heard the proclamation, and, with no other weapon
+than the oaken club he generally carried, slew the monster just
+as he was about to drag poor Hesione down into his slimy cave.
+Laomedon was, of course, overjoyed at the monster&rsquo;s death, but,
+true to his nature, again refused the promised reward, and by
+his dishonesty incurred the hatred and contempt of this hero
+also. Some time after, having finished his time of servitude
+with Eurystheus, Hercules, aided by a chosen band of adventurers,
+came to Troy to punish him for his perfidy. The city
+was stormed and taken, the king slain, and his wife and children
+carried to Greece as captives. There Hesione became the bride
+of Telamon; while her brother Podarces, later known as Priam,
+was redeemed by his people and made King of Troy.</p>
+
+<p>Laomedon&rsquo;s failure to pay his just debts was the primary
+cause of the enmity which Apollo and Neptune displayed towards
+the Trojans during their famous war with the Greeks (p. <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Neptune&rsquo;s
+contests.</div>
+
+<p>Their term of exile ended, the gods were reinstated in their
+exalted positions, and hastened to resume their former occupations;
+but, in spite of the severe lesson just received,
+Neptune was not yet cured of his grasping
+tendencies. Not long after his return from Troy, he quarreled
+with Minerva for the possession of the then recently founded
+city of Athens, then nameless, and entered into the memorable
+contest in which he was signally defeated (p. <a href="#Page_57"><b>57</b></a>). He also
+disputed the sovereignty of Tr&oelig;zene with Minerva, and that of
+Corinth with Apollo. In the latter instance, the disputants
+having chosen Briareus as umpire, the prize was awarded to him
+as the most powerful of all the gods except Jupiter.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Neptune&rsquo;s
+power.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>153]</a></span>
+As god of the sea, Neptune did not generally remain in
+Olympus, but dwelt way down in the coral caves of his kingdom,
+over which he ruled with resistless sway. By
+one word he could stir up or calm the wildest
+storm, and cause the billows to roar with fury or subside into
+peaceful ripples.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;He spake, and round about him called the clouds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And roused the ocean,&mdash;wielding in his hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The trident,&mdash;summoned all the hurricanes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of all the winds, and covered earth and sky<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At once with mists, while from above the night<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fell suddenly.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The rivers, fountains, lakes, and seas were not only subject to
+his rule, but he could also cause terrible earthquakes at will, and,
+when he pleased, raise islands from the deep, as he did when Latona
+entreated him to shelter her from Juno&rsquo;s persecutions (p. <a href="#Page_62"><b>62</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p>Neptune is said to have loved the goddess Ceres, and to have
+followed her during her prolonged search for her daughter, Proserpina.
+Annoyed by his persistent wooing, the goddess, to escape
+him, assumed the form of a mare; but the God of the Sea, not at
+all deceived by this stratagem, straightway assumed the form of
+a horse, in which guise he contentedly trotted after her and renewed
+his attentions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Neptune&rsquo;s
+wives.</div>
+
+<p>The offspring of this equine pair was Arion, a wonderful
+winged steed, gifted with the power of speech, whose early education
+was intrusted to the Nereides. They trained
+him to draw his father&rsquo;s chariot over the waves with
+incredible rapidity, and parted with him regretfully when he was
+given to Copreus, Pelops&rsquo; son. This marvelous horse passed
+successively into Hercules&rsquo; and Adrastus&rsquo; hands; and the latter
+won all the chariot races, thanks to his fleetness.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, Neptune, having fallen deeply in love
+with a maiden named Theophane, and fearful lest some one of
+her numerous suitors should find favor in her eyes before he had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>154]</a></span>
+time to urge his wooing, suddenly changed her into a sheep, and
+conveyed her to the Island of Crumissa, where he assumed the
+guise of a ram, and, in this metamorphosed condition, carried
+on his courtship, which eventually proved successful. The offspring
+of this union was the golden-fleeced ram which bore
+Phryxus in safety to the Colchian shores, and whose pelt was the
+goal of the Argonautic expedition (p. <a href="#Page_265"><b>265</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p>Neptune also loved and married Medusa in the days of her
+youth and beauty, and when some drops of blood fell from her
+severed head into the salt sea foam, he produced from them the
+graceful winged steed Pegasus (p. <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p>Neptune is also said to be the father of the giants Otus and
+Ephialtes, of Neleus, Pelias, and Polyphemus.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Amphitrite.</div>
+
+<p>The Queen of the Ocean, Neptune&rsquo;s own true and lawful wife,
+was a Nereid, one of the fifty daughters of Doris and Nereus,&mdash;the
+personification of the calm and sunlit aspect of
+the sea. Her name was Amphitrite, or Salacia.
+At first she was in great awe of her distinguished suitor, and
+in her fear fled at his approach, leaving him no chance to admire
+any of her charms, except the grace and celerity with which
+she managed to flit, or rather glide, out of his sight.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Along the deep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With beauteous ankles, Amphitrite glides.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This conduct grieved Neptune so sorely, that he sent a dolphin
+to plead his cause, and persuade the fair nymph to share
+his throne. The messenger, carefully instructed beforehand,
+carried out the directions with such skill, that Amphitrite formally
+consented to become Neptune&rsquo;s wife.</p>
+
+<p>The King of the Deep was so overjoyed at these good tidings,
+that he transferred the dolphin to the sky, where he forms a
+well-known constellation. Neptune and Amphitrite in due time
+became the happy parents of several children, among whom the
+most celebrated is Triton, whose body was half man and half
+fish, and who gave his name to all his male descendants.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Idas
+and Marpessa.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>155]</a></span>
+Like all other gods, Neptune took a lively interest in men&rsquo;s
+affairs, and sometimes interfered in their behalf. On one occasion,
+for instance, he even lent his beautiful chariot to a
+youth by the name of Idas, who, loving a maiden
+dearly, and unable to win her father&rsquo;s consent to their union, had
+resolved to kidnap her. Marpessa, for such was the lady&rsquo;s name,
+allowed herself to be carried off without protest; and the lovers
+were blissfully speeding along in Neptune&rsquo;s chariot, when her
+father, Evenus, perceiving their escape, started in pursuit of them.
+In spite of the most strenuous efforts, he could not overtake the
+fleeing pair, and in his anger plunged into a river, where he was
+drowned, and which from him received the name of Evenus.</p>
+
+<p>Idas and Marpessa were just congratulating themselves upon
+their narrow escape, when suddenly Apollo appeared before
+them, and, checking their steeds, declared he loved the maiden
+too, and would not tamely yield her up to a rival.</p>
+
+<p>This was quite equivalent to a challenge; and Idas, stepping
+down from the chariot, was about to engage in the fight, when
+suddenly out of a clear sky a thunderbolt came crashing down
+to earth, and an imperious voice was heard to declare that the
+quarrel could be settled by Marpessa only, and that she should
+freely choose the suitor she preferred as husband.</p>
+
+<p>The maiden glanced at both her lovers, and quickly reviewed
+their respective attractions. Remembering that Apollo, being
+immortal, would retain all his youthful bloom when her more
+ephemeral beauty had vanished, and that he would then probably
+cease to love her, she held out her hand to Idas, declaring she
+preferred to link her fate to that of a mortal, who would grow
+old when she did, and love her as long as they both lived. This
+choice was approved by Jupiter; and the lovers, after reaching
+a place of safety, returned the wondrous chariot to Neptune,
+with many grateful thanks for his timely aid.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Neptune&rsquo;s
+attendants.</div>
+
+<p>All the Nereides, Tritons, and lesser sea divinities
+formed a part of Neptune and Amphitrite&rsquo;s train, and followed
+closely when they rode forth to survey their kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>156]</a></span>
+Neptune had, besides this, many subordinates, whose duty it
+was to look after various seas, lakes, rivers, fountains, etc., confided
+to their special care. In harmony with their occupations,
+these divinities were either hoary river gods (such as Father
+Nile), slender youths, beautiful maidens, or little babbling children.
+They seldom left the cool waves of their appointed dwellings,
+and strove to win Neptune&rsquo;s approbation mostly by the
+zeal they showed in the discharge of their various duties.</p>
+
+<p>Proteus, too, another inferior deity, had the care of the flocks
+of the deep, and he always attended Neptune when it was safe to
+leave his great herds of sea calves to bask on the sunny shores.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;In ages past old Proteus, with his droves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of sea calves, sought the mountains and the groves.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Cowper.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proteus.</div>
+
+<p>In common with all the other gods, Proteus enjoyed the gift
+of prophecy, and had the power to assume any shape he pleased.
+The former gift he was wont to exercise very reluctantly;
+and when mortals wished to consult him,
+he would change his form with bewildering rapidity, and, unless
+they clung to him through all his changes, they could obtain no
+answer to their questions.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Shouting [we] seize the god: our force t&rsquo; evade,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His various arts he soon resumes in aid:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A lion now, he curls a surgy mane;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sudden, our hands a spotted pard restrain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, arm&rsquo;d with tusks, and lightning in his eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A boar&rsquo;s obscener shape the god belies:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On spiry volumes, there, a dragon rides;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here, from our strict embrace a stream he glides;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And last, sublime, his stately growth he rears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A tree, and well-dissembled foliage wears.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But if these manifestations proved unavailing to drive his
+would-be hearers away, the god answered every question circumstantially.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>157]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="nile" id="nile"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr33.jpg" width="600" height="433"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FATHER NILE. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>158]</a></span>
+Amphitrite, Neptune&rsquo;s wife,&mdash;generally represented as a beautiful
+nude nymph, crowned with seaweed, and reclining in a
+pearl-shell chariot drawn by dolphins, or sea-horses,&mdash;was worshiped
+with her husband.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Neptune.</div>
+
+<p>Neptune, majestic and middle-aged, with long, flowing hair
+and beard, wearing a seaweed crown, and brandishing a trident, or
+three-pronged fork, was widely worshiped throughout
+Greece and Italy, and had countless shrines.
+His principal votaries were the seamen and horse trainers, who
+often bespoke his aid.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Hail, Neptune, greatest of the gods!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou ruler of the salt sea floods;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou with the deep and dark-green hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That dost the golden trident bear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou that, with either arm outspread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Embosomest the earth we tread:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thine are the beasts with fin and scales,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That round thy chariot, as it sails,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Plunging and tumbling, fast and free,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All reckless follow o&rsquo;er the sea.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Arion.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many large temples were dedicated exclusively to the worship
+of Neptune, and games were frequently celebrated in his honor.
+The most noted of all were undoubtedly the Isthmian Games,&mdash;a
+national festival, held every four years at Corinth, on the isthmus
+of the same name. Hither people came from all points of
+the compass, and all parts of the then known world, either to witness
+or to take part in the noted wrestling, boxing, and racing
+matches, or in the musical and poetical contests.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>159]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">PLUTO.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pluto</span><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (Dis, Hades, Orcus, A&iuml;doneus), son of Cronus and
+Rhea, received as his share of the world the supervision of the
+Infernal Regions, situated beneath the earth, and was also appointed
+god of the dead and of riches, for all precious metals
+are buried deep in the bosom of the earth.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+Besides this Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, the Greeks also worshiped
+Plutus, a son of Ceres and Jason, who was known exclusively as the god of
+wealth. Abandoned in infancy, he was brought up by Pax, the goddess of
+peace, who is often represented holding him in her lap. Because Plutus insisted
+upon bestowing his favors upon good and noble mortals only, Jupiter
+soon deprived him of his sight. Since then the blind god&rsquo;s gifts have been
+distributed indiscriminately.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This god inspired all men with a great fear. They never spoke
+of him without trembling, and fervently prayed that they might
+never see his face; for, when he appeared on the surface of the
+earth, it was only in search of some victim to drag down into his
+dismal abode, or to make sure there was no crevice through
+which a sunbeam might glide to brighten its gloom and dispel its
+shadows. Whenever the stern god set out on one of these expeditions,
+he rode in a chariot drawn by four coal-black steeds;
+and, if any obstacle presented itself to impede his progress, he
+struck it with his two-pronged fork, the emblem of his power,
+and the obstacle was immediately removed. It was on one of
+these occasions that Pluto kidnapped Proserpina, the fair goddess
+of vegetation, daughter of Ceres, whom he set on his throne in
+Hades, and crowned his queen (p. <a href="#Page_183"><b>183</b></a>).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Pluto.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>160]</a></span>
+Pluto is always represented as a stern, dark, bearded man, with
+tightly closed lips, a crown on his head, a scepter and a key in
+hand, to show how carefully he guards those who
+enter his domains, and how vain are their hopes to
+effect their escape. No temples were dedicated to him, and
+statues of this god are very rare. Human sacrifices were sometimes
+offered on his altars; and at his festivals, held every hundred
+years, and thence called Secular Games, none but black
+animals were slain.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hades.</div>
+
+<p>His kingdom, generally called Hades, was very difficult of
+access. According to Roman traditions, it could only be entered
+at Avernus, but the Greeks asserted that there was
+another entrance near the Promontory of T&aelig;narum.
+Both nations agreed, however, in saying that it was an
+almost impossible feat to get out again if one were rash enough
+to venture in.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;To the shades you go a down-hill, easy way;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But to return and re-enjoy the day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This is a work, a labor!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Virgil.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To prevent all mortals from entering, and all spirits from
+escaping, Pluto placed a huge three-headed dog, called Cerberus,
+to guard the gate.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;There in state old Cerberus sate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A three-headed dog, as cruel as Fate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Guarding the entrance early and late.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>From thence a long subterranean passage, through which
+shadowy spirits glided incessantly, led to the throne room, where
+Pluto and Proserpina sat in state, clad in their sable robes.
+From the foot of this throne flowed the rivers which channeled
+the Lower World. One, the Cocytus, rolled salt waves, composed
+of naught but the tears flowing continually from the eyes of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>161]</a></span>
+criminals condemned to hard labor in Tartarus, the portion of
+Hades reserved for the exclusive use of the wicked.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Cocytus, named of lamentation loud<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heard on the rueful stream.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Homer.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rivers of
+Hades.</div>
+
+<p>To separate this section from the remainder of his realm, Pluto
+surrounded it with the Phlegethon, a river of fire; while the
+Acheron, a black and deep stream, was to be passed
+by all souls ere they reached Pluto&rsquo;s throne and
+heard his decree. The current of this river was so swift, that
+even the boldest swimmer could not pass over; and, as there
+was no bridge, all the spirits were obliged to rely upon the aid of
+Charon, an aged boatman, who plied the only available skiff&mdash;a
+leaky, worm-eaten punt&mdash;from shore to shore. Neither would
+he allow any soul to enter his bark, unless he was first given a
+small coin, called the obolus, the ferryman&rsquo;s fare, which the ancients
+carefully laid under the tongue of the dead, that they
+might pass on to Pluto without delay. Charon&rsquo;s leaky boat no
+sooner touched the shore than a host of eager spirits pressed forward
+to claim a place. The cruel boatman repulsed them roughly,
+and brandished his oars, while he leisurely selected those he
+would next ferry across the stream.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;The shiv&rsquo;ring army stands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And press for passage with extended hands.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now these, now those, the surly boatman bore;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rest he drove to distance from the shore.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>All those who could not produce the required obolus were
+obliged to wait one hundred years, at the end of which time
+Charon reluctantly ferried them over free of charge.</p>
+
+<p>There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose
+waters the gods swore their most irrevocable oaths; and the
+blessed Lethe, whose waters had the power to make one forget all
+unpleasant things, thus preparing the good for a state of endless
+bliss in the Elysian Fields.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>162]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="furies" id="furies"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr34.jpg" width="600" height="318"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE FURIES.&mdash;A Study for the Masque of Cupid.&mdash;Burne-Jones.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>163]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her wat&rsquo;ry labrinth, whereof who drinks,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forthwith his former state and being forgets,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The judges.</div>
+
+<p>Near Pluto&rsquo;s throne were seated the three judges of Hades,
+Minos, Rhadamanthus, and &AElig;acus, whose duty it was to question
+all newly arrived souls, to sort out the confused
+mass of good and bad thoughts and actions, and
+place them in the scales of Themis, the blindfolded, impartial goddess
+of justice, who bore a trenchant sword to indicate that her
+decrees would be mercilessly enforced. If the good outweighed
+the evil, the spirit was led to the Elysian Fields; but if, on the
+contrary, the evil prevailed, the spirit was condemned to suffer in
+the fires of Tartarus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;Where his decrees<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The guilty soul within the burning gates<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Tartarus compel, or send the good<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To inhabit, with eternal health and peace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The valley of Elysium.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Akenside.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Furies.</div>
+
+<p>The guilty souls were always intrusted to the three snake-locked
+Furies (Erinnyes, or Eumenides), who drove them with their stinging
+lashes to the gates of Tartarus. These deities,
+who were sisters, and children of Acheron and
+Nyx, were distinguished by the individual names of Alecto, Tisiphone,
+and Meg&aelig;ra, and with Nemesis, goddess of revenge, were
+noted for their hard hearts and the merciless manner in which
+they hurried the ghosts intrusted to their care over the fiery
+flood of the Phlegethon, and through the brazen gates of their
+future place of incessant torment.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 414px;">
+<a name="fates" id="fates"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr35.jpg" width="414" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE THREE FATES.&mdash;Thumann.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;There rolls swift Phlegethon, with thund&rsquo;ring sound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His broken rocks, and whirls his surges round.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On mighty columns rais&rsquo;d sublime are hung<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The massy gates, impenetrably strong.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"><!-- original location of The Three Fates illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>165]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">In vain would men, in vain would gods essay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To hew the beams of adamant away.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here rose an iron tow&rsquo;r: before the gate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By night and day, a wakeful Fury sate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The pale Tisiphone; a robe she wore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With all the pomp of horror, dy&rsquo;d in gore.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (C. Pitt&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Fates.</div>
+
+<p>The three Fates (M&oelig;r&aelig;, Parc&aelig;), sisters, also sat near Pluto&rsquo;s
+throne. Clotho, the youngest, spun the thread of
+life, in which the bright and dark lines were intermingled.
+Lachesis, the second, twisted it; and under her fingers
+it was now strong, now weak.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Twist ye, twine ye! even so,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mingle shades of joy and woe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the thread of human life.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Scott.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Atropos, the third sister, armed with a huge pair of shears, remorselessly
+cut short the thread of life,&mdash;an intimation that another
+soul would ere long find its way down into the dark kingdom
+of Hades.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tartarus.</div>
+
+<p>When the gates of Tartarus turned on their hinges to receive
+the newcomer, a chorus of cries, groans, and imprecations
+from within fell upon his ear, mingled with
+the whistling of the whips incessantly plied by retributive deities.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem16">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;What sounds were heard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What scenes appeared,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O&rsquo;er all the dreary coasts!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dreadful gleams,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dismal screams,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fires that glow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shrieks of woe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sullen moans,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hollow groans,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And cries of tortured ghosts.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Danaides.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>166]</a></span>
+Many victims renowned while on earth for their cruelty
+found here the just punishment of their sins. Attention was first
+attracted by a group of beautiful maidens, who
+carried water to fill a bottomless cask. Down to
+the stream they hastened, a long procession, filled their urns with
+water, painfully clambered up the steep and slippery bank, and
+poured their water into the cask; but when, exhausted and ready
+to faint from fatigue, they paused to rest for a moment, the cutting
+lash fell upon their bare shoulders, and spurred them on to
+renewed efforts to complete a task so hopeless that it has become
+proverbial.</p>
+
+<p>These fair maidens were the Danaides, daughters of Danaus,
+who had pledged his fifty daughters to the fifty sons of his
+brother &AElig;gyptus. The marriage preparations were all completed,
+when Danaus suddenly remembered an ancient prophecy which
+had quite escaped his memory, and which foretold that he would
+perish by the hand of his son-in-law.</p>
+
+<p>It was now too late to prevent the marriages, so, calling his
+daughters aside, he told them what the oracle had said, and, giving
+them each a sharp dagger, bade them slay their husbands on
+their wedding night. The marriages were celebrated, as was customary,
+with mirth, dance, and song; and the revelry continued
+until late at night, when, the guests having departed, the newly
+married couples retired. But as soon as Danaus&rsquo; daughters were
+quite certain their husbands were fast asleep, they produced their
+daggers and slew their mates.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Danaus arm&rsquo;d each daughter&rsquo;s hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To stain with blood the bridal bed.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the brides only, Hypermnestra, loved her husband too
+dearly to obey her father&rsquo;s command, and, when morning broke,
+only forty-nine of &AElig;gyptus&rsquo; sons were found lifeless. The sole
+survivor, Lynceus, to avenge his brothers&rsquo; death, slew Danaus,
+thus fulfilling the ominous prophecy; while the gods, incensed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>167]</a></span>
+by the Danaides&rsquo; heartlessness, sent them to Hades, where they
+were compelled to fill the bottomless cask.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tantalus.</div>
+
+<p>Tartarus also detained within its brazen portals a cruel king
+named Tantalus (the father of Niobe), who, while on earth, had
+starved and ill-treated his subjects, insulted the
+immortal gods, and on one occasion had even
+dared to cook and serve up to them his own son Pelops. Most
+of the gods were immediately aware of the deception practiced
+upon them, and refused the new dish; but Ceres, who was very
+melancholy on account of the recent loss of her daughter, paid
+no heed to what was offered her, and in a fit of absent-mindedness
+ate part of the lad&rsquo;s shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>The gods in pity restored the youth to life, and Ceres replaced
+the missing shoulder with one of ivory or of gold. Driven
+away from his kingdom, which was seized by the King of Troy,
+Pelops took refuge in Greece, where he ruled the extensive
+peninsula, the Peloponnesus, which still bears his name.</p>
+
+<p>To punish the inhuman Tantalus, the gods then sent him to
+Tartarus, where he stood up to his chin in a stream of pure
+water, tormented with thirst; for, whenever he stooped to drink,
+the waters fled from his parched lips. Over his head hung a
+branch of luscious fruit. His hunger was as intolerable as his
+thirst; but, whenever he clutched at the fruit, the branch swung
+upward, and eluded his eager grasp.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Above, beneath, around his hapless head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trees of all kinds delicious fruitage spread.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fruit he strives to seize; but blasts arise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toss it on high, and whirl it to the skies.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This singular punishment inflicted upon Tantalus gave rise to
+the expression &ldquo;to tantalize.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sisyphus.</div>
+
+<p>Another criminal was Sisyphus, who, while king of Corinth,
+had misused his power, had robbed and killed travelers,
+and even deceived the gods. His reprehensible
+conduct was punished in Tartarus, where he was condemned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>168]</a></span>
+to roll a huge stone to the top of a very steep hill; and just as
+he reached the summit, and fancied his task done, the rock would
+slip from his grasp and roll to the foot of the hill, thus obliging
+him to renew all his exertions.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem29">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;With many a weary step, and many a groan,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Again the restless orb his toil renews,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dust mounts in clouds, and sweat descends in dews.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Salmoneus.</div>
+
+<p>Salmoneus, another king, had vainly tried to make his subjects
+believe he was Jupiter. To that effect, he had once driven over
+a brazen bridge to imitate the roll of thunder, and,
+to simulate the thunderbolts, had thrown lighted
+torches down upon the multitude, purposely assembled below.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Th&rsquo; audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He wav&rsquo;d a torch aloft, and, madly vain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sought godlike worship from a servile train.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ambitious fool, with horny hoofs to pass<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O&rsquo;er hollow arches of resounding brass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To rival thunder in its rapid course,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And imitate inimitable force!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This insolent parody so incensed Jupiter, that he grasped one
+of his deadliest thunderbolts, brandished it aloft for a moment,
+and then hurled it with vindictive force at the arrogant king. In
+Tartarus, Salmoneus was placed beneath an overhanging rock,
+which momentarily threatened to fall, and crush him under its
+mass.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;He was doomed to sit under a huge stone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which the father of the gods<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kept over his head suspended.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus he sat<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In continual dread of its downfall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lost to every comfort.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pindar.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tityus.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>169]</a></span>
+Still farther on was the recumbent form of Tityus, a giant whose
+body covered nine acres of ground. He had
+dared offer an insult to Juno, and in punishment
+was chained like Prometheus, while a vulture feasted on his liver.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;There Tityus was to see, who took his birth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From heav&rsquo;n, his nursing from the foodful earth:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Infold nine acres of infernal space.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A rav&rsquo;nous vulture in his open side<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her crooked beak and cruel talons try&rsquo;d:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still for the growing liver digg&rsquo;d his breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The growing liver still supply&rsquo;d the feast.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ixion.</div>
+
+<p>Here in Tartarus, too, was Ixion, king of the Lapith&aelig;, who
+had been given the hand of Dia in marriage on condition that he
+would give her father a stipulated sum of money
+in exchange, but who, as soon as the maiden was
+his, refused to keep his promise. The father-in-law was an avaricious
+man, and clamored so loudly for his money, that Ixion, to
+be rid of his importunities, slew him. Such an act of violence
+could not be overlooked by the gods: so Jupiter summoned Ixion
+to appear before him and state his case.</p>
+
+<p>Ixion pleaded so skillfully, that Jupiter was about to declare
+him acquitted, when he suddenly caught him making love to
+Juno, which offense seemed so unpardonable, that he sent him
+to Tartarus, where he was bound to a constantly revolving wheel
+of fire.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Proud Ixion (doom&rsquo;d to feel<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tortures of the eternal wheel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bound by the hand of angry Jove)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Received the due rewards of impious love.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elysian Fields.</div>
+
+<p>Far out of sight and hearing of the pitiful sounds which so
+constantly rose out of Tartarus, were the Elysian Fields, lighted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>170]</a></span>
+by a sun and moon of their own, decked with the most fragrant
+and beautiful of flowers, and provided with every charm that
+nature or art could supply. No storms or wintry
+winds ever came to rob these fields of their springlike
+beauty; and here the blessed spent eternity, in pleasant communion
+with the friends they had loved on earth.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Patriots who perished for their country&rsquo;s rights,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or nobly triumphed in the fields of fight:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There holy priests and sacred poets stood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who sang with all the raptures of a god:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Worthies whose lives by useful arts refined;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With those who leave a deathless name behind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Friends of the world, and fathers of mankind.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>171]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">BACCHUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Among</span> all the mortal maidens honored by the love of Jupiter,
+king of the gods, none was more attractive than Semele, daughter
+of Cadmus and Harmonia.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;For Semele was molded in the form<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of elegance; the beauty of her race<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shone in her forehead.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Nonnus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Semele.</div>
+
+<p>Although conscious of these superior attractions, Semele was
+excessively coy, and it was only with the greatest difficulty that
+Jupiter, disguised as a mortal, could urge his love
+suit. When he had at last obtained a hearing, he
+told her who he was, calculating upon the effect which such a
+revelation must necessarily produce.</p>
+
+<p>He was not mistaken in his previsions, for Semele, proud of having
+attracted the greatest among the gods, no longer offered any
+resistance, and consented to their union. Their love grew and
+prospered, and Jupiter came down from Olympus as often as possible
+to enjoy the society of his beloved. His frequent absences
+finally aroused Juno&rsquo;s suspicions, and, as usual, she spared no
+pains to discover what powerful charm could draw him from her
+side. After a few days she knew all, and straightway determined
+to have her revenge, and punish her fickle spouse. To accomplish
+this successfully, she assumed the face and form of Beroe, Semele&rsquo;s
+old nurse, and thus entered the young princess&rsquo;s apartment quite
+unsuspected.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>172]</a></span>
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Old Beroe&rsquo;s decrepit shape she wears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her wrinkled visage, and her hoary hairs;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whilst in her trembling gait she totters on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And learns to tattle in the nurse&rsquo;s tone.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Addison&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There she immediately entered into conversation with her supposed
+nursling, artfully extracted a complete confession, heard
+with suppressed rage how long Jupiter had wooed ere he had
+finally won the maiden&rsquo;s consent, and received a rapturous and
+minute catalogue of all his personal charms and a synopsis of all
+they had both said.</p>
+
+<p>The false nurse listened with apparent sympathy; but in reality
+she was furious, and, to put an end to it all, asked Semele if
+she were quite sure he was king of the gods, as he asserted, and
+whether he visited her in all the pomp of his regal apparel.
+The maiden shamefacedly replied that he was wont to visit her
+in the guise of a mortal only; whereupon Beroe, with feigned
+indignation, told her nursling he must either be a vile impostor,
+or else that he did not love her as dearly as he loved Juno, in
+whose presence he seldom appeared except in godlike array.</p>
+
+<p>With artful words she so worked upon the guileless nature of her
+rival, that, when Jupiter next came, the maiden used all her blandishments
+to extort from him a solemn oath to grant any request
+she chose to make. A lover is not very likely to weigh his
+words under such circumstances, and Jupiter took the most
+solemn of all the oaths to gratify her whim.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Bear me witness, Earth, and ye, broad Heavens<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Above us, and ye, waters of the Styx,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That flow beneath us, mightiest oath of all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And most revered by the blessed gods!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The promise won, the delighted Semele bade her lover speedily
+return to Olympus, don his own majestic form and apparel,
+and hasten back to her side, surrounded by all his heavenly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>173]</a></span>
+pomp, and armed with his dreaded thunderbolts. Jupiter, horrified
+at this imprudent request, implored her to ask something else,
+and release him from a promise fraught with such danger to her;
+but all in vain. Semele, like many another fair lady, enjoyed
+having her own way, and fairly forced him to obey.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter returned to Olympus, modified his costume as much
+as possible, dimmed his glory wherever he could, and chose the
+feeblest of all his bolts, for well he knew no mere mortal could
+endure the shock of his full glory. Then, mounted on a pale
+flash of lightning, he darted back to Semele.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;To keep his promise he ascends, and shrouds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His awful brow in whirlwinds and in clouds;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whilst all around, in terrible array,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His thunders rattle, and his lightnings play.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet, the dazzling luster to abate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He set not out in all his pomp and state,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clad in the mildest lightning of the skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And arm&rsquo;d with thunder of the smallest size:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not those huge bolts, by which the giants slain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lay overthrown on the Phlegrean plain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&rsquo;Twas of a lesser mold, and lighter weight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They call it thunder of a second-rate.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the rough Cyclops, who by Jove&rsquo;s command<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Temper&rsquo;d the bolt and turn&rsquo;d it to his hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Work&rsquo;d up less flame and fury in its make,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And quench&rsquo;d it sooner in the standing lake.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus dreadfully adorn&rsquo;d, with horror bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th&rsquo; illustrious god, descending from his height,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came rushing on her in a storm of light.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Addison&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But, although so much milder than usual, this apparition was
+more than poor Semele&rsquo;s human nerves could bear, and she
+dropped to the floor in a swoon at the first glimpse of her lover.
+Oblivious of all but her alarming condition, Jupiter sprang to her
+side; but the lightning which played about his head set fire to
+the whole palace, which was reduced to ashes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of
+Bacchus.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>174]</a></span>
+Semele herself perished, burned to death; and the only person
+in all the building who escaped uninjured was Bacchus (Liber,
+Dionysus), the infant son of Jupiter and Semele,
+who was saved by his father&rsquo;s powerful hand.
+Jupiter was at first inconsolable at the death of Semele; and, to
+testify to all mortals how fondly he had loved her, he brought her
+spirit up to heaven, where he raised her to the rank of a deity.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Semele of the flowing hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who died in Thunder&rsquo;s crashing flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To deified existence came.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The infant Bacchus was first intrusted to the care of his aunt
+Ino, the second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, who nursed
+him as tenderly as if he had been her own child. But all her
+love could not avail to screen him from the effects of Juno&rsquo;s
+persistent hatred: so Jupiter, fearing lest some harm might befall
+his precious son, bade Mercury convey him to the distant home
+of the Nysiades,&mdash;nymphs who guarded him most faithfully.</p>
+
+<p>Juno, not daring to continue her persecutions, wreaked all her
+anger upon poor Ino and her unhappy household by sending the
+Fury Tisiphone to goad Athamas to madness. In a fit of deluded
+frenzy, he pursued his wife and children as if they were wild
+beasts. One of his sons, Learchus, fell beneath his arrows; and,
+to escape his murderous fury, Ino plunged headlong into the sea
+with her second child in her arms. The gods, in pity for her
+sufferings, changed her into the goddess Leucothea, and her son
+into a sea deity by the name of Pal&aelig;mon.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bacchus&rsquo;
+attendants.</div>
+
+<p>When still but a youth, Bacchus was appointed god of wine
+and revelry, and intrusted to the guidance of Silenus, a satyr,
+half man and half goat, who educated him, and
+accompanied him on all his travels; for he delighted
+in roaming all over the world, borne by his followers, or
+riding in his chariot drawn by wild beasts, while his tutor followed
+him, mounted on an ass, supported on either side by an
+attendant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>175]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;">
+<a name="bacchus" id="bacchus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr36.jpg" width="440" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">BACCHUS. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>176]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And near him rode Silenus on his ass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pelted with flowers as he on did pass.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bacchus&rsquo; train was very large indeed, and composed of men
+and women, nymphs, fauns, and satyrs, all crowned with ivy
+leaves, who drank wine,&mdash;a drink compounded for their express
+use out of water and sunshine,&mdash;ate grapes, danced and sang,
+and loudly proclaimed him their chosen leader.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;We follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A conquering!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We dance before him thorough kingdoms wide.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The most unruly among his female followers were the Bacchantes,
+who delighted in revelry, and were in a perpetual state
+of intoxication as they went with him from land to land, where
+he taught the people the cultivation of the vine and the art of
+making wine. He traveled thus, it is said, throughout Greece
+and Asia Minor, and even ventured as far as India and Ethiopia.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bacchus and
+the pirates.</div>
+
+<p>During these long journeys, Bacchus, as was inevitable, met
+with many adventures, which have been fertile themes for poetry
+and art. On one occasion, having strayed away
+from his followers and lost his way, Bacchus laid
+himself down upon the sand on the seashore to rest. Some
+pirates, sailing by, saw the handsome young sleeper, and noiselessly
+bore him off to their vessel, intending to sell him as a slave
+in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>They were already quite far out at sea when the god awoke,
+and gazed around him in mute wonder at his surroundings.
+When fully roused, he bade the seamen take him back to land,
+but they merely replied by laughter and mockery. Their amusement
+was cut short, however, for the ship came to a sudden
+standstill; and, when they leaned over the sides to ascertain why
+their oars could no longer propel it onward, they saw a vine
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>177]</a></span>
+grow out of the sea, and twine its branches and tendrils with lightning-like
+velocity around oars, mast, and rigging, thus transforming
+the vessel into a floating arbor. Then a sound of music and
+revelry greeted their astonished ears, and Bacchus&rsquo; followers
+came thronging over the ship&rsquo;s sides, riding on wild beasts, and
+chanting the praises of their god and of his favorite beverage.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;In chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its power benign, and its flavor divine.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Martinez de la Rosa.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>These extraordinary sights and sounds so bewildered the poor
+sailors, that they lost all presence of mind, and jumped overboard
+into the sea, where they were drowned and changed into dolphins.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, Silenus, after a great carousal, lost his
+way in the forest, and helplessly wandered from place to place
+in search of his companions, until he finally came to the court
+of Midas, King of Lydia, of ass&rsquo;s ears fame (p. <a href="#Page_75"><b>75</b></a>).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The curse of
+gold.</div>
+
+<p>Midas no sooner beheld the red nose and bloated appearance
+of the wanderer, than he recognized him as Bacchus&rsquo; tutor, and
+volunteered to lead him back to his divine pupil.
+Delighted to see Silenus again, Bacchus promised
+Midas any reward he wished; whereupon Midas, who was an
+avaricious old king, fell upon his knees, and humbly besought
+the god to grant that all he touched might be changed into gold.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Give me,&rsquo; says he (nor thought he ask&rsquo;d too much),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;That with my body whatsoe&rsquo;er I touch,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Changed from the nature which it held of old,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May be converted into yellow gold.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Croxall&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bacchus immediately signified that his prayer was granted;
+and Midas, overjoyed at the success of his bold venture, wandered
+back to his palace, testing his new-won power, which
+changed all to gold at a mere touch of one of his fingers.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Down from a lowly branch a twig he drew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The twig straight glitter&rsquo;d with a golden hue.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>178]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">He takes a stone, the stone was turn&rsquo;d to gold:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A clod he touches, and the crumbling mold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Acknowledged soon the great transforming power,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In weight and substance like a mass of ore.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He pluck&rsquo;d the corn, and straight his grasp appears<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fill&rsquo;d with a bending tuft of golden ears.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An apple next he takes, and seems to hold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The bright Hesperian vegetable gold:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His hand he careless on a pillar lays,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With shining gold the fluted pillars blaze.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Croxall&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sight of these and many other wonders, wrought by a
+mere touch, filled his heart with joy; and in his elation he bade
+his servants prepare a sumptuous feast, and invite all his courtiers
+to share his merriment. His commands were obeyed with
+the utmost celerity, and Midas beamed with satisfaction as he
+took his place at the head of the board, and viewed the choice
+dishes and wines prepared for his delectation.</p>
+
+<p>Here, too, however, a new revelation awaited him; for cloth,
+plate, and cup turned to gold, as did the food and drink as soon
+as they met his eager lips.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Whose powerful hands the bread no sooner hold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But all its substance is transform&rsquo;d to gold:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Up to his mouth he lifts the savory meat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which turns to gold as he attempts to eat:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His patron&rsquo;s noble juice of purple hue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Touch&rsquo;d by his lips, a gilded cordial grew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unfit for drink; and, wondrous to behold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It trickles from his jaws a fluid gold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rich poor fool, confounded with surprise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Starving in all his various plenty lies.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Croxall&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the midst of plenty, the gnawing pangs of hunger now
+made themselves felt; and the precious gift, which prevented his
+allaying them, soon lost all its attractions. With weary feet,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>179]</a></span>
+Midas now retraced the road he had traveled in his pride a few
+hours before, again cast himself at Bacchus&rsquo; feet, and this time
+implored him to take back the inconvenient gift, which prevented
+him from satisfying his natural appetites.</p>
+
+<p>His distress seemed so real, that Bacchus bade him go and
+wash in the Pactolus River, if he would be rid of the power
+which had so soon turned into a curse. Midas hastened off to
+the river and plunged in its tide, noting that even its sands all
+turned to gold beneath his tread; since when,</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Pactolus singeth over golden sands.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Gray.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Naxos.</div>
+
+<p>Bacchus&rsquo; favorite place of resort was the Island of Naxos,
+which he visited after every journey. During one of his sojourns
+there, he discovered a fair maiden lying alone on
+the sandy shore. Ariadne, for such was the girl&rsquo;s
+name, had been forsaken there by her lover, Theseus, who had
+sailed away while she slept (p. <a href="#Page_257"><b>257</b></a>). As soon as she awoke, she
+called her faithless lover; but no answering sound fell upon her
+ear except the mocking tones of Echo. Her tears flowed freely
+as she beat her breast in despair; but suddenly her lamentations
+ceased, as she caught the faint sound of music floating toward
+her on the summer breeze. Eagerly turning toward the pleasant
+music, she caught sight of a merry procession, headed by the God
+of Wine.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;And as I sat, over the light blue hills<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There came a noise of revelers: the rills<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into the wide stream came of purple hue&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">&rsquo;Twas Bacchus and his crew!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From kissing cymbals made a merry din&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">&rsquo;Twas Bacchus and his kin!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like to a moving vintage down they came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crown&rsquo;d with green leaves, and faces all on flame;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All madly dancing through the pleasant valley.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>180]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="bacchus1" id="bacchus1"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr37.jpg" width="600" height="514"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">MARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.&mdash;Tintoretto. (Ducal Palace, Venice.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bacchus and
+Ariadne.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>181]</a></span>
+Bacchus, the first to perceive the fair mourner, hastened to her
+side, and brought all his powers of persuasion into
+play to console her. His devotion at last induced
+her to forget her recreant lover, and, after a short courtship, Bacchus
+won her as a bride.</p>
+
+<p>Their wedding was the gayest ever seen, and the feasting
+lasted for several days. The bridegroom presented the bride
+with a crown adorned with seven glittering stars,&mdash;an ornament
+which fitly enhanced her peerless beauty. Shortly after her marriage,
+however, poor Ariadne sickened and died, leaving a disconsolate
+widower, who took the crown she had so often worn
+and flung it up into the air. It rose higher and higher, until
+the gods fixed it in the sky, where it still forms a brilliant constellation,
+known as Ariadne&rsquo;s Crown, or Corona.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And still her sign is seen in heaven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, &rsquo;midst the glittering symbols of the sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The starry crown of Ariadne glides.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Apollonius Rhodius.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bacchus&rsquo; lightheartedness had all vanished, and he no longer
+took any pleasure in music, dance, or revelry, until Jupiter, in pity
+for his bereavement, restored Ariadne to his longing arms, and,
+to prevent her being again claimed by Death, gave her immortal
+life.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Pentheus.</div>
+
+<p>When but a short distance from Thebes, Bacchus once sent a
+herald to Pentheus, the king, to announce his approach, and
+bespeak a suitable reception and sumptuous entertainment.
+Rumors of the noise and disorder,
+which seemed to have been the invariable accompaniment of the
+god&rsquo;s presence, had already reached Pentheus, who therefore dismissed
+the herald with an insolent message, purporting that Bacchus
+had better remain outside of the city gates.</p>
+
+<p>To avenge this insult, Bacchus inspired the Theban women
+with a species of dementia, which made them rush simultaneously
+out of the city and join his followers. Then they all clamored
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>182]</a></span>
+for permission to witness the religious rites in his honor,
+generally called Mysteries, which permission was graciously
+granted.</p>
+
+<p>The king&rsquo;s spies reported all that had occurred, and their
+accounts made Pentheus long to view the ceremonies in secret.
+He therefore disguised himself, and hid in a bush near the consecrated
+place, hoping to see all without being seen; but an
+inadvertent movement attracted the attention of the already excited
+Bacchantes, who, led by Agave, the king&rsquo;s own mother,
+dragged him from his hiding place and tore him limb from limb.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Bacchus.</div>
+
+<p>Bacchus, god of wine, was worshiped throughout the ancient
+world, and festivals without number were held in his honor.
+The most noted were the Greater and Lesser Dionysia,
+the Liberalia, and the Bacchanalia, where
+the wildest merrymaking and license were freely indulged in by
+all participants.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Bacchus, on thee they call, in hymns divine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hang thy statues on the lofty pine:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hence plenty every laughing vineyard fills,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thro&rsquo; the deep valleys and the sloping hills;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where&rsquo;er the god inclines his lovely face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">More luscious fruits the rich plantations grace.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then let us Bacchus&rsquo; praises duly sing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And consecrated cakes, and chargers bring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dragg&rsquo;d by their horns let victim goats expire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And roast on hazel spits before the sacred fire.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Come, sacred sire, with luscious clusters crown&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here all the riches of thy reign abound;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each field replete with blushing autumn glows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in deep tides for thee the foaming vintage flows.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Warton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bacchus is generally represented as a handsome youth, crowned
+with ivy or grape leaves and clusters, bearing the thyrsus, an ivy-circled
+wand, as scepter, and riding in a chariot drawn by panthers
+or leopards.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>183]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">CERES AND PROSERPINA.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceres and
+Proserpina.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ceres</span> (Demeter), daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and one of
+Jupiter&rsquo;s numerous consorts, was goddess of agriculture and civilization.
+Her manifold cares were shared by her
+daughter, Proserpina (Cora, Pherephatta, Persephone),
+the goddess of vegetation. Whenever her duties permitted,
+this fair young goddess hastened off to the Island of
+Sicily, her favorite place of resort, where she wandered about all
+day long, attended by a merry girlish train, gathering flowers,
+on the green slopes of Mount &AElig;tna, and danced with the
+nymphs in the beautiful plain of Enna.</p>
+
+<p>One day, weary of labor, Proserpina called these fair playmates
+to join her and spend a merry day gathering flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;And one fair morn&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not all the ages blot it&mdash;on the side<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of &AElig;tna we were straying. There was then<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Summer nor winter, springtide nor the time<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of harvest, but the soft unfailing sun<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shone always, and the sowing time was one<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With reaping.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pluto kidnaps
+Proserpina.</div>
+
+<p>The maidens sang merry lays as they wound their long garlands;
+and their joyous voices and ripples of silvery laughter
+attracted the attention of Pluto, just then driving
+past in his dark chariot drawn by four fiery coal-black
+steeds. To ascertain whence these sounds proceeded, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>184]</a></span>
+god stepped out of his car, and cautiously peeped through the
+thick foliage.</p>
+
+<p>He saw Proserpina sitting on a mossy bank, almost buried in
+many-hued blossoms, her laughing companions picturesquely
+grouped around her. One glance sufficed to convince Pluto of
+her loveliness and grace, and to make him feel that his happiness
+depended on the possession of this bright young creature.</p>
+
+<p>Long ere this, he had tried to persuade one after another of the
+goddesses to share his gloomy throne; but one and all had refused
+the honor, and declined to accompany him to a land where the sun
+never shone, the birds never sang, and the flowers never bloomed.
+Hurt and disappointed by these rebuffs, Pluto had finally registered
+a solemn vow never to go wooing again; and so, instead
+of gently inviting Proserpina to become his queen, he resolved
+to kidnap her.</p>
+
+<p>Straight through the bushes he strode, direct to the spot where
+she was seated. The noise of crackling branches and hasty footsteps
+made the assembled maidens swiftly turn. One glance
+sufficed to identify the intruder, for none but he could boast of
+such a dark, lowering countenance; and all exclaimed in mingled
+wonder and terror at his unwonted presence in those sunlit
+regions.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 466px;">
+<a name="proserpina" id="proserpina"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr38.jpg" width="466" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ABDUCTION OF PROSERPINA.&mdash;Schobelt.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&rsquo;Tis he, &rsquo;tis he: he comes to us<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the depths of Tartarus.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For what of evil doth he roam<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From his red and gloomy home,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the center of the world,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the sinful dead are hurled?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mark him as he moves along,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drawn by horses black and strong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such as may belong to Night<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ere she takes her morning flight.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now the chariot stops: the god<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On our grassy world hath trod:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like a Titan steppeth he,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet full of his divinity.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"><!-- original location of Abduction of Proserpina illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>186]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">On his mighty shoulders lie<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Raven locks, and in his eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A cruel beauty, such as none<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of us may wisely look upon.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Barry Cornwall.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Frightened by his impetuous approach, the trembling nymphs
+first crowded around Proserpina, who, in her astonishment and
+trepidation, dropped all her pretty flowers and stood motionless
+among them. Her uncertainty as to his purpose was only momentary,
+for, catching her in his brawny arms ere she could make
+an attempt to escape, he bore her off to his chariot, in spite of
+prayers and struggles, and drove away as fast as his fleet steeds
+could carry him.</p>
+
+<p>He was soon out of hearing of the wild cries and lamentations
+of the nymphs, who vainly pursued him, and tried to overtake their
+beloved mistress. Afraid lest Ceres should come and force him to
+relinquish his new-won treasure, Pluto drove faster and faster,
+nor paused for an instant until he reached the banks of the
+Cyane River, whose waters, at his approach, began to seethe and
+roar in a menacing fashion, and spread themselves as much as
+possible, to check him in his flight.</p>
+
+<p>Pluto quickly perceived that to attempt to cross the river in
+his chariot would be madness, while by retracing his footsteps
+he ran the risk of meeting Ceres, and being forced to relinquish
+his prize. He therefore decided to have recourse to other means,
+and, seizing his terrible two-pronged fork, struck the earth such a
+mighty blow, that a great crevice opened under his feet, through
+which horses and chariot plunged down into the darkness of the
+Lower World.</p>
+
+<p>Proserpina turned her weeping eyes to catch a parting glimpse
+of the fair earth she was leaving, and then, with a fond thought
+of her anxious mother, who, when evening came, would vainly
+seek her child in all her favorite haunts, she quickly flung her
+girdle into the Cyane, and called to the water nymph to carry it
+to Ceres.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>187]</a></span>
+Elated by the complete success of his bold venture, and no
+longer fearful of immediate pursuit, the happy god strained his
+fair captive to his breast, pressed kisses on her fresh young cheeks,
+and tried to calm her terrors, as the black steeds rushed faster
+and faster along the dark passage, nor paused until they reached
+the foot of their master&rsquo;s throne.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Pleased as he grasps her in his iron arms,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Frights with soft sighs, with tender words alarms.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceres&rsquo; search.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean while the sun had sunk below the Sicilian horizon;
+and Ceres, returning from the fields of fast-ripening grain to her
+own dwelling, sought for the missing Proserpina,
+of whom no trace could be found except the scattered
+flowers. Hither and thither the mother wandered, calling
+her daughter, and wondering where she could be, and why she did
+not come bounding to meet her. As time passed, and still Proserpina
+did not appear, Ceres&rsquo; heart beat fast with apprehension,
+and the tears coursed down her cheeks as she rushed about from
+place to place, calling her daughter.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;What ails her that she comes not home?<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Demeter seeks her far and wide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gloomy-browed doth ceaseless roam<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">From many a morn till eventide.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;My life, immortal though it be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is naught!&rsquo; she cries, &lsquo;for want of thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Persephone&mdash;Persephone!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Ingelow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Night came, and Ceres, kindling a torch at the volcanic fires of
+Mount &AElig;tna, continued her search. Day dawned, and still the
+mother called, awakening the morning echoes with her longing
+cries for her child. Her daily duties were all neglected. The
+rain no longer refreshed the drooping flowers, the grain was
+parched by the ardent rays of the sun, and the grass all perished,
+while Ceres roamed over hill and dale in search of Proserpina.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>188]</a></span>
+Weary at last of her hopeless quest, the goddess seated herself
+by the wayside, near the city of Eleusis, and gave way to her
+overwhelming grief.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Long was thine anxious search<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For lovely Proserpine, nor didst thou break<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy mournful fast, till the far-fam&rsquo;d Eleusis<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Received thee wandering.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Orphic Hymn.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceres and
+Triptolemus.</div>
+
+<p>To avoid recognition, she had assumed the appearance of an
+aged crone; and as she sat there by the wayside, in tears, she
+attracted the compassionate inquiries of the daughters
+of Celeus, king of the country. Having heard
+her bewail the loss of her child, they entreated her to come to
+the palace, and, knowing nothing could so well soothe a breaking
+heart, offered her the charge of their infant brother Triptolemus.</p>
+
+<p>Ceres, touched by their ready sympathy, accepted the offer;
+and when she arrived at the palace, the royal heir was intrusted
+to her care. Tenderly the goddess kissed the puny child&rsquo;s little
+pinched face; and at her touch the child became rosy and well,
+to the unbounded astonishment of the royal family and all the
+court.</p>
+
+<p>In the night, while Ceres sat alone with her charge, it occurred
+to her that she might confer a still greater blessing upon him,
+that of immortality: so she anointed his limbs with nectar, murmured
+a powerful charm, and placed him upon the red-hot coals,
+to consume all the perishable elements left in his body.</p>
+
+<p>The queen, Metaneira, who had thought it somewhat imprudent
+to leave the child thus alone with a stranger, now stole
+noiselessly into the apartment, and with a wild shriek rushed to
+the fire and snatched her child out of the flames, pressed him
+anxiously to her breast, and, after ascertaining that he was quite
+unharmed, turned to vent her indignation upon the careless
+nurse; but the aged beggar woman had vanished, and in her
+stead she confronted the radiant Goddess of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>189]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 443px;">
+<a name="ceres" id="ceres"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr39.jpg" width="443" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">CERES. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>190]</a></span>
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;From her fragrant robes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A lovely scent was scattered, and afar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shone light emitted from her skin divine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yellow locks upon her shoulders waved;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">White as from lightning, all the house was filled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With splendor.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Homeric Hymn.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With a gentle reproof to the queen for her untimely interference,
+Ceres explained what she fain would have done, and vanished,
+to continue her wanderings in other lands. She finally returned
+to Italy; and, while wandering along the river banks one day,
+the waters suddenly cast a glittering object at her feet. Stooping
+hastily to ascertain what it might be, she recognized the girdle
+her daughter had worn when she had parted from her in Sicily.</p>
+
+<p>Joyfully she embraced the token, and, thinking she must now
+be upon Proserpina&rsquo;s track, hastened on until she came to a crystal
+fountain, by whose side she sat down to rest. Her eyes
+were heavy with the combined effect of tears, fatigue, and oppressive
+heat, and she was about to lose all consciousness of her
+trouble in sleep, when the murmur of the fountain increased, until
+she fancied it was talking; not as mortals do, but in its own silvery
+accents.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arethusa and
+Alpheus.</div>
+
+<p>The goddess was not mistaken; for a few minutes later she could
+distinguish words, and heard the fountain entreat her to listen,
+if she would hear what had befallen her child.
+The fountain then went on to tell how she had not
+always been a mere stream, but was once a nymph, called Arethusa,
+in Diana&rsquo;s train, and how, overcome by the heat, she had
+once sought a cool stream wherein she might bathe her heated
+limbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<a name="nymph" id="nymph"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr40.jpg" width="450" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">A NYMPH.&mdash;Kray.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>She soon found one, the Alpheus River, and selected a spot
+where the trees hung over the limpid waters, where the sand on
+the bottom was fine and even, and where no mortal eyes could
+see her as she threw aside her sandals and outer garments. She
+was enjoying the refreshing sensation of the water rippling
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"><!-- original location of A Nymph illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>192]</a></span>
+around her hot limbs, and was reveling in the complete solitude,
+when suddenly the river, until now as smooth as a mirror, was
+ruffled by waves, which crept nearer and nearer to the startled
+nymph, until in affright she sprang out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Then a voice&mdash;the voice of the river god Alpheus&mdash;was heard,
+calling to her in pleading accents to stay her flight and lend
+an ear to his wooing; but when the impetuous god, instead of
+waiting for an answer to his suit, rose up out of the water and
+rushed to clasp her in his arms, she turned and fled in great
+terror. She fled, but he pursued. Over hill and dale, through
+forest and field, Arethusa ran, still closely followed by her too
+ardent lover, until, exhausted, she paused for breath, crying aloud
+to Diana to come to her rescue.</p>
+
+<p>Her prayer was answered. A moment later she was enveloped
+in a thick mist and transformed into a fountain. Alpheus could
+no longer see her, but wandered about, bewailing her disappearance,
+and calling her in passionate accents.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;O Arethusa, peerless nymph! why fear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such tenderness as mine? Great Dian, why,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Why didst thou hear her prayer? Oh that I<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were rippling round her dainty fairness now,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Circling about her waist, and striving how<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To entice her to a dive! then stealing in<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Between her luscious lips and eyelids thin.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The misty cloud in which Arethusa had been enveloped by
+Diana&rsquo;s protecting care was soon blown away by a mischievous
+breath from Zephyrus; and Alpheus, who was still hovering
+near there, suddenly beholding a fountain where none had ever
+existed before, surmised what had happened. Changing himself
+into an impetuous torrent, he rushed to join his beloved, who
+sprang out of her mossy bed, and hurried on over sticks and
+stones, until Diana, seeing her new plight, opened a crevice,
+through which she glided away from the bright sunlight she
+loved so well into the depths of Pluto&rsquo;s realm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>193]</a></span>
+While gliding there in the gloom, Arethusa had caught a
+glimpse of Proserpina on her sable throne, beside the stern-browed
+Pluto. She could not, however, pause to inquire how she came
+there, but hurried on breathlessly, until another crevice offered
+her the means of returning to the upper world, and seeing once
+more the blue sky and sun on the Sicilian plains.</p>
+
+<p>The monotonous murmur of the fountain now subsided again
+into its usual undertone; and Ceres, knowing where to seek her
+daughter, was about to depart, when she heard the sudden rush
+and roar of a large body of water. She immediately turned, and
+beheld the torrent Alpheus, who, after a disconsolate search underground
+for the lost Arethusa, had found a crevice, through which
+he passed to join his beloved on the Sicilian plains.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Alpheus, Elis&rsquo; stream, they say,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beneath the seas here found his way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And now his waters interfuse<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With thine, O fountain Arethuse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beneath Sicilian skies.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In spite of her previous efforts to escape him, Arethusa must
+still have been very glad to see him once more, for Ceres heard
+her murmur contentedly as she sank into his arms and listened
+to his louder tones of rapturous love.</p>
+
+<p>Maidens in Greece were wont to throw fresh garlands into the
+Alpheus River; and it was said the selfsame flowers, carried
+away by his current, soon reappeared in the Sicilian fountain,
+carried there as love offerings by the enamored river.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;O my beloved, how divinely sweet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is the pure joy when kindred spirits meet!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like him, the river god, whose waters flow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With love their only light, through caves below,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wafting in triumph all the flowery braids<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And festal rings, with which Olympic maids<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have decked his current, an offering meet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To lay at Arethusa&rsquo;s shining feet.<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>194]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Think when at last he meets his fountain bride<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What perfect love must thrill the blended tide!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lost in each, till mingling into one,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their lot the same for shadow or for sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A type of true love, to the deep they run.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceres&rsquo;
+mourning.</div>
+
+<p>Now, although poor Ceres had ascertained where to find her
+missing daughter, her grief was not at all diminished, for she felt
+convinced that Pluto would never willingly relinquish
+her. She therefore withdrew into a dark
+cave to mourn unseen, and still further neglected her wonted
+duties.</p>
+
+<p>Famine threatened to visit the people, and they prayed and clamored
+for her aid; but, absorbed in grief, she paid no heed to their
+distress, and vowed that nothing on earth should grow, with her
+permission, as long as her daughter was detained in Hades. In
+despair at this frightful state of affairs, the people then besought
+Jupiter to pity the sufferings they endured, and to allow Proserpina
+to revisit the upper world once more.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Arise, and set the maiden free;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Why should the world such sorrow dree<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By reason of Persephone?&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Ingelow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As soon as she became aware of this petition, Ceres hastened
+to Olympus, to join her supplications to the cries which rose from
+all parts of the earth; until Jupiter, wearied by these importunities,
+consented to Proserpina&rsquo;s return, upon condition, however, that
+she had not touched any food during the whole time of her
+sojourn in the Infernal Regions.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Last, Zeus himself,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His messenger beyond the western rim<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To fetch me back to earth.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The pomegranate
+seeds.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>195]</a></span>
+Ceres in person hastened to her daughter&rsquo;s new abode, and was
+about to lead her away in spite of Pluto, when a spirit, Ascalaphus,
+suddenly declared that the queen had partaken of
+some pomegranate seeds that very day. Proserpina
+could not refute the charge, and Jupiter decreed that for
+every seed she had eaten she should spend one month of every
+year in her husband&rsquo;s gloomy kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it came about that Proserpina was condemned to spend
+one half the year in Hades, and could linger on the bright earth
+only for six months at a time.</p>
+
+<p>Mercury was chosen to lead her to and from Hades; and,
+whenever he brought her out of her gloomy prison, the skies became
+blue and sunny, the grass sprang fresh and green beneath
+her elastic tread, the flowers bloomed along her way, the birds
+trilled forth their merry lays, and all was joy and brightness.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And when, in springtime, with sweet-smelling flowers<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of various kinds the earth doth bloom, thou&rsquo;lt come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From gloomy darkness back&mdash;a mighty joy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To gods and mortal men.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Homeric Hymn.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Proserpina&rsquo;s
+return.</div>
+
+<p>Ceres, happy once more in the possession of her beloved
+daughter, cheerfully and diligently attended to all her duties, and
+blessed the earth with plenty; but when the six
+months were over, and the skies wept and all
+nature mourned Proserpina&rsquo;s departure, she again returned to
+her cave, whence no entreaties could draw her.</p>
+
+<p>As for the merry, happy-natured Proserpina, the moment
+Hades&rsquo; portals closed behind her, she became pale and melancholy;
+and none would have dreamed the playful, flower-crowned
+Goddess of Vegetation was identical with the sad-faced, sable-vested
+Queen of Hades (now called Hecate), who held a pomegranate
+in one hand, and a torch in the other. Proserpina, like
+Adonis, was the personification of vegetation, visibly prosperous
+during the six favorable months of the year, and lurking hidden
+under the cold ground during the remainder of the time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Ceres.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>196]</a></span>
+Many beautiful temples were dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina
+in Greece and Italy, where yearly festivals,
+the Thesmophoria and the Cerealia, were celebrated
+with great pomp.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;To Ceres chief her annual rites be paid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On the green turf, beneath a fragrant shade,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When winter ends, and spring serenely shines,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then fat the lambs, then mellow are the wines,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then sweet are slumbers on the flowery ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then with thick shades are lofty mountains crown&rsquo;d.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres&rsquo; shrine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mix honey sweet, for her, with milk and mellow wine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Ceres call, and choral hymns resound:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Presume not, swains, the ripen&rsquo;d grain to reap,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till crown&rsquo;d with oak in antic dance ye leap,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Invoking Ceres, and in solemn lays,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Exalt your rural queen&rsquo;s immortal praise.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (C. Pitt&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To commemorate her long search for her daughter, Ceres returned
+to Eleusis, taught her former nursling, Triptolemus, the
+various secrets of agriculture, and gave him her chariot, bidding
+him travel everywhere, and teach the people how to plow, sow,
+and reap; and then she instituted the Eleusinia, festivals held in
+honor of her daughter and herself at Eleusis.</p>
+
+<p>Triptolemus did not fail to carry out the goddess&rsquo;s instructions,
+and journeyed far and wide, until he finally reached the court of
+Lyncus, King of Scythia, where the false monarch would have
+treacherously slain him had not Ceres by timely interference prevented
+the execution of his base purpose by changing the traitor
+into a lynx, the emblem of perfidy.</p>
+
+<p>Ceres was generally represented as a fair, matronly woman, clad
+in flowing draperies, sometimes crowned with wheat ears, and
+bearing a sheaf of grain and a sickle, or with a plow and a
+horn of plenty disgorging its wealth of fruit and flowers at her
+feet. Groves were frequently dedicated to her; and any mortal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>197]</a></span>
+rash enough to lay the ax on one of these sacred trees was sure
+to incur the goddess&rsquo;s wrath, as is proved by the story of Erisichthon.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Erisichthon.</div>
+
+<p>This man was evidently a freethinker, and, to show his contempt
+for the superstitious veneration paid to Ceres&rsquo; trees, took
+his ax and cut down one of her sacred oaks. At
+his first blow, blood began to flow from the tree;
+but, undeterred by the phenomenon or the entreaties of the bystanders,
+Erisichthon continued. Finally, annoyed by the importunities
+of the spectators, he turned and slew one or two, and then
+completed his sacrilege.</p>
+
+<p>Ceres, incensed by his insolence and cruelty, devised a terrible
+chastisement for the unfortunate man, and sent Famine to gnaw
+his vitals, and torment him night and day. The wretch, tortured
+by a hunger which no amount of food could allay, disposed of
+all his property to obtain the means of procuring nourishment;
+but his monstrous appetite continued, and, as he had but one
+daughter left, he sold her as a slave to obtain food.</p>
+
+<p>The girl&rsquo;s master left her alone for a moment upon the seashore,
+and, in answer to her prayer, Neptune delivered her from
+servitude by changing her into a fisherman. When the master
+returned and found his slave gone, he questioned the fisherman,
+and, not obtaining any satisfactory information, departed. Neptune
+then restored the maiden to her own form, and let her return
+home; but, as her father sold her again, the god was obliged
+to interfere once more in her behalf, until at last Erisichthon,
+deprived of means to procure food, devoured himself.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceres and
+Stellio.</div>
+
+<p>Another anecdote illustrating Ceres&rsquo; power is told about a lad,
+Stellio, who made fun of the goddess when she was journeying,
+on account of the haste with which she disposed
+of a bowl of gruel offered by some charitable
+person. To punish the boy for his rudeness, Ceres flung the
+remainder of her gruel into his face, and changed him into a
+lizard.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>198]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">VESTA.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Vesta.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vesta</span>, or Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, goddess of
+fire and of the family hearth, and guardian angel of mankind, was
+worshiped principally throughout Italy, although
+she also had shrines in Greece and Asia Minor.</p>
+
+<p>The family hearth in ancient times possessed a far different
+signification from what it does now, and was considered the
+family altar, for there the father of the family was wont to offer
+up his daily prayers and sacrifices. &ldquo;As, according to the old
+heathen custom, all men were regarded as enemies unless by a
+special compact they had been made friends, so Vesta presided
+especially over true and faithful dealing;&rdquo; and she was therefore
+generally represented as pure and undefiled.</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful circular temple in Rome was dedicated to Vesta&rsquo;s
+service; and here the Palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved,
+together with the goddess&rsquo;s sacred fire, originally kindled
+by the rays of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>This fire&mdash;an emblem of the flame of life, which the ancients
+fancied was kept burning within each human breast by Vesta,
+the life-giver&mdash;was kept constantly burning, and never allowed
+to go out for want of fuel or timely care. Its flames were also
+intended to represent the purity of the goddess, who, although
+wooed by many lovers,&mdash;among whom Apollo and Neptune can
+justly claim the precedence,&mdash;remained always a virgin.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="vestal" id="vestal"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr41.jpg" width="600" height="340"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">SCHOOL OF THE VESTAL VIRGINS.&mdash;Le Roux.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Romans fancied that her worship had been introduced in
+Italy by &AElig;neas, their famous ancestor, who brought thither his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"><!-- original location of School of the Vestal Virgins illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>200]</a></span>
+home gods, and who, according to tradition, selected the first
+Vestal Virgins.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vestal
+Virgins.</div>
+
+<p>The second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, built a beautiful
+temple, and instituted various religious ceremonies, in honor of
+Vesta. The loveliest and noblest among the Roman
+maidens were chosen to serve this goddess,
+and were known as Vestals, or Vestal Virgins. Admitted into
+the temple at the early age of six, they were compelled to
+serve ten years in fitting themselves to fulfill the duties they
+would be called upon to perform during the next decade as
+priestesses and guardians of the sacred fire. The last ten years
+were spent in instructing the novices; and, when their thirty-years&rsquo;
+service was ended, they were at liberty either to continue in
+the temple, where they were treated with the greatest respect,
+or to leave it, and even marry, if such were their pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>During their time of servitude, they were expected to keep their
+vows of chastity and fidelity to their patroness, and to maintain
+her sacred fire, under penalty of being buried alive in a vaulted
+chamber, fashioned for this express purpose by Numa Pompilius&rsquo;s
+order. In turn, each of the priestesses watched the fire, renewed
+the fuel, and fanned the flame, nor lost sight of it night or day;
+for the Romans considered the extinction of this sacred flame
+the precursor of some great public calamity.</p>
+
+<p>The Vestals were, however, so pure and vigilant, that during
+one thousand years only eighteen failed to keep their vows
+satisfactorily, and suffered punishment. The Vestal Tuccia was
+accused of breach of faith, but, as proof of her purity, was
+given power to carry water in a sieve from the Tiber to the
+temple.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 253px;">
+<a name="tuccia" id="tuccia"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr42.jpg" width="253" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE VESTAL TUCCIA.&mdash;Le Roux.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In return for the signal services the Vestals rendered to the
+state by maintaining this sacred fire, they enjoyed many privileges:
+among others, that of being preceded by a lictor with fasces when
+they walked abroad; of occupying the seats of honor in public
+ceremonies and festivities; of being buried within the city limits
+(a privilege granted to but very few); and of obtaining the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"><!-- original location of The Vestal Tuccia illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>202]</a></span>
+pardon of criminals whom they met by accident on their way
+to the place of execution. Loved and greatly honored by all,
+the Vestals have become types of all things pure and lovely in
+woman.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;By these her trembling fires,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like Vesta&rsquo;s, ever burning; and, like hers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sacred to thoughts immaculate and pure.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Young.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Vestal Virgins were further distinguished by a vesture of
+pure white linen, with a purple border and a wide purple mantle.
+In time of war or danger they were answerable for the preservation
+of the sacred fire, which they were allowed to remove to any
+place of safety; and on several occasions they therefore carried
+it out of Rome and down the Tiber, lest it should fall into the
+enemy&rsquo;s hands.</p>
+
+<p>The Vestals continued their office until the reign of Theodosius
+the Great, who, being converted to Christianity A.D. 380,
+abolished the worship of Vesta, dispersed the Vestals, and extinguished
+the sacred fire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Festivals.</div>
+
+<p>Vesta&rsquo;s services were held with great pomp; and her festivals,
+the Vestalia, were among the most beautiful and popular in
+Rome. Statues of this goddess&mdash;generally representing
+a woman of majestic beauty, clad in long
+robes, holding a lighted torch or lamp in one hand and a votive
+bowl in the other&mdash;were carried through the main streets of the
+city on all solemn occasions.</p>
+
+<p>In public processions the Vestals had the privilege of carrying
+their sacred fire; while the Roman matrons, glad to swell their
+ranks, followed them, barefooted, chanting the praises of the
+good goddess Vesta.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;And from the temple brings<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dread Vesta, with her holy things,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her awful fillets, and the fire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose sacred embers ne&rsquo;er expire.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>203]</a></span>
+On these occasions great banquets were prepared before each
+house, all daily toil was suspended, the millstones were decked
+with flowers, and the very asses wont to turn them were covered
+with garlands and led in the processions.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Romans, Vesta was not the only goddess invoked
+on the family hearth, for she shared that place of honor with the
+Lares, Manes, and Penates, who all enjoyed special veneration
+and sacrifices.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Lares, Manes,
+and Penates.</div>
+
+<p>The Lares, quite unknown to the Greeks, were two in number,
+the children of Mercury and Lara, a naiad famous for her
+beauty as well as for her extreme loquacity, which
+no one could check. Tradition relates that this
+fair maiden talked from morning till night, and told all she knew.
+Upon one occasion she incurred Jupiter&rsquo;s wrath by relating to
+Juno a conversation she had overheard between him and one of
+his numerous ladyloves.</p>
+
+<p>To punish her, and at the same time prevent further tale-bearing,
+the king of the gods cut off Lara&rsquo;s tongue, and, summoning
+Mercury, bade him lead her down to Hades to linger there
+forever. But on the way to the dismal abode of the dead, the
+messenger god fell in love with his fair charge, who, being now
+effectually cured of her sole fault, was irresistibly charming;
+and, instead of obeying Jupiter, he made love to her, and by
+pantomime obtained her consent to their union. She bore him
+two children, who from her were called Lares, and to whom
+the Romans always paid divine honors, reserving special places
+for them on the family hearth, for they were supposed to preside
+over houses and families. Their statues resembled monkeys
+covered with the skins of dogs; while at their feet a barking
+dog, the symbol of their care and vigilance, was always represented.</p>
+
+<p>The Manes&mdash;a name generally applied to souls when separated
+from the body&mdash;were also reckoned among the Roman
+divinities, and the illustrious ancestors of different families were
+often worshiped under this name.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>204]</a></span>
+As for the Penates, they presided over the houses and domestic
+affairs. Each head of a household was wont to choose his
+own Penates, whom he then invoked as his special patrons. The
+statues of the Penates were of clay, wax, ivory, silver, or gold,
+according to the wealth of the family whose hearth they graced,
+and the offerings generally made to them were a small part of
+each meal.</p>
+
+<p>Upon removing from one house to another or from one place
+to another, it was customary for the head of the family to remove
+his household gods also, and establish them suitably before
+he thought of his own or his family&rsquo;s comfort, and in return for
+this kindly care the Penates blessed him with peace and prosperity.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>205]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">JANUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Janus</span>, god of the past, present, and future, of gates, entrances,
+war, and peace, and patron of all beginnings, although one of
+the most important of all the Roman divinities, was entirely unknown
+to the Greeks.</p>
+
+<p>According to some mythologists, he was the son of Apollo;
+and, although born in Thessaly, he early in life came to Italy,
+where he founded a city on the Tiber, to which he gave the name
+Janiculum. Here he was joined by the exiled Saturn, with
+whom he generously shared his throne. Together they civilized
+the wild inhabitants of Italy, and blessed them with such prosperity
+that their reign has often been called the Age of Gold.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;Saturn fled before victorious Jove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Driven down and banish&rsquo;d from the realms above.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He, by just laws, embodied all the train,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who roam&rsquo;d the hills, and drew them to the plain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There fixed, and Latium called the new abode,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose friendly shores concealed the latent god.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These realms, in peace, the monarch long controlled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And blessed the nations with an age of gold.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (C. Pitt&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Janus&rsquo;
+two faces.</div>
+
+<p>Janus is generally represented with two faces, turned in opposite
+directions, because he was acquainted with
+the past and future as well as with the present,
+and because he is considered an emblem of the sun, which
+opens the day at its rising, and closes the day at its setting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>206]</a></span>
+In some statues he is represented with one white-haired and
+bearded face, and the other quite youthful in appearance, while
+others represent him with three and even four heads.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Janus am I; oldest of potentates;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Forward I look, and backward, and below<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I count, as god of avenues and gates,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The years that through my portals come and go.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;I block the roads and drift the fields with snow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">I chase the wild-fowl from the frozen fen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My frosts congeal the rivers in their flow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">My fires light up the hearths and hearts of men.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Longfellow.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The commencement of every new year, month, and day was
+held sacred to Janus, and at that time special sacrifices and
+prayers were offered up at his shrines. He also presided over
+all gates and avenues, and through him alone prayers were supposed
+to reach the immortal gods: therefore in all religious
+ceremonies his name was always the first invoked. From this
+circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a
+rod in his left; or, when he presides over the year, he holds the
+number 300 in one hand, and 65 in the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Janus.</div>
+
+<p>He was also supposed to watch over peace and war, and had
+numerous temples throughout all Italy. One very celebrated
+temple was called Janus Quadrifons, because it
+was perfectly square. On each side of the building
+there was one door and three windows. These apertures
+were all symbolical,&mdash;the doors of the four seasons, and the
+windows of the twelve months, of the year.</p>
+
+<p>In times of war the temple gates were opened wide, for the
+people, being in need of aid and comfort, were all anxious to
+enter and present their offerings; but when peace reigned, the
+doors were immediately closed, for the god&rsquo;s intercession was no
+longer necessary. The Romans, however, were such a belligerent
+people, that the temple gates were closed but thrice in more than
+seven centuries, and then only for a very short period.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>207]</a></span>
+Festivals in honor of Janus were celebrated on the first day
+of the new year; and one month bore the god&rsquo;s name, and
+was considered sacred to him. It was customary for friends and
+relatives to exchange calls, good wishes, and gifts on the first
+day of this month,&mdash;a Roman custom in force to this day.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ancient divisions
+of time.</div>
+
+<p>Janus is not the only one among the Greek and Latin divinities
+whose name has been given to a part of the year or week;
+for in Latin the names of the days are <i>dies Solis</i>
+(Sun day), <i>dies Lun&aelig;</i> (Moon day), <i>dies Martis</i>
+(Mars&rsquo; day), <i>dies Mercurii</i> (Mercury&rsquo;s day), <i>dies Jovis</i> (Jove&rsquo;s day),
+<i>dies Veneris</i> (Venus&rsquo; day), <i>dies Saturni</i> (Saturn&rsquo;s day); Latin names
+which are still in use in legislative and judiciary acts, while in
+English the common nomenclature is derived from the names of
+the corresponding Saxon divinities.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>208]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">SOMNUS AND MORS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cave of sleep.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">After</span> leaving the joyless regions of Pluto&rsquo;s realm, and following
+the even course of the Lethe River, the ancients fancied
+one reached a large cave in a remote and quiet
+valley. This cave was the dwelling of Somnus (or
+Hupnos), god of sleep, and of his twin brother Mors (or Thanatos),
+god of death; and both were sons of the Goddess of Night, who
+had once ruled the whole universe. Near the entrance of the
+cave, shadowy forms kept constant watch, gently shaking great
+bunches of poppies, and, with finger to lips, enjoining silence on
+all who ventured near. These forms were the genii of sleep and
+death, represented in art as crowned with poppies or amaranths,
+and sometimes holding a funeral urn or a reversed torch.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Somnus and
+Morpheus.</div>
+
+<p>The cave was divided into chambers, each one darker and
+more silent than the one which preceded it. In one of the inner
+rooms, which was all draped with sable curtains,
+stood a downy couch, upon which reclined the
+monarch of sleep. His garments were also black, but all strewn
+with golden stars. He wore a crown of poppies on his head, and
+held a goblet full of poppy juice in his languid hand. His
+drowsy head was supported by Morpheus, his prime minister, who
+watched incessantly over his prolonged slumbers, and hindered
+any one from troubling his repose.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 445px;">
+<a name="death" id="death"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr43.jpg" width="445" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">GENIUS OF DEATH.&mdash;Canova. (Tomb of Clement XIII.; St. Peter&rsquo;s, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose gloomy mansion nor the rising sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor setting, visits, nor the lightsome noon:<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"><!-- original location of Genius of Death illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>210]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">But lazy vapors round the region fly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perpetual twilight, and a doubtful sky;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No crowing cock does there his wings display,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor with his horny bill provoke the day:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor beast of nature, nor the tame, are nigh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor trees with tempest rock&rsquo;d, nor human cry;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But safe repose, without an air of breath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dwells here, and a dumb quiet next to death.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">An arm of Lethe, with a gentle flow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Arising upwards from the rock below,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The palace moats, and o&rsquo;er the pebbles creeps,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with soft murmurs calls the coming sleeps;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Around its entry nodding poppies grow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And passing, sheds it on the silent plains:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No door there was the unguarded house to keep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On creaking hinges turn&rsquo;d to break his sleep.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">But in the gloomy court was rais&rsquo;d a bed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stuff&rsquo;d with black plumes, and on an ebon sted:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Black was the covering too, where lay the god,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And slept supine, his limbs display&rsquo;d abroad.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">About his head fantastic visions fly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which various images of things supply,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And mock their forms; the leaves on trees not more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Dryden&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Dreams and
+Nightmares.</div>
+
+<p>All around the bed and over it hovered throngs of exquisite
+spirits, the Dreams, who stooped to whisper their pleasant messages
+in his ear; while in the distant corners of
+the apartment lurked the hideous Nightmares.
+The Dreams were often dispatched to earth under Mercury&rsquo;s
+charge, to visit mortals.</p>
+
+<p>Two gates led out of the valley of sleep,&mdash;one of ivory, and
+the other of horn. The Dreams which passed through the glittering
+gates of ivory were delusive, while those which passed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>211]</a></span>
+through the homely gate of horn were destined to come true in
+the course of time.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Of dreams, O stranger, some are meaningless<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And idle, and can never be fulfilled.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Two portals are there for their shadowy shapes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of ivory one, and one of horn. The dreams<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That come through the carved ivory deceive<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With promises that never are made good;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But those which pass the doors of polished horn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And are beheld of men, are ever true.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dreams were also frequently sent through the gates of horn
+to prepare mortals for misfortunes, as in the case of Halcyone.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of Ceyx
+and Halcyone.</div>
+
+<p>Ceyx, King of Thessaly, was once forced to part from his beloved
+wife, Halcyone, to travel off to Delphi to consult the oracle.
+With many tears this loving couple parted, and
+Halcyone watched the lessening sail until it had
+quite vanished from sight; then she returned to her palace to
+pray for her husband&rsquo;s safe return. But, alas! the gods had
+decreed they should never meet again on earth; and, even while
+Halcyone prayed, a tempest arose which wrecked Ceyx&rsquo;s vessel,
+and caused him and all his crew to perish in the seething waves.</p>
+
+<p>Day after day the queen hastened down to the seashore, followed
+by her attendants, to watch for the returning sails of her
+husband&rsquo;s vessel; and night after night she lay on her couch,
+anxiously expecting the morrow, which she ever fancied would
+prove auspicious. The gods, seeing her anxiety, and wishing to
+prepare her to receive the news of his death, and especially to
+view with some composure his corpse, which they had decided
+should be washed ashore, sent a Dream to visit her.</p>
+
+<p>After assuming the face and form of Ceyx, the Dream glided
+away through the gate of horn, hastened to Halcyone&rsquo;s bedside,
+and whispered that her husband was dead, and that his body was
+even now being cast up on the smooth, sandy beach by the salt
+sea waves. With a wild cry of terror and grief, Halcyone awoke,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>212]</a></span>
+and hastened to the seashore to convince herself that the dream
+had been false; but she had no sooner reached the beach, than
+the waves washed her husband&rsquo;s corpse to her feet.</p>
+
+<p>To endure life without him seemed too great a task for poor
+Halcyone, who immediately cast herself into the sea, to perish
+beside him. Touched by grief so real and intense, the gods
+changed both bodies into birds, since known as Halcyon birds,
+and decreed they should ever live on the waters. These birds
+were said to build their nests and hatch their young on the heaving
+billows, and to utter shrill cries of warning to the seamen
+whenever a storm threatened, bidding them prepare for the blast,
+and hasten to shelter in port, if they would not encounter the
+mournful fate of poor Ceyx.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mors.</div>
+
+<p>Mors, god of death, occupied one of the corners of Somnus&rsquo;
+cave. He was a hideous, cadaverous-looking deity, clad in a
+winding sheet, and held an hourglass and a scythe
+in his hand. His hollow eyes were fixed upon
+the sands of time; and when they had run out, he knew some
+life was about to end, and sallied forth, scythe in hand, to mow
+down his prey with relentless joy.</p>
+
+<p>Needless to say, this cruel deity was viewed by the ancients
+with fear and dislike, and no homage was offered him.</p>
+
+<p>These two divinities were, however, but of slight importance
+in the general scheme of ancient mythology, in which Proserpina
+was generally regarded as the emblem of death, and they were
+therefore more like local divinities. The Laced&aelig;monians paid
+the most heed to them, and invariably placed their statues side
+by side.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Morpheus.</div>
+
+<p>As for Morpheus, the son as well as the prime minister of
+Somnus, he was also called the god of sleep, and mortals were
+wont to intercede for his good offices. He is generally
+represented as a sleeping child of great corpulence,
+and with wings. Morpheus held a vase in one hand,
+and poppies in the other, which he gently shook to induce a
+state of drowsiness,&mdash;according to him, the acme of bliss.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>213]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">&AElig;OLUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Not</span> very far away from the quiet realm of Somnus and Mors,
+but on the surface of the earth, were the &AElig;olian Islands, now
+known as the Lipari Islands, where &AElig;olus, god of the storm and
+winds, governed a very unruly and turbulent population.</p>
+
+<p>He is said to have received his royal dignity from the fair
+hands of Juno, and he was therefore specially eager to obey all
+her behests. He is commonly reputed to have
+married Aurora, or Eos, who gave him six sons
+i.e., Boreas, the north wind; Corus, the northwest wind; Aquilo,
+the west wind; Notus, the southwest wind; Eurus, the east
+wind; and lastly, Zephyrus, the gentle and lovable south wind,
+whose mission it was to announce to mortals the return of ever-welcome
+spring.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;olus&rsquo; children.</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;olus&rsquo; five elder sons were of a noisy, roving, mischievous,
+turbulent disposition, and peace and quiet were utterly impossible
+to them. To prevent their causing serious disasters, he therefore
+ruled them with a very strict hand, kept them very closely confined
+in a great cave, and let them loose only one at a time, to
+stretch their limbs and take a little exercise.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;&AElig;olus in a cavern vast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With bolt and barrier fetters fast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rebellious storm and howling blast.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They with the rock&rsquo;s reverberant roar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chafe blustering round their prison door<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He, throned on high, the scepter sways,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Controls their moods, their wrath allays.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>214]</a></span>
+Although very unruly indeed, the winds always obeyed their
+father&rsquo;s voice, and at his command, however reluctant, returned
+to their gloomy prison, where they expended their impotent rage
+in trying to shake its strong walls.</p>
+
+<p>According to his own mood, or in conformity with the gods&rsquo;
+request, &AElig;olus either sent the gentler winds to play among the
+flowers, or, recalling them, let the fiercest of all his children free,
+with orders to pile up the waves mountain-high, lash them to
+foam, tear the sails of all the vessels at sea, break their masts,
+uproot the trees, tear the roofs off the houses, etc.,&mdash;in short, to
+do all the harm they possibly could.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Now rising all at once, and unconfin&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From every quarter roars the rushing wind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">First, from the wide Atlantic Ocean&rsquo;s bed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tempestuous Corus rears his dreadful head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th&rsquo; obedient deep his potent breath controls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, mountain-high, the foamy flood he rolls;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Him the Northeast encountering fierce, defied,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And back rebuffeted the yielding tide.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The curling surges loud conflicting meet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dash their proud heads, and bellow as they beat;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While piercing Boreas, from the Scythian strand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Plows up the waves and scoops the lowest sand.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor Eurus then, I ween, was left to dwell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor showery Notus in th&rsquo; &AElig;olian cell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But each from every side, his power to boast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ranged his proud forces to defend the coast.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lucan.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;olus, king of the winds, shared with D&aelig;dalus the honor of
+inventing the sails which propel the ships so swiftly over the tide.
+It was he, too, who, according to Homer, bound all his children
+but one in a leather bag, which he gave to Ulysses when the latter
+visited &AElig;olia. Thanks to this gift, Ulysses reached the shores
+of Ithaca, and would have landed in safety, had not his men, in
+view of port, untied the sack to investigate its contents, and thus
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>215]</a></span>
+set free the angry winds, who stirred up the most frightful tempest
+in mythic annals.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Temple of &AElig;olus.</div>
+
+<p>The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular attention
+to the winds, to whom they dedicated a temple, which is
+still extant, and generally known as the Tower of
+the Winds, or the Temple of &AElig;olus. This temple
+is hexagonal, and on each side a flying figure of one of the
+winds is represented.</p>
+
+<p>Eurus, the east wind, was generally depicted &ldquo;as a young man
+flying with great impetuosity, and often appearing in a playful
+and wanton humor.&rdquo; Notus, or Auster, the southwest wind,
+&ldquo;appeared generally as an old man, with gray hair, a gloomy
+countenance, a head covered with clouds, a sable vesture, and
+dusky wings,&rdquo; for he was considered the dispenser of rain and
+of all sudden and heavy showers. Zephyrus, mild and gentle,
+had a lapful of flowers, and, according to the Athenian belief,
+was wedded to Flora, with whom he was perfectly happy, and
+visited every land in turn. Corus, the northwest wind, drove
+clouds of snow before him; while Aquilo, dreadful in appearance,
+caused cold shivers to run down one&rsquo;s back at his mere sight.
+Boreas, rough and shivering too, was the father of rain, snow,
+hail, and tempests, and was therefore generally represented as
+veiled in impenetrable clouds. His favorite place of abode was
+in the Hyperborean Mountains, from whence he sallied forth
+on wild raids. During one of these excursions he carried off
+Orithyia, who always fled at his approach. But all her fleetness
+could not save her: she was overtaken, and borne away to the
+inaccessible regions of snow and ice, where he detained her, and
+made her his wife. She became the mother of Zetes and Calais,&mdash;who
+took part in the Argonautic expedition, and drove away the
+Harpies (p. <a href="#Page_267"><b>267</b></a>),&mdash;and of two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, Boreas, having changed himself into a
+horse and united himself to the mares of Dardanus, King of Troy,
+became the father of twelve steeds so swift that none could
+overtake them.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>216]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIX.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">HERCULES.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Unto this thy son it shall be given,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With his broad heart to win his way to heaven;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Twelve labors shall he work; and all accurst<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And brutal things o&rsquo;erthrow, brute men the worst;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in Trachinia shall the funeral pyre<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Purge his mortalities away with fire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he shall mount amid the stars, and be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Acknowledg&rsquo;d kin to those who envied thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sent these den-born shapes to crush his destiny.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Theocritus</span> (Hunt&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> ancients were not content to worship the gods only, but
+also offered up sacrifices to a few mortals, who, by their heroic
+deeds and virtuous lives, had won both admiration and respect.
+Foremost among these heroes&mdash;generally designated by the title
+of demigods&mdash;is Hercules (Heracles, Alcides), son of Jupiter
+and Alcmene, a mortal princess.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Juno persecutes
+Hercules.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as the tidings of Hercules&rsquo; birth reached Olympus,
+Juno began to plot how to destroy her rival&rsquo;s child. Two colossal
+serpents with poisonous fangs were therefore dispatched
+by her orders to attack the babe in its cradle.
+The monsters crept along noiselessly, entered the palace unseen,
+twined themselves around the cradle, and were about to crush
+the child to death in their folds, when, to the utter astonishment
+of the helpless attendants, little Hercules caught them fast by the
+neck in each tiny hand and strangled them, thus giving the first
+proof of the marvelous strength which was to make him famous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>217]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 441px;">
+<a name="hercules" id="hercules"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr44.jpg" width="441" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">HERCULES AN INFANT. (Louvre, Paris.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>218]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;First two dread Snakes at Juno&rsquo;s vengeful nod<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Climb&rsquo;d round the cradle of the sleeping God;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Waked by the shrilling hiss, and rustling sound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And shrieks of fair attendants trembling round,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their gasping throats with clenching hands he holds;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Death untwists their convoluted folds.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Juno perceived how easily Hercules had escaped from
+the danger which threatened him, she deemed it useless to make
+another attempt to take his life, but decided to vex his proud
+spirit by inflicting many petty annoyances, and to prevent his
+enjoying any lasting peace or happiness.</p>
+
+<p>To achieve this purpose, she first extorted from Jupiter a decree
+that condemned Hercules to serve his cousin Eurystheus&mdash;a
+mean and cowardly prince who ruled over the kingdom of
+Argos&mdash;for a certain number of years.</p>
+
+<p>Hercules&rsquo; education was carefully attended to by Chiron, a
+learned Centaur, who taught him how to use all the different
+weapons, and trained him in all kinds of athletic sports. The
+years passed by happily and swiftly, until at last the time came
+when Hercules&rsquo; education was completed, and the whole world
+lay before him, full of pleasant possibilities, and rich with many
+attractions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules&rsquo;
+choice.</div>
+
+<p>The youthful hero, dismissed by his instructor, now set out to
+seek his fortunes. He had not gone very far, however, before he
+met two beautiful women, who immediately entered
+into conversation with him, and drew from him a
+confession that he was in search of adventures. The women,
+Arete (Virtue) and Kakia (Vice), each offered to be his guide,
+but bade him choose which he preferred to follow.</p>
+
+<p>Kakia, to induce him to follow her guidance, promised riches,
+ease, consideration, and love; while Arete, a modest maiden,
+warned him that in her wake he would be obliged to wage incessant
+war against evil, to endure hardships without number,
+and spend his days in toil and poverty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>219]</a></span>
+Silently Hercules pondered for a while over these two so dissimilar
+offers, and then, mindful of his tutor&rsquo;s oft-repeated instructions,
+rose from his seat by the wayside, and, turning to
+Arete, declared himself ready to obey any command she might
+choose to give him.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;Young Hercules with firm disdain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Braved the soft smiles of Pleasure&rsquo;s harlot train;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To valiant toils his forceful limbs assign&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gave to Virtue all his mighty mind.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Courageously he then trod along the rough and thorny path
+she pointed out, and patiently performed the various tasks she
+assigned him, delivering the oppressed, defending the weak, and
+redressing all wrongs.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules&rsquo;
+madness.</div>
+
+<p>In reward for these good actions he received the hand of
+Megara, daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, in marriage, and
+by her had three children, whom he tenderly loved.
+But Juno was not at all satisfied to see him leading
+such a peaceful and prosperous life, and to interrupt its even
+course drove the hero mad.</p>
+
+<p>In a fit of delirium he threw his offspring into the fire, and,
+we are told, slew his dearly beloved wife. Then only he recovered
+his senses, and suffered agonies of sorrow and remorse
+for the terrible crimes he had unwittingly committed. In his
+grief he withdrew to the mountain solitudes, where he would probably
+have lingered all the remainder of his life, had not Mercury
+come to get him, and announced that he was to serve Eurystheus,
+King of Argos, for a twelvemonth.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules in
+servitude.</div>
+
+<p>The messenger god then offered to lead him to his appointed
+taskmaster. But when Hercules learned he was doomed to
+be a slave, he fell into such a passion, that he
+nearly lost his reason again; and instead of killing
+noxious beasts, and winning the people&rsquo;s blessings by his deeds
+of kindness, he wandered about stupidly and aimlessly, until he
+finally perceived how vain was his attempt to struggle against
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>220]</a></span>
+fate, and urged by his chosen adviser, Arete, voluntarily offered
+his services to Eurystheus, who informed him that he must accomplish
+twelve great labors ere he could again be free.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nemean lion.</div>
+
+<p>Eager to begin the appointed tasks, Hercules set out first to
+find and destroy a monstrous lion, whose den was in the Nemean
+Forest. Far and wide, throughout the whole neighborhood,
+this monster committed his depredations,
+carrying off cattle and sheep, men, women, and children, to devour
+at his ease. All warned Hercules of the danger and difficulty
+of the undertaking, described the failure of countless previous
+attempts to slay the monster, and prophesied that he would never
+return alive. The hero would not be dissuaded, but entered the
+forest, tracked the lion to his den, grasped him by the throat, and
+strangled him as he had strangled the snakes in his infancy.
+He then skinned the monster, whose shaggy pelt became his
+favorite covering.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;So from Nemea&rsquo;s den Alcides strode,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The lion&rsquo;s yellow spoil around his shoulders flow&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hydra of
+Lerna.</div>
+
+<p>On his return to Argos to report the successful termination of
+his first task, Hercules was told to repair to the marshes of
+Lerna, where lurked a seven-headed serpent, the
+Hydra, and put an end to its career of rapacity,
+for this snake devoured man and beast. Armed with a great
+sword, Hercules succeeded in cutting off one of the seven heads;
+but he had no sooner done so, than, to his dismay, he saw
+seven other heads suddenly spring from the bleeding stump.
+To prevent a repetition of this unpleasant miracle, Hercules
+bade his friend Iolaus, who had accompanied him thither to
+view his prowess, take a lighted brand and sear the wounds as
+soon as inflicted. Thanks to this wise plan, the monster was
+finally slain, although a friendly crab sent by Juno to defend
+Hydra continually pinched Hercules&rsquo; feet. The hero, angry at
+this intervention, crushed the crab, which, however, received its
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>221]</a></span>
+reward, for the Queen of Heaven placed it in the sky as the
+constellation of Cancer (the Crab). The country was thus freed
+from its long state of thraldom; but, before leaving the scene
+of his second labor, Hercules dipped his arrows in the Hydra&rsquo;s
+venomous blood, knowing well that any wound they inflicted,
+however slight, would be sure to prove fatal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stag of
+Cerynea.</div>
+
+<p>The third task appointed by Eurystheus was the capture of
+the golden-horned, brazen-footed stag of Cerynea, whose fleetness
+was such that he seemed scarcely to touch
+the ground. Hercules was obliged to pursue this
+animal for many a weary mile before he could overtake him; and
+he only managed the capture by driving him into a deep snowdrift,
+in a distant northern land, from which he extricated him,
+and carried him home in triumph.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Erymanthian
+boar.</div>
+
+<p>The same success crowned his fourth labor, the capture of the
+wild boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia. Attacked by the Centaurs
+during the performance of this labor, Hercules
+turned his deadly arrows upon them, and accidentally
+wounded his beloved tutor Chiron, who was coming to
+settle the dispute. Vainly the hero applied every healing herb.
+The wound was mortal, and Chiron died; but in reward for his
+good offices the gods transferred him to the sky, where he is
+known as the constellation Sagittarius.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Augean
+stables.</div>
+
+<p>Hercules was next sent to Augeas, King of Elis, who had immense
+droves of cattle. The stables usually occupied by these
+animals were in an incredibly filthy state, as they
+had not been cleaned in years; and now Hercules
+was given the task to remove the accumulated filth, and make a
+complete purification of the premises.</p>
+
+<p>Close by these stables rushed a torrent, or rather a river, the
+Alpheus. Hercules, with one glance, saw the use he could make
+of this rushing stream, which he dammed and turned aside from
+its course, so that the waters passed directly through the stables,
+carrying away all impurities, and finally washing them perfectly
+clean.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>222]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 403px;">
+<a name="hercules1" id="hercules1"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr45.jpg" width="403" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">HERCULES AND CENTAUR.&mdash;Bologna. (Florence.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem17">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>223]</a></span>
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Nothing else<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Could clean the Augean stables.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Hercules saw that the work of purification was thoroughly
+accomplished, he guided the stream back to its original
+bed, and returned home to announce that the fifth labor was
+accomplished. The fabulous filth of the Augean stables, and the
+radical methods employed for their cleansing, have given rise to
+proverbial expressions still in current use.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cretan bull.</div>
+
+<p>Hercules next journeyed off to Crete to accomplish his sixth
+task, the capture of a mad bull given by Neptune to Minos,
+king of the island. The god had sent the animal
+with directions that he should be offered up
+in sacrifice; but Minos, charmed with his unusual size and
+beauty, resolved to keep him, and substituted a bull from his own
+herds for the religious ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>Angry at seeing his express command so wantonly disobeyed,
+Neptune maddened the bull, which rushed wildly all over the
+island, causing great damage. This was the animal that Hercules,
+with his usual strength and skill, caught and bound fast,
+thus finishing the sixth task.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Diomedes&rsquo;
+steeds.</div>
+
+<p>He then hastened on to Thrace, where Diomedes, the king,
+kept some fine coursers, which were fed on human flesh. In order
+to obtain a sufficient supply of fresh meat for his
+horses, Diomedes had decreed that all strangers
+who ventured into his kingdom should be seized, and, when
+sufficiently fat, executed, and served up in his horses&rsquo; mangers.
+To punish Diomedes for this long-continued barbarity, Hercules
+fed him to his own horses, which were then led off to Eurystheus,
+as a token that the seventh labor was done.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hippolyte&rsquo;s
+girdle.</div>
+
+<p>Now, at the court of Eurystheus was his beautiful daughter,
+Admete, a vain princess, who delighted in dress and jewels, and
+who was never happier than when she obtained
+some new ornament or article of apparel. One day
+Admete heard a traveler describe a girdle worn by Hippolyte,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>224]</a></span>
+queen of the Amazons, and was immediately seized by the desire
+to possess the ornament.</p>
+
+<p>She imparted this wish to Eurystheus, who, delighted to gratify
+her as long as he could do so without taking any personal risk
+or trouble, sent Hercules in quest of the coveted jewel. The
+journey to the land of the Amazons&mdash;a fierce, warlike nation
+of women&mdash;was long and dangerous; but Hercules traveled on
+undaunted, nor paused, except when his services were needed in
+furthering some good work for mortals, until he reached their
+land, presented himself before their queen, and boldly explained
+the cause of his presence. Hippolyte listened to his explanation
+and request with queenly condescension, promised to consider
+the matter, and in the mean while bade him feast and rest in her
+palace.</p>
+
+<p>Hercules would have succeeded in this undertaking without
+any trouble, had not Juno suddenly remembered his existence,
+and resolved to continue her never entirely forgotten persecutions.
+In the guise of an Amazon, she mingled among the women,
+and artfully spread the report that Hercules had really come to
+kidnap their queen, and that the pretended quest of the girdle
+was a mere excuse, and only intended to distract their attention
+from his real purpose. The Amazons yielded implicit belief to
+these rumors, flew to arms, and surrounded their queen.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem17">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The Amazons array their ranks,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In painted arms of radiant sheen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Around Hippolyte the queen.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The assembled force then attacked Hercules, who met their
+onslaught single-handed, defeated them, and finally bore away
+the prize he had risked so much to obtain. It was on his homeward
+journey from this expedition that he saved Hesione, Laomedon&rsquo;s
+daughter, from the jaws of the sea monster who was about
+to devour her, as he had devoured many a fair Trojan maid
+before her (p. <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>225]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="amazon" id="amazon"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr46.jpg" width="600" height="402"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">MOUNTED AMAZON GOING TO THE CHASE.&mdash;Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stymphalian
+birds.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>226]</a></span>
+Eurystheus, well pleased with the manner in which Hercules
+had accomplished eight out of the twelve tasks, bade him now go
+forth and slay the dangerous, brazen-clawed birds
+which hovered over the stagnant waters of Lake
+Stymphalus. The poisoned arrows now served him in good
+stead, and enabled him to put a speedy end to the whole flock.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;His arrows slew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The monsters hov&rsquo;ring fell Stymphalus round.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cattle of
+Geryones.</div>
+
+<p>Hercules was next told to capture the divine cattle of Geryones,
+a giant of Erythea. On his way home with this marvelous
+herd, Hercules paused on Mount Aventine, where,
+during the night, the loathsome giant Cacus stole
+some of his cows. To punish him for this theft, Hercules forced
+his way into his cave, attacked him, and, after a memorable encounter,
+slew him. The animals were soon after delivered into
+the hands of Eurystheus, who then sent Hercules in search of
+the Golden Apples of the Hesperides.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hesperian
+apples.</div>
+
+<p>This commission sadly perplexed Hercules, for he did not know
+in what portion of the world he would find these apples, which had
+been given to Juno as a wedding present, and which
+she had intrusted to the care of the Hesperides,
+daughters of Hesperus, god of the West. After numerous journeys
+and many inquiries, Hercules discovered that these maidens had
+carried these apples off to Africa, hung them on a tree in their
+garden, and placed the dragon Ladon at its foot to guard their
+treasures night and day. Unfortunately, no one could tell Hercules
+in what part of Africa the garden of the Hesperides might
+be situated: so he set out at a venture, determined to travel
+about until he gained some information. On his way he met
+with many adventures, and saw many strange sights. For instance,
+he first met the nymphs of the Eridanus River, and,
+questioning them about the golden apples, was told to consult
+old Nereus, god of the sea, who would probably be able to give
+him some information on the subject.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>227]</a></span>
+Hercules, having surprised this aged divinity while asleep on
+the seashore, held him fast, in spite of the multitudinous transformations
+he underwent in the vain hope of frightening his
+would-be interlocutor away. In answer to Hercules&rsquo; question, he
+finally very reluctantly bade him seek Prometheus, who alone
+would be able to direct him aright.</p>
+
+<p>In obedience to this advice, Hercules went to the Caucasian
+Mountains, where, on the brink of a mighty precipice, he found
+Prometheus, still bound with adamantine chains, and still a prey
+to the ravenous vulture (p. <a href="#Page_28"><b>28</b></a>). To spring up the mountain side,
+kill the cruel bird, snap the adamantine chains, and set free the
+benefactor of all mankind, was the work of but a few minutes for
+such a hero as Hercules; and, in gratitude for the deliverance he
+had so long sought in vain, Prometheus directed Hercules to
+his brother Atlas, telling him he would be sure to know where
+the apples could be found.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pygmies.</div>
+
+<p>Hercules wended his way to Africa, where Atlas dwelt, and
+on his way passed through the land of a diminutive race of men,
+called Pygmies, who were so small that they lived
+in constant dread of their neighbors, so much
+larger and stronger than they, and of the cranes, which passed
+over their country in great flocks, and sometimes alighted to devour
+their harvests.</p>
+
+<p>To guard against these constant inroads, the Pygmies finally
+accepted the services of Ant&aelig;us, a giant son of G&aelig;a, who generously
+offered to defend them against all their enemies. When
+these little people, therefore, saw Hercules&rsquo; mighty form looming
+up in the dim distance, they called aloud for fear, and bade
+Ant&aelig;us go forth and kill the new invader, who, they wrongly
+fancied, had evil designs against them.</p>
+
+<p>Proud of his strength, Ant&aelig;us went to meet Hercules, and defied
+him. A fierce struggle was the immediate result of this challenge,
+and, as the combatants were of equal size and strength,
+the victory seemed very uncertain. At last Hercules felt his
+great strength begin to fail, and noticed that every time his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>228]</a></span>
+adversary touched the ground he seemed to renew his vigor. He
+therefore resolved to try and win by strategy, and, watching his
+opportunity, seized Ant&aelig;us round the waist, raised him from the
+ground, and held him aloft in his powerful embrace.</p>
+
+<p>The giant struggled with all his might to get free; but Hercules
+held him fast, and felt him grow weaker and weaker, now that
+he was no longer sustained by his mother Earth, from whom he
+derived all his strength, until at last his struggles ceased, and he
+hung limp and lifeless in Hercules&rsquo; crushing embrace.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Lifts proud Ant&aelig;us from his mother-plains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with strong grasp the struggling giant strains;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Back falls his fainting head and clammy hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Writhe his weak limbs, and flits his life in air.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Atlas.</div>
+
+<p>Now that the gigantic defender of the Pygmies no longer
+blocked his way, Hercules traveled onward in search of Atlas,
+whom he finally found supporting the heavens on
+his broad shoulders. Atlas listened attentively to
+all Hercules had to say, declared he knew where the apples
+could be found, and promised to get them if the hero would
+only relieve him of his burden for a little while. Glad to accomplish
+his purpose so easily, Hercules allowed the burden of the
+heavens to be transferred to his shoulders, and Atlas hastened off
+to fulfill his part of the agreement.</p>
+
+<p>From afar the giant saw the golden fruit glittering in the
+sunshine. Stealthily he drew near, entered the gardens, slew the
+dragon in his sleep, plucked the apples, and returned unmolested
+to the place where he had left Hercules. But his steps became
+slower and slower; and as he neared the hero, he could not help
+thinking with horror of the burden he must so soon resume, and
+bear for centuries, perhaps, without relief.</p>
+
+<p>This thought oppressed him. Freedom was so sweet, that he
+resolved to keep it, and, coolly stepping up to Hercules, announced
+that he would carry the golden apples to Eurystheus,
+and leave him to support the heavens in his stead. Feigning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>229]</a></span>
+a satisfaction which he was very far from feeling, Hercules
+acquiesced, but detained Atlas for a moment, asking him to
+hold the heavens until he could place a cushion on his shoulders.
+Good-natured, as giants proverbially are, Atlas threw the apples
+on the grass beside him, and assumed the incumbent weight;
+but Hercules, instead of preparing to resume it, picked up the
+apples, leaving Atlas alone, in the same plight as he had found
+him, there to remain until some more compassionate hero should
+come and set him free.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;There Atlas, son of great Iapetus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With head inclined and ever-during arms,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sustains the spacious heavens.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Hesiod.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was during the course of one of his mighty labors, that
+Hercules, with one wrench of his powerful arm, tore a cleft in
+the mountains, and allowed the waters of the Sea to flow into
+Oceanus; and ever since, the rocks on either side of the Strait
+of Gibraltar have borne the name of Hercules&rsquo; Pillars.</p>
+
+<p>The twelfth and last task appointed by Eurystheus was the most
+difficult of all to perform. Hercules was commanded to descend
+into Hades and bring up the dog Cerberus, securely bound.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;But for the last, to Pluto&rsquo;s drear abode<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through the dark jaws of T&aelig;narus he went,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To drag the triple-headed dog to light.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This command, like all the others, was speedily obeyed; but
+Eurystheus was so terrified at the aspect of the triple-headed
+dog, from the foam of whose dripping jaws the nightshade
+sprang, that he took refuge in a huge jar, and refused to come
+out until Hercules had carried the monster back to his cave.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Olympian
+Games.</div>
+
+<p>The twelve appointed labors were finished; the time of bondage
+was ended; and Hercules, a free man, could wander at his
+own sweet will, and enjoy the happiness of freedom. A roaming
+existence had, from force of habit, become a necessity: so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>230]</a></span>
+the hero first journeyed to Olympia, where he instituted games
+to be celebrated every fifth year in honor of Jupiter, his father.
+Thence he wandered from place to place, doing
+good, and came to the house of Admetus, where
+he was surprised to find all the court in mourning.</p>
+
+<p>His sympathetic inquiries soon brought forth a full account
+of Alcestis&rsquo; sacrifice of her own life to insure the immortality of
+her husband (p. <a href="#Page_65"><b>65</b></a>). The hero&rsquo;s heart was touched by the king&rsquo;s
+loneliness; and he again braved the terrors of Hades, and brought
+Alcestis back from the grave, and restored her to her husband&rsquo;s
+arms.</p>
+
+<p>Hercules took a prominent part in many heroic enterprises.
+Among others, he joined in the Argonautic expedition (p. <a href="#Page_266"><b>266</b></a>), in
+the battle between the Centaurs and Lapith&aelig; (p. <a href="#Page_260"><b>260</b></a>), in the war
+of the gods and giants, and in the first siege of Troy (p. <a href="#Page_152"><b>152</b></a>),
+which proved successful.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules and
+Omphale.</div>
+
+<p>But the hero, although so lately escaped from servitude, was
+soon obliged to return into bondage; for in a fit
+of anger he slew a man, and was condemned by
+the assembled gods to serve Omphale, Queen of Lydia, for a
+certain lapse of time.</p>
+
+<p>No great deeds were now required of Hercules, whose strength
+was derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily
+by his admiration for her, made him submit to occupations unworthy
+of a man, and, while he was busy spinning, decked herself
+in his lion&rsquo;s skin, and brandished his renowned club.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;His lion spoils the laughing Fair demands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gives the distaff to his awkward hands.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Darwin.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 431px;">
+<a name="hercules2" id="hercules2"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr47.jpg" width="431" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">HERCULES AT THE FEET OF OMPHALE.&mdash;Gleyre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>However unworthy these effeminate tasks may seem for such a
+hero, they proved very agreeable indeed to Hercules, who, having
+fallen in love with his new mistress, seemed to wish nothing better
+than to remain her slave forever, and end his days in idleness
+and pleasure. Great labors were awaiting his mighty arm,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"><!-- original location of Hercules at the Feet of Omphale illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>232]</a></span>
+however; and the gods, at the appointed time, freed him from his
+bondage to the Lydian queen, and bade him go forth and do all
+the good in his power.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules and
+Deianeira</div>
+
+<p>In the course of his wanderings, Hercules next met Deianeira,
+daughter of &OElig;neus, and, having fallen in love with
+her, expressed a desire to marry her. But unfortunately
+another suitor, the river god Achelous, had already won
+the father&rsquo;s consent.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;Achelous came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The river god, to ask a father&rsquo;s voice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And snatched me to his arms.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>So sure was this suitor of his attractions, that he did not even
+deem it necessary to secure the maiden&rsquo;s good graces; and when
+Hercules made known his love, she immediately promised to
+marry him, if he would only free her from the lover her father
+would fain force upon her. Delighted to be able to win his
+bride and punish his rival at the same time, Hercules challenged
+Achelous; and now began a wrestling match, the fame of which
+has come down to us through all the intervening centuries.</p>
+
+<p>Achelous was an opponent worthy of Hercules, and, besides,
+took advantage of his power to change his form at will, further
+to perplex and harass the sturdy hero. At last he assumed the
+shape of a bull, and with lowered horns rushed toward Hercules,
+intending to toss him aside. The hero, skillfully avoiding his
+first onset, seized him by one of his great thickset horns, and
+held it so firmly that all the bull&rsquo;s efforts to free himself from his
+powerful grasp were vain, until the horn broke.</p>
+
+<p>The Goddess of Plenty, the Attican Fortuna, a witness of this
+strange combat, appropriated the broken horn, stuffed her treasures
+in its hollow, and was so well pleased with the effect, that
+she decreed it should henceforth be one of her attributes. The
+fight, only temporarily suspended, was now resumed with redoubled
+ardor, for each of the lovers was intent upon winning
+the hand of the fair Deianeira.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>233]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;">
+<a name="fortuna" id="fortuna"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr48.jpg" width="436" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FORTUNA. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>234]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Warm, and more warm the conflict grows:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dire was the noise of rattling bows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of front to front opposed, and hand to hand:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deep was the animated strife<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For love, for conquest, and for life.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The victory, though long uncertain, finally rested with Hercules,
+who triumphantly departed with his hard-won bride, for
+his destiny would not permit him to tarry long in any place.
+Instead of wandering alone now, with none to cheer or sympathize,
+Hercules had Deianeira ever at his side; and after many
+days they came to the river Evenus, whose usually shallow and
+peaceful waters were swollen and turbid, for violent rainstorms
+had recently swept over that portion of the country.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Nessus.</div>
+
+<p>Hercules paused for a moment to contemplate the stream,
+and glanced about for some safe mode to transport Deianeira
+across. While he was thus considering, a Centaur
+by the name of Nessus came to his assistance, and
+proposed to carry the fair young bride to the other shore in complete
+safety, if she would but consent to mount upon his broad
+back.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The hoary centaur, who was wont for hire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To bear the traveler o&rsquo;er the rapid flood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of deep Evenus: not with oars or sail<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He stemm&rsquo;d the torrent, but with nervous arm<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Opposed and pass&rsquo;d it; me, when first a bride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I left my father&rsquo;s hospitable roof<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With my Alcides, in his arms he bore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Athwart the current.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hercules, only too glad to avail himself of the Centaur&rsquo;s kind
+offer of assistance, quickly helped Deianeira to mount, saw them
+descend into the water, and prepared to follow, holding his bow
+and arrows aloft in one hand, and breasting the waves with the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the Centaur Nessus did not often have the good fortune
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>235]</a></span>
+to carry such a pretty passenger as Deianeira over the river, and
+as he swam he made up his mind to gallop off with her as soon
+as he reached the opposite shore. All his strength and energy,
+therefore, were called into requisition; and when he reached the
+shore, instead of pausing to allow his fair burden to dismount,
+he set off as fast as he could run.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nessus&rsquo; robe.</div>
+
+<p>A loud shriek from Deianeira attracted Hercules&rsquo; attention,
+and a second later one of his poisoned arrows had brought the
+would-be ravisher to the ground, pierced through
+the heart. With dying accents the Centaur Nessus
+professed repentance, and bade Deianeira take his robe,&mdash;but
+slightly stained with the blood which gushed from the wound
+inflicted by the poisoned arrow,&mdash;and keep it carefully, for it
+had magic power; and if she ever found her husband&rsquo;s love waning,
+he assured her, that, could she but induce him to put it on,
+all his early affection would revive, as pure and fervent as during
+their honeymoon.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">&ldquo;&lsquo;Take<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This white robe. It is costly. See, my blood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I know it, and repent me. If there come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A time when he grows cold&mdash;for all the race<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of heroes wander, nor can any love<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fix theirs for long&mdash;take it and wrap him in it,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he shall love again.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Deianeira gratefully accepted the proffered gift, and promised
+to treasure it up carefully, although she sincerely hoped she
+would never be called upon to make use of it. Years passed by.
+Hercules often left Deianeira to deliver the oppressed and relieve
+the suffering, for people came from great distances to ask for his
+aid; and although his absences were sometimes prolonged, he
+always returned to her side, as loving as ever, and she had no
+cause for complaint. Finally duty took him back to the court of
+Eurytus, where he beheld Iole, whom he had seen and loved in
+the beginning of his career, but whom he had been obliged to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>236]</a></span>
+leave to fulfill his arduous tasks. She was still young and charming,
+and his first glance into her sweet face rekindled all his
+former passion. Day after day he lingered by her side, forgetful
+of duty, Deianeira, and all but his first dream of love and happiness.
+When absent, Deianeira was wont to hear rumors of his
+heroic achievements; but on this occasion the only report which
+reached her ear was that he had returned to his allegiance to his
+first love, and this roused her jealousy, so long dormant.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Deianeira&rsquo;s
+jealousy.</div>
+
+<p>Finally she heard that Hercules was wending his way homeward
+again, and her heart bounded with joy, but only to sink
+more heavily when told that he was accompanied
+by Iole and a numerous train. Then she remembered
+the long-forgotten gift of the Centaur. With trembling
+hands she sought the glittering robe, gave it to a messenger, and
+bade him hasten to meet Hercules, and prevail upon him to
+wear it for his triumphant return. The messenger, Lichas, hastened
+to do her bidding, and Deianeira waited with fast-beating
+heart for the success of her venture.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;I only wish the charm may be of power<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To win Alcides from this virgin&rsquo;s love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bring him back to Deianeira&rsquo;s arms.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lichas acquitted himself faithfully of his errand; and Hercules,
+viewing the costly garment, and anxious to appear to his best
+advantage before the bright eyes of Iole, immediately donned
+the richly embroidered robe.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules&rsquo;
+death.</div>
+
+<p>He had no sooner put it on, than the Centaur&rsquo;s poisoned
+blood began its deadly work. First he experienced a burning,
+stinging sensation, which ran like fire through every
+vein. Vainly he tried to tear off the fatal garment.
+It clung to his limbs, and the poison ate its way into his flesh,
+until the pain was greater than he could bear.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 443px;">
+<a name="hercules3" id="hercules3"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr49.jpg" width="443" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">FARNESE HERCULES. (National Museum, Naples.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In his rage at the trick which had been played upon him, he
+seized Lichas&mdash;the unfortunate bearer of the poisoned robe&mdash;by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"><!-- original location of Farnese Hercules illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>238]</a></span>
+the foot, and flung him from the heights of Mount &OElig;ta down
+into the sea, where he perished.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And Lichas from the top of &OElig;ta threw<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into th&rsquo; Euboic Sea.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Milton.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, resolved to end these unendurable torments by a death
+worthy of his whole life, Hercules called his servants, and bade
+them build his funeral pyre on the mountain peak; but they, in
+tears, refused to obey, for they could not bear the thought of
+parting with their beloved master. Commands and entreaties
+alike failed to move them: so Hercules climbed up the mountain
+side alone, tore up the huge oaks by their roots, flung them one
+upon the other until he had raised a mighty pile, upon which he
+stretched his colossal, pain-racked limbs, and bade his friend
+Philoctetes set fire to the stupendous mass.</p>
+
+<p>At first Philoctetes also refused to do his bidding; but, bribed
+by the promise of the world-renowned poisoned arrows, he finally
+consented to do as Hercules wished, and the red flames rose
+higher and higher, the wood crackled and burned, and the hero
+was soon enveloped in sheets of flame, which purged him from
+all mortality.</p>
+
+<p>Then Jupiter came down from his glorious abode, caught the
+noble soul in his mighty arms, and bore it off to Olympus, there
+to dwell in happiness forever with Hebe, the fair goddess of
+youth, whose hand was given him in marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Till the god, the earthly part forsaken,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the man in flames asunder taken,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drank the heavenly ethers&rsquo; purer breath.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Joyous in the new, unwonted lightness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Earth&rsquo;s dark, heavy burden lost in death.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">High Olympus gives harmonious greeting<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the hall where reigns his sire adored;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Youth&rsquo;s bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gives the nectar to her lord.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Schiller</span> (S. G. B.&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Worship of
+Hercules.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>239]</a></span>
+Hercules, the special divinity of athletic sports and of strength,
+was principally worshiped by young men. He is
+generally represented in art as a tall, powerfully
+built man, with a small, bearded head, a lion&rsquo;s skin carelessly
+thrown over his shoulder, and leaning upon a massive club.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Great Alcides, stooping with his toil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rests on his club.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Pope.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is said that some of the games celebrated at Olympia were
+held in his honor, although originally instituted by him in honor
+of Jupiter, his father. The Nemean Games, celebrated in the
+forest of Nemea, the scene of his first great labor, were the
+principal games held in Greece in commemoration of his noble
+deeds and early death.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>240]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XX.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">PERSEUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Acrisius and
+Danae.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> life of Acrisius, King of Argos, had been a burden to
+him ever since the unfortunate day when an oracle had predicted
+that he would be killed by his grandson. Until
+then the king had been very fond of his only child,
+Danae, and until then, too, had thought with pride of the time
+when he would bestow her hand in marriage upon the noblest of
+all who came to woo.</p>
+
+<p>Now his plans were all changed, and his only wish was to
+keep her unmated,&mdash;a somewhat difficult task, for the maiden
+was very fair, and Acrisius knew that the wily God of Love
+would endeavor to find some way to outwit him and bring his
+plans to naught. After much thought, Acrisius decided to lock
+Danae up in a brazen tower, around which he stationed guards
+to prevent any one from even approaching the captive princess.</p>
+
+<p>But, although safely concealed from the eyes of men, Danae
+was plainly seen by the everlasting gods; and Jupiter, looking
+down from Olympus, beheld her in all her loveliness and in all
+her loneliness. She was seated on top of her brazen tower, her
+eyes wistfully turned toward the city, where girls of her age enjoyed
+freedom, and were allowed to marry when they pleased.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The shower
+of gold.</div>
+
+<p>Jupiter, pitying her isolation and admiring her beauty, resolved
+to go down and converse with her for a little while. To
+avoid being seen, he changed himself into a golden
+shower, and gently dropped down on the turret
+beside her, where his presence and spirited conversation soon won
+the maiden&rsquo;s heart.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>241]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Danae, in a brazen tower<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where no love was, loved a shower.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Shelley.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This first successful visit was frequently repeated, and Danae
+no longer felt lonely and deserted, for Jupiter spent most of his
+time with her, pursuing his courtship most diligently, and finally
+winning her to a secret marriage, to which no one offered the
+slightest objection, as no one suspected his visits, which he continued
+quite unmolested.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of
+Perseus.</div>
+
+<p>But one morning the guards rushed in terror to Acrisius&rsquo; palace
+to announce that Danae, his daughter, had given birth to a
+son, who, on account of his beauty, was called Perseus.
+The king no sooner learned this astonishing
+news, than he flew into a great rage, vowed that mother and
+child should perish, and dispatched the guards to fetch the unfortunate
+victims.</p>
+
+<p>Acrisius, however, was not cruel enough to stain his own
+hands with his child&rsquo;s blood, or to witness her execution: so he
+ordered that she should be placed in an empty cask with her
+helpless infant, and exposed to the fury of the waves. These
+orders were speedily executed; and Danae&rsquo;s heart sank with terror
+when she felt the cask buffeted about by the great waves far out
+of sight of land, and out of all reach of help. Clasping her babe
+close to her bosom, she fervently prayed the gods to watch over
+them both, and bring them in safety to some hospitable shore.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;When round the well-fram&rsquo;d ark the blowing blast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Roar&rsquo;d, and the heaving whirlpools of the deep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With rough&rsquo;ning surge seem&rsquo;d threatening to o&rsquo;erturn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wide-tost vessel, not with tearless cheeks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mother round her infant gently twined<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her tender arm, and cried, &lsquo;Ah me! my child!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What sufferings I endure! thou sleep&rsquo;st the while,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Inhaling in thy milky-breathing breast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The balm of slumber.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Simonides</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Danae at
+Seriphus.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>242]</a></span>
+Her piteous prayer was evidently heard, for, after much tossing,
+the cask was finally washed ashore on the Island of Seriphus,
+where Polydectes, the king, kindly received mother
+and child. Here Perseus, the golden-haired, grew
+to manhood, and here made his first appearance in games and
+combats.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Polydectes had fallen in love with Danae,
+and expressed his desire to marry her; but Danae did not return
+his affections, and would not consent. Angry at her persistent
+refusal of his proposals, Polydectes wished to compel her to obey,
+and thereby incurred the wrath of young Perseus, who loudly declared
+that none should dare force his mother as long as he were
+there to defend her. This boast did not at all allay the monarch&rsquo;s
+wrath; and, hoping to get rid of the young boaster, he bade
+him go forth and slay Medusa, if he wished to convince people
+that his bravery was real.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Gorgons.</div>
+
+<p>This Medusa was one of the three Gorgons. Her sisters, Euryale
+and Stheno, although immortal, had never had any claims
+to beauty; but Medusa, when only a girl, had been
+considered very handsome indeed. Her home, in
+a land where the sun never shone, was very distasteful to her, so
+she entreated Minerva to let her go and visit the beautiful sunny
+south.</p>
+
+<p>But when Minerva refused to grant her wish, she reviled the
+goddess, and declared that nothing but a conviction that mortals
+would no longer consider her beautiful if they but once beheld
+Medusa, could have prompted this denial. This presumptuous
+remark so incensed Minerva, that, to punish her for her vanity,
+she changed her beautiful curling locks into hissing, writhing serpents,
+and decreed that one glance into her still beautiful face
+would suffice to change the beholder into stone.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Fatal Beauty! thou didst seem<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The phantom of some fearful dream.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Extremes of horror and of love<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Alternate o&rsquo;er our senses move,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>243]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">As, rapt and spellbound, we survey<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The horrid coils which round thee play,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And mark thy wild, enduring smile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lit by no mortal fire the while,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Formed to attract all eyes to thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet their withering blight to be;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy power mysterious to congeal<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And from life&rsquo;s blood its warmth to steal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To petrify the mortal clay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In its first gleam of wild dismay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is a dread gift to one like thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cursed with a hateful destiny.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Mrs. St. John.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Perseus&rsquo;
+quest.</div>
+
+<p>The gods, who had carefully watched over Perseus through his
+childhood and youth, now decided to lend him their aid, so that
+he might successfully accomplish the great task of
+slaying Medusa. Pluto lent him a magic helmet,
+which made the wearer invisible at will; Mercury attached his
+own winged sandals to the youth&rsquo;s heels, to endow him with
+great rapidity of flight; while Minerva armed him with her own
+mirrorlike shield, the dreadful &AElig;gis.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Minerva thus to Perseus lent her shield;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Secure of conquest, sent him to the field:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hero acted what the queen ordain&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So was his fame complete.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Gr&aelig;&aelig;.</div>
+
+<p>Thus equipped, Perseus flew northward until he came to the
+land of perpetual darkness, the home of the Gr&aelig;&aelig;, three horrible
+sisters, who possessed but one eye and one tooth,
+which they handed about and used in turn, and
+who were the only living beings cognizant of the place where
+Medusa dwelt.</p>
+
+<p>Invisible by virtue of his magic helmet, Perseus drew near the
+cave without fear of detection, and intercepted the eye while on
+its way from one sister to another. As soon as it was safe in his
+possession, he spoke to them, promising to restore it if they would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>244]</a></span>
+only give him accurate directions for finding Medusa. The sisters,
+eager to recover the treasured eye, immediately gave the
+desired information; and Perseus, having honorably fulfilled his
+share of the contract, departed in search of Medusa.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Medusa.</div>
+
+<p>Perseus at last perceived the Gorgon&rsquo;s home in the dim distance;
+and, as he was fully aware of Medusa&rsquo;s petrifying proclivities,
+he advanced very cautiously, holding his shield
+before him at such an angle that all surrounding
+objects were clearly reflected on its smooth, mirrorlike surface.</p>
+
+<p>He thus discovered Medusa asleep, raised his sword, and,
+without looking at anything but her mirrored form, severed her
+head from her body, seized it in one hand, and, holding it persistently
+behind his back, flew away in great haste, lest the two
+remaining Gorgons should fall upon him and attempt to avenge
+their sister&rsquo;s death.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of
+snakes.</div>
+
+<p>Perseus then swiftly winged his way over land and sea, carefully
+holding his ghastly trophy behind him; and as he flew,
+Medusa&rsquo;s blood trickled down on the hot African
+sand, where it gave birth to a race of poisonous
+reptiles destined to infest the region in future ages, and cause
+the death of many an adventurous explorer. The drops which
+fell into the sea were utilized by Neptune, who created from them
+the famous winged steed called Pegasus (p. <a href="#Page_154"><b>154</b></a>).</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And the life drops from thy head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Libyan sands, by Perseus shed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sprang a scourging race from thee&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fell types of artful mystery.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Mrs. St. John.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The return journey was long and wearisome, and on his way
+the hero had many adventures. Once, when flying high above a
+mountainous country, he caught a glimpse of Atlas, his pale face
+turned up to the heavens, whose weight he had patiently borne
+for many a long year,&mdash;a burden which seemed all the more
+grievous after the short taste of freedom he had enjoyed while
+Hercules stood in his place (pp. <a href="#Page_228"><b>228-9</b></a>),&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>245]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;">
+<a name="perseus" id="perseus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr50.jpg" width="408" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">PERSEUS.&mdash;Cellini. (Loggia de&rsquo; Lanzi, Florence.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>246]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Supporting on his shoulders the vast pillar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Heaven and Earth, a weight of cumbrous grasp.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">&AElig;schylus</span> (Potter&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Atlas
+petrified.</div>
+
+<p>When Atlas saw Perseus flying toward him, hope revived, for
+he remembered that Fate had decreed that it was this hero who
+was to slay the Gorgon; and he thought, that, if he
+could but once gaze upon her stony face, he would
+be free from pain and weariness forever. As soon as the hero was
+within hearing, Atlas therefore addressed him as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;&lsquo;Hasten now, Perseus, and let me look upon the Gorgon&rsquo;s
+face, for the agony of my labor is well-nigh greater than I can
+bear.&rsquo; So Perseus hearkened unto the word of Atlas, and he unveiled
+before him the dead face of Medusa. Eagerly he gazed
+for a moment on the changeless countenance, as though beneath
+the blackness of great horror he yet saw the wreck of her ancient
+beauty and pitied her for her hopeless woe. But in an instant
+the straining eyes were stiff and cold; and it seemed to Perseus,
+as he rose again into the pale yellow air, that the gray hairs
+which streamed from the giant&rsquo;s head were like the snow which
+rests on the peak of a great mountain, and that in place of the
+trembling limbs he saw only the rents and clefts on a rough hillside.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Thus the mere sight of Medusa changed Atlas into the rugged
+mountains which have since borne his name; and, as their summits
+are lost in the clouds, the ancients supposed they sustained
+the full weight of the heavenly vault.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Andromeda.</div>
+
+<p>Thence Perseus flew on until he reached the seashore, where a
+strange sight greeted him. Away down on the &ldquo;rock-bound
+coast,&rdquo; so near the foaming billows that their spray
+continually dashed over her fair limbs, a lovely
+maiden was chained fast to an overhanging rock. This maiden
+was the Princess Andromeda. To atone for the vanity of her
+mother, Cassiopeia, who claimed she was fairer than any of the
+sea nymphs, she had been exposed there as prey for a terrible
+sea monster sent to devastate the homes along the coast.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>247]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="perseus1" id="perseus1"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr51.jpg" width="600" height="404"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.&mdash;Coypel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>248]</a></span>
+An oracle, when consulted, declared that the monster would
+not depart until Andromeda was sacrificed to his fury; and
+Perseus could even now perceive the receding procession which
+had solemnly accompanied her to the appointed place of sacrifice,
+and chained her fast.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, too, he saw the waters below the maiden
+lashed to foam by the monster&rsquo;s tail, and the scales of his hideous
+body slowly rising up out of the water. Fascinated by this horrible
+sight, the maiden&rsquo;s eyes were fixed on the monster. She did
+not see the rapid approach of her deliverer, who, dauntless, drew
+his sword from its scabbard, and, swooping down, attacked the
+monster, cheered by the shouts of the people, who had seen him,
+and now rushed back to witness the slaying of their foe.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i7">&ldquo;On the hills a shout<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of joy, and on the rocks the ring of mail;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And while the hungry serpent&rsquo;s gloating eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were fixed on me, a knight in casque of gold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And blazing shield, who with his flashing blade<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fell on the monster. Long the conflict raged,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till all the rocks were red with blood and slime,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet my champion from those horrible jaws<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dreadful coils was scathless.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course, this fierce struggle could have but one conclusion;
+and when Perseus had slain the monster, freed Andromeda from
+her chains, and restored her to the arms of her overjoyed parents,
+they immediately offered any reward he might be pleased to
+claim. When he, therefore, expressed a desire to marry the
+maiden he had so bravely rescued, they gladly gave him her
+hand, although in early youth the princess had been promised
+to her uncle Phineus.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Phineus
+petrified.</div>
+
+<p>Preparations for the marriage were immediately begun; and
+the former suitor, who had been too cowardly to venture a single
+blow to deliver her from the monster, prepared to fight the rival
+who was about to carry off his promised bride. Unbidden he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>249]</a></span>
+came to the marriage feast with a number of armed followers,
+and was about to carry off Andromeda, when Perseus suddenly
+bade his adherents stand behind him, unveiled
+the Medusa head, and, turning its baleful face
+toward Phineus and his followers, changed them all into stone.</p>
+
+<p>The interrupted marriage feast was now resumed; and when
+it was over, Perseus took his bride to Seriphus. There, hearing
+that Polydectes had dared to ill treat his mother because she still
+refused to accede to his wishes and become his wife, he changed
+the importunate king into a rock by showing him his Medusa
+trophy, gave the kingdom to the king&rsquo;s brother, and, accompanied
+by wife and mother, returned to his native land. The
+borrowed helmet, sandals, and shield were all duly restored to
+their respective owners, and the Medusa head was given to
+Minerva in token of gratitude for her help. Greatly pleased
+with this gift, the goddess set it in the center of her terrible &AElig;gis,
+where it retained all its petrifying power, and served her in many
+a fight.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return to
+Argos.</div>
+
+<p>Arrived at Argos, Perseus discovered that a usurper had
+claimed his grandfather&rsquo;s throne. To hurl the unlawful claimant
+from his exalted seat, and compel him to make full
+restitution and atonement, was but a trifle for the
+hero who had conquered Medusa; and Acrisius, now old and
+weak, was taken from the prison where he languished, and restored
+to his wonted honors, by the very youth he had been taught
+to fear.</p>
+
+<p>But the gods&rsquo; decree was always sure to be fulfilled sooner or
+later; and one day, when Perseus was playing quoits, he accidentally
+killed his grandfather. To remain at Argos, haunted
+by the memory of this involuntary crime, was too painful for
+him: so he exchanged his kingdom for another, that of Mycen&aelig;,
+which he ruled wisely and well. When Perseus died, after
+a long and glorious reign, the gods, who had always loved him,
+placed him among the stars, where he can still be seen, with his
+wife Andromeda, and mother-in-law Cassiopeia.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>250]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">THESEUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When</span> yet but a very young man, &AElig;geus, King of Athens,
+journeyed off to Tr&oelig;zene, where he fell in love with and married
+a pretty young princess by the name of &AElig;thra. For some reason,
+which mythologists do not make known, the king was forced
+to return alone to Athens; but ere he departed he concealed his
+sword and sandals beneath a stone, bidding his wife remember,
+that, as soon as the strength of their son Theseus permitted, he
+must raise the rock, appropriate sword and sandals, and come and
+join him in Athens, where he should be introduced to the people
+as his son and heir. These instructions given, &AElig;geus bade a
+fond farewell to his wife and infant son, and returned home.</p>
+
+<p>As the years passed by, they brought strength, beauty, and
+wisdom to Theseus, whose fame began to be published abroad.
+At last &AElig;thra deemed him strong enough to raise the rock beneath
+which his father&rsquo;s trusty weapon lay; and, conducting him
+to the spot where it was, she told him the whole story, and bade
+him try his strength.</p>
+
+<p>Theseus immediately obeyed. With a mighty effort he raised
+the rock, and, to his great satisfaction, found the sword and sandals
+in a perfect state of preservation. Sword in hand, he then
+set out for Athens,&mdash;a long and dangerous journey. He proceeded
+slowly and cautiously, for he knew that many dangers
+lurked along his pathway, and that ere he reached his father&rsquo;s
+city he would have to encounter both giants and monsters, who
+would strive to bar his way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Periphetes.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>251]</a></span>
+He was not at all mistaken in his previsions; for Tr&oelig;zene was
+scarcely lost to sight ere he came across the giant Periphetes,
+son of Vulcan, who stood in the road and attacked
+with a huge club, whose blows were generally fatal,
+all who strove to pass. Adroitly evading the giant&rsquo;s first onslaught,
+Theseus plunged his sword deep into his huge side ere
+he could renew the attack, and brought him lifeless to the ground.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sinis.</div>
+
+<p>Theseus then disarmed his fallen foe, and, retaining the club
+for future use, continued his journey in peace, until he came to
+the Isthmus of Corinth, where two adventures
+awaited him. The first was with a cruel giant
+named Sinis, nicknamed The Pine-bender, whose usual practice
+was to bend some huge pine until its top touched the ground,
+and call to any unsuspecting passer-by to seize it and lend him a
+helping hand for a moment. Then, as soon as the innocent
+stranger had complied with his request, he would suddenly let go
+the pine, which, freed from his gigantic grasp, sprang back to its
+upright position, and hurled the unfortunate traveler way up
+in the air, to be dashed to pieces against the rocky mountain
+side.</p>
+
+<p>Theseus, who had already heard of the giant&rsquo;s stratagem, skillfully
+eluded the danger, and finally caused Sinis to perish by the
+same cruel death which he had dealt out to so many others.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sciron.</div>
+
+<p>In one place the Isthmus of Corinth was exceedingly narrow,
+and the only practicable pathway led along a rocky ledge,
+guarded by a robber named Sciron, who forced
+all who tried to pass him to wash his feet. While
+the traveler was thus engaged, and knelt in the narrow pathway
+to do his bidding, he would suddenly raise his foot, kick him
+over the side, and hurl him down into the sea below, where a
+huge tortoise was ever waiting with gaping jaws to devour the
+victims.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of yielding to Sciron&rsquo;s exactions, Theseus drew his
+sword, and by his determined bearing so terrified the robber,
+that he offered him a free passage. This offer, however, did not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>252]</a></span>
+satisfy Theseus, who said he would sheathe his sword only on
+condition that Sciron performed for him the menial office he had
+imposed upon so many others. Sciron dared not refuse, and
+obeyed in fear and trembling; but he was doomed never to
+molest any one again, for Theseus kicked him over the precipice,
+into the breakers, where the tortoise feasted upon his remains
+with as keen a relish as upon former victims.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cercyon and
+Procrustes.</div>
+
+<p>After disposing of another world-renowned robber, Cercyon
+(The Wrestler), Theseus encountered Procrustes (The Stretcher), a
+cruel giant, who, under pretext of entertainment,
+deluded travelers into entering his home, where
+he had two beds of very different dimensions,&mdash;one unusually
+short, the other unusually long. If the unfortunate traveler were
+a short man, he was put to bed in the long bedstead, and his
+limbs were pulled out of joint to make him fit it; but if, on the
+contrary, he were tall, he was assigned the short bed, and the
+superfluous length of limb was lopped off under the selfsame
+pretext. Taking Procrustes quite unawares, Theseus gave him
+a faint idea of the sufferings he had inflicted upon others by
+making him try each bed in turn, and then, to avoid his continuing
+these evil practices, put an end to his wretched existence.</p>
+
+<p>Theseus successfully accomplished a few more exploits of a
+similar character, and finally reached Athens, where he found
+that his fame had preceded him.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;In days of old, there liv&rsquo;d of mighty fame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A valiant prince, and Theseus was his name:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A chief, who more in feats of arms excell&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rising nor the setting sun beheld.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Medea&rsquo;s
+draught.</div>
+
+<p>The first tidings that there reached his ear were that &AElig;geus had
+just married Medea, the enchantress; but, although these tidings
+were very unwelcome, he hastened on to his
+father&rsquo;s court, to make himself known, and receive
+the welcome promised so many years before. Medea,
+seated by &AElig;geus&rsquo; side, no sooner saw the young stranger draw
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>253]</a></span>
+near, than she knew him, and foresaw that he had come to
+demand his rights. To prevent his making known claims which
+might interfere with the prospects of her future offspring, she
+hastily mixed a deadly poison in a cup, which she filled with
+fragrant wine, and bade &AElig;geus offer it to the stranger.</p>
+
+<p>The monarch was about to execute her apparently hospitable
+purpose, when his eye suddenly rested upon the sword at Theseus&rsquo;
+side, which he immediately recognized. One swift glance into
+the youth&rsquo;s open face convinced him that &AElig;thra&rsquo;s son stood before
+him, and he eagerly stretched out his arms to clasp him to his
+heart. This sudden movement upset the goblet, and the poisonous
+contents, falling upon a dog lying at the king&rsquo;s feet, caused
+his almost instantaneous death. Seeing her crime discovered
+and Theseus recognized, Medea quickly mounted her magic
+dragon car, and fled to Media, whence she never returned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tribute to the
+Minotaur.</div>
+
+<p>One day, some time after his arrival at Athens, Theseus heard
+a sound of weeping and great lamentation throughout all the
+city, and in reply to his wondering inquiries was
+told, that ever since an unfortunate war between
+the Cretans and Athenians, the latter, who had been vanquished,
+were obliged to pay a yearly tribute of seven youths and as
+many maidens, destined to serve as food for the Minotaur.
+Further questions evolved the fact that the Minotaur was a
+hideous monster, the property of Minos, King of Crete, who
+kept it in an intricate labyrinth, constructed for that express
+purpose by D&aelig;dalus, the far-famed architect.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem31">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;There lived and flourished long ago, in famous Athens town,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One D&aelig;dalus, a carpenter of genius and renown;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(&rsquo;Twas he who with an augur taught mechanics how to bore,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An art which the philosophers monopolized before.)&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 422px;">
+<a name="daedalus" id="daedalus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr52.jpg" width="422" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">D&AElig;DALUS AND ICARUS.&mdash;Vien.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">D&aelig;dalus and
+Icarus.</div>
+
+<p>This labyrinth was so very intricate, that those who entered
+could not find their way out; and even D&aelig;dalus
+and his son Icarus, after many days&rsquo; attempt, found
+they could not leave it. Rather than remain imprisoned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"><!-- original location of Daedalus and Icarus illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>255]</a></span>
+forever, D&aelig;dalus then manufactured wings for himself and for his
+son, and determined to make use of them to effect his escape.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem30">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Now D&aelig;dalus, the carpenter, had made a pair of wings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Contrived of wood and feathers and a cunning set of springs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By means of which the wearer could ascend to any height,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sail about among the clouds as easy as a kite.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Saxe.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After repeated cautions to his son not to venture too high,
+lest the sun&rsquo;s heat should melt the wax fixing the feathers to the
+frame, D&aelig;dalus bade Icarus don his plumage and fly to a country
+where they would be free, promising to follow him thither
+very shortly.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;My Icarus!&rsquo; he says; &lsquo;I warn thee fly<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Along the middle track: nor low, nor high;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If low, thy plumes may flag with ocean&rsquo;s spray;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If high, the sun may dart his fiery ray.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Delighted with this new mode of travel, Icarus flew swiftly
+along. Little by little he forgot the danger and his father&rsquo;s caution,
+and rose up higher and higher, until he could bask in the
+direct rays of the ardent sun. The heat, which seemed so grateful
+after his chilly flight, soon softened and melted the wax on
+his wings; and Icarus, no longer supported by the light feathers,
+sank down faster and faster, until he fell into the sea, where he
+was drowned, and which, in memory of him, bears the name of
+Icarian to this day.</p>
+
+<p>These varied details kindled Theseus&rsquo; love of adventure, and
+still further strengthened him in his sudden resolve to join the
+mournful convoy, try his strength against the awful Minotaur,
+and, if possible, save his country from further similar exactions.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;While Attica thus groan&rsquo;d, with ills opprest;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His country&rsquo;s wrongs inflam&rsquo;d brave Theseus&rsquo; breast;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Instant his gen&rsquo;rous soul resolv&rsquo;d to save<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cecrops&rsquo; great offspring from a timeless grave.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>256]</a></span>
+Even his father&rsquo;s tears and entreaties were powerless to move
+him from his purpose, and, the hour having come, he embarked
+upon the black-sailed vessel which was to bear the yearly tribute
+to Crete, promising to change the black sails for snowy white
+ones if he were fortunate enough to return victorious.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Talus.</div>
+
+<p>Favorable winds soon wafted the galley to distant Crete, and
+as they sailed along the coast, searching for the harbor, they were
+challenged by the brazen giant Talus, who walked
+daily thrice around the whole island, killing, by contact
+with his red-hot body, all who had no business to land on that
+coast. Knowing, however, that the black-sailed galley brought
+a fresh supply of youths and maidens for the terrible Minotaur,
+Talus let it pass unharmed; and the victims were brought into
+the presence of Minos, who personally inspected each new freight-load,
+to make sure he was not being cheated by the Athenians.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ariadne&rsquo;s
+clew.</div>
+
+<p>At the monarch&rsquo;s side stood his fair daughter Ariadne, whose
+tender heart was filled with compassion when she beheld the frail
+maidens and gallant youths about to perish by such
+a loathsome death. Theseus, by right of his birth,
+claimed the precedence, and proffered a request to be the first
+victim,&mdash;a request which the king granted with a sardonic smile,
+ere he returned unmoved to his interrupted feast.</p>
+
+<p>Unnoticed by all, Ariadne slipped out of the palace, and, under
+cover of the darkness, entered the prison where Theseus was
+confined. There she tremblingly offered him a ball of twine and
+a sharp sword, bidding him tie one end of the twine to the entrance
+of the labyrinth, and keep the other in his hand as a clew
+to find the way out again should the sword enable him to kill the
+dreaded Minotaur. In token of gratitude for this timely assistance,
+Theseus solemnly promised Ariadne to take her with him
+to Athens as his bride, were he only successful in his undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>At dawn the next day Theseus was conducted to the entrance
+of the labyrinth, and there left to await the tender mercies of the
+Minotaur. Like all heroes, he preferred to meet any danger
+rather than remain inactive: so, mindful of Ariadne&rsquo;s instructions,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>257]</a></span>
+he fastened his twine to the entrance, and then boldly penetrated
+into the intricate ways of the labyrinth, where many
+whitening bones plainly revealed the fate of all who had preceded
+him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theseus and
+the Minotaur.</div>
+
+<p>He had not gone very far before he encountered the Minotaur,&mdash;a
+creature more hideous than fancy can
+paint,&mdash;and he was obliged to use all his skill and
+ingenuity to avoid falling a prey to the monster&rsquo;s appetite, and
+all his strength to lay him low at last.</p>
+
+<p>The Minotaur slain, Theseus hastily retraced his footsteps.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;And the slender clew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Prepar&rsquo;d in secret by th&rsquo; enamor&rsquo;d maid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thro&rsquo; the curv&rsquo;d labyrinth his steps convey&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theseus&rsquo;
+escape.</div>
+
+<p>Arrived at the place where his ship rode at anchor, he found
+his companions and Ariadne awaiting him, and, springing on
+board, bade the sailors weigh anchor as quickly
+as possible. They were almost out of reach of
+the Cretan shores, when Talus came into view, and, perceiving
+that his master&rsquo;s prisoners were about to escape, leaned forward
+to catch the vessel by its rigging. Theseus, seeing this, sprang
+forward, and dealt the giant such a blow, that he lost his balance
+and fell into the deep sea, where he was drowned, and
+where thermal springs still bear witness to the heat of his brazen
+body.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ariadne
+forsaken.</div>
+
+<p>The returning vessel, favored by wind and tide, made but one
+port, Naxos; and here youths and maidens landed to view the
+beautiful island. Ariadne strayed apart, and threw
+herself down upon the ground to rest, where, before
+she was aware of it, sleep overtook her. Now, although very
+brave, Theseus was not very constant. He had already grown
+weary of Ariadne&rsquo;s love; and, when he saw her thus asleep, he
+basely summoned his companions, embarked with them, and set
+sail, leaving her alone upon the island, where Bacchus soon
+came to console her for the loss of her faithless lover (p. <a href="#Page_181"><b>181</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>258]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 405px;">
+<a name="ariadne" id="ariadne"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr53.jpg" width="405" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ARIADNE.&mdash;Rae.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theseus&rsquo;
+punishment.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>259]</a></span>
+Theseus, having committed a deed heinous in the eyes of gods
+and men, was doomed to suffer just punishment. In his preoccupation
+he entirely forgot his promise to change
+the black sails for white; and &AElig;geus, from Attica&rsquo;s
+rocky shore, seeing the sable sails when the vessel was yet
+far from land, immediately concluded that his son was dead, and
+in his grief cast himself into the sea since known as the &AElig;gean,
+where he perished.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;As from a mountain&rsquo;s snowy top are driv&rsquo;n<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rolling clouds, by the rude blasts of heav&rsquo;n;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So from the mem&rsquo;ry of lost Theseus fled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those dictates, which before his reason sway&rsquo;d:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But now his father from the ramparts&rsquo; height,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All bath&rsquo;d in tears, directs his eager sight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O&rsquo;er the wide sea, distended by the gale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He spies, with dread amaze, the lurid sail.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theseus&rsquo; reign
+and marriage.</div>
+
+<p>Theseus, on entering the city, heard of his father&rsquo;s death; and
+when he realized that it had been caused by his carelessness, he
+was overwhelmed with grief and remorse. All the
+cares of royalty and the wise measures he introduced
+for the happiness of his people could not divert his mind
+from this terrible catastrophe: so he finally resolved to resign his
+authority and set out again in search of adventures, which might
+help him forget his woes. He therefore made an excursion into
+the land of the Amazons, where Hercules had preceded him,
+and whence he brought back Hippolyte, whom he married.
+Theseus was now very happy indeed, and soon all his hopes were
+crowned by the birth of a son, whom he called Hippolytus.
+Shortly after this joyful event, the Amazons invaded his country
+under pretext of rescuing their kidnapped queen, and in the battle
+which ensued Hippolyte was accidentally wounded by an arrow,
+and breathed her last in Theseus&rsquo; arms.</p>
+
+<p>Theseus next set out with an Athenian army to fight Pirithous,
+king of the Lapith&aelig;, who had dared to declare war; but when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>260]</a></span>
+the armies were face to face, the two chiefs, seized with a sudden
+liking for each other, simultaneously cast down their weapons,
+and, falling on each other&rsquo;s necks, embraced, and swore an eternal
+friendship.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Centaurs and
+Lapith&aelig;</div>
+
+<p>To show his devotion to this newly won friend, Theseus consented
+to accompany him to the court of Adrastus, King of
+Argos, and witness his marriage to Hippodamia,
+daughter of the king. Many guests were, of course,
+present to witness the marriage ceremony, among others Hercules
+and a number of the Centaurs. The latter, struck with admiration
+for the bride&rsquo;s unusual beauty, made an attempt to kidnap
+her, which was frustrated by the Lapith&aelig;, seconded by Theseus
+and Hercules. The terrible struggle which ensued between the
+conflicting parties has ever been a favorite subject in art, and
+is popularly known as the &ldquo;Battle between the Centaurs and
+Lapith&aelig;.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theseus in
+Hades.</div>
+
+<p>The hotly contested bride did not, however, enjoy a very long
+life, and Pirithous soon found himself, like Theseus, a disconsolate
+widower. To avoid similar bereavement in
+future, they both resolved to secure goddesses,
+who, being immortal, would share their thrones forever. Aided
+by Pirithous, Theseus carried off Helen, the daughter of Jupiter
+(p. <a href="#Page_311"><b>311</b></a>), and, as she was still but a child, intrusted her to the care
+of his mother, &AElig;thra, until she attained a suitable age for matrimony.
+Then, in return for Pirithous&rsquo; kind offices, he accompanied
+him to Hades, where they intended to carry off Proserpina.</p>
+
+<p>While they were thus engaged, Helen&rsquo;s twin brothers, Castor
+and Pollux, came to Athens, delivered her from captivity, and
+carried her home in triumph. As for Theseus and Pirithous,
+their treacherous intention was soon discovered by Pluto, who set
+the first on an enchanted rock, from which he could not descend
+unassisted, and bound the second to the constantly revolving
+wheel of his father, Ixion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;">
+<a name="theseus" id="theseus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr54.jpg" width="404" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">THESEUS.&mdash;Canova. (Volksgarten, Vienna.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Hercules was in Hades in search of Cerberus (p. <a href="#Page_229"><b>229</b></a>),
+he delivered Theseus from his unpleasant position, and thus
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"><!-- original location of Theseus illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>262]</a></span>
+enabled him to return to his own home, where he now expected
+to spend the remainder of his life in peace.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ph&aelig;dra and
+Hippolytus.</div>
+
+<p>Although somewhat aged by this time, Theseus was still anxious
+to marry, and looked about him for a wife to cheer his loneliness.
+Suddenly he remembered that Ariadne&rsquo;s
+younger sister, Ph&aelig;dra, must be a charming young
+princess, and sent an embassy to obtain her hand in marriage.
+The embassy proved successful, and Ph&aelig;dra came to Athens;
+but, young and extremely beautiful, she was not at all delighted
+with her aged husband, and, instead of falling in love with him,
+bestowed all her affections upon his son, Hippolytus, a virtuous
+youth, who utterly refused to listen to her proposals to elope. In
+her anger at finding her advances scorned, Ph&aelig;dra went to
+Theseus and accused Hippolytus of attempting to kidnap her.
+Theseus, greatly incensed at what he deemed his son&rsquo;s dishonorable
+behavior, implored Neptune to punish the youth, who
+was even then riding in his chariot close by the shore. In
+answer to this prayer, a great wave suddenly arose, dashed over
+the chariot, and drowned the young charioteer, whose lifeless
+corpse was finally flung ashore at Ph&aelig;dra&rsquo;s feet. When the unfortunate
+queen saw the result of her false accusations, she confessed
+her crime, and, in her remorse and despair, hung herself.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Theseus.</div>
+
+<p>As for Theseus, soured by these repeated misfortunes, he grew
+so stern and tyrannical, that he gradually alienated his people&rsquo;s
+affections, until at last they hated him, and banished
+him to the Island of Scyros, where, in obedience
+to a secret order, Lycomedes, the king, treacherously slew
+him by hurling him from the top of a steep cliff into the sea.
+As usual, when too late, the Athenians repented of their ingratitude,
+and in a fit of tardy remorse deified this hero, and
+built a magnificent temple on the Acropolis in his honor. This
+building, now used as a museum, contains many relics of Greek
+art. Theseus&rsquo; bones were piously brought back, and inhumed in
+Athens, where he was long worshiped as a demigod.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>263]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">JASON.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">At</span> Iolcus, in Thessaly, there once reigned a virtuous king,
+&AElig;son, with his good wife, Alcimede. Their happiness, however,
+was soon disturbed by Pelias, the king&rsquo;s brother, who, aided by
+an armed host, took forcible possession of the throne. &AElig;son
+and Alcimede, in fear of their lives, were forced to resort to a
+hasty and secret flight, taking with them their only son, Jason.</p>
+
+<p>The king and queen soon found a place of refuge, but, afraid
+lest their hiding place should be discovered and they should all
+be slain by the cruel Pelias, they intrusted their son to the Centaur
+Chiron, revealing to him alone the secret of the child&rsquo;s birth,
+and bidding him train him up to avenge their wrongs.</p>
+
+<p>Chiron discharged his duties most faithfully, trained the young
+prince with great care, and soon made him the wisest and most
+skillful of his pupils. The years spent by Jason in the diligent
+acquisition of knowledge, strength, and skill, passed very quickly;
+and at last the time came when Chiron made known to him
+the secret of his birth, and the story of the wrongs inflicted by
+Pelias, the usurper, upon his unfortunate parents.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jason&rsquo;s
+vow.</div>
+
+<p>This tale aroused the young prince&rsquo;s anger, and made him
+solemnly vow to punish his uncle, or perish in the attempt.
+Chiron encouraged him to start, and in parting
+bade him remember that Pelias alone had injured
+him, but that all the rest of the human race were entitled to any
+aid he could bestow. Jason listened respectfully to his tutor&rsquo;s
+last instructions; then, girding his sword and putting on his sandals,
+he set out on his journey to Iolcus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>264]</a></span>
+It was early in the spring, and the young man had not gone
+very far before he came to a stream, which, owing to the usual
+freshets of the season, was almost impassable. Jason, however,
+quite undaunted by the rushing, foaming waters, was about to
+attempt the crossing, when he saw an aged woman not far from
+him, gazing in helpless despair at the waters she could not cross.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally kind-hearted and helpful, and, besides that, mindful
+of Chiron&rsquo;s last recommendation, Jason offered the old woman
+his assistance, proposing to carry her across on his back if she
+would but lend him her staff to lean upon. The old woman
+gladly accepted this offer; and a few moments later, Jason, bending
+beneath his strange load, was battling with the rapid current.</p>
+
+<p>After many an effort, breathless and almost exhausted, Jason
+reached the opposite bank, and, after depositing his burden there,
+scrambled up beside her, casting a rueful glance at the torrent,
+which had wrenched off one of his golden sandals. He was about
+to part from the old dame with a kindly farewell, when she was
+suddenly transformed into a large, handsome, imperious-looking
+woman, whom, owing to the peacock by her side, he immediately
+recognized as Juno, queen of heaven. He bent low before her,
+and claimed her aid and protection, which she graciously promised
+ere she vanished from his sight.</p>
+
+<p>With eager steps Jason now pressed onward, nor paused until
+he came in view of his native city. As he drew near, he noticed
+an unusual concourse of people, and upon inquiry discovered
+that Pelias was celebrating a festival in honor of the immortal
+gods. Up the steep ascent leading to the temple Jason hastened,
+and pressed on to the innermost circle of spectators, until he
+stood in full view of his enemy Pelias, who, unconscious of coming
+evil, continued offering the sacrifice.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The one
+sandal.</div>
+
+<p>At last the ceremony was completed, and the king cast an arrogant
+glance over the assembled people. His eyes suddenly fell
+upon Jason&rsquo;s naked foot, and he grew pale with
+horror as there flashed into his memory the recollection
+of an ancient oracle, warning him to beware of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>265]</a></span>
+man who appeared before him wearing but one sandal. Pelias
+tremblingly bade the guards bring forth the uninvited stranger.
+His orders were obeyed; and Jason, confronting his uncle boldly,
+summoned him to make a full restitution of the power he had so
+unjustly seized.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Phryxus and
+Helle.</div>
+
+<p>To surrender power and wealth and return to obscurity was not
+to be thought of; but Pelias artfully concealed his displeasure, and
+told his nephew that they would discuss the matter
+and come to an amicable understanding after the
+banquet, which was already spread and awaiting their presence.
+During the festive meal, bards sang of all the heroic deeds accomplished
+by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery, stimulated
+Jason to attempt similar feats. At last the musicians recited
+the story of Phryxus and Helle, the son and daughter of
+Athamas and Nephele, who, to escape the cruel treatment of
+their stepmother, Ino (p. <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a>), mounted a winged, golden-fleeced
+ram sent by Neptune to transport them to Colchis.</p>
+
+<p>The ram flew over land and sea; but Helle, frightened at the
+sight of the waves tossing far beneath her, suddenly lost her hold
+on the golden fleece, and tumbled off the ram&rsquo;s back into a portion
+of the sea since known as the Hellespont,</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Where beauteous Helle found a watery grave.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Meleager.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Phryxus, more fortunate than his sister, reached Colchis in
+safety, and in gratitude to the gods sacrificed the ram they had
+sent to deliver him, and hung its golden fleece on a tree, near
+which he stationed a dragon to guard it night and day. The
+bards then went on to relate that the glittering trophy still hung
+there, awaiting a hand bold enough to slay the dragon and bear
+it off.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The golden
+fleece.</div>
+
+<p>This tale and his liberal potations greatly excited the youth
+Jason; and Pelias, perceiving it, hypocritically regretted his inability
+to win the golden fleece, and softly insinuated that young
+men of the present generation were not brave enough to risk
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>266]</a></span>
+their lives in such a glorious cause. The usurper&rsquo;s crafty remarks
+had the desired effect; for Jason suddenly sprang from his seat,
+and vowed he would go in quest of the golden
+fleece. Pelias, quite certain that the rash youth
+would lose his life in the attempt, and thus cause no more
+trouble, with much difficulty restrained all expressions of joy, and
+dared him to make the attempt.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;With terror struck, lest by young Jason&rsquo;s hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His crown should be rent from him, Pelias sought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By machinations dark to slay his foe.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From Colchis&rsquo; realm to bring the golden fleece<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He charged the youth.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Orphic Argonautics.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Speaking
+Oak.</div>
+
+<p>When Jason, sobered and refreshed by a long night&rsquo;s rest,
+perceived how foolish had been his vow, he would fain have
+recalled it; but, mindful of Chiron&rsquo;s teachings
+ever to be true to his word, he resolved to depart
+for Colchis. To secure Juno&rsquo;s assistance, he began by visiting
+her shrine at Dodona, where the oracle, a Speaking Oak, assured
+him of the goddess&rsquo;s good will and efficacious protection. Next
+the Speaking Oak bade him cut off one of its own mighty limbs,
+and carve from it a figurehead for the swift-sailing vessel which
+Minerva, at Juno&rsquo;s request, would build for his use from pine
+trees grown on Mount Pelion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Argo and
+crew.</div>
+
+<p>Jason, having finished his figurehead, found that it too had
+the gift of speech, and that it would occasionally vouchsafe
+sage counsel in the direction of his affairs. When
+quite completed, Jason called his vessel the Argo
+(swift-sailing), and speedily collected a crew of heroes as brave
+as himself, among whom were Hercules, Castor, Pollux, Peleus,
+Admetus, Theseus, and Orpheus, who were all glad to undertake
+the perilous journey to lands unknown. To speed them on their
+way, Juno then bargained with &AElig;olus for favorable winds, and
+forbade any tempest which might work them harm.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>267]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then with a whistling breeze did Juno fill the sail,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Argo, self-impell&rsquo;d, shot swift before the gale.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Onomacritus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Hylas.</div>
+
+<p>On several occasions the heroes landed, either to renew their
+stock of provisions or to recruit their strength, but in general
+every delay brought them some misfortune. Once
+Hercules, having landed with a youth named
+Hylas to cut wood for new oars, bade the youth go to a neighboring
+spring and draw a pitcher of water to quench the thirst
+produced by his exertions. The youth promptly departed; but
+as he bent over the fountain, the nymphs, enamored with his
+beauty, drew him down into their moist abode to keep them company.
+Hercules, after vainly waiting for Hylas&rsquo; return, went in
+search of him, but could find no trace of him, and, in his grief
+and disappointment at the death of his young friend, refused to
+continue the expedition, and, deserting the Argonauts, made his
+way home alone and on foot.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Phineus and the
+Harpies.</div>
+
+<p>On another occasion, when Jason visited Phineus, the blind
+king of Thrace, he heard that this monarch&rsquo;s life was imbittered
+by the Harpies, vile monsters, part woman,
+part bird, who ate or befouled all the food placed
+before him, and never let him eat a mouthful in peace. Having
+repeated this tale to his companions, the two sons of Boreas,
+who were also in the Argo, begged permission to drive
+them away. Jason could not refuse their request; and the two
+youths, with drawn swords, pursued the Harpies to the Strophades
+Islands, where the birds promised to remain.</p>
+
+<p>Jason, sailing on in the mean while, was attacked by a flock
+of brazen-feathered birds, which rained their sharp plumage down
+upon the Argonauts, wounding many of them sorely. The captain
+of the expedition, seeing weapons were of no avail against
+these foes, consulted the figurehead, and, in obedience to its
+directions, clashed his arms against his shield, until, terrified by
+the din, the brazen-feathered birds flew rapidly away, uttering discordant
+cries of terror.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+Symplegades.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>268]</a></span>
+Some time during the course of their journey the Argonauts
+came to the Symplegades,&mdash;floating rocks which continually
+crashed together, and ground to powder all objects
+caught between them. Jason knew he was
+obliged to pass between these rocks or give up the expedition:
+so, calculating that the speed of his vessel was equal to that of a
+dove on the wing, he sent one out before him. The dove flew
+safely between the rocks, losing only one of its tail feathers as
+they again clashed together. Watching his opportunity, therefore,
+Jason bade his men row swiftly. The Argo darted through
+the opening, and, when the rocks again came into contact, they
+merely grazed the rudder. As a vessel had passed between them
+unharmed, their power for evil left them, and they were chained
+fast to the bottom of the sea, near the mouth of the Bosporus,
+where they remained immovable like any other rocks.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival at
+Colchis.</div>
+
+<p>The Argonauts, after other adventures far too numerous to
+recount in detail, reached the Colchian shores, and presented
+themselves before &AElig;etes, the king, to whom they
+made known their errand. Loath to part with
+his golden treasure, &AElig;etes declared, that, before Jason could obtain
+the fleece, he must catch and harness two wild, fire-breathing
+bulls dedicated to Vulcan, and make use of them to plow a stony
+piece of ground sacred to Mars. This done, he must sow the
+field with some dragon&rsquo;s teeth, as Cadmus had done (p. <a href="#Page_48"><b>48</b></a>), conquer
+the giants which would spring up, and, last of all, slay the
+guardian dragon, or the fleece would never be his.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Medea&rsquo;s
+aid.</div>
+
+<p>One of these tasks would have sufficed to dismay many a brave
+youth; but Jason was of the dauntless kind, and merely hastened
+down to his vessel to ask the figurehead
+how he had better proceed. On his way to the
+seashore he met the king&rsquo;s daughter, Medea, a beautiful young
+sorceress, who had been charmed by his modest but firm bearing,
+and who was quite ready to bring her magic to his aid if he would
+but promise to marry her. Jason, susceptible to her attractions,
+and free from any conflicting ties, readily agreed to her proposal,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>269]</a></span>
+and, carrying out her directions, caught and harnessed the fiery
+bulls, plowed the field, and sowed it with the dragon&rsquo;s teeth.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem30">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;And how he yoked the bulls, whose breathings fiery glow&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with the dragons&rsquo; teeth the furrow&rsquo;d acres sow&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Onomacritus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But when he saw glittering spears and helmets grow out of
+the ground, and beheld the close ranks of giants in full armor,
+he was filled with dismay, and would have fled had it been possible.
+However, aware that such a performance would insure his
+ruin, he stood his ground, and, when the phalanx was quite near
+him, threw a handful of dust full in the giants&rsquo; faces. Blinded
+with the sand, the giants attacked one another, and in a short
+time were exterminated.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;They, like swift dogs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ranging in fierceness, on each other turn&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tumultuous battle. On their mother earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By their own spears they sank; like pines, or oaks,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strew&rsquo;d by a whirlwind in the mountain dale.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Apollonius Rhodius</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The fleece
+captured.</div>
+
+<p>Accompanied by Medea, Jason next hastened to the tree
+where the dragon kept guard over his treasure. An opiate prepared
+by Medea&rsquo;s magic skill soon made the dragon
+forget his charge in a profound sleep, and enabled
+Jason to draw near enough to sever his frightful head from
+his hideous trunk. Jason then tore the coveted fleece from the
+branch where it had hung for many a year, and bore it in triumph
+to the Argo.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Exulting Jason grasped the shining hide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His last of labors, and his envied pride.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slow from the groaning branch the fleece was rent.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>His companions, who had made ready for a hasty departure,
+were already seated at their oars; and, as soon as he had embarked
+with Medea and her attendants, the Argo shot out of the
+Colchian harbor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>270]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;">
+<a name="jason" id="jason"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr55.jpg" width="399" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">JASON AND THE DRAGON.&mdash;Salvator Rosa.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem29">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>271]</a></span>
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;How softly stole from home the luckless-wedded maid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through darkness of the night, in linen robe array&rsquo;d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By Fate to Argo led, and urged by soft desire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor yet regarding aught her father&rsquo;s furious ire.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Onomacritus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When morning dawned and &AElig;etes awoke, he heard that the
+dragon was slain, the fleece stolen, his daughter gone, and the Grecian
+ship far out of sight. No time was lost in useless wailing,
+but a vessel was hurriedly launched and manned, and the king
+in person set out in pursuit of the fugitives, who had, moreover,
+taken his most precious treasure, his only son and heir, Absyrtus.
+Although the Colchian men were good sailors and skillful rowers,
+they did not catch sight of the Argo until they came near the
+mouth of the Danube, and &AElig;etes wildly called to his daughter
+to return to her home and to her father.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Stay thy rash flight! and, from the distant main,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For oh! thou canst, my daughter,&mdash;turn again.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whither depart? the vessel backward steer;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy friends, thy still fond father, wait thee here.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Flaccus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Absyrtus.</div>
+
+<p>But Medea had no wish to be torn away from Jason&rsquo;s arms,
+and, instead of listening to her father&rsquo;s entreaties, urged the
+Argonauts to redoubled efforts. Little by little
+the distance between the two vessels grew less;
+the Colchian rowers were gaining upon the Greek; and Medea
+saw, that, unless she found means to delay her father, he would
+overtake her and compel her to return. With her own hands she
+therefore slew her little brother, Absyrtus, and cut his body into
+pieces, which she dropped over the side of the vessel one by one.
+&AElig;etes, a helpless witness of this cruel, awful deed, piously collected
+his son&rsquo;s remains, and, in pausing to do so, lost sight of
+the Argo, and all hope of recovering his unnatural daughter: so
+he returned sadly to Colchis, where he buried his son&rsquo;s remains
+with due solemnity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>272]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;">
+<a name="medea" id="medea"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr56.jpg" width="369" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">MEDEA.&mdash;Sichel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pelias
+dethroned.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>273]</a></span>
+In the mean while, Pelias had reigned contentedly over Thessaly,
+confident that Jason would never return. Imagine his dismay,
+therefore, when he heard that the Argo had
+arrived, bearing Jason, now the proud possessor of
+the renowned golden fleece. Ere he could take measures to
+maintain his usurped authority, Jason appeared, and compelled
+him to resign the throne in favor of the rightful king, &AElig;son.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, &AElig;son was now so old and decrepit, that power
+had no charms for him: so Jason begged Medea to use her
+magic in his behalf, and restore him to the vigor and beauty
+of his early manhood. To gratify Jason, Medea called all her
+magic into play, and by some mysterious process restored &AElig;son
+to all his former youth, strength, activity, and grace.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Medea&rsquo;s spells dispersed the weight of years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And &AElig;son stood a youth &rsquo;mid youthful peers.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The magic
+recipe.</div>
+
+<p>As soon as Pelias&rsquo; daughters heard of this miraculous transformation,
+they hastened to Medea and implored her to give
+them the recipe, that they might rejuvenate their
+father also. The sorceress maliciously bade them
+cut their father&rsquo;s body into small pieces, and boil them in a caldron
+with certain herbs, declaring that, if the directions were carefully
+carried out, the result would be satisfactory; but, when the
+too credulous maidens carried out these instructions, they only
+slew the father whom they had so dearly loved.</p>
+
+<p>Days and years now passed happily and uneventfully for Jason
+and Medea; but at last their affection for each other cooled, and
+Jason fell in love with Glauce, or Creusa. Frantic with jealousy,
+Medea prepared and sent the maiden a magic robe, which she
+no sooner donned than she was seized with terrible convulsions,
+in which she died. Medea, still full of resentment against Jason,
+then slew her own children, and, mounting her dragon car, departed,
+leaving a message for Jason, purporting that the Argo
+would yet cause his death.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Jason.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>274]</a></span>
+Jason, a victim of remorse and despair, now led a weary and
+sorrowful life, and every day he wandered down to the shore, where
+he sat under the shade of the Argo&rsquo;s hulk, which was
+slowly rotting away. One day, while he was sitting
+there musing over his youthful adventures and Medea&rsquo;s
+strange prophecy, a sudden gale detached a beam, which, falling
+on his head, fractured his skull and caused instantaneous death.</p>
+
+<p>The Argonautic expedition is emblematic of the first long maritime
+voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes;
+while the golden fleece which Jason brought back from Colchis
+is but a symbol of the untold riches they found in the East, and
+brought back to their own native land.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>275]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birth of
+Meleager.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&OElig;neus</span> and Alth&aelig;a, King and Queen of Calydon, in &AElig;tolia,
+were very happy in the possession of a little son, Meleager, only a
+few days old, until they heard that the Fates had decreed
+the child should live only as long as the brand
+then smoking and crackling on the hearth. The parents were motionless
+with grief, until Alth&aelig;a, with true mother&rsquo;s wit, snatched
+the brand from the fire, plunged it into an earthen jar filled with
+water, quenched the flames which were consuming it, and, carefully
+laying it aside, announced her intention to keep it forever.</p>
+
+<p>Meleager, thus saved from an untimely death by his mother&rsquo;s
+presence of mind, grew up a brave and handsome youth, and
+joined the Argonautic expedition. While he was absent, his
+father omitted the yearly sacrifice to Diana, who, enraged at his
+neglect, sent a monstrous boar to devour his subjects and devastate
+his realm. Meleager, on his return, gathered together all
+the brave men of the country, and instituted a great hunt, whose
+main object was the capture or death of the obnoxious boar.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The hunters.</div>
+
+<p>Jason, Nestor, Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, Pirithous, and many
+other noted heroes, came at his call; but the attention of all the
+spectators was specially attracted by Castor and
+Pollux, and by the fair Atalanta, daughter of Iasius,
+King of Arcadia. This princess had led a very adventurous
+life; for when but a babe, her father, disappointed to see a
+daughter instead of the longed-for son, had exposed her on
+Mount Parthenium to the fury of the wild beasts. Some hunters,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>276]</a></span>
+passing there shortly after this, found the babe fearlessly nursing
+from a she-bear, and in compassion carried her home, where they
+trained her to love the chase.</p>
+
+<p>The grand Calydonian Hunt was headed by Meleager and
+Atalanta, who were very fond of each other, and who boldly led
+the rest in pursuit of the boar. From one end of the Calydonian
+forest to the other the boar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and
+was at last brought to bay by Atalanta, who succeeded in dealing
+him a mortal wound. But even in his dying struggles the boar
+would have killed her, had not Meleager come to her rescue and
+given him his deathblow.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Meleager slays
+his uncles.</div>
+
+<p>All the hunt now gathered around the boar&rsquo;s corpse, and
+watched Meleager take its spoil, which he gallantly bestowed
+upon Atalanta. Alth&aelig;a&rsquo;s two brothers were present
+at the hunt; and, as they wished to possess the
+skin, they bitterly reproved their nephew on their way home for
+giving it to a stranger. They added taunts to this reproof, which
+so angered Meleager, that, in a sudden fit of passion, he slew
+them both. When Alth&aelig;a saw her brothers&rsquo; corpses, and heard
+that they had been slain by her son, she vowed to avenge their
+death, drew the carefully cherished brand from its hiding place,
+and threw it upon the fire burning brightly on her hearth. When
+the last bit of the precious wood crumbled away into ashes,
+Meleager died. All Alth&aelig;a&rsquo;s affection for her son returned when
+his lifeless corpse was brought to her, and in her despair she committed
+suicide.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="atalanta" id="atalanta"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr57.jpg" width="600" height="208"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ATALANTA&rsquo;S RACE.&mdash;Poynter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Atalanta&rsquo;s
+race.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Atalanta, proud of her skill and of her
+spoil, had returned to her father&rsquo;s court, where, no other heir
+having appeared, she was joyfully received, and
+entreated to marry. Many suitors came to woo
+the fair princess, but most of them refrained from pressing their
+suit when they heard what conditions were imposed upon all who
+would obtain her hand; for Atalanta disapproved of marriage,
+and, anxious to keep her freedom, decreed that she should marry
+only on condition that her suitor would beat her in a foot race.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"><!-- original location of Atalanta's Race illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>278]</a></span>
+If he were beaten, however, he must pay for his defeat by forfeiting
+his life.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The golden
+apples.</div>
+
+<p>In spite of these barbarous terms, a few youths had tried to
+outrun her; but they failed, and their lifeless heads were exposed
+on the racing ground to deter all other suitors. Undaunted
+by these ghastly trophies, Hippomenes, or
+Milanion, once came to Atalanta and expressed a desire to race
+with her. This youth had previously obtained Venus&rsquo; protection,
+and concealed under his garment her gift of three golden apples.
+Atalanta prepared for her race as usual, and, as usual, passed her
+rival; but just as she did so, one of the golden apples rolled at
+her feet. For a moment she paused, then stooped and picked it
+up ere she resumed the race. Her adversary had passed her and
+won some advance; but she soon overtook him, when a second
+golden apple caused a second delay. She was about to reach
+the goal first, as usual, when a third golden treasure tempted her
+to pause, and enabled Hippomenes to win the race.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;Hippomenes turns her astray<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By the golden illusions he flings on her way.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Moore.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Atalanta could now no longer refuse to marry, and her nuptials
+were soon celebrated. In his happiness at having won such
+a peerless bride, Hippomenes forgot to pay the promised thanks
+to Venus, for which offense he and his wife were severely punished
+by being transformed into a pair of lions, and doomed to
+drag Cybele&rsquo;s car (p. <a href="#Page_19"><b>19</b></a>).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Castor and
+Pollux.</div>
+
+<p>The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, or Gemini,
+who had greatly distinguished themselves by their
+daring in the Calydonian Hunt, were made the
+deities of boxing, wrestling, and all equestrian exercises.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Leda&rsquo;s sons I&rsquo;ll sound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Illustrious twins, that are<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For wrestling this, and for the race renown&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Horace.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>279]</a></span>
+One of these twins, Castor, was a mortal, and in a combat
+with the sons of Aphareus was slain. Pollux, who was immortal,
+then implored Jupiter to allow him to die also, that he might not
+be parted from his brother,&mdash;a proof of brotherly affection which
+so touched the father of the gods, that he permitted Castor
+to return to life on condition that Pollux would spend half his
+time in Hades.</p>
+
+<p>Later on, satisfied that even this sacrifice was none too great for
+their fraternal love, he translated them both to the skies, where
+they form a bright constellation, one of the signs of the zodiac.
+Castor and Pollux are generally represented as handsome youths,
+mounted on snowy chargers.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;So like they were, no mortal<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Might one from other know:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">White as snow their armor was:<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Their steeds were white as snow.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Macaulay.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Their appearance under certain circumstances foretold success
+in war, and the Romans believed that they fought at the head
+of their legions at the celebrated battle of Lake Regillus. Their
+name was also given to meteors, sometimes seen at sea, which attach
+themselves like balls of fire to the masts of ships,&mdash;a sure
+sign, according to the sailors, of fine weather and an auspicious
+journey.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Safe comes the ship to haven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Through billows and through gales,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If once the Great Twin Brethren<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Sit shining on the sails.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Macaulay.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Festivals celebrated in honor of these twin brethren, and
+called the Dioscuria, were held in many places, but specially in
+Sparta, their birthplace, where they had world-renowned wrestling
+matches.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>280]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">&OElig;DIPUS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Laius</span> and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes, in B&oelig;otia, were
+greatly delighted at the birth of a little son. In their joy they sent
+for the priests of Apollo, and bade them foretell the glorious deeds
+their heir would perform; but all their joy was turned to grief
+when told that the child was destined to kill his father, marry his
+mother, and bring great misfortunes upon his native city.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;Laius once,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not from Apollo, but his priests, receiv&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An oracle, which said, it was decreed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He should be slain by his own son.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To prevent the fulfillment of this dreadful prophecy, Laius
+bade a servant carry the new-born child out of the city, and end
+its feeble little life. The king&rsquo;s mandate was obeyed only in
+part; for the servant, instead of killing the child, hung it up by its
+ankles to a tree in a remote place, and left it there to perish from
+hunger and exposure if it were spared by the wild beasts.</p>
+
+<p>When he returned, none questioned how he had performed the
+appointed task, but all sighed with relief to think that the prophecy
+could never be accomplished. The child, however, was not
+dead, as all supposed. A shepherd in quest of a stray lamb had
+heard his cries, delivered him from his painful position, and carried
+him to Polybus, King of Corinth, who, lacking an heir of
+his own, gladly adopted the little stranger. The Queen of
+Corinth and her handmaidens hastened with tender concern to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>281]</a></span>
+bathe the swollen ankles, and called the babe &OElig;dipus (swollen-footed).</p>
+
+<p>Years passed by. The young prince grew up in total ignorance
+of the unfortunate circumstances under which he had made his
+first appearance at court, until one day at a banquet one of his
+companions, heated by drink, began to quarrel with him, and
+taunted him about his origin, declaring that those whom he had
+been accustomed to call parents were in no way related to him.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;A drunken rev&rsquo;ler at a feast proclaim&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That I was only the supposed son<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Corinth&rsquo;s king.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&OElig;dipus
+consults the
+oracle.</div>
+
+<p>These words, coupled with a few meaning glances hastily exchanged
+by the guests, excited &OElig;dipus&rsquo; suspicions, and made
+him question the queen, who, afraid lest he might
+do himself an injury in the first moment of his despair
+if the truth were revealed to him, had recourse
+to prevarication, and quieted him by the assurance that he was
+her beloved son.</p>
+
+<p>Something in her manner, however, left a lingering doubt in
+&OElig;dipus&rsquo; mind, and made him resolve to consult the oracle of
+Delphi, whose words he knew would reveal the exact truth. He
+therefore went to this shrine; but, as usual, the oracle answered
+somewhat ambiguously, and merely warned him that fate had decreed
+he should kill his father, marry his mother, and cause great
+woes to his native city.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i13">&ldquo;I felt<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A secret anguish, and unknown to them<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sought out the Pythian oracle; in vain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Touching my parents, nothing could I learn;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But dreadful were the mis&rsquo;ries it denounc&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Against me; &rsquo;twas my fate, Apollo said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To wed my mother, to produce a race<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Accursed and abhorr&rsquo;d; and last, to slay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My father.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&OElig;dipus leaves
+Corinth.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>282]</a></span>
+What! kill Polybus, who had ever been such an indulgent
+father, and marry the queen, whom he revered as his mother!
+Never! Rather than perpetrate these awful crimes,
+and bring destruction upon the people of Corinth,
+whom he loved, he would wander away over the face of the
+earth, and never see city or parents again.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Lest I should e&rsquo;er fulfill the dire prediction,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Guiding my hapless journey.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But his heart was filled with intense bitterness, and as he journeyed
+he did not cease to curse the fate which drove him away
+from home. After some time, he came to three crossroads; and
+while he stood there, deliberating which direction to take, a
+chariot, wherein an aged man was seated, came rapidly toward
+him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Laius.</div>
+
+<p>The herald who preceded it haughtily called to the youth to
+stand aside and make way for his master; but &OElig;dipus, who, as
+Polybus&rsquo; heir, was accustomed to be treated with
+deference, resented the commanding tone, and refused
+to obey. Incensed at what seemed unparalleled impudence,
+the herald struck the youth, who, retaliating, stretched
+his assailant lifeless at his feet.</p>
+
+<p>This affray attracted the attention of the master and other servants.
+They immediately attacked the murderer, who slew them
+all, thus unconsciously accomplishing the first part of the prophecy;
+for the aged man was Laius, his father, journeying <i>incognito</i>
+from Thebes to Delphi, where he wished to consult the
+oracle.</p>
+
+<p>&OElig;dipus then leisurely pursued his way until he came to the
+gates of Thebes, where he found the whole city in an uproar,
+&ldquo;because the king had been found lifeless by the roadside, with
+all his attendants slain beside him, presumably the work of a band
+of highway robbers or assassins.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>283]</a></span>
+<span class="i12">&ldquo;He fell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By strangers, murdered, for so fame reports,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By robbers in the place where three ways meet.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course, &OElig;dipus did not connect the murder of such a great
+personage as the King of Thebes by an unknown band of robbers,
+with the death he had dealt to an arrogant old man, and
+he therefore composedly inquired what the second calamity alluded
+to might be.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+Sphinx.</div>
+
+<p>With lowered voices, as if afraid of being overheard, the Thebans
+described the woman&rsquo;s head, bird&rsquo;s wings and claws, and
+lion&rsquo;s body, which were the outward presentment
+of a terrible monster called the Sphinx, which had
+taken up its station without the city gates beside the highway,
+and would allow none to pass in or out without propounding
+a difficult riddle. Then, if any hesitated to give the required
+answer, or failed to give it correctly, they were mercilessly devoured
+by the terrible Sphinx, which no one dared attack or
+could drive away.</p>
+
+<p>While listening to these tidings, &OElig;dipus saw a herald pass
+along the street, proclaiming that the throne and the queen&rsquo;s
+hand would be the reward of any man who dared encounter the
+Sphinx, and was fortunate enough to free the country of its terrible
+presence.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+riddle.</div>
+
+<p>As &OElig;dipus attached no special value to the life made desolate
+by the oracle&rsquo;s predictions, he resolved to slay the dreaded
+monster, and, with that purpose in view, advanced
+slowly, sword in hand, along the road where lurked
+the Sphinx. He soon found the monster, which from afar propounded
+the following enigma, warning him, at the same time, that
+he forfeited his life if he failed to give the right answer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Tell me, what animal is that<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which has four feet at morning bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Has two at noon, and three at night?&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Prior.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>284]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 473px;">
+<a name="oedipus" id="oedipus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr58.jpg" width="473" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">&OElig;DIPUS AND THE SPHINX.&mdash;Ingres. (Louvre, Paris.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>285]</a></span>
+&OElig;dipus was not devoid of intelligence, by any manner of
+means, and soon concluded that the animal could only be man,
+who in infancy, when too weak to stand, creeps along on hands
+and knees, in manhood walks erect, and in old age supports his
+tottering steps with a staff.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&OElig;dipus marries
+his mother.</div>
+
+<p>This reply, evidently as correct as unexpected, was received
+by the Sphinx with a hoarse cry of disappointment and rage as it
+turned to fly; but ere it could effect its purpose,
+it was stayed by &OElig;dipus, who drove it at his
+sword&rsquo;s point over the edge of a neighboring precipice, where
+it was killed. On his return to the city, &OElig;dipus was received
+with cries of joy, placed on a chariot, crowned King of Thebes,
+and married to his own mother, Jocasta, unwittingly fulfilling the
+second fearful clause of the prophecy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+plague.</div>
+
+<p>A number of happy and moderately uneventful years now
+passed by, and &OElig;dipus became the father of two manly sons,
+Eteocles and Polynices, and two beautiful daughters, Ismene and
+Antigone; but prosperity was not doomed to favor him long.</p>
+
+<p>Just when he fancied himself most happy, and looked forward
+to a peaceful old age, a terrible scourge visited Thebes, causing
+the death of many faithful subjects, and filling the
+hearts of all with great terror. The people now
+turned to him, beseeching him to aid them, as he had done once
+before when threatened by the Sphinx; and &OElig;dipus sent messengers
+to consult the Delphic oracle, who declared the plague
+would cease only when the former king&rsquo;s murderers had been
+found and punished.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;The plague, he said, should cease,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When those who murder&rsquo;d Laius were discover&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And paid the forfeit of their crime by death,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or banishment.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Messengers were sent in every direction to collect all possible
+information about the murder committed so long ago, and after
+a short time they brought unmistakable proofs which convicted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>286]</a></span>
+&OElig;dipus of the crime. At the same time the guilty servant confessed
+that he had not killed the child, but had exposed it on a
+mountain, whence it was carried to Corinth&rsquo;s king.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Jocasta.</div>
+
+<p>The chain of evidence was complete, and now &OElig;dipus discovered
+that he had involuntarily been guilty of the three crimes to
+avoid which he had fled from Corinth. The rumor
+of these dreadful discoveries soon reached Jocasta,
+who, in her despair at finding herself an accomplice, committed
+suicide.</p>
+
+<p>&OElig;dipus, apprised of her intention, rushed into her apartment
+too late to prevent its being carried out, and found her lifeless.
+This sight was more than the poor monarch could bear, and in
+his despair he blinded himself with one of her ornaments.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;He pluck&rsquo;d from off the robe she wore<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A golden buckle that adorn&rsquo;d her side,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And buried in his eyes the sharpen&rsquo;d point,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crying, he ne&rsquo;er again would look on her,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Never would see his crimes or mis&rsquo;ries more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or those whom guiltless he could ne&rsquo;er behold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or those to whom he now must sue for aid.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+&OElig;dipus.</div>
+
+<p>Penniless, blind, and on foot, he then left the scene of his
+awful crimes, accompanied by his daughter Antigone, the only
+one who loved him still, and who was ready to
+guide his uncertain footsteps wherever he wished
+to go. After many days of weary wandering, father and daughter
+reached Colonus, where grew a mighty forest sacred to the
+avenging deities, the Furies, or Eumenides.</p>
+
+<p>Here &OElig;dipus expressed his desire to remain, and, after bidding
+his faithful daughter an affectionate farewell, he groped his way
+into the dark forest alone. The wind rose, the lightning flashed,
+the thunder pealed; but although, as soon as the storm was over,
+a search was made for &OElig;dipus, no trace of him was ever found,
+and the ancients fancied that the Furies had dragged him down
+to Hades to receive the punishment of all his crimes.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eteocles and
+Polynices.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>287]</a></span>
+Antigone, no longer needed by her unhappy father, slowly
+wended her way back to Thebes, where she found that the plague
+had ceased, but that her brothers had quarreled
+about the succession to the throne. A compromise
+was finally decided upon, whereby it was decreed that Eteocles,
+the elder son, should reign one year, and at the end of that
+period resign the throne to Polynices for an equal space of time,
+both brothers thus exercising the royal authority in turn. This
+arrangement seemed satisfactory to Eteocles; but when, at the
+end of the first year, Polynices returned from his travels in foreign
+lands to claim the scepter, Eteocles refused to relinquish
+it, and, making use of his power, drove the claimant away.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Thou seest me banish&rsquo;d from my native land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unjustly banish&rsquo;d, for no other crime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But that I strove to keep the throne of Thebes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By birthright mine, from him who drove me thence,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The young Eteocles: not his the claim<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By justice, nor to me his fame in arms<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Superior; but by soft, persuasive arts<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He won the rebel city to his love.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The seven chiefs
+before Thebes.</div>
+
+<p>Polynices&rsquo; nature was not one to endure such a slight patiently;
+and he hastened off to Argos, where he persuaded Adrastus, the
+king, to give him his daughter in marriage, and aid
+him to recover his inheritance. True to his promise,
+Adrastus soon equipped a large army, which was led by
+seven determined and renowned chiefs, ready to risk all in the
+attempt, and either win or perish.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Seven valiant leaders march<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Thebes, resolved to conquer or to die.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Their bravery was of no avail, however, for Thebes was well
+fortified and defended; and after a seven-years&rsquo; siege they found
+themselves no nearer their goal than at the beginning of the war.
+Weary of the monotony of this quarrel, the conflicting armies
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>288]</a></span>
+finally decreed that the difference should be settled by a duel
+between the inimical brothers, who no sooner found themselves
+face to face, than they rushed upon each other with such animosity
+that both fell.</p>
+
+<p>By order of Jocasta&rsquo;s father, Creon, the corpse of Eteocles received
+all the honors of a Greek burial, while that of Polynices
+was left on the plain, a prey to the birds and wild beasts.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Polynices&rsquo; wretched carcass lies<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unburied, unlamented, left expos&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A feast for hungry vultures on the plain.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Antigone&rsquo;s
+devotion.</div>
+
+<p>Then a proclamation was issued, that, if any dared bury the
+body of the fallen prince, he would incur the penalty of being
+buried alive. Heedless of this injunction and
+Ismene&rsquo;s prayers to refrain from endangering her
+own life, Antigone dug a grave for her brother&rsquo;s remains, and,
+unaided, fulfilled the various customary funeral rites. Her task
+was almost completed, when the guards discovered her, and
+dragged her into the presence of Creon, who, although she was a
+relative and the promised wife of his son H&aelig;mon, condemned
+her to death.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Let her be carried instant to the cave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And leave her there alone, to live, or die;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her blood rests not on us: but she no longer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall breathe on earth.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Antigone and
+H&aelig;mon.</div>
+
+<p>H&aelig;mon pleaded passionately for her life; but, when he saw
+his prayers were vain, he ran to the place where Antigone was
+confined, sprang into her narrow cell, wound his
+arms closely around her, and refused to leave her.
+There they were walled in; Antigone&rsquo;s sufferings were cut mercifully
+short by asphyxiation; and, when H&aelig;mon saw she was
+no more, he, in utter despair, thrust his dagger into his side, and
+perished too.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>289]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;">
+<a name="antigone" id="antigone"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr59.jpg" width="433" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ANTIGONE AND ISMENE.&mdash;Teschendorf.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>290]</a></span>
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;On himself bent all his wrath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Full in his side the weapon fix&rsquo;d, but still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whilst life remain&rsquo;d, on the soft bosom hung<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the dear maid, and his last spirit breath&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O&rsquo;er her pale cheek, discolor&rsquo;d with his blood.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus lay the wretched pair in death united,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And celebrate their nuptials in the tomb.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ismene, the last of &OElig;dipus&rsquo; unfortunate race, died of grief,
+and thus the prophecy was fully accomplished. The Theban
+war was not, however, entirely ended, for, when both brothers fell,
+the two armies flew to attack each other; and such was their
+courage, that many fell, and only one of the seven chiefs returned
+to Argos. There he patiently waited until the children of these
+brave captains were old enough to bear arms, and then proposed
+to them to attack Thebes and avenge their fathers&rsquo; death.</p>
+
+<p>The Epigoni (or those who come after), as these youths are
+collectively designated, received this proposal with rapture; and
+Thebes, again besieged, fell into their hands, and was duly sacked,
+burned, and destroyed, as the Delphic oracle had foretold so
+many years before.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>291]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">BELLEROPHON.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bellerophon</span>, a brave young prince, the grandson of Sisyphus,
+King of Corinth, had the great misfortune to kill his own brother
+while hunting in the forest. His grief was, of course, intense;
+and the horror he felt for the place where the catastrophe had
+occurred, added to his fear lest he should incur judicial punishment
+for his involuntary crime, made him flee to the court of
+Argos, where he took refuge with Pr&oelig;tus, the king, who was
+also his kinsman.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Anteia&rsquo;s
+treachery.</div>
+
+<p>He had not sojourned there very long, before Anteia, the
+queen, fell in love with him; and although her husband, Pr&oelig;tus,
+treated her with the utmost kindness, she made
+up her mind to desert him, and tried to induce
+Bellerophon to elope with her. Too honest to betray a man who
+had treated him as a friend, the young prince refused to listen to
+the queen&rsquo;s proposals. His refusal was to cost him dear, however;
+for, when Anteia saw that the youth would never yield to
+her wishes, she became very angry indeed, sought her husband,
+and accused the young stranger of crimes he had never even
+dreamed of committing.</p>
+
+<p>Pr&oelig;tus, indignant at what he deemed deep treachery on the
+part of an honored guest, yet reluctant to punish him with his
+own hand as he deserved, sent Bellerophon to Iobates, King of
+Lycia, with a sealed message bidding him put the bearer to
+death.</p>
+
+<p>Quite unconscious of the purport of this letter, Bellerophon
+traveled gayly onward, and presented himself before Iobates, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>292]</a></span>
+received him very hospitably, and, without inquiring his name or
+errand, entertained him royally for many days. After some time,
+Bellerophon suddenly remembered the sealed message intrusted
+to his care, and hastened to deliver it to Iobates, with many
+apologies for his forgetfulness.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+Chim&aelig;ra.</div>
+
+<p>With blanched cheeks and every outward sign of horror, the
+king read the missive, and then fell into a deep reverie. He did
+not like to take a stranger&rsquo;s life, and still could
+not refuse to comply with Pr&oelig;tus&rsquo; urgent request:
+so, after much thought, he decided to send Bellerophon to attack
+the Chim&aelig;ra, a terrible monster with a lion&rsquo;s head, a goat&rsquo;s body,
+and a dragon&rsquo;s tail.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Dire Chim&aelig;ra&rsquo;s conquest was enjoin&rsquo;d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A mingled monster, of no mortal kind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Behind, a dragon&rsquo;s fiery tail was spread;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A goat&rsquo;s rough body bore a lion&rsquo;s head;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her gaping throat emits infernal fire.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>His principal motive in choosing this difficult task was, that,
+although many brave men had set forth to slay the monster, none
+had ever returned, for one and all had perished in the attempt.</p>
+
+<p>Although very courageous, Bellerophon&rsquo;s heart beat fast with
+fear when told what great deed he must accomplish; and he left
+Iobates&rsquo; palace very sorrowfully, for he dearly loved the king&rsquo;s
+fair daughter, Philonoe, and was afraid he would never see her
+again.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Minerva&rsquo;s
+advice.</div>
+
+<p>While thus inwardly bewailing the ill luck which had so persistently
+dogged his footsteps, Bellerophon suddenly saw Minerva
+appear before him in all her splendor, and
+heard her inquire in gentle tones the cause of his
+too evident dejection. He had no sooner apprised her of the
+difficult task appointed him, than she promised him her aid, and
+before she vanished gave him a beautiful golden bridle, which
+she bade him use to control Pegasus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>293]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="chimaera" id="chimaera"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr60.jpg" width="600" height="439"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">CHIM&AElig;RA. (Egyptian Museum, Florence.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>294]</a></span>
+Bridle in hand, Bellerophon stood pondering her words, and
+gradually remembered that Pegasus was a wonderful winged
+steed, born from the blood which fell into the foam of the sea
+from Medusa&rsquo;s severed head (p. <a href="#Page_244"><b>244</b></a>). This horse, as white as snow,
+and gifted with immortal life as well as incredible speed, was the
+favorite mount of Apollo and the Muses, who delighted in taking
+a&euml;rial flights on his broad back; and Bellerophon knew that from
+time to time he came down to earth to drink of the cool waters
+of the Hippocrene (a fountain which had bubbled forth where
+his hoofs first touched the earth), or to visit the equally limpid
+spring of Pirene, near Corinth.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pegasus
+bridled.</div>
+
+<p>Bellerophon now proceeded to the latter fountain, where, after
+lingering many days in the vain hope of catching even a glimpse
+of the winged steed, he finally beheld him sailing
+downward in wide curves, like a bird of prey.
+From his place of concealment in a neighboring thicket, Bellerophon
+watched his opportunity, and, while the winged steed was
+grazing, he boldly vaulted upon his back.</p>
+
+<p>Pegasus, who had never before been ridden by a mortal, reared
+and pranced, and flew up to dizzy heights; but all his efforts
+failed to unseat the brave rider, who, biding his time, finally
+thrust Minerva&rsquo;s golden bit between his teeth, and immediately
+he became gentle and tractable. Mounted upon this incomparable
+steed, Bellerophon now went in search of the winged
+monster Chim&aelig;ra, who had given birth to the Nemean lion and
+to the riddle-loving Sphinx.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Chim&aelig;ra
+slain.</div>
+
+<p>From an unclouded sky Bellerophon and Pegasus swooped
+suddenly and unexpectedly down upon the terrible Chim&aelig;ra,
+whose fiery breath and great strength were of no
+avail; for after a protracted struggle Bellerophon
+and Pegasus were victorious, and the monster lay lifeless upon
+the blood-soaked ground.</p>
+
+<p>This mighty deed of valor accomplished, Bellerophon returned
+to Iobates, to report the success of his undertaking; and, although
+the king was heartily glad to know the Chim&aelig;ra was no more,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>295]</a></span>
+he was very sorry to see Bellerophon safe and sound, and tried
+to devise some other plan to get rid of him.</p>
+
+<p>He therefore sent him to fight the Amazons; but the hero,
+aided by the gods, defeated these warlike women also, and returned
+to Lycia, where, after escaping from an ambush posted
+by the king for his destruction, he again appeared victorious at
+court.</p>
+
+<p>These repeated and narrow escapes from certain death convinced
+Iobates that the youth was under the special protection
+of the gods; and this induced the king not only to forego further
+attempts to slay him, but also to bestow upon the young hero his
+daughter&rsquo;s hand in marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Bellerophon, having now attained his dearest wishes, might
+have settled down in peace; but his head had been utterly turned
+by the many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus&rsquo;
+back, and, encouraged by the fulsome flattery
+of his courtiers, he finally fancied himself the equal of the
+immortal gods, and wished to join them in their celestial abode.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bellerophon&rsquo;s
+fall.</div>
+
+<p>Summoning his faithful Pegasus once more, he rose higher
+and higher, and would probably have reached Olympus&rsquo; heights,
+had not Jupiter sent a gadfly, which stung poor Pegasus so cruelly,
+that he shied viciously, and flung his too confident rider far down
+to the earth below.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;Bold Bellerophon (so Jove decreed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In wrath) fell headlong from the fields of air.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This fall, which would doubtless have killed any one but a
+mythological hero, merely deprived Bellerophon of his eyesight;
+and ever after he groped his way disconsolately, thinking of the
+happy days when he rode along the paths of air, and gazed upon
+the beautiful earth at his feet.</p>
+
+<p>Bellerophon, mounted upon Pegasus, winging his flight through
+the air or fighting the Chim&aelig;ra, is a favorite subject in sculpture
+and painting, which has frequently been treated by ancient artists,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>296]</a></span>
+a few of whose most noted works are still extant in various
+museums.</p>
+
+<p>This story, like many others, is merely a sun myth, in which
+Bellerophon, the orb of day, rides across the sky on Pegasus,
+the fleecy white clouds, and slays Chim&aelig;ra, the dread monster
+of darkness, which he alone can overcome. Driven from home
+early in life, Bellerophon wanders throughout the world like his
+brilliant prototype, and, like it, ends his career in total darkness.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>297]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXVI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">MINOR DIVINITIES.</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Naiades and
+Oreades.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">According</span> to the ancients&rsquo; belief, every mountain, valley,
+plain, lake, river, grove, and sea was provided with some lesser
+deity, whose special duty was assigned by the powerful
+gods of Olympus. These were, for instance,
+the Naiades, beautiful water nymphs, who dwelt in the limpid
+depths of the fountains, and were considered local patrons of
+poetry and song.</p>
+
+<p>The Oreades, or mountain nymphs, were supposed to linger in
+the mountain solitudes, and guide weary travelers safely through
+their rocky mazes.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem17">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Mark how the climbing Oreads<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beckon thee to their Arcades!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Emerson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nap&aelig;&aelig; and
+Dryades.</div>
+
+<p>As for the Nap&aelig;&aelig;, they preferred to linger in the valleys, which
+were kept green and fruitful by their watchful
+care, in which task they were ably seconded by
+the Dryades, the nymphs of vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>The very trees in the forest and along the roadside were supposed
+to be each under the protection of a special divinity called
+Hamadryad, said to live and die with the tree intrusted to her
+care.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;When the Fate of Death is drawing near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">First wither on the earth the beauteous trees,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The bark around them wastes, the branches fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the nymph&rsquo;s soul, at the same moment, leaves<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sun&rsquo;s fair light.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Homer.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Dryope.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>298]</a></span>
+A sweet and touching story was told by the ancients of a
+mortal who was changed into a Hamadryad. This young girl,
+whose name was Dryope, was a beautiful young
+princess, the daughter of Baucis, so bright and
+clever, that all who knew her loved her dearly. Of course, as
+soon as she was old enough to think of marriage, a host of suitors
+asked her hand, each eager to win for his bride one so beautiful
+and gifted.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;No nymph of all &OElig;chalia could compare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For beauteous form, with Dryope the fair.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fully aware of the importance of making a wise choice, Dryope
+took her time, and finally decided to marry Andr&aelig;mon, a worthy
+young prince, who possessed every charm calculated to win a
+fair girl&rsquo;s heart. The young people were duly married, and daily
+rejoiced in their happiness, which seemed almost too great for
+earth, when they became the parents of a charming little son.</p>
+
+<p>Every day Dryope carried the child along the banks of a
+little lake close by the palace, where bloomed a profusion of gay-colored
+flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;A lake there was, with shelving banks around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose verdant summit fragrant myrtles crown&rsquo;d.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those shades, unknowing of the Fates, she sought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to the Naiads flowery garlands brought;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her smiling babe (a pleasing charge) she press&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Between her arms.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One day, while wandering there as usual, accompanied by her
+sister, she saw a lotus blossom, and pointed it out to her little
+son. He no sooner saw the brilliant flower, than he stretched
+out his little hands. To please him, the fond mother plucked it
+and gave it to him.</p>
+
+<p>She had scarcely done so, when she noticed drops of blood
+trickling from the broken stem; and while she stood there, speechless
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>299]</a></span>
+with wonder, a voice was heard accusing her of having slain
+Lotis, a nymph, who, to escape the pursuit of Priapus, god of
+the shade, had assumed the guise of a flower.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Lotis the nymph (if rural tales be true),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As from Priapus&rsquo; lawless love she flew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forsook her form; and fixing here became<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A flowery plant, which still preserves her name.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Recovering from her first speechless terror, Dryope turned to
+flee, with a pitiful cry of compassion on her pale lips, but, to her
+astonishment, she could not leave the spot: her feet seemed rooted
+to the ground. She cast a rapid glance downward to ascertain
+what could so impede her progress, and noticed the rough bark
+of a tree growing with fearful rapidity all around her.</p>
+
+<p>Higher and higher it rose, from her knees to her waist, and
+still it crept upward, in spite of her frantic attempts to tear it
+away from her shapely limbs. In despair she raised her trembling
+hands and arms to heaven to implore aid; but, ere the words
+were spoken, her arms were transformed into twisted branches,
+and her hands were filled with leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing human now remained of poor Dryope except her sweet,
+tear-stained face; but this too would soon vanish under the all-involving
+bark. She therefore took hasty leave of her father,
+sister, husband, and son, who, attracted by her first cry, had rushed
+to give her all the assistance in their power. The last words
+were quickly spoken, but none too soon, for the bark closed over
+the soft lips and hid the lovely features from view.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;She ceased at once to speak, and ceased to be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the nymph was lost within the tree:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet latent life through her new branches reign&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And long the plant a human heat retain&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span> (Pope&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of Dryope&rsquo;s last requests had been that her child might
+often play beneath her shady branches; and when the passing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>300]</a></span>
+winds rustled through her leaves, the ancients said it was
+&ldquo;Dryope&rsquo;s lone lulling of her child.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Satyrs and Pan.</div>
+
+<p>The male divinities of the woods, which were also very numerous,
+were mostly Satyrs,&mdash;curious beings with a man&rsquo;s body
+and a goat&rsquo;s legs, hair, and horns. They were
+all passionately fond of music and revelry, and
+were wont to indulge in dancing at all times and in all places.
+The most famous among all the Satyrs was Silenus, Bacchus&rsquo;
+tutor; and Pan, or Consentes, god of the shepherds, and the personification
+of nature. The latter was the reputed son of Mercury
+and a charming young nymph named Penelope; and we are
+told, that, when his mother first beheld him, she was aghast, for
+he was the most homely as well as the most extraordinary little
+creature she had ever seen. His body was all covered with
+goat&rsquo;s hair, and his feet and ears were also those of a goat.</p>
+
+<p>Amused at the sight of this grotesque little divinity, Mercury
+carried him off to Olympus, where all the gods turned him into
+ridicule. Pan was widely worshiped in olden times, however;
+and the ancients not only decked his altars with flowers, but sang
+his praises, and celebrated festivals in his honor.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem16">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;He is great and he is just,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He is ever good, and must<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be honored. Daffodillies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Roses, pinks, and loved lilies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let us fling, while we sing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ever Holy! Ever Holy!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ever honored! Ever young!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The great Pan is ever sung!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Beaumont</span> and <span class="smcap">Fletcher</span>.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story
+of Syrinx.</div>
+
+<p>Pan was equally devoted to music, the dance, and pretty nymphs.
+He saw one of the nymphs, Syrinx, whom he immediately
+loved; but unfortunately for him, she, frightened
+at his appearance, fled. Exasperated by her persistent
+avoidance of him, Pan once pursued and was about to
+overtake her, when she paused, and implored G&aelig;a to protect her.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>301]</a></span>
+The prayer was scarcely ended, when she found herself changed
+into a clump of reeds, which the panting lover embraced, thinking
+he had caught the maiden, who had stood in that very spot
+a few moments before.</p>
+
+<p>His deception and disappointment were so severe, that they
+wrung from him a prolonged sigh, which, passing through the
+rustling reeds, produced plaintive tones. Pan, seeing Syrinx had
+gone forever, took seven pieces of the reed, of unequal lengths,
+bound them together, and fashioned from them a musical instrument,
+which was called by the name of the fair nymph.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;Fair, trembling Syrinx fled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Poor nymph!&mdash;poor Pan!&mdash;how he did weep to find<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Along the reedy stream; a half-heard strain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Full of sweet desolation&mdash;balmy pain.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pan was supposed to delight in slyly overtaking belated travelers
+and inspiring them with sudden and unfounded fears,&mdash;from
+him called &ldquo;panic.&rdquo; He is generally represented with a syrinx and
+shepherd&rsquo;s crook, and a pine garland around his misshapen head.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Silvan deities.</div>
+
+<p>The Romans also worshiped three other divinities of nature
+entirely unknown to the Greeks; i.e., Silvanus, Faunus, and
+Fauna, the latter&rsquo;s wife, who had charge over the
+woods and plants. Priapus, god of the shade,
+was also a rural deity, but his worship was only known along
+the shores of the Hellespont.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Flora and
+Zephyrus.</div>
+
+<p>The fairest among all the lesser gods was doubtless Flora,
+goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus, the gentle god of the
+south wind, and wandered happily with him from
+place to place, scattering her favors with lavish
+generosity. She was principally worshiped by young girls, and
+the only offerings ever seen on her altars were fruits and garlands
+of beautiful flowers. Her festivals, generally celebrated in the
+month of May, were called the Floralia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>302]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;">
+<a name="vertumnus" id="vertumnus"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr61.jpg" width="439" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">&ldquo;A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY.&rdquo;&mdash;Thumann. (Vertumnus and Pomona.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>303]</a></span>
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;Crowds of nymphs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Soft voiced, and young, and gay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In woven baskets bringing ears of corn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Roses and pinks and violets to adorn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The shrine of Flora in her early May.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vertumnus and
+Pomona.</div>
+
+<p>Vertumnus and Pomona were the special divinities of the garden
+and orchard. They are represented with pruning knives and
+shears, gardening implements, and fruits and flowers.
+Pomona was very coy indeed, and had no
+desire to marry. Vertumnus, enamored of her charms, did his
+best to make her change her mind, but she would not even listen
+to his pleadings.</p>
+
+<p>At last the lover had recourse to stratagem, disguised himself
+as an aged crone, entered Pomona&rsquo;s garden, and inquired how
+it happened that such a very charming young woman should
+remain so long unmarried. Then, having received a mocking answer,
+he began to argue with her, and finally extracted an avowal,
+that, among all the suitors, one alone was worthy of her love,
+Vertumnus. Vertumnus seized the favorable opportunity, revealed
+himself, and clasped her to his breast. Pomona, perceiving
+that she had hopelessly betrayed herself, no longer refused
+to wed, but allowed him to share her labors, and help her turn
+the luscious fruit to ripen in the autumn sunshine.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sea deities.</div>
+
+<p>The lesser divinities of the sea were almost as numerous as
+those of the land, and included the lovely Oceanides
+and Nereides, together with their male companions
+the Tritons, who generally formed Neptune&rsquo;s regal train.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Glaucus.</div>
+
+<p>One of the lesser sea gods, Glaucus, was once a poor fisherman,
+who earned his daily bread by selling the fish he caught in
+his nets. On one occasion he made an extra fine
+haul, and threw his net full of fish down upon a
+certain kind of grass, which the flapping fish immediately nibbled,
+and, as if endowed with extraordinary powers, bounded back
+into the waves and swam away.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>304]</a></span>
+Greatly surprised at this occurrence, Glaucus began chewing
+a few blades of this peculiar grass, and immediately felt an insane
+desire to plunge into the sea,&mdash;a desire which soon became so
+intense, that he could no longer resist it, but dived down into
+the water. The mere contact with the salt waves sufficed to
+change his nature; and swimming about comfortably in the element,
+where he now found himself perfectly at home, he began
+to explore the depths of the sea.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;I plung&rsquo;d for life or death. To interknit<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One&rsquo;s senses with so dense a breathing stuff<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Might seem a work of pain; so not enough<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Can I admire how crystal-smooth it felt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And buoyant round my limbs. At first I dwelt<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whole days and days in sheer astonishment;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forgetful utterly of self-intent;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moving but with the mighty ebb and flow.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, like a new fledg&rsquo;d bird that first doth show<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His spreaded feathers to the morrow chill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I try&rsquo;d in fear the pinions of my will.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&rsquo;Twas freedom! and at once I visited<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ceaseless wonders of this ocean-bed.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Keats.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Glaucus was worshiped most particularly by the fishermen and
+boatmen, whose vessels he was supposed to guard from evil, and
+whose nets were often filled to overflow through his intervention.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>305]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXVII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">THE TROJAN WAR.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jupiter</span>, father of the gods, once fell deeply in love with a
+beautiful sea nymph named Thetis, the daughter of Nereus and
+Doris,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Thetis of the silver feet, and child<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the gray Ancient of the Deep.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter and
+Thetis.</div>
+
+<p>He was very anxious indeed to marry her, but, before taking
+such an important step, deemed it prudent to consult the Fates,
+who alone could inform him whether this union
+would be for his happiness or not. It was very
+fortunate for him that he did so, for the three sisters told him
+that Thetis was destined to be the mother of a son who would
+far outshine his father.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter carefully pondered this reply, and concluded to renounce
+the marriage rather than run any risk of being forced
+to surrender his power to one greater than he. Thetis&rsquo; hand he
+then decreed should be given in marriage to Peleus, King of
+Phthia, who had loved her faithfully, and had long sued in vain.</p>
+
+<p>Thetis, however, was not at all anxious to accept the hand of
+a mere mortal after having enjoyed the attention of the gods (for
+Neptune also had wooed her), and demurred, until Jupiter promised
+his own and the gods&rsquo; attendance at the marriage feast.
+The prospect of this signal honor reconciled the maiden, and
+the wedding preparations were made in the coral caves of her
+father, Nereus, beneath the foam-crested waves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>306]</a></span>
+Thither, mindful of his promise, came Jupiter, with all the
+gods of Olympus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Then, with his Queen, the Father of the gods<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came down from high Olympus&rsquo; bright abodes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came down, with all th&rsquo; attending deities.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Catullus.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The guests took their seats, and pledged the bride and groom
+in brimming cups of wine,&mdash;Bacchus&rsquo; wedding gift to Thetis.
+All was joy and merriment, when an uninvited guest suddenly
+appeared in the banquet-hall. All present immediately recognized
+Eris, or Discordia, goddess of discord, whose snaky locks,
+sour looks, and violent temper had caused her to be omitted from
+the wedding list,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The Abominable, that uninvited came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into the fair Peleian banquet-hall.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The apple of
+discord.</div>
+
+<p>This omission angered her, and made her determine to have
+her revenge by troubling the harmony which evidently reigned
+among all the guests. For a moment she stood
+beside the bountiful board, then threw upon it a
+golden apple, and, exhaling over the assembly her poisoned breath,
+she vanished. The general attention was, of course, turned upon
+the golden fruit, whereon the inscription &ldquo;To the fairest&rdquo; was
+clearly traced.</p>
+
+<p>All the ladies were at first inclined to contend for the prize;
+but little by little all the claimants withdrew except Juno,
+Minerva, and Venus, who hotly disputed for its possession. Juno
+declared that the queen of the gods, in her majesty and power,
+surely had the best right; Minerva, that the beauty of wisdom
+and knowledge far surpassed external charms; and Venus smiled,
+and archly requested to be informed who might assert greater
+claims than the goddess of beauty.</p>
+
+<p>The dispute grew more and more bitter, and the irate goddesses
+called upon the guests to award the prize to the most deserving;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>307]</a></span>
+but the guests, one and all, refused to act as umpires, for the
+apple could be given to but one, and the two others would be sure
+to vent their anger and disappointment upon the judge who passed
+over their charms in favor of a third. The final decision was
+therefore referred to Paris, who, although performing the lowly
+duties of a shepherd, was the son of Priam and Hecuba, King
+and Queen of Troy.</p>
+
+<p>When but a babe, Paris had been exposed on a mountain to
+perish, because an oracle had predicted that he would cause the
+death of his family and the downfall of his native city. Although
+thus cruelly treated, he had not perished, but had been adopted
+by a shepherd, who made him follow his own calling.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Paris and
+&OElig;none.</div>
+
+<p>When Paris reached manhood, he was a very handsome and
+attractive young man, and won the love of &OElig;none, a beautiful
+nymph to whom he was secretly united. Their
+happiness, however, was but fleeting, for the Fates
+had decreed that Paris&rsquo; love for the fair &OElig;none would soon die.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;The Fate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That rules the will of Jove, had spun the days<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Paris and &OElig;none.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Quintus Smyrn&aelig;us</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Judgment of
+Paris.</div>
+
+<p>Instead of lingering by the fair nymph&rsquo;s side, Paris wandered
+off to a lonely mountain top, where the three goddesses sought
+him to judge their quarrel. Minerva, in glittering
+armor, first appeared before his dazzled eyes,
+and proffered the bribe of extensive wisdom if he would but give
+her the preference.</p>
+
+<p>Juno, queen of heaven, next appeared in royal robes and
+insignia, and whispered that he should have great wealth and
+unlimited power were he only to award the prize to her.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i9">&ldquo;She to Paris made<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proffer of royal power, ample rule<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unquestion&rsquo;d, overflowing revenue<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wherewith to embellish state, &lsquo;from many a vale<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>308]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">And river-sunder&rsquo;d champaign clothed with corn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or labor&rsquo;d mine undrainable of ore.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Honor,&rsquo; she said, &lsquo;and homage, tax and toll,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From many an inland town and haven large,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mast-throng&rsquo;d beneath her shadowing citadel<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In glassy bays among her tallest towers.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But all Minerva&rsquo;s and Juno&rsquo;s charms and bribes were forgotten
+when Venus, in her magic cestus, appeared before the judge.
+This artful simplicity was the result of much thought, for we
+are told that</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem16">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Venus oft with anxious care<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Adjusted twice a single hair.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Cowper.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, trembling lest her efforts should prove vain, she gently
+drew near the youth, and softly promised him a bride as fair as
+herself, in return for the coveted golden apple.</p>
+
+<p>Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe,
+Paris no longer hesitated, but placed the prize in her extended
+palm.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Ere yet her speech was finished, he consign&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To her soft hand the fruit of burnished rind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And foam-born Venus grasp&rsquo;d the graceful meed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of war, of evil war, the quickening seed.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Coluthus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This act of partiality, of course, called down upon him the wrath
+and hatred of Juno and Minerva, who, biding their time, watched
+for a suitable opportunity to avenge themselves; while Venus,
+triumphant, and anxious to redeem her promise, directed Paris
+to return to Troy, make himself known to his parents,&mdash;who, the
+goddess promised, would welcome him warmly,&mdash;and obtain
+from them a fleet in which he might sail to Greece.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;">
+<a name="paris" id="paris"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr62.jpg" width="429" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">PARIS. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In obedience to these instructions, Paris ruthlessly abandoned
+the fair and faithful &OElig;none, and, joining a band of youthful
+shepherds, went to Troy, under pretext of witnessing a solemn
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"><!-- original location of Paris illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>310]</a></span>
+festival. There he took part in the athletic games, distinguished
+himself, and attracted the attention of his sister Cassandra.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Paris&rsquo; return
+to Troy.</div>
+
+<p>This princess was noted for her beauty, and it is
+said had even been wooed by Apollo, who, hoping
+to win her favor, bestowed upon her the gift of prophecy.
+For some reason the god&rsquo;s suit had not prospered; and, as he
+could not take back the power conferred, he annulled it by making
+her hearers refuse to credit her words.</p>
+
+<p>Cassandra immediately called her parents&rsquo; attention to the extraordinary
+likeness Paris bore to her other brothers; and then,
+breaking out into a prophetic strain, she foretold that he would
+bring destruction upon his native city. Priam and Hecuba,
+scorning her prophecy, joyfully received their long-lost son, lovingly
+compelled him to take up his abode in their palace, and
+promised to atone for their past neglect by granting his every
+wish.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Paris sails for
+Greece.</div>
+
+<p>Still advised by Venus, Paris soon expressed a desire to sail
+for Greece, under the pretext of rescuing Hesione, his father&rsquo;s
+sister, whom Hercules had carried off, after besieging
+Troy. He was promptly provided with
+several well-manned galleys, and soon after appeared at the court
+of Menelaus, King of Sparta, whose young wife, Helen, was the
+most beautiful woman of her time, if we are to believe the testimony
+of her contemporaries.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem28">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Full threescore girls, in sportive flight we stray&rsquo;d,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like youths anointing, where along the glade<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The baths of cool Eurotas limpid play&rsquo;d.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But none, of all, with Helen might compare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor one seem&rsquo;d faultless of the fairest fair.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As morn, with vermeil visage, looks from high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When solemn night has vanish&rsquo;d suddenly;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When winter melts, and frees the frozen hours,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And spring&rsquo;s green bough is gemm&rsquo;d with silvery flowers:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So bloom&rsquo;d the virgin Helen in our eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With full voluptuous limbs, and towering size:<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>311]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">In shape, in height, in stately presence fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Straight as a furrow gliding from the share;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A cypress of the gardens, spiring high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A courser in the cars of Thessaly.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So rose-complexion&rsquo;d Helen charm&rsquo;d the sight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our Sparta&rsquo;s grace, our glory, and delight.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Theocritus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Helen&rsquo;s
+suitors.</div>
+
+<p>A daughter of Jupiter and Leda (whom Jove had courted in
+the guise of a snow-white swan), Helen had many suitors who
+ardently strove to win her favor. The noblest,
+bravest, and best came to woo and hoped to win;
+but all were left in suspense, as the maiden did not show any
+preference, and refused to make known her choice.</p>
+
+<p>Tyndareus, Helen&rsquo;s stepfather, thinking the rejected suitors
+might attempt to steal her away from any husband she selected,
+proposed that all the candidates for her hand should take a
+solemn oath, binding themselves to respect the marital rights of
+the favored suitor, and help him regain possession of his wife
+should any one venture to kidnap her.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;This was cause<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Tyndarus her father of much doubt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To give, or not to give her, and how best<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To make good fortune his: at length this thought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Occurr&rsquo;d, that each to each the wooers give<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their oath, and plight their hands, and on the flames<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour the libations, and with solemn vows<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bind their firm faith that him, who should obtain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The virgin for his bride, they all would aid;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If any dar&rsquo;d to seize and bear her off,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And drive by force her husband from her bed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All would unite in arms, and lay his town,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Greek or Barbaric, level with the ground.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>All agreed to this proposal, the oath was taken, and Helen,
+whose deliberations had come to an end, bestowed her hand
+upon Menelaus, King of Sparta.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Abduction of
+Helen.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>312]</a></span>
+On his arrival at Sparta, in Laced&aelig;monia, Paris was received
+with graceful hospitality by Menelaus and Helen. He had not
+sojourned there many days, however, before the
+king was called away from home, and departed,
+confiding to his wife the care of entertaining his princely guest.
+During his absence, Paris, urged by Venus, courted Helen so
+successfully, that she finally consented to elope with him, and
+allowed herself to be borne away in triumph to Troy.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Then from her husband&rsquo;s stranger-sheltering home<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He tempted Helen o&rsquo;er the ocean foam.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Coluthus</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Preparations
+for war.</div>
+
+<p>Menelaus, on his return from Crete, discovered his guest&rsquo;s
+treachery, and swore never to rest satisfied until he had recovered
+his truant wife, and punished her seducer. Messengers
+were sent in haste in every direction, to summon
+Helen&rsquo;s former suitors to keep their oath, and join Menelaus
+at Aulis with men and weapons. All came promptly at his call
+except Ulysses, King of Ithaca, who, to console himself for
+Helen&rsquo;s refusal of his suit, had married her cousin, Penelope, and
+had now no dearer wish than to linger by her side and admire
+his infant son, Telemachus.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses feigns
+madness.</div>
+
+<p>In the presence of the messenger Palamedes, Ulysses feigned
+insanity, hoping thereby to elude the tedious journey to Troy;
+but the messenger was not so easily duped, and
+cleverly determined to ascertain the truth by stratagem.
+One day, therefore, when the king was plowing the seashore
+with an ox and horse harnessed together, and sowing this
+strange field with salt, Palamedes placed the babe Telemachus
+in the furrow, directly in front of the plow, and marked how
+skillfully Ulysses turned his ill-assorted team aside to avoid harming
+his heir. This action sufficed to prove to Palamedes that
+the king had not lost all control of his senses, and enabled him
+to force Ulysses to obey Menelaus&rsquo; summons.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 436px;">
+<a name="helen" id="helen"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr63.jpg" width="436" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ABDUCTION OF HELEN.&mdash;Deutsch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Agamemnon
+made chief.</div>
+
+<p>At Aulis the assembled army with unanimous consent elected
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"><!-- original location of Abduction of Helen illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>314]</a></span>
+Agamemnon, Menelaus&rsquo; brother, chief of the expedition, which
+numbered, among many others, Nestor, noted for his wise counsel;
+Ajax, gigantic in strength and courage; and Diomedes,
+the renowned warrior.</p>
+
+<p>The troops were assembled, the vessels freighted; but before
+they departed, the chiefs considered it expedient to consult an
+oracle, to ascertain whether their expedition was destined to succeed.
+In a somewhat veiled and ambiguous manner, they received
+answer that Troy could never be taken without the aid of
+the son of Peleus and Thetis, Achilles, of whom the Fates had
+predicted that he would surpass his father in greatness (p. <a href="#Page_305"><b>305</b></a>).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Achilles&rsquo; early
+life.</div>
+
+<p>Thetis loved this only child so dearly, that when he was but a
+babe, she had carried him to the banks of the Styx, whose
+waters had the magic power of rendering all the
+parts they touched invulnerable. Premising that
+her son would be a great warrior, and thus exposed to great
+danger, she plunged him wholly into the tide with the exception
+of one heel, by which she held him, and then returned home.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after, an oracle foretold that Achilles would die beneath
+the walls of Troy from a wound in his heel, the only vulnerable
+part of his body. With many tears Thetis vowed that her
+son should never leave her to encounter such a fate, and intrusted
+the care of his education to the Centaur Chiron, who had taught
+all the greatest heroes in turn.</p>
+
+<p>From this instructor Achilles learned the arts of war, wrestling,
+poetry, music, and song,&mdash;all, in short, that an accomplished Greek
+warrior was expected to know,&mdash;and, when his studies were finished,
+returned to his father&rsquo;s court to gladden his fond mother&rsquo;s
+heart by his presence.</p>
+
+<p>Thetis&rsquo; joy was all turned to grief, however, when rumors of
+the war imminent between Greece and Troy came to her ears.
+She knew her son would soon be summoned, and, to prevent his
+going, sent him off to the court of Lycomedes, where, under
+some pretext, he was prevailed upon to assume a disguise and
+mingle with the king&rsquo;s daughters and their handmaidens.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>315]</a></span>
+One messenger after another was dispatched to summon
+Achilles to join the fleet at Aulis, but one after another returned
+without having seen him, or being able to ascertain where he was
+hiding. The Greeks, however anxious to depart, dared not sail
+without him. They were in despair, until Ulysses, the wily, proposed
+a plan, and offered to carry it out.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Ulysses, man of many arts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Son of Laertes, reared in Ithaca,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That rugged isle, and skilled in every form<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of shrewd device and action wisely planned.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses discovers
+Achilles.</div>
+
+<p>Arrayed in peddler&rsquo;s garb, with a pack upon his shoulders,
+Ulysses entered Lycomedes&rsquo; palace, where he shrewdly suspected
+Achilles was concealed, and offered his wares for
+sale. The maidens selected trinkets; but one of
+them, closely veiled, seized a weapon concealed among the ornaments,
+and brandished it with such skill, that Ulysses saw through
+the assumed disguise, explained his presence and purpose, and
+by his eloquence persuaded the young Achilles to accompany
+him to Aulis.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks were now ready to embark; but no favorable
+wind came to swell the sails, which day after day hung limp
+and motionless against the tall masts of their vessels.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;The troops<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Collected and imbodied, here we sit<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Inactive, and from Aulis wish to sail<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In vain.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sacrifice of
+Iphigenia.</div>
+
+<p>Calchas, the soothsayer of the expedition, was again consulted,
+to discover how they might best win the favor of the gods; and
+the reply given purported that no favorable wind
+would blow until Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon,
+was offered up in sacrifice to appease the everlasting gods.</p>
+
+<p>Many other propitiatory methods were tried; but as they all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>316]</a></span>
+proved ineffective, Agamemnon, urged by his companions, sent
+for his daughter, feigning that he wished to celebrate her nuptials
+with Achilles before his departure.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;I wrote, I seal&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A letter to my wife, that she should send<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her daughter, to Achilles as a bride<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Affianc&rsquo;d.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Euripides</span> (Potter&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Iphigenia came to her father secretly delighted at being the
+chosen bride of such a hero; but, instead of being led to the
+hymeneal altar, she was dragged to the place of sacrifice, where
+the priest, with uplifted knife, was about to end her sufferings,
+when Diana suddenly appeared, snatched her up in a cloud, and
+left in her stead a deer, which was duly sacrificed, while Iphigenia
+was borne in safety to Tauris, where she became a priestess
+in one of the goddess&rsquo;s temples.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival at
+Troy.</div>
+
+<p>The gods were now propitious, and the wind slowly rose,
+filled the sails of the waiting vessels, and wafted them swiftly and
+steadily over the sea to the Trojan shores, where
+an army stood ready to prevent the Greek troops
+from disembarking. The invaders were eager to land to measure
+their strength against the Trojans; yet all hesitated to leave
+the ships, for an oracle had foretold that the first warrior who attempted
+to land would meet with instant death.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i7">&ldquo;&lsquo;The Delphic oracle foretold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That the first Greek who touched the Trojan strand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Should die.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Protesilaus and
+Laodamia.</div>
+
+<p>Protesilaus, a brave chief, seeing his comrades&rsquo; irresolution,
+and animated by a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore,
+and perished, slain by the enemy, as soon as his
+foot had touched the foreign soil. When the tidings
+of his death reached his beloved wife, Laodamia, whom he
+had left in Thessaly, they well-nigh broke her heart; and in her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>317]</a></span>
+despair she entreated the gods to let her die, or allow her to see
+her lord once more, were it but for a moment. Her appeal was
+so touching, that the gods could not refuse to hear it, and bade
+Mercury conduct her husband&rsquo;s shade back to earth, to tarry
+with her for three hours&rsquo; time.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;&lsquo;Such grace hath crowned thy prayer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Laodamia! that at Jove&rsquo;s command<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy husband walks the paths of upper air:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He comes to tarry with thee three hours&rsquo; space;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Accept the gift, behold him face to face!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With an inarticulate cry of joy, Laodamia beheld the beloved
+countenance of Protesilaus once more, and from his own lips
+heard the detailed account of his early death. The three hours
+passed all too quickly in delicious intercourse; and when Mercury
+reappeared to lead him back to Hades, the loving wife, unable
+to endure a second parting, died of grief.</p>
+
+<p>The same grave, it is said, was the resting place of this united
+pair, and kind-hearted nymphs planted elm trees over their
+remains. These trees grew &ldquo;until they were high enough to
+command a view of Troy, and then withered away, while fresh
+branches sprang from the roots.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;Upon the side<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A knot of spiry trees for ages grew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From out the tomb of him for whom she died;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ever, when such stature they had gained<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That Ilium&rsquo;s walls were subject to their view,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The trees&rsquo; tall summits withered at the sight;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A constant interchange of growth and blight!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Wordsworth.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hostilities had now begun, and the war between the conflicting
+hosts was waged with equal courage and skill. During nine
+long years of uninterrupted strife, the Greeks&rsquo; efforts to enter
+Troy, or Ilium, as it was also called, were vain, as were also the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>318]</a></span>
+Trojans&rsquo; attempts to force the foe to leave their shores. This
+memorable struggle is the theme of many poems. The oldest and
+most renowned of all, the Iliad, begins with the story of the tenth
+and last year&rsquo;s events.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Chryseis and
+Briseis.</div>
+
+<p>Among a number of captives taken in a skirmish by the Hellenic
+troops, were two beautiful maidens, Chryseis, daughter of
+Chryses, priest of Apollo, and Briseis. The prisoners
+were, as usual, allotted to various chiefs, and
+Agamemnon received the priest&rsquo;s daughter as reward for his
+bravery, while Achilles triumphantly led to his tent the equally
+fair Briseis.</p>
+
+<p>When Chryses heard that his child had fallen into the hands
+of the enemy, he hastened to Agamemnon&rsquo;s tent to offer a rich
+ransom for her recovery; but the aged father&rsquo;s entreaties were all
+unheeded, and he was dismissed with many heartless taunts.
+Exasperated by this cruel treatment, he raised his hands to
+heaven, and implored Apollo to avenge the insults he had received
+by sending down upon the Greeks all manner of evil.
+This prayer was no sooner heard than answered, by the sun god&rsquo;s
+sending a terrible plague to decimate the enemy&rsquo;s troops.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The aged man indignantly withdrew;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Ph&oelig;bus&mdash;for the priest was dear to him&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Granted his prayer, and sent among the Greeks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A deadly shaft. The people of the camp<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were perishing in heaps.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Greeks, in terror, now consulted an oracle to know why
+this calamity had come upon them, and how they might check
+the progress of the deadly disease which was so rapidly reducing
+their forces. They were told that the plague would never cease
+until Agamemnon surrendered his captive, and thus disarmed
+Apollo&rsquo;s wrath, which had been kindled by his rude refusal to
+comply with the aged priest&rsquo;s request.</p>
+
+<p>All the Greek chiefs, assembled in council, decided to send
+Achilles to Agamemnon to apprise him of their wish that he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>319]</a></span>
+should set Chryseis free,&mdash;a wish which he immediately consented
+to grant, if Briseis were given him in exchange.</p>
+
+<p>The plague was raging throughout the camp; the cries of the
+sufferers rent the air; many had already succumbed to the
+scourge, and all were threatened with an inglorious death.
+Achilles, mindful of all this, and anxious to save his beloved
+companions, consented to comply with this unreasonable request;
+but at the same time he swore, that, if Agamemnon really took
+his captive away, he would not strike another blow.</p>
+
+<p>Chryseis was immediately consigned to the care of a herald,
+who led her back to her aged father&rsquo;s arms. Ready to forgive
+all, now that his child was restored to him, Chryses implored
+Apollo to stay his hand, and the plague instantly ceased.</p>
+
+<p>As for Agamemnon, he sent his slaves to Achilles&rsquo; tent to lead
+away Briseis; and the hero, true to his promise, laid aside his
+armor, determined to fight no more.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;The great Achilles, swift of foot, remained<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within his ships, indignant for the sake<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the fair-haired Briseis.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Achilles&rsquo;
+wrath.</div>
+
+<p>Thetis, hearing of the wanton insult offered her son, left her
+coral caves, ascended to Olympus, cast herself at Jupiter&rsquo;s feet,
+and with many tears tremulously prayed he would
+avenge Achilles and make the Greeks fail in all
+their attempts as long as her son&rsquo;s wrath remained unappeased.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter, touched by her beauty and distress, frowned until the
+very firmament shook, and swore to make the Greeks rue the
+day they left their native shores,</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;To give Achilles honor and to cause<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Agamemnon
+misled.</div>
+
+<p>In consequence of a treacherous dream purposely sent by
+Jupiter to delude him, Agamemnon again assembled his troops,
+and proposed a new onslaught upon the Trojan forces. But
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>320]</a></span>
+when the army was drawn up in battle array, Hector, the eldest
+son of Priam, and therefore leader of his army, stepping forward,
+proposed that the prolonged quarrel should be
+definitely settled by a single combat between Paris
+and Menelaus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;Hector then stood forth and said:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Hearken, ye Trojans and ye nobly-armed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Achaians, to what Paris says by me.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their shining arms upon the teeming earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he and Menelaus, loved of Mars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will strive in single combat, on the ground<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Between the hosts, for Helen and her wealth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he who shall o&rsquo;ercome, and prove himself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The better warrior, to his home shall bear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The treasure and the woman, while the rest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall frame a solemn covenant of peace.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Menelaus and
+Paris fight.</div>
+
+<p>This proposal having been received favorably, Menelaus and
+Paris soon engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both
+armies, by Helen and Priam from the Trojan
+walls, and by the everlasting gods from the wooded
+heights of Mount Ida; but in the very midst of the fight, Venus,
+seeing her favorite about to succumb, suddenly snatched him
+away from the battlefield, and bore him unseen to his chamber,
+where he was joined by Helen, who bitterly reproached him for
+his cowardly flight.</p>
+
+<p>Indignant at this interference on Venus&rsquo; part, the gods decreed
+that the war should be renewed; and Minerva, assuming the
+form of a Trojan warrior, aimed an arrow at Menelaus, who was
+vainly seeking his vanished opponent. This act of treachery was
+the signal for a general call to arms and a renewal of hostilities.
+Countless deeds of valor were now performed by the heroes on
+both sides, and also by the gods, who mingled in the ranks and
+even fought against each other, until recalled by Jupiter, and forbidden
+to fight any more.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hector and
+Andromache.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>321]</a></span>
+For a little while fortune seemed to favor the Greeks; and
+Hector, hastening back to Troy, bade his mother go to the temple
+with all her women, and endeavor by her prayers
+and gifts to propitiate Minerva and obtain her aid.
+Then he hastened off in search of his wife Andromache and
+little son Astyanax, whom he wished to embrace once more
+before rushing out to battle and possible death.</p>
+
+<p>He found his palace deserted, and, upon questioning the
+women, heard that his wife had gone to the Sc&aelig;an Gate, where
+he now drove as fast as his noble steeds could drag him. There,
+at the gate, took place the parting scene, which has deservedly
+been called the most pathetic in all the Iliad, in which Andromache
+vainly tried to detain her husband within the walls, while
+Hector gently reproved her, and demonstrated that his duty
+called him out upon the field of battle, where he must hold his
+own if he would not see the city taken, the Trojans slain, and
+the women, including his mother and beloved Andromache,
+borne away into bitter captivity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="hector" id="hector"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr64.jpg" width="600" height="412"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">PARTING OF HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE.&mdash;Maignan.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;Andromache<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pressed to his side meanwhile, and, all in tears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clung to his hand, and, thus beginning, said:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Too brave! thy valor yet will cause thy death.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou hast no pity on thy tender child,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To take thy life. A happier lot were mine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If I must lose thee, to go down to earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For I shall have no hope when thou art gone,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nothing but sorrow. Father have I none,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And no dear mother.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> *<br /></span>
+<span class="i11">Hector, thou<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Art father and dear mother now to me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And brother and my youthful spouse besides.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In pity keep within the fortress here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor make thy child an orphan nor thy wife<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A widow.&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"><!-- original location of Parting of Hector and Andromache illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>323]</a></span>
+<span class="i1">Then answered Hector, great in war: &lsquo;All this<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I bear in mind, dear wife; but I should stand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ashamed before the men and long-robed dames<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Troy, were I to keep aloof and shun<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The conflict, coward-like.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then he stretched out his arms for his infant son, who, however,
+shrank back affrighted at the sight of his brilliant helmet
+and nodding plumes, and would not go to him until he had set
+the gleaming headdress aside. After a passionate prayer for his
+little heir&rsquo;s future welfare, Hector gave the child back to Andromache,
+and, with a last farewell embrace, sprang into his chariot
+and drove away.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Sorrow not thus, beloved one, for me.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No living man can send me to the shades<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before my time; no man of woman born,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But go thou home, and tend thy labors there,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The web, the distaff,&mdash;and command thy maids<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To speed the work. The cares of war pertain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To all men born in Troy, and most to me.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Greeks
+repelled.</div>
+
+<p>Paris, ashamed now of his former flight, soon joined his brother
+upon the battlefield, and together they performed many deeds
+of valor. The time had now come when Jupiter
+was about to redeem the promise given to Thetis,
+for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before the
+might of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success,
+and fired by Hector&rsquo;s example, performed miracles of valor, and
+finally drove their assailants into their intrenchments.</p>
+
+<p>Death and defeat now dogged the very footsteps of the Greek
+forces, who were driven, inch by inch, away from the walls, ever
+nearer the place where their vessels rode at anchor. They now
+ardently longed for the assistance of Achilles, whose mere presence,
+in days gone by, had filled the Trojan hearts with terror;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>324]</a></span>
+but the hero, although Briseis had been returned unmolested,
+paid no heed to their entreaties for aid, and remained a sullen
+and indifferent spectator of their flight, while the Trojans
+began to set fire to some of the vessels of their fleet.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;The goddess-born Achilles, swift of foot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beside his ships still brooded o&rsquo;er his wrath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor came to counsel with the illustrious chiefs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor to the war, but suffered idleness<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To eat his heart away; for well he loved<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clamor and combat.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Discouraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resistance,
+the Greeks, in despair, concluded that the gods had entirely
+forsaken them, and beat a hasty and ignominious retreat
+to the shore, closely followed by the enemy, who uttered loud
+cries of triumph.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Patroclus dons
+Achilles&rsquo; armor.</div>
+
+<p>Patroclus, Achilles&rsquo; intimate friend, then hastened to the hero&rsquo;s
+side to inform him of his comrades&rsquo; flight, and implore him once
+more to rescue them from inevitable death. But
+Achilles, summoning all his pride to his assistance,
+did not waver in his resolve. Suddenly Patroclus remembered
+that the mere sight of Achilles&rsquo; armor might suffice to arrest
+the enemy&rsquo;s advance and produce a diversion in favor of the
+Greeks: so he asked permission to wear it and lead the Myrmidons,
+Achilles&rsquo; trusty followers, into the fray.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Send me at least into the war,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And let me lead thy Myrmidons, that thus<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Greeks may have some gleam of hope. And give<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The armor from thy shoulders. I will wear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy mail, and then the Trojans, at the sight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">May think I am Achilles, and may pause<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From fighting, and the warlike sons of Greece,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tired as they are, may breathe once more, and gain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A respite from the conflict.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>325]</a></span>
+Achilles had sworn, it is true, not to return to the scene of
+strife, but was quite willing to lend men and arms, if they might
+be of any use, and immediately placed them at his friend&rsquo;s disposal.
+Hastily Patroclus donned the glittering armor, called
+aloud to the Myrmidons to follow his lead, and rushed forth to
+encounter the enemy.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Patroclus.</div>
+
+<p>The Trojans paused in dismay, thinking Achilles had come, and
+were about to take flight, when all at once they discovered the
+fraud. With renewed courage, they opposed the
+Greek onslaught. Many heroes bit the dust in
+this encounter, among others Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter and
+Europa (p. <a href="#Page_45"><b>45</b></a>),&mdash;whose remains were borne away from the battlefield
+by the twin divinities Sleep and Death,&mdash;ere Hector, son
+of Priam, and chief among the Trojan warriors, challenged Patroclus
+to single combat. Needless to say, the two closed in
+deadly battle, and fought with equal valor, until Patroclus, already
+exhausted by his previous efforts, and betrayed by the
+gods, finally succumbed.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;The hero fell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His fall with grief.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With a loud cry of victory, Hector wrenched the armor off
+the mangled corpse, and quickly withdrew to array himself in the
+brilliant spoils. The tidings of Patroclus&rsquo; fall spread rapidly all
+through the Grecian camp, and reached Achilles, who wept aloud
+when he heard that his beloved friend, who had left him but a
+short time before full of life and energy, was now no more. So
+noisily did the hero mourn his loss, that Thetis, in the quiet
+ocean depths, heard his groans, and rushed to his side to ascertain
+their cause.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Achilles&rsquo;
+grief.</div>
+
+<p>Into his mother&rsquo;s sympathetic ear Achilles poured the whole
+story of his grief and loss, while she gently strove
+to turn his thoughts aside from the sad event,
+and arouse an interest for some pursuit less dangerous than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>326]</a></span>
+war. All her efforts were vain, however; for Achilles&rsquo; soul
+thirsted for revenge, and he repeatedly swore he would go forth
+and slay his friend&rsquo;s murderer.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;No wish<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have I to live, or to concern myself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In men&rsquo;s affairs, save this: that Hector first,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The debt of vengeance for Patroclus slain.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, in sudden dread lest Hector should fall by another&rsquo;s
+hand, or withdraw from the battlefield and thus escape his
+vengeance, Achilles would have rushed from his tent unarmed;
+but his mother prevailed upon him to wait until the morrow,
+when she promised to bring him a full suit of armor from Vulcan&rsquo;s
+own hand. Rapidly Thetis then traversed the wide space
+which separates the coast of Asia Minor from Mount &AElig;tna,
+where Vulcan labored at his forge.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;She found him there<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweating and toiling, and with busy hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Plying the bellows.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Achilles&rsquo;
+armor.</div>
+
+<p>Arrived before him, she breathlessly made known her errand,
+and the god promised that the arms should be ready within
+the given time, and immediately set to work to
+fashion them. By his skillful hands the marvelous
+weapons were forged; and when the first streak of light appeared
+above the horizon, he consigned them to Thetis, who hastened
+back to her son&rsquo;s tent, where she found him still bewailing the
+loss of Patroclus.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;">
+<a name="thetis" id="thetis"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr65.jpg" width="483" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">THETIS BEARING THE ARMOR OF ACHILLES.&mdash;G&eacute;rard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During Thetis&rsquo; absence, messengers had come to Achilles&rsquo; tent
+to warn him that Patroclus&rsquo; body was still in the enemy&rsquo;s hands,
+and to implore him to come and rescue the precious corpse.
+Mindful of his promise to his mother, Achilles still refused to
+fight, but, springing upon the rampart, uttered his mighty war-cry,
+the sound of which filled the enemy&rsquo;s hearts with terror, and made
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"><!-- original location of Thetis Bearing the Armor of Achilles illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>328]</a></span>
+them yield to the well-directed onslaught of Ajax and Diomedes,
+who finally succeeded in recovering the body, which they then
+reverently bore to Achilles&rsquo; tent.</p>
+
+<p>To console Achilles for his friend&rsquo;s death, Thetis exhibited
+the glorious armor she had just obtained, helped him put it on,
+and then bade him go forth and conquer.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Leave we the dead, my son, since it hath pleased<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gods that he should fall; and now receive<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This sumptuous armor, forged by Vulcan&rsquo;s hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beautiful, such as no man ever wore.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Hector.</div>
+
+<p>Thus armed, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favorite
+steeds, and driven by his faithful charioteer Automedon, Achilles
+went forth to battle, and finally seeing Hector,
+whom alone he wished to meet, he rushed upon
+him with a hoarse cry of rage. The Trojan hero, at the mere
+sight of the deadly hatred which shone in Achilles&rsquo; eyes, turned
+to flee. Achilles pursued him, and taunted him with his cowardice,
+until Hector turned and fought with all the courage and
+recklessness of despair.</p>
+
+<p>Their blows fell like hail, a cloud of dust enveloped their
+struggling forms, and the anxious witnesses only heard the dull
+thud of the blows and the metallic clash of the weapons. Suddenly
+there came a loud cry, then all was still; and when the
+dust-cloud had blown away, the Trojans from the ramparts,
+where they had waited in agony for the issue of the fight, beheld
+Achilles tear the armor from their champion&rsquo;s body, bind the
+corpse to his chariot, and drive nine times round the city walls,
+Hector&rsquo;s princely head dragging in the dust. Priam, Hecuba,
+and Andromache, Hector&rsquo;s beautiful young wife, tearfully watched
+this ignominious treatment, and finally saw Achilles drive off to
+the spot where Patroclus&rsquo; funeral pile was laid, and there abandon
+the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>Achilles then returned to his tent, where for a long time he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>329]</a></span>
+continued to mourn his friend&rsquo;s untimely end, refusing to be
+comforted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The gods&rsquo;
+decree.</div>
+
+<p>The gods, from their celestial abode, had also witnessed this
+heartrending scene, and now Jupiter sent Iris to Thetis, and
+bade her hasten down to Achilles and command
+him to restore Hector&rsquo;s body to his mourning family.
+He also directed Mercury to lead Priam, unseen, into
+Achilles&rsquo; tent, to claim and bear away his son&rsquo;s desecrated corpse.
+Thetis, seeking Achilles in his tent, announced the will of Jove:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;I am come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A messenger from Jove, who bids me say<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The immortals are offended, and himself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The most, that thou shouldst in thy spite detain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The corse of Hector at the beaked ships,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Refusing its release. Comply thou, then,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And take the ransom and restore the dead.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return of
+Hector&rsquo;s body.</div>
+
+<p>Mercury acquitted himself with his usual dispatch, and soon
+guided Priam in safety through the Grecian camp
+to Achilles&rsquo; tent, where the aged king fell at the
+hero&rsquo;s feet, humbly pleading for his son&rsquo;s body, and proffering
+a princely ransom in exchange.</p>
+
+<p>Achilles, no longer able to refuse this entreaty, and touched by
+a father&rsquo;s tears, consigned Hector&rsquo;s corpse to the old man&rsquo;s care,
+and promised an armistice of fourteen days, that the funeral rites
+in both camps might be celebrated with all due pomp and solemnity;
+and with the burial of Hector the Iliad comes to a close.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Penthesilea.</div>
+
+<p>At the end of the truce the hostilities were renewed, and the
+Trojans were reinforced by the arrival of Penthesilea, queen of
+the Amazons, who, with a chosen troop of warrior
+maidens, came to offer her aid. The brave queen
+afforded them, however, only temporary relief, as she was slain
+by Achilles in their very first encounter.</p>
+
+<p>He, too, however, was doomed to die &ldquo;in the flower of his
+youth and beauty,&rdquo; and the Fates had almost finished spinning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>330]</a></span>
+his thread of life. In an early skirmish, while in close pursuit
+of the Trojans, Thetis&rsquo; son had once caught sight of Polyxena,
+daughter of Priam, and had been deeply smitten by her girlish
+charms. He now vainly tried to make peace between the conflicting
+nations, hoping that, were the war but ended, he might
+obtain her hand in marriage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Achilles.</div>
+
+<p>His efforts to make peace failed; but at last he prevailed upon
+Priam to celebrate his betrothal with Polyxena, with the stipulation
+that the marriage would take place as soon
+as the war was over. The betrothal ceremony
+was held without the city gates; and Achilles was just about to
+part from his blushing betrothed, when Paris, ever treacherous,
+stole behind him and shot a poisoned arrow into his vulnerable
+heel, thus slaying the hero who had caused so many brave warriors
+to bite the dust.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Thus great Achilles, who had shown his zeal<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In healing wounds, died of a wounded heel.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">O. W. Holmes.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>His armor&mdash;the glorious armor forged by Vulcan&mdash;was hotly
+contested for by Ulysses and Ajax. The former finally obtained
+the coveted weapons; and Ajax&rsquo; grief at their loss was so intense,
+that he became insane, and killed himself in a fit of frenzy, while
+Polyxena, inconsolable at her betrothed&rsquo;s death, committed suicide
+on the magnificent tomb erected over his remains on the
+Trojan plain.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philoctetes&rsquo;
+arrows.</div>
+
+<p>The oracles, silent so long, now announced that Troy could
+never be taken without the poisoned arrows of Hercules, then in
+the keeping of Philoctetes (p. <a href="#Page_238"><b>238</b></a>). This hero
+had started with the expedition, but had been put
+ashore on the Island of Lemnos on account of a wound in his
+foot, which had become so offensive that none of the ship&rsquo;s company
+could endure his presence on board.</p>
+
+<p>Ten long years had already elapsed since then, and, although
+a party of Greeks immediately set out in search of him, they had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>331]</a></span>
+but little hope of finding him alive. They nevertheless wended
+their way to the cave where they had deposited him, where, to
+their unbounded surprise, they still found him. The wound had
+not healed, but he had managed to exist by killing such game
+as came within reach of his hand.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;Exposed to the inclement skies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Deserted and forlorn he lies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">No friend or fellow-mourner there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To soothe his sorrows, and divide his care;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or seek the healing plant, of power to &rsquo;suage<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His aching wound, and mitigate its rage.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span> (Francklin&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Incensed by the Greeks&rsquo; former cruel desertion, no entreaty
+could now induce Philoctetes to accompany the messengers to
+Troy, until Hercules appeared to him in a dream, and bade him
+go without delay, for there he would find Machaon (p. <a href="#Page_64"><b>64</b></a>),
+&AElig;sculapius&rsquo; son, who was to heal his wound.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of Paris
+and &OElig;none.</div>
+
+<p>The dream was realized. Philoctetes, whole once more, joined
+the Greek host, and caused great dismay in the enemy&rsquo;s ranks
+with his poisoned arrows. One of his deadly
+missiles even struck Paris, and, as the poison entered
+his veins, it caused him grievous suffering. Paris then remembered
+that his first love, &OElig;none, who knew all remedies and
+the best modes of applying them, had once told him to send for
+her should he ever be wounded. He therefore sent for &OElig;none;
+but she, justly offended by the base desertion and long neglect of
+her lover, refused her aid, and let him die in torture. When he
+was dead, &OElig;none repented of this decision; and when the flames
+of his funeral pyre rose around him, she rushed into their midst,
+and was burned to death on his corpse.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;But when she gain&rsquo;d the broader vale and saw<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ring of faces redden&rsquo;d by the flames<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Infolding that dark body which had lain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of old in her embrace, paused&mdash;and then ask&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Falteringly, &lsquo;Who lies on yonder pyre?&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>332]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">But every man was mute for reverence.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then moving quickly forward till the heat<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Smote on her brow, she lifted up a voice<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of shrill command, &lsquo;Who burns upon the pyre?&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whereon their oldest and their boldest said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;He, whom thou would&rsquo;st not heal!&rsquo; and all at once<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The morning light of happy marriage broke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thro&rsquo; all the clouded years of widowhood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And muffling up her comely head, and crying<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;Husband!&rsquo; she leapt upon the funeral pile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And mixt herself with <em>him</em> and past in fire.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+Palladium.</div>
+
+<p>Two of Priam&rsquo;s sons had already expired, and yet Troy had
+not fallen into the hands of the Greeks, who now heard another
+prophecy, to the effect that Troy could never
+be taken as long as the Palladium&mdash;a sacred statue
+of Minerva, said to have fallen from heaven&mdash;remained within
+its walls (p. <a href="#Page_60"><b>60</b></a>). So Ulysses and Diomedes in disguise effected
+an entrance into the city one night, and after many difficulties
+succeeded in escaping with the precious image.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The wooden
+horse.</div>
+
+<p>Men and chiefs, impatient of further delay, now joyfully hailed
+Ulysses&rsquo; proposal to take the city by stratagem. They therefore
+secretly built a colossal wooden horse, within
+whose hollow sides a number of brave warriors
+might lie concealed. The main army feigned weariness of the
+endless enterprise, and embarked, leaving the horse as a pretended
+offering to Minerva; while Sinon, a shrewd slave, remained
+to persuade the Trojans to drag the horse within their
+gates and keep him there, a lasting monument of their hard-won
+triumph.</p>
+
+<p>To the unbounded joy of the long-besieged Trojans, the Greek
+fleet then sailed away, until the Island of Tenedos hid the ships
+from view. All the inhabitants of Troy poured out of the city
+to view the wooden horse, and question Sinon, who pretended
+to have great cause of complaint against the Greeks, and strongly
+advised them to secure their last offering to Minerva.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>333]</a></span>
+The Trojans hailed this idea with rapture; but Laocoon, a
+Trojan priest, implored them to leave the horse alone, lest they
+should bring untold evil upon their heads.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;&lsquo;Wretched countrymen,&rsquo; he cries,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&lsquo;What monstrous madness blinds your eyes?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> *<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perchance&mdash;who knows?&mdash;these planks of deal<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A Grecian ambuscade conceal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or &rsquo;tis a pile to o&rsquo;erlook the town,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And pour from high invaders down,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or fraud lurks somewhere to destroy:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mistrust, mistrust it, men of Troy!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Laocoon.</div>
+
+<p>Deaf to all warnings and entreaties, they dragged the colossal
+image into the very heart of their city, tearing down a portion
+of their ramparts to allow its passage, while Laocoon
+hastened down to the shore to offer sacrifice
+to the gods. As he stood there by the improvised altar, with
+one of his sons on either side to assist him in his office, two huge
+serpents came out of the sea, coiled themselves around him and
+his sons, and crushed and bit them to death.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;Unswerving they<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toward Laocoon hold their way;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">First round his two young sons they wreathe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And grind their limbs with savage teeth:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, as with arms he comes to aid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wretched father they invade<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And twine in giant folds: twice round<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His stalwart waist their spires are wound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Twice round his neck, while over all<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their heads and crests tower high and tall.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He strains his strength their knots to tear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While gore and slime his fillets smear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to the unregardful skies<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sends up his agonizing cries.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>334]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 451px;">
+<a name="laocoon" id="laocoon"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr66.jpg" width="451" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">LAOCOON. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>335]</a></span>
+The awestruck witnesses of this terrible scene, of course, declared
+that the gods resented his interference concerning the
+wooden horse, and had justly punished the sacrilegious hand
+which had dared strike it with a spear, merely to demonstrate,
+that, being hollow, it might contain an armed band. Ever since
+then, Laocoon and his sons&rsquo; struggle with the serpents has been
+a favorite subject for poets and artists.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fall of Troy.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean while, the Greeks had been hiding behind Tenedos;
+but when night came on, they returned to the site of their
+ten-years&rsquo; encampment, and were let into the city
+by Sinon, who also released their companions from
+their prison within the wooden horse. Although taken by surprise,
+the city guards made desperate attempts to repel the Greeks;
+but it was now too late, for the enemy had already broken into
+houses and palaces, and were killing, pillaging, and burning all in
+their way.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;The melancholy years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The miserable melancholy years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crept onward till the midnight terror came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And by the glare of burning streets I saw<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Palace and temple reel in ruin and fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the long-baffled legions, bursting in<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through gate and bastion, blunted sword and spear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With unresisted slaughter.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Lewis Morris.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The royal family, even, was not exempt from the general
+massacre; and the aged Priam, who lived to see his last son
+perish before his eyes, finally found relief in death.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Return of the
+Greeks.</div>
+
+<p>Their object accomplished, the Greeks immediately sailed for
+home, their vessels heavily laden with plunder and slaves. But
+the homeward journey was not as joyful as might
+have been expected; and many, after escaping
+from the enemy&rsquo;s hands, perished in the waves, or found death
+lying in wait for them by their own fireside.</p>
+
+<p>Menelaus, with his wife Helen, who, in spite of the added ten
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>336]</a></span>
+years, retained all her youthful beauty, were detained in Egypt by
+contrary winds, sent to punish them for omitting the usual sacrifice
+to the gods. He at last consulted Proteus, who revealed
+how the wrath of the gods could best be allayed, and how favorable
+winds could be secured to waft him home.</p>
+
+<p>As for Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks, he returned to Argos
+only to be murdered by his wife Clyt&aelig;mnestra and her paramour
+&AElig;gisthus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&ldquo;&lsquo;&AElig;gisthus, bent upon my death,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Plotted against me with my guilty wife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bade me to his house, and slew me there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Even at the banquet.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, mortally afraid lest Orestes, Agamemnon&rsquo;s son, should
+avenge his father&rsquo;s death, &AElig;gisthus prepared to slay him too; but
+Electra, the boy&rsquo;s sister, discovering this intention, helped him
+to escape, and placed him under the fatherly protection of Strophius,
+King of Phocis, whose son, Pylades, became his inseparable
+friend. In fact, their devotion to each other was so great,
+that it has become proverbial in every tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Electra had not forgotten her father&rsquo;s base murder, although
+years had elapsed since it occurred; and when Orestes had
+attained manhood, she bade him come and punish those who had
+committed the crime. Orestes came, slew &AElig;gisthus and Clyt&aelig;mnestra,
+and then, terrified at what he had done, took flight, but
+only to be pursued by the Furies and Nemesis, goddess of revenge,
+sent by the gods to punish him for taking justice into his
+own hands.</p>
+
+<p>Arrived at Delphi, Orestes consulted the oracle, and learned
+that his crime would be forgiven if he brought a statue of Diana
+in Tauris back to Greece. The young prince hastened thither,
+accompanied by the ever-faithful Pylades, who never left his side;
+and there, in a temple, he found his long-lost sister Iphigenia,
+who helped him obtain the image he sought, and accompanied
+him back to his native land, where Nemesis left him forever.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>337]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXVIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Greek chiefs, on their return from Troy, were, as we have
+seen, all more or less visited by the wrath of the gods; but none
+of them endured as many hardships as Ulysses (Odysseus), King
+of Ithaca, the hero of Homer&rsquo;s world-renowned epic the Odyssey.
+During ten long years he roamed the seas, driven away from his
+native land by adverse winds, sailing about from place to place,
+losing his ships and companions, until at last the gods allowed
+him to return home. His marvelous adventures and numerous
+mishaps during these ten years form the theme of the Odyssey,
+which is about as follows.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Siege of
+Ismarus.</div>
+
+<p>After leaving Troy in ruins, Ulysses embarked with his men
+and spoils, and, favored by a good wind, soon came within sight
+of Ismarus, the home of the worthy and wealthy
+Ciconians. To increase the riches he was carrying
+home, he proposed to his army to land and storm the city,&mdash;a
+proposal which was enthusiastically received and immediately
+carried out.</p>
+
+<p>But when the men collected near the fleet, instead of embarking
+as Ulysses urged them to do, they began to drink the rich wine,
+to roast oxen whole, and to indulge in games and revelry. While
+they were thus employed and entirely off their guard, the neighbors
+and allies of the Ciconians came upon them unawares, and
+put many to death.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, although taken by surprise, fought bravely; but
+it was only when the sun was fast sinking, that they finally embarked,
+and left the fatal Ciconian shores.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>338]</a></span>
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;Onward we sailed, lamenting bitterly<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our comrades slain, yet happy to escape<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From death ourselves.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+Lotus-eaters.</div>
+
+<p>A hurricane soon arose. The flying clouds blotted the stars
+from view. The vessels, with broken masts and torn sails, were
+driven far out of their course, and, after ten days,
+reached the land of the Lotophagi or Lotus-eaters,&mdash;a
+people whose sole food consisted of lotus fruit and
+blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>Three of Ulysses&rsquo; best men were sent ashore to reconnoiter:
+but they had not gone very far before they met the natives, seated
+under their favorite trees, banqueting on their sweet food. These
+received the strangers hospitably, and made them partake of the
+lotus blossoms; but no sooner had the three men done so, than all
+recollection of their waiting companions or distant homes passed
+from their minds, while a dreamy, lethargic sensation stole over
+them, and made them long to recline there and feast forever.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Whoever tasted once of that sweet food<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wished not to see his native country more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor give his friends the knowledge of his fate.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And then my messengers desired to dwell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Among the Lotus-eaters, and to feed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon the lotus, never to return.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ulysses impatiently watched for their return; then, seeing they
+did not appear, feared some evil had befallen them, and set out,
+with a few well-armed men, to go in search of them. Instead of
+finding them in chains, as he fully expected, he soon perceived
+them feasting among the Lotus-eaters. Their eyes had lost all
+animation, and rested upon him in a vague, dreamy way, which
+aroused his suspicions. At the same moment some of the Lotus-eaters
+advanced to invite him and his troop to join in their
+feast.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>339]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To each, but whoso did receive of them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And taste, to him the gushing of the wave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And deep asleep he seem&rsquo;d, yet all awake,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And music in his ears his beating heart did make.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In peremptory tones Ulysses quickly forbade his men to taste
+of the magic food, directed them to seize and bind their unwilling
+comrades, and forcibly take them back to their ships. There the
+magic effect of the lotus food soon wore away, and the men
+rowed steadily westward, until they came to the Island of Sicily,
+then inhabited by the Cyclopes, a rude race of one-eyed giants.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem27">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">&ldquo;A single ball of sight was fix&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In their mid-forehead: hence the Cyclops&rsquo; name:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For that one circular eye was broad infix&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the mid-forehead:&mdash;strength was theirs, and force,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And craft of curious toil.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Hesiod</span> (Elton&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The main part of the fleet was stationed at another island not
+far distant, but Ulysses and twelve companions landed in Sicily
+in search of food. The prospect was promising, for on the plains
+and hillsides great flocks of sheep cropped the tender grass; and
+Ulysses and his followers soon came to a great cave filled with
+rich stores of milk and cheese. This was the abode of Polyphemus,
+son of Neptune, the largest and fiercest among the
+gigantic Cyclopean race. The Greeks&rsquo; first impulse was to help
+themselves, since no one was there to say them nay; but they
+finally decided to await the master&rsquo;s home-coming, and courteously
+ask his assistance. They had moored their vessel under
+an overhanging cliff, where no one would be likely to find it,
+and had therefore no fear lest their means of escape should be
+cut off.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>340]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;">
+<a name="galatea" id="galatea"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr67.jpg" width="475" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">TRIUMPH OF GALATEA.&mdash;Raphael.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Polyphemus
+and Galatea.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>341]</a></span>
+Polyphemus, the ugly giant in whose cave they were waiting,
+had once seen the charming sea nymph Galatea riding in her
+pearl-shell chariot drawn by bounding dolphins.
+Her unsurpassed loveliness made a vivid impression
+upon him, and he was soon deeply in love with her. He
+neglected his flocks, shunned his companions, and spent all his
+time near the seashore, watching for her, and bitterly cursing his
+fate, which prevented his seeking her in her native element, for
+the gods had cursed the race of Cyclops with an unconquerable
+aversion to water. He</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&mdash;&ldquo;lov&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not in the little present-making style,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With baskets of new fruit and pots of roses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But with consuming passion. Many a time<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leaving him wasting by the dark seashore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sunrise would behold him wasting still.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Theocritus</span> (Hunt&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To induce Galatea to leave the salt sea waves and linger by
+his side on the white sandy beach, Polyphemus constantly made
+the most extravagant promises; but the dainty nymph merely
+laughed at all his professions, and strolled on the shore only
+when he was sound asleep. Although she made fun of his love,
+she was not so obdurate to the suit of Acis, a very fascinating
+young shepherd, who had no need to call her repeatedly; for she
+always yielded to his first appeal, joyfully joined him, and sat
+beside him under the shade of some great rock, listening to his
+tender wooing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="acis" id="acis"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr68.jpg" width="600" height="422"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">ACIS AND GALATEA (Evening).&mdash;Claude Lorraine. (St. Petersburg.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Polyphemus once accidentally came upon them thus, ere they
+were aware of his proximity. For a moment he glared down
+upon them; then, seizing a huge rock, he vowed his rival Acis
+should not live to enjoy the love which was denied him, and
+hurled it down upon the unsuspecting lovers. Galatea, the goddess,
+being immortal, escaped unhurt; but poor Acis, her beloved,
+was crushed to death. The stream of blood from his mangled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"><!-- original location of Acis and Galatea illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>343]</a></span>
+remains was changed by the gods into an exhaustless stream
+of limpid water, which ever hastened down to the sea to join
+Galatea.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Polyphemus&rsquo;
+cave.</div>
+
+<p>Ulysses and his companions, waiting in the cave, soon felt the
+ground shake beneath their feet, and saw the sheep throng into
+the cave and take their usual places; then behind
+them came the horrible apparition of Polyphemus,
+who picked up a huge rock and placed it before the opening of
+the cave, preventing all egress. Ulysses&rsquo; companions had shrunk
+with fear into the darkest corners of the cave, whence they
+watched the giant milk his ewes, dispose of his cheeses, and
+make his evening meal. But the firelight soon revealed the intruders;
+and Polyphemus immediately demanded who they were,
+whence they came, and what they were seeking.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses, ever wily, replied that his name was No man, that he
+and his companions were shipwrecked mariners, and that they
+would fain receive his hospitality. In answer to this statement,
+the Cyclops stretched forth his huge hand and grasped two of the
+sailors, whom he proceeded to devour for dessert. Then, his
+frightful repast being ended, he lay down on the rushes and
+fell asleep, his loud snores reverberating like thunder through
+the great cave.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses silently crept to his side, sword in hand, and was about
+to kill him, when he suddenly recollected that neither he nor
+his men could move the rock at the cave&rsquo;s mouth, and that they
+would never be able to escape. He therefore resolved to have
+recourse to a stratagem.</p>
+
+<p>When morning came, the giant rose, milked his flock, made his
+cheese, arranged the vessels, and then, without the least warning,
+again seized and devoured two of the Greeks. His brawny arm
+next pushed aside the rock, and he stood beside it with watchful
+eye, until all his herd had passed out; then, replacing the stone
+to prevent the escape of his prisoners, he went off to the distant
+pasture ground.</p>
+
+<p>During his absence, Ulysses and his men devised a cunning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>344]</a></span>
+plan whereby they hoped to effect their escape, and made all
+their preparations to insure its complete success. A huge pine
+club which they found in the cave was duly pointed, hardened
+in the fire, and set aside for future use.</p>
+
+<p>When the darkness began to fall over the earth, Polyphemus
+again rolled the stone away to admit his flocks, keeping careful
+guard upon the Greeks. The sheep all in, he replaced the rock,
+performed his usual evening duties, and then devoured two of
+Ulysses&rsquo; crew.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses blinds
+Polyphemus.</div>
+
+<p>When this part of the evening meal was over, Ulysses drew near
+and offered him a leather flask full of heady wine, which the giant
+took down at a gulp, little suspecting its effect.
+Very soon he sank into a deep drunken sleep; and
+then the men, at a sign from Ulysses, heated the point of the huge
+club and put out his sole eye, in spite of his frightful cries and
+execrations, which soon attracted the attention of the other
+Cyclopes.</p>
+
+<p>They thronged without the cave, clamoring to know who was
+hurting him. &ldquo;No man!&rdquo; replied the Cyclops, howling with
+pain, &ldquo;No man!&rdquo; which answer convinced his would-be helpers
+that he needed no assistance, and made them disperse.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;If no man does thee violence, and thou<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Art quite alone, reflect that none escape<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Diseases; they are sent by Jove.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses&rsquo;
+escape.</div>
+
+<p>Deserted by his companions, Polyphemus spent the night in
+agony; and, when the anxious lowing of his herd roused him
+at break of day, he fumblingly milked them, and
+prepared to let them go forth, as usual, in search
+of their morning meal. To avoid the Greeks escaping, he rolled
+the stone only partly aside, and allowed the sheep to pass out a
+few at a time, carefully running his hand over each broad back
+to make sure that none of the prisoners were mounted upon them.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses, in the mean while, having observed this maneuver,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>345]</a></span>
+fastened his companions under the rams, reserving one for his
+own use, and watched them pass out one after the other undetected.
+Then, clinging to the wool of the largest ram, he too
+was slowly dragged out; while Polyphemus petted the ram, and
+inquired how he came to pass out last of all.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem24">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;My favorite ram, how art thou now the last<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To leave the cave? It hath not been thy wont<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To let the sheep go first, but thou didst come<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Earliest to feed among the flowery grass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Walking with stately strides, and thou wert first<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At the fresh stream, and first at eve to seek<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The stable; now thou art the last of all.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grievest thou for thy master, who has lost<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His eye, put out by a deceitful wretch<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And his vile crew?&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ulysses, having thus escaped, sprang to his feet, set his companions
+free, rushed with them down to the seashore, taking the
+choice animals on board, and then, when his men had rowed
+some distance, raised his voice and taunted Polyphemus, revealing
+at the same time his identity.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Ha! Cyclops! those whom in thy rocky cave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou, in thy brutal fury, hast devoured,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were friends of one not unexpert in war;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Amply have thy own guilty deeds returned<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon thee. Cruel one! who didst not fear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To eat the strangers sheltered by thy roof,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Jove and the other gods avenge them thus!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> * <span class="space">&nbsp;</span> *<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cyclops, if any man of mortal birth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Note thine unseemly blindness, and inquire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The occasion, tell him that Laertes&rsquo; son,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ulysses, the destroyer of walled towns,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose home is Ithaca, put out thine eye.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With a cry of rage, Polyphemus then ran down to the shore,
+tore up some huge rocks, which he hurled in the direction whence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>346]</a></span>
+the taunting voice came, and in his rage almost destroyed the
+Greeks; for one piece of rock fell very near their vessel, and
+they were forced to redouble their efforts to row out of reach
+and prevent disaster.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Gift of &AElig;olus.</div>
+
+<p>The Greeks now sailed on until they reached the &AElig;olian
+Islands, where dwelt &AElig;olus, king and father of the winds. He
+had heard of Ulysses&rsquo; prowess, received him kindly,
+and at parting gave him a leather bag containing
+all the contrary winds, which Ulysses was thus at liberty to
+retain imprisoned until he had safely reached home (p. <a href="#Page_214"><b>214</b></a>).</p>
+
+<p>Day and night Ulysses&rsquo; barks now bounded over the blue
+waves. On the ninth evening the shores of Ithaca were discerned
+by the eager eyes on board, and all made their preparations
+for landing early the next morning. For the first time
+since he had left the &AElig;olian shores, Ulysses now indulged in
+sleep; and while he was lost in oblivion his sailors opened the
+leather bag, intending to rob their master of a portion of his
+treasure, for they imagined that &AElig;olus had given him much
+gold.</p>
+
+<p>The bag was no sooner opened, than the contrary winds, weary
+and cramped with their uncomfortable position, sprang out with a
+rush and a roar, and in a few moments stirred up a terrible
+storm, which tore the ships from their anchors, and soon drove
+them far out to sea.</p>
+
+<p>After untold suffering, the Greeks landed again upon the
+&AElig;olian Isle, and Ulysses sought the king, to beseech his aid
+once more; but this time the god received him coldly, and bade
+him depart, as his cruelty to Polyphemus had awakened the
+gods&rsquo; wrath.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Hence with thee! Leave our island instantly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vilest of living men! It may not be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That I receive or aid as he departs<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One who is hated by the blessed gods,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thou art hated by the gods. Away!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+L&aelig;strygonians.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>347]</a></span>
+Sorrowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being
+hurried along by favorable winds, they were obliged to row
+against wind and waves, and only after many days
+came to the land of the L&aelig;strygonians, where fresh
+losses awaited them. These people were cannibals, who were in
+the habit of slaying all the strangers who visited their shores, to
+satisfy their horrible appetites. When they saw the vessels enter
+their harbor, they sunk some of them by casting huge rocks at
+them from their tall cliffs, and speared and devoured the unfortunate
+crews.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses, ever cautious, had lingered without the harbor; and
+when, from afar, he saw his companions&rsquo; horrible fate, he bade
+his men strike the waves with their &ldquo;sounding oars&rdquo; and escape.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Circe, the
+enchantress.</div>
+
+<p>The Greeks went on again until they came to &AElig;&aelig;a, an island
+inhabited by the golden-haired enchantress Circe, sister of &AElig;etes,
+and aunt of Medea. Here Ulysses&rsquo; crew was divided
+into two parties, one of which, led by Eurylochus,
+set out to explore the island, while the other, headed by
+Ulysses, remained to guard the ships. Through a dense forest,
+peopled with strangely gentle wild beasts, Eurylochus led his
+force, until they came in sight of the beautiful palace home
+of Circe. From afar they could hear her sweet voice raised in
+song, as she wove a beautiful web for her own adornment: so
+they pressed eagerly on, and entered the palace hall, Eurylochus
+alone lingering on the porch, fearing lest some fraud might suddenly
+be revealed.</p>
+
+<p>Circe received her self-invited guests most graciously, seated
+them on tapestry-covered couches, and bade her numerous handmaidens
+speedily set before them all manner of good cheer,&mdash;an
+order which was immediately carried out. The men feasted greedily,
+for they had fasted for many days, and Circe watched them with
+ill-concealed disgust. Suddenly she started from her seat, waved
+her wand over their heads, and bade them assume the form of
+swine (which obscene animals their gluttony suggested), and hie
+them to their sties.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>348]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="circe" id="circe"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr69.jpg" width="600" height="308"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">CIRCE AND THE FRIENDS OF ULYSSES.&mdash;Rivi&egrave;re.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>349]</a></span>
+<span class="i12">&ldquo;Then instantly<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She touched them with a wand, and shut them up<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In sties, transformed to swine in head and voice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bristles and shape, though still the human mind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Remained to them. Thus sorrowing they were driven<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into their cells, where Circe flung to them<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Acorns of oak and ilex, and the fruit<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of cornel, such as nourish wallowing swine.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Eurylochus, meanwhile, vainly awaited their return, and finally
+resolved to go back alone to the ships and report what had happened.
+Sword in hand, Ulysses then set out alone to rescue his
+comrades; but he had not gone far before he met a youth,&mdash;Mercury
+in disguise,&mdash;who warned him not to approach any
+nearer Circe, and told him of his companions&rsquo; transformation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses and
+Circe.</div>
+
+<p>As Ulysses would not be dissuaded from his purpose, Mercury
+gave him some moly, an herb warranted to preserve
+him from Circe&rsquo;s magic spells, and sundry
+important directions, which were all duly listened to and observed.</p>
+
+<p>Pressing onward, Ulysses reached the palace, entered the banquet
+room, drank Circe&rsquo;s mixture, which was rendered ineffective
+by the moly&rsquo;s power, and, when she waved her wand over his
+head and bade him join his fellows, drew his sword and rushed
+upon her, threatening to take her life if she did not immediately
+restore his friends to their human forms, and promise to do them
+no further harm.</p>
+
+<p>Circe, terrified at the threat, agreed to comply with all his
+demands; and in a few moments Ulysses was again surrounded
+by his companions, who were touchingly grateful for their rescue.
+Circe now prepared a second feast, and entertained them all so
+well, that Ulysses lingered there for one whole year.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">&ldquo;And there from day to day<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We lingered a full year, and banqueted<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nobly on plenteous meats and delicate wines.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses visits
+Cimmeria.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>350]</a></span>
+At the end of that time, Ulysses&rsquo; companions began to long
+for their own homes, and prevailed upon their chief to leave the
+fair enchantress Circe. At first she was loath to let
+him go; but, seeing that her efforts to detain him
+longer would be of no avail, she bade him seek the Cimmerian
+shores, and there consult the seer Tiresias. This land, which lay
+on the confines of Pluto&rsquo;s dark realm, was inhabited by shadows,
+the spirits of the dead, condemned to sojourn there a while ere
+they were admitted into Hades.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses embarked, and, according to Circe&rsquo;s directions, let his
+vessel drift along until its prow grated on a pebbly beach, where
+he landed. Then, walking straight before him, he came to a
+spot whence he could hear the roar of the Phlegethon as it joined
+the Acheron, and here he dug a trench with his sword.</p>
+
+<p>The trench finished, he killed two black victims, furnished by
+Circe, and made their blood flow into the trench. Immediately
+all the spirits crowded about him, eager to drink the fresh blood;
+but Ulysses, with drawn sword, forced them back, until at last
+Tiresias, the blind seer, approached.</p>
+
+<p>He was allowed to stoop down and drink; and, as soon as he
+had done so, he recovered the power of human speech, and warned
+Ulysses of the many trials still awaiting him. Then, his prophecy
+concluded, he vanished; but Ulysses lingered a little longer to
+allow his mother to drink some blood, and explain how she came
+to be here in the spirit land.</p>
+
+<p>Many others came and conversed with him; but at last he was
+forced to depart, and return to &AElig;&aelig;a, where he lingered to perform
+the funeral rites for Elpenor,&mdash;one of his followers, a youth
+who had fallen asleep on one of the palace turrets, and by an inadvertent
+movement had fallen to the ground, where he had been
+found dead.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 453px;">
+<a name="siren" id="siren"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr70.jpg" width="453" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">SIREN. (Acropolis Museum, Athens.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Sirens.</div>
+
+<p>These obsequies over, the Greeks, favored by a fresh wind, left
+Circe&rsquo;s isle, and sailed along until they drew near
+the rocky ledge where the Sirens had their abode.
+These maidens were wont to sit on the rocks and sing entrancing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"><!-- original location of Siren illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>352]</a></span>
+songs, which allured the mariners until they turned aside from
+their course, and their vessels were dashed to pieces on the rocks.</p>
+
+<p>According to Circe&rsquo;s advice, Ulysses bade his men bind him
+fast to the mast, disregard his cries and gestures of command,
+and keep on their course until the dangerous rocks were lost to
+view; but, before he allowed them to execute these orders, he
+stopped their ears with melted wax, so they could not hear a
+sound, for he alone could hear the Sirens&rsquo; song and live.</p>
+
+<p>The men then bound him hand and foot to the mast, returned
+to their oars, and rowed steadily on. Soon the Sirens&rsquo; melody
+fell upon Ulysses&rsquo; charmed ears; but, although he commanded
+and implored his men to set him free and alter their course, they
+kept steadily on until no sound of the magic song could reach
+them, when they once more set their leader free.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charybdis
+and Scylla.</div>
+
+<p>Now, although this danger had been safely passed, Ulysses
+was troubled in spirit, for he knew he would soon be obliged
+to steer his course between two dread monsters,
+Charybdis and Scylla, who lay so close together,
+that, while striving to avoid one, it was almost impossible not to
+fall an easy prey to the other.</p>
+
+<p>Charybdis&rsquo; den lay under a rock crowned with a single wild
+fig tree; and three times daily she ingulfed the surrounding
+waters, drawing even large galleys into her capacious jaws.</p>
+
+<p>As for Scylla, she too dwelt in a cave, whence her six ugly
+heads protruded to devour any prey that came within reach.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;No mariner can boast<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That he has passed by Scylla with a crew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unharmed; she snatches from the deck, and bears<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Away in each grim mouth, a living man.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This selfsame Scylla, once a lovely maiden, had won the heart
+of the sea god Glaucus (p. <a href="#Page_303"><b>303</b></a>), but coquettishly tormented him
+until he implored Circe to give him some love potion strong
+enough to compel her love.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>353]</a></span>
+Circe, who had long nursed a secret passion for Glaucus, was
+angry at him, and jealous of her rival, and, instead of a love
+potion, prepared a loathsome drug, which she bade him pour
+into the water where Scylla was wont to bathe. Glaucus faithfully
+did as she commanded; but when Scylla plunged into the water,
+her body, and not her feelings, changed, and she became a loathsome
+monster, a terror to gods and men.</p>
+
+<p>When in sight of the fig tree, Ulysses, cased in armor, stood
+on the prow to attack Scylla should she attempt to seize one
+of his crew. The sound of the rushing waters whirling around
+Charybdis made all on board tremble with fear, and the pilot
+steered nearer still to dread Scylla&rsquo;s den.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly a piercing cry was heard, as the monster seized six
+of the men and devoured them. The rest passed on unharmed;
+but since then, in speaking of conflicting dangers, it has been
+customary to use the expression, &ldquo;falling from Charybdis into
+Scylla.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cattle of the
+sun.</div>
+
+<p>Only too glad to effect an escape at any price, the Greeks
+again rowed on until they sighted Trinacria, the island of the sun,
+where Phaetusa and Lampetia watched over the
+sun god&rsquo;s sacred herds. The men wished to land
+here to rest; but Ulysses reminded them that Tiresias, the blind
+seer, had warned them to avoid it, lest by slaying any of the
+sacred animals they should incur divine wrath.</p>
+
+<p>The men, however, worn out with the toil of many days&rsquo; rowing,
+entreated so piteously to be allowed to rest, voluntarily
+pledging themselves to be content with their own provisions and
+not to slay a single animal, that Ulysses reluctantly yielded to
+their entreaties, and all went ashore.</p>
+
+<p>After they had duly rested, they were still detained by unfavorable
+winds, until all their provisions were exhausted, and
+the few birds and fishes they managed to secure no longer sufficed
+to still the pangs of hunger.</p>
+
+<p>Led by Eurylochus, some of the men, during one of Ulysses&rsquo;
+temporary absences, caught and slew some of the sun god&rsquo;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>354]</a></span>
+cattle. To the general amazement and terror, the meat lowed
+while roasting on the spit, and the empty skins moved and crawled
+as if alive. All these sounds and sights could not, however, deter
+the sailors, who were bound to have a good feast, which they
+kept up for seven days, ere Ulysses could make them leave the
+Trinacrian shores.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Lampetia had hastened to Apollo to apprise
+him of the crime committed by Ulysses&rsquo; men. In anger he appeared
+before the assembled gods and demanded amends, threatening
+to withdraw the light of his countenance if he were not
+properly indemnified. Jupiter, to appease his hot anger, immediately
+promised that all the offenders should perish.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Still shine, O Sun! among the deathless gods<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And mortal men, upon the nourishing earth.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Soon will I cleave, with a white thunderbolt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their galley in the midst of the black sea!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This promise he immediately fulfilled by drowning all except
+Ulysses, who alone had not partaken of the sacred flesh, and
+who, after clinging to the rudder for nine long days, a plaything
+for the wind and waves, was washed ashore on the Island of
+Ogygia, where the fair sea nymph Calypso had taken up her
+abode.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses and
+Calypso.</div>
+
+<p>There he was kindly and most hospitably entertained during
+eight long years; but he could not depart, as he had no vessel or
+crew to bear him away. At last Minerva, who had
+always befriended him, prevailed upon Jupiter to
+allow him to return to Ithaca. Mercury was sent to Ogygia to bid
+Calypso furnish all things necessary for his comfort, and aid in
+the construction of a huge raft, whereon our hero found himself
+afloat after many years of reluctant lingering on the land.</p>
+
+<p>All seemed well now; but Neptune suddenly became aware
+that his old enemy, the torturer of Polyphemus, was about to
+escape from his clutches. With one blow of his trident he stirred
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>355]</a></span>
+up one of those sudden tempests whose fury nothing can withstand,
+shattered Ulysses&rsquo; raft, and buffeted him about on the
+waves, until the goddess Leucothea (p. <a href="#Page_174"><b>174</b></a>), seeing his distress,
+helped him to reach the Ph&aelig;acian shore.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nausicaa and
+Ulysses.</div>
+
+<p>Too weary to think of aught but rest, Ulysses dragged himself
+into a neighboring wood, where he fell asleep on a bed of dry
+leaves. While he was thus resting, Minerva visited
+Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, King of the Ph&aelig;acians,
+in a dream, and bade her go down to the shore and wash
+her linen robes in readiness for her wedding day, which the goddess
+assured her was near at hand. Nausicaa obeyed, and
+drove with her maidens down to the shore, where, after their
+labors were duly finished, they all indulged in a game of ball,
+with the usual accompaniment of shrill cries and much laughter.
+Their cries awoke Ulysses, who came on the scene just in time
+to save their ball from the waves, and claimed Nausicaa&rsquo;s protection
+for a shipwrecked mariner.</p>
+
+<p>She graciously permitted him to follow her to her father&rsquo;s palace,
+and presented him to Alcinous and Arete, who bade him
+welcome, and invited him to join in the games then taking place.
+He did so, and displayed such strength and skill that his identity
+was revealed. Alcinous then promised to send him safely home
+in a Ph&aelig;acian bark, which reached Ithaca in safety, and deposited
+Ulysses, asleep, on his native shore.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The petrified
+ship.</div>
+
+<p>When Neptune discovered that the Ph&aelig;acians had outwitted
+him, he was so angry that he changed the returning
+vessel into a rock, which blocked the harbor
+and put an end to further maritime excursions on their part.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">&ldquo;He drew near<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And smote it with his open palm, and made<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ship a rock, fast rooted in the bed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the deep sea.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;">
+<a name="penelope" id="penelope"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr71.jpg" width="404" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">PENELOPE. (Vatican, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses&rsquo; return
+to Ithaca.</div>
+
+<p>Disguised as a beggar by Minerva&rsquo;s kindly care, Ulysses sought
+the lowly dwelling of Eum&aelig;us, his swineherd, and from him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"><!-- original location of Penelope illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>357]</a></span>
+learned all he wished to know about his wife and son. He heard
+that Penelope was fairly besieged with suitors, who were even
+now feasting and reveling in his palace, whence
+they refused to depart until she had made choice
+of a second husband; and also that Telemachus, now a young
+man, indignant and displeased with the suitors&rsquo; conduct, and
+guided and accompanied by his tutor Mentor, had set out in
+search of the father whom he could not believe dead.</p>
+
+<p>Mentor was Minerva in disguise, who guided the young man
+to the courts of Nestor and Menelaus, and finally in a dream
+bade him return to Ithaca, where he would find the parent he
+sought. The young prince immediately obeyed, and landed near
+Eum&aelig;us&rsquo; hut, escaping a clever ambuscade posted by the suitors
+at the entrance of the port.</p>
+
+<p>Minerva now permitted the father and son to recognize each
+other, in spite of their twenty years&rsquo; separation, and together they
+planned how best to punish the insolent suitors. They finally
+agreed that Telemachus should return to the palace and make no
+mention of his father&rsquo;s return; while Ulysses, still in the guise of
+a beggar, should enter his home and claim the usual hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>All was executed as they had planned. No one recognized
+the long-expected hero in the miserable old beggar&mdash;no one save
+his aged nurse Euryclea, and his faithful old dog Argus, who
+died for joy at his long-lost master&rsquo;s feet.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;While over Argus the black night of death<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came suddenly as soon as he had seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ulysses, absent now for twenty years.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Penelope&rsquo;s
+web.</div>
+
+<p>Penelope, hearing that a stranger was within her gates, sent for
+him, to inquire whether he knew aught of her husband. She too
+failed to pierce his disguise, and languidly continued
+a piece of work which she cleverly used to
+baffle her suitors; for once, when urged to marry, she had replied
+that she would do so as soon as her work was finished.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>358]</a></span>
+As she was a diligent worker, the suitors expected soon to hear
+her decision, little knowing that she raveled at night all the web
+so carefully woven during the day.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;Three full years<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She practiced thus, and by the fraud deceived<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Grecian youths.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses&rsquo; bow.</div>
+
+<p>At last the subterfuge was discovered, and the unfortunate
+Penelope was forced to finish her work; but ere it was quite
+done, she found another expedient to postpone
+her choice of a husband. She brought Ulysses&rsquo;
+bow, and announced that she would marry the man who could
+bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings which she pointed
+out.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem28">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&ldquo;&lsquo;I bring to you<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mighty bow that great Ulysses bore.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whoe&rsquo;er among you he may be whose hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall bend this bow, and send through these twelve rings<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An arrow, him I follow hence, and leave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This beautiful abode of my young years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With all its plenty,&mdash;though its memory,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I think, will haunt me even in my dreams.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of the
+suitors.</div>
+
+<p>The suitors all vainly strove to bend the mighty bow, which
+was then seized by the disguised Ulysses, while the youths
+laughed aloud in scorn, until Telemachus bade
+them let the old man try his strength. To the
+amazement of all, Ulysses easily performed the required feat;
+and then, turning his aim toward Antinous, the handsomest and
+most treacherous of all the suitors, he pierced his heart.</p>
+
+<p>A scene of wild commotion ensued, in which Ulysses, Telemachus,
+Eum&aelig;us, and Minerva disguised as Mentor, opposed
+and slew all the wooers. Penelope, unconscious of all this
+bloodshed, slept in her room, until she was gently awakened by
+Euryclea, who announced the return of her long-absent husband.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>359]</a></span>
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Awake, Penelope, dear child, and see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With thine own eyes what thou hast pined for long.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ulysses has returned; thy lord is here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though late, and he has slain the arrogant crew<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of suitors, who disgraced his house, and made<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His wealth a spoil, and dared insult his son.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Homer</span> (Bryant&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But Penelope had too long believed her husband dead to
+credit this marvelous news; and it was only after Ulysses had
+given her an infallible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret
+which was shared by her alone, that she received him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses&rsquo; last
+journey.</div>
+
+<p>Ulysses was now safe at home, after twenty years of warfare
+and adventure, and at first greatly enjoyed the quiet and peace
+of his home life; but after a while these tame joys
+grew wearisome, and he decided to renew his
+wanderings. He therefore prepared a fleet, and sailed &ldquo;out into
+the West,&rdquo; whence he never returned. The Greeks, however,
+averred that he had gone in search of the Isles of the Blest,
+where he dwelt in perfect peace, and enjoyed the constant society
+of heroes as brave and renowned as himself.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem26">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">&ldquo;&lsquo;Come, my friends,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&rsquo;Tis not too late to seek a newer world.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Push off, and sitting well in order smite<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of all the western stars, until I die.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tho&rsquo; much is taken, much abides: and tho&rsquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We are not now that strength which in old days<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One equal temper of heroic hearts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tennyson.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>360]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIX.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">ADVENTURES OF &AElig;NEAS.</span></h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">You</span> have already heard how the Greeks entered the city of
+Troy in the dead of night, massacred the inhabitants, and set fire
+to the beautiful buildings which had been the king&rsquo;s pride and
+delight. Now you shall hear how Virgil relates the escape of
+some of the Trojans from general destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Unconscious of coming danger, &AElig;neas, son of Venus and
+Anchises, lay fast asleep in his palace; but the gods had not
+doomed him to perish, and sent the shade of Hector to warn
+him in a dream to arise, leave the city, and fly to some distant
+land.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Ah, goddess-born,&rsquo; he warns me, &lsquo;fly!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Escape these flames: Greece holds the walls;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proud Ilium from her summit falls.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Think not of king&rsquo;s or country&rsquo;s claims:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Country and king, alas! are names:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Could Troy be saved by hands of men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This hand had saved her then, e&rsquo;en then.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gods of her domestic shrines<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That country to your care consigns:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Receive them now, to share your fate:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Provide them mansions strong and great,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The city&rsquo;s walls, which Heaven has willed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beyond the seas you yet shall build.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas goes to
+save Priam.</div>
+
+<p>Awakened at last by the ever-increasing tumult without,
+&AElig;neas seized his arms and hastened forth, attended by many
+of his fellow-citizens, to ascertain the cause of the great uproar.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>361]</a></span>
+A few minutes later he discovered that the Greek army had
+entered the town, and was even now killing, plundering, and
+burning without mercy. The men were all slain,
+but the fairest women were dragged away to be
+sold as slaves in Greece; and among them &AElig;neas beheld in the
+hands of Agamemnon&rsquo;s soldiers the unfortunate daughter of
+Priam, Cassandra, whom the gods had endowed with prophetic
+powers (p. <a href="#Page_310"><b>310</b></a>), but whom no one would heed.</p>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas, seeing ere long that there was no hope of saving the
+doomed city, quickly disguised himself in a Greek armor which
+he tore from the corpse of one of his foes, and rushed on to the
+palace, hoping to save the aged king, who, at the first alarm, had
+seized his weapons, determined to fight to the very last.</p>
+
+<p>Hecuba, his wife, was clinging to him, imploring him to remain,
+when suddenly Polites, their son, rushed into their presence,
+closely followed by Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles,
+who thrust his sword into the youth, and then murdered Priam
+also.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;So Priam&rsquo;s fortunes closed at last:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So passed he, seeing as he passed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His Troy in flames, his royal tower<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Laid low in dust by hostile power,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who once o&rsquo;er land and peoples proud<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sat, while before him Asia bowed:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now on the shore behold him dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A nameless trunk, a trunkless head.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas, who arrived just too late to hinder this frightful catastrophe,
+now suddenly remembered that a similar fate awaited his
+aged father Anchises, his wife Creusa, and little son Iulus, who
+were at home without any protector near them. The hero therefore
+madly cut his way through the foe, and rushed through the
+once magnificent palace, which was now stripped of its rarest
+treasures and desecrated by an enemy&rsquo;s tread.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Venus appears
+to &AElig;neas.</div>
+
+<p>There, in one of the abandoned halls, he saw Helen, the fair
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>362]</a></span>
+cause of all this war and bloodshed,&mdash;who, after Paris&rsquo; death, had
+married Deiphobus, his brother,&mdash;and for a moment he determined
+to take her life; but ere he could do so,
+Venus, his mother, stayed his hand, and bade him
+remember that the immortal gods had long ago decreed that the
+city should fall, and that Helen was merely the pretext used to
+induce the rival nations to fly to arms.</p>
+
+<p>Further to convince him of the truth of her assertions, she
+enabled him to see what was hidden from mortal eyes: i.e.,
+Neptune, Minerva, Juno, and Jupiter even, fighting and leveling
+the walls with mighty blows. She then vehemently implored
+her son to leave this scene of carnage, and fly, with his family and
+followers, to some safe place without the city, whence he could
+embark, and sail away to a more fortunate land; and her entreaties
+finally prevailed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Anchises&rsquo;
+escape.</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas rushed home and bade his father prepare to leave Troy;
+but Anchises obstinately refused to leave his post, until he saw
+a bright flame hover for a moment above his
+grandson&rsquo;s head, which sign he interpreted as an
+omen that his race should endure. He no longer resisted; and,
+as he was too weak to walk, &AElig;neas bade him hold the Lares
+and Penates, and, taking him on his back, carried him off, while
+with one hand he led his little son, and bade Creusa closely follow
+him.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem23">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Come, mount my shoulders, dear my sire:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such load my strength shall never tire.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now, whether fortune smiles or lowers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One risk, one safety shall be ours.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My son shall journey at my side,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My wife her steps by mine shall guide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At distance safe.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Creusa&rsquo;s
+ghost.</div>
+
+<p>A trysting place near a ruined temple had already been appointed
+for his servants, and thither &AElig;neas turned his steps.
+When he arrived there, he found many awaiting him, and counted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>363]</a></span>
+them carefully to make sure none were missing. All were there
+except Creusa, his beloved young wife; and he retraced his steps
+with anxious haste, hoping to find her still alive.
+But on the threshold of his once happy home
+he met her disembodied spirit, and heard her bid him seek the
+banks of the Tiber, where a beautiful young bride would comfort
+him for her loss. This speech ended, Creusa&rsquo;s ghost vanished,
+and &AElig;neas sadly returned to the ruined temple, where he
+found many fugitives ready to follow him wherever he went,
+and eager to obey his every command. Their preparations for
+departure were speedily completed, the sails unfurled, and the
+little exiled band soon lost sight of the shores of Troy.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Weeping I quit the port, the shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The plains where Ilium stood before,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And homeless launch upon the main,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Son, friends, and home gods in my train.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival in
+Thrace.</div>
+
+<p>Although they had escaped from burning Troy and the swords
+of the Greeks, their trials had only just begun. After many days&rsquo;
+sailing, they landed in Thrace, viewed the country,
+decided to settle there, and began to trace the
+foundations of a new city, which they decided to call the &AElig;nead&aelig;,
+in honor of their leader.</p>
+
+<p>Their next care was to offer a sacrifice to the gods; but when
+&AElig;neas, with due ceremony, cut down a sapling, he was startled
+to see blood flow from its severed stem. At the same time a
+mysterious voice was heard, bidding him forbear, for his former
+friend Polydorus, sent to Thrace to conceal some treasures, had
+been murdered there by an avaricious king, and this grove of
+trees had sprouted from the spear handles driven into his unhappy
+breast.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Delos and
+Crete.</div>
+
+<p>After paying the customary funeral rites to appease the soul
+of his unfortunate friend, &AElig;neas easily prevailed
+upon his followers to leave these inhospitable shores
+and seek another resting place. They rowed over the briny
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>364]</a></span>
+deep until they came to Delos, where they stopped to consult
+the oracle, who bade them seek the cradle of their race, and settle
+there.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Stout Dardan hearts, the realm of earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where first your nation sprang to birth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That realm shall now receive you back:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Go, seek your ancient mother&rsquo;s track.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There shall &AElig;neas&rsquo; house, renewed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For ages, rule a world subdued.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This obscure command left them uncertain what course to
+pursue, until the aged Anchises remembered that one of his ancestors,
+Teucer, had once reigned in Crete. Thither they sailed,
+and hoped to settle; but a terrible pestilence came upon them,
+and decimated their already sparse ranks.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas&rsquo;
+vision.</div>
+
+<p>One night &AElig;neas had a vision, in which his household gods
+bade him seek the Italian or Hesperian shores; and when, on
+waking, he imparted this advice to Anchises, the
+latter remembered a long-forgotten prophecy of
+Cassandra, purporting that they would settle there, and also that
+Dardanus, their first progenitor, was reported to have come from
+thence.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem19">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;There is a land, by Greece of old<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Surnamed Hesperia, rich its mold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its children brave and free:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&OElig;notrians were its settlers: fame<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now gives the race its leader&rsquo;s name,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And calls it Italy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here Dardanus was born, our king,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And old Iasius, whence we spring:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Here our authentic seat.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cel&aelig;no,
+the Harpy.</div>
+
+<p>Ere many days &AElig;neas and his trusty followers were once
+more afloat, and forced to battle with fierce storms sent by Juno
+to hinder their advance. Exhausted, they landed on the Strophades
+Islands, where they proposed to recruit their strength by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>365]</a></span>
+a hearty meal; but no sooner was their table spread, than the
+meats were devoured and destroyed by the loathsome Harpies.
+A terrible prophecy uttered by Cel&aelig;no, one of
+these monsters,&mdash;half woman and half bird,&mdash;made
+them embark again in great haste, and row on until they
+came to Epirus, where they again effected a landing. In this
+country they met the sorrowing Andromache, Hector&rsquo;s widow,
+the slave of King Helenus, who entertained them royally and
+sent them on their way again, with many kindly cautions to beware
+of the Cyclopes and avoid Charybdis and Scylla by circumnavigating
+the whole island of Sicily.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rescue of
+Achemenides.</div>
+
+<p>This advice was duly followed by &AElig;neas, who, while rounding
+one of the promontories of the island, saw and rescued Achemenides,
+one of Ulysses&rsquo; companions, accidentally left
+behind when they escaped from the rage of Polyphemus,
+the Cyclops. This giant now came down to the shore,
+and was regarded with unconcealed horror by the Trojans, who
+rowed away in haste. Soon after, &AElig;neas moored his ships in the
+harbors of Sicania and Drepanum, and while there lost his aged
+father Anchises.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem15">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&ldquo;There<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I lose my stay in every care,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My sire Anchises!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Juno, in the mean while, had not been idle, and gloated over
+the dangers she had forced the unhappy Trojans to encounter
+during the seven years which had already elapsed since they first
+sailed from Troy. She was not yet weary of persecuting them,
+however; and as soon as she saw them once more afloat, she
+hurried off to &AElig;olus, and bade him let loose his fiercest children,
+and scatter the fleet by a terrible storm.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;O &AElig;olus! since the Sire of all<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Has made the wind obey thy call<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To raise or lay the foam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A race I hate now plows the sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>366]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Transporting Troy to Italy<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And home gods reft of home:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lash thou thy winds, their ships submerge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or toss them weltering o&rsquo;er the surge.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+tempest.</div>
+
+<p>This request was immediately granted. The vessels, tossed
+hither and thither, lost sight of each other. Some were stranded,
+some sank, and still the tempest raged on with
+unabated fury, and death stared the unhappy Trojans
+in the face. The commotion on the deep finally aroused
+Neptune, who came to the surface just in time to see all the
+misfortunes which had overwhelmed &AElig;neas. He imperiously
+sent the winds away, and lent a helping hand to float the stranded
+ships once more.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Back to your master instant flee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And tell him, not to him but me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The imperial trident of the sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fell by the lot&rsquo;s award.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Trojans, grateful for his timely aid, and reassured by the
+calm which now reigned supreme, steered for the nearest port,
+where they anchored their seven vessels, all that now remained
+of their once large fleet.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival in
+Libya.</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas and Achates, his faithful friend, immediately set out to
+view the land, and ere long encountered Venus, disguised as a
+mortal, who informed them that they had landed
+upon the Libyan coast, which was under the sway
+of Dido, a fugitive from Tyre. Dido&rsquo;s husband, Sych&aelig;us, King
+of Tyre, the possessor of untold riches, had been murdered by
+Pygmalion, his brother-in-law; but the queen was kept in complete
+ignorance of this crime, until visited in a dream by the shade
+of Sych&aelig;us, which bade her fly with his treasures, whose place of
+concealment she alone knew.</p>
+
+<p>Dido obeyed the ghost&rsquo;s commands, and, accompanied by a
+number of faithful subjects, landed on the Libyan coast, where
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>367]</a></span>
+she entreated the inhabitants to sell her as much land as an ox-hide
+would inclose. This seemingly modest request was immediately
+granted; but the Libyans regretted their compliance
+when they saw the ox-hide cut up into tiny strips, which inclosed
+a considerable tract of land, the site of Dido&rsquo;s beautiful capital,
+Carthage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas and
+Dido.</div>
+
+<p>Thither Venus advised her son to proceed and claim the
+queen&rsquo;s protection. &AElig;neas and Achates obediently hastened
+onward, and entered the town unseen, for Venus
+had enveloped them both in a mist. Their attention
+was first attracted by the festive appearance of the people
+assembled together, and by the beauty of the queen, giving audience
+to some of their companions, who had miraculously escaped
+from the waves.</p>
+
+<p>These men spoke to the queen of their renowned chief, whose
+fame had already reached her ear; and she gladly promised to
+send out a search party to discover him, and aid him if necessary.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i7">&ldquo;&lsquo;I will send<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And search the coast from end to end,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If haply, wandering up and down,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He bide in woodland or in town.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At these gracious words, &AElig;neas stepped forward, the mist vanished,
+and he stood before the queen in all his manly beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Dido then led her guests to the banquet hall, where they recounted
+their adventures by land and sea, while partaking of the
+viands and wines set before them. At this feast, Cupid, at
+Venus&rsquo; request, assumed the face and form of Iulus, &AElig;neas&rsquo;
+young son, and, reclining on the queen&rsquo;s bosom, secretly thrust
+one of his darts into her heart, and made her fall in love with
+&AElig;neas.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="aeneas" id="aeneas"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr72.jpg" width="600" height="413"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">&AElig;NEAS AT THE COURT OF DIDO.&mdash;Guerin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Day after day now passed in revelry and pleasure, and still
+&AElig;neas lingered by Dido&rsquo;s side, forgetful of the new kingdom
+he was destined to found. One whole year passed thus; and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"><!-- original location of Aeneas at the Court of Dido illustration --></a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>369]</a></span>
+gods, impatient of delay, finally sent Mercury to remind &AElig;neas
+of his duty.</p>
+
+<p>To avoid Dido&rsquo;s tears and recriminations, the hero kept his
+preparations for departure a complete secret, and finally set sail
+while she was wrapt in slumber. When she awoke and looked
+out of her palace window, it was only to see the last vessel sink
+beneath the horizon.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Dido.</div>
+
+<p>Concealing her grief, and pretending an anger she did not feel,
+she bade her servants make a funeral pyre, and place upon it all
+the objects &AElig;neas had used during his sojourn in
+her palace; then, on top of it all, she set an effigy
+of her false lover, set fire to the pyre, sprang into the midst of
+the flames, and there stabbed herself.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Yet let me die: thus, thus I go<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Exulting to the shades below.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let the false Dardan feel the blaze<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That burns me pouring on his gaze,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bear along, to cheer his way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The funeral presage of to-day.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the mast of his vessel &AElig;neas saw the rising column of
+smoke, and his heart sank within him; for he suspected its fatal
+import, and honestly mourned the death of the beautiful queen.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Funeral
+games.</div>
+
+<p>The Trojans sailed onward until the threatening clouds made
+them take refuge in the Sicanian port, where they celebrated the
+usual games to commemorate Anchises&rsquo; death,
+which had occurred there just one year previous.
+While the men were engaged in the customary naval, foot, and
+horse races, boxing, wrestling, and archery matches, the women
+gathered together, and, instigated by Juno, began to bewail the
+hard lot which compelled them to encounter again the perils of
+the sea. Their discontent ultimately reached such a pitch that
+they set fire to the vessels. When &AElig;neas heard of this new
+misfortune, he rushed down to the shore, tore his costly festal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>370]</a></span>
+garments, and cried to Heaven for assistance in this his time of
+direst need.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem22">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;&lsquo;Dread Sire, if Ilium&rsquo;s lorn estate<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deserve not yet thine utter hate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If still thine ancient faithfulness<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Give heed to mortals in distress,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, let the fleet escape the flame!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, save from death Troy&rsquo;s dying name!&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apparition of
+Anchises.</div>
+
+<p>This prayer was instantly answered by a sudden severe shower,
+which quenched the devouring flames. Soon after this miracle,
+Anchises appeared to &AElig;neas, and bade him leave
+the women, children, and aged men in Sicily, and
+travel on to Cum&aelig;, where he was to consult the Sibyl, visit the
+Infernal Regions, and there receive further advice from him.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;First seek the halls of Dis below,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pass deep Avernus&rsquo; vale, and meet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Your father in his own retreat.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas again dutifully obeyed; but when Venus saw him afloat
+once more, she hastened to Neptune, and bade him watch over
+her unfortunate son. Neptune listened very graciously to her
+appeal, and promised to take but one of all the many lives intrusted
+to his care. That one was &AElig;neas&rsquo; pilot, Palinurus, who,
+falling asleep at the helm, fell overboard and was drowned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Cum&aelig;an
+Sibyl.</div>
+
+<p>As for the fleet, it reached the Cum&aelig;an shore in safety; and
+&AElig;neas hastened off to the Sibyl&rsquo;s cave, made known his wish
+to visit Hades, and entreated her to serve as his
+guide in that perilous journey. She consented,
+but at the same time informed him that he must first obtain a
+golden twig, which grew in a dark forest.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">&ldquo;None may reach the shades without<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The passport of that golden sprout.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>371]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 446px;">
+<a name="sibyl" id="sibyl"></a>
+<img src="images/mgr73.jpg" width="446" height="600"
+alt="Refer to caption" />
+<p class="caption">CUM&AElig;AN SIBYL.&mdash;Domenichino. (Borghese Gallery, Rome.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>372]</a></span>
+Almost despairing, &AElig;neas now prayed for assistance; for how
+could he find a tiny golden sprig in the midst of the dense forest
+foliage without the gods&rsquo; aid? In answer to this appeal, Venus,
+ever mindful of her son, sent two of her snowy doves to lead
+the way and alight on the tree, where &AElig;neas readily found the
+object of his search.</p>
+
+<p>Armed with this branch as key, he and the Sibyl boldly entered
+the Lower Regions, where all the ghastly sights and
+sounds we have already described (p. <a href="#Page_167"><b>167</b></a>) met them on every side.
+Charon quickly ferried them over the Acheron, on whose bank
+they saw the wandering shade of Palinurus, who had no obolus
+to pay his way across, and that of Dido, with a gaping wound
+in her breast.</p>
+
+<p>They did not pause, however, until they reached the Elysian
+Fields, where they found Anchises, gravely considering among
+the unborn souls those who were destined to animate his race
+and make it illustrious in the future. These he carefully pointed
+out to &AElig;neas, foretelling their future achievements, and called
+by name Romulus, Brutus, Camillus, the Gracchi, C&aelig;sar,&mdash;in
+fact, all the heroes of Roman history.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem25">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Anchises showed &AElig;neas, in long line,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The illustrious shades of those who were to shine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One day the glory of the Italian shore.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet smcap">Tomas de Iriarte.<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Arrival in
+Latium.</div>
+
+<p>After a prolonged conversation with his father, &AElig;neas returned
+to his companions, and led them to the mouth of the Tiber, whose
+course they followed until they reached Latium,
+where their wanderings were to cease. Latinus,
+king of the country, received them hospitably, and promised the
+hand of his daughter Lavinia in marriage to &AElig;neas.</p>
+
+<p>Lavinia was very beautiful, and had already had many suitors,
+among whom Turnus, a neighboring prince, boasted of the most
+exalted rank. The queen, Amata, specially favored this youth&rsquo;s
+suit; and the king would gladly have received him for a son-in-law,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>373]</a></span>
+had he not twice been warned by the gods to reserve his
+daughter for a foreign prince, who had now appeared.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all the years which had elapsed since Paris scorned
+her attractions and bribes (p. <a href="#Page_307"><b>307</b></a>), Juno had not yet forgotten her
+hatred of the Trojan race, and, afraid lest her enemy&rsquo;s course
+should now prove too smooth, she sent Alecto, the Fury, down upon
+earth to stir up war, and goad Amata to madness. The Fury
+executed both commands, and Amata fled to the woods, where
+she concealed her daughter Lavinia, to keep her safe for Turnus,
+whom she preferred to &AElig;neas.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">War with the
+Latins.</div>
+
+<p>As Iulus and some companions had unfortunately wounded
+the pet stag of Silvia, daughter of the head shepherd, a brawl
+ensued, which, fomented by Alecto, soon developed
+into a bloody war. Hostilities having thus begun,
+Turnus, with the various Latin chiefs, immediately besought Latinus
+to open the gates of Janus&rsquo; temple. He refused; but Juno,
+afraid lest even now her plans might be set at naught, came
+down from Olympus, and with her own hand flung wide the
+brazen doors. This unexpected apparition kindled a general
+ardor; new troops enlisted; and even Camilla, the Volscian
+warrior-maiden, came to proffer her aid to Turnus.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;Last marches forth for Latium&rsquo;s sake<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Camilla fair, the Volscian maid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A troop of horsemen in her wake<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">In pomp of gleaming steel arrayed;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stern warrior queen!&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Story of
+Camilla.</div>
+
+<p>When but a babe in arms, Camilla had been carried off by her
+father, as he fled before the Volscian troops. When he came
+to the Amasenus River, he found his pursuers close
+at his heels. Tying his infant daughter to his spear,
+he hurled her to the opposite bank, which, thanks to Diana&rsquo;s
+aid, she reached unharmed, while her father plunged into the
+waves to join her. In his gratitude to find her safe, he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>374]</a></span>
+dedicated her to Diana, who trained her to love the chase and all
+manly pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>Surprised to see Latinus&rsquo; friendly offers of hospitality so suddenly
+withdrawn, &AElig;neas made rapid preparations for war, and
+sailed farther up the Tiber to secure the aid of Evander, king
+of the Tuscans, the hereditary foe of the Latins. This monarch,
+too old to lead his troops in person, nevertheless promised his
+aid, and sent his beloved son Pallas in his stead to command the
+troops he supplied.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nisus and
+Euryalus.</div>
+
+<p>Juno, still implacable, had in the mean while sent Iris to apprise
+Turnus of &AElig;neas&rsquo; departure, and to urge him to set fire to the
+remainder of the fleet,&mdash;a suggestion which Turnus
+joyfully obeyed. The Trojans, headed by young
+Iulus, &AElig;neas&rsquo; son, defended themselves with their usual courage;
+but, seeing the enemy would soon overpower them, they dispatched
+Nisus and Euryalus, two of their number, to warn &AElig;neas
+of their danger, and entreat him to hasten up with his re&euml;nforcements.
+These unfortunate youths passed through the camp unseen,
+but farther on fell into the hands of a troop of Volscian
+horsemen, who cruelly put them to death, and then hurried
+with the Rutules to lend assistance to Turnus. Next some of
+the Trojan vessels were fired by the enemy; but, instead of
+being consumed by the flames, they were changed into water
+nymphs by the intervention of the gods, and, sailing down the
+Tiber, met &AElig;neas, and warned him to hasten to his son&rsquo;s rescue.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem18">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;His vessels change their guise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And each and all as Nereids rise.&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil.</span><br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The
+armor.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Venus, who befriended the Trojans, had
+sought Vulcan&rsquo;s detested abode, and had prevailed upon him to
+forge a beautiful armor for &AElig;neas. On the shield,
+which is minutely described in one of the books of
+Virgil&rsquo;s celebrated epic poem, the &AElig;neid, were depicted many
+of the stirring scenes in the lives of the future descendants of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>375]</a></span>
+&AElig;neas, the heroes of Roman history. As soon as this armor was
+completed, Venus brought it to her son, who donned it with visible
+pleasure, and, encouraged by his mother&rsquo;s words, prepared
+to meet the Latins and hold his own.</p>
+
+<p>Venus and Juno were not the only deities interested in the
+coming struggle; for all the gods, having watched &AElig;neas&rsquo; career,
+were anxious about his fate. Seeing this, and fearful lest their
+interference should still further endanger the hero whom he
+favored, Jupiter assembled the gods on high Olympus, and
+sternly forbade their taking any active part in the coming strife,
+under penalty of his severe displeasure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas&rsquo;
+arrival.</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas and his Tuscan allies arrived on the battle scene just
+in time to give the necessary support to the almost exhausted
+Trojans; and now the fight raged more fiercely
+than ever, and prodigies of valor were accomplished
+on both sides, until finally young Pallas fell, slain by
+Turnus. When aware of the death of this promising young
+prince, &AElig;neas&rsquo; heart was filled with grief, for he could imagine
+the sorrow of the aged Evander when he saw his son&rsquo;s corpse
+brought home for burial; and he then and there registered a
+solemn vow to avenge Pallas&rsquo; death by slaying Turnus, and immediately
+hastened forth to keep his word.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Juno&rsquo;s
+treachery.</div>
+
+<p>In the mean while, Juno, suspecting what his purpose would
+be, and afraid to allow Turnus to encounter such a formidable
+antagonist as &AElig;neas, had determined to lure her
+favorite away from the field. To compass this,
+she assumed the form of &AElig;neas, challenged Turnus, and, as soon
+as he began the fight, fled toward the river, and took refuge on
+one of the vessels, closely pursued by him. No sooner did she
+see the Rutule chief safe on board, than she loosed the vessel
+from its moorings, and allowed it to drift down the stream, bearing
+Turnus away from the scene of battle. Aware now of the
+delusion practiced, Turnus raved, and accused the gods, and
+then eagerly watched for an opportunity to land, and make his
+way, alone and on foot, back to the scene of conflict.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas&rsquo;
+prowess.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>376]</a></span>
+During Turnus&rsquo; involuntary absence, &AElig;neas had ranged all over
+the battlefield in search of him, and had encountered and slain
+many warriors, among others Lausus and his aged
+father Mezentius, two allies of Latinus, who had
+specially distinguished themselves by their great valor. The
+dead and dying covered the field, when Latinus, weary of bloodshed,
+summoned a council, and again vainly tried to make peace.
+But his efforts were of no avail. The war was renewed more
+fiercely than ever; and in the next encounter, Camilla, the brave
+Volscian maiden, fell at last, breathing a fervent entreaty that
+Turnus should hasten to the succor of his despairing people if he
+would not see them all slain and the town in the hands of the
+Trojans.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem21">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Go: my last charge to Turnus tell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To haste with succor, and repel<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Trojans from the town&mdash;farewell.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas&rsquo;
+wound.</div>
+
+<p>Shortly after her death, in the very midst of the fray, &AElig;neas
+suddenly felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious
+hand. He hastened to seek the aid of the
+leech Iapis; but, in spite of his ministrations, the
+barb could not be removed nor the wound dressed, until Venus
+brought a magic herb, which instantly healed the hero, and
+enabled him to return to the fight with unabated strength and
+energy.</p>
+
+<p>The tide was now decidedly turning in favor of the Trojans;
+for Amata, the Latin queen, sorry for her ill-advised opposition
+to her daughter&rsquo;s marriage with &AElig;neas, brought Lavinia home
+and hung herself in a fit of remorse.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Death of
+Turnus.</div>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas, appearing once more on the battlefield, finally encountered
+the long-sought Turnus, who had made his way back,
+and was now driving about in his chariot, jealously
+guarded by his sister Juturna, who, the better to
+watch over his safety, had taken the place of his chariot driver.
+The two heroes, having met, instantly closed in deadly fight;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>377]</a></span>
+but, in spite of Turnus&rsquo; bravery, he was finally obliged to succumb,
+and sank to the ground, frankly acknowledging himself
+beaten as he exhaled his last sigh.</p>
+
+<div class="cpoem20">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&ldquo;&lsquo;Yours is the victory: Latian bands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have seen me stretch imploring hands:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The bride Lavinia is your own:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus far let foeman&rsquo;s hate be shown.&rsquo;&rdquo;<br /></span>
+<span class="poet"><span class="smcap">Virgil</span> (Conington&rsquo;s tr.).<br /></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&AElig;neas&rsquo;
+progeny.</div>
+
+<p>With the death of Turnus the war came to an end. A lasting
+peace was made with Latinus; and the brave Trojan hero, whose
+woes were now over, was united in marriage with
+Lavinia. In concert with Latinus, he ruled the
+Latins, and founded a city, which he called Lavinia in honor
+of his bride, and which became for a time the capital of Latium.</p>
+
+<p>&AElig;neas, as the gods had predicted, became the father of a
+son named &AElig;neas Silvia, who founded Alba Longa, where his
+descendants reigned for many a year, and where one of his race,
+the Vestal Virgin Ilia, after marrying Mars, gave birth to Remus
+and Romulus, the founders of Rome (p. <a href="#Page_142"><b>142</b></a>).</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>378]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XXX.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="vsmlfont">ANALYSIS OF MYTHS.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&ldquo;I shall indeed interpret all that I can, but I cannot interpret all that I
+should like.&rdquo;&mdash;<i>Grimm.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Early
+theories.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In</span> attempting an analysis of the foregoing myths, and an explanation
+of their origin, it is impossible, in a work of this kind,
+to do more than give a very superficial idea of
+the scientific theories of various eminent mythologists,
+who, on this subject, like doctors, are sure to disagree.</p>
+
+<p>These myths, comprising &ldquo;the entire intellectual stock of the
+age to which they belonged,&rdquo; existed as &ldquo;floating talk among
+the people&rdquo; long ere they passed into the literature of the nation;
+and while to us mythology is merely &ldquo;an affair of historical or
+antiquarian study, we must remember that the interpretation of
+myths was once a thing full of vital interest to men whose moral
+and religious beliefs were deeply concerned.&rdquo; Received at first
+with implicit faith, these myths became a stumbling block as
+civilization advanced. Cultured man recoiled from much of the
+grossness which had appeared quite natural to his ancestors in a
+savage state, and made an attempt to find out their primitive
+meaning, or an explanation which would satisfy his purer taste.</p>
+
+<p>With the latter object in view, the sages and writers of old interpreted
+all that seemed &ldquo;silly and senseless&rdquo; in mythology as
+physical allegories,&mdash;a system subsequently carried to extremes
+by many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of evading Christian
+satire.</p>
+
+<p>Learned men have also explained these selfsame myths as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>379]</a></span>
+historical facts disguised as metaphors, or as moral allegories,
+which the choice of Hercules (p. <a href="#Page_218"><b>218</b></a>) undoubtedly is. Euhemerus
+(316 B.C.) was the pioneer of the former theory, and
+Bacon an exponent of the latter. Euhemerus&rsquo; method was exaggerated
+by his disciples, who declared Zeus was merely a king of
+Crete; his war with the giants, an attempt to repress a sedition;
+Danae&rsquo;s shower of gold (p. <a href="#Page_240"><b>240</b></a>), the money with which her guards
+were bribed; Prometheus, a maker of clay images, &ldquo;whence it
+was hyperbolically said he created man out of clay;&rdquo; and Atlas,
+an astronomer, who was therefore spoken of as supporting the
+weight of the heavens. This mode of interpretation was carried
+to such an extreme that it became ridiculous, and the inevitable
+reaction took place. In the course of time, however, the germ
+of truth it contained was again brought to light; and very few
+persons now refuse to believe that some of the heroic myths have
+some slight historical basis, the &ldquo;silly and senseless&rdquo; element being
+classed as accretions similar to the fabulous tales attached to the
+indubitably historical name of Charlemagne. During the seventeenth
+century, some philosophers, incited by &ldquo;the resemblance
+between biblical narrative and ancient myths, came to the conclusion
+that the Bible contained a pure and the myths a distorted
+form of an original revelation.&rdquo; But within the past century new
+theories have gradually gained ground: for the philologists have
+attempted to prove that the myths arose from a &ldquo;disease of
+language;&rdquo; while the anthropologists, basing their theory on
+comparative mythology, declare &ldquo;it is man, it is human thought
+and human language combined, which naturally and necessarily
+produced the strange conglomerate of ancient fable.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Modern
+theories.</div>
+
+<p>As these two last-named schools have either successfully confuted
+or incorporated the theories of all their predecessors, a
+brief outline of their respective beliefs will not be
+out of place. While philology compares only the
+&ldquo;myths of races which speak languages of the same family&rdquo; (as
+will shortly be demonstrated), anthropology resorts to all folklore,
+and seeks for the origin of myths, not in language, which it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>380]</a></span>
+considers only as a subordinate cause, but in the &ldquo;condition of
+thought through which all races have passed.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Anthropological
+theory.</div>
+
+<p>The anthropologists, or comparative mythologists, do not deny
+that during the moderate allowance of two hundred and fifty
+thousand years, which they allot to the human race
+on earth, the myths may have spread from a single
+center, and either by migration, or by slave or wife stealing, or
+by other natural or accidental methods, may have &ldquo;wandered
+all around the globe;&rdquo; but they principally base their arguments
+on the fact that just as flint arrowheads are found in all parts of
+the world, differing but slightly in form and manufacture, so the
+myths of all nations &ldquo;resemble each other, because they were
+formed to meet the same needs, out of the same materials.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They argue that this similarity exists, &ldquo;not because the people
+came from the same stock&rdquo; (which is the philologist&rsquo;s view), &ldquo;but
+because they passed through the same savage intellectual condition.&rdquo;
+By countless examples taken from the folklore of all
+parts of the earth, they prove that the savage considers himself
+akin to beasts (generally to the one whose image is used as a tribal
+or family badge or totem), and &ldquo;regards even plants, inanimate
+objects, and the most abstract phenomena, as persons with human
+parts and passions.&rdquo; To the savage, &ldquo;sun, moon, and stars are persons,
+but savage persons;&rdquo; and, as he believes &ldquo;many of his own
+tribe fellows to have the power of assuming the form of animals,&rdquo;
+he concedes the same privilege and power to sun, moon, and stars,
+etc. This school further prove that all pre-Christian religions have
+idols representing beasts, that all mythologies represent the gods
+as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare, that, although
+the Greeks were a thoroughly civilized people, we can still find
+in their mythology and religion &ldquo;abundant survivals of savage
+manners and savage myths.&rdquo; They claim, that, during the myth-making
+age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an intellectual
+level with the present Australian Bushmen, and that
+&ldquo;everything in civilized mythologies which we regard as irrational,
+seems only part of the accepted and rational order of things
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>381]</a></span>
+to the contemporary savages, and in the past seemed equally
+rational and natural to savages concerning whom we have historical
+information.&rdquo; Of course it is difficult, not to say impossible,
+for civilized man to put himself in the savage&rsquo;s place, and regard
+things from his point of view. The nearest approach to primitive
+intelligence which comes under our immediate observation is
+the working of the minds of small children, who, before they can
+talk intelligibly, whip the table or chair against which they have
+bumped their heads, and later on delight in weaving the most extraordinary
+tales. A little four-year-old seized a book and began
+to &ldquo;read a story;&rdquo; that is to say, to improvise a very improbable
+and highly colored tale of a pony. Forced to pause from
+lack of breath, she resumed the thread of her narrative with the
+words, &ldquo;Now, this dog;&rdquo; and, when it was suggested that the
+story was about a pony, she emphatically replied, &ldquo;Well, this pony
+was a dog,&rdquo; and continued. Now, either because she perceived
+that the transformation had attracted attention, or to satisfy the
+childish inborn taste for the marvelous, in the course of the next
+few minutes the pony underwent as many transformations as
+Proteus, all of which apparently seemed perfectly natural to her.
+The anthropologists explain the tales of the various transformations
+of Jupiter and his animal progeny &ldquo;as in many cases survivals
+of the totemistic belief in descent from beasts,&rdquo; while the
+mythologists explain them as &ldquo;allegories of the fruitful union
+of heaven and earth, of rain and grain.&rdquo; The former school also
+declare that the myth of Cupid and Psyche, which has its parallel
+in stories found in all parts of the world, was invented to explain
+curious marriage customs (for in some countries it is unlawful for
+the husband to see his wife&rsquo;s face until after she has given birth to
+her first child, and in others a wife may not speak her husband&rsquo;s
+name): the latter school interpret the same myth as a beautiful
+allegory of the soul and the union of faith and love.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Philological
+theory.</div>
+
+<p>The philologists&rsquo; interpretation of myths is not only the most
+accredited at the present time, but also the most poetical. We
+therefore give a brief synopsis of their theory, together with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>382]</a></span>
+an analysis, from their point of view, of the principal myths told
+at length in the course of this work. According to this school,
+&ldquo;myths are the result of a disease of language, as
+the pearl is the result of a disease of the oyster;&rdquo;
+the key to all mythologies lies in language; and the original names
+of the gods, &ldquo;ascertained by comparative philology, will be found,
+as a rule, to denote elemental or physical phenomena,&rdquo; that is,
+phenomena of the sunshine, the clouds, rain, winds, fire, etc.</p>
+
+<p>To make their process of reasoning plain, it should be explained,
+that as French, Spanish, and Italian are derived from the Latin,
+even so Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have a common source in a
+much older language; that, even if Latin were entirely lost, the
+similarity of the word &ldquo;bridge,&rdquo; for instance (<i>pons</i> in Latin), in
+French (<i>pont</i>), in Spanish (<i>puente</i>), and in Italian (<i>ponte</i>), would
+justify the conclusion that these terms had their origin in a common
+language, and that the people who spoke it were familiar
+with bridges, which they evidently called by some name phonetically
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>Further to prove their position, they demonstrate the similarity
+of the most common words in all the languages of the same
+family, showing (as is the case with the word &ldquo;father&rdquo; in the accompanying
+table) that they undergo but few changes in sixteen
+different languages.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Sanskrit, <i>pitri</i>.<br />
+Zend, <i>paitar</i>.<br />
+Persian, <i>pader</i>.<br />
+Erse, <i>athair</i>.<br />
+Italian, <i>padre</i>.<br />
+Spanish, <i>padre</i>.<br />
+French, <i>p&egrave;re</i>.<br />
+Saxon, <i>f&aelig;der</i>.<br />
+Latin, <i>pater</i>.<br />
+Greek, pronounced <i>p&auml;tair</i>.<br />
+Gothic, <i>vatar</i>.<br />
+German, <i>vater</i>.<br />
+Dutch, <i>fader</i>.<br />
+Danish, <i>fader</i>.<br />
+Swedish, <i>fader</i>.<br />
+English, <i>father</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The most learned of all these philologists argues that during
+the first or Rhematic period, there existed a tribe in Central Asia
+which spoke a monosyllabic language, in which lay the germs of
+the Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>383]</a></span>
+Rhematic period was followed by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age,
+when, little by little, the languages &ldquo;received once for all that
+peculiar impress of their formative system which we still find in
+all the dialects and national idioms comprised under the name of
+Aryan or Semitic;&rdquo; that is to say, in the Hindoo, Persian, Greek,
+Roman, Celt, Slav, and Teutonic languages, and in some three
+thousand kindred dialects.</p>
+
+<p>After the Agglutinative period, and previous to the National era
+and &ldquo;the appearance of the first traces of literature,&rdquo; he places
+&ldquo;a period represented everywhere by the same characteristic
+features, called the Mythological or Mythop&oelig;ic age.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>It was during this period that the main part of the vast fund
+of mythic lore is supposed to have crystallized; for primitive man,
+knowing nothing whatever of physical laws, cause and effect,
+and the &ldquo;necessary regularity of things,&rdquo; yet seeking an explanation
+of the natural phenomena, described them in the only way
+possible to him, and attributed to all inanimate objects his own
+sentiments and passions, fancying them influenced by the same
+things, in the same way. This tendency to personify or animate
+everything is universal among savages, who are nothing but men
+in the primitive state; and &ldquo;in early philosophy throughout the
+world, the sun, moon, and stars are alive, and, as it were, human
+in their nature.&rdquo; &ldquo;Poetry has so far kept alive in our minds the
+old animative theory of nature, that it is no great effort in us to
+fancy the waterspout a huge giant or a sea monster, and to depict,
+in what we call appropriate metaphor, its march across the
+field of ocean.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>As the names of the Greek gods and heroes have in a great
+measure been found to correspond with the Sanskrit names of
+physical things, we have been able to read some of the first
+thoughts of primitive man; and &ldquo;the obvious meaning&rdquo; of many
+words &ldquo;did much to preserve vestiges of plain sense in classic
+legend, in spite of all the efforts of the commentators.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>According to the philologists, therefore, these thoughts had
+already assumed a definite form in the remote epoch when many
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>384]</a></span>
+nations, now scattered over the face of the earth, occupied the
+same country, spoke the same language, and formed but one
+people. Of course, &ldquo;as long as such beings as Heaven or Sun
+are consciously talked of in mythic language, the meaning of their
+legends is open to no question, and the action ascribed to them
+will as a rule be natural and appropriate;&rdquo; but with the gradual diffusion
+of this one people to various parts of the earth, the original
+meaning of these words was entirely lost, and they came to be
+looked upon eventually simply as the names of deities or heroes&mdash;very
+much in the way that the word &ldquo;good-by&rdquo; has long survived
+its original form as a conscious prayer, &ldquo;God be with you!&rdquo; and
+the word &ldquo;ostracism&rdquo; has lost all connection with an oyster shell.</p>
+
+<p>The primitive meaning of a myth died away with the original
+meaning of a word; and it is because &ldquo;the Greek had forgotten
+that Zeus (Jupiter) meant &lsquo;the bright sky,&rsquo; that he could make
+him king&rdquo; over a company of manlike deities on Olympus.</p>
+
+<p>We can best explain how the many anomalies occur, and how
+the myths got so tangled up together that now it is almost
+impossible to disentangle them and trace them back to their
+original meanings, by comparing their descent through the ages
+to the course of a snowball, which, rolling down a mountain side,
+gathers to itself snow, earth, rocks, etc., until, in the vast agglomeration
+of kindred and foreign substances, the original nucleus
+is entirely lost to sight.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that there are many different myths to explain the
+same phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying,
+&ldquo;circumstances alter cases.&rdquo; Thus the heat of the sun, for
+example, so beneficial at certain times, may prove baleful and
+injurious at others.</p>
+
+<p>The philologists, who believe that all myths (except the imitative
+myths, of which the tale of Berenice is a fair example)
+were originally nature myths, have divided them into a few large
+classes, which include the myths of the sky, the sun, dawn, daylight,
+night, moon, earth, sea, clouds, fire, wind, and finally those
+of the underworld and of the demons of drought and darkness.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>385]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SKY MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Uranus.</div>
+
+<p>Taking them in the order in which they are presented in this
+work, we find among the myths of the sky, Uranus, whose name,
+like that of the old Hindoo god Varuna, is derived
+from the Sanskrit root <i>var</i> (&ldquo;to veil, conceal,
+or cover&rdquo;). This god was therefore a personification of the heavens,
+which are spread out like a veil, and cover all the earth; and
+we are further told that he hurled the thunder and lightning, his Cyclop
+children, down from his abode into the abyss called Tartarus.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Jupiter.</div>
+
+<p>Zeus (or Jupiter), whose name is the same as the Hindoo
+Dyaus Pitar, the god and personification of the bright sky or the
+heavens, has likewise been traced to the Sanskrit
+root <i>div</i> or <i>dyu</i>, meaning &ldquo;to shine;&rdquo; and there is
+also a noun <i>dyu</i> in that language which means either &ldquo;sky&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;day.&rdquo; In early times the name was applied to the one God,
+and was therefore &ldquo;retained by the Greeks and all other kindred
+people to express all they felt toward God;&rdquo; but as the
+word also meant the visible sky, with its ever-changing aspect,
+some of the phrases used to describe it came, in the course of
+time, to denote vile and fickle actions, and apparently inconsistent
+behavior.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Juno.</div>
+
+<p>The name of Hera (or Juno), the heavenly light, and therefore
+the complement and consort of the sky, is supposed to be derived
+from the Sanskrit <i>soar</i> (&ldquo;the bright sky&rdquo;) and <i>surya</i>
+(&ldquo;the sun&rdquo;); and all the manifold changes which
+at first merely denoted the varying atmosphere, by being personified,
+gradually gave the impression of the jealous, capricious,
+vengeful person whom poets and writers have taken pleasure in
+depicting ever since.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Argus.</div>
+
+<p>Another personification of the sky, this time under the nocturnal
+and starry aspect, is Argus, whose many bright eyes never
+closed all at once, but kept constant watch over
+the moon (Io)&mdash;confided to his care by the heavenly
+light (Juno)&mdash;until at last their beams were quenched by
+the wind and rain (Mercury).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>386]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>SUN AND DAWN MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Europa.</div>
+
+<p>The myths of the sun, from which it is almost impossible to
+separate those of the dawn, are probably more numerous than
+any others, and have some main features of resemblance
+in all cases. The first sun myth mentioned
+in the course of this work is the story of Europa, in which
+Europa is &ldquo;the broad spreading light,&rdquo; born in Ph&oelig;nicia (the
+&ldquo;purple land of morn&rdquo;), the child of Telephassa (&ldquo;she who
+shines from afar&rdquo;), carried away from her eastern birthplace by
+the sky (Jupiter), closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus),
+who, after passing through many lands, slays a dragon (the
+usual demon of drought or darkness), and sets (dies) at last without
+having ever overtaken the light of dawn (Europa).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Apollo.</div>
+
+<p>Apollo, whose name of Helios is pure Greek for &ldquo;the sun,&rdquo;
+had therefore not lost all physical significance for the Hellenic
+race, who worshiped in him the radiant personification
+of the orb of day. Another of his appellations,
+Ph&oelig;bus (&ldquo;the lord of life and light&rdquo;), still further
+emphasizes his character; and we are informed that he was
+born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the dark night (Leto), in the
+&ldquo;bright land&rdquo; (Delos), whence he daily starts on his westward
+journey.</p>
+
+<p>Like all other solar heroes, Apollo is beautiful and golden-haired,
+radiant and genial, armed with unerring weapons, which
+he wields for good or evil, as the mood sways him. He is forced
+to labor, against his will at times, for the benefit of man, as, for
+instance, when he serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the
+cattle, by which he evidently sets such store, are the fleecy
+clouds, pasturing &ldquo;in the infinite meadows of heaven,&rdquo; whose full
+udders drop down rain and fatness upon the land, which are
+stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the storm demon
+(Cacus), or the impious companions of Ulysses, who pay for
+their sacrilegious temerity with their lives.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Coronis.</div>
+
+<p>The sun&rsquo;s affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for
+Coronis, who, however beloved, falls beneath his bright darts;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>387]</a></span>
+and, as &ldquo;the sun was regarded naturally as the restorer of life&rdquo;
+after the blighting influence of winter and disease, so their offspring
+(&AElig;sculapius) was naturally supposed to have
+been endowed with marvelous curative powers.</p>
+
+<p>The sun, for the same reason, was supposed to wage continual
+warfare against cold, sickness, and disease, and to use his bright
+beams or arrows against the demon of drought, darkness, or illness
+(Python), which in some form or other inevitably appears in
+every solar myth.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Daphne.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of Daphne, a name derived from <i>Dahana</i>, the
+Sanskrit <i>dawn</i>, we find another version of the same story, where
+the sun, although enamored with the dawn, causes
+her death. As some mythologists have interpreted
+it, Daphne is a personification of the morning dew, which vanishes
+beneath the sun&rsquo;s hot breath, and leaves no trace of its
+passage except in the luxuriant verdure.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cephalus and
+Procris.</div>
+
+<p>In Cephalus and Procris the sun again appears, and his unerring
+spear unwittingly causes the death of his beloved Procris
+&ldquo;while she lingers in a thicket (a place where the
+dew lingers longest).&rdquo; This interpretation has been
+further confirmed by philological researches, which prove that
+the name &ldquo;Procris&rdquo; originated from a Sanskrit word meaning
+&ldquo;to sprinkle;&rdquo; and the stories evidently arose from three simple
+phrases,&mdash;&ldquo;&lsquo;the sun loves the dew,&rsquo; &lsquo;the morning loves the
+sun,&rsquo; and &lsquo;the sun kills the dew.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Orpheus and
+Eurydice.</div>
+
+<p>In the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice, while some mythologists
+see in him a personification of the winds, which &ldquo;tear up trees
+as they course along, chanting their wild music,&rdquo;
+others see an emblem of &ldquo;the morning, with its
+short-lived beauty.&rdquo; Eurydice, whose name, like that of Europa,
+comes from a Sanskrit word denoting &ldquo;the broad spreading flush
+of the dawn across the sky,&rdquo; is, of course, a personification of that
+light, slain by &ldquo;the serpent of darkness at twilight.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Orpheus is also sometimes considered as the sun, plunging into
+an abyss of darkness, in hopes of overtaking the vanishing dawn,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>388]</a></span>
+Eurydice; and as the light (Eurydice) reappears opposite the
+place where he disappeared, but is no more seen after the sun
+himself has fairly risen, &ldquo;they say that Orpheus has turned around
+too soon to look at her, and so was parted from the wife he loved
+so dearly.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>His death in the forest, when his strength had all forsaken
+him, and his severed head floated down the stream murmuring
+&ldquo;Eurydice,&rdquo; may also, perchance, have been intended to represent
+either the last faint breath of the expiring wind, or the setting
+of the sun in blood-tinged clouds.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Phaeton.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of Phaeton, whose name means &ldquo;the bright and
+shining one,&rdquo; a description of the golden palace and car of the
+sun is given us. We are told that the venturesome
+young charioteer, by usurping his father&rsquo;s place,
+causes incalculable mischief, and, in punishment for his mismanagement
+of the solar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is hurled
+from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of
+Jupiter.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;This story arose from phrases which spoke of drought as
+caused by the chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who
+knew not how to guide his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton
+by the bolt of Zeus is the ending of the time of drought by a
+sudden storm of thunder.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Endymion.</div>
+
+<p>The story of Diana and Endymion has also been interpreted
+as a sun myth, in which the name &ldquo;Endymion&rdquo; refers specially
+to the dying or setting sun, who sinks to rest on
+Mount Latmus (&ldquo;the land of forgetfulness,&rdquo; derived
+from the same root as &ldquo;Leto&rdquo;). M&uuml;ller, the great authority
+in philology, tells us, that, in the ancient poetical and proverbial
+language of Elis, people said, &ldquo;Selene loves and watches Endymion,&rdquo;
+instead of saying, &ldquo;It is getting late;&rdquo; &ldquo;Selene embraces
+Endymion,&rdquo; instead of, &ldquo;The sun is setting and the moon is
+rising;&rdquo; &ldquo;Selene kisses Endymion into sleep,&rdquo; instead of, &ldquo;It is
+night.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>These expressions remained long after their real meaning had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>389]</a></span>
+ceased to be understood; and, as the human mind is generally as
+anxious for a reason as ready to invent one, a story arose without
+any conscious effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad
+loved by a young maiden, Selene.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Adonis.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of Adonis some mythologists find another sun
+myth, in which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain
+by the boar, the demon of darkness, and passionately
+mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus), who utterly refuses
+to exist without him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tantalus.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of Tantalus (the sun), who in time of drought
+offers to Jupiter the flesh of his own offspring, Pelops (the withered
+fruits), and in punishment for his impiety
+is doomed to hunger and torturing thirst, we have
+again merely a story founded upon an expression used in time
+of drought, when the sun&rsquo;s heat, becoming too intense, burns up
+the fruit his fostering rays had produced, and men exclaimed,
+&ldquo;Tantalus is slaying and roasting his own child!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sisyphus.</div>
+
+<p>In the same way the stone which Sisyphus painfully forced up
+a steep ascent, only to see it go rolling down and plunge into
+a dark abyss enveloped in a great cloud of dust,
+has been interpreted to represent the sun, which
+is no &ldquo;sooner pushed up to the zenith, than it rolls down to the
+horizon.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ixion.</div>
+
+<p>The name of Ixion has been identified with the Sanskrit word
+<i>Akshanah</i>, denoting one who is bound to a wheel, and has been
+proved akin &ldquo;to the Greek <i>ax&ocirc;n</i>, the Latin <i>axis</i>,
+and the English <i>axle</i>.&rdquo; This whirling wheel of
+fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was bound by order of
+Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insult Juno (the queen of the
+blue air); while Dia, his wife, is the dawn, the counterpart of
+Europa, Coronis, Daphne, Procris, Eurydice, and Venus, in the
+foregoing illustrations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Hercules.</div>
+
+<p>One of the greatest of all the solar heroes is doubtless the
+demigod Hercules, born at Argos (a word signifying &ldquo;brightness&rdquo;)
+from the sky (Jupiter) and the dawn (Alcmene), who, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>390]</a></span>
+early infancy, throttles the serpents of darkness, and who, with
+untiring strength and patience, plods through life, never resting,
+and always on his journey performing twelve great
+tasks, interpreted to represent either the twelve
+signs of the Zodiac, or the twelve months of the solar year, or
+the twelve hours of daylight.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Iole.</div>
+
+<p>Like Apollo and Cadmus, Hercules is forced to labor for
+mankind against his will. We see him early in life united to
+Megara, and, like Tantalus, slaying his own offspring
+in a sudden fit of madness. He loves and
+is soon forced to leave Iole, the violet-colored clouds. He performs
+great deeds, slays innumerable demons of drought and
+darkness on his way, and visits the enchanted land of the Hesperides,&mdash;a
+symbol of the western sky and clouds at sunset.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Deianeira.</div>
+
+<p>The main part of his life is spent with Deianeira (&ldquo;the destroying
+spouse&rdquo;), a personification of the daylight; but toward the
+end of his career he again encounters Iole, now
+the beautiful twilight. It is then that Deianeira
+(the daylight), jealous of her rival&rsquo;s charms, sends him the bloody
+Nessus robe, which he has no sooner donned, than he tears it
+from his bleeding limbs, ascends the burning pile, and ends his
+career in one grand blaze,&mdash;the emblem of the sun setting in a
+framework of flaming crimson clouds.</p>
+
+<p>Like all solar heroes, he too has unerring poisoned weapons
+(&ldquo;the word <i>ios</i>, &lsquo;a spear,&rsquo; is the same in sound as the word <i>ios</i>,
+&lsquo;poison&rsquo;&rdquo;), of which he is shorn only at death.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Perseus.</div>
+
+<p>Perseus also belongs to this category of myths. Danae, his
+mother, either the earth (<i>dano</i> means &ldquo;burnt earth&rdquo;) or the dawn,
+a daughter of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos
+(brightness). Loved by Jupiter, the all-embracing
+sky, she gives birth to the golden-haired Perseus, a personification
+of the radiant orb of day; and he, like many another
+solar hero, is cast adrift immediately after his birth, owing to an
+ominous prophecy that he will slay the darkness from which he
+originally sprang.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>391]</a></span>
+As soon as Perseus attains manhood, he is forced to journey
+against his will into the distant land of the mists (the Gr&aelig;&aelig;), and
+conquer the terrible Medusa, &ldquo;the starlit night, solemn in its
+beauty, but doomed to die when the sun rises.&rdquo; He accomplishes
+this by means of his irresistible sword, the piercing rays of the
+sun, and then passes on to encounter the monster of drought,
+and to marry Andromeda, another personification of the dawn,
+the offspring of Celeus and Cassiopeia, who also represent night
+and darkness.</p>
+
+<p>In company with Andromeda, Perseus, whose name also signifies
+&ldquo;the destroyer,&rdquo; revisits his native land, and fulfills the
+prophecy by slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he originally
+sprang.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Theseus.</div>
+
+<p>In the Athenian solar myth, Theseus is the sun, born of &AElig;geus
+(the sea, derived from <i>aisso</i>, &ldquo;to move quickly like the waves&rdquo;)
+and &AElig;thra (the pure air). He lingers in his birthplace,
+Tr&oelig;zene, until he has acquired strength
+enough to wield his invincible sword, then journeys onward in
+search of his father, performing countless great deeds for the benefit
+of mankind. He slays the Minotaur, the terrible monster of
+darkness, and carries off the dawn (Ariadne); whom he is, however,
+forced to abandon shortly after on the Island of Naxos.</p>
+
+<p>In his subsequent career we find him the involuntary cause of
+his father&rsquo;s death, then warring against the Centaurs (personifications
+of the clouds, through which the victorious sun is sometimes
+forced to fight his way), then again plunging for a short
+space of time into the depths of Tartarus, whence he emerges
+once more; and finally we see him uniting his fate to Ph&aelig;dra
+(the twilight), a sister of the beautiful dawn he loved in his youth.
+He ends his eventful career by being hurled headlong from a
+cliff into the sea,&mdash;an emblem of the sun, which often seems to
+plunge into the waves at eventide.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Argonauts.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of the Argonautic expedition we have Athamas,
+who marries Nephele (the mist). Their children are Phryxus
+and Helle (the cold and warm air, or personifications of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>392]</a></span>
+clouds), carried off to the far east by the ram&mdash;whose golden
+fleece was but an emblem of the rays of the sun&mdash;to enable
+them to escape from the baleful influence of their
+stepmother Ino (the broad daylight), who would
+fain encompass their destruction.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Medea.</div>
+
+<p>Helle, an emblem of the condensation of vapor, falls from
+her exalted seat into the sea, where she is lost. The ship Argo
+&ldquo;is a symbol of the earth as a parent, which contains
+in itself the germs of all living things.&rdquo; Its
+crew is composed mainly of solar heroes, all in quest of the
+golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers by the
+aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dragon (the demon of
+drought). &AElig;etes, Medea&rsquo;s father, is a personification of the
+darkness, which vainly attempts to recover his children, the
+dawn and light (?), after they have been borne away by the all-conquering
+sun.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Glauce.</div>
+
+<p>Glauce (the broad daylight) next charms Jason; and the
+poisoned robe which causes her death is woven by Medea, now
+the evening twilight, who mounts her dragon car
+and flies to the far east, forsaking her husband (the
+sun) in his old age, when he is about to sink into the sleep of
+death.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Meleager.</div>
+
+<p>Meleager is also a solar hero. After joining the Argonautic
+expedition, and wandering far and wide, he returns home, slays
+the boar (or drought fiend), loves, but parts from,
+Atalanta (the dawn maiden), and is finally slain
+by his own mother, who casts into the flames the brand upon
+which his existence depends.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">&OElig;dipus.</div>
+
+<p>In the Theban solar myth, Laius (derived from the same root
+as &ldquo;Leto&rdquo; and &ldquo;Latmus&rdquo;) is the emblem of darkness, who, after
+marrying Jocasta (like Iole, a personification of
+the violet-tinted clouds of dawn), becomes the
+father of &OElig;dipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of his father.
+Early in life &OElig;dipus is exposed on the barren hillside to perish,&mdash;an
+emblem of the horizontal rays of the rising sun, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>393]</a></span>
+seem to lie for a while upon the mountain slopes, ere they rise
+to begin their journey.</p>
+
+<p>He too, like Cadmus, Apollo, Hercules, Perseus, Theseus,
+and Jason, is forced to wander far from home, and, after a prolonged
+journey, encounters and slays Laius (the darkness),
+from whom he derived his existence, and kills the dread monster
+of drought, the Sphinx, whose very name means &ldquo;one who binds
+fast,&rdquo;&mdash;a creature who had imprisoned the rain in the clouds,
+and thus caused great distress.</p>
+
+<p>Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother,
+Jocasta, now the violet-tinted twilight, and ends his life amid
+lightning flashes and rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to
+the end of his course by Antigone (&ldquo;the pale light which springs
+up opposite the sun at his setting&rdquo;). This story&mdash;which at first
+was merely intended to signify that the sun (&OElig;dipus) must slay
+the darkness (Laius) and linger for a while beside the violet-colored
+clouds (Jocasta)&mdash;having lost its physical meaning, the
+Thebans added the tragic sequel, for it seemed but poetic justice
+that the author of such crimes should receive signal punishment.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eumenides.</div>
+
+<p>As the Eumenides, or Erinnyes, were at first merely the searching
+light of day, from which nothing can be hidden, they came
+gradually to be considered the detectives and
+avengers of crime, and were therefore said to take
+possession of a criminal at the end of his course, and hurry him
+down into darkness to inflict horrible torments upon him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Bellerophon.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of Bellerophon, although the name originally
+came from <i>Bellero</i> (some &ldquo;power of darkness, drought, winter,
+or moral evil&rdquo;) and from <i>phon</i> or <i>phontes</i> (a word
+derived from the Sanskrit <i>han-t&acirc;</i>, &ldquo;the killer&rdquo;),
+the Greeks, having forgotten the signification of the first part of
+the word, declared this hero was the murderer of Bellero, his
+brother, for which involuntary crime he was driven from home,
+and forced to wander about in search of shelter.</p>
+
+<p>We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn),
+virtuously hastening away, then sent against his will to fight
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>394]</a></span>
+the Chim&aelig;ra (the monster of drought), whom he overcomes,
+thanks to his weapon and to Pegasus (the clouds), born from
+the mist of the sea, beneath whose hoofs fresh fountains were
+wont to spring.</p>
+
+<p>Bellerophon, after many journeys, is finally united to Philonoe,
+a personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being
+hurled from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter&rsquo;s
+deadly thunderbolts.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The fall of Bellerophon is the rapid descent of the sun
+toward evening, and the Alein plain is that broad expanse of
+somber light through which the sun sometimes seems to travel
+sullenly and alone to his setting.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Trojan war.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of the Trojan war there are several sun myths;
+for Paris, Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Achilles have equal
+claims to be considered personifications of the sun.
+They love &OElig;none, Helen, Clyt&aelig;mnestra, Briseis,
+various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are forsaken
+by, their ladyloves, whom they meet again at the end of their
+career: for Paris sees &OElig;none, and expires with her on the burning
+pile; Menelaus recovers Helen, with whom he vanishes in
+the far west; Agamemnon rejoins Clyt&aelig;mnestra, and dies by her
+hand in a bloody bath; while Achilles, after a period of sullen
+gloom, meets with an untimely death shortly after recovering the
+beautiful Briseis.</p>
+
+<p>Like Perseus and &OElig;dipus, Paris is exposed in early infancy,
+and lives to fulfill his destiny, and cause, though indirectly, the
+death of his parents.</p>
+
+<p>In this myth, Helen (the beautiful dawn or twilight), whose
+name corresponds phonetically with the Sanskrit <i>Sarama</i>, born of
+the sky (Jupiter) and of the night (Leda, derived from the same
+root as &ldquo;Leto,&rdquo; &ldquo;Latmus,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Laius&rdquo;), is carried away by Paris,
+whom some mythologists identify with the Hindoo <i>Panis</i> (or
+&ldquo;night demons&rdquo;) instead of the sun. In this character he entices
+away the fickle twilight (Helen) during her husband&rsquo;s temporary
+absence, and bears her off to the far east, where, after struggling
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>395]</a></span>
+for a while to retain possession of her and her treasures, he is
+finally forced to relinquish her, and she returns to her husband
+and her allegiance.</p>
+
+<p>The siege of Troy has thus been interpreted to signify &ldquo;a
+repetition of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that
+every evening are robbed of their brightest treasures in the west.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Achilles, like several of his brother heroes, &ldquo;fights in no
+quarrel of his own; his wrath is the sun hiding his face behind
+the clouds; the Myrmidons are his attendant beams, who no
+longer appear when the sun is hidden; Patroclus is the feeble
+reflection of the sun&rsquo;s splendor, and stands to him in precisely
+the same relation as Phaeton to Helios,&rdquo; and, like him, meets
+with an early death.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ulysses.</div>
+
+<p>In the story of Ulysses we find a reproduction of the story of
+Hercules and Perseus: for Ulysses, early in life, after wedding
+Penelope, is forced to leave her to fight for another;
+and on his return, although longing to rejoin
+his morning bride, he cannot turn aside from the course
+marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the moon),
+who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of darkness);
+but neither can keep him forever, and he returns home
+enveloped in an impenetrable disguise, after having visited the
+Ph&aelig;acian land (the land of clouds or mists). It is only after
+he has slain the suitors of Penelope (the weaver of bright evening
+clouds) that he casts aside his beggar&rsquo;s garb to linger for a
+short time beside her ere he vanishes in the west.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Minerva.</div>
+
+<p>The greater part of the dawn myths have been explained
+simultaneously with the sun myths, with which they are inextricably
+interwoven. One personification of the
+dawn, however, stands apart. It is Minerva, whose
+Greek name, Athene, is derived, like Daphne, from the Sanskrit
+<i>Dahana</i>, or <i>ahana</i> (meaning &ldquo;the light of daybreak&rdquo;), and we
+are thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as
+sprung from the forehead of Zeus (the heavens). She gradually
+became the impersonation of the illuminating and knowledge-giving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>396]</a></span>
+light of the sky; for in Sanskrit the same word also means
+&ldquo;to wake&rdquo; and &ldquo;to know,&rdquo; while the Latins connected her name
+of Minerva with <i>mens</i>, the same as the Greek <i>m&eacute;nos</i> and the
+English <i>mind</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOON MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Diana, Io, and
+Circe.</div>
+
+<p>In the moon myths the most important personification is first
+Diana, the horned huntress, &ldquo;for to the ancients the moon was
+not a lifeless ball of stones and clods.&rdquo; Diana,
+like Apollo, her twin brother, was also a child of
+the sky (Jupiter) and of night (Latona), and, like him, was born
+in the &ldquo;bright land&rdquo; (Delos). She also possessed bright and unerring
+arrows, and in the course of her nightly journey she looked
+lovingly down upon the sleeping face of the setting sun (Endymion).</p>
+
+<p>Io and Circe, already mentioned, are also personifications of
+the moon, and Io&rsquo;s wanderings represent its journeys across
+the sky.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EARTH MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">G&aelig;a and
+Rhea.</div>
+
+<p>In the earth myths, beside those already mentioned in connection
+with the sun myths, we have G&aelig;a and
+Rhea, the mothers and consorts of the Sky and of
+Time, who swallows his own children, &ldquo;the Days, as they come
+each in order.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ceres and
+Proserpina.</div>
+
+<p>We have also Ceres or Demeter, &ldquo;the mother of all things,&rdquo;
+and more particularly of &ldquo;the maiden&rdquo; Cora (or Proserpina),
+whose loss she grievously mourned; for she had
+been carried away by Pluto to the underworld,
+whence she could only emerge at the command of Jupiter.
+During the time of Ceres&rsquo; mourning, the earth remained barren,
+and it seemed as though all mortal things must die. But when
+Proserpina (the spring or vegetation) returned from her sojourn
+under the ground, people said &ldquo;that the daughter of the earth
+was returning in all her beauty; and when summer faded into
+winter, they said that the beautiful child had been stolen away
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>397]</a></span>
+from her mother by dark beings, who kept her imprisoned beneath
+the earth.&rdquo; The sorrow of Ceres was therefore merely a
+poetical way of expressing &ldquo;the gloom which falls on the earth
+during the cheerless months of winter.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Danae and
+Semele.</div>
+
+<p>Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the
+golden shower, the light of the morning, which streamed in upon
+the darkness of the night. Semele has also been
+interpreted as the earth, the chosen bride of the
+sky, who brings forth her offspring in the midst of the thunder
+and lightning of a summer storm.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SEA MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Oceanus and
+Neptune.</div>
+
+<p>The myths of the sea comprise, of course, Oceanus and Neptune
+(the earth-shaker), whose name is connected with such words
+as &ldquo;potent&rdquo; and &ldquo;despot,&rdquo; and whose &ldquo;green
+hair circles all the earth.&rdquo; We are further informed
+that he loves the earth (Ceres), whom he embraces, and that he
+marries the graceful undulating Amphitrite, whose gliding charms
+appeal to him. Neptune&rsquo;s palace is beneath the deep waters
+near Greece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift
+chariot drawn by golden or white maned steeds.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nereus.</div>
+
+<p>Nereus, another personification of the sea, whose name is derived
+from <i>nao</i> (&ldquo;to flow&rdquo;), is quite inseparable from his native
+element, even in the Greeks&rsquo; conception of him,
+as are also the Tritons, Oceanides, Nereides, and
+the alluring Sirens; who, however, have also been viewed as personifications
+of the winds.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CLOUD MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Charon.</div>
+
+<p>The cloud myths, to which frequent allusion has already been
+made, comprise not only the cattle of the sun, the Centaurs,
+Nephele, Phryxus, Helle, and Pegasus, but as, &ldquo;in
+primitive Aryan lore, the sky itself was a blue
+sea, and the clouds were ships sailing over it,&rdquo; so Charon&rsquo;s boat
+was supposed to be one of these vessels, and the gilded shallop
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>398]</a></span>
+in which the sun daily made his pilgrimage back to the far east,
+another.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Niobe.</div>
+
+<p>As the ancient Aryan had the same word to denote cloud and
+mountain (&ldquo;for the piles of vapor on the horizon were so like
+Alpine ranges&rdquo;), the cloud and mountain myths
+are often the same. In the story of Niobe we
+have one of the cloud myths. According to some mythologists,
+Niobe herself is a personification of the clouds. Her many children,
+the mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by
+whose bright darts they are ruthlessly slain. Niobe grieves so
+sorely at their untimely death, that she dissolves in a rain of tears,
+which turns into hard ice on the mountain summit. According
+to other authorities, she was a personification of winter, and
+her tears represented the thaw occasioned by the sunbeams
+(Apollo&rsquo;s arrows).</p>
+
+
+<h3>FIRE MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cyclopes.</div>
+
+<p>The fire myths also form quite a large class, and comprise the
+Cyclopes (the thunder and lightning), children of Heaven and
+Earth, whose single blazing eye has been considered
+an emblem of the sun. They forge the terrible
+thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky (Jupiter), by means
+of which he is enabled to triumph over all his enemies, and rule
+supreme.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Titans.</div>
+
+<p>The Titans are emblems of the subterranean fires and the volcanic
+forces of nature, which, hidden deep underground, occasionally
+emerge, heave up great masses of rock,
+and hurl them about with an accompaniment of
+deafening roars, while their ponderous tread causes the very
+earth beneath them to tremble.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Prometheus.</div>
+
+<p>In this group we also find Prometheus, whose name has been
+traced to the Sanskrit <i>pramantha</i> (or &ldquo;fire drill&rdquo;). Learned men
+have therefore proved that the &ldquo;beneficent Titan,
+who stole fire from heaven and bestowed it upon
+mankind as the richest of boons,&rdquo; was originally nothing but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>399]</a></span>
+the lightning (&ldquo;the celestial drill which churns fire out of the
+clouds&rdquo;); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this etymological
+meaning, that they interpreted his name as the &ldquo;fore-thinker,&rdquo;
+and considered him endowed with extraordinary prophetic
+powers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vulcan.</div>
+
+<p>Vulcan (or Heph&aelig;stus), strictly &ldquo;the brightness of the flame,&rdquo;
+another fire hero, is represented as very puny at birth, because the
+flame comes from a tiny spark. His name is derived
+from the Hindoo <i>agni</i>, whence come the
+Latin <i>ignis</i> and the English verb <i>to ignite</i>. Vulcan dwells by
+preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the intense heat
+keeps the metals in fusion, and so malleable that he can mold
+them at will; and, as &ldquo;the association of the heavenly fire with
+the life-giving forces of nature is very common,&rdquo; the Hindoo
+Agni was considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire;
+and the Greeks, to carry out this idea, united their fire god,
+Heph&aelig;stus, to the goddess of marriage, Aphrodite.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Vesta.</div>
+
+<p>The Greek Hestia (or Latin Vesta) was also a personification
+of fire; and, her name having retained its primitive meaning to
+a great extent, &ldquo;she continued to the end, as she
+had been from the beginning, the household altar,
+the sanctuary of peace and equity, and the source of all happiness
+and wealth.&rdquo; Her office was not limited merely to the
+hearths of households and cities, for it was supposed &ldquo;that in
+the center of the earth there was a hearth which answered to the
+hearth placed in the center of the universe.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+<h3>WIND MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mercury.</div>
+
+<p>In the myths of the wind, Mercury (or Hermes) was one of
+the principal personifications. According to the ancients, he was
+born of the sky (Jupiter) and the plains (Maia),
+and after a very few hours&rsquo; existence assumed gigantic
+proportions, stole away the cattle of the sun (the clouds),
+and, after fanning up a great fire in which he consumed some of
+the herd, glided back into his cradle at dawn. With a low,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>400]</a></span>
+mocking chuckle at the recollection of the pranks he had played,
+he sank finally into rest. His name, derived from the Sanskrit
+<i>Sarameias</i>, means &ldquo;the breeze of a summer morning;&rdquo; and it is
+in his capacity of god of the wind that he is supposed to waft
+away the souls of the dead; for &ldquo;the ancients held that in the
+wind were the souls of the dead.&rdquo; Mercury is the &ldquo;lying, tricksome
+wind god who invented music,&rdquo; for his music is but &ldquo;the
+melody of the winds, which can awaken feelings of joy and sorrow,
+of regret and yearning, of fear and hope, of vehement gladness
+and utter despair.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mars.</div>
+
+<p>Another personification of the wind was Mars (or Ares), born
+of the sky (Jupiter) and of the heavenly light (Juno) in the bleak
+land of Thrace, rejoicing in din and in the noise of
+warfare. His nature is further revealed by his inconstancy
+and capriciousness; and whenever he is overcome,
+he is noted for his great roar. His name comes from the same
+root as Maruts, the Indian god, and means the &ldquo;grinder&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;crusher.&rdquo; It was first applied &ldquo;to the storms which throw
+heaven and earth into confusion, and hence the idea of Ares is
+confined to mere disorder and tumult.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Otus and
+Ephialtes.</div>
+
+<p>Otus and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Neptune, were also
+at first merely personifications of the wind and hurricanes. The
+name of the latter indicates &ldquo;one who leaps.&rdquo;
+Although very short-lived, these giants were supposed
+to increase rapidly in size, and assume colossal proportions,
+which inspired the hearts of men and gods with terror, until they
+saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pan, &AElig;olus, and
+the Harpies.</div>
+
+<p>Pan, &AElig;olus, his numerous progeny, and the Harpies, were also
+wind divinities who never entirely lost their original
+character with the Greeks, and were therefore
+worshiped merely as personifications of the elements.</p>
+
+
+<h3>UNDERWORLD MYTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cerberus
+and Pluto.</div>
+
+<p>The myths of drought, darkness, and of the underworld have
+sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>401]</a></span>
+Geryones, the Gorgons, Gr&aelig;&aelig;, Minotaur, Sphinx, Chim&aelig;ra, etc.;
+but their main personifications were Cerberus (the grim three-headed
+guardian of the nether world) and Pluto (or
+A&iuml;des), whose name means &ldquo;the wealth-giver,&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;the unseen,&rdquo; who greedily drew all things down into his realm,
+never to relinquish his grasp upon them.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the physical explanation of the various poetical myths
+which form the staple of classic literature, and which have been a
+fount of inspiration for poets and artists of all ages.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>402]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>GENEALOGICAL TABLE.</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;">
+<img src="images/tree-t.png" width="800" height="557"
+alt="Genealogical table showing relationships between mythological figures" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="link"><a href="images/tree.png">See larger image</a></p>
+
+<p>{Transcription:</p>
+
+<p>Chaos (M) married Nyx (F).<br />
+Their child was Erebus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree1">Erebus (M) married Nyx (F).<br />
+Their children were Hemera (F), &AElig;ther (M), Charon (M), Eris (F),
+Somnus (M) and Mors (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree2">Hemera (F) married &AElig;ther (M).<br />
+Their children were G&aelig;a (F), Eros (M) and Pontus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree3">G&aelig;a (F) had a child, Uranus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree4">Uranus (M) married G&aelig;a (F).<br />
+Their children were Oceanus (M), Thetis (F), C&oelig;us (M), Ph&oelig;be (F), Iapetus (M),
+Hyperion (M), Crius (M), Themis (F), Ilia (F), Cronus (M), Rhea (F), Mnemosyne (F),
+Brontes (M), Steropes (M), Arges (M), Briareus (M), Cottus (M), Gyes (M), Typh&oelig;us (M),
+Enceladus (M), Ant&aelig;us (M), Harpies (F), Tityus (M) and Nereus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Oceanus (M) married Thetis (F).<br />
+Their children were Achelous (M), Alpheus (M), Peneus (M), Inachus (M), Proteus (M),
+Doris (F), Metis (F), Clymene (F), &AElig;thra (F), Calypso (F), Clytie (F) and Electra (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Achelous (M) married Calliope (F).<br />
+Their children were Sirens (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Alpheus (M) married Arethusa (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Peneus (M) married G&aelig;a (F).<br />
+Their child was Daphne (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Inachus (M) had a child, Io (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Doris (F) married Nereus (M).<br />
+Their children were Amphitrite (F), Dione (F), Arethusa (F), Galatea (F),
+Thetis (F) and Clymene (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Amphitrite (F) married Neptune (M).<br />
+Their child was Triton (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Dione (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Venus (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Galatea (F) married Acis (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Thetis (F) married Peleus (M).<br />
+Their child was Achilles (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Achilles (M) had a child, Pyrrhus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Pyrrhus (M) married Hermione (F).<br />
+Hermione&rsquo;s parents were Menelaus (M) and Helen (F).<br />
+Menelaus (M) had a sibling, Agamemnon (M).<br />
+Their parent was Atreus (M).<br />
+Atreus&rsquo; (M) parent was Pelops (M).<br />
+Pelops (M) had a sibling, Niobe (F).<br />
+Their parent was Tantalus (M).<br />
+Niobe (F) married Amphion (M).<br />
+Amphion (M) had a sibling, Zethus (M).<br />
+Their parents were Jupiter (M) and Antiope (F).<br />
+Antiope (F) also married Lycus (M), and Lycus (M) also married Dirce (F).<br />
+Agamemnon (M) married Clyt&aelig;mnestra (F).<br />
+Their children were Iphigenia (F), Electra (F) and Orestes (M).<br />
+Electra (F) married Pylades (M).<br />
+Clyt&aelig;mnestra (F) had three siblings, Helen (F), Castor (M) and Pollux (M)<br />
+Their parents were Tyndareus (M) and Leda (F).<br />
+Leda (F) also married Jupiter (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Clymene (F) married Apollo (M).<br />
+Their children were Heliades (F) and Phaeton (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Metis (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Minerva (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Clymene (F) married Iapetus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">&AElig;thra (F) married Atlas (M).<br />
+Their children were Pleiades (F) and Maia (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Maia (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Mercury (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Mercury (M) married Penelope (F).<br />
+Their child was Pan (M).<br />
+Penelope (F) also married Ulysses (M).<br />
+Their child was Telemachus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Calypso (F) married Ulysses (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Electra (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Dardanus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Dardanus (M) married Batea (F), whose parent was Teucer (M).<br />
+Their descendants were Laomedon (M) and Themis (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Laomedon (M) had three children, Priam (M), Hesione (F) and Tithonus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Priam (M) married Hecuba (F).<br />
+Their children were Hector (M), Paris (M), Cassandra (F), Polites (M),
+Polyxena (F) and Deiphobus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Hector (M) married Andromache (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Paris (M) married Helen (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Deiphobus (M) married Helen (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Hesione (F) married Telamon (M).<br />
+Their child was Ajax (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Tithonus (M) married Aurora (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Themis (F) married Capys (M).<br />
+Their child was Anchises (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Anchises (M) married Venus (F).<br />
+Their child was &AElig;neas (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">&AElig;neas (M) married Lavinia (F).<br />
+Their child was &AElig;neas Silvia (M).<br />
+&AElig;neas (M) also married Creusa (F).<br />
+Their child was Iulus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">&AElig;neas Silvia&rsquo;s (M) descendant was Numitor (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Numitor (M) had a child, Ilia (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree13">Ilia (F) married Mars (M).<br />
+Their children were Remus (M) and Romulus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">C&oelig;us (M) married Ph&oelig;be (F).<br />
+Their child was Latona (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Latona (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their children were Apollo (M) and Diana (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Apollo (M) married Diana (F).<br />
+Apollo (M) also married Coronis (F).<br />
+Their child was &AElig;sculapius (M).<br />
+Coronis (F) had a sibling, Ixion (M)<br />
+Their parent was Mars (M).<br />
+Ixion (M) married Dia (F).<br />
+Their children were Centaurs (M) and Pirithous (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">&AElig;sculapius (M) had two children, Machaon (M) and Hygeia (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Pirithous married Hippodamia (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Iapetus (M) married Clymene (F).<br />
+Their children were Menetius (M), Atlas (M), Hesperus (M), Epimetheus (M) and
+Prometheus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Hesperus (M) had a child, Hesperides (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Epimetheus (M) married Pandora (F).<br />
+Their child was Pyrrha (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Prometheus (M) had a child, Deucalion (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Pyrrha (F) married Deucalion (M).<br />
+Their child was Hellen (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Hellen (M) had three children, &AElig;olus (M), Dorus (M) and Xuthus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">&AElig;olus (M) had two children, Salmoneus (M) and Sisyphus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Salmoneus (M) had a child, Tyro (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Tyro (F) married Neptune (M).<br />
+Their children were &AElig;son (M), Pelias (M) and Neleus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">&AElig;son (M) had a child, Jason (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree13">Jason (M) married Medea (F).<br />
+Medea (F) had a sibling, Absyrtus (M).<br />
+Their parent was &AElig;etes (M).<br />
+&AElig;etes (M) had two siblings, Pasiph&aelig; (F) and Circe (F).<br />
+Their parent was Sol (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Neleus (M) had a child, Nestor (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Sisyphus (M) had a child, Glaucus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Glaucus (M) had a child, Bellerophon (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Bellerophon (M) married Philono&euml; (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Xuthus (M) had two children, Ion (M) and Ach&aelig;us (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Hyperion (M) married G&aelig;a (F).<br />
+Their child was Aurora (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Aurora (F) married &AElig;olus (M).<br />
+Their children were Boreas (M), Corus (M), Eurus (M), Notus (M), Aquilo (M) and
+Zephyrus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Boreas (M) married Orithyia (F).<br />
+Their children were Zetus (M), Calais (M), Cleopatra (F) and Chione (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Zephyrus (M) married Flora (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Themis (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their children were Parc&aelig; (F) and Hor&aelig; (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Cronus (M) married Rhea (F).<br />
+Their children were Vesta (F), Juno (F), Jupiter (M), Neptune (M), Ceres (F) and Pluto (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Juno (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their children were Mars (M), Vulcan (M) and Hebe (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Mars (M) married Venus (F).<br />
+Their children were Anteros (M), Cupid (M) and Harmonia (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Cupid (M) married Psyche (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Harmonia (F) married Cadmus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Vulcan (M) married Medusa (F).<br />
+Their children were Cacus (M), Periphetes (M) and Cercyon (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Hebe (F) married Hercules (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Jupiter (M) married Io (F).<br />
+Their child was Epaphus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Epaphus (M) had a child, Libya (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree8">Libya (F) married Neptune (M).<br />
+Their children were Agenor (M) and Belus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Agenor (M) married Telephassa (F).<br />
+Their children were Cadmus (M), Cilix (M), Ph&oelig;nix (M) and Europa (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Cadmus (M) married Harmonia (F).<br />
+Their children were Ino (F), Autonoe (F), Agave (F), Semele (F) and Polydorus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Ino (F) married Athamas (M).<br />
+Their children were Pal&aelig;mon (M) and Learchus (M).<br />
+Athamas (M) also married Nephele (F).<br />
+Their children were Phryxus (M) and Helle (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Autonoe (F) married Arist&aelig;us (M).<br />
+Their child was Act&aelig;on (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Agave (F) had a child, Pentheus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Semele (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Bacchus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Bacchus (M) married Ariadne (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Polydorus (M) had a child, Labdacus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Labdacus (M) had a child, Laius (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree13">Laius (M) married Jocasta (F).<br />
+Their child was &OElig;dipus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree14">&OElig;dipus married Jocasta (F).<br />
+Their children were Eteocles (M), Polynices (M), Antigone (F) and
+Ismene (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Europa (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their children were Sarpedon (M), Rhadamanthus (M) and Minos (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">Minos&rsquo; (M) descendant was Minos (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Minos (M) married Pasiphae (F).<br />
+Their children were Ph&aelig;dra (F) and Ariadne (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree13">Phaedra (F) married Theseus (M), whose parents were &AElig;geus (M) and &AElig;thra (F).<br />
+Theseus (M) also married Hippolyte (F).<br />
+Their child was Hippolytus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree13">Ariadne (F) married Bacchus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree9">Belus (M) had four children, Pygmalion (M), Dido (F), Danaus (M) and &AElig;gyptus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Dido (F) married Sych&aelig;us (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">Danaus&rsquo; (M) children were the Danaides (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree10">&AElig;gyptus (M) had 50 sons.</p>
+
+<p class="tree11">The Danaides (F) married the 50 sons.<br />
+Their descendant was Acrisius (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree12">Acrisius (M) had a child, Danae (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree13">Danae (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Perseus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree14">Perseus (M) married Andromeda (F), whose parents were Celeus (M) and
+Cassiopeia (F).<br />
+Their children were Alc&aelig;us (M), Electryon (M) and Sthenelus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree15">Alc&aelig;us (M) had a child, Amphitryon (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree15">Electryon (M) had a child, Alcmene (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree16">Amphitryon (M) married Alcmene (F).<br />
+Their child was Iphicles (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree17">Iphicles (M) had a child, Iolaus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree16">Alcmene (F) also married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Hercules (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree17">Hercules (M) married Deianeira (F), whose sibling was Meleager (M),
+and whose parents were &OElig;neus (M) and Alth&aelig;a (F).<br />
+Their child was Hyllus (M), who married Iole (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree15">Sthenelus (M) had a child, Eurystheus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree16">Eurystheus (M) had a child, Admete (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Neptune (M) married Amphitrite (F).<br />
+Their child was Triton (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Ceres (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their child was Proserpina (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Pluto (M) married Proserpina (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Mnemosyne (F) married Jupiter (M).<br />
+Their children were Clio (F), Calliope (F), Thalia (F), Euterpe (F), Urania (F),
+Melpomene (F), Terpsichore (F), Polyhymnia (F) and Erato (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Clio (F) had a child, Hymen (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Calliope (F) had a child, Orpheus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree7">Orpheus (M) married Eurydice (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Typh&oelig;us (M) had three children, Hydra (M), Cerberus (M) and Chim&aelig;ra (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree6">Chim&aelig;ra (M) had two children, Nemean Lion (M) and Sphinx (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree3">Pontus (M) had a child, Phorcys (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree4">Phorcys (M) had four children, Bellona (F), Stheno (F), Euryale (F) and Medusa (F).</p>
+
+<p class="tree5">Medusa (F) married Neptune (M).<br />
+Their children were Pegasus (M) and Polyphemus (M).</p>
+
+<p class="tree2">Somnus (M) had a child, Morpheus (M).}</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"><!-- second page of genealogical table --></a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"><!-- blank page --></a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>405]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a href="#A1">A</a> <a href="#B1">B</a> <a href="#C1">C</a>
+<a href="#D1">D</a> <a href="#E1">E</a> <a href="#F1">F</a>
+<a href="#G1">G</a> <a href="#H1">H</a> <a href="#I1">I</a>
+<a href="#K1">K</a> <a href="#L1">L</a> <a href="#M1">M</a>
+<a href="#N1">N</a> <a href="#O1">O</a> <a href="#P1">P</a>
+<a href="#Q1">Q</a> <a href="#S1">S</a> <a href="#T1">T</a>
+<a href="#V1">V</a> <a href="#W1">W</a> <a href="#Y1">Y</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="index"><a name="A1" id="A1"></a>
+Addison, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>,
+<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,
+<a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&AElig;schylus, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Akenside, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apollonius, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apollonius Rhodius, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arion, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aristophanes, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold, Edwin, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold, Matthew, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="B1" id="B1"></a>
+Beaumont and Fletcher, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bion, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Boyesen, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Browning, E. B., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bryant, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>,
+<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>,
+<a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>,
+<a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>,
+<a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>,
+<a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>,
+<a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>,
+<a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>,
+<a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>,
+<a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Byron, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="C1" id="C1"></a>
+Catullus, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>,
+<a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chapman, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coluthus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Conington, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>,
+<a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>,
+<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>,
+<a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>,
+<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>,
+<a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>,
+<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwall, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cowper, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Croxall, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="D1" id="D1"></a>
+Darwin, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>,
+<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dryden, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>,
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>,
+<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="E1" id="E1"></a>
+Elton, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>,
+<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,
+<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>,
+<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>,
+<a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>,
+<a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>,
+<a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Euripides, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>,
+<a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eusden, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="F1" id="F1"></a>
+Flaccus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>,
+<a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fletcher, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Francklin, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>,
+<a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>,
+<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>,
+<a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>,
+<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frere, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="G1" id="G1"></a>
+Goldsmith, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gray, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="H1" id="H1"></a>
+Hemans, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>H. H. (Helen Hunt Jackson), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hesiod, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>,
+<a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Homer, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>,
+<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,
+<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>,
+<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>,
+<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,
+<a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>,
+<a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>,
+<a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>,
+<a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>,
+<a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>,
+<a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>,
+<a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>,
+<a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>,
+<a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Homeric Hymn, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Horace, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="I1" id="I1"></a>
+Ingelow, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Iriarte, Tomas de, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="K1" id="K1"></a>
+Keats, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>,
+<a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>,
+<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>,
+<a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>,
+<a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="L1" id="L1"></a>
+Landon, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lowell, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lucan, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="M1" id="M1"></a>
+Macaulay, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Martinez de la Rosa, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Melanippides, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meleager, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meredith, Owen, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Milton, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>,
+<a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moore, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+<a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morris, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>,
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>,
+<a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>,
+<a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>,
+<a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moschus, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="N1" id="N1"></a>
+Nonnus, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="O1" id="O1"></a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>406]</a></span>
+Onomacritus, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orphic Argonautics, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orphic Hymn, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ovid, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>,
+<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,
+<a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>,
+<a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="P1" id="P1"></a>
+Pike, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pindar, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pitt, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pope, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>,
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>,
+<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>,
+<a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Potter, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>,
+<a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prior, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>,
+<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="Q1" id="Q1"></a>
+Quintus Smyrn&aelig;us, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="S1" id="S1"></a>
+St. John, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxe, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,
+<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,
+<a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Schiller, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scott, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>S. G. B., <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shelley, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Simonides, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Somerville, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sophocles, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>,
+<a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>,
+<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>,
+<a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>,
+<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Southey, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spenser, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Statius, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Swift, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="T1" id="T1"></a>
+Tennyson, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>,
+<a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>,
+<a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Theocritus, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Timocreon of Rhodes, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="V1" id="V1"></a>
+Virgil, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,
+<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,
+<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>,
+<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>,
+<a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>,
+<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>,
+<a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>,
+<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>,
+<a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>,
+<a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="W1" id="W1"></a>
+Warton, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wordsworth, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>,
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>,
+<a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worsley, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="Y1" id="Y1"></a>
+Young, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="padtop"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>407]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>GLOSSARY AND INDEX.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+<a href="#A">A</a> <a href="#B">B</a> <a href="#C">C</a>
+<a href="#D">D</a> <a href="#E">E</a> <a href="#F">F</a>
+<a href="#G">G</a> <a href="#H">H</a> <a href="#I">I</a>
+<a href="#J">J</a> <a href="#K">K</a> <a href="#L">L</a>
+<a href="#M">M</a> <a href="#N">N</a> <a href="#O">O</a>
+<a href="#P">P</a> <a href="#Q">Q</a> <a href="#R">R</a>
+<a href="#S">S</a> <a href="#T">T</a> <a href="#U">U</a>
+<a href="#V">V</a> <a href="#Z">Z</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="A" id="A"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Ab-syr&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of King &AElig;etes of Colchis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Medea, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-by&acute;dus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A city of Asia Minor;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the home of Leander, <a href="#Page_111">111-116</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ch&aelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Grandson of Hellen, and ancestor of the Achaians, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-cha&acute;i-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Inhabitants of the province of Achaia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-cha&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Friend and inseparable companion of &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>,
+<a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ach-e-lo&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River in Greece, bearing the name of its god, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ach-e-men&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses&rsquo; sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by &AElig;neas,
+<a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ach&acute;e-ron.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. River in Hades, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Ulysses visits, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">&AElig;neas crosses, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Father of Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-chil&acute;les.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Peleus and Thetis, <a href="#Page_314">314-316</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">surrenders Briseis, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the Greeks appeal to, <a href="#Page_323">323-325</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slays Hector, <a href="#Page_326">326-329</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">death, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">in Happy Isles, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Pyrrhus, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A&acute;cis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-cris&acute;i-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Argos, and father of Danae, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>,
+<a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-crop&acute;o-lis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hill in Athens, the site of the Parthenon and Theseus&rsquo; temple,
+<a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ac-t&aelig;&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,
+<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ad-me&acute;te.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Eurystheus, covets Hippolyte&rsquo;s girdle,
+<a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ad-me&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by Alcestis,
+<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules restores Alcestis to, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">one of the Argonauts, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">in Calydonian Hunt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-do&acute;nis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, <a href="#Page_108">108-110</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-dras&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Argos;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">his horse Arion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Hippodamia, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sends expedition against Thebes, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;&acute;a-cus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the three judges of the dead in Hades, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-&aelig;&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_347">347-350</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-e&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Colchis, father of Medea and Absyrtus, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>,
+<a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brother of Circe, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-ge&acute;an Sea.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Delos chained in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Arion borne by dolphins in, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">named after &AElig;geus, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-ge&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Athens;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Theseus, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>,
+<a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">drowns himself, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;&acute;gis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Shield or breastplate of Minerva and Jupiter, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">loaned to Perseus, <a href="#Page_243">243;</a></span><br />
+<span class="in1">bears Medusa&rsquo;s head, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-gis&acute;thus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Murderer of Agamemnon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;g&acute;le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Heliades;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed to a poplar tree, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-gyp&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brother of Danaus, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-ne&acute;a-d&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City which &AElig;neas proposed to found in Thrace, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-ne&acute;as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Venus and Anchises, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; descendants, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">worship introduced into Italy by, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">hero of Virgil&rsquo;s &AElig;neid, <a href="#Page_360">360-377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>408]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">&AElig;-ne&acute;as Sil&acute;vi-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &AElig;neas;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">founder of Alba Longa, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-ne&acute;id.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Virgil&rsquo;s epic poem on the adventures of &AElig;neas,
+<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-o&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Same as &AElig;olian Islands.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. In Asia Minor, near &AElig;gean Sea, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-o&acute;li-an Islands.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The home of &AElig;olus, god of the winds, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>,
+<a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">supposed to be Lipari Islands, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-o&acute;li-an Race.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Descendants of &AElig;olus, son of Hellen, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;&acute;o-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. God of the winds, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Juno&rsquo;s bargain with, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">gift to Ulysses, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">destruction of &AElig;neas&rsquo; fleet, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Son of Hellen, founder of the &AElig;olian race, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;s-cu-la&acute;pi-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Apollo and Coronis, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>,
+<a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Machaon, son of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;&acute;son.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Jason, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">rejuvenated by Medea, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;&acute;ther.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of light, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dethroned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;&acute;thra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Princess of Tr&oelig;zene, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Theseus, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Helen intrusted to, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;t&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Volcano in Sicily, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the tomb of Enceladus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">forge of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>,
+<a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceres&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&AElig;-to&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country between Epirus and Locris, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Af&acute;ri-ca.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>,
+<a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Afterthought.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Epimetheus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ag-a-mem&acute;non.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Chief of the expedition against Troy, <a href="#Page_314">314-319</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">troops of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ga&acute;ve.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mother of Pentheus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ge&acute;nor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Ph&oelig;nix, <a href="#Page_44">44-47</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ag-la&acute;ia.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Graces;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">an attendant of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-&iuml;&acute;des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Pluto;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-&iuml;-do&acute;neus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A&acute;jax.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Greek hero in Trojan war, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Patroclus&rsquo; corpse recovered by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">insanity of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al&acute;ba Lon&acute;ga.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City in Italy founded by &AElig;neas Silvia, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-ces&acute;tis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Admetus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dies to save his life, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">restored by Hercules, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-ci&acute;des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hercules, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">lion skin of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Deianeira accompanies, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Deianeira&rsquo;s charm for, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">pose of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-cim&acute;e-de.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen of Iolcus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Jason, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-cin&acute;o-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ph&aelig;acian king, enables Ulysses to reach Ithaca,
+<a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-cip&acute;pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Mars;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">carried off by Halirrhothius, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alc-me&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Jupiter, and mother of Hercules, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>,
+<a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-lec&acute;to.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sent by Juno to kindle war between &AElig;neas and the Latins,
+<a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-lec&acute;try-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Servant of Mars;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed to a cock, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-phe&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. River of Peloponnesus;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">dammed to clean Augean stable, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. The river god who pursued Arethusa, <a href="#Page_190">190-193</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Al-th&aelig;&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mother of Meleager, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am-al-the&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goat which nursed Jupiter, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am-a-se&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River over which Metabus flung Camilla, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ma&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Latinus, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">driven mad by Alecto, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">suicide of, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am&acute;a-zons.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nation of warlike women;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules visits, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus visits, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bellerophon visits, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen of the, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am-bro&acute;si-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Celestial food used by the gods, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">gods deprived of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am&acute;mon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Temple of Jupiter in Libya, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A&acute;mor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Eros, Cupid, etc.;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">god of love, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am-phi&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Antiope;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">musician;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thebes, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am-phi-tri&acute;te.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Salacia, queen of the sea;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">train of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>409]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">An-chi&acute;ses.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Venus, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_360">360-362</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">prophecy recalled by, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">death anniversary of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_370">370-372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-ci&acute;le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-dr&aelig;&acute;mon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Dryope;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">saw her changed to a tree, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-drom&acute;a-che.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Hector;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">parting of Hector and, <a href="#Page_321">321-323</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">grief of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">captivity of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-drom&acute;e-da.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">saved by Perseus, <a href="#Page_246">246-249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-t&aelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant son of G&aelig;a;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">defender of the Pygmies;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-te&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Pr&oelig;tus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">accuses Bellerophon falsely, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An&acute;te-ros.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of passion, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-tig&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of &OElig;dipus and Jocasta;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">buried alive, <a href="#Page_285">285-288</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-tin&acute;o-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of Penelope&rsquo;s suitors;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An-ti&acute;o-pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Amphion and Zethus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">persecuted by Dirce, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-pha&acute;re-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Castor&rsquo;s murderer, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aph-ro-di&acute;te.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Venus, Dione, etc., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,
+<a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-pol&acute;lo.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Ph&oelig;bus, Sol, and Helios, <a href="#Page_61">61-91</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">god of the sun, music, poetry, and medicine, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Diana&rsquo;s brother, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Niobe&rsquo;s sons slain by, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mars and Venus seen by, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury steals cattle of, <a href="#Page_132">132-134</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">giants slain by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">walls built by, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Marpessa claimed by, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vesta loved by, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Janus, son of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">oracles of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">steed of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cassandra loved by, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Chryses appeals to, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses incurs anger of, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>,
+<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aq&acute;ui-lo.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">West wind, son of &AElig;olus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>,
+<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-rach&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Minerva&rsquo;s needlework contest with, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,
+<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar-ca&acute;di-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province of Peloponnesus, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>,
+<a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury&rsquo;s birthplace, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;cas.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Callisto;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">constellation of the Little Bear, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-re-o-pa-gi&acute;t&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Judges of the criminal court of Athens, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-re-op&acute;a-gus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hill near Athens;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">site of the Parthenon, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A&acute;res.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-re&acute;te.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Goddess of virtue;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">takes charge of Hercules, <a href="#Page_218">218-220</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Wife of Alcinous;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">mother of Nausicaa, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar-e-thu&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymph of Diana;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed to a fountain, <a href="#Page_190">190-193</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;ges</span> (Sheet-lightning).<br />
+<span class="in1">A Cyclop;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;go.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vessel in which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece,
+<a href="#Page_266">266-274</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar-go-nau&acute;tic Expedition</span><br />
+<span class="in1">in search of golden fleece, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Zetes and Calais in, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules in, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Meleager in, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;go-nauts.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Jason and crew, <a href="#Page_267">267-271</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;gos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City in Argolis, dedicated to Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52-54</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Eurystheus, king of, <a href="#Page_218">218-220</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Acrisius, king of, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Adrastus, king of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pr&oelig;tus, king of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Agamemnon&rsquo;s return to, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;gus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Name of myriad-eyed giant who watched Io, <a href="#Page_135">135-137</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Name of Ulysses&rsquo; faithful hound, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ri-ad&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Minos;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus aided by, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">deserted by Theseus, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">marries Bacchus, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ri&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Winged steed;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">the offspring of Neptune and Ceres, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Musician;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>,
+<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar-is-t&aelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth who indirectly causes Eurydice&rsquo;s death, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ar&acute;te-mis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+<a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>410]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">As-cal&acute;a-phus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Spirit in Hades who saw Proserpina eat pomegranate seeds,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A&acute;si-a Mi&acute;nor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">West of Asia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bacchus&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vesta&rsquo;s shrine in, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Thetis&rsquo; flight from, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">As-kle&acute;pi-os.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as &AElig;sculapius;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Apollo and Coronis, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">As-ty&acute;a-nax.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Infant son of Hector and Andromache, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">At-a-lan&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden who takes part in Calydonian Hunt and races with Milanion or
+Hippomenes, <a href="#Page_275">275-278</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ath&acute;a-mas.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thebes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Phryxus and Helle, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ino in madness slain by, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-the&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Minerva, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">tutelary goddess of Athens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-the&acute;ni-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Athens, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">tribute of, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">ingratitude of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ath&acute;ens.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Minerva&rsquo;s festivals at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">tribunal at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">contest for, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;geus, king of, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus&rsquo; arrival at, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ariadne elopes to, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Castor and Pollux&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus, king of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Peleus, king of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">At&acute;las.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Mountains.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. One of Iapetus&rsquo; sons, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">daughters of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">heavens supported by, <a href="#Page_227">227-229</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Perseus petrifies, <a href="#Page_244">244-246</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">At&acute;ro-pos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Fates;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">cuts the thread of life, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">At&acute;ti-ca.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province of Greece;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cecrops founds city in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">oppression of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shores of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Au-ge&acute;as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Elis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">his stables were cleansed by Hercules, <a href="#Page_221">221-223</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Au&acute;lis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Port in B&oelig;otia, the meeting-place of the Greek expedition against
+Troy, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Au-ro&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Eos, goddess of dawn;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendant of Apollo, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">jealousy of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Tithonus loved by, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;olus&rsquo; wife, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aus&acute;ter.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Southwest wind, same as Notus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a son of &AElig;olus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Au-tom&acute;e-don.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Achilles&rsquo; charioteer, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Av&acute;en-tine.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A-ver&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Lake near Naples;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the entrance to Hades in Italy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="B" id="B"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Bab&acute;y-lon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The home of Pyramus and Thisbe, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bac-cha-na&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bac-chan&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Female followers of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>,
+<a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orpheus slain by, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bac&acute;chus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Dionysus, god of wine and revelry;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Semele, <a href="#Page_171">171-182</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan visited by, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ariadne rescued by, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">tutor of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">gift from, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bau&acute;cis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. The mortal who showed hospitality to Jupiter and Mercury;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">wife of Philemon, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Father of Dryope (changed to a tree), <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bel-ler&acute;o-phon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Demigod;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mounts Pegasus and slays the dread Chim&aelig;ra,
+<a href="#Page_291">291-296</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bel-lo&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of war;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendant of Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ber-e-ni&acute;ce.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen whose hair was changed into a comet, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>,
+<a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ber&acute;o-e.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nurse of Semele, whose form Juno assumes to arouse Semele&rsquo;s
+jealousy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bi&acute;ton.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brother of Cleobis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">draws his mother to the temple, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">B&oelig;-o&acute;ti-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province in Greece, whose principal city was Thebes, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,
+<a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bo&acute;re-as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">North wind;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of &AElig;olus and Aurora;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">kidnaps Orithyia, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sons of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bos&acute;po-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Channel connecting Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, on route of Argonauts,
+<a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brass Age.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Third age of world, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bri-a&acute;re-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Centimani;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">umpire, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bri-se&acute;is.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Captive of Achilles during Trojan war;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">claimed by Agamemnon, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>,
+<a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bron&acute;tes</span> (Thunder).<br />
+<span class="in1">A Cyclop;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bru&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="C" id="C"></a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>411]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Ca&acute;cus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cad&acute;mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brother of Europa;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">founder of Thebes, <a href="#Page_45">45-48</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Harmonia, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dragon-tooth seed of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>,
+<a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ca-du&acute;ce-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C&aelig;&acute;sar.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cal&acute;a-is.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Boreas and Orithyia, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cal&acute;chas.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cal-li&acute;o-pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the nine Muses, loved by Apollo, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Orpheus, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cal-lis&acute;to.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed into a bear by Juno;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the Great Bear, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cal&acute;y-don.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Home of Meleager;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">site of Calydonian Hunt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cal-y-do&acute;ni-an Hunt.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, <a href="#Page_275">275-279</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ca-lyp&acute;so.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymph who detained Ulysses on Ogygia seven years, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ca-mil&acute;la.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Volscian maiden;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">fights, and is slain by, &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>,
+<a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dedicated to Diana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ca-mil&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cam&acute;pus mar&acute;ti-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Roman exercising grounds sacred to Mars, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Can&acute;cer.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Crab which attacked Hercules to defend the Hydra;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a constellation, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cap&acute;i-tol.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Temple dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Car&acute;thage.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by &AElig;neas,
+<a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cas-san&acute;dra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Priam;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">her prophecies, though true, were always disbelieved,
+<a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">captivity of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cas-si-o-pe&acute;ia.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mother of Andromeda, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a constellation, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cas&acute;tor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+<a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">rescue of Helen by, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Argonauts joined by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Calydonian Hunt joined by, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cau-ca&acute;si-an Mountains.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Caucasus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Prometheus chained to, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ce&acute;crops.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Founder of Athens, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">descendants of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ce-l&aelig;&acute;no.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Harpies;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">frightens &AElig;neas by prophesying harm, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ce&acute;le-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. King of Eleusis;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">father of Triptolemus, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Father of Andromeda;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cen&acute;taurs.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Children of Ixion, half man, half horse;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Chiron, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>,
+<a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules fights, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">battle of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nessus, <a href="#Page_234">234-236</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cen-tim&acute;a-ni</span> (Hundred-handed).<br />
+<span class="in1">Three sons of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+<a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ceph&acute;a-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cer&acute;be-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of Hades,
+<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules captures, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cer&acute;cy-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">encountered by Theseus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ce-re-a&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Ceres, goddess of agriculture,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ce&acute;res.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Demeter, goddess of agriculture and civilization,
+<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183-197</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cronus disgorges, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Psyche consults, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Neptune loves, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pelops&rsquo; shoulder eaten by, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cer-y-ne&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Town of Achaia, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cer-y-ne&acute;ian Stag.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Stag taken by Hercules;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">one of his labors, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ces&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus&rsquo; magic, love-inspiring girdle, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>,
+<a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ce&acute;yx.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thessaly;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shipwrecked, and changed with his wife Halcyone into birds,
+<a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cha&acute;os.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The first of all divinities, who ruled over confusion,
+<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">ejection of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Char&acute;i-tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The three Graces;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cha&acute;ron.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas ferried by, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cha-ryb&acute;dis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Whirlpool near the coast of Sicily, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>,
+<a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>412]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Chi-m&aelig;&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Monster slain by Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_292">292-296</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chi&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chi&acute;os.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the islands of the Archipelago, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chi&acute;ron.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Learned Centaur, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>,
+<a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chry-se&acute;is.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Chryses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">taken by Agamemnon, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chry&acute;ses.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Chryseis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">priest of Apollo;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brings a plague on the Greek camp, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>,
+<a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ci-co&acute;ni-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ci-lic&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province in Asia Minor, between &AElig;olia and Troas,
+<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ci&acute;lix.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brother of Europa;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">founder of Cilicia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cim-me&acute;ri-an Shores.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cir&acute;ce.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sister of &AElig;etes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sorceress who changes Ulysses&rsquo; men into swine,
+<a href="#Page_347">347-353</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cle&acute;o-bis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brother of Biton;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a devoted son, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cle-o-pa&acute;tra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cli&acute;o.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the nine Muses, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clo&acute;tho.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Fates;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">she spins the thread of life, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clym&acute;e-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Wife of Iapetus;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">an ocean nymph, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Nymph loved by Apollo;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">mother of Phaeton, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clyt-&aelig;m-nes&acute;tra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Agamemnon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clyt&acute;i-e.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden who loves Apollo, and is changed into a sunflower,
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co-cy&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River in Hades, formed of tears of the condemned,
+<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">C&oelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Titans;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col&acute;chi-an Land.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ram bears Phryxus to, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Argonauts arrive at, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Argonauts depart from, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sailors of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Col&acute;chis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land in Asia ruled by &AElig;etes, where the golden fleece was kept,
+<a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">return from, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co-lo&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Forest sacred to Furies, where &OElig;dipus vanished in a storm,
+<a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co-los&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Statue of Apollo in the Island of Rhodes, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Con-sen&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Pan, god of the universe and of nature, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co&acute;pre-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Pelops;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">owner of the marvelous horse Arion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cor&acute;inth.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City and isthmus between Greece proper and the Peloponnesus,
+<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sisyphus, king of, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sciron at, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Polybus, king of, <a href="#Page_280">280-282</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co-ro&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Constellation, also known as Ariadne&rsquo;s Crown, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co-ro&acute;nis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Apollo;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of &AElig;sculapius, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Co&acute;rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Northwest wind;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of &AElig;olus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cor-y-ban&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Curetes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Rhea&rsquo;s priests, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cot&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Centimani;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cre&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Jocasta and of Megara, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thebes, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cre&acute;tan Bull.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules captures, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Crete.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island home of Minos, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>,
+<a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Menelaus&rsquo; journey to, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; sojourn in, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Zeus, king of, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cre-u&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Wife of &AElig;neas;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">killed in attempting to fly from Troy, <a href="#Page_361">361-363</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Same as Glauce;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">maiden loved by Jason, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cri&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Titans;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cro&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Saturn;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a Titan who rules supreme;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_17">17-23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>,
+<a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughters of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>,
+<a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cru&acute;mis-sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island where Neptune carried Theophane;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birthplace of the golden-fleeced ram, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cu&acute;m&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cave where the Sibyl gave her prophecies, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cu&acute;pid</span>, or <span class="smcap">Cu-pi&acute;do</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Amor, god of love;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">growth of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">darts of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>,
+<a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Psyche and, <a href="#Page_121">121-130</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>413]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Cu-re&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Corybantes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Rhea&rsquo;s priests, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cy&acute;a-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River which tried to stop Pluto when he kidnapped Proserpina,
+<a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyb&acute;e-le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Rhea, goddess of the earth, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">chariot of, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cy-clo&acute;pes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Three children of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+<a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">thunderbolts forged by, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,
+<a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orion visits the, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan and the, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island of the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas warned against, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cy&acute;clops.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Polyphemus the, <a href="#Page_339">339-345</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyc&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Intimate friend of Phaeton, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyl-le&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain upon which Mercury was born, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>,
+<a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyn&acute;thi-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+<a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyn&acute;thi-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and fine arts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyp-a-ris&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Friend of Apollo;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">turned to a cypress tree, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cy&acute;prus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island in the Mediterranean sacred to Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>,
+<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cyth-e-re&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, and laughter,
+<a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="D" id="D"></a>
+<span class="smcap">D&aelig;d&acute;a-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Architect who planned the Cretan Labyrinth, <a href="#Page_253">253-255</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">inventor of sails, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dan&acute;a-e.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Perseus, <a href="#Page_240">240-242</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>,
+<a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Da-na&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughters of Danaus, who slay their husbands, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>,
+<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dan&acute;a-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Argos;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of the fifty Danaides, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dan&acute;ube.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River of Europe;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Daph&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree,
+<a href="#Page_68">68-70</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>,
+<a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dar&acute;da-nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ancient king of Troy, who gives his name to his race,
+<a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mares of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De-i-a-nei&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Hercules, <a href="#Page_232">232-236</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">causes Hercules&rsquo; death by using the Nessus robe,
+<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De-iph&acute;o-bus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Priam and Hecuba;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">married Helen after the death of Paris, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De&acute;los.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Floating island;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birthplace of Apollo and Diana, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shrine of Apollo at, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>,
+<a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Del&acute;phi.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Shrine of Apollo, famed for its oracles, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceyx visits, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&OElig;dipus consults oracle at, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>,
+<a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orestes at, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Del&acute;uge.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Caused by Jupiter&rsquo;s wrath, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slime from, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De-me&acute;ter.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Ceres;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">goddess of agriculture, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">De&acute;mi-os</span> (Dread).<br />
+<span class="in1">Attendant or son of Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Des&acute;ti-ny.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the ancient deities not subjected to Jupiter, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deu-ca&acute;li-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Only male survivor of Deluge;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Hellen, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapith&aelig;,
+<a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-a&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of the moon and chase;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Latona, <a href="#Page_93">93-101</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">nymphs of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">arrows of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Arethusa protected by, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&OElig;neus neglects, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Iphigenia saved by, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">temple of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Camilla rescued by, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>,
+<a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di&acute;do.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen of Tyre and Carthage;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">loved and deserted by &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_366">366-369</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas sees, in Hades, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-o-me&acute;des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Greek hero during Trojan war, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">recovers Patroclus&rsquo; body, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">helps Ulysses secure the Palladium, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-o&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, etc.,
+<a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">goddess of moisture, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-o-nys&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals held in Greece in honor of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-o-nys&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-os-cu&acute;ri.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Collective name given to Castor and Pollux, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Di-os-cu&acute;ri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Castor and Pollux, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>414]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Dir&acute;ce.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Lycus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Pluto, god of Infernal Regions, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,
+<a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dis-cor&acute;di-a</span>, or <span class="smcap">Eris</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of discord, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">she appears at Peleus&rsquo; marriage feast, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Do-do&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Temple and grove sacred to Jupiter, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dol&acute;phin.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Constellation, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Do&acute;ri-an Race.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Descendants of Dorus, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Do&acute;ris.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Nereus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Do&acute;rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Hellen;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">ancestor of Dorian race, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dreams.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Spirits in cave of Somnus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">passed out through gates of ivory and horn, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>,
+<a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury, leader of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Drep&acute;a-num.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land visited by &AElig;neas, where Anchises died, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dry&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Plant nymphs, supposed to watch over vegetation, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dry&acute;o-pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Princess changed into a tree, <a href="#Page_298">298-300</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dull&acute;ness.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>,
+<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="E" id="E"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Earth.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;ther and Hemera create the, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">divisions of the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">realm of the, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the mother of all, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">oath by the, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ant&aelig;us, son of the, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;cho.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymph who pined for love of Narcissus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed to a voice, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">answers Cephalus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mocks Ariadne, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Egg.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Earth hatched from a mythical, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;gypt.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Gods take refuge in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Io takes refuge in, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Menelaus and Helen detained in, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-lec&acute;tra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Agamemnon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">saves Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">El-eu-sin&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals at Eleusis, in honor of Ceres and Proserpina,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-leu&acute;sis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for Proserpina,
+<a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;lis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province of the Peloponnesus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Alpheus in, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Augeas, king of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">El-pe&acute;nor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Follower of Ulysses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dies in Island of &AElig;&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-lys&acute;i-an Fields.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Abode of the blessed in Hades, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>,
+<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cleobis and Biton conveyed to, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Adonis conveyed to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">En-cel&acute;a-dus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant defeated by Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">buried under Mt. &AElig;tna, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">En-dym&acute;i-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus,
+<a href="#Page_96">96-98</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>,
+<a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">En&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Plain in Sicily;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">favorite resort of Proserpina, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-ny&acute;o.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Bellona, goddess of war, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;os.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Aurora, goddess of dawn, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+<a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">jealousy of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">winds, offspring of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ep&acute;a-phus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Io;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">founder of Memphis, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eph&acute;e-sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City in Asia Minor sacred to Diana, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eph-i-al&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant son of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brother of Otus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">imprisons Mars, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-pig&acute;o-ni.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sons of the seven chiefs who besieged Thebes, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ep-i-me&acute;theus</span> (Afterthought).<br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Iapetus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Pandora, <a href="#Page_28">28-34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-pi&acute;rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country visited by &AElig;neas, who meets Andromache there,
+<a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Er&acute;a-to.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Muses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Er&acute;e-bus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of darkness, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">marries his mother, Night, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">progenitor of egg, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dethroned, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-rid&acute;a-nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River into which Phaeton fell from the sun chariot, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules consults nymphs of, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-rin&acute;ny-es.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Collective name given to the Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;ris.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">apple cast by, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Er-i-sich&acute;thon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">An unbeliever;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">punished by famine, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E&acute;ros.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Cupid, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">child of Light and Day, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">arrows of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">egg produces, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">causes man&rsquo;s creation, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">man&rsquo;s life given by, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Er-y-man&acute;thus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Place where Hercules slew the wild boar, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>415]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Er-y-the&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island home of Geryones;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by Hercules, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-te&acute;o-cles.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &OElig;dipus and Jocasta, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">reigns one year, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by his brother, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-thi-o&acute;pi-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country visited by Bacchus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-thi-o&acute;pi-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by the gods, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-b&oelig;&acute;an</span> or <span class="smcap">Eu-bo&acute;ic Sea</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">Sea where Hercules cast Lichas, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-m&aelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca,
+<a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses aided by, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-men&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Collective name given to Furies, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">forest sacred to, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-phros&acute;y-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the three Graces or Charites;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendant of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ro&acute;pa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Agenor;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_44">44-48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+<a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ro&acute;tas.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River near Sparta, where Helen bathed, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu&acute;rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">East wind;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of &AElig;olus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ry&acute;a-le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the three terrible Gorgons, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ry&acute;a-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth sent with Nisus to warn &AElig;neas that his son was in danger,
+<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ry-cle&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nurse of Ulysses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">recognizes him after twenty years&rsquo; absence, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Penelope awakened by, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ryd&acute;i-ce.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her in Hades, <a href="#Page_75">75-80</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387-389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ryl&acute;o-chus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Leader of Ulysses&rsquo; men, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">escaped Circe&rsquo;s spell, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses&rsquo; men misled by, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ryn&acute;o-me.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of the Graces, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-rys&acute;theus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules&rsquo; taskmaster;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">appointed twelve labors, <a href="#Page_218">218-229</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu&acute;ry-tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Iole&rsquo;s father;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited twice by Hercules, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eu-ter&acute;pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Muses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">presided over music, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eux&acute;ine Sea.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-van&acute;der.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Tuscans;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">ally of &AElig;neas;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Pallas, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">E-ve&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Marpessa;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">drowned himself in river of same name, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules crosses, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="F" id="F"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Fa&acute;ma.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Attendant of Jupiter, goddess of fame, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fates.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Three sisters;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">also known as M&oelig;r&aelig; or Parc&aelig;, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fau&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Faunus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a rural divinity of the Romans, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fau&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Rural divinity of the Romans;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Fauna, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Flo&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of flowers, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Zephyrus, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Flo-ra&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in May in honor of Flora, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Forethought.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Prometheus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">For-tu&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Goddess of fortune;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">an attendant of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Goddess of plenty, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fo&acute;rum.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Chief place in Rome where public matters were discussed,
+<a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fu&acute;ries.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The Eumenides, or avenging deities, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&OElig;dipus punished by, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orestes pursued by, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="G" id="G"></a>
+<span class="smcap">G&aelig;&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Tellus and Terra, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Uranus, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">reign of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">conspiracy of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Typh&oelig;us created by, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Enceladus created by, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ant&aelig;us, son of, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Syrinx protected by, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gal-a-te&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, <a href="#Page_341">341-343</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life,
+<a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gan&acute;y-mede.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer,
+<a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ge.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as G&aelig;a, Tellus, Terra, the Earth, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gem&acute;i-ni.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Dioscuri;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Castor and Pollux, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ge-ry&acute;o-nes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Glau&acute;ce.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Jason;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Medea, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Glau&acute;cus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fisherman changed to a sea god, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>,
+<a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">lover of Scylla, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>416]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Golden Age.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">First age of the ancient world, when all was bliss, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Janus&rsquo; reign, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gor&acute;gons.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Three sisters,&mdash;Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa,
+<a href="#Page_242">242-246</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;gis decorated by head of one of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Grac&acute;chi, The.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gra&acute;ces.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Grati&aelig;;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the three attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gra-di&acute;vus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Mars when leader of armies, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gr&aelig;&acute;&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Three sisters with but one eye and tooth among them,
+<a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gra&acute;ti-&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Graces, or Charites;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus&rsquo; attendants, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Great Bear.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Constellation formed by Callisto, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gre&acute;ci-an.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mythology, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">camp, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greece.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Highest peak in, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">alphabet introduced into, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">nations of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">art in, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cecrops comes to, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pelops takes refuge in, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Paris visits, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">war between Troy and, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orestes&rsquo; return to, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">captives taken to, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greek Divinities</span>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br />
+<span class="in1">Panathen&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">fleet, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greeks.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Departure of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">plague visits, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">defeat of, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Agamemnon, chief of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attack Ciconians, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Polyphemus visited by, <a href="#Page_343">343-346</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Circe visited by, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a civilized nation, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gy&acute;es.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the three Centimani;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="H" id="H"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Ha&acute;des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The Infernal Region, kingdom of Pluto, <a href="#Page_159">159-170</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orpheus&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_76">76-79</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Adonis&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Psyche&rsquo;s visit to, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury conducts souls to, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>,
+<a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Proserpina&rsquo;s visit to, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>,
+<a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Lara conducted to, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pollux in, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&OElig;dipus in, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; visit to, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">H&aelig;&acute;mon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Creon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">lover of Antigone, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hal-cy&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Ceyx, King of Thessaly, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>,
+<a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hal-irr-ho&acute;thi-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Neptune;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Mars, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ham-a-dry&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymphs who lived and died with the trees they inhabited,
+<a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Har-mo&acute;ni-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Mars and Venus, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>,
+<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Cadmus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Semele, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Har&acute;pies.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Monsters, half woman, half bird;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">banished to Strophades Islands, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas sees, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heav&acute;en.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Creation of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">realm of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Atlas, supporter of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He&acute;be.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of youth;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">cup-bearer of the gods, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Hercules, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He&acute;brus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River in which the Bacchantes cast Orpheus&rsquo; remains,
+<a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hec&acute;a-te.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Proserpina as Queen of Hades, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hec&acute;tor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Priam;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">leader of Trojan army, <a href="#Page_320">320-326</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Achilles, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Priam buries, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shade of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">widow of, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hec&acute;u-ba.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Priam;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Paris and Hector, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>,
+<a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hector seen by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">captivity of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hel&acute;en.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Jupiter and Leda;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Menelaus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">kidnapped by Paris, <a href="#Page_310">310-312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">kidnapped by Theseus, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Paris upbraided by, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas wishes to slay, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hel&acute;e-nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Epirus, whose slave Andromache became after the death of Hector,
+<a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He-li&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sisters of Phaeton;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed into trees, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hel&acute;i-con.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and Muses, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>,
+<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He&acute;li-os.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name of Apollo as god of the sun, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>,
+<a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hel&acute;le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Athamas and Nephele;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">drowned in the Hellespont, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>,
+<a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hel&acute;len.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Deucalion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">ancestor of the Hellenes, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hel-le&acute;nes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to ancient Greeks, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>417]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Hel&acute;les-pont.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to the strait from Helle, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Leander swims across the, <a href="#Page_111">111-117</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He-me&acute;ra</span> (Day).<br />
+<span class="in1">One of the first divinities, who rules with &AElig;ther (Light),
+<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heph-&aelig;s-ti&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Heph&aelig;stus, or Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He-ph&aelig;s&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Vulcan, god of the forge, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He&acute;ra</span>, or <span class="smcap">He&acute;re</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Juno, queen of heaven, and goddess of the atmosphere and of
+marriage, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Her&acute;a-cles.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hercules;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Alcmene, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He-r&aelig;&acute;um.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Town dedicated to the service of Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Her&acute;cu-les.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Heracles, god of all athletic games, <a href="#Page_216">216-239</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Prometheus delivered by, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hades visited by, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hesione delivered by, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Centaurs defeated by, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Argonautic expedition joined by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>,
+<a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">arrows of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">apparition of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>,
+<a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Her&acute;mes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Mercury, messenger of the gods, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Her-mi&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Harmonia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Venus and Mars, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He&acute;ro.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her,
+<a href="#Page_111">111-117</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He-si&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Laomedon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">rescued from sea monster by Hercules, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,
+<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hes-pe&acute;ri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ancient name of Italy, so called by &AElig;neas,
+<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hes-per&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughters of Hesperus, guardians of golden apples,
+<a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hes&acute;pe-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the West;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of the Hesperides, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hes&acute;ti-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Vesta, goddess of the family hearth, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Him&acute;e-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the desire of love;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendant in Venus&rsquo; numerous train, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hip-po-cre&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fountain created by Pegasus, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hip-po-da-mi&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Pirithous;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">almost carried off by the Centaurs, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hip-pol&acute;y-te.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen of the Amazons, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus&rsquo; wife, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hip-pol&acute;y-tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">loved by Ph&aelig;dra, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hip-pom&acute;e-nes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Milanion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">lover of Atalanta, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hope.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The good spirit in Pandora&rsquo;s box;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">an ancient deity, <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ho&acute;r&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Collective name of the seasons;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus&rsquo; attendants, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horn Gate.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>,
+<a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hours.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Attendants of Apollo, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hundred-handed</span>, the.<br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Centimani, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hup&acute;nos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Somnus, god of sleep, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy-a-cin&acute;thus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed to a flower, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy&acute;dra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna,
+<a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy-ge&acute;ia.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of &AElig;sculapius;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">watched over health of man, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy&acute;las.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth loved by Hercules;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">stolen by the water nymphs, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy&acute;men.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of marriage;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendant of Venus, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy-met&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Attica, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hyp-er-bo&acute;re-an Mountains.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The mountains separating the land of the Hyperboreans from Thrace,
+<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hyp-er-bo&acute;re-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">People north of Oceanus, a virtuous race, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hy-pe&acute;ri-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The Titan who had charge of the sun chariot, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hyp-erm-nes&acute;tra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Danaus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">saves her husband, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="I" id="I"></a>
+<span class="smcap">I-ap&acute;e-tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Titans;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Prometheus, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>,
+<a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-a&acute;pis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Leech consulted by &AElig;neas;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">cures &AElig;neas with Venus&rsquo; aid, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-a&acute;si-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Iasion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Atalanta, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ic&acute;a-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of D&aelig;dalus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">fell into the Icarian Sea, <a href="#Page_253">253-255</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I&acute;da.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Crete, and near Troy also, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>,
+<a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>418]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">I&acute;das.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A mortal befriended by Neptune;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">elopes with Marpessa, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Il&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. One of the Titanides;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">daughter of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Priestess of Vesta;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">wife of Mars;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">mother of Romulus and Remus, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Il&acute;i-ad.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Homer&rsquo;s epic poem on the Trojan war, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>,
+<a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Il&acute;i-um.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Troy whence comes the Iliad&rsquo;s name, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>,
+<a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In&acute;a-chus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River god (father of Io), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Infernal Regions.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Judges in the, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orpheus visits, <a href="#Page_76">76-79</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Adonis visits, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pluto&rsquo;s realm, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Proserpina&rsquo;s sojourn in, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas visits, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I&acute;no.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Leucothea;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">second wife of Athamas;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>,
+<a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I&acute;o.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed into a heifer, <a href="#Page_134">134-137</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-ob&acute;a-tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Lycia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon,
+<a href="#Page_291">291-295</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-o-la&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Friend of Hercules;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">helped slay the Hydra, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-ol&acute;cus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Kingdom of &AElig;son and Jason;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">usurped by Pelias, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I&acute;o-le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden loved by Hercules, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Grandson of Hellen;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">ancestor of Ionian race, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-o&acute;ni-an Race.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Race descended from Ion, grandson of Hellen, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-o&acute;ni-an Sea.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sea west of Greece, named after Io, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>,
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Iph-i-ge-ni&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Agamemnon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sacrificed to Diana, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orestes finds, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I&acute;ris</span> (the Rainbow).<br />
+<span class="in1">Attendant of Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>,
+<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Iron Age.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fourth and last age previous to the Deluge, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isles of the Blest.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead,
+<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses searches for, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Is&acute;ma-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Is-me&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of &OElig;dipus and Jocasta, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dies of grief, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isth&acute;mi-an Games.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Games held in honor of Neptune, at Corinth, every four years,
+<a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">It&acute;a-ly.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Saturn retires to, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceres returns to, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Janus, king of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ith&acute;a-ca.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses&rsquo; island kingdom, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>,
+<a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses arrives in sight of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses returns to, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Telemachus returns to, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">home of Penelope.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">I-u&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; son;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas saves, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cupid assumes form of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">stag wounded by, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brave defense by, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ivory Gate.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>,
+<a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ix-i&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Criminal in Tartarus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">bound to wheel of fire, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>,
+<a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="J" id="J"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Ja-nic&acute;u-lum.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ja&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of all beginnings, of entrances, gates, etc.,
+<a href="#Page_205">205-207</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">opening of temple of, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ja&acute;nus Quad&acute;ri-fons.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A square temple dedicated to Janus, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ja&acute;son.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &AElig;son;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">captured the golden fleece, <a href="#Page_263">263-274</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jo-cas&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Laius, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">marries &OElig;dipus, her son, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">commits suicide, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jove.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Jupiter, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Leda courted by, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">decree of, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ju&acute;no.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Birth of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">flight of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Jupiter&rsquo;s wife, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">same as Hera, <a href="#Page_51">51-54</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">jealousy of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,
+<a href="#Page_135">135-137</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,
+<a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mars, son of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan, son of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Tityus insults, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;olus, servant of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules persecuted by, <a href="#Page_216">216-218</a>,
+<a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Jason carries, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Jason aided by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">contest of Minerva and Venus with, <a href="#Page_306">306-308</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Troy destroyed by, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas persecuted by, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>,
+<a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373-375</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>,
+<a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>419]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Ju&acute;pi-ter.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Birth of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">supremacy of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">giants defeated by, <a href="#Page_22">22-24</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">kingdom divided by, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Prometheus punished by, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury, messenger of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Deluge caused by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">same as Jove, <a href="#Page_39">39-49</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Juno courted by, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Minerva borne by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Latona courted by, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;sculapius slain by, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Amphion, son of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Phaeton slain by, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Muses, daughters of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus, daughter of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Graces, daughters of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus borrows thunderbolts of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury, son of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Io courted by, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mars, son of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan, son of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">thunderbolts of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Neptune exiled by, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Semele courted by, <a href="#Page_171">171-174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceres, wife of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules, son of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">games in honor of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules saved by, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Danae courted by, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Helen, daughter of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bellerophon punished by, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Thetis loved by, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Thetis seeks, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">interference of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>,
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sarpedon, son of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Apollo appeased by, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>,
+<a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>,
+<a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>,
+<a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398-400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jus&acute;tice.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Themis, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of seasons, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ju-tur&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sister and charioteer of Turnus, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ju-ven&acute;tas.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hebe, goddess of youth, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="K" id="K"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Ka&acute;kia.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of vice;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">tries to mislead Hercules, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="L" id="L"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Lab&acute;y-rinth.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A maze in Crete, constructed by D&aelig;dalus for the Minotaur,
+<a href="#Page_253">253-257</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lac-e-d&aelig;-mo&acute;ni-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province in Peloponnesus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">capital Sparta, also name of Sparta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lac-e-d&aelig;-mo&acute;ni-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Laced&aelig;monia, or Sparta, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lach&acute;e-sis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Fates;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">twists the thread of life, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La&acute;don.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Dragon which guarded golden apples of Hesperides, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-er&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Ulysses, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Penelope weaves his shroud, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">L&aelig;s-try-go&acute;ni-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cannibals visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La&acute;ius.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of &OElig;dipus, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by him, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392-394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lam-pe&acute;tia.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Heliades, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">guards the cattle of the sun, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>,
+<a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-oc&acute;o-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Trojan priest;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">crushed to death by two serpents, <a href="#Page_333">333-335</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-od-a-mi&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Protesilaus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">dies of grief, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-om&acute;e-don.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Troy;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">employs Neptune and Apollo to build walls, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,
+<a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lap&acute;i-th&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">People who dwelt in Thessaly and fought the Centaurs,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ixion, king of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pirithous, king of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Mercury;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of the two Lares, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La&acute;res.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households,
+<a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">saved by Anchises, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lat&acute;in.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Names of days in, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lat&acute;ins.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">People of Latinus and &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas fights, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-ti&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Latium, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">welcomes and then wars against &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>,
+<a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas makes peace with, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La&acute;ti-um.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas comes to, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lat&acute;mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Asia Minor, where Endymion lies asleep, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>,
+<a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-to&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Leto;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Apollo and Diana, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">boast of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lau&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hero slain by &AElig;neas during wars against the Rutules,
+<a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">La-vin&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Latinus, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; second wife, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>,
+<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le-an&acute;der.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth of Abydus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hero&rsquo;s lover, who swam the Hellespont, <a href="#Page_111">111-117</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le-ar&acute;chus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Athamas and Ino;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by his father, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le&acute;da.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mother of Castor and Pollux, Helen and Clyt&aelig;mnestra,
+<a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le&acute;laps.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus,
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>420]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Lem&acute;nos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island in the Grecian Archipelago;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan landed there, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Philoctetes on, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ler&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Marsh where the Hydra lay concealed, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le&acute;the.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River of forgetfulness, which separated the Elysian Fields from Hades,
+<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>,
+<a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Le&acute;to.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Latona;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Apollo and Diana, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>,
+<a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Leu-co&acute;the-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Ino, Athamas&rsquo; wife;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sea goddess, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses rescued by, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Li&acute;ber.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lib-er-a&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Liber, or Bacchus, held in the autumn,
+<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lib&acute;y-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ancient name of Africa;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">coast upon which &AElig;neas landed, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+<a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Li&acute;chas.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bearer of the Nessus robe;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_236">236-238</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Light.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as &AElig;ther, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lip&acute;a-ri Islands.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as &AElig;olian Islands, where Ulysses landed, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Little Bear.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Arcas changed into the constellation of the, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lo&acute;tis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymph changed into a lotus blossom, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lo-toph&acute;a-gi.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">People whose food was the lotus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the Lotus-eaters, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Love.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Eros, Cupid, etc., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Psyche courted by, <a href="#Page_124">124-127</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Loves.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lower Regions.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Visited by &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lu&acute;nae.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Diana, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyc&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the Chim&aelig;ra,
+<a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyc-o-me&acute;des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Scyros;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">treacherously slays Theseus, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shelters Achilles, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ly&acute;cus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Antiope&rsquo;s second husband;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Amphion and Zethus, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyd&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Kingdom of Midas, in Asia Minor, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyn&acute;ceus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Hypermnestra, who spared his life,
+<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyn&acute;cus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Scythia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed into a lynx by Ceres, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ly&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orpheus&rsquo; lute;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">placed in heavens as a constellation, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="M" id="M"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Ma-cha&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Celebrated leech;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of &AElig;sculapius, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Philoctetes healed by, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ma&acute;ia.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of the plains;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Mercury, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ma&acute;nes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Tutelary divinities of Roman households, with the Lares and Penates,
+<a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mar-pes&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Evenus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">marries Idas, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mars.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Ares;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">god of war, <a href="#Page_138">138-143</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus courted by, <a href="#Page_106">106-108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">descendants of, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mar&acute;sy-as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Shepherd who enters into competition with Apollo,
+<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Name of river, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mar&acute;ti-us, Cam&acute;pus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Roman exercising grounds, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mat-ro-na&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Juno, in Rome, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me-de&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of &AElig;etes, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Jason, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>,
+<a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of &AElig;geus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me&acute;di-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country in Asia Minor, where Medea took refuge, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Med-i-ter-ra&acute;ne-an.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sea dividing world in two, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me-du&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes,
+<a href="#Page_242">242-249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Neptune marries, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pegasus, offspring of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me-g&aelig;&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Furies, Eumenides, or Erinnyes, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Meg&acute;a-ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">First wife of Hercules, whose three children he burns in his madness,
+<a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me-le-a&acute;ger.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &OElig;neus and Alth&aelig;a;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">leader of Calydonian Hunt, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>,
+<a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me&acute;li-an Nymphs.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymphs who nursed Jupiter in infancy, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mel-pom&acute;e-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Muses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">presides over tragedy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mem&acute;phis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Men-e-la&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Sparta;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Helen of Troy, <a href="#Page_310">310-314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Paris fights, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">return of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Telemachus visits, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>421]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Men&acute;e-ti-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Men&acute;tor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus,
+<a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mer-cu-ra&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Mercury, the messenger god, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mer&acute;cu-ry.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hermes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Maia, <a href="#Page_131">131-137</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pandora guided by, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Jupiter&rsquo;s ally, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Adonis guided by, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mars delivered by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bacchus guarded by, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Proserpina guided by, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Lara loved by, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">leader of dreams, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Perseus helped by, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pan, son of, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Protesilaus guided by, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Priam led by, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses aided by, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas aided by, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>,
+<a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mer&acute;o-pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of &OElig;nopion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">promised bride of Orion, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Met-a-nei&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Triptolemus, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me&acute;tis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Oceanus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">gives a potion to Cronus, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Attendant of Mars;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">god of war and strife, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Me-zen&acute;ti-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Lausus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mi&acute;das.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Lydia, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed all he touched to gold, <a href="#Page_177">177-179</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mi-la&acute;ni-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hippomenes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Atalanta, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mi&acute;lo.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island where statue of Venus was found, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mi-ner&acute;va.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Athene, goddess of wisdom;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_55">55-60</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">man given soul by, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">flute of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan wooes, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">contest of Neptune and, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Medusa punished by, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Perseus aided by, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">gift to, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Argo built by, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bellerophon helped by, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Juno and Venus dispute with, <a href="#Page_306">306-308</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses aided by, <a href="#Page_354">354-358</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Min-er-va&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Minerva, in Rome, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mi&acute;nos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. King of Crete, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">father of Ariadne and Ph&aelig;dra, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>,
+<a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Son of Jupiter and Europa;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">judge in Hades, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Min&acute;o-taur.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Monster which Minos kept in the Labyrinth, <a href="#Page_253">253-257</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mne-mos&acute;y-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A Titanide, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">goddess of memory;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of the Muses, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M&oelig;&acute;r&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The Fates, or Parc&aelig;, who spin, twist, and cut the thread of life,
+<a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mor&acute;pheus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Prime minister of Somnus, god of sleep, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>,
+<a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mors.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Thanatos, god of death, <a href="#Page_208">208-212</a>,
+<a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mo-sych&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Lemnos, where Vulcan fell from heaven,
+<a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mu-sag&acute;e-tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Apollo&rsquo;s name when he led the choir of the Muses,
+<a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mu&acute;ses, the Nine.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_73">73-75</a>,
+<a href="#Page_88">88-90</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mount of the, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My-ce&acute;n&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Favorite city of Juno, with Sparta and Argos, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Perseus exchanges Argos for, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Myr&acute;mi-dons.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Achilles&rsquo; followers;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">led by Patroclus, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mys&acute;ter-ies.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Religious rites celebrated in honor of the God of Wine,
+<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Myths.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fabulous tales, <a href="#Page_378">378-401</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="N" id="N"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Na-i&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fountain nymphs subject to Neptune, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>,
+<a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Na-p&aelig;&acute;&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Valley nymphs, who looked after the flocks also, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nar-cis&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth loved by Echo;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">enamored with his own image, <a href="#Page_118">118-120</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nau-sic&acute;a-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Alcinous and Arete;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">befriends Ulysses, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nax&acute;os.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>,
+<a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nec&acute;tar.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede,
+<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ne&acute;leus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Neptune;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brother of Pelias, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ne&acute;me-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules,
+<a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ne&acute;me-an Games.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Games in honor of Jupiter and Hercules, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>422]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Ne&acute;me-an Lion.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Monster slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nem&acute;e-sis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of vengeance, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">pursues Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ne-op-tol&acute;e-mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Pyrrhus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Achilles&rsquo; son;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slays Priam, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Neph&acute;e-le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Athamas;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Phryxus and Helle, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nep&acute;tune.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Poseidon, god of the sea, <a href="#Page_149">149-158</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Cronus, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">kingdom given to, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Deluge controlled by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">horse created by, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Delos created by, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">walls built by, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mars punished by, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">girl protected by, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vesta wooed by, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Minos punished by, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pegasus created by, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hippolytus slain by, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Thetis wooed by, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Trojans punished by, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Polyphemus, son of, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses&rsquo; men slain by, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>,
+<a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas saved by, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ne-re&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Water nymphs;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughters of Nereus and Doris, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>,
+<a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ne&acute;re-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the sea;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the personification of its pleasant aspect, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>,
+<a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Thetis, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nes&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Hercules, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nes&acute;tor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Greek hero during Trojan war;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">noted for wise counsel, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>,
+<a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ni&acute;ce.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Victory;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">attendant of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Night.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Nyx or Nox, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>,
+<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nightmares.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Attendants of Somnus, crouching in his cave, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ni&acute;o-be.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and Diana,
+<a href="#Page_93">93-96</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ni&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth who accompanies Euryalus to summon &AElig;neas back to camp,
+<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">No&acute;man.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>,
+<a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">No&acute;tus</span> or <span class="smcap">Auster</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">Southwest wind;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of &AElig;olus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213-215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nox.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Nyx, goddess of night;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">marries Chaos and Erebus, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nu&acute;ma Pom-pil&acute;i-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Second king of Rome;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">built Vesta&rsquo;s temple, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nymphs.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to female minor divinities, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ny-si&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymphs who cared for Bacchus, and form a constellation,
+<a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nyx.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Nox, goddess of night;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Day and Light, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>,
+<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="O" id="O"></a>
+<span class="smcap">O-ce-an&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughters of Oceanus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">nymphs of the ocean, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,
+<a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-ce&acute;a-nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. River surrounding the earth, according to ancients,
+<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. One of the Titans;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>,
+<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-cris&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A slave;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Vulcan;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Servius Tullius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-dys&acute;seus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Ulysses;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">hero of the Odyssey, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Od&acute;ys-sey.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Epic poem of Homer on the adventures of Ulysses, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&OElig;d&acute;i-pus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Laius and Jocasta;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thebes, <a href="#Page_280">280-290</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>,
+<a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&OElig;&acute;neus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Meleager and Deianeira;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Alth&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>,
+<a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&OElig;-no&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Paris, son of Priam, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>,
+<a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">she dies on his funeral pyre, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&OElig;-no&acute;pi-on.</span> Father of Merope;<br />
+<span class="in1">blinds Orion, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">&OElig;&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain on whose summit Hercules builds his funeral pyre,
+<a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-gyg&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island where Calypso detains Ulysses seven years,
+<a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-lym&acute;pi-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City in Elis noted for its temple and games, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-lym&acute;pi-ad.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Time between Olympian Games; i.e., four years, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-lym&acute;pi-an Games.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Games instituted by Hercules in honor of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+<a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-lym&acute;pus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain north of Greece;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the abode of the gods, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>,
+<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>,
+<a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,
+<a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,
+<a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,
+<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>,
+<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>,
+<a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>423]</a></span>
+<span class="in1">gods fly from, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Prometheus visits, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ganymede transported to, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vulcan expelled from, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceres visits, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bellerophon storms, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Thetis visits, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Om&acute;pha-le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen of Lydia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the taskmistress of Hercules, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-ne-i-co-pom&acute;pus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>,
+<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ops.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Cybele;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">name given to Rhea, and also to Ceres, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-re&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain nymphs who guided travelers, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-res&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Agamemnon and Clyt&aelig;mnestra;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">friend of Pylades, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O-ri&acute;on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her,
+<a href="#Page_98">98-100</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Or-i-thy&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Boreas;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Calais, Zetus, Cleopatra, and Chione, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Or&acute;pheus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Musician;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Apollo and Calliope, <a href="#Page_75">75-80</a>,
+<a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Os&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Thessaly, upon which the Titans piled Pelion,
+<a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant son of Neptune;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Diana and Apollo, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>,
+<a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="P" id="P"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Pac-to&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River in Asia Minor in which Midas washed, to remove his golden plague,
+<a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pa-l&aelig;&acute;mon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Athamas and Ino;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed into sea god, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pal-a-me&acute;des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Messenger sent to summon Ulysses to war against Troy,
+<a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pal-i-nu&acute;rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas&rsquo; pilot;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">lost at sea off Cape Misenum, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pal-la&acute;di-um.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Statue of Minerva, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>,
+<a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pal&acute;las.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>,
+<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Son of Evander;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">slain by Turnus while fighting for &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>,
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pal&acute;lor.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Special attendant of Mars;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">lover of strife, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pan.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Consentes, god of nature and the universe, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,
+<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pan-ath-e-n&aelig;&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals held in honor of Minerva, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pan-do&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">First woman;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">created in heaven, she brings evil into the world,
+<a href="#Page_29">29-35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Par&acute;c&aelig;.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The Fates, or M&oelig;r&aelig;;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">they spin the thread of destiny, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Par&acute;is.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Priam and Hecuba, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">judgment of, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visits Troy, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">elopes with Helen, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">duel with Menelaus, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">in battle, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Achilles slain by, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Par-nas&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain in Greece, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sacred to Apollo and the Muses, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Par-the&acute;ni-um.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain upon which Atalanta was exposed, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Par&acute;the-non.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Temple dedicated to Minerva at Athens, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pa-tro&acute;clus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Friend of Achilles;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Hector, <a href="#Page_324">324-328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peg&acute;a-sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Steed born from the sea foam and the blood of Medusa,
+<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Bellerophon rides, <a href="#Page_292">292-296</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe&acute;leus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Thetis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Achilles, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>,
+<a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe&acute;li-as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Uncle of Jason;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brother of Neleus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">usurps the throne of &AElig;son, <a href="#Page_263">263-266</a>,
+<a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe&acute;li-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to reach
+Olympus, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pel-o-pon-ne&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The peninsula south of Greece, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe&acute;lops.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Tantalus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">gave his name to the Peloponnesus, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Copreus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe-na&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Household gods worshiped in Rome with the Lares, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>,
+<a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas saves the, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe-nel&acute;o-pe.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Wife of Ulysses, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">suitors of, <a href="#Page_357">357-359</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. A nymph, the mother of Pan, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pe-ne&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. River god;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">father of Daphne;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">changes Daphne into a laurel.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Name of a river in Greece, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pen-the-si-le&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Queen of Amazons;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain during Trojan war, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pen&acute;theus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Thebes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">refuses to receive Bacchus, and is slain, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>,
+<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>424]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Per-i-phe&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">encountered and slain by Theseus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Per-seph&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>,
+<a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Per&acute;seus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Danae;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slays Medusa, <a href="#Page_240">240-249</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>,
+<a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pet&acute;a-sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ph&aelig;-a&acute;ci-ans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">People who dwelt in Scheria, and sent Ulysses home,
+<a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ph&aelig;&acute;dra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Minos;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Theseus, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pha&acute;e-ton.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Apollo and Clymene;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">drives the sun car, and is slain, <a href="#Page_83">83-88</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pha-e-tu&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sister of Phaeton;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">one of the Heliades, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Apollo&rsquo;s flocks guarded by, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phe-re-phat&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Persephone, or Proserpina, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phid&acute;i-as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Noted Greek sculptor;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">made statues of the gods, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phi-le&acute;mon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Baucis;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">changed into an oak, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phil-oc-te&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Friend of Hercules;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">receives his arrows, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>,
+<a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phi-lon&acute;o-e.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Iobates;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phin&acute;e-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The blind king of Thrace;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">annoyed by the Harpies, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>,
+<a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phleg&acute;e-thon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the rivers of Hades;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a river of fire, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>,
+<a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pho&acute;bos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the attendants of Mars, god of war, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pho&acute;cis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of Corinth,
+<a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ph&oelig;&acute;be.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Titanides, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">same as Diana, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ph&oelig;&acute;bus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and of medicine,
+<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>,
+<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ph&oelig;-nic&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Province in Asia Minor, named after Ph&oelig;nix, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ph&oelig;&acute;nix.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brother of Europa, who gave his name to Ph&oelig;nicia,
+<a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Phryx&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Athamas and Nephele;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">rides on golden-fleeced ram to Colchis, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>,
+<a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pi-re&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fountain near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pi-rith&acute;o-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of the Lapith&aelig;;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">friend of Theseus, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>,
+<a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ple&acute;ia-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Seven of Diana&rsquo;s nymphs;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">pursued by Orion and changed into stars, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plu&acute;to.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hades, Dis, A&iuml;doneus, etc., <a href="#Page_159">159-170</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">god of the Infernal Regions, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>,
+<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Proserpina kidnapped by, <a href="#Page_183">183-187</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Arethusa sees, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceres visits, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Perseus aided by, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Theseus punished by, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plu&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Pluto when invoked as god of wealth, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pod-a-lir&acute;i-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &AElig;sculapius;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">skilled in medicine, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Po-dar&acute;ces.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Priam, King of Troy;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Pyrrhus, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Po-li&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Last of Priam&rsquo;s sons;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol&acute;lux.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Leda;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">brother of Castor, Helen, and Clyt&aelig;mnestra,
+<a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>,
+<a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol&acute;y-bus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Corinth;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">adopted &OElig;dipus when forsaken by the servant,
+<a href="#Page_280">280-282</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-dec&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Seriphus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">sends Perseus in quest of Medusa, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>,
+<a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-do&acute;rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">his grave discovered by &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-hym&acute;ni-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Muse of rhetoric;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-ni&acute;ces.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &OElig;dipus, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Eteocles, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">buried by Antigone, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pol-y-phe&acute;mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant son of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ulysses visits, <a href="#Page_339">339-346</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Galatea loved by, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">blinded by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Achemenides escapes from, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Po-lyx&acute;e-na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Priam;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">affianced wife of Achilles, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>425]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Po-mo&acute;na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Goddess of the orchards;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Vertumnus, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pon&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to the sea when first created, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>,
+<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Po-sei&acute;don.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Neptune, god of the sea and of horse trainers,
+<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Po&acute;thos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the amities of love;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">one of the numerous attendants of Venus, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pri&acute;am.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Podarces, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Troy, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Paris received by, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">duel witnessed by, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hector, son of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hector&rsquo;s death seen by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury leads, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Polyxena, daughter of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">death of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pri-a&acute;pus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the shade;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">pursues the nymph Lotis, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro&acute;cris.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Cephalus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by his unerring javelin, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+<a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro-crus&acute;tes</span> (The Stretcher).<br />
+<span class="in1">Encountered and slain by Theseus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pr&oelig;&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Anteia, and kinsman of Bellerophon, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>,
+<a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro-me&acute;theus</span> (Forethought).<br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Iapetus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">man created by, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Olympus visited by, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">chained to Caucasian Mountains, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hercules delivers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Deucalion, son of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro-ser&acute;pi-na.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Proserpine and Persephone;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">goddess of vegetation, <a href="#Page_183">183-197</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orpheus visits, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Adonis welcomed by, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pluto kidnaps, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">emblem of death, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro-tes-i-la&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">First Greek who landed on Trojan coast, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>,
+<a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pro&acute;teus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Inferior sea divinity;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shepherd of the deep, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Menelaus consults, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Psy&acute;che.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Fair princess loved by Cupid;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the emblem of the soul, <a href="#Page_121">121-130</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Psy-cho-pom&acute;pus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Mercury as leader of souls to Hades,
+<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyg-ma&acute;li-on.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Celebrated sculptor, who loves a statue, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>,
+<a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. Brother of Dido;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">murderer of Sych&aelig;us, Dido&rsquo;s husband, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyg&acute;mies.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Race of small people in Africa;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">defended by Ant&aelig;us, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyl&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Strophius;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">intimate friend of Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyr&acute;a-mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Faithful lover of Thisbe;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">commits suicide, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyr&acute;rha.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Deucalion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the only woman who survives the Flood, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+<a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyr&acute;rhus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Neoptolemus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Achilles, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyth&acute;e-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Surname given to Apollo as python slayer, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,
+<a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyth&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Apollo&rsquo;s priestess at Delphi, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pyth&acute;i-an Games.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Games celebrated at Delphi every three years, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Py&acute;thon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Serpent born of the Deluge slime;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by Apollo, <a href="#Page_65">65-67</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="Q" id="Q"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Quin-qua&acute;tri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of the goddess Minerva, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Quir&acute;i-nal.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Quir-i-na&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in Rome in honor of Quirinus, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Qui-ri&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Romulus when deified, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="R" id="R"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Re-gil&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Lake in Italy where occurred the battle in which the Dioscuri were
+supposed to assist, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Re&acute;mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Mars and Ilia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">twin brother of Romulus, <a href="#Page_140">140-142</a>,
+<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rhad-a-man&acute;thus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Europa;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">judge in Hades, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rhe&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Female Titan;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Cronus, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Jupiter saved by, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Corybantes, priests of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Cronus defeated by, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Juno, daughter of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pluto, son of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceres, daughter of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vesta, daughter of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rhodes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island in the Mediterranean, where the Colossus stood,
+<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rome.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City founded by Romulus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">it comprises seven hills, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rom&acute;u-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Mars and Ilia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">founder of Rome, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>426]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Ru&acute;tu-les.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nation in Italy, governed by Turnus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>,
+<a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="S" id="S"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Sa-git-ta&acute;ri-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught Hercules,
+<a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sa-la&acute;ci-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Amphitrite;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Neptune, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sa&acute;li-i.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Priests appointed to watch the sacred shields in Rome,
+<a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sal-mo&acute;neus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King who wished to emulate Jupiter, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sar-pe&acute;don.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Jupiter and Europa, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain during the Trojan war, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sat&acute;urn</span>, or <span class="smcap">Cronus</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of Jupiter, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Italy ruled by, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Rhea, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sa&acute;tyrs.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Male divinities of the woods, half man, half goat,
+<a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sc&aelig;&acute;an Gate.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Gate which led from Troy to the plain, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sci&acute;ron.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth,
+<a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scyl&acute;la.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of same name,
+<a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scy&acute;ros.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by Achilles and
+Theseus, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scyth&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country north of the Euxine Sea, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seasons.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The four daughters of Jupiter and Themis, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec&acute;u-lar Games.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Games in honor of Pluto every hundred years, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Se-le&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to Diana as moon goddess, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sem&acute;e-le.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Cadmus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wife of Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_171">171-174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Se-ri&acute;phus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island where Danae and Perseus were cast ashore, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>,
+<a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ser&acute;vi-us Tul&acute;li-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Sixth king of Rome;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Vulcan and Ocrisia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ses&acute;tus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City opposite Abydus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the home of Hero, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>,
+<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seven Wonders of the World</span>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sheet-lightning.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Arges, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sib&acute;yl.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Prophetess of Cum&aelig;, who led &AElig;neas down to the infernal Regions,
+<a href="#Page_370">370-372</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Si-ca&acute;ni-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land where Anchises died;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited twice by &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sic&acute;i-ly.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island home of Polyphemus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by Arion, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by Proserpina, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by Ulysses, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Si-le&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Tutor of Bacchus;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">generally represented on an ass, <a href="#Page_174">174-177</a>,
+<a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sil-va&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the woods;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">one of the lesser Roman divinities, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Silver Age.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Second age of the ancient world, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sil&acute;vi-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Daughter of Latin shepherd;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">her stag was wounded by Iulus, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Si&acute;nis</span> (The Pine-bender).<br />
+<span class="in1">Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Si&acute;non.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Greek slave, who advised the Trojans to secure the wooden horse,
+<a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sip&acute;y-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mountain where stood the statue of Niobe, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Si&acute;rens.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs,
+<a href="#Page_350">350-352</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir&acute;i-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Favorite dog of Orion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">a constellation, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sis&acute;y-phus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King condemned to roll a rock in Tartarus to the top of a steep hill,
+<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sol.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name frequently given to Apollo as god of the sun, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Som&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of sleep;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the child of Nox, and twin brother of Mors, <a href="#Page_208">208-212</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Spar&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Capital of Laced&aelig;mon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">favorite city of Juno, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">home of Menelaus, <a href="#Page_310">310-312</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sphinx.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Riddle-giving monster;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">slain by &OElig;dipus, <a href="#Page_283">283-285</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stel&acute;li-o.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina,
+<a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ster&acute;o-pes</span> (Lightning).<br />
+<span class="in1">One of the Cyclopes;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>427]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Sthe&acute;no.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the three Gorgon sisters, immortal, like Euryale,
+<a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stroph&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Islands where the Harpies took refuge when driven from Thrace,
+<a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas visits the, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stro&acute;phi-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Pylades;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">shelters Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stym-pha&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Lake upon whose banks Hercules slew the brazen-clawed birds,
+<a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Styx.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most sacred oaths,
+<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>,
+<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Achilles bathed in the, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Su-a-de&acute;la.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of Venus&rsquo; train of attendants;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">god of the soft speech of love, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sy-ch&aelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Tyre;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">husband of Dido;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">murdered by Pygmalion, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sym-pleg&acute;a-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sy&acute;rinx.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>,
+<a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="T" id="T"></a>
+<span class="smcap">T&aelig;n&acute;a-rum</span>, or <span class="smcap">T&aelig;n&acute;a-rus</span>.<br />
+<span class="in1">The Greek entrance to Hades on Cimmerian coast, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,
+<a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ta-la&acute;ri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Mercury&rsquo;s winged sandals, given by the gods, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ta&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Brazen giant;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Vulcan;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the watchman of Minos, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tan&acute;ta-lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Father of Pelops;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">condemned to hunger and thirst in Hades, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,
+<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tar&acute;ta-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Abyss under the earth, where the Titans, etc., were confined,
+<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>,
+<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Orpheus&rsquo; music heard in, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wicked in, <a href="#Page_161">161-169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tau&acute;ris.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">visited by Orestes, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tel&acute;a-mon.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Te-lem&acute;a-chus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Ulysses and Penelope, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">adventures of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tel-e-phas&acute;sa.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Wife of Agenor;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">mother of Europa, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tel&acute;lus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as G&aelig;a;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">name given to Rhea, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ten&acute;e-dos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Island off the coast of Troy, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>,
+<a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Terp-sich&acute;o-re.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Muse of dancing;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ter&acute;ra.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as G&aelig;a, goddess of the earth, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Teu&acute;cer.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ancient king of the Trojans, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tha-li&acute;a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. One of the three Graces;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. One of the nine Muses;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Muse of comedy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Than&acute;a-tos.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Mors, god of death, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thebes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Capital of B&oelig;otia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">founded by Cadmus, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Amphion, king of, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Athamas, king of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Pentheus, king of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&OElig;dipus, king of, <a href="#Page_280">280-290</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The&acute;mis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the six female Titans, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+<a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">goddess of justice, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>,
+<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The-oph&acute;a-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The&acute;seus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of &AElig;geus and &AElig;thra;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">hero of Athens, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250-262</a>,
+<a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thes-mo-pho&acute;ri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in Greece in honor of Ceres, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thes&acute;sa-ly.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">A province of Greece, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">fight of the gods in, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Admetus, king of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ceyx, king of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;son, king of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Protesilaus of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The&acute;tis.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">1. Mother of Achilles, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">a sea nymph, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">2. One of the Titanides, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">marriage feast of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Olympus visited by, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Achilles comforted by, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Achilles&rsquo; armor brought by, <a href="#Page_326">326-328</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in2">Achilles instructed by, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">This&acute;be.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,
+<a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thrace.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Country on the Black Sea;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">the home of Mars, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>,
+<a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thyr&acute;sus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus,
+<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ti&acute;ber.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">River in Italy, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>,
+<a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas sails up the, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>,
+<a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ti-re&acute;si-as.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore,
+<a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[<span class="hidden">Pg </span>428]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Ti-siph&acute;o-ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">One of the three Furies, or Eumenides, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>,
+<a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ti-tan&acute;i-des.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">The six daughters of Uranus and G&aelig;a, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ti&acute;tans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Name given to the six sons of Uranus and G&aelig;a,
+<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">revolt of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>,
+<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ti-tho&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Trojan prince who visited Aurora, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tit&acute;y-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Giant in Tartarus, whose prostrate body covered nine acres,
+<a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tra-chin&acute;i-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land where Hercules died, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tri-na&acute;cri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun,
+<a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Trip-tol&acute;e-mus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Nursling and prot&eacute;g&eacute; of Ceres, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>,
+<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tri&acute;ton.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Neptune and Amphitrite;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of the Tritons, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tr&oelig;-ze&acute;ne.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Ancient city in Argolis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birthplace of Theseus, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tro&acute;jans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Inhabitants of Troy, <a href="#Page_316">316-335</a>,
+<a href="#Page_360">360-376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Troy.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">war of, <a href="#Page_305">305-336</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tuc&acute;ci-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Vestal virgin who stood the test of purity, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tur&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Chief of the Rutules;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">wars against &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_372">372-377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tus&acute;cans.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">allies of &AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tyn-da&acute;re-us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Stepfather of Helen;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">binds her suitors by oath, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ty-ph&oelig;&acute;us.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Typhon;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">monster sent to dethrone Jupiter, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>,
+<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tyre.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">City in Ph&oelig;nicia, governed by Sych&aelig;us and Dido,
+<a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="U" id="U"></a>
+<span class="smcap">U-lys&acute;ses.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">King of Ithaca, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>,
+<a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">adventures of, <a href="#Page_337">337-359</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">U-ra&acute;ni-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Muse of astronomy, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne,
+<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">U&acute;ra-nus</span> (Heaven).<br />
+<span class="in1">Husband of G&aelig;a, created by her, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>,
+<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="V" id="V"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Ve&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, <a href="#Page_103">103-130</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">day of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hippomenes aided by, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Juno and Minerva dispute with, <a href="#Page_306">306-308</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Paris advised by, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Paris saved by, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">&AElig;neas, son of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>,
+<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>,
+<a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ver-tum&acute;nus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the orchards;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">loved by Pomona, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ves&acute;ta.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Hestia, goddess of fire and of the family hearth,
+<a href="#Page_198">198-204</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">birth of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ves-ta&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals in honor of Vesta, held in Rome, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ves&acute;tals.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Virgins dedicated to the service of Vesta, <a href="#Page_200">200-202</a>,
+<a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vic-to&acute;ri-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Nice, goddess of victory, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vol&acute;scians.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Tribe in Italy who join the Rutules against &AElig;neas,
+<a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vul&acute;can.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Heph&aelig;stus, god of the forge, <a href="#Page_144">144-148</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Jupiter&rsquo;s head cleft by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus, wife of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">armor made by, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vul-ca-na&acute;li-a.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Festivals celebrated in honor of Vulcan, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="index"><a name="Z" id="Z"></a>
+<span class="smcap">Zeph&acute;y-rus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">God of the south wind;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of &AElig;olus and Aurora, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Hyacinthus slain by, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Venus conducted by, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Psyche saved by, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Flora, wife of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ze&acute;tes.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Son of Boreas and Orithyia;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">took part in Argonautic expedition, and drove away Harpies,
+<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ze&acute;thus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Twin brother of Amphion;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">son of Jupiter and Antiope, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zeus.</span><br />
+<span class="in1">Same as Jupiter;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">father of the gods, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="in1">significance, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>,
+<a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p>
+
+<p>Variations in spelling of proper nouns are preserved as printed.</p>
+
+<p>Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation and accent
+usage has been made consistent.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_260">260</a>&mdash;capitivity amended to captivity&mdash;"... came to Athens, delivered
+her from captivity, ..."</p>
+
+<p>The transcription of the genealogical table has been added by the
+transcriber for the convenience of the reader. Please note that the
+original table stated erroneously that Hemera was male and &AElig;ther was
+female. This has been corrected in the transcription.</p>
+
+<p>Alphabetic links have been added to the indexes by the transcriber for the
+convenience of the reader.</p>
+
+<p>The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. Other
+illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they were not in the
+middle of a paragraph.</p>
+
+<p>Omitted page numbers were either the original location of full page illustrations
+or blank in the original book.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Myths of Greece and Rome
+       Narrated with Special Reference to Literature and Art
+
+Author: H. A. Guerber
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2012 [EBook #39250]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME
+
+       NARRATED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
+               LITERATURE AND ART
+
+                       BY
+
+                  H. A. GUERBER
+              LECTURER ON MYTHOLOGY
+
+
+                 [Illustration]
+
+
+              AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+           NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
+
+
+
+
+               Copyright, 1893, by
+              American Book Company.
+
+               Copyright. 1921, by
+                 H. A. Guerber.
+
+                Guerber's Myths.
+                     E.P. 44
+
+
+
+
+                    DEDICATED
+
+               TO MY KIND FRIENDS
+
+          MISS MACKIE AND MISS MASTERS
+
+  IN WHOSE SCHOOLS MY LECTURES WERE FIRST GIVEN
+
+
+                MADE IN U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: HOMER.--Francois Gerard.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The aim of this book is to present a complete and entertaining account
+of Grecian and Roman mythology in such a manner that the student will
+appreciate its great influence upon literature and art.
+
+These myths, an inexhaustible fund of inspiration for the poets and
+artists of the past, have also inspired many noted modern works. To
+impress this fact forcibly upon the student, appropriate quotations
+from the poetical writings of all ages, from Hesiod's "Works and
+Days," to Tennyson's "Oenone," have been inserted in the text, while
+reproductions of ancient masterpieces and noted examples of modern
+painting and sculpture are plentifully used as illustrations.
+
+The myths are told as graphically and accurately as possible, great
+care being taken, however, to avoid the more repulsive features of
+heathen mythology; and when two or more versions of the same myth
+occur, the preference has invariably been given to the most popular,
+that is to say, to the one which has inspired the greatest works.
+
+Both the Latin and the Greek forms of proper names are given, but the
+Latin names are usually retained throughout the narrative, because
+more frequently used in poetry and art.
+
+The closing chapter includes an analysis of myths by the light of
+philology and comparative mythology, and the philological explanation
+of the stories related in the preceding chapters.
+
+A map, genealogical table, and complete glossary and index adapt this
+little volume for constant use in the library and art gallery, at home
+and abroad.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+    MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MYTHS                                  8
+
+    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                         10
+
+    CHAP. I. The Beginning of All Things                          11
+
+         II. Jupiter                                              39
+
+        III. Juno                                                 51
+
+         IV. Minerva                                              55
+
+          V. Apollo                                               61
+
+         VI. Diana                                                93
+
+        VII. Venus                                               103
+
+       VIII. Mercury                                             131
+
+         IX. Mars                                                138
+
+          X. Vulcan                                              144
+
+         XI. Neptune                                             149
+
+        XII. Pluto                                               159
+
+       XIII. Bacchus                                             171
+
+        XIV. Ceres and Proserpina                                183
+
+         XV. Vesta                                               198
+
+        XVI. Janus                                               205
+
+       XVII. Somnus and Mors                                     208
+
+      XVIII. AEolus                                               213
+
+        XIX. Hercules                                            216
+
+         XX. Perseus                                             240
+
+        XXI. Theseus                                             250
+
+       XXII. Jason                                               263
+
+      XXIII. The Calydonian Hunt                                 275
+
+       XXIV. Oedipus                                             280
+
+        XXV. Bellerophon                                         291
+
+       XXVI. Minor Divinities                                    297
+
+      XXVII. The Trojan War                                      305
+
+     XXVIII. Adventures of Ulysses                               337
+
+       XXIX. Adventures of AEneas                                 360
+
+        XXX. Analysis of Myths                                   378
+
+    GENEALOGICAL TABLE                                           402
+
+    INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS                                 405
+
+    GLOSSARY AND INDEX                                           407
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Maps.]
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                PAGE
+    Homer                                                          2
+
+    Amor                                                          14
+
+    Fountain of Cybele (Rhea)                                     19
+
+    Minerva and Prometheus                                        26
+
+    Pandora                                                       30
+
+    Hope                                                          34
+
+    Olympian Zeus                                                 40
+
+    Ganymede and the Eagle                                        42
+
+    The Abduction of Europa                                       46
+
+    Juno                                                          50
+
+    Iris                                                          53
+
+    Minerva                                                       56
+
+    Apollo Belvedere                                              66
+
+    Apollo and Daphne                                             69
+
+    Orpheus and Eurydice                                          78
+
+    Farnese Bull                                                  81
+
+    Aurora                                                        86
+
+    Apollo and the Muses                                          89
+
+    Diana of Versailles                                           92
+
+    Niobe                                                         95
+
+    Venus de Milo                                                102
+
+    Fourth Hour of the Night                                     104
+
+    Sleeping Love                                                109
+
+    Hero and Leander                                             115
+
+    Cupid awakening Psyche                                       125
+
+    Charon and Psyche                                            129
+
+    Flying Mercury                                               133
+
+    Venus de Milo and Mars                                       141
+
+    The Forge of Vulcan                                          146
+
+    Fountain of Neptune                                          150
+
+    Father Nile                                                  157
+
+    The Furies                                                   162
+
+    The Three Fates                                              164
+
+    Bacchus                                                      175
+
+    Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne                              180
+
+    Abduction of Proserpina                                      185
+
+    Ceres                                                        189
+
+    A Nymph                                                      191
+
+    School of the Vestal Virgins                                 199
+
+    The Vestal Tuccia                                            201
+
+    Genius of Death                                              209
+
+    Hercules an Infant                                           217
+
+    Hercules and Centaur                                         222
+
+    Mounted Amazon going to the Chase                            225
+
+    Hercules at the Feet of Omphale                              231
+
+    Fortuna                                                      233
+
+    Farnese Hercules                                             237
+
+    Perseus                                                      245
+
+    Perseus and Andromeda                                        247
+
+    Daedalus and Icarus                                           254
+
+    Ariadne                                                      258
+
+    Theseus                                                      261
+
+    Jason and the Dragon                                         270
+
+    Medea                                                        272
+
+    Atalanta's Race                                              277
+
+    Oedipus and the Sphinx                                       284
+
+    Antigone and Ismene                                          289
+
+    Chimaera                                                      293
+
+    Vertumnus and Pomona                                         302
+
+    Paris                                                        309
+
+    Abduction of Helen                                           313
+
+    Parting of Hector and Andromache                             322
+
+    Thetis bearing the Armor of Achilles                         327
+
+    Laocoon                                                      334
+
+    Triumph of Galatea                                           340
+
+    Acis and Galatea (Evening)                                   342
+
+    Circe and the Friends of Ulysses                             348
+
+    Siren                                                        351
+
+    Penelope                                                     356
+
+    AEneas at the Court of Dido                                   368
+
+    Cumaean Sibyl                                                 371
+
+
+
+
+MYTHS OF GREECE AND ROME.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS.
+
+
+Mythology is the science which treats of the early traditions, or
+myths, relating to the religion of the ancients, and includes, besides
+a full account of the origin of their gods, their theory concerning
+the beginning of all things.
+
+[Sidenote: Myths of creation.]
+
+Among all the nations scattered over the face of the earth, the
+Hebrews alone were instructed by God, who gave them not only a full
+account of the creation of the world and of all living creatures, but
+also a code of laws to regulate their conduct. All the questions they
+fain would ask were fully answered, and no room remained for
+conjecture.
+
+It was not so, however, with the other nations. The Greeks and Romans,
+for instance, lacking the definite knowledge which we obtain from the
+Scriptures, and still anxious to know everything, were forced to
+construct, in part, their own theory. As they looked about them for
+some clue to serve as guide, they could not help but observe and
+admire the wonders of nature. The succession of day and night, summer
+and winter, rain and sunshine; the fact that the tallest trees sprang
+from tiny seeds, the greatest rivers from diminutive streams, and the
+most beautiful flowers and delicious fruits from small green
+buds,--all seemed to tell them of a superior Being, who had fashioned
+them to serve a definite purpose.
+
+They soon came to the conclusion that a hand mighty enough to call all
+these wonders into life, could also have created the beautiful Earth
+whereon they dwelt. These thoughts gave rise to others; suppositions
+became certainties; and soon the following myth or fable was evolved,
+to be handed down from generation to generation.
+
+At first, when all things lay in a great confused mass,--
+
+    "Ere earth, and sea, and covering heavens, were known,
+    The face of nature, o'er the world, was one;
+    And men have call'd it Chaos; formless, rude,
+    The mass; dead matter's weight, inert, and crude;
+    Where, in mix'd heap of ill-compounded mold,
+    The jarring seeds of things confusedly roll'd."
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+The Earth did not exist. Land, sea, and air were mixed up together; so
+that the earth was not solid, the sea was not fluid, nor the air
+transparent.
+
+    "No sun yet beam'd from yon cerulean height;
+    No orbing moon repair'd her horns of light;
+    No earth, self-poised, on liquid ether hung;
+    No sea its world-enclasping waters flung;
+    Earth was half air, half sea, an embryo heap;
+    Nor earth was fix'd, nor fluid was the deep;
+    Dark was the void of air; no form was traced;
+    Obstructing atoms struggled through the waste;
+    Where cold, and hot, and moist, and dry rebell'd;
+    Heavy the light, and hard the soft repell'd."
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Chaos and Nyx.]
+
+Over this shapeless mass reigned a careless deity called Chaos, whose
+personal appearance could not be described, as there was no light by
+which he could be seen. He shared his throne with his wife, the dark
+goddess of Night, named Nyx or Nox, whose black robes, and still
+blacker countenance, did not tend to enliven the surrounding gloom.
+
+[Sidenote: Erebus, AEther, and Hemera.]
+
+These two divinities wearied of their power in the course of time, and
+called their son Erebus (Darkness) to their assistance. His first act
+was to dethrone and supplant Chaos; and then, thinking he would be
+happier with a helpmeet, he married his own mother, Nyx. Of course,
+with our present views, this marriage was a heinous sin; but the
+ancients, who at first had no fixed laws, did not consider this union
+unsuitable, and recounted how Erebus and Nyx ruled over the chaotic
+world together, until their two beautiful children, AEther (Light) and
+Hemera (Day), acting in concert, dethroned them, and seized the
+supreme power.
+
+[Sidenote: Creation of Gaea and Uranus.]
+
+Space, illumined for the first time by their radiance, revealed itself
+in all its uncouthness. AEther and Hemera carefully examined the
+confusion, saw its innumerable possibilities, and decided to evolve
+from it a "thing of beauty;" but quite conscious of the magnitude of
+such an undertaking, and feeling that some assistance would be
+desirable, they summoned Eros (Amor or Love), their own child, to
+their aid. By their combined efforts, Pontus (the Sea) and Gaea (Ge,
+Tellus, Terra), as the Earth was first called, were created.
+
+In the beginning the Earth did not present the beautiful appearance
+that it does now. No trees waved their leafy branches on the
+hillsides; no flowers bloomed in the valleys; no grass grew on the
+plains; no birds flew through the air. All was silent, bare, and
+motionless. Eros, the first to perceive these deficiencies, seized his
+life-giving arrows and pierced the cold bosom of the Earth.
+Immediately the brown surface was covered with luxuriant verdure;
+birds of many colors flitted through the foliage of the new-born
+forest trees; animals of all kinds gamboled over the grassy plains;
+and swift-darting fishes swam in the limpid streams. All was now life,
+joy, and motion.
+
+  [Illustration: AMOR.--Martin.]
+
+Gaea, roused from her apathy, admired all that had already been done
+for her embellishment, and, resolving to crown and complete the work
+so well begun, created Uranus (Heaven).
+
+              "Her first-born Earth produc'd,
+    Of like immensity, the starry Heaven:
+    That he might sheltering compass her around
+    On every side."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The egg myth.]
+
+This version of the creation of the world, although but one of the
+many current with the Greeks and Romans, was the one most generally
+adopted; but another, also very popular, stated that the first
+divinities, Erebus and Nyx, produced a gigantic egg, from which Eros,
+the god of love, emerged to create the Earth.
+
+          "In the dreary chaotical closet
+    Of Erebus old, was a privy deposit,
+    By Night the primaeval in secrecy laid;
+    A Mystical Egg, that in silence and shade
+    Was brooded and hatched; till time came about:
+    And Love, the delightful, in glory flew out."
+
+                 Aristophanes (Frere's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Mount Olympus and the river Oceanus.]
+
+The Earth thus created was supposed by the ancients to be a disk,
+instead of a sphere as science has proved. The Greeks fancied that
+their country occupied a central position, and that Mount Olympus, a
+very high mountain, the mythological abode of their gods, was placed
+in the exact center. Their Earth was divided into two equal parts by
+Pontus (the Sea,--equivalent to our Mediterranean and Black Seas); and
+all around it flowed the great river Oceanus in a "steady, equable
+current," undisturbed by storm, from which the Sea and all the rivers
+were supposed to derive their waters.
+
+[Sidenote: The Hyperboreans.]
+
+The Greeks also imagined that the portion of the Earth directly north
+of their country was inhabited by a fortunate race of men, the
+Hyperboreans, who dwelt in continual bliss, and enjoyed a never-ending
+springtide. Their homes were said to be "inaccessible by land or by
+sea." They were "exempt from disease, old age, and death," and were so
+virtuous that the gods frequently visited them, and even condescended
+to share their feasts and games. A people thus favored could not fail
+to be happy, and many were the songs in praise of their sunny land.
+
+    "I come from a land in the sun-bright deep,
+        Where golden gardens grow;
+    Where the winds of the north, becalm'd in sleep,
+        Their conch shells never blow.
+
+    "So near the track of the stars are we,
+        That oft, on night's pale beams,
+    The distant sounds of their harmony
+        Come to our ears, like dreams.
+
+    "The Moon, too, brings her world so nigh,
+        That when the night-seer looks
+    To that shadowless orb, in a vernal sky,
+        He can number its hills and brooks.
+
+    "To the Sun god all our hearts and lyres
+        By day, by night, belong;
+    And the breath we draw from his living fires
+        We give him back in song."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ethiopians and the Isles of the Blest.]
+
+South of Greece, also near the great river Oceanus, dwelt another
+nation, just as happy and virtuous as the Hyperboreans,--the
+Ethiopians. They, too, often enjoyed the company of the gods, who
+shared their innocent pleasures with great delight.
+
+And far away, on the shore of this same marvelous river, according to
+some mythologists, were the beautiful Isles of the Blest, where
+mortals who had led virtuous lives, and had thus found favor in the
+sight of the gods, were transported without tasting of death, and
+where they enjoyed an eternity of bliss. These islands had sun, moon,
+and stars of their own, and were never visited by the cold wintry
+winds that swept down from the north.
+
+    "The Isles of the Blest, they say,
+      The Isles of the Blest,
+    Are peaceful and happy, by night and by day,
+      Far away in the glorious west.
+
+    "They need not the moon in that land of delight,
+      They need not the pale, pale star;
+    The sun is bright, by day and night,
+      Where the souls of the blessed are.
+
+    "They till not the ground, they plow not the wave,
+      They labor not, never! oh, never!
+    Not a tear do they shed, not a sigh do they heave,
+      They are happy, for ever and ever!"
+
+                                     Pindar.
+
+[Sidenote: Uranus and Gaea.]
+
+Chaos, Erebus, and Nyx were deprived of their power by AEther and
+Hemera, who did not long enjoy the possession of the scepter; for
+Uranus and Gaea, more powerful than their progenitors, soon forced them
+to depart, and began to reign in their stead. They had not dwelt long
+on the summit of Mount Olympus, before they found themselves the
+parents of twelve gigantic children, the Titans, whose strength was
+such that their father, Uranus, greatly feared them. To prevent their
+ever making use of it against him, he seized them immediately after
+their birth, hurled them down into a dark abyss called Tartarus, and
+there chained them fast.
+
+[Sidenote: Titans, Cyclopes, and Centimani.]
+
+This chasm was situated far under the earth; and Uranus knew that his
+six sons (Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus), as
+well as his six daughters, the Titanides (Ilia, Rhea, Themis, Thetis,
+Mnemosyne, and Phoebe), could not easily escape from its cavernous
+depths. The Titans did not long remain sole occupants of Tartarus, for
+one day the brazen doors were again thrown wide open to admit the
+Cyclopes,--Brontes (Thunder), Steropes (Lightning), and Arges
+(Sheet-lightning),--three later-born children of Uranus and Gaea, who
+helped the Titans to make the darkness hideous with their incessant
+clamor for freedom. In due time their number was increased by the
+three terrible Centimani (Hundred-handed), Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes,
+who were sent thither by Uranus to share their fate.
+
+Greatly dissatisfied with the treatment her children had received at
+their father's hands, Gaea remonstrated, but all in vain. Uranus would
+not grant her request to set the giants free, and, whenever their
+muffled cries reached his ear, he trembled for his own safety. Angry
+beyond all expression, Gaea swore revenge, and descended into Tartarus,
+where she urged the Titans to conspire against their father, and
+attempt to wrest the scepter from his grasp.
+
+[Sidenote: The Titans revolt.]
+
+All listened attentively to the words of sedition; but none were
+courageous enough to carry out her plans, except Cronus, the youngest
+of the Titans, more familiarly known as Saturn or Time, who found
+confinement and chains peculiarly galling, and who hated his father
+for his cruelty. Gaea finally induced him to lay violent hands upon his
+sire, and, after releasing him from his bonds, gave him a scythe, and
+bade him be of good cheer and return victorious.
+
+Thus armed and admonished, Cronus set forth, came upon his father
+unawares, defeated him, thanks to his extraordinary weapon, and, after
+binding him fast, took possession of the vacant throne, intending to
+rule the universe forever. Enraged at this insult, Uranus cursed his
+son, and prophesied that a day would come when he, too, would be
+supplanted by his children, and would suffer just punishment for his
+rebellion.
+
+  [Illustration: FOUNTAIN OF CYBELE (RHEA). (Madrid.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Cronus and Rhea.]
+
+Cronus paid no heed to his father's imprecations, but calmly proceeded
+to release the Titans, his brothers and sisters, who, in their joy and
+gratitude to escape the dismal realm of Tartarus, expressed their
+willingness to be ruled by him. Their satisfaction was complete,
+however, when he chose his own sister Rhea (Cybele, Ops) for his
+consort, and assigned to each of the others some portion of the world
+to govern at will. To Oceanus and Thetis, for example, he gave charge
+over the ocean and all the rivers upon earth; while to Hyperion and
+Phoebe he intrusted the direction of the sun and moon, which the
+ancients supposed were daily driven across the sky in brilliant golden
+chariots.
+
+Peace and security now reigned on and around Mount Olympus; and
+Cronus, with great satisfaction, congratulated himself on the result
+of his enterprise. One fine morning, however, his equanimity was
+disturbed by the announcement that a son was born to him. The memory
+of his father's curse then suddenly returned to his mind. Anxious to
+avert so great a calamity as the loss of his power, he hastened to his
+wife, determined to devour the child, and thus prevent him from
+causing further annoyance. Wholly unsuspicious, Rhea heard him inquire
+for his son. Gladly she placed him in his extended arms; but imagine
+her surprise and horror when she beheld her husband swallow the babe!
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Jupiter.]
+
+Time passed, and another child was born, but only to meet with the
+same cruel fate. One infant after another disappeared down the
+capacious throat of the voracious Cronus,--a personification of Time,
+who creates only to destroy. In vain the bereaved mother besought the
+life of one little one: the selfish, hard-hearted father would not
+relent. As her prayers seemed unavailing, Rhea finally resolved to
+obtain by stratagem the boon her husband denied; and as soon as her
+youngest son, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus), was born, she concealed him.
+
+Cronus, aware of his birth, soon made his appearance, determined to
+dispose of him in the usual summary manner. For some time Rhea pleaded
+with him, but at last pretended to yield to his commands. Hastily
+wrapping a large stone in swaddling clothes, she handed it to Cronus,
+simulating intense grief. Cronus was evidently not of a very inquiring
+turn of mind, for he swallowed the whole without investigating the
+real contents of the shapeless bundle.
+
+                  "To th' imperial son of Heaven,
+    Whilom the king of gods, a stone she gave
+    Inwrapt in infant swathes; and this with grasp
+    Eager he snatch'd, and in his ravening breast
+    Convey'd away: unhappy! nor once thought
+    That for the stone his child behind remain'd
+    Invincible, secure; who soon, with hands
+    Of strength o'ercoming him, should cast him forth
+    From glory, and himself th' immortals rule."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Ignorant of the deception practiced upon him, Cronus then took leave,
+and the overjoyed mother clasped her rescued treasure to her breast.
+It was not sufficient, however, to have saved young Jupiter from
+imminent death: it was also necessary that his father should remain
+unconscious of his existence.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's infancy.]
+
+To insure this, Rhea intrusted her babe to the tender care of the
+Melian nymphs, who bore him off to a cave on Mount Ida. There a goat,
+Amalthea, was procured to act as nurse, and fulfilled her office so
+acceptably that she was eventually placed in the heavens as a
+constellation, a brilliant reward for her kind ministrations. To
+prevent Jupiter's cries being heard in Olympus, the Curetes
+(Corybantes), Rhea's priests, uttered piercing screams, clashed their
+weapons, executed fierce dances, and chanted rude war songs.
+
+The real significance of all this unwonted noise and commotion was not
+at all understood by Cronus, who, in the intervals of his numerous
+affairs, congratulated himself upon the cunning he had shown to
+prevent the accomplishment of his father's curse. But all his anxiety
+and fears were aroused when he suddenly became aware of the fraud
+practiced upon him, and of young Jupiter's continued existence. He
+immediately tried to devise some plan to get rid of him; but, before
+he could put it into execution, he found himself attacked, and, after
+a short but terrible encounter, signally defeated.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's supremacy.]
+
+Jupiter, delighted to have triumphed so quickly, took possession of
+the supreme power, and aided by Rhea's counsels, and by a nauseous
+potion prepared by Metis, a daughter of Oceanus, compelled Cronus to
+produce the unfortunate children he had swallowed; i.e., Neptune,
+Pluto, Vesta, Ceres, and Juno.
+
+Following the example of his predecessor, Jupiter gave his brothers
+and sisters a fair share of his new kingdom. The wisest among the
+Titans--Mnemosyne, Themis, Oceanus, and Hyperion--submitted to the new
+sovereign without murmur, but the others refused their allegiance;
+which refusal, of course, occasioned a deadly conflict.
+
+                  "When gods began with wrath,
+    And war rose up between their starry brows,
+    Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne
+    That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste
+    With opposite oaths that they would have no Zeus
+    To rule the gods forever."
+
+                             E. B. Browning.
+
+[Sidenote: The giants' war.]
+
+Jupiter, from the top of Mount Olympus, discerned the superior number
+of his foes, and, quite aware of their might, concluded that
+reenforcements to his party would not be superfluous. In haste,
+therefore, he released the Cyclopes from Tartarus, where they had
+languished so long, stipulating that in exchange for their freedom
+they should supply him with thunderbolts,--weapons which only they
+knew how to forge. This new engine caused great terror and dismay in
+the ranks of the enemy, who, nevertheless, soon rallied, and struggled
+valiantly to overthrow the usurper and win back the sovereignty of the
+world.
+
+During ten long years the war raged incessantly, neither party wishing
+to submit to the dominion of the other, but at the end of that time
+the rebellious Titans were obliged to yield. Some of them were hurled
+into Tartarus once more, where they were carefully secured by Neptune,
+Jupiter's brother, while the young conqueror joyfully proclaimed his
+victory.
+
+    "League all your forces then, ye powers above,
+    Join all, and try th' omnipotence of Jove:
+    Let down our golden everlasting chain,
+    Whose strong embrace holds heaven and earth and main:
+    Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth,
+    To drag, by this, the Thunderer down to earth,
+    Ye strive in vain! if I but stretch this hand,
+    I heave the gods, the ocean, and the land;
+    I fix the chain to great Olympus' height,
+    And the vast world hangs trembling in my sight!
+    For such I reign, unbounded and above;
+    And such are men and gods, compar'd to Jove."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+The scene of this mighty conflict was supposed to have been in
+Thessaly, where the country bears the imprint of some great natural
+convulsion; for the ancients imagined that the gods, making the most
+of their gigantic strength and stature, hurled huge rocks at each
+other, and piled mountain upon mountain to reach the abode of Jupiter,
+the Thunderer.
+
+    "Mountain on mountain, as the Titans erst,
+    My brethren, scaling the high seat of Jove,
+    Heaved Pelion upon Ossa's shoulders broad
+    In vain emprise."
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+Saturn, or Cronus, the leader and instigator of the revolt, weary at
+last of bloodshed and strife, withdrew to Italy, or Hesperia, where he
+founded a prosperous kingdom, and reigned in peace for many long
+years.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Typhoeus.]
+
+Jupiter, having disposed of all the Titans, now fancied he would enjoy
+the power so unlawfully obtained; but Gaea, to punish him for depriving
+her children of their birthright, created a terrible monster, called
+Typhoeus, or Typhon, which she sent to attack him. This Typhoeus was a
+giant, from whose trunk one hundred dragon heads arose; flames shot
+from his eyes, nostrils, and mouths; while he incessantly uttered such
+blood-curdling screams, that the gods, in terror, fled from Mount
+Olympus and sought refuge in Egypt. In mortal fear lest this
+terror-inspiring monster would pursue them, the gods there assumed the
+forms of different animals; and Jupiter became a ram, while Juno, his
+sister and queen, changed herself into a cow.
+
+The king of the gods, however, soon became ashamed of his cowardly
+flight, and resolved to return to Mount Olympus to slay Typhoeus with
+his terrible thunderbolts. A long and fierce struggle ensued, at the
+end of which, Jupiter, again victorious, viewed his fallen foe with
+boundless pride; but his triumph was very short-lived.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of Enceladus.]
+
+Enceladus, another redoubtable giant, also created by Gaea, now
+appeared to avenge Typhoeus. He too was signally defeated, and bound
+with adamantine chains in a burning cave under Mount AEtna. In early
+times, before he had become accustomed to his prison, he gave vent to
+his rage by outcries, imprecations, and groans: sometimes he even
+breathed forth fire and flames, in hopes of injuring his conqueror.
+But time, it is said, somewhat cooled his resentment; and now he is
+content with an occasional change of position, which, owing to his
+huge size, causes the earth to tremble over a space of many miles,
+producing what is called an earthquake.
+
+      "'Tis said, that thunder-struck Enceladus,
+    Groveling beneath the incumbent mountain's weight,
+    Lies stretched supine, eternal prey of flames;
+    And, when he heaves against the burning load,
+    Reluctant, to invert his broiling limbs,
+    A sudden earthquake shoots through all the isle,
+    And AEtna thunders dreadful under ground,
+    Then pours out smoke in wreathing curls convolved,
+    And shades the sun's bright orb, and blots out day."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter divides his realm.]
+
+Jupiter had now conquered all his foes, asserted his right to the
+throne, and could at last reign over the world undisturbed; but he
+knew that it would be no small undertaking to rule well heaven,
+earth, and sea, and resolved to divide the power with his brothers. To
+avoid quarrels and recriminations, he portioned the world out into
+lots, allowing each of his brothers the privilege of drawing his own
+share.
+
+Neptune thus obtained control over the sea and all the rivers, and
+immediately expressed his resolve to wear a symbolic crown, composed
+exclusively of marine shells and aquatic plants, and to abide within
+the bounds of his watery realm.
+
+Pluto, the most taciturn of the brothers, received for his portion the
+scepter of Tartarus and all the Lower World, where no beam of sunlight
+was ever allowed to find its way; while Jupiter reserved for himself
+the general supervision of his brothers' estates, and the direct
+management of Heaven and Earth.
+
+Peace now reigned throughout all the world. Not a murmur was heard,
+except from the Titans, who at length, seeing that further opposition
+would be useless, grew reconciled to their fate.
+
+In the days of their prosperity, the Titans had intermarried. Cronus
+had taken Rhea "for better or for worse;" and Iapetus had seen, loved,
+and wedded the fair Clymene, one of the ocean nymphs, or Oceanides,
+daughters of Oceanus. The latter pair became the proud parents of four
+gigantic sons,--Atlas, Menetius, Prometheus (Forethought), and
+Epimetheus (Afterthought),--who were destined to play prominent parts
+in Grecian mythology.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Prometheus.]
+
+At the time of the creation, after covering the new-born Earth with
+luxuriant vegetation, and peopling it with living creatures of all
+kinds, Eros perceived that it would be necessary to endow them with
+instincts which would enable them to preserve and enjoy the life they
+had received. He therefore called the youngest two sons of Iapetus to
+his aid, and bade them make a judicious distribution of gifts to all
+living creatures, and create and endow a superior being, called Man,
+to rule over all the others.
+
+  [Illustration: MINERVA AND PROMETHEUS.--Thorwaldsen. (Copenhagen.)]
+
+Prometheus' and Epimetheus' first care was, very naturally, to provide
+for the beings already created. These they endowed with such reckless
+generosity, that all their favors were soon dispensed, and none
+remained for the endowment of man. Although they had not the remotest
+idea how to overcome this difficulty, they proceeded to fashion man
+from clay.
+
+    "Prometheus first transmuted
+    Atoms culled for human clay."
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+They first molded an image similar in form to the gods; bade Eros
+breathe into its nostrils the spirit of life, and Minerva (Pallas)
+endow it with a soul; whereupon man lived, and moved, and viewed his
+new domain.
+
+Justly proud of his handiwork, Prometheus observed man, and longed to
+bestow upon him some great power, unshared by any other creature of
+mortal birth, which would raise him far above all other living beings,
+and bring him nearer to the perfection of the immortal gods. Fire
+alone, in his estimation, could effect this; but fire was the special
+possession and prerogative of the gods, and Prometheus knew they would
+never willingly share it with man, and that, should any one obtain it
+by stealth, they would never forgive the thief. Long he pondered the
+matter, and finally determined to obtain fire, or die in the attempt.
+
+One dark night, therefore, he set out for Olympus, entered unperceived
+into the gods' abode, seized a lighted brand, hid it in his bosom, and
+departed unseen, exulting in the success of his enterprise. Arrived
+upon earth once more, he consigned the stolen treasure to the care of
+man, who immediately adapted it to various purposes, and eloquently
+expressed his gratitude to the benevolent deity who had risked his own
+life to obtain it for him.
+
+    "Of Prometheus, how undaunted
+      On Olympus' shining bastions
+    His audacious foot he planted,
+    Myths are told and songs are chanted,
+      Full of promptings and suggestions.
+
+    "Beautiful is the tradition
+      Of that flight through heavenly portals,
+    The old classic superstition
+    Of the theft and the transmission
+      Of the fire of the Immortals."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+From his lofty throne on the topmost peak of Mount Olympus Jupiter
+beheld an unusual light down upon earth. Anxious to ascertain its
+exact nature, he watched it closely, and before long discovered the
+larceny. His anger then burst forth, terrible to behold; and the gods
+all quailed when they heard him solemnly vow he would punish the
+unhappy Prometheus without mercy. To seize the offender in his mighty
+grasp, bear him off to the Caucasian Mountains, and bind him fast to a
+great rock, was but a moment's work. There a voracious vulture was
+summoned to feast upon his liver, the tearing of which from his side
+by the bird's cruel beak and talons caused the sufferer intense
+anguish. All day long the vulture gorged himself; but during the cool
+night, while the bird slept, Prometheus' suffering abated, and the
+liver grew again, thus prolonging the torture, which bade fair to have
+no end.
+
+Disheartened by the prospect of long years of unremitting pain,
+Prometheus at times could not refrain from pitiful complaints; but
+generation after generation of men lived on earth, and died, blessing
+him for the gift he had obtained for them at such a terrible cost.
+After many centuries of woe, Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmene,
+found Prometheus, killed the vulture, broke the adamantine chains, and
+liberated the long-suffering god.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Epimetheus and Pandora.]
+
+The first mortals lived on earth in a state of perfect innocence and
+bliss. The air was pure and balmy; the sun shone brightly all the
+year; the earth brought forth delicious fruit in abundance; and
+beautiful, fragrant flowers bloomed everywhere. Man was content.
+Extreme cold, hunger, sickness, and death were unknown. Jupiter, who
+justly ascribed a good part of this beatific condition to the gift
+conferred by Prometheus, was greatly displeased, and tried to devise
+some means to punish mankind for the acceptance of the heavenly fire.
+
+With this purpose in view, he assembled the gods on Mount Olympus,
+where, in solemn council, they decided to create woman; and, as soon
+as she had been artfully fashioned, each one endowed her with some
+special charm, to make her more attractive.
+
+                  "The crippled artist-god,
+    Illustrious, molded from the yielding clay
+    A bashful virgin's image, as advis'd
+    Saturnian Jove.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+      "But now when the fair mischief, seeming-good,
+    His hand had perfected, he led her forth
+    Exulting in her grac'd attire, the gift
+    Of Pallas, in the midst of gods and men.
+    On men and gods in that same moment seiz'd
+    The ravishment of wonder, when they saw
+    The deep deceit, th' inextricable snare."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Their united efforts were crowned with the utmost success. Nothing was
+lacking, except a name for the peerless creature; and the gods, after
+due consideration, decreed she should be called Pandora. They then
+bade Mercury take her to Prometheus as a gift from heaven; but he,
+knowing only too well that nothing good would come to him from the
+gods, refused to accept her, and cautioned his brother Epimetheus to
+follow his example. Unfortunately Epimetheus was of a confiding
+disposition, and when he beheld the maiden he exclaimed, "Surely so
+beautiful and gentle a being can bring no evil!" and accepted her most
+joyfully.
+
+The first days of their union were spent in blissful wanderings, hand
+in hand, under the cool forest shade; in weaving garlands of fragrant
+flowers; and in refreshing themselves with the luscious fruit, which
+hung so temptingly within reach.
+
+  [Illustration: PANDORA.--Sichel.]
+
+One lovely evening, while dancing on the green, they saw Mercury,
+Jupiter's messenger, coming towards them. His step was slow and weary,
+his garments dusty and travel-stained, and he seemed almost to stagger
+beneath the weight of a huge box which rested upon his shoulders.
+Pandora immediately ceased dancing, to speculate with feminine
+curiosity upon the contents of the chest. She nudged Epimetheus, and
+in a whisper begged him to ask Mercury what brought him thither.
+Epimetheus complied with her request; but Mercury evaded the question,
+asked permission to deposit his burden in their dwelling for
+safekeeping, professing himself too weary to convey it to its
+destination that day, and promised to call for it shortly. The
+permission was promptly granted. Mercury, with a sigh of relief,
+placed the box in one corner, and then departed, refusing all
+hospitable offers of rest and refreshment.
+
+He had scarcely crossed the threshold, when Pandora expressed a strong
+desire to have a peep at the contents of the mysterious box; but
+Epimetheus, surprised and shocked, told her that her curiosity was
+unseemly, and then, to dispel the frown and pout seen for the first
+time on the fair face of his beloved, he entreated her to come out
+into the fresh air and join in the merry games of their companions.
+For the first time, also, Pandora refused to comply with his request.
+Dismayed, and very much discouraged, Epimetheus sauntered out alone,
+thinking she would soon join him, and perhaps by some caress atone for
+her present willfulness.
+
+Left alone with the mysterious casket, Pandora became more and more
+inquisitive. Stealthily she drew near, and examined it with great
+interest, for it was curiously wrought of dark wood, and surmounted by
+a delicately carved head, of such fine workmanship that it seemed to
+smile and encourage her. Around the box a glittering golden cord was
+wound, and fastened on top in an intricate knot. Pandora, who prided
+herself specially on her deft fingers, felt sure she could unfasten
+it, and, reasoning that it would not be indiscreet to untie it if she
+did not raise the lid, she set to work. Long she strove, but all in
+vain. Ever and anon the laughing voices of Epimetheus and his
+companions, playing in the luxuriant shade, were wafted in on the
+summer breeze. Repeatedly she heard them call, and beseech her to join
+them; yet she persisted in her attempt. She was just on the point of
+giving it up in despair, when suddenly the refractory knot yielded to
+her fumbling fingers, and the cord, unrolling, dropped on the floor.
+
+Pandora had repeatedly fancied that sounds like whispers issued from
+the box. The noise now seemed to increase, and she breathlessly
+applied her ear to the lid to ascertain whether it really proceeded
+from within. Imagine, therefore, her surprise when she distinctly
+heard these words, uttered in the most pitiful accents: "Pandora, dear
+Pandora, have pity upon us! Free us from this gloomy prison! Open,
+open, we beseech you!"
+
+Pandora's heart beat so fast and loud, that it seemed for a moment to
+drown all other sounds. Should she open the box? Just then a familiar
+step outside made her start guiltily. Epimetheus was coming, and she
+knew he would urge her again to come out, and would prevent the
+gratification of her curiosity. Precipitately, therefore, she raised
+the lid to have one little peep before he came in.
+
+Now, Jupiter had malignantly crammed into this box all the diseases,
+sorrows, vices, and crimes that afflict poor humanity; and the box was
+no sooner opened, than all these ills flew out, in the guise of horrid
+little brown-winged creatures, closely resembling moths. These little
+insects fluttered about, alighting, some upon Epimetheus, who had just
+entered, and some upon Pandora, pricking and stinging them most
+unmercifully. Then they flew out through the open door and windows,
+and fastened upon the merrymakers without, whose shouts of joy were
+soon changed into wails of pain and anguish.
+
+Epimetheus and Pandora had never before experienced the faintest
+sensation of pain or anger; but, as soon as these winged evil spirits
+had stung them, they began to weep, and, alas! quarreled for the first
+time in their lives. Epimetheus reproached his wife in bitterest terms
+for her thoughtless action; but in the very midst of his vituperation
+he suddenly heard a sweet little voice entreat for freedom. The sound
+proceeded from the unfortunate box, whose cover Pandora had dropped
+again, in the first moment of her surprise and pain. "Open, open, and
+I will heal your wounds! Please let me out!" it pleaded.
+
+The tearful couple viewed each other inquiringly, and listened again.
+Once more they heard the same pitiful accents; and Epimetheus bade his
+wife open the box and set the speaker free, adding very amiably, that
+she had already done so much harm by her ill-fated curiosity, that it
+would be difficult to add materially to its evil consequences, and
+that, perchance, the box contained some good spirit, whose
+ministrations might prove beneficial.
+
+It was well for Pandora that she opened the box a second time, for the
+gods, with a sudden impulse of compassion, had concealed among the
+evil spirits one kindly creature, Hope, whose mission was to heal the
+wounds inflicted by her fellow-prisoners.
+
+    "Hope sole remain'd within, nor took her flight,
+    Beneath the vessel's verge conceal'd from light."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+Lightly fluttering hither and thither on her snowy pinions, Hope
+touched the punctured places on Pandora's and Epimetheus' creamy skin,
+and relieved their suffering, then quickly flew out of the open
+window, to perform the same gentle office for the other victims, and
+cheer their downcast spirits.
+
+Thus, according to the ancients, evil entered into the world, bringing
+untold misery; but Hope followed closely in its footsteps, to aid
+struggling humanity, and point to a happier future.
+
+    "Hope rules a land forever green:
+    All powers that serve the bright-eyed Queen
+        Are confident and gay;
+    Clouds at her bidding disappear;
+    Points she to aught?--the bliss draws near,
+        And Fancy smooths the way."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+  [Illustration: HOPE.--Thorwaldsen.]
+
+During many centuries, therefore, Hope continued to be revered,
+although the other divinities had ceased to be worshiped.
+
+According to another version, Pandora was sent down to man, bearing a
+vase in which the evil spirits were imprisoned, and on the way, seized
+by a fit of curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed them all to
+escape.
+
+[Sidenote: The Four Ages.]
+
+Little by little the world was peopled; and the first years of man's
+existence upon earth were, as we have seen, years of unalloyed
+happiness. There was no occasion for labor, for the earth brought
+forth spontaneously all that was necessary for man's subsistence.
+"Innocence, virtue, and truth prevailed; neither were there any laws
+to restrict men, nor judges to punish." This time of bliss has justly
+borne the title of Golden Age, and the people in Italy then throve
+under the wise rule of good old Saturn, or Cronus.
+
+Unfortunately, nothing in this world is lasting; and the Golden Age
+was followed by another, not quite so prosperous, hence called the
+Silver Age, when the year was first divided into seasons, and men were
+obliged to toil for their daily bread.
+
+    "Succeeding times a silver age behold,
+    Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold.
+    Then summer, autumn, winter, did appear,
+    And spring was but a season of the year;
+    The sun his annual course obliquely made,
+    Good days contracted, and enlarg'd the bad.
+    The air with sultry heats began to glow,
+    The wings of winds were clogg'd with ice and snow;
+    And shivering mortals into houses driven,
+    Sought shelter from the inclemency of heaven.
+    Those houses, then, were caves or homely sheds,
+    With twining osiers fenc'd, and moss their beds.
+    Then plows, for seed, the fruitful furrows broke,
+    And oxen labor'd first beneath the yoke."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+Yet, in spite of these few hardships, the people were happy, far
+happier than their descendants during the Age of Brass, which
+speedily followed, when strife became customary, and differences were
+settled by blows.
+
+But by far the worst of all was the Iron Age, when men's passions knew
+no bounds, and they even dared refuse all homage to the immortal gods.
+War was waged incessantly; the earth was saturated with blood; the
+rights of hospitality were openly violated; and murder, rape, and
+theft were committed on all sides.
+
+[Sidenote: The Deluge.]
+
+Jupiter had kept a close watch over men's actions during all these
+years; and this evil conduct aroused his wrath to such a point, that
+he vowed he would annihilate the human race. But the modes of
+destruction were manifold, and, as he could not decide which would
+eventually prove most efficacious, he summoned the gods to deliberate
+and aid him by their counsels. The first suggestion offered, was to
+destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter's much-dreaded
+thunderbolts; and the king of gods was about to put it into instant
+execution, when his arm was stayed by the objection that the rising
+flames might set fire to his own abode, and reduce its magnificence to
+unsightly ashes. He therefore rejected the plan as impracticable, and
+bade the gods devise other means of destruction.
+
+After much delay and discussion, the immortals agreed to wash mankind
+off the face of the earth by a mighty deluge. The winds were
+instructed to gather together the rain clouds over the earth. Neptune
+let loose the waves of the sea, bidding them rise, overflow, and
+deluge the land. No sooner had the gods spoken, than the elements
+obeyed: the winds blew; the rain fell in torrents; lakes, seas,
+rivers, and oceans broke their bonds; and terrified mortals,
+forgetting their petty quarrels in a common impulse to flee from the
+death which threatened them, climbed the highest mountains, clung to
+uprooted trees, and even took refuge in the light skiffs they had
+constructed in happier days. Their efforts were all in vain, however;
+for the waters rose higher and higher, overtook them one after another
+in their ineffectual efforts to escape, closed over the homes where
+they might have been so happy, and drowned their last despairing
+cries in their seething depths.
+
+    "Now hills and vales no more distinction know,
+    And level'd nature lies oppress'd below;
+    The most of mortals perish in the flood."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha.]
+
+The rain continued to fall, until, after many days, the waves covered
+all the surface of the earth except the summit of Mount Parnassus, the
+highest peak in Greece. On this mountain, surrounded by the
+ever-rising flood, stood the son of Prometheus, Deucalion, with his
+faithful wife Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. From
+thence they, the sole survivors, viewed the universal desolation with
+tear-dimmed eyes.
+
+In spite of the general depravity, the lives of this couple had always
+been pure and virtuous; and when Jupiter saw them there alone, and
+remembered their piety, he decided not to include them in the general
+destruction, but to save their lives. He therefore bade the winds
+return to their cave, and the rain to cease. Neptune, in accordance
+with his decree, blew a resounding blast upon his conch shell to
+recall the wandering waves, which immediately returned within their
+usual bounds.
+
+    "At length the world was all restor'd to view,
+    But desolate, and of a sickly hue;
+    Nature beheld herself, and stood aghast,
+    A dismal desert and a silent waste."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+Deucalion and Pyrrha followed the receding waves step by step down the
+steep mountain side, wondering how they should repeople the desolate
+earth. As they talked, they came to the shrine of Delphi, which alone
+had been able to resist the force of the waves. There they entered to
+consult the wishes of the gods. Their surprise and horror were
+unbounded, however, when a voice exclaimed, "Depart from hence with
+veiled heads, and cast your mother's bones behind you!" To obey such
+a command seemed sacrilegious in the extreme; for the dead had always
+been held in deep veneration by the Greeks, and the desecration of a
+grave was considered a heinous crime, and punished accordingly. But,
+they reasoned, the gods' oracles can seldom be accepted in a literal
+sense; and Deucalion, after due thought, explained to Pyrrha what he
+conceived to be the meaning of this mysterious command.
+
+"The Earth," said he, "is the mother of all, and the stones may be
+considered her bones." Husband and wife speedily decided to act upon
+this premise, and continued their descent, casting stones behind them.
+All those thrown by Deucalion were immediately changed into men, while
+those cast by Pyrrha became women.
+
+Thus the earth was peopled for the second time with a blameless race
+of men, sent to replace the wicked beings slain by Jupiter. Deucalion
+and Pyrrha shortly after became the happy parents of a son named
+Hellen, who gave his name to all the Hellenic or Greek race; while his
+sons AEolus and Dorus, and grandsons Ion and Achaeus, became the
+ancestors of the AEolian, Dorian, Ionian, and Achaian nations.
+
+Other mythologists, in treating of the deluvian myths, state that
+Deucalion and Pyrrha took refuge in an ark, which, after sailing about
+for many days, was stranded on the top of Mount Parnassus. This
+version was far less popular with the Greeks, although it betrays
+still more plainly the common source whence all these myths are
+derived.
+
+    "Who does not see in drown Deucalion's name,
+    When Earth her men and Sea had lost her shore,
+                Old Noah!"
+
+                                   Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+JUPITER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's titles.]
+
+Jupiter, Jove, or Zeus, king of the gods, supreme ruler of the
+universe, the special deity of mankind, the personification of the sky
+and of all the phenomena of the air, and the guardian of political
+order and peace, was the most prominent of all the Olympian
+divinities: the others were obliged to submit to his will, and
+trembled at his all-powerful nod.
+
+    "He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold,
+    The eternal Thunderer sat, enthroned in gold.
+    High heaven the footstool of his feet he makes,
+    And wide beneath him all Olympus shakes."
+
+    "He spoke, and awful bends his sable brows,
+    Shakes his ambrosial curls, and gives the nod,
+    The stamp of fate and sanction of the god:
+    High heaven with trembling the dread signal took,
+    And all Olympus to the center shook."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+The Fates and Destiny alone dared oppose Jupiter's sovereign will, and
+they continued to issue their irrevocable decrees, even after he
+supplanted his father and began to rule over all.
+
+In common with all other Greek and Roman divinities, Jupiter, though
+immortal, was subject to pleasure, pain, grief, and anger, and a prey
+to all the passions which rule the hearts of men.
+
+  [Illustration: OLYMPIAN ZEUS.--Flaxman.]
+
+It was he who presided at the councils held on the top of "many-peaked
+Olympus," and summoned the gods whenever he wished to discuss with
+them any matter of importance, or to indulge in a sumptuous repast,
+when they ate the celestial ambrosia and quaffed the fragrant nectar.
+
+He is generally represented as a fine majestic figure, with long
+curling hair and beard, clad in flowing drapery, his redoubtable
+thunderbolts or scepter in one hand, and a statue of Victory in the
+other. The world is his footstool; and the eagle, emblem of strength
+and power, is generally seen close beside him.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter's attendants.]
+
+Jupiter had his own special attendants, such as Victoria, or Nice, the
+goddess of victory, who was ever ready to obey his slightest behest,
+and it is said her master loved her so dearly, that he generally held
+an image of her in his hand.
+
+The hundred-tongued goddess of fame, Fama, trumpet in hand,
+proclaimed, at his bidding, anything he wished, never questioning
+whether it were true or false.
+
+    "Fame than who never plague that runs
+        Its way more swiftly wins:
+    Her very motion lends her power:
+    She flies and waxes every hour.
+    At first she shrinks, and cowers for dread:
+        Ere long she soars on high:
+    Upon the ground she plants her tread,
+        Her forehead in the sky."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Close by Jupiter's side was sometimes seen Fortuna, goddess of
+fortune, poised on a constantly revolving wheel, whereon she journeyed
+throughout the world, scattering with careless hands her numerous
+gifts, and lavishing with indifference her choicest smiles; while
+Hebe, or Juventas, the goddess of youth, was ever ready at his wish to
+pour out the nectar, in which the gods were wont to pledge each other.
+
+              "Hebe, honored of them all,
+    Ministered nectar, and from cups of gold
+    They pledged each other."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: GANYMEDE AND THE EAGLE. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+But this fair goddess awkwardly tripped and fell on a solemn
+occasion, and was forced to resign her office. To replace her, the
+father of the gods was obliged to go in quest of another cup-bearer.
+
+To facilitate his search, he assumed the form of an eagle, and winged
+his flight over the earth. He had not flown far, before he beheld a
+youth of marvelous beauty, alone on a neighboring hill. To swoop down,
+catch him up in his mighty talons, and bear him safely off to Olympus,
+was but a moment's work; and there the kidnapped youth Ganymede, the
+son of a king of Troy, was carefully instructed in the duties he was
+called upon to perform in the future.
+
+    "And godlike Ganymede, most beautiful
+    Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up
+    To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour
+    The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Philemon and Baucis.]
+
+Solicitous for the welfare of mankind, Jupiter often visited the
+earth, taking great care to assume some disguise which would enable
+him to ascertain all he wished without any risk of detection. One day
+he and Mercury, his special messenger and favorite among the gods,
+took the forms of needy, belated travelers, and entered the lowly hut
+of a worthy old couple, Philemon and Baucis.
+
+Eager to offer their best to the strangers, these poor people decided
+to kill their sole remaining goose; but their efforts to secure it
+were vain, and finally the persecuted fowl took refuge between
+Jupiter's knees. Touched with their zeal, yet anxious to prevent the
+death of the confiding goose, Jupiter revealed himself to his faithful
+worshipers, and in gratitude for their intended sacrifice bade them
+ask any boon, promising by the great river Styx--the most binding and
+solemn oath a god could utter--to grant their request.
+
+Contrary to the custom current in similar cases, Philemon and Baucis
+made a modest and judicious choice, and proffered a timid request that
+they might serve the gods as long as life and strength endured, and
+finally die together. This most reasonable wish was immediately
+granted; and Jupiter, moreover, changed their humble abode into a
+superb temple, where they could offer daily sacrifices on his altars.
+
+    "Their little shed, scarce large enough for two,
+    Seems, from the ground increased, in height and bulk to grow.
+    A stately temple shoots within the skies,
+    The crotches of their cot in columns rise;
+    The pavement polish'd marble they behold,
+    The gates with sculpture grac'd, the spires and tiles of gold."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+After many years of faithful service, when age had made them long for
+death, Philemon and Baucis were transformed into majestic oaks, which
+stood for many a century in front of the temple, monuments of the love
+and faith which had bound the pair through life.
+
+Although married to Juno, Jupiter often indulged in love affairs with
+other goddesses, and even with mortal maidens. The ancients themselves
+did not practice polygamy, but their gods were supposed to be able to
+indulge all their passions with impunity. As the personification of
+the sky, Jupiter, therefore, consorted at times with Juno (the
+Atmosphere), with Dione (Moisture), with Themis (Justice), etc.,
+without incurring any reproach; for these marriages, in their
+estimation, were all symbolical.
+
+But Juno being of a jealous disposition, Jupiter was forced to conduct
+his courtships with great secrecy and circumspection, and therefore
+generally adopted the precaution of a disguise. To win Europa, the
+fair daughter of Agenor, for instance, he became a bull.
+
+                      "The gods themselves,
+    Humbling their deities to love, have taken
+    The shapes of beasts upon them. Jupiter
+    Became a bull, and bellow'd."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter kidnaps Europa.]
+
+One day Europa was playing in her father's meadows with her three
+brothers, Cadmus, Phoenix, and Cilix, when she suddenly saw a white
+bull coming towards her; not with fiery eyes and lowered horns, but
+gently, as if to express a mute request to be petted. The maiden,
+delighted, stroked the beast, and decked him with bright garlands of
+meadow-blossoms. Then, seeing him kneel, as if to invite her to mount,
+she lightly sprang upon his broad back, calling to her companions to
+follow her example; but, before they could do as she wished, the bull
+had risen to his feet, and galloped off towards the sea with his fair
+burden on his back.
+
+Instead of turning when he saw the foam-crested waves, he plunged into
+the midst of them, and in a few minutes disappeared from view, so
+rapidly did he swim away. To reassure the frightened girl, the bull
+now spoke in gentle accents, bidding her dismiss all fear, for he was
+the great Jupiter in disguise.
+
+    "Take courage, gentle maid! nor fear the tide:
+    I, though near-seen a bull, am heavenly Jove:
+    I change my shape at will."
+
+                      Moschus (Elton's tr.).
+
+Pleased with the novelty of her situation, and flattered by the god's
+evident admiration, Europa ceased to struggle, wound her arms more
+closely around the bull's neck to prevent the waves from washing her
+off her perilous seat, and allowed herself to be carried away.
+
+Jupiter finally deposited his fair burden upon the shores of a new
+land, to which he gallantly gave her name, Europe. He then resumed his
+wonted form, explained at length his reasons for so unceremoniously
+kidnapping her, and finally won her consent to their union. Their
+three sons were Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. The two former were
+subsequently appointed judges in the Infernal Regions, while the third
+found an early but glorious death during the Trojan war.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ABDUCTION OF EUROPA.--Albani. (Uffizi Palace,
+      Florence.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Search for Europa.]
+
+All unconscious of their sister's fate, the young princes had
+returned in haste to their father's palace to announce her sudden
+involuntary departure. Agenor, whose favorite she had always been,
+rent his garments for grief, and bade his sons go forth and seek her,
+and not to return till they had found her. Accompanied by their
+mother, Telephassa, they immediately set out on their journey,
+inquiring of all they met if they had seen their sister. Search and
+inquiry proved equally fruitless.
+
+At last, weary of this hopeless quest, Phoenix refused his further
+aid, and allowed his sorrowing relatives to continue without him,
+remaining in a land which from him was called Phoenicia. Cilix, too,
+soon followed his example, and settled in a fertile country which they
+had reached, hence called Cilicia; and finally Telephassa, worn out
+with grief and fatigue, lay down to die, charging her oldest son to go
+on alone.
+
+Cadmus wandered on till he came to Delphi, where he consulted the
+oracle; but, to his great dismay, the only reply he received was,
+"Follow the cow, and settle where she rests."
+
+In deep perplexity he left the temple, and, from force of habit,
+journeyed on, patiently questioning all he met. Soon he perceived a
+cow leisurely walking in front of him, and, mindful of the oracle, he
+ceased his search and followed her. Urged by curiosity, many
+adventurers joined him on the way, and, when the cow at last lay down
+in the land since called Boeotia, they all promised to aid Cadmus,
+their chosen leader, to found their future capital, which was to be
+called Thebes.
+
+[Sidenote: Founding of Thebes.]
+
+Parched with thirst after their long walk, the men then hastened to a
+neighboring spring, but, to Cadmus' surprise, time passed and still
+they did not return. Armed with his trusty sword, he finally went down
+to the spring to discover the cause of their delay, and found that
+they had all been devoured by a huge dragon, which lived in the
+hollow. The prince raised his sword to avenge their death, and dealt
+the dragon such a deadly blow upon the head, that he put an immediate
+end to its existence.
+
+While Cadmus stood there contemplating his lifeless foe, a voice bade
+him extract the dragon's teeth, and sow them in the ground already
+broken for his future city. No human being was within sight: so Cadmus
+knew the order proceeded from the immortal gods, and immediately
+prepared to obey it. The dragon's teeth were no sooner planted, than a
+crop of giants sprang from the soil, full grown, and armed to the
+teeth. They were about to fall upon Cadmus, when the same voice bade
+him cast a stone in the midst of their close-drawn phalanx. Cadmus,
+seeing the giants were almost upon him, and that no time was to be
+lost, quickly threw a stone. The effect produced was almost
+instantaneous; for the giants, each fancying it had been thrown by his
+neighbor, began fighting among themselves. In a few minutes the number
+of giants was reduced to five, who sheathed their bloodstained
+weapons, and humbly tendered their services to Cadmus. With their aid,
+the foundations of the city were laid; but their labor was not very
+arduous, as the gods caused some of the public buildings to rise up
+out of the ground, all complete, and ready for use.
+
+To reward Cadmus for his loving and painstaking search for Europa,
+Jupiter gave him the hand of the fair princess Harmonia, a daughter of
+Mars and Venus, in marriage. Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, is
+supposed to have invented the alphabet, and introduced its use into
+Greece. Although his career was very prosperous at first, he finally
+incurred the wrath of the gods by forgetting, on a solemn occasion, to
+offer them a suitable sacrifice; and, in anger at his dereliction,
+they changed him and Harmonia into huge serpents.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Jupiter.]
+
+Jupiter was, of course, very widely and generally worshiped by the
+ancients; and his principal temples--the Capitol at Rome, and the
+shrine of Jupiter Ammon in Libya--have been world-renowned. He also
+had a noted temple at Dodona, where an oak tree gave forth mysterious
+prophecies, which were supposed to have been inspired by the king of
+gods; this long lost shrine has recently been discovered.
+
+    "Oh, where, Dodona! is thine aged grove,
+    Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?
+    What valley echoed the response of Jove?
+    What trace remaineth of the Thunderer's shrine?
+    All, all forgotten!"
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+A magnificent temple at Olympia, on the Peloponnesus, was also
+dedicated to Jupiter; and here every fifth year the people of Greece
+were wont to assemble to celebrate games, in honor of Jupiter's great
+victory over the Titans. These festivals were known as the Olympian
+Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned time by olympiads, that is to
+say, by the space of time between the celebrations. Within the temple
+at Olympia stood a wonderful statue of gold and ivory, the work of
+Phidias. Its proportions and beauty were such, that it was counted one
+of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. It is said, too, that the
+artist, having completed this masterpiece, longed for some sign of
+approval from heaven, and fervently prayed for a token that the god
+accepted his labor. Jupiter, in answer to this prayer, sent a vivid
+flash of lightning, which played about the colossal image,
+illuminating it, but leaving it quite unharmed.
+
+The Greeks were indebted to Phidias for many of their most exquisite
+statues of the gods; but none of the others equaled this figure of
+Jupiter in size, dignity of attitude, or elaborate finish.
+
+        "Wise Phidias, thus his skill to prove,
+    Through many a god advanc'd to Jove,
+    And taught the polish'd rocks to shine
+    With airs and lineaments divine;
+    Till Greece, amaz'd, and half afraid,
+    Th' assembled deities survey'd."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+  [Illustration: JUNO. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+JUNO.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's marriage.]
+
+Juno (Hera, Here), queen of heaven, and goddess of the atmosphere and
+of marriage, was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and consequently the
+sister of Jupiter; but, as soon as the latter had dethroned his
+parents and seized the scepter, he began to look about him for a
+suitable helpmate. Juno won his affections by her great beauty; and he
+immediately began his courtship, which he carried on in the guise of a
+cuckoo, to infuse a little romance into it. He evidently found favor
+in her sight, and won her consent to share his throne; for shortly
+afterward their wedding was celebrated with great pomp on Mount
+Olympus. It was on this solemn occasion that the immortal conclave of
+the gods declared that Juno should be henceforth honored as goddess of
+marriage.
+
+                      "Juno, who presides
+    Supreme o'er bridegrooms and o'er brides."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+But although in the beginning this union seemed very happy, there soon
+arose subjects for contention; for unfortunately Jupiter was inclined
+to be faithless, and Juno jealous, and, like the element she
+personified, exceedingly variable in her moods. On such occasions she
+gave way to her violent temper, and bitterly reproached her husband,
+who, impatient of her censure, punished her severely, and, instead of
+reforming, merely continued his numerous intrigues with renewed zest.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Callisto and Arcas.]
+
+On one occasion he fell deeply in love with a maiden named Callisto,
+gentle, fair, and slender; but, in spite of all the precautions which
+he took when visiting her, Juno discovered the object of his
+affections. Night and day she thought and planned, until she devised a
+species of revenge which seemed adequate. The graceful girl was
+suddenly bereft of speech, changed into a rough, ungainly bear, and
+driven out into the solitudes of the great forests, which were from
+that time forth to be her home. Jupiter vainly sought his missing
+ladylove, and it was only long afterward that he discovered her and
+her little bear son Arcas. In pity for all they had suffered, he
+transferred them both to the sky, where they are still known as the
+constellations of the Great and Little Bear.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's attendant.]
+
+Juno, like her husband, had also her special attendant, Iris (the
+Rainbow), whom she frequently employed as messenger,--a task which
+this deity accomplished with as much celerity as Mercury. Her flight
+through the air was so rapid, that she was seldom seen; and no one
+would have known she had passed, had it not been for the brilliant
+trail her many-colored robe left behind her in the sky.
+
+    "Like fiery clouds, that flush with ruddy glare,
+    Or Iris, gliding through the purple air;
+    When loosely girt her dazzling mantle flows,
+    And 'gainst the sun in arching colors glows."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+Juno is the mother of Mars, Hebe, and Vulcan, and is always described
+and represented as a beautiful, majestic woman, clad in flowing robes,
+with a diadem and scepter. The peacock and cuckoo were both sacred to
+her, and are therefore often seen at her side.
+
+  [Illustration: IRIS.--Tito Conti.]
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Juno.]
+
+Her principal places of worship were at Mycenae, Sparta, Argos, Rome,
+and Heraeum. She had also numerous other sanctuaries scattered
+throughout the ancient world, and was worshiped in the same temples as
+Jupiter. Many fine statues of this goddess were found in Greece and
+Italy, some of which are still extant, and serve to show the
+ancients' exalted conception of the Queen of Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Cleobis and Biton.]
+
+Juno's festivals, the Matronalia, in Rome, were always celebrated with
+great pomp. Less important feasts were held in each city where a
+temple was dedicated to her. On one of these occasions an old
+priestess was very anxious to go to the temple at Argos, where she had
+ministered to the goddess for many years, and which she had left only
+to be married. The way was long and dusty: so the aged woman, who
+could no longer walk such a distance, bade her sons, Cleobis and
+Biton, harness her white heifers to her car. The youths hastened to do
+her bidding; but, although they searched diligently, the heifers could
+not be found. Rather than disappoint their aged mother, who had set
+her heart upon attending the services, these kind-hearted sons
+harnessed themselves to the cart, and drew her through the city to the
+temple gates, amid the acclamations of all the people, who admired
+this trait of filial devotion.
+
+The mother was so touched by her sons' affection, that, as she knelt
+before the altar, she fervently prayed Juno to bestow upon them the
+greatest boon in her power. At the conclusion of the services the
+ex-priestess went into the portico, where her sons had thrown
+themselves to rest after their unwonted exertions; but instead of
+finding them merely asleep, as she expected, she found them dead. The
+Queen of Heaven had transported them while asleep to the Elysian
+Fields, the place of endless bliss, where such as they enjoyed eternal
+life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MINERVA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Minerva.]
+
+Although immortal, the gods were not exempt from physical pain. One
+day Jupiter suffered intensely from a sudden headache, and, in hopes
+that some mode of alleviation would be devised, he summoned all the
+gods to Olympus. Their united efforts were vain, however; and even the
+remedies suggested by Apollo, god of medicine, proved inefficacious.
+Unwilling, or perchance unable, to endure the racking pain any longer,
+Jupiter bade one of his sons, Vulcan, cleave his head open with an ax.
+With cheerful alacrity the dutiful god obeyed; and no sooner was the
+operation performed, than Minerva (Pallas, Athene) sprang out of her
+father's head, full-grown, clad in glittering armor, with poised
+spear, and chanting a triumphant song of victory.
+
+                        "From his awful head
+    Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,
+    Golden, all radiant."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+The assembled gods recoiled in fear before this unexpected apparition,
+while at the same time a mighty commotion over land and sea proclaimed
+the advent of a great divinity.
+
+The goddess, who had thus joined the inhabitants of Olympus, was
+destined to preside over peace, defensive war, and needlework, to be
+the incarnation of wisdom, and to put to flight the obscure deity
+called Dullness, who until then had ruled the world.
+
+  [Illustration: MINERVA. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+    "Ere Pallas issu'd from the Thund'rer's head,
+    Dullness o'er all possess'd her ancient right,
+    Daughter of Chaos and eternal Night."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+Minerva, having forced her unattractive predecessor to beat an
+ignominious retreat, quickly seized the scepter, and immediately began
+to rule in her stead.
+
+[Sidenote: Naming of Athens.]
+
+Not long after her birth, Cecrops, a Phoenician, came to Greece, where
+he founded a beautiful city in the province since called Attica. All
+the gods watched his undertaking with great interest; and finally,
+seeing the town promised to become a thriving place, each wished the
+privilege of naming it. A general council was held, and after some
+deliberation most of the gods withdrew their claims. Soon none but
+Minerva and Neptune were left to contend for the coveted honor.
+
+To settle the quarrel without evincing any partiality, Jupiter
+announced that the city would be intrusted to the protection of the
+deity who would create the most useful object for the use of man.
+Raising his trident, Neptune struck the ground, from which a noble
+horse sprang forth, amid the exclamations of wonder and admiration of
+all the spectators. His qualities were duly explained by his proud
+creator, and all thought it quite impossible for Minerva to surpass
+him. Loudly they laughed, and scornfully too, when she, in her turn,
+produced an olive tree; but when she had told them the manifold uses
+to which wood, fruit, foliage, twigs, etc., could be applied, and
+explained that the olive was a sign of peace and prosperity, and
+therefore far more desirable than the horse, the emblem of war and
+wretchedness, they could but acknowledge her gift the most
+serviceable, and award her the prize.
+
+To commemorate this victory over her rival, Minerva gave her own name
+of Athene to the city, whose inhabitants, from that time forth, were
+taught to honor her as their tutelary goddess.
+
+Ever at Jupiter's side, Minerva often aided him by her wise counsels,
+and in times of war borrowed his terrible shield, the AEgis, which she
+flung over her shoulder when she sallied forth to give her support to
+those whose cause was just.
+
+                  "Her shoulder bore
+    The dreadful AEgis with its shaggy brim
+    Bordered with Terror. There was Strife, and there
+    Was Fortitude, and there was fierce Pursuit,
+    And there the Gorgon's head, a ghastly sight,
+    Deformed and dreadful, and a sign of woe."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The din of battle had no terrors for this doughty goddess, and on
+every occasion she was wont to plunge into the thickest of the fray
+with the utmost valor.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Arachne.]
+
+These virile tastes were, however, fully counterbalanced by some
+exclusively feminine, for Minerva was as deft with her needle as with
+her sword. In Greece there lived in those olden times a maiden by the
+name of Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome, she would have been loved
+by all had it not been for her inordinate pride, not in her personal
+advantages, but in her skill as a needlewoman.
+
+Arachne, in her conceit, fancied that no one could equal the work done
+by her deft fingers, so she boasted far and wide that she would have
+no fear to match her skill with Minerva's. She made this remark so
+loudly and so frequently, that the goddess was finally annoyed, and
+left her seat in high Olympus to come down upon earth and punish the
+maiden. In the guise of an old crone, she entered Arachne's house,
+seated herself, and began a conversation. In a few minutes the maiden
+had resumed her usual strain, and renewed her rash boast. Minerva
+gently advised her to be more modest, lest she should incur the wrath
+of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so blinded by
+her conceit, that she scorned the well-meant warning, saucily tossed
+her head, and declared she wished the goddess would hear her, and
+propose a contest, in which she would surely be able to prove the
+truth of her assertions. This insolent speech so incensed Minerva,
+that she cast aside her disguise and accepted the challenge.
+
+Both set up their looms, and began to weave exquisite designs in
+tapestry: Minerva choosing as her subject her contest with Neptune;
+and Arachne, the kidnapping of Europa. In silence the fair weavers
+worked, and their webs grew apace under their practiced fingers. The
+assembled gods, the horse, the olive tree, seemed to live and move
+under Minerva's flashing shuttle.
+
+    "Emongst these leaves she made a Butterflie,
+    With excellent device and wondrous slight,
+    Fluttring among the Olives wantonly,
+    That seem'd to live, so like it was in sight:
+    The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie,
+    The silken downe with which his backe is dight,
+    His broad outstretched hornes, his hayrie thies,
+    His glorious colours, and his glistering eies."
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+Arachne, in the mean while, was intent upon her swimming bull, against
+whose broad breast the waves splashed, and upon a half-laughing,
+half-frightened girl, who clung to the bull's horns, while the wind
+played with her flowing tresses and garments.
+
+              "Sweet Europa's mantle blew unclasp'd,
+      From off her shoulder backward borne:
+    From one hand droop'd a crocus: one hand grasp'd
+      The mild bull's golden horn."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+The finishing touches all given, each turned to view her rival's work,
+and at the very first glance Arachne was forced to acknowledge her
+failure. To be thus outstripped, after all her proud boasts, was
+humiliating indeed. Bitterly did Arachne now repent of her folly; and
+in her despair she bound a rope about her neck, and hung herself.
+Minerva saw her discomfited rival was about to escape: so she quickly
+changed her dangling body into a spider, and condemned her to weave
+and spin without ceasing,--a warning to all conceited mortals.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Minerva.]
+
+Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, was widely worshiped. Temples and
+altars without number were dedicated to her service, the most
+celebrated of all being the Parthenon at Athens. Naught but the ruins
+of this mighty pile now exist; but they suffice to testify to the
+beauty of the edifice, which served, in turn, as temple, church,
+mosque, and finally as powder magazine.
+
+    "Fair Parthenon! yet still must Fancy weep
+    For thee, thou work of nobler spirits flown.
+    Bright, as of old, the sunbeams o'er thee sleep
+    In all their beauty still--and thine is gone!
+    Empires have sunk since thou wert first revered.
+    And varying rites have sanctified thy shrine.
+    The dust is round thee of the race that rear'd
+    Thy walls; and thou--their fate must soon be thine!"
+
+                                     Hemans.
+
+Statues of Minerva--a beautiful, majestic woman, fully clothed and
+armed--were very numerous. The most celebrated of all, by the renowned
+Greek sculptor Phidias, measured full forty feet in height. Festivals
+were celebrated in honor of Minerva wherever her worship was
+held,--some, the Greek Panathenaea, for instance, only every four
+years; others, such as the Minervalia and Quinquatria, every year. At
+these festivals the Palladium, a statue of the goddess, said to have
+fallen from heaven, was carried in procession through the city, where
+the people hailed its appearance with joyful cries and songs of
+praise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+APOLLO.
+
+
+The most glorious and beautiful among all the gods was Apollo
+(Phoebus, Sol, Helios, Cynthius, Pytheus), god of the sun, of
+medicine, music, poetry, and all fine arts.
+
+    "Bright-hair'd Apollo!--thou who ever art
+    A blessing to the world--whose mighty heart
+    Forever pours out love, and light, and life;
+    Thou, at whose glance, all things of earth are rife
+    With happiness; to whom, in early spring,
+    Bright flowers raise up their heads, where'er they cling
+    On the steep mountain side, or in the vale
+    Are nestled calmly. Thou at whom the pale
+    And weary earth looks up, when winter flees,
+    With patient gaze: thou for whom wind-stripped trees
+    Put on fresh leaves, and drink deep of the light
+    That glitters in thine eye: thou in whose bright
+    And hottest rays the eagle fills his eye
+    With quenchless fire, and far, far up on high
+    Screams out his joy to thee, by all the names
+    That thou dost bear--whether thy godhead claims
+    Phoebus or Sol, or golden-hair'd Apollo,
+    Cynthian or Pythian, if thou dost follow
+    The fleeing night, oh, hear
+    Our hymn to thee, and willingly draw near!"
+
+                                       Pike.
+
+Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona, or Leto, the goddess of dark
+nights. Juno's jealousy had been aroused by Jupiter's preference for
+her rival. To avenge herself, she banished Latona to earth, and
+declared that if any one, mortal or immortal, showed her any pity or
+gave her any assistance, he would incur her lasting resentment.
+
+After long, painful wanderings on earth, poor Latona, weary and
+parched with thirst, drew near a small pool by the wayside to refresh
+herself; but, urged by Juno, some reapers bade her pass on, and then,
+seeing she paid no heed to their commands, they sprang into the
+shallow waters, and stirred up the mud at the bottom until it was
+quite unpalatable. With tear-dimmed eyes, Latona prayed these cruel
+men might never leave the spot whereon they now stood; and Jupiter, in
+answer to her prayer, immediately transformed them into huge green
+frogs, which creatures have since then showed great preference for
+muddy pools.
+
+Driven on once more by Juno's unrelenting hatred, Latona finally came
+to the seashore, where she stretched out imploring hands to Neptune,
+who sent a dolphin to bear her in safety to the floating island of
+Delos, raised in her behalf from the depths of the sea. The rocking
+motion, however, proving disagreeable to the goddess, Neptune chained
+the island fast in the AEgean Sea; and there in that delightful
+climate, justly praised by poets, were born to Jupiter and Latona twin
+children, Apollo and Diana, the divinities of the sun and moon.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Coronis.]
+
+Apollo, having attained manhood, could not avoid the usual lot of the
+gods, as well as of mortal men,--the pangs of love. They were first
+inspired by Coronis, a fair maiden, who kindled within his breast an
+ardent flame. The sun god wooed the girl warmly and persistently, and
+at length had the deep satisfaction of seeing his affections returned.
+His bliss, however, proved but fleeting; for Coronis, reasoning, that,
+if one lover were so delightful, two would be doubly so, secretly
+encouraged another suitor.
+
+    "Flirted with another lover
+      (So at least the story goes)
+    And was wont to meet him slyly,
+      Underneath the blushing rose."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Although so cleverly managed, these trysts could not escape the
+bright eyes of Apollo's favorite bird, the snowy raven,--for such was
+his hue in those early times,--so _he_ flew off in haste to his master
+to report the discovery he had made. Desperate with love and jealousy,
+Apollo did not hesitate, but, seizing his bow and deadly arrows, shot
+Coronis through the heart.
+
+The deed was no sooner accomplished, than all his love returned with
+tenfold power; and, hastening to Coronis' side, he vainly tried all
+his remedies (he was god of medicine) to recall her to life.
+
+            "The god of Physic
+      Had no antidote; alack!
+    He who took her off so deftly
+      Couldn't bring the maiden back!"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Bending over the lifeless body of his beloved one, he bewailed his
+fatal haste, and cursed the bird which had brought him the unwelcome
+tidings of her faithlessness.
+
+    "Then he turned upon the Raven,
+      'Wanton babbler! see thy fate!
+    Messenger of mine no longer,
+      Go to Hades with thy prate!
+
+    "'Weary Pluto with thy tattle!
+      Hither, monster, come not back;
+    And--to match thy disposition--
+      Henceforth be thy plumage black!'"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+[Sidenote: AEsculapius.]
+
+The only reminder of this unfortunate episode was a young son of
+Apollo and Coronis, AEsculapius (Asklepios), who was carefully
+instructed by Apollo in the healing art. The disciple's talent was so
+great, that he soon rivaled his master, and even, it is said, recalled
+the dead to life. Of course, these miracles did not long remain
+concealed from Jupiter's all-seeing eye; and he, fearing lest the
+people would forget him and worship their physician, seized one of
+his thunderbolts, hurled it at the clever youth, and thus brought to
+an untimely end his brilliant medical career.
+
+    "Then Jove, incensed that man should rise
+    From darkness to the upper skies,
+    The leech that wrought such healing hurled
+    With lightning down to Pluto's world."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+AEsculapius' race was not entirely extinct, however, for he left two
+sons--Machaon and Podalirius, who inherited his medical skill--and a
+daughter, Hygeia, who watched over the health of man.
+
+[Sidenote: Admetus and Alcestis.]
+
+Maddened with grief at the unexpected loss of his son, Apollo would
+fain have wreaked his vengeance upon the Cyclopes, the authors of the
+fatal thunderbolt; but ere he could execute his purpose, Jupiter
+interfered, and, to punish him, banished him to earth, where he
+entered the service of Admetus, King of Thessaly. One consolation
+alone now remained to the exiled god,--his music. His dulcet tones
+soon won the admiration of his companions, and even that of the king,
+who listened to his songs with pleasure, and to reward him gave him
+the position of head shepherd.
+
+    "Then King Admetus, one who had
+      Pure taste by right divine,
+    Decreed his singing not too bad
+    To hear between the cups of wine:
+
+    "And so, well pleased with being soothed
+      Into a sweet half sleep
+    Three times his kingly beard he smoothed
+    And made him viceroy o'er his sheep."
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+Time passed. Apollo, touched by his master's kindness, wished to
+bestow some favor in his turn, and asked the gods to grant Admetus
+eternal life. His request was complied with, but only on condition,
+that, when the time came which had previously been appointed for the
+good king's death, some one should be found willing to die in his
+stead. This divine decree was reported to Alcestis, Admetus' beautiful
+young wife, who in a passion of self-sacrifice offered herself as
+substitute, and cheerfully gave her life for her husband. But
+immortality was too dearly bought at such a price; and Admetus mourned
+until Hercules, pitying his grief, descended into Hades, and brought
+her back from the tomb.
+
+                "Did not Hercules by force
+    Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb
+    Alcestis, a reanimated Corse,
+    Given back to dwell on earth in vernal bloom?"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: The walls of Troy.]
+
+Apollo, after endowing Admetus with immortality, left his service, and
+went to assist Neptune, who had also been banished to earth, to build
+the walls of Troy. Scorning to perform any menial tasks, the God of
+Music seated himself near by, and played such inspiring tunes that the
+stones waltzed into place of their own accord.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo slays Python.]
+
+Then, his term of exile being ended, he returned to heaven, and there
+resumed his wonted duties. From his exalted position he often cast
+loving glances down upon men, whose life he had shared for a short
+time, whose every privation he had endured; and, in answer to their
+prayers, he graciously extended his protection over them, and
+delivered them from misfortunes too numerous to mention. Among other
+deeds done for men was the slaying of the monster serpent Python, born
+from the slime and stagnant waters which remained upon the surface of
+the earth after the Deluge. None had dared approach the monster; but
+Apollo fearlessly drew near, and slew him with his golden shafts. The
+victory over the terrible Python won for Apollo the surname of Pytheus
+(the Slayer), by which appellation he was frequently invoked.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO BELVEDERE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+This annihilation of Python is, of course, nothing but an allegory,
+illustrating the sun's power to dry up marshes and stagnant pools,
+thus preventing the lurking fiend malaria from making further inroads.
+
+Apollo has always been a favorite subject for painters and sculptors.
+The most beautiful statue of him is the Apollo Belvedere, which
+represents him at the moment of his conquest of the Python.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Hyacinthus.]
+
+Although successful in war, Apollo was very unfortunate indeed in
+friendship. One day he came down to earth to enjoy the society of a
+youth of mortal birth, named Hyacinthus. To pass the time agreeably,
+the friends began a game of quoits, but had not played long, before
+Zephyrus, god of the south wind, passing by, saw them thus occupied.
+Jealous of Apollo, for he too loved Hyacinthus, Zephyrus blew Apollo's
+quoit aside so violently that it struck his playmate, and felled him
+to the ground. Vainly Apollo strove to check the stream of blood which
+flowed from the ghastly wound. Hyacinthus was already beyond aid, and
+in a few seconds breathed his last in his friend's arms. To keep some
+reminder of the departed, Apollo changed the fallen blood drops into
+clusters of flowers, ever since called, from the youth's name,
+hyacinths; while Zephyrus, perceiving too late the fatal effect of his
+jealousy, hovered inconsolable over the sad spot, and tenderly
+caressed the dainty flowers which had sprung from his friend's
+lifeblood.
+
+                  "Zephyr penitent,
+    Who now, ere Phoebus mounts the firmament,
+    Fondles the flower."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Cyparissus.]
+
+To divert his mind from the mournful fate of Hyacinthus, Apollo sought
+the company of Cyparissus, a clever young hunter; but this friendship
+was also doomed to a sad end, for Cyparissus, having accidentally
+killed Apollo's pet stag, grieved so sorely over this mischance, that
+he pined away, and finally died. Apollo then changed his lifeless clay
+into a cypress tree, which he declared should henceforth be used to
+shade the graves of those who had been greatly beloved through life.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Daphne.]
+
+Some time after this episode, Apollo encountered in the forest a
+beautiful nymph by the name of Daphne, the daughter of the river god
+Peneus. Love at first sight was the immediate consequence on Apollo's
+part, and he longed to speak to the maid and win her affections. He
+first tried to approach her gently, so as not to frighten her; but,
+before he could reach her side, she fled, and he, forgetful of all
+else, pursued her flying footsteps. As he ran, he called aloud to
+Daphne, entreating her to pause were it only for a moment, and
+promising to do her no harm.
+
+    "Abate, fair fugitive, abate thy speed,
+    Dismiss thy fears, and turn thy beauteous head;
+    With kind regard a panting lover view;
+    Less swiftly fly, less swiftly I'll pursue:
+    Pathless, alas! and rugged is the ground,
+    Some stone may hurt thee, or some thorn may wound.
+
+    "You fly, alas! not knowing whom you fly;
+    No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown, am I."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+The terrified girl paid no heed to promises or entreaties, but sped on
+until her strength began to fail, and she perceived, that,
+notwithstanding her utmost efforts, her pursuer was gaining upon her.
+Panting and trembling, she swerved aside, and rushed down to the edge
+of her father's stream, calling out loudly for his protection. No
+sooner had she reached the water's edge, than her feet seemed rooted
+to the ground. A rough bark rapidly inclosed her quivering limbs,
+while her trembling hands were filled with leaves. Her father had
+granted her prayer by changing her into a laurel tree.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO AND DAPHNE.--Bernini. (Villa Borghese, Rome.)]
+
+Apollo, coming up just then with outstretched arms, clasped nothing
+but a rugged tree trunk. At first he could not realize that the fair
+maiden had vanished from his sight forever; but, when the truth
+dawned upon him, he declared that from henceforth the laurel would be
+considered his favorite tree, and that prizes awarded to poets,
+musicians, etc., should consist of a wreath of its glossy foliage.
+
+                "I espouse thee for my tree:
+    Be thou the prize of honor and renown;
+    The deathless poet, and the poem, crown;
+    Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,
+    And, after poets, be by victors worn."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+This story of Apollo and Daphne was an illustration of the effect
+produced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne). The sun is
+captivated by its beauty, and longs to view it more closely; the dew,
+afraid of its ardent lover, flies, and, when its fiery breath touches
+it, vanishes, leaving nothing but verdure in the selfsame spot where
+but a moment before it sparkled in all its purity.
+
+[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]
+
+The ancients had many analogous stories, allegories of the sun and
+dew, amongst others the oft-quoted tale of Cephalus and Procris.
+Cephalus was a hunter, who fell in love with and married one of
+Diana's nymphs, Procris. She brought him as dowry a hunting dog,
+Lelaps, and a javelin warranted never to miss its mark. The newly
+married pair were perfectly happy; but their content was viewed with
+great displeasure by Eos (Aurora), goddess of dawn, who had previously
+tried, but without success, to win Cephalus' affections, and who now
+resolved to put an end to the bliss she envied.
+
+All day long Cephalus hunted in the forest, and, when the evening
+shadows began to fall, joined his loving wife in their cozy dwelling.
+Her marriage gifts proved invaluable, as Lelaps was swift of foot, and
+tireless in the chase. One day, to test his powers, the gods from
+Olympus watched him course a fox, a special creation of theirs; and so
+well were both animals matched in speed and endurance, that the chase
+bade fair to end only with the death of one or both of the
+participants. The gods, in their admiration for the fine run,
+declared the animals deserved to be remembered forever, and changed
+them into statues, which retained all the spirited action of the
+living creatures.
+
+In the warm season, when the sun became oppressive, Cephalus was wont
+to rest during the noon hour in some shady spot, and as he flung
+himself down upon the short grass he often called for a breeze,
+bidding it cool his heated brow.
+
+    "A hunter once in that grove reclin'd,
+      To shun the noon's bright eye,
+    And oft he woo'd the wandering wind,
+      To cool his brow with its sigh.
+    While mute lay ev'n the wild bee's hum,
+      Nor breath could stir the aspen's hair,
+    His song was still, 'Sweet air, oh come!'
+      While Echo answer'd, 'Come, sweet air!'"
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+Eos heard of this habit, and was fully aware that he merely addressed
+the passing wind; nevertheless she sought Procris, and informed her
+that her husband was faithless, and paid court to a fair maid, who
+daily met him at noonday in the forest solitudes. Procris, blinded by
+sudden jealousy, gave credit to the false story, and immediately
+resolved to follow her husband.
+
+The morning had well-nigh passed, and the sun was darting its
+perpendicular rays upon the earth, when Cephalus came to his usual
+resort, near which Procris was concealed.
+
+"Sweet air, oh come!" the hunter cried; and Procris, cut to the heart
+by what she considered an infallible proof of his infidelity, sank
+fainting to the ground. The rustle caused by her swoon attracted
+Cephalus' attention. Under the mistaken impression that some wild
+beast was lurking there, ready to pounce upon him, he cast his
+unerring javelin into the very midst of the thicket, and pierced the
+faithful bosom of his wife. Her dying moan brought him with one bound
+to her side; ere she breathed her last, an explanation was given and
+received; and Procris died with the blissful conviction that her
+husband had not deserved her unjust suspicions, and that his heart
+was all her own.
+
+There are, of course, many other versions of these selfsame myths; but
+one and all are intended to illustrate the same natural phenomena, and
+are subject to the same interpretation.
+
+Apollo's principal duty was to drive the sun chariot. Day after day he
+rode across the azure sky, nor paused on his way till he reached the
+golden boat awaiting him at the end of his long day's journey, to bear
+him in safety back to his eastern palace.
+
+    "Helios all day long his allotted labor pursues;
+      No rest to his passionate heart and his panting horses given,
+    From the moment when roseate-fingered Eos kindles the dews
+      And spurns the salt sea-floors, ascending silvery the heaven,
+    Until from the hand of Eos Hesperos, trembling, receives
+      His fragrant lamp, and faint in the twilight hangs it up."
+
+                              Owen Meredith.
+
+[Sidenote: Clytie.]
+
+A fair young maiden, named Clytie, watched Apollo's daily journey with
+strange persistency; and from the moment when he left his palace in
+the morning until he came to the far western sea in the evening, she
+followed his course with loving eyes, thought of the golden-haired
+god, and longed for his love. But, in spite of all this fervor, she
+never won favor in Apollo's eyes, and languished until the gods, in
+pity, changed her into a sunflower.
+
+Even in this altered guise, Clytie could not forget the object of her
+love; and now, a fit emblem of constancy, she still follows with
+upturned face the glowing orb in its daily journey across the sky.
+
+    "No, the heart that has truly lov'd never forgets,
+      But as truly loves on to the close;
+    As the sunflower turns on her god when he sets
+      The same look which she turn'd when he rose."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Marsyas.]
+
+A young shepherd, lying in the cool grass one summer afternoon, became
+aware of a distant sound of music, so sweet, so thrilling, that he
+fairly held his breath to listen. These weird, delightful tones were
+produced by Minerva, who, seated by the banks of a small stream, was
+trying her skill on the flute. As she bent over the limpid waters, she
+suddenly beheld her puffed cheeks and distorted features, and
+impetuously threw the instrument into the water, vowing never to touch
+it again.
+
+    "Hence, ye banes of beauty, hence!
+    What? shall I my charms disgrace
+    By making such an odious face?"
+
+                               Melanippides.
+
+The sudden break in the entrancing music caused the youth, Marsyas, to
+start from his abstraction and look about him. He then perceived the
+rejected flute sailing gently down the stream past his feet. To seize
+the instrument and convey it to his lips was the work of an instant;
+and no sooner had he breathed into it, than the magic strain was
+renewed. No recollection of his pastoral duties could avail to tear
+Marsyas away from his new-found treasure; and so rapidly did his skill
+increase, that he became insufferably conceited, and boasted he could
+rival Apollo, whom he actually challenged to a musical contest.
+
+Intending to punish him for his presumption, Apollo accepted the
+challenge, and selected the nine Muses--patronesses of poetry and
+music--as umpires. Marsyas was first called upon to exhibit his
+proficiency, and charmed all by his melodious strains.
+
+    "So sweet that alone the south wind knew,
+    By summer hid in green reeds' jointed cells
+    To wait imprisoned for the south wind's spells,
+    From out his reedy flute the player drew,
+    And as the music clearer, louder grew,
+    Wild creatures from their winter nooks and dells,
+    Sweet furry things with eyes like starry wells,
+    Crept wanderingly out; they thought the south wind blew.
+    With instant joyous trust, they flocked around
+    His feet who such a sudden summer made,
+    His eyes, more kind than men's, enthralled and bound
+    Them there."
+
+                                       H. H.
+
+The Muses bestowed much deserved praise, and then bade Apollo surpass
+his rival if he could. No second command was necessary. The god seized
+his golden lyre, and poured forth impassioned strains. Before
+pronouncing their decision, the Muses resolved to give both musicians
+a second hearing, and again both strove; but on this occasion Apollo
+joined the harmonious accents of his godlike voice to the tones of his
+instrument, causing all present, and the very Muses too, to hail him
+as conqueror.
+
+    "And, when now the westering sun
+    Touch'd the hills, the strife was done,
+    And the attentive Muses said:
+    'Marsyas, thou art vanquished!'"
+
+                             Matthew Arnold.
+
+According to a previous arrangement,--that the victor should have the
+privilege of flaying his opponent alive,--Apollo bound Marsyas to a
+tree, and slew him cruelly. As soon as the mountain nymphs heard of
+their favorite's sad death, they began to weep, and shed such torrents
+of tears, that they formed a new river, called Marsyas, in memory of
+the sweet musician.
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo and Pan.]
+
+The mournful termination of this affair should have served as a
+warning to all rash mortals. Such was not the case, however; and
+shortly after, Apollo found himself engaged in another musical contest
+with Pan, King Midas' favorite flute player. Upon this occasion Midas
+himself retained the privilege of awarding the prize, and, blinded by
+partiality, gave it to Pan, in spite of the marked inferiority of his
+playing. Apollo was so incensed by this injustice, that he determined
+to show his opinion of the dishonest judge by causing generous-sized
+ass's ears to grow on either side of his head.
+
+    "The god of wit, to show his grudge,
+    Clapt asses' ears upon the judge;
+    A goodly pair, erect and wide,
+    Which he could neither gild nor hide."
+
+                                      Swift.
+
+Greatly dismayed by these new ornaments, Midas retreated into the
+privacy of his own apartment, and sent in hot haste for a barber, who,
+after having been sworn to secrecy, was admitted, and bidden to
+fashion a huge wig, which would hide the deformity from the eyes of
+the king's subjects. The barber acquitted himself deftly, and, before
+he was allowed to leave the palace, was again charged not to reveal
+the secret, under penalty of immediate death.
+
+But a secret is difficult to keep; and this one, of the king's long
+ears, preyed upon the poor barber's spirits, so that, incapable of
+enduring silence longer, he sallied out into a field, dug a deep hole,
+and shouted down into the bosom of the earth,--
+
+                    "'King Midas wears
+    (These eyes beheld them, these) such ass's ears!'"
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+Unspeakably relieved by this performance, the barber returned home.
+Time passed. Reeds grew over the hole, and, as they bent before the
+wind which rustled through their leaves, they were heard to murmur,
+"Midas, King Midas, has ass's ears!" and all who passed by caught the
+whisper, and noised it abroad, so that the secret became the general
+topic of all conversations.
+
+[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]
+
+As Apollo had frequent opportunities of meeting the Muses, it is not
+to be wondered at that he fell a victim to the charms of the fair
+Calliope, who, in her turn, loved him passionately, and even wrote
+verses in his honor. This being the state of her feelings, she readily
+consented to their union, and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who
+inherited his parents' musical and poetical gifts.
+
+    "Orpheus with his lute made trees,
+    And the mountain-tops, that freeze,
+      Bow themselves when he did sing:
+    To his music plants and flowers
+    Ever sprung; as sun and showers
+      There had made a lasting spring.
+
+    "Everything that heard him play,
+    Even the billows of the sea,
+      Hung their heads, and then lay by."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+This talent waxed greater as the years passed by, and became so
+remarkable, that the youth's fame was very widespread; and when he
+fell in love with Eurydice, he brought all his skill into play to
+serenade her, and wooed her with voice and glance and with tender,
+passionate music. Eurydice was touched by his courtship, and ere long
+requited the love lavished upon her by conferring her hand upon
+Orpheus.
+
+Shortly after their union, while walking alone in the fields, the
+bride encountered a youth named Aristaeus, whose bold admiration proved
+so distasteful, that she fled from him as quickly as possible. In her
+haste she accidentally trod upon a venomous serpent lurking in the
+long grass, which immediately turned upon her, and bit her heel. A
+short period of agonized suffering ensued; then Eurydice died, and her
+spirit was conducted down into the gloomy realms of Pluto, leaving
+Orpheus broken-hearted.
+
+Plaintive, heartrending laments now replaced the joyous wedding
+strains; but even the charms of music failed to make life endurable,
+and Orpheus wandered off to Olympus, where he so piteously implored
+Jupiter to restore his wife to his longing arms, that the great god's
+heart was moved to compassion. He gave him permission, therefore, to
+go down into the Infernal Regions to seek his wife, but warned him at
+the same time that the undertaking was perilous in the extreme.
+
+Nothing daunted, Orpheus hastened to the entrance of Hades, and there
+saw the fierce three-headed dog, named Cerberus, who guarded the
+gate, and would allow no living being to enter, nor any spirit to pass
+out of Hades. As soon as this monster saw Orpheus, he began to growl
+and bark savagely, to frighten him away; but Orpheus merely paused,
+and began to play such melting chords, that Cerberus' rage was
+appeased, and he finally allowed him to pass into Pluto's dark
+kingdom.
+
+The magic sounds penetrated even into the remote depths of Tartarus,
+where the condemned suspended their toil for a moment, and hushed
+their sighs and groans to listen.
+
+      "E'en Tantalus ceased from trying to sip
+    The cup that flies from his arid lip;
+    Ixion, too, the magic could feel,
+    And, for a moment, blocked his wheel;
+    Poor Sisyphus, doomed to tumble and toss
+    The notable stone that gathers no moss,
+    Let go his burden, and turned to hear
+    The charming sounds that ravished his ear."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+No living being had ever before penetrated thus into the Infernal
+Regions, and Orpheus wandered on until he came to the throne of Pluto,
+king of these realms, whereon the stern ruler sat in silence, his wife
+Proserpina beside him, and the relentless Fates at his feet.
+
+Orpheus made known his errand in operatic guise, and succeeded in
+moving the royal pair to tears, whereupon they graciously consented to
+restore Eurydice to life and to her fond husband's care.
+
+              "Hell consented
+        To hear the Poet's prayer:
+      Stern Proserpine relented,
+        And gave him back the fair.
+          Thus song could prevail
+          O'er death, and o'er hell,
+    A conquest how hard and how glorious!
+      Tho' fate had fast bound her
+      With Styx nine times round her,
+    Yet music and love were victorious."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+  [Illustration: ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.--Beyschlag.]
+
+But one condition was imposed before he was allowed to depart; i.e.,
+that he should leave the Infernal Regions without turning once to look
+into his beloved wife's face.
+
+Orpheus accepted the condition joyfully, and wended his way out of
+Hades, looking neither to the right nor to the left, but straight
+before him; and as he walked he wondered whether Eurydice were changed
+by her sojourn in these rayless depths. His longing to feast his eyes
+once more upon her loved features made him forget the condition
+imposed by Pluto, and turn just before he reached the earth; but he
+only beheld the vanishing form of the wife he had so nearly snatched
+from the grave.
+
+All was now over. He had tried and failed. No hope remained. In
+despair, the lonely musician retreated to the forest solitudes, and
+there played his mournful laments,--
+
+    "Such strains as would have won the ear
+    Of Pluto, to have quite set free
+    His half-regained Eurydice."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+But there were none to hear except the trees, winds, and wild beasts
+in the forest, who strove in their dumb way to comfort him as he moved
+restlessly about, seeking a solace for his bursting heart. At times it
+seemed to his half-delirious fancy that he could discern Eurydice
+wandering about in the dim distance, with the selfsame mournful
+expression of which he had caught a mere glimpse as she drifted
+reluctantly back into the dark shadows of Hades.
+
+    "At that elm-vista's end I trace
+    Dimly thy sad leave-taking face,
+    Eurydice! Eurydice!
+    The tremulous leaves repeat to me
+    Eurydice! Eurydice!"
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+At last there dawned a day when some Bacchantes overtook him in the
+forest, and bade him play some gay music, so they might indulge in a
+dance. But poor Orpheus, dazed with grief, could not comply with their
+demands; and the sad notes which alone he now could draw from his
+instrument so enraged the merrymakers, that they tore him limb from
+limb, and cast his mangled remains into the Hebrus River.
+
+As the poet-musician's head floated down the stream, the pallid lips
+still murmured, "Eurydice!" for even in death he could not forget his
+wife; and, as his spirit drifted on to join her, he incessantly called
+upon her name, until the brooks, trees, and fountains he had loved so
+well caught up the longing cry, and repeated it again and again.
+
+Nothing was now left to remind mortals of the sweet singer who had
+thus perished, except his lute, which the gods placed in the heavens
+as a bright constellation, Lyra, also called by Orpheus' name.
+
+Another musician celebrated in mythological annals is Amphion, whose
+skill was reported to be but little inferior to Orpheus'.
+
+    "Tis said he had a tuneful tongue,
+      Such happy intonation,
+    Wherever he sat down and sung
+      He left a small plantation;
+    Wherever in a lonely grove
+      He set up his forlorn pipes,
+    The gouty oak began to move,
+      And flounder into hornpipes."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Amphion.]
+
+This musician, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, had a twin brother
+Zethus, who, however, shared none of his artistic tastes. Hearing that
+their mother Antiope had been repudiated by her second husband, Lycus,
+so that he might marry another wife by the name of Dirce, these youths
+hastened off to Thebes, where they found the state of affairs even
+worse than represented; for poor Antiope was now imprisoned, and
+subject to her rival's daily cruel treatment.
+
+  [Illustration: FARNESE BULL. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+Zethus and Amphion, after besieging and taking the city, put Lycus to
+death, and, binding Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, let him loose to
+drag her over briers and stones until she perished. This punishment
+inflicted upon Dirce is the subject of the famous group once belonging
+to the Farnese family, and now called by their name.
+
+Amphion's musical talent was of great use to him when he subsequently
+became King of Thebes, and wished to fortify his capital by building a
+huge rampart all around it; for the stones moved in rhythmic time,
+and, of their own volition, marched into their places.
+
+[Sidenote: Arion.]
+
+Second to him only, in musical fame, was Arion, the musician who won
+untold wealth by his talent. On one occasion, having gone to Sicily to
+take part in a musical contest which had attracted thither the most
+famous musicians from all points of the compass, he resolved to return
+home by sea.
+
+Unfortunately for him, the vessel upon which he had embarked was
+manned by an avaricious, piratical crew, who, having heard of his
+treasures, resolved to murder him to obtain possession of them. He was
+allowed but scant time to prepare for death; but, just as they were
+about to toss him overboard, he craved permission to play for the last
+time. The pirates consented. His clear notes floated over the sea, and
+allured a school of dolphins, which came and played about the ship.
+The pirates, terrified by the power of his music, and in dread lest
+their hearts should be moved, quickly laid hands upon him, and hurled
+him into the water, where he fell upon the broad back of a dolphin,
+who bore him in safety to the nearest shore.
+
+      "Then was there heard a most celestiall sound
+    Of dainty musicke, which did next ensew
+    Before the spouse: that was Arion crownd;
+    Who, playing on his harpe, unto him drew
+    The eares and hearts of all that goodly crew,
+    That even yet the Dolphin, which him bore
+    Through the Agean seas from Pirates vew,
+    Stood still by him astonisht at his lore,
+    And all the raging seas for joy forgot to rore."
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+To commemorate this miracle, the gods placed Arion's harp, together
+with the dolphin, in the heavens, where they form a constellation.
+
+In the sunny plains of Greece there once dwelt Clymene, a fair nymph.
+She was not alone, however, for her golden-haired little son Phaeton
+was there to gladden her heart with all his childish graces.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Phaeton.]
+
+Early in the morning, when the sun's bright orb first appeared above
+the horizon, Clymene would point it out to her boy, and tell him that
+his father, Apollo, was setting out for his daily drive. Clymene so
+often entertained her child with stories of his father's beauty and
+power, that at last Phaeton became conceited, and acquired a habit of
+boasting rather loudly of his divine parentage. His playmates, after a
+time, wearied of his arrogance, and, to avoid the constant repetition
+of his vain speeches, bade him show some proof of his divine origin,
+or keep his peace.
+
+Stung to the quick by some insolent taunts which they added, Phaeton
+hastened to his mother, and begged her to direct him to his father,
+that he might obtain the desired proof. Clymene immediately gave him
+all necessary information, and bade him make haste if he would reach
+his father's palace in the far east before the sun chariot passed out
+of its portals to accomplish its daily round. Directly eastward
+Phaeton journeyed, nor paused to rest until he came in view of the
+golden and jeweled pinnacles and turrets of his father's abode.
+
+    "The sun's bright palace, on high columns rais'd
+    With burnish'd gold and flaming jewels blaz'd,
+    The folding gates diffus'd a silver light,
+    And with a milder gleam refresh'd the sight."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+Quite undazzled by this splendor, the youth still pressed on,
+straining his eyes to catch the first glimpse of the godly father,
+whose stately bearing and radiant air his mother had so
+enthusiastically described.
+
+Apollo, from his golden throne, had watched the boy's approach, and,
+as he drew nearer, recognized him as his own offspring. Timidly now
+Phaeton advanced to the steps of his father's throne, and humbly
+waited for permission to make his errand known. Apollo addressed him
+graciously, called him his son, and bade him speak without fear. In a
+few minutes the youth impetuously poured out the whole story, and
+watched with pleasure the frown which gathered on Apollo's brow when
+he repeated his companions' taunts. As soon as he had finished his
+tale, Apollo exclaimed that he would grant him any proof he wished,
+and confirmed these words by a solemn oath.
+
+    "'By the terrible Styx!' said the angry sire,
+    While his eyes flashed volumes of fury and fire,
+    'To prove your reviler an infamous liar,
+    I swear I will grant you whate'er you desire!'"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+This oath was the most solemn any god could utter, and in case of
+perjury he was obliged to drink the waters of this river, which would
+lull him into senseless stupidity for one whole year. During nine
+years following he was deprived of his office, banished from Olympus,
+and not allowed to taste of the life-giving nectar and ambrosia.
+
+With a flash of triumph in his dark eyes, Phaeton, hearing this oath,
+begged permission to drive the sun chariot that very day, stating that
+all the world would be sure to notice his exalted position, and that
+none would ever dare doubt his veracity after such a signal mark of
+Apollo's favor.
+
+When the god heard this presumptuous request, he started back in
+dismay, for he alone could control the four fiery steeds which drew
+the golden-wheeled sun car. Patiently he then explained to Phaeton
+the great danger of such an undertaking, earnestly begging him to
+select some other, less fatal boon.
+
+    "Choose out a gift from seas, or earth, or skies,
+    For open to your wish all nature lies;
+    Only decline this one unequal task,
+    For 'tis a mischief, not a gift, you ask."
+
+                                    Addison.
+
+But Phaeton, who, like many another conceited youth, fancied he knew
+better than his sire, would not give heed to the kindly warning, and
+persisted in his request, until Apollo, who had sworn the irrevocable
+oath, was obliged to fulfill his promise.
+
+The hour had already come when the Sun usually began his daily
+journey. The pawing, champing steeds were ready; rosy-fingered Aurora
+only awaited her master's signal to fling wide the gates of morn; and
+the Hours were ready to escort him as usual.
+
+Apollo, yielding to pressure, quickly anointed his son with a cooling
+essence to preserve him from the burning sunbeams, gave him the
+necessary directions for his journey, and repeatedly and anxiously
+cautioned him to watch his steeds with the utmost care, and to use the
+whip but sparingly, as they were inclined to be very restive.
+
+The youth, who had listened impatiently to cautions and directions,
+then sprang into the seat, gathered up the reins, signaled to Aurora
+to fling the gates wide, and dashed out of the eastern palace with a
+flourish.
+
+For an hour or two Phaeton bore in mind his father's principal
+injunctions, and all went well; but later, elated by his exalted
+position, he became very reckless, drove faster and faster, and soon
+lost his way. In finding it again he drove so close to the earth, that
+all the plants shriveled up, the fountains and rivers were dried in
+their mossy beds, the smoke began to rise from the parched and
+blackened earth, and even the people of the land over which he was
+passing were burned black,--a hue retained by their descendants to
+this day.
+
+  [Illustration: AURORA.--Guido Reni. (Rospigliosi Palace, Rome.)]
+
+Terrified at what he had done, Phaeton whipped up his steeds, and
+drove so far away, that all the vegetation which had survived the
+intense heat came to an untimely end on account of the sudden cold.
+
+The cries of mortals rose in chorus, and their clamors became so loud
+and importunate, that they roused Jupiter from a profound sleep, and
+caused him to look around to discover their origin. One glance of his
+all-seeing eye sufficed to reveal the damaged earth and the youthful
+charioteer. How had a beardless youth dared to mount the sun chariot?
+Jupiter could scarcely credit what he saw. In his anger he vowed he
+would make the rash mortal expiate his presumption by immediate death.
+He therefore selected the deadliest thunderbolt in his arsenal, aimed
+it with special care, and hurled it at Phaeton, whose burned and
+blackened corpse fell from his lofty seat down into the limpid waves
+of the Eridanus River.
+
+          "And Phaethon, caught in mid career,
+    And hurled from the Sun to utter sunlessness,
+    Like a flame-bearded comet, with ghastliest hiss,
+    Fell headlong in the amazed Eridanus,
+    Monarch of streams, who on the Italian fields
+    Let loose, and far beyond his flowery lips
+    Foam-white, ran ruinous to the Adrian deep."
+
+                                    Worsley.
+
+[Sidenote: The Heliades.]
+
+The tidings of his death soon reached poor Clymene, who mourned her
+only son, and refused to be comforted; while the Heliades, Phaeton's
+sisters, three in number,--Phaetusa, Lampetia, and AEgle,--spent their
+days by the riverside, shedding tears, wringing their white hands, and
+bewailing their loss, until the gods, in pity, transformed them into
+poplar trees, and their tears into amber, which substance was supposed
+by the ancients to flow from the poplar trees like teardrops.
+Phaeton's intimate friend, Cycnus, piously collected his charred
+remains, and gave them an honorable burial. In his grief he
+continually haunted the scene of his friend's death, and repeatedly
+plunged into the river, in the hope of finding some more scattered
+fragments, until the gods changed him into a swan; which bird is ever
+sailing mournfully about, and frequently plunging, his head into the
+water to continue his sad search.
+
+Apollo, as the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses,--daughters of
+Jupiter and Mnemosyne, goddess of memory,--was surnamed Musagetes.
+
+      "Whom all the Muses loved, not one alone;
+    Into his hands they put the lyre of gold,
+      And, crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,
+      Placed him as Musagetes on their throne."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+Although the Muses united at times in one grand song, they had each
+separate duties assigned them.
+
+[Sidenote: The nine Muses.]
+
+Clio, the Muse of history, recorded all great deeds and heroic
+actions, with the names of their authors, and was therefore generally
+represented with a laurel wreath and a book and stylus, to indicate
+her readiness to note all that happened to mortal men or immortal
+gods.
+
+Euterpe, the graceful "Mistress of Song," was represented with a
+flute, and garlands of fragrant flowers.
+
+Thalia, Muse of pastoral poetry, held a shepherd's crook and mask, and
+wore a crown of wild flowers.
+
+                "Mild pastoral Muse!
+    That, to the sparkling crown Urania wears,
+    And to her sister Clio's laurel wreath,
+    Preferr'st a garland culled from purple heath!"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+Her graver sister, Melpomene, who presided over tragedy, wore a crown
+of gold, and wielded a dagger and a scepter; while Terpsichore, the
+light-footed Muse of dancing, was represented treading an airy
+measure.
+
+  [Illustration: APOLLO AND THE MUSES.--Mengs.]
+
+Erato, who preferred lyric poetry to all other styles of composition,
+was pictured with a lyre; and Polyhymnia, Muse of rhetoric, held a
+scepter to show that eloquence rules with resistless sway.
+
+Calliope, Muse of heroic poetry, also wore a laurel crown; and Urania,
+Muse of astronomy, held mathematical instruments, indicative of her
+love of the exact sciences.
+
+This glorious sisterhood was wont to assemble on Mount Parnassus or on
+Mount Helicon, to hold their learned debates on poetry, science, and
+music.
+
+Apollo's favorite attendant was Eos (Aurora), the fair goddess of
+dawn, whose rose-tipped fingers opened wide the eastern gates of
+pearl, and who then flashed across the sky to announce her master's
+coming.
+
+      "Hail, gentle Dawn! mild blushing goddess, hail!
+    Rejoiced I see thy purple mantle spread
+    O'er half the skies; gems pave thy radiant way,
+    And orient pearls from every shrub depend."
+
+                                 Somerville.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Aurora and Tithonus.]
+
+This dainty goddess loved and married Tithonus, Prince of Troy, and
+won from the gods the boon of everlasting life to confer upon him.
+Alas! however, she forgot to ask at the same time for continued youth;
+and her husband grew older and older, and finally became so decrepit,
+that he was a burden to her. Knowing he would never die, and wishing
+to rid herself of his burdensome presence, she changed him into a
+grasshopper.
+
+At this time the goddess fell in love with Cephalus, the young hunter,
+and frequently visited him on Mount Hymettus.
+
+    "'Come,' Phoebus cries, 'Aurora, come--too late
+    Thou linger'st slumbering with thy wither'd mate!
+    Leave him, and to Hymettus' top repair!
+    Thy darling Cephalus expects thee there!'
+    The goddess, with a blush, her love betrays,
+    But mounts, and, driving rapidly, obeys."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Apollo.]
+
+The principal temples dedicated to the worship of Apollo were at
+Delos, his birthplace, and at Delphi, where a priestess called Pythia
+gave out mysterious oracles purporting to have come from the god. The
+ancients everywhere could not fail to recognize the sun's kindly
+influence and beneficent power, and were therefore ever ready to
+worship Apollo.
+
+    "I marvel not, O sun! that unto thee
+    In adoration man should bow the knee,
+      And pour his prayers of mingled awe and love;
+    For like a God thou art, and on thy way
+    Of glory sheddest with benignant ray,
+      Beauty, and life, and joyance from above."
+
+                                    Southey.
+
+The most renowned among the numerous festivals held in honor of Apollo
+were, without exception, the Pythian Games, celebrated at Delphi every
+three years.
+
+A manly, beardless youth of great beauty, Apollo is generally crowned
+with laurels, and bears either a bow or a lyre.
+
+          "The Lord of the unerring bow,
+    The God of life, and poesy, and light--
+    The Sun in human limbs array'd, and brow
+    All radiant from his triumph in the fight;
+    The shaft hath just been shot--the arrow bright
+    With an immortal's vengeance; in his eye
+    And nostril beautiful disdain, and might
+    And majesty, flash their full lightnings by,
+    Developing in that one glance the Deity."
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+One of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the famous Colossus of
+Rhodes, was a statue of Apollo, his head encircled with a halo of
+bright sunbeams, and his legs spread wide apart to allow vessels, with
+all their sails spread, to pass in and out of the harbor, whose
+entrance he guarded for many a year.
+
+  [Illustration: DIANA OF VERSAILLES. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+DIANA.
+
+
+Diana (Cynthia, Phoebe, Selene, Artemis), the fair twin sister of
+Apollo, was not only goddess of the moon, but also of the chase.
+
+    "'Goddess serene, transcending every star!
+    Queen of the sky, whose beams are seen afar!
+    By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,
+    When, as chaste Dian, here thou deign'st to rove.'"
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+In works of art this goddess is generally represented as a beautiful
+maiden, clad in a short hunting dress, armed with a bow, a quiver full
+of arrows at her side, and a crescent on her well-poised head.
+
+Proud of her two children, Apollo and Diana, Latona boasted far and
+wide that such as hers had never been, for they excelled all others in
+beauty, intelligence, and power.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Niobe.]
+
+The daughter of Tantalus, Niobe, heard this boast, and laughed in
+scorn; for she was the mother of fourteen children,--seven manly sons
+and seven beautiful daughters. In her pride she called aloud to
+Latona, and taunted her because her offspring numbered but two.
+
+Shortly after, Niobe even went so far as to forbid her people to
+worship Apollo and Diana, and gave orders that all the statues
+representing them in her kingdom should be torn down from their
+pedestals, and destroyed. Enraged at this insult, Latona called her
+children to her side, and bade them go forth and slay all her luckless
+rival's offspring.
+
+Provided with well-stocked quivers, the twins set out to do her
+bidding; and Apollo, meeting the seven lads out hunting, cut their
+existence short with his unfailing arrows.
+
+          "Phoebus slew the sons
+    With arrows from his silver bow, incensed
+    At Niobe."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With all proverbial speed the tidings reached Niobe, whose heart
+failed when she heard that her seven sons, her pride and delight, had
+fallen under Apollo's shafts, and that they now lay cold and stiff in
+the forest, where they had eagerly hastened a few hours before, to
+follow the deer to its cover.
+
+As she mourned their untimely death, she thought her cup of sorrow was
+full; but long ere her first passion of grief was over, Diana began to
+slay her daughters.
+
+    "But what is this? What means this oozing flood?
+    Her daughters, too, are weltering in their blood:
+    One clasps her mother's knees, one clings around
+    Her neck, and one lies prostrate on the ground;
+    One seeks her breast; one eyes the coming woe
+    And shudders; one in terror crouches low."
+
+                                   Meleager.
+
+In vain the poor girls sought to escape the flying arrows. In vain
+Niobe sought to protect them, and called upon all the gods of Olympus.
+Her daughters fell one by one, never to rise again. The last clung
+convulsively to her mother's breast; but, even in that fond mother's
+passionate embrace, death found and claimed her. Then the gods,
+touched by the sight of woe so intense, changed Niobe into stone, just
+as she stood, with upturned face, streaming eyes, and quivering lips.
+
+This statue was placed on Mount Sipylus, close to a stream of running
+water; and it was said that tears continually flowed down the marble
+cheeks, for, though changed, Niobe still felt, and wept for her great
+loss.
+
+  [Illustration: NIOBE. (Uffizi Palace, Florence.)]
+
+This story is an allegory, in which Niobe, the mother, represents
+winter, hard, cold, and proud; until Apollo's deadly arrows, the
+sunbeams, slay her children, the winter months. Her tears are emblems
+of the natural thaw which comes in spring, when winter's pride has
+melted.
+
+[Sidenote: Diana's avocations.]
+
+As soon as the young Goddess of the Moon had been introduced in
+Olympus, all the gods expressed a wish to marry her; but she refused
+to listen to their entreaties, begged her father's permission to
+remain single all her life, and pleaded her cause so ably, that
+Jupiter was forced to grant her request.
+
+Every evening, as soon as the Sun had finished his course, Diana
+mounted her moon car, and drove her milk-white steeds across the
+heavens, watched over and loved by the countless stars, which shone
+their brightest to cheer her on her way; and as she drove she often
+bent down to view the sleeping earth, so shadowy and dreamlike, and to
+breathe the intoxicating perfume of the distant flowers. It always
+seemed to her then as if Nature, so beautiful during the day, borrowed
+additional charms from the witching hours of the night.
+
+    "'Twas now the time when Phoebus yields to night,
+    And rising Cynthia sheds her silver light,
+    Wide o'er the world in solemn pomp she drew
+    Her airy chariot hung with pearly dew."
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Endymion.]
+
+One evening, as she was driving noiselessly along, she suddenly
+checked her steeds; for there on the hillside she saw a handsome young
+shepherd, fast asleep, his upturned face illumined by the moon's soft
+light. Diana wonderingly gazed upon his beauty, and before long felt
+her heart beat with more than admiration. Gliding gently from her
+chariot, she floated to his side, bent slowly, and dropped an airy
+kiss upon his slightly parted lips.
+
+The youth Endymion, only partially awakened by this demonstration,
+half raised his fringed lids, and for a moment his sleep-dimmed eyes
+rested wonderingly upon the beautiful vision. That one glance,
+although it drove Diana away in great haste, kindled in his heart an
+inextinguishable passion. He rose with a start, and rubbed his sleepy
+eyes; but when he saw the moon, which he fancied close beside him,
+sailing away across the deep-blue sky, he felt sure the whole
+occurrence had been but a dream, but so sweet a dream that he cast
+himself down upon the sward, hoping to woo it to visit him once more.
+
+It did not come again that night, however; but the next night, as he
+lay on the selfsame spot, it recurred in all its sweetness; and night
+after night it was repeated when the pale moonbeams fell athwart his
+sleeping face.
+
+      "Then, as the full orb poised upon the peak,
+    There came a lovely vision of a maid,
+    Who seemed to step as from a golden car
+    Out of the low-hung moon."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Diana, fully as enamored as he, could not bear to pass him by without
+a caress, and invariably left her car for a moment, as it touched the
+mountain peak, to run to him and snatch a hasty kiss.
+
+    "Chaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,
+    The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,
+    Sped through the silent space from star to star,
+    And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping."
+
+                                    Boyesen.
+
+But, even when asleep, Endymion watched for her coming, and enjoyed
+the bliss of her presence; yet a spell seemed to prevent his giving
+any sign of consciousness.
+
+Time passed thus. Diana, who could not bear to think of the youth's
+beauty being marred by want, toil, and exposure, finally caused an
+eternal sleep to fall upon him, and bore him off to Mount Latmus,
+where she concealed him in a cave held sacred to her, and never
+profaned by human gaze. There each night the goddess paused to gaze
+enraptured upon his beloved countenance, and to press a soft kiss upon
+his unconscious lips. Such is the tale of Diana and her lowly
+sweetheart, which has inspired poets of all ages.
+
+    "Queen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen
+    Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen!
+    As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,
+    So every tale, does this sweet tale of thine."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Orion.]
+
+Endymion was not, however, the only mortal loved by Diana, for
+mythologists report that her affections were also bestowed upon a
+young hunter by the name of Orion. All day long this youth scoured the
+forest, his faithful dog Sirius at his heels.
+
+One day, in the dense shade of the forest, he met a group of Diana's
+nymphs, the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. These fair maidens
+needed but to be seen to be passionately loved, and Orion's heart
+burned as he sought to approach them; but they were very coy, and, as
+he drew near and addressed them, turned and fled.
+
+Afraid lest he should never see them again were he now to lose sight
+of them, he pursued them hotly; but the nymphs sped on, until, their
+strength failing, they called upon their patroness's aid. Their prayer
+was no sooner heard than answered, and Orion, panting and weary, came
+up just in time to see seven snow-white pigeons wing their way up into
+the azure sky.
+
+There a second transformation overtook the Pleiades, who were changed
+into a constellation, composed of seven bright stars, and there they
+shone undimmed for ages; but when Troy fell into the enemy's hands,
+all grew pale with grief, and one, more timid and impressionable than
+the rest, withdrew from sight to hide her anguish from the curious
+eyes of men.
+
+    "And is there glory from the heavens departed?--
+        O void unmark'd!--thy sisters of the sky
+            Still hold their place on high,
+    Though from its rank thine orb so long hath started
+        Thou, that no more art seen of mortal eye!"
+
+                                     Hemans.
+
+Orion, like a fickle youth, was soon consoled for their disappearance,
+and loved Merope, daughter of Oenopion, King of Chios, who consented
+to their union on condition that his future son-in-law should win his
+bride by some heroic deed. Now, as Orion was anything but a patient
+man, the delay was very unwelcome indeed, and he made up his mind to
+abduct his bride instead of marrying her openly; but the plan was
+frustrated by Oenopion's watchfulness, and Orion was punished by the
+loss not only of his bride, but also of his eyesight.
+
+Blind, helpless, and alone, he now wandered from place to place,
+hoping to find some one capable of restoring his sight. At last he
+reached the Cyclopes' cave, and one of them took pity on him, and led
+him to the Sun, from whose radiance he borrowed a store of light,--
+
+    "When, blinded by Oenopion,
+    He sought the blacksmith at his forge,
+    And, climbing up the mountain gorge,
+    Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+Happy once more, he resumed his favorite sport, and hunted from morn
+till eve. Diana met him in the forest, and, sharing his tastes, soon
+learned to love him; but this affection was viewed with great
+displeasure by Apollo, from whose piercing glance nothing that
+occurred by day could be hidden, and he resolved to put an end to his
+sister's infatuation. He therefore summoned her to his side. To divert
+her suspicions, he began to talk of archery, and, under the pretext of
+testing her skill as a markswoman, bade her shoot at a dark speck
+rising and falling far out at sea.
+
+Diana seized her bow, feathered her arrow, and sent it with such force
+and accurate aim, that she touched the point, and saw it vanish
+beneath the waves, little suspecting that the dark head of Orion, who
+was refreshing himself by a sea bath, was given her as a target. When
+she discovered her error, she mourned his loss with many tears, vowed
+never to forget him, and placed him and his faithful dog Sirius as
+constellations in the sky.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Actaeon.]
+
+When Diana had finished her nightly journey in her moon car, she
+seized her bow and arrows, and, attended by her nymphs, was wont to
+sally forth to hunt the wild beasts in the forest.
+
+One summer afternoon, after an unusually long and exciting pursuit,
+Diana and her followers came to one of the still mountain pools where
+they had often resorted to enjoy a plunge. The cool waters rippled so
+invitingly, that the goddess and her attendants hastened to divest
+themselves of their short hunting garments, and lave their heated
+limbs.
+
+But unfortunately the goddess and her attendant nymphs had not been
+the only ones out hunting that day. Actaeon, the huntsman, had risen at
+dawn to stalk the deer; and now, weary and parched with thirst, he too
+sought the well-known mountain spring,
+
+    "Deep in the cool recesses of the wood,
+    Where the cold crystal of a mossy pool
+    Rose to the flowery marge, and gave again
+    The soft green lawn where ofttimes, overspent,
+    I lay upon the grass and eager bathed
+    My limbs in the clear lymph."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+As he drew near the accustomed spot, Actaeon fancied he heard bursts of
+silvery laughter: so he crept on very cautiously, and soon, gently
+parting the thick branches of the underbrush, beheld the sporting
+group.
+
+At the selfsame moment Diana turned to ascertain the cause of the
+rustle which had caught her practiced ear, and met the admiring gaze
+of the astonished young hunter. Speechless with indignation that a
+mortal had beheld her thus, she caught some water in her hollow palm,
+flung it in his face, and bade him go and declare, if he could, that
+he had seen Diana disrobed.
+
+The glittering drops had no sooner touched the young man's face, than
+he turned to obey her command, and found himself transformed into a
+stag, with slender, sinewy limbs, furry skin, and wide-branching
+antlers. Nothing remained of his former self except the woeful
+consciousness of his transformation; and as he stood there, motionless
+and dismayed, the distant baying of his hounds coming to join him fell
+upon his ear.
+
+An electric thrill of fear shot through every vein, as, mindful of his
+new form, he bounded away through the forest. Alas! too late; for the
+pack had caught one glimpse of his sleek sides, and were after him in
+full cry.
+
+In vain poor Actaeon strained every muscle. His limbs refused their
+support, and, as he sank exhausted to the ground, the hounds sprang at
+his quivering throat.
+
+    "Nearer they came and nearer, baying loud,
+    With bloodshot eyes and red jaws dripping foam;
+    And when I strove to check their savagery,
+    Speaking with words, no voice articulate came,
+    Only a dumb, low bleat. Then all the throng
+    Leapt swift on me, and tore me as I lay!"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Diana was widely worshiped, and temples without number were dedicated
+to her service; among others, the world-renowned sanctuary of Ephesus.
+The ancients also celebrated many festivals in honor of this fair
+goddess of the moon, who was ever ready to extend her protection over
+all deserving mortals.
+
+  [Illustration: VENUS DE MILO. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+VENUS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Venus' birth.]
+
+Venus (Dione, Aphrodite, Cytherea), the goddess of beauty, love,
+laughter, and marriage, is said by some mythologists to be the
+daughter of Jupiter and Dione, goddess of moisture: others report that
+she sprang from the foam of the sea.
+
+                          "Look, look, why shine
+    Those floating bubbles with such light divine?
+    They break, and from their mist a lily form
+    Rises from out the wave, in beauty warm.
+    The wave is by the blue-veined feet scarce press'd,
+    Her silky ringlets float about her breast,
+    Veiling its fairy loveliness; while her eye
+    Is soft and deep as the blue heaven is high.
+    The Beautiful is born; and sea and earth
+    May well revere the hour of that mysterious birth."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+The ocean nymphs were the first to discover her, cradled on a great
+blue wave; and they carried her down into their coral caves, where
+they tenderly nursed her, and taught her with the utmost care. Then,
+her education being completed, the sea nymphs judged it time to
+introduce her to the other gods, and, with that purpose in view,
+carried her up to the surface of the sea,--where Tritons, Oceanides,
+and Nereides all crowded around her, loudly expressing their ardent
+admiration,--and offered her pearls and choice bits of coral from the
+deep, as a tribute to her charms.
+
+  [Illustration: FOURTH HOUR OF THE NIGHT.--Raphael.]
+
+Then they pillowed her softly on a great wave, and intrusted her to
+the care of Zephyrus, the soft south wind, who blew a gentle breath,
+and wafted her to the Island of Cyprus.
+
+The four beautiful Horae (the Seasons), daughters of Jupiter and
+Themis, goddess of justice, stood there on the shore to welcome her.
+
+                  "An ethereal band
+    Are visible above: the Seasons four,--
+    Green-kirtled Spring, flush Summer, golden store
+    In Autumn's sickle, Winter frosty hoar."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+And they were not alone to watch for her coming, for the three
+Charites (Graces, or Gratiae) were also present.
+
+    "'These three on men all gracious gifts bestow,
+    Which decke the body or adorne the mynde,
+    To make them lovely or well-favoured show;
+    As comely carriage, entertainement kynde,
+    Sweete semblaunt, friendly offices that bynde,
+    And all the complements of curtesie:
+    They teach us how to each degree and kynde
+    We should our selves demeane, to low, to hie,
+    To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility.'"
+
+                                    Spenser.
+
+Daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, these maidens, who bore the
+respective names of Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, longed to show
+their love for their new mistress. When the wave upon which she
+reclined came nearer still, the "rosy-bosomed Hours, fair Venus'
+train," appeared. The wind finally brought the fair goddess in safety
+to the shore; and, as soon as her foot touched the white sand, all
+bent in homage to her surpassing beauty, and reverentially watched her
+dry her hair.
+
+    "Idalian Aphrodite beautiful,
+    Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells,
+    With rosy slender fingers backward drew
+    From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair
+    Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat
+    And shoulder: from the violets her light foot
+    Shone rosy-white, and o'er her rounded form
+    Between the shadows of the vine bunches
+    Floated the glowing sunlights, as she moved."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+This hasty and somewhat primitive toilet completed, Venus and her
+followers set out for Mount Olympus, and on their way thither were
+joined by Himerus, god of the desire of love; Pothos, god of the
+amities of love; Suadela, god of the soft speech of love; and Hymen,
+god of marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Vulcan.]
+
+A throne had been prepared for the expected goddess, and, when she
+suddenly appeared to take possession of it, the assembled gods could
+not restrain a rapturous murmur of admiration. Her beauty took them by
+storm, and her grace won their hearts; but, although they one and all
+expressed a desire to marry her, Venus scornfully rejected their
+proposals. Even the king of gods was slighted, and, to punish her for
+her pride, he decreed she should marry Vulcan, god of the forge, the
+most ill-favored of all the heavenly council.
+
+This compulsory union was anything but a happy one; for Venus never
+showed any affection for her deformed consort, and, instead of being a
+faithful wife, soon deserted him, and openly declared she would please
+herself.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Alectryon.]
+
+Her first fancy was for Mars, the handsome god of war, who was not
+slow in reciprocating the fair goddess's affections, and many and
+sweet were the secret interviews they enjoyed. Yet, fearful lest some
+of the gods passing by should discover them together, Mars always
+placed his attendant Alectryon on guard, bidding him give due warning
+of any one's approach, and especially to call him before the sun rose,
+as the lovers were particularly anxious that Apollo should not witness
+their parting caresses.
+
+All prospered according to their desires, until one night the
+unfortunate Alectryon fell asleep; and so profound were his slumbers,
+that he did not even stir when Aurora flung open the gates of the
+east, and Apollo flashed forth to receive the melodious greetings of
+the feathered denizens of the forest.
+
+The sun god drove rapidly on, glancing right and left, and taking note
+of all he saw. Nothing escaped his bright and piercing eye, as it
+flashed its beams hither and thither, and he was soon aware of the
+sleeping watchman and of the guilty lovers. As fast as his
+fleet-footed steeds could carry him, Apollo hastened to Vulcan, to
+whom he vividly described the sight which had greeted his eyes.
+
+The irate husband lost no time, but, seizing a net of linked steel,
+went in search of his runaway wife. Stealthily he approached the
+lovers' bower, and deftly flung the net over both sleepers, who were
+caught in its fine meshes, and could not escape; and there he kept
+them imprisoned, in spite of their entreaties, until all the gods had
+seen their humiliating plight, and turned them into ridicule. But when
+he at last set them free, Mars darted away, vowing vengeance upon the
+negligent sentinel, who was still blissfully sleeping. Pouncing upon
+him, Mars awakened him roughly, administered a sharp reproof, changed
+him into a cock, banished him into the barnyard, and condemned him to
+give daily warning of the sun's approach.
+
+    "And, from out a neighboring farmyard,
+      Loud the cock Alectryon crowed."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus' children.]
+
+Several beautiful children were born to Mars and Venus. Hermione, or
+Harmonia, their daughter, married Cadmus, King of Thebes; and Cupid
+(Cupido, Eros, Amor), their little son, was appointed god of love.
+Although nursed with tender solicitude, this second-born child did not
+grow as other children do, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child,
+with gauzy wings and roguish, dimpled face. Alarmed for his health,
+Venus consulted Themis, who oracularly replied, "Love cannot grow
+without Passion."
+
+In vain the goddess strove to catch the concealed meaning of this
+answer. It was only revealed to her when Anteros, god of passion, was
+born. When with his brother, Cupid grew and flourished, until he
+became a handsome, slender youth; but when separated from him, he
+invariably resumed his childish form and mischievous habits.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Adonis.]
+
+Venus, however, did not lavish all her love upon Mars, for she is said
+to have felt a tender passion for a young man named Adonis, a bold
+young hunter, whose rash pursuit of dangerous game caused Venus many
+anxious alarms. In vain she besought him to forego the pleasures of
+the chase and remain with her. He laughingly escaped, and continued to
+join the other hunters in his favorite sport. But, alas! one day,
+after an exciting pursuit, he boldly attacked a wild boar, which,
+goaded to madness, turned upon him, buried his strong tusk in the
+youth's unprotected side, and trampled him to death.
+
+    "The white tusk of a boar has transpierced his white thigh.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+        "The youth lieth dead while his dogs howl around,
+    And the nymphs weep aloud from the mists of the hill."
+
+                 Bion (Mrs. Browning's tr.).
+
+Venus ran straight to the scene of his tragic death, rushing through
+underbrush and briers, tearing her delicate skin, and her blood
+tingeing all the white roses along her way to a faint pink. When she
+arrived, she found her beloved Adonis cold in death, and her
+passionate caresses met with no response. Then she burst into such a
+passion of tears, that the wood and water nymphs, the gods, men, and
+all nature in fact, joined with her to mourn the beloved youth.
+
+          "Her loss the Loves deplore:
+    Woe, Venus, woe! Adonis is no more."
+
+                         Bion (Elton's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: SLEEPING LOVE.--Perrault.]
+
+Very reluctantly Mercury at last appeared to lead the soul of the
+departed down into the Infernal Regions, where it was welcomed by
+Proserpina, queen of the realm, and led to the place where pure and
+virtuous mortals enjoyed an eternity of bliss. Venus, still
+inconsolable, shed countless tears, which, as they dropped upon the
+ground, were changed to anemones, while the red drops which had fallen
+from Adonis' side were transformed into red roses.
+
+    "As many drops as from Adonis bled,
+    So many tears the sorrowing Venus shed:
+    For every drop on earth a flower there grows:
+    Anemones for tears; for blood the rose."
+
+                         Bion (Elton's tr.).
+
+As time did not soften Venus' grief, but, on the contrary, made it
+more and more unendurable, she went to Olympus, where she fell at
+Jupiter's feet, imploring him to release Adonis from death's embrace,
+or allow her to share his lot in Hades.
+
+To allow Beauty to desert the earth was not possible, nor could he
+resist her pleading: so he finally decreed that Adonis should be
+restored to her longing arms. But Pluto, whose subject he had now
+become, refused to yield up Adonis; and after much dispute a
+compromise was agreed upon, by virtue of which Adonis was allowed to
+spend one half of the year on earth, providing he spent the remaining
+six months in the Elysian Fields.
+
+In early spring, therefore, Adonis left the Lower World, and came with
+bounding tread to join his beloved. On his path the flowers bloomed
+and the birds sang, to show their joy at his coming. An emblem of
+vegetation, which rises from the ground in early spring to deck the
+earth with beautiful foliage and flowers, and cause the birds to sing
+for gladness, Adonis reluctantly returned to Hades, when Winter, the
+cruel boar, slew him again with his white tusk, and made nature again
+droop, and mourn his departure.
+
+          "But even in death, so strong is Love,
+    I could not wholly die; and year by year,
+    When the bright springtime comes, and the earth lives,
+    Love opens these dread gates, and calls me forth
+    Across the gulf."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus and Anchises.]
+
+The Goddess of Beauty also loved Anchises, Prince of Troy, but,
+ashamed of lavishing favors upon a mere mortal, extorted from him a
+promise that he would never reveal their secret marriage.
+Unfortunately, however, Anchises was of a boastful disposition, and
+ere long yielded to temptation and revealed the secret, incurring her
+wrath to such an extent, that some mythologists accuse her of
+borrowing one of Jupiter's thunderbolts and slaying him. Others,
+however, report that Anchises lived to a ripe old age, and escaped
+from burning Troy on his son AEneas' back. Venus' love was, however,
+all transferred to her son AEneas, whom she signally protected
+throughout his checkered career.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hero and Leander.]
+
+Venus' most ardent admirers and faithful worshipers were the young
+people, for she delighted in their youthful sentiments, and was ever
+ready to lend a helping hand to all true lovers when apparently
+insurmountable obstacles appeared on their path.
+
+This was the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero, who was
+dedicated by her parents to Venus' service, and, as soon as old
+enough, spent all her time in the temple, ministering to the goddess,
+or in a lonely tower by the sea, where she dwelt alone with her aged
+nurse.
+
+      "Honey-sweet Hero, of a princely race,
+    Was priestess to Queen Venus in that place;
+    And at her father's tower, by the sea set--
+    Herself a Queen of Love, though maiden yet--
+    Dwelt."
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+The maiden's beauty increased with her years, until the fame of her
+loveliness spread throughout her native city Sestus, and even passed
+over the Hellespont and reached Abydus, where Leander, the bravest
+and handsomest youth of the town, was fired with a desire to view the
+charming young priestess.
+
+Just at that time a solemn festival in honor of Venus was to be
+celebrated at Sestus, to which all the youths and maidens were
+cordially invited. Under pretext of paying homage to the goddess,
+Leander entered her temple, and saw the young priestess, whose charms
+far surpassed all descriptions.
+
+Venus, as has already been stated, was always deeply interested in
+young lovers; and when she saw these two, so well matched in beauty
+and grace, she bade Cupid pierce them with his love darts, which
+behest the mischief-loving god immediately obeyed.
+
+          "God Eros, setting notch to string,
+    Wounded two bosoms with one shaft-shooting,
+    A maiden's and a youth's--Leander he,
+    And lovely Hero, Sestos' sweetest, she;
+    She of her town, and he of his, the boast;
+    A noble pair!"
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+An undying passion was thus simultaneously kindled in both young
+hearts; and, thanks to Venus' assistance, Leander managed to exchange
+a few words with Hero, declared his love, implored her to view his
+suit kindly, and, above all, to grant him a private interview, or he
+would surely die.
+
+The maiden listened to his pleading with mingled joy and terror, for
+she knew her parents would never consent to their union. Then, afraid
+lest some one should notice that she was talking to a stranger, she
+bade him depart; but he refused to go until he had learned where she
+lived, and proposed to swim across the Hellespont when the shades of
+night had fallen, and none could see his goal, and pay her a visit in
+her lonely tower.
+
+      "'Sweet! for thy love,' he cried, 'the sea I'd cleave,
+    Though foam were fire, and waves with flame did heave,
+    I fear not billows if they bear to thee;
+    Nor tremble at the hissing of the sea!
+    And I will come--oh! let me come--each night,
+    Swimming the swift flood to my dear delight:
+    For white Abydos, where I live, doth front
+    Thy city here, across our Hellespont.'"
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+At last his prayers overcame the maiden's scruples, and she arranged
+to receive him in her sea-girt tower, promising at a given hour to
+light a torch and hold it aloft to guide him safely across the sea.
+Then only he departed.
+
+Night came on; darkness stole over the earth; and Leander impatiently
+paced the sandy shore, and watched for the promised signal, which no
+sooner appeared, than he exultantly plunged into the dark waves, and
+parted them with lusty strokes, as he hastened across the deep to join
+his beloved. At times the huge billows towered above his head; but
+when he had escaped their threatening depths, and rose up on their
+foamy crests, he could catch a glimpse of the torch burning brightly,
+and pictured to himself the shy, sweet blushes which would dye Hero's
+cheek as he clasped her to his passionate heart.
+
+    "Leander had no fear--he cleft the wave--
+    What is the peril fond hearts will not brave!"
+
+                                     Landon.
+
+Venus, from the top of "many-peaked Olympus," smilingly viewed the
+success of her scheme, and nerved Leander's arm to cleave the rapid
+current. At last he reached the tower steps, and was lovingly greeted
+by Hero, whose heart had throbbed with anxiety at the thought of the
+perils her lover was braving for the sake of seeing her once more.
+
+It was only when the dawn began to whiten the east, that the lovers
+finished their interview and parted, he to return to Abydus, and she
+to prepare for the daily duties which would soon claim her attention.
+But separation by day was all these fond lovers could endure, and
+night after night, as soon as the first stars appeared, Hero lighted
+her torch, and Leander hastened to her, to linger by her side till
+dawn.
+
+    "Thus pass'd the summer shadows in delight:
+    Leander came as surely as the night,
+    And when the morning woke upon the sea,
+    It saw him not, for back at home was he."
+
+                                       Hunt.
+
+No one suspected their meetings; and all went well until the first
+fierce storms of winter swept down over the Hellespont. Hero, in the
+gray dawn of a winter's morning, besought her lover not to leave her
+to battle against the waves, which beat so violently against the stone
+tower; but he gently laughed at her fears, and departed, promising to
+return at night as usual.
+
+The storm, which had raged so fiercely already in the early morning,
+increased in violence as the day wore on, until the waves were lashed
+into foam, while the wind howled more and more ominously as the
+darkness came on again; but none of these signs could deter Leander
+from visiting Hero.
+
+      "There came one night, the wildest of the year,
+    When the wind smote like edge of hissing spear,
+    And the pale breakers thundered on the beach."
+
+                               Edwin Arnold.
+
+All day long Hero had hoped that her lover would renounce his nightly
+journey; but still, when evening came, she lighted her torch to serve
+as beacon, should he risk all to keep his word. The wind blew so
+fiercely, that the torch wavered and flickered, and nearly went out,
+although Hero protected its feeble flame by standing over it with
+outstretched robes.
+
+At sight of the wonted signal, Leander, who had already once been
+beaten back by the waves, made a second attempt to cross the strait,
+calling upon the gods to lend him their aid. But this time his prayers
+were unheard, drowned in the fury of the storm; yet he struggled on a
+while longer, with Hero's name on his lips.
+
+  [Illustration: HERO AND LEANDER.--Bodenhausen.]
+
+At last, exhausted and ready to sink, he lifted his eyes once more to
+view the cheering light. It was gone, extinguished by a passing gust
+of wind. Like a stone Leander sank, once, twice, thrice, and the
+billows closed forever over his head.
+
+Hero in the mean while had relighted her torch, and, quite unconscious
+of the tragedy which had taken place, stood on the tower, straining
+her eyes to pierce the darkness. All night long she waited and watched
+for the lover who did not come; and, when the first sunbeams shone
+over the tossing sea, she cast an anxious glance over the waters to
+Abydus. No one was in sight as far as she could see. She was about to
+descend to pursue her daily tasks, when, glancing at the foot of the
+tower, she saw her lover's corpse heaving up and down on the waves.
+
+    "As shaken on his restless pillow,
+    His head heaves with the heaving billow;
+    That hand, whose motion is not life,
+    Yet feebly seems to menace strife,
+    Flung by the tossing tide on high,
+        Then level'd with the wave."
+
+                                      Byron.
+
+Hero's heart broke at this sad sight, and she longed to die, too, that
+she might not be parted from Leander. To hasten their meeting, she
+threw herself into the sea, and perished in the waves, close by his
+side. Thus lived and died the faithful lovers, whose attachment has
+passed into a proverb.
+
+Byron, the celebrated English bard, attempted Leander's feat of
+swimming across the Hellespont, and, on his return from that dangerous
+venture, wrote the following lines, which are so familiar to all
+English-speaking people:--
+
+    "The winds are high on Helle's wave,
+        As on that night of stormy water
+    When Love, who sent, forgot to save
+    The young, the beautiful, the brave,
+        The lonely hope of Sestos' daughter.
+    Oh! when alone along the sky
+    Her turret torch was blazing high,
+    Though rising gale, and breaking foam,
+    And shrieking sea-birds warn'd him home;
+    And clouds aloft and tides below,
+    With signs and sounds, forbade to go,
+    He could not see, he would not hear,
+    Or sound or sign foreboding fear;
+    His eye but saw that light of love,
+    The only star it hail'd above;
+    His ear but rang with Hero's song,
+    'Ye waves, divide not lovers long!'
+    That tale is old, but love anew
+    May nerve young hearts to prove as true."
+
+[Sidenote: Pyramus and Thisbe.]
+
+An equally loving and unfortunate pair were Pyramus and Thisbe.
+Although no waves divided them, and they had the good fortune to
+occupy adjoining houses in Babylon, their parents having quarreled,
+they were forbidden to see or speak to each other. This decree wrung
+their tender hearts; and their continuous sighs finally touched Venus,
+who prepared to give them her aid. Thanks to this goddess's kind
+offices, a crack was discovered in the party wall, through which the
+lovers could peep at each other, converse, and even, it is said,
+exchange a kiss or two.
+
+Sundry stolen interviews through this crack made them long for
+uninterrupted and unrestrained meetings: so they made an appointment
+to meet on a certain day and hour, under a white mulberry tree, just
+without the city gates.
+
+Thisbe, anxious to see her lover, was the first to reach the trysting
+place, and, as she slowly paced back and forth to while away the time
+of waiting, she wondered what had happened to delay Pyramus. Her
+meditation was suddenly broken by a rustling sound in some neighboring
+bushes; and, thinking Pyramus was concealed there, she was about to
+call to him that he was discovered, when, instead of her lover, she
+saw a lion emerge from the thicket and come towards her, slowly
+lashing his sides with his tail, and licking his bloody jaws. With one
+terrified shriek the girl ran away, dropping her veil, which the lion
+caught in his bloody mouth and tore to shreds, before beating a
+retreat into the forest.
+
+Shortly after, Pyramus came rushing up, out of breath, and full of
+loving excuses for Thisbe, who was not there, however, to receive
+them. Wondering at her absence, Pyramus looked around, and after a
+short investigation discerned the lion's footprints and the mangled
+veil. These signs sufficed to convince him that Thisbe had perished,
+and in a fit of despair he drew his dagger from its sheath and thrust
+it into his heart.
+
+A few minutes later, Thisbe cautiously drew near, peering anxiously
+about to discover whether the lion were still lurking near. Her first
+glance showed her Pyramus stretched dead beneath the mulberry tree,
+with her bloody veil pressed convulsively to his lips. With a cry of
+terror she flew to his side, and tried to revive him; but, when
+assured that all her efforts were in vain, she drew the dagger from
+his breast, and, plunging it into her own bosom, fell beside him quite
+lifeless.
+
+                "In her bosom plunged the sword,
+    All warm and reeking from its slaughtered lord."
+
+                        Ovid (Eusden's tr.).
+
+Since that ominous day the fruit of the mulberry tree, which had been
+white, assumed a blood-like hue, dyed by the blood which flowed from
+the death wounds of Pyramus and Thisbe.
+
+[Sidenote: Echo and Narcissus.]
+
+The lovely and talkative nymph Echo lived free from care and whole of
+heart until she met Narcissus, hunting in the forest. This frivolous
+young lady no sooner beheld the youth, than she fell deeply in love
+with him, and was proportionately grieved when she saw that he did not
+return her affections.
+
+All her blandishments were unavailing, and, in her despair at his
+hard-heartedness, she implored Venus to punish him by making him
+suffer the pangs of unrequited love; then, melancholy and longing to
+die, she wandered off into the mountains, far from the haunts of her
+former companions, and there, brooding continually over her sorrow,
+pined away until there remained naught of her but her melodious voice.
+
+The gods, displeased at her lack of proper pride, condemned her to
+haunt rocks and solitary places, and, as a warning to other impulsive
+maidens, to repeat the last sounds which fell upon her ear.
+
+    "But her voice is still living immortal,--
+      The same you have frequently heard
+    In your rambles in valleys and forests,
+      Repeating your ultimate word."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+Venus alone had not forgotten poor Echo's last passionate prayer, and
+was biding her time to punish the disdainful Narcissus. One day, after
+a prolonged chase, he hurried to a lonely pool to slake his thirst.
+
+    "In some delicious ramble, he had found
+    A little space, with boughs all woven round;
+    And in the midst of all, a clearer pool
+    Than e'er reflected in its pleasant cool
+    The blue sky here, and there, serenely peeping
+    Through tendril wreaths fantastically creeping."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Quickly he knelt upon the grass, and bent over the pellucid waters to
+take a draught; but he suddenly paused, surprised. Down near the
+pebbly bottom he saw a face so passing fair, that he immediately lost
+his heart, for he thought it belonged to some water nymph gazing up at
+him through the transparent flood.
+
+With sudden passion he caught at the beautiful apparition; but, the
+moment his arms touched the water, the nymph vanished. Astonished and
+dismayed, he slowly withdrew to a short distance, and breathlessly
+awaited the nymph's return.
+
+The agitated waters soon resumed their mirrorlike smoothness; and
+Narcissus, approaching noiselessly on tiptoe, and cautiously peeping
+into the pool, became aware first of curly, tumbled locks, and then of
+a pair of beautiful, watchful, anxious eyes. Evidently the nymph had
+just concluded to emerge from her hiding place to reconnoiter.
+
+More prudent this time, the youth gradually bent further over the
+pool; and, reassured by his kindly glances, the nymph's whole head
+appeared. In gentle tones the youth now addressed her; and her ruby
+lips parted and moved as if she were answering, though not a sound
+came to his ear. In his excitement he began to gesticulate, whereupon
+two snowy arms repeated his every gesture; but when, encouraged by her
+loving glances and actions, he tried once more to clasp her in his
+arms, she vanished as rapidly as the first time.
+
+Time and again the same pantomime was enacted, and time and again the
+nymph eluded his touch; but the enamored youth could not tear himself
+away from the spot haunted by this sweet image, whose sensitive face
+reflected his every emotion, and who grew as pale and wan as
+he,--evidently, like him, a victim to love and despair.
+
+Even the shades of night could not drive Narcissus away from his post,
+and, when the pale moonbeams illumined his retreat, he bent over the
+pool to ascertain whether she too were anxious and sleepless, and saw
+her gazing longingly up at him.
+
+There Narcissus lingered day and night, without eating or drinking,
+until he died, little suspecting that the fancied nymph was but his
+own image reflected in the clear waters. Echo was avenged; but the
+gods of Olympus gazed compassionately down upon the beautiful corpse,
+and changed it into a flower bearing the youth's name, which has ever
+since flourished beside quiet pools, wherein its pale image is clearly
+reflected.
+
+                          "A lonely flower he spied,
+    A meek and forlorn flower, with naught of pride,
+    Drooping its beauty o'er the watery clearness,
+    To woo its own sad image into nearness:
+    Deaf to light Zephyrus it would not move;
+    But still would seem to droop, to pine, to love."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Pygmalion and Galatea.]
+
+Pygmalion, King of Cyprus, was a very celebrated sculptor. All his
+leisure moments were spent in the faithful portrayal of the gods and
+goddesses. One day his practiced hand fashioned an image of Galatea.
+It was so beautiful that even before it was entirely finished its
+author loved it. When completed, Pygmalion admired it still more,
+deemed it too beautiful to remain inanimate, and besought Venus to
+give it life, stating that he wished a wife just like it.
+
+As Pygmalion had always been an obdurate bachelor, and had frequently
+declared he would never marry, Venus was delighted to see him at last
+a victim of the tender passion, and resolved to grant his request.
+Pygmalion clasped the exquisite image to his breast to infuse some of
+his own warmth into the icy bosom, and pressed kiss after kiss upon
+the chiseled lips, until at last they grew soft and warm at his touch,
+and a faint color flushed the pale cheeks, as a breath dilated her
+lungs, and sent her blood coursing along her veins,--
+
+    "As once with prayers in passion flowing,
+    Pygmalion embraced the stone,
+    Till, from the frozen marble glowing,
+    The light of feeling o'er him shone."
+
+                                   Schiller.
+
+Pygmalion's delight at seeing his fair image a living and breathing
+maiden was unbounded, and after a short but passionate wooing the
+object of his affections became his happy wife.
+
+[Sidenote: Cupid and Psyche.]
+
+In those same remote ages of "sweet mythology" there lived a king
+whose three daughters were world-renowned on account of their
+matchless beauty. Psyche, the youngest of the sisters, was so lovely,
+that her father's subjects declared her worthy to be called the
+Goddess of Beauty, and offered to pay homage to her instead of to
+Venus. Offended by this proposal, which Psyche had good sense enough
+to refuse, Venus resolved to demonstrate forcibly to that benighted
+race that the maiden was mortal. She therefore bade her son Cupid slay
+her.
+
+Armed with his bow and arrows, and provided with a deadly poison,
+Cupid set out to do her bidding, and at nightfall reached the palace,
+crept noiselessly past the sleeping guards, along the deserted halls,
+and came to Psyche's apartment, into which he glided unseen.
+Stealthily he approached the couch upon which the fair maiden was
+sleeping, and bent over her to administer the poisoned dose.
+
+A moonbeam falling athwart her face revealed her unequaled loveliness,
+and made Cupid start back in surprise; but, as he did so, one of his
+own love arrows came into contact with his rosy flesh, and inflicted a
+wound, from which he was to suffer for many a weary day.
+
+All unconscious of the gravity of his hurt, he hung enraptured over
+the sleeping maiden, and let her fair image sink into his heart; then,
+noiselessly as he had entered, he stole out again, vowing he would
+never harm such innocence and beauty.
+
+Morning dawned. Venus, who had expected to see the sun illumine her
+rival's corpse, saw her sporting as usual in the palace gardens, and
+bitterly realized that her first plan had completely failed. She
+therefore began to devise various torments of a petty kind, and
+persecuted the poor girl so remorselessly, that she fled from home
+with the firm intention of putting an end to the life she could no
+longer enjoy in peace.
+
+To achieve this purpose, Psyche painfully toiled up a rugged mountain,
+and, creeping to the very edge of a great precipice, cast herself
+down, expecting to be dashed to pieces on the jagged rocks below; but
+Cupid, who had indignantly though helplessly seen all his mother's
+persecutions, had followed Psyche unseen, and, when he perceived her
+intention to commit suicide, he called to Zephyrus (the South Wind),
+and entreated him to catch the maiden in his strong yet gentle arms,
+and bear her off to a distant isle.
+
+Consequently, instead of a swift, sharp fall and painful death, Psyche
+felt herself gently wafted over hill and dale, across sparkling
+waters; and, long before she wearied of this new mode of travel, she
+was gently laid on a flowery bank, in the midst of an exquisite
+garden.
+
+Bewildered, she slowly rose to her feet, rubbed her pretty eyes to
+make sure she was not dreaming, and wonderingly strolled about the
+beautiful grounds. Ere long she came to an enchanted palace, whose
+portals opened wide to receive her, while gentle voices bade her
+enter, and invisible hands drew her over the threshold and waited upon
+her.
+
+When night came, and darkness again covered the earth, Cupid appeared
+in search of his beloved Psyche. In the perfumed dusk he confessed his
+love, and tenderly begged for some return.
+
+Now, although the fading light would not permit her to discern the
+form or features of her unknown lover, Psyche listened to his soft
+tones with unconcealed pleasure, and soon consented to their union.
+Cupid then entreated her to make no attempt to discover his name, or
+to catch a glimpse of his face, warning her that if she did so he
+would be forced to leave her, never to return.
+
+    "'Dear, I am with thee only while I keep
+    My visage hidden; and if thou once shouldst see
+    My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods
+    Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself
+    From the full gaze of Knowledge.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Psyche solemnly promised to respect her mysterious lover's wishes, and
+gave herself up entirely to the enjoyment of his company. All night
+long they talked; and when the first faint streak of light appeared
+above the horizon, Cupid bade Psyche farewell, promising to return
+with the welcome shades of night. All day long Psyche thought of him,
+longed for him, and, as soon as the sun had set, sped to the bower
+where the birds were sleepily trilling forth their evening song, and
+breathlessly waited until he came to join her.
+
+        "Now on broad pinions from the realms above
+    Descending Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;
+    To his wide arms enamor'd Psyche springs,
+    And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.
+    A purple sash across His shoulder bends,
+    And fringed with gold the quiver'd shafts suspends."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+Although the hours of day seemed interminable, spent as they were in
+complete solitude, Psyche found the hours of night all too short in
+the sweet society of Love. Her every wish was gratified almost as soon
+as expressed; and at last, encouraged by her lover's evident anxiety
+to please her, she gave utterance to her longing to see and converse
+with her sisters once more. The ardent lover could not refuse to grant
+this request, yet Psyche noticed that his consent seemed somewhat
+hesitating and reluctant.
+
+The next morning, while enjoying a solitary stroll, Psyche suddenly
+encountered her two sisters. After rapturous embraces and an
+incoherent volley of questions and answers, they settled down to enjoy
+a long talk. Psyche related her desperate attempt at suicide, her
+miraculous preservation from certain death, her aerial journey, her
+entrance into the enchanted palace, her love for her mysterious
+nightly visitor,--all, in short, that had happened since she had left
+her father's home.
+
+Now, the elder sisters had always been jealous of Psyche's superior
+beauty; and when they saw her luxurious surroundings, and heard her
+raptures about her lover, they were envious, and resolved to mar the
+happiness which they could not enjoy. They therefore did all in their
+power to convince poor Psyche that her lover must be some monster, so
+hideous that he dare not brave the broad light of day, lest he should
+make her loathe him, and further added, that, if she were not very
+careful, he would probably end by devouring her.
+
+  [Illustration: CUPID AWAKENING PSYCHE.--Thumann.]
+
+They thereupon advised poor troubled Psyche to conceal a lamp and
+dagger in her lover's apartment, and to gaze upon him in secret, when
+his eyes were closed in sleep. If the light of the lamp revealed, as
+they felt sure it would, the hideous countenance and distorted form
+of a monster, they bade her use the dagger to kill him. Then,
+satisfied with their work, the sisters departed, leaving Psyche alone
+to carry out their evil suggestions.
+
+When safe at home once more, the sisters constantly brooded over the
+tale Psyche had poured into their ears, and, hoping to secure as
+luxurious a home and as fascinating a lover, they each hurried off in
+secret to the mountain gorge, cast themselves over the precipice,
+and--perished.
+
+Night having come, bringing the usually so welcome Cupid, Psyche,
+tortured with doubt, could with difficulty conceal her agitation.
+After repeated efforts to charm her from her silent mood, Cupid fell
+asleep; and, as soon as his regular breathing proclaimed him lost in
+slumber, Psyche noiselessly lighted her lamp, seized her dagger, and,
+approaching the couch with great caution, bent over her sleeping
+lover. The lamp, which she held high above her head, cast its light
+full upon the face and form of a handsome youth.
+
+    "Now trembling, now distracted; bold,
+    And now irresolute she seems;
+    The blue lamp glimmers in her hold,
+    And in her hand the dagger gleams.
+    Prepared to strike, she verges near,
+    Then, the blue light glimmering from above,
+    The hideous sight expects with fear--
+    And gazes on the god of Love."
+
+                                 Apollonius.
+
+Psyche's heart beat loudly with joy and pride as she beheld, instead
+of the monster, this graceful youth; and as she hung over him,
+enraptured, she forgot all caution. An inadvertent motion tipped her
+lamp, and one drop of burning oil, running over the narrow brim, fell
+upon Cupid's naked shoulder.
+
+The sudden pain made him open his eyes with a start. The lighted lamp,
+the glittering dagger, the trembling Psyche, told the whole story.
+Cupid sprang from the couch, seized his bow and arrows, and, with a
+last sorrowful, reproachful glance at Psyche, flew away through the
+open window, exclaiming,--
+
+    "'Farewell! There is no Love except with Faith,
+    And thine is dead! Farewell! I come no more!'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Psyche forsaken.]
+
+When he had vanished into the dusky air without, the balmy night winds
+ceased to blow; and suddenly a tempest began to rage with such fury,
+that poor frightened Psyche dared not remain alone in the palace, but
+hastened out into the gardens, where she soon lost consciousness of
+her misery in a deep swoon. When she opened her eyes once more, the
+storm had ceased, the sun was high in the heavens, and palace and
+gardens had vanished.
+
+Poor Psyche lingered there the following and many succeeding nights,
+vainly hoping for Cupid's return, and shedding many bitter tears of
+repentance. Finally she resolved to commit suicide, and, with that
+purpose in view, plunged into a neighboring river; but the god of the
+stream caught and carried her ashore, where his daughters, the water
+nymphs, restored her to life. Thus forced to live, Psyche wandered
+about disconsolate, seeking Cupid, and questioning all she met, the
+nymphs, Pan, and Ceres, who compassionately listened to her confession
+of love for her husband.
+
+    "Not as the earthly loves which throb and flush
+    Round earthly shrines was mine, but a pure spirit,
+    Lovelier than all embodied love, more pure
+    And wonderful; but never on his eyes
+    I looked, which still were hidden, and I knew not
+    The fashion of his nature; for by night,
+    When visual eyes are blind, but the soul sees,
+    Came he, and bade me seek not to inquire
+    Or whence he came or wherefore. Nor knew I
+    His name. And always ere the coming day,
+    As if he were the Sun god, lingering
+    With some too well loved maiden, he would rise
+    And vanish until eve."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Ceres had often seen Cupid, and had heard that very morning that he
+was having a wound in his shoulder dressed by Venus: so she advised
+Psyche to go to the Goddess of Beauty, to enter her service, and to
+perform every task with cheerful alacrity, knowing that such a course
+would ultimately bring about a meeting and reconciliation between the
+lovers.
+
+Psyche gratefully accepted and followed Ceres' advice, and labored
+early and late to satisfy her exacting mistress, who appointed such
+difficult tasks, that the poor girl would never have been able to
+accomplish them had she not been aided by all the beasts and insects,
+who loved her dearly.
+
+[Sidenote: Psyche's journey to Hades.]
+
+Venus repeatedly tested her fidelity and endurance, and finally
+resolved, as a crucial experiment, to send her to Hades to fetch a box
+of beauty ointment, for which Proserpina alone had the recipe.
+Directed by Zephyrus, her old friend, Psyche encountered the terrors
+of Hades in safety, delivered her message, and in return received a
+small box. The gates of Hades were closed behind her, and she had
+nearly finished her last task, when she suddenly fancied that it would
+be wise to appropriate a little of the magic preparation to efface the
+traces of sleepless nights and many tears.
+
+The box, however, contained naught but the spirit of Sleep, who,
+pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside. Cupid, passing by,
+saw her there, marked the ravages of grief, remembered his love and
+her suffering, and, wrestling with the spirit, forced him to reenter
+the narrow bounds of his prison, and woke Psyche with a loving kiss.
+
+                  "'Dear, unclose thine eyes.
+    Thou mayst look on me now. I go no more,
+    But am thine own forever.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+  [Illustration: CHARON AND PSYCHE.--Neide.]
+
+Then, hand in hand, they winged their flight to Olympus, entered the
+council hall; and there Cupid presented Psyche, his chosen bride, to
+the assembled deities, who all promised to be present at the nuptial
+ceremony. Venus even, forgetting all her former envy, welcomed the
+blushing bride, who was happy ever after.
+
+The ancients, for whom Cupid was an emblem of the heart, considered
+Psyche the personification of the soul, and represented her with
+butterfly wings; that little insect being another symbol of the soul,
+which cannot die.
+
+[Sidenote: Berenice's Hair.]
+
+One of the latest myths concerning Venus is that of Berenice, who,
+fearing for her beloved husband's life, implored the goddess to
+protect him in battle, vowing to sacrifice her luxuriant hair if he
+returned home in safety. The prayer was granted, and Berenice's
+beautiful locks laid upon Venus' shrine, whence they, however, very
+mysteriously disappeared. An astrologer, consulted concerning the
+supposed theft, solemnly pointed to a comet rapidly coming into view,
+and declared that the gods had placed Berenice's hair among the stars,
+there to shine forever in memory of her wifely sacrifice.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Venus.]
+
+Venus, goddess of beauty, is represented either entirely naked, or
+with some scanty drapery called a "cestus." Seated in her chariot,
+formed of a single pearl shell, and drawn by snow-white doves, her
+favorite birds, she journeyed from shrine to shrine, complacently
+admiring the lavish decorations of jewels and flowers her worshipers
+provided. The offerings of young lovers were ever those which found
+most favor in her sight.
+
+    "Venus loves the whispers
+      Of plighted youth and maid,
+    In April's ivory moonlight
+      Beneath the chestnut shade."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Numerous ancient and some modern statues of this goddess grace the
+various art galleries, but among them all the most perfect is the
+world-renowned Venus de Milo.
+
+Venus' festivals were always scenes of graceful amusements; and her
+votaries wore wreaths of fresh, fragrant flowers, the emblem of all
+natural beauty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+MERCURY.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Mercury.]
+
+As already repeatedly stated in the course of this work, Jupiter was
+never a strictly faithful spouse, and, in spite of his wife's
+remonstrances, could not refrain from indulging his caprice for every
+pretty face he met along his way. It is thus, therefore, that he
+yielded to the charms of Maia, goddess of the plains, and spent some
+blissful hours in her society. This divine couple's happiness
+culminated when they first beheld their little son, Mercury (Hermes,
+Psychopompus, Oneicopompus), who was born in a grotto on Mount
+Cyllene, in Arcadia,--
+
+                "Mercury, whom Maia bore,
+    Sweet Maia, on Cyllene's hoary top."
+
+                      Virgil (Cowper's tr.).
+
+This infant god was quite unlike mortal children, as will readily be
+perceived by the numerous pranks he played immediately after his
+birth. First he sprang from his mother's knee, grasped a tortoise
+shell lying on the ground, bored holes in its sides, stretched strings
+across its concavity, and, sweeping his hands over them, produced
+strains of sweetest music, thus inventing the first lyre.
+
+    "So there it lay, through wet and dry,
+    As empty as the last new sonnet,
+    Till by and by came Mercury,
+    And, having mused upon it,
+    'Why here,' cried he, 'the thing of things
+    In shape, material, and dimension!
+    Give it but strings, and, lo, it sings,
+    A wonderful invention.'"
+
+                                     Lowell.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's theft.]
+
+Being very hungry toward evening, young Mercury escaped from his
+sleeping mother, and sallied out in search of food. He had not gone
+very far, before he came to a wide meadow, where Apollo's herds were
+at pasture. The oxen were fat and sleek; and the mischievous little
+god, after satisfying himself that they were young, and therefore
+promised to be tender and juicy, drove fifty of them off to a secluded
+spot, taking good care to envelop their feet in leafy branches, so
+they would leave no traces. Then, his hiding place being reached in
+safety, Mercury coolly killed two of the oxen, which he proceeded to
+eat.
+
+Apollo soon missed his cattle, and began to search for some clew to
+their hiding place or to the thief. He could, however, discover
+nothing but some broken twigs and scattered leaves. Suddenly he
+remembered that the babe whose birth had been announced early that
+morning in high Olympus had been appointed god of thieves. He
+therefore lost no more time in useless search and conjecture, but
+strode off to Mount Cyllene, where he found Mercury peacefully
+sleeping in his cradle. With a rude shake, the sun god roused him from
+his slumbers, and bade him restore the stolen cattle. Mercury
+pretended innocence, until Apollo, exasperated, dragged him off to
+Olympus, where he was convicted of the theft, and condemned to restore
+the stolen property. Mercury yielded to the decree, produced the
+remaining oxen, and, in exchange for the two missing, gave Apollo the
+lyre he had just fashioned.
+
+  [Illustration: FLYING MERCURY.--Bologna. (National Museum, Florence.)]
+
+This, like most other myths, admits of a natural explanation. Apollo
+(the Sun) was supposed by the ancients to possess great herds of
+cattle and sheep,--the clouds; and Mercury, the personification of the
+wind, born in the night, after a few hours' existence waxes
+sufficiently strong to drive away the clouds and conceal them, leaving
+no trace of his passage except a few broken branches and scattered
+leaves.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's wand, cap, and shoes.]
+
+The gift of the lyre pleased Apollo so well, that he in return wished
+to make a present to Mercury, and gave him a magic wand, called
+Caduceus, which had the power of reconciling all conflicting elements.
+Mercury, anxious to test it, thrust it between two quarreling snakes,
+who immediately wound themselves in amity around it. This so pleased
+him, that he bade them remain there forever, and used the wand on all
+occasions.
+
+            "A snake-encircl'd wand;
+    By classic authors term'd Caduceus
+    And highly fam'd for several uses."
+
+                                  Goldsmith.
+
+Mercury was in due time appointed messenger of the gods, who, to make
+him fleet of foot, presented him with winged sandals, the Talaria,
+which endowed him with marvelous rapidity of motion. As these sandals
+did not seem quite sufficient, however, the gods added the winged cap,
+Petasus, to the winged shoes.
+
+    "Foot-feather'd Mercury appear'd sublime
+    Beyond the tall tree tops; and in less time
+    Than shoots the slanted hail-storm, down he dropt
+    Towards the ground; but rested not, nor stopt
+    One moment from his home; only the sward
+    He with his wand light touch'd, and heavenward
+    Swifter than sight was gone."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Mercury was not only the messenger of the gods, but was also appointed
+god of eloquence, commerce, rain, wind, and the special patron of
+travelers, shepherds, cheats, and thieves.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Io.]
+
+Jupiter often intrusted to Mercury messages of a delicate nature, and
+always found him an invaluable ally; but the faithful messenger was
+never so much needed or so deeply appreciated as during Jupiter's
+courtship of Io, the peerless daughter of the river god Inachus.
+
+To avoid Juno's recriminations, Jupiter had carried on this affair
+with even more than his usual secrecy, visiting his beloved only when
+quite certain that his wife was asleep, and taking the further
+precaution of spreading a cloud over the spot where he generally met
+her, to shield her from all chance of being seen from Olympus.
+
+One fine afternoon, all conditions being favorable, Jupiter hastened
+down to earth to see Io, and began to stroll with her up and down the
+river edge. They heeded not the noonday heat, for the cloud over their
+heads screened them from the sun's too ardent rays.
+
+From some cause Juno's slumbers were less protracted than usual, and
+she soon arose from her couch to look about her realm, the atmosphere,
+and convince herself that all was well. Her attention was soon
+attracted by an opaque, immovable cloud near the earth,--a cloud which
+had no business there, for had she not bidden them all lie still on
+the blue until she awoke? Her suspicions being aroused by the presence
+of this cloud, she sought her husband in Olympus, and, not finding
+him, flew down to earth, brushing the cloud aside in her haste.
+
+Jupiter, thus warned of her coming, had but time to change the maiden
+beside him into a heifer, ere his wife alighted and inquired what he
+was doing there. Carelessly the god pointed to the heifer, and
+declared he had been whiling away the time by creating it; but the
+explanation failed to satisfy Juno, who, seeing no other living
+creature near, suspected that her spouse had been engaged in a
+clandestine flirtation, and had screened its fair object from her
+wrath only by a sudden transformation.
+
+Dissimulating these suspicions with care, Juno begged her husband to
+give her his new creation, which request he could not refuse, but
+granted most reluctantly, thus adding further confirmation to her
+jealous fears. The Queen of Heaven then departed, taking Io with her,
+and placed her under the surveillance of Argus, one of her servants,
+who possessed myriad eyes, but one half of which he closed at a time.
+
+    "The eyes of Argus, sentinel of Heaven:
+    Those thousand eyes that watch alternate kept,
+    Nor all o'er all his body waked or slept."
+
+                      Statius (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Argus' watch.]
+
+She bade him watch the heifer closely, and report anything unusual in
+its actions. One day, therefore, as he was watching his charge pasture
+by the river, Argus heard her relate to her father, Inachus, the story
+of her transformation, and immediately imparted his discovery to Juno,
+who, advising still closer watchfulness, sent him back to his post.
+
+Jupiter, in the mean while, was in despair; for days had passed
+without his being able to exchange a word with Io, or deliver her from
+her imprisonment. Finally he called Mercury to his aid, and bade him
+devise some plan to rescue her. Armed with a handful of poppies,
+Mercury approached Argus, and offered to while away the time by
+telling him tales.
+
+As Mercury was the prince of story-tellers, this offer was not to be
+despised, and Argus joyfully accepted; but instead of exerting himself
+to be entertaining, Mercury droned out such lengthy, uninteresting
+stories, that Argus soon closed half his eyes in profound sleep. Still
+talking in the same monotonous way, Mercury softly shook the poppies
+over the giant's head, until one by one the remaining eyelids closed,
+and Argus was wrapped in complete slumber.
+
+Then Mercury seized the giant's sword, and with one well-directed blow
+severed his head from the huge trunk. Only one half of the task was
+successfully accomplished; and while Mercury was driving the heifer
+away, Juno discovered his attempt, and promptly sent an enormous
+gadfly to torment the poor beast, who, goaded to madness by its cruel
+stings, fled wildly from one country to another, forded streams, and
+finally plunged into the sea, since called Ionian. After swimming
+across it, she took refuge in Egypt, where Jupiter restored her to all
+her girlish loveliness, and where her son Epaphus was born, to be the
+first king and the founder of Memphis.
+
+    "In coming time that hollow of the sea
+    Shall bear the name Ionian, and present
+    A monument of Io's passage through,
+    Unto all mortals."
+
+                             E. B. Browning.
+
+Juno mourned the loss of her faithful Argus most bitterly, and,
+gathering up his myriad eyes, scattered them over the tail of her
+favorite bird, the peacock, to have some memento of her faithful
+servant ever near her.
+
+    "From Argus slain a painted peacock grew,
+    Fluttering his feathers stain'd with various hue."
+
+                                    Moschus.
+
+This story also is an allegory. Io personifies the moon, restlessly
+wandering from place to place; Argus, the heavens, whose starry eyes
+keep ceaseless watch over the moon's every movement; Mercury is the
+rain, whose advent blots out the stars one by one, thus killing Argus,
+who else was never known to close all his eyes at once.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury's offices and worship.]
+
+To Mercury was intrusted the charge of conducting the souls of the
+departed to Hades, and when occupied in this way he bore the name of
+Psychopompus, while, when addressed as conductor of Dreams, he was
+Oneicopompus.
+
+    "Gently as a kiss came Death to sever
+    From spirit flesh, and to the realm of gloom
+    The pallid shades with fearless brow descended
+    To Hades, by the winged god attended."
+
+                                    Boyesen.
+
+He was one of the twelve principal gods of Olympus, and was widely
+worshiped. Temples, altars, and shrines were dedicated to his service
+throughout the ancient countries. His statues were considered sacred
+boundary marks, and their removal punished by death. Solemn annual
+festivals were held in Rome in Mercury's honor in the month of May,
+and from him received their name of Mercuralia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+MARS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' character.]
+
+Mars (Ares), son of Jupiter and Juno, was the god of war, the
+personification of the angry clouded sky, and, although but little
+worshiped in Greece, was one of the principal Roman divinities. He is
+said to have first seen the light in Thrace, a country noted for its
+fierce storms and war-loving people.
+
+      "Infant Mars, where Thracia's mountains rose,
+    Press'd with his hardy limbs th' incrusted snows."
+
+                      Statius (Elton's tr.).
+
+Never sated with strife and bloodshed, this god preferred the din of
+battle to all other music, and found no occupation so congenial as the
+toils and dangers of war. No gentle deeds of kindness were ever
+expected from him; no loving prayers were ever addressed to him; and
+the ancients felt no love for him, but, on the contrary, shuddered
+with terror when his name was mentioned.
+
+Mars was generally represented in a brilliant suit of armor, a plumed
+helmet on his proud young head, a poised spear in one muscular hand,
+and a finely wrought shield in the other, showing him ever ready to
+cope with a foe.
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' attendants.]
+
+His attendants, or some say his children, sympathized heartily with
+his quarrelsome tastes, and delighted in following his lead. They were
+Eris (Discord), Phobos (Alarm), Metus (Fear), Demios (Dread), and
+Pallor (Terror).
+
+Bellona, or Enyo, goddess of war, also accompanied him, drove his
+chariot, parried dangerous thrusts, and watched over his general
+safety. Mars and Bellona were therefore worshiped together in the
+selfsame temple, and their altars were the only ones ever polluted by
+human sacrifices.
+
+    "And to the fire-ey'd maid of smoky war,
+    All hot and bleeding, will we offer them:
+    The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit,
+    Up to the ears in blood."
+
+                                Shakespeare.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Otus and Ephialtes.]
+
+As strife was his favorite element, Mars was very active indeed during
+the war between the gods and giants, but in his martial ardor he
+frequently forgot all caution. On one occasion he was obliged to
+surrender to Otus and Ephialtes,--two giants, who, though but nine
+years of age, were already of immense stature, since they increased in
+height at the rate of nine inches each month.
+
+Proud of their victory over the God of War, these giants bore him off
+in triumph, and bound him fast with iron chains slipped through iron
+rings. Day and night they kept watch over him; and even when they
+slept, the rattle of the chains, whenever any one of the gods
+attempted to set him free, woke them up, and frustrated all efforts to
+deliver him. During fifteen weary months poor Mars lingered there in
+durance vile, until Mercury, the prince of thieves, noiselessly and
+deftly slipped the chains out of the rings, and restored him to
+freedom.
+
+In revenge for the cruel treatment inflicted by Otus and Ephialtes,
+Mars prevailed upon Apollo and Diana to use their poisoned arrows, and
+thus rid the world of these two ugly and useless giants.
+
+[Sidenote: The Areopagus.]
+
+Of a fiery disposition, Mars was never inclined to forgive an injury;
+and when Halirrhothius, Neptune's son, dared to carry off his daughter
+Alcippe, Mars hotly pursued the abductor, and promptly slew him.
+Neptune, angry at this act of summary justice, cited the God of War to
+appear before a tribunal held in the open air, on a hill near the
+newly founded city of Athens.
+
+It was then customary for such cases to be tried at night, in utter
+darkness, so that the judges might not be influenced by the personal
+appearance of either plaintiff or defendant; and no rhetoric of any
+kind was allowed, that their minds might remain quite unbiased. Mars
+appeared before the judges, simply stated his case, and was acquitted.
+Since then the hill upon which his trial took place has been called
+the Areopagus (Ares' Hill) or Mars' Hill, and the judges of the
+principal court of justice at Athens received the name of Areopagitae.
+
+[Sidenote: Mars' children.]
+
+Although such a partisan of strife, Mars was not impervious to softer
+emotions, and passionately returned the devotion of Venus, who bore
+him three beautiful children,--Harmonia, Cupid, and Anteros. Mars also
+fell in love with a beautiful young Vestal named Ilia, a descendant of
+AEneas, who, in spite of the solemn pledge not to listen to a lover's
+pleadings until her time of service at the goddess Vesta's altar was
+accomplished, yielded to Mars' impetuous wooing, and consented to a
+clandestine union.
+
+[Sidenote: Romulus and Remus.]
+
+Although secretly married, Ilia continued to dwell in the temple until
+the birth of her twin sons Romulus and Remus. Her parents, hearing she
+had broken her vows, commanded that she should suffer the prescribed
+punishment of being buried alive, and that the children should be
+exposed to the teeth and claws of the wild beasts of the forest. The
+double sentence was ruthlessly carried out, and the young mother
+perished; but, contrary to all previsions, the babes survived, and,
+after having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf, were found and
+adopted by a shepherd.
+
+  [Illustration: VENUS DE MILO AND MARS.]
+
+Romulus and Remus throve under this man's kind care, and grew up
+strong and fearless. When they reached manhood, they longed for a
+wider sphere for their youthful activity, and, leaving the mountain
+where they had grown up, journeyed out into the world to seek their
+fortunes. After some time they came to a beautiful hilly country,
+where they decided to found a great city, the capital of their future
+realm. Accordingly the brothers began to trace the outline of their
+city limits, and, in doing so, quarreled over the name of the
+prospective town.
+
+Blinded by anger, Romulus suddenly raised the tool he held, and struck
+Remus such a savage blow that he fell to the ground, slain by his
+brother in a fit of passion. Alone now, Romulus at first vainly tried
+to pursue his undertaking, but, being soon joined by a number of
+adventurers as wicked and unscrupulous as he, they combined their
+forces, and built the celebrated city of Rome.
+
+    "Then, with his nurse's wolf-skin girt,
+    Shall Romulus the line assert,
+    Invite them to his new raised home,
+    And call the martial city Rome."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+As founder of this city, Romulus was its first king, and ruled the
+people with such an iron hand that his tyranny eventually became
+unbearable. The senators, weary of his exactions and arbitrary
+measures, finally resolved to free themselves of his presence. Taking
+advantage of an eclipse, which plunged the city in sudden darkness at
+noonday, and which occurred while all were assembled on the Forum, the
+magistrates slew Romulus, cut his body into pieces, and hid them under
+their wide togas.
+
+[Sidenote: Quirinus.]
+
+When the light returned, and the terrified and awestruck people,
+somewhat reassured, looked about them for their king, they were told
+he had gone, never to return, carried off by the immortal gods, who
+wished him to share their abode and dignity. The senators further
+informed the credulous population that Romulus was to be henceforth
+worshiped as a god under the name of Quirinus, and gave orders for the
+erection of a temple on one of the seven hills, which since then has
+been known as Mount Quirinal. Yearly festivals in Romulus' honor were
+ever after held in Rome, under the name of Quirinalia.
+
+Well pleased with the new city of Rome and its turbulent, lawless
+citizens, Mars took it under his special protection; and once, when a
+plague was raging which threatened to destroy all the people, the
+Romans rushed in a body to his temple, and clamored for a sign of his
+favor and protection.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ancile.]
+
+Even while they prayed, it is said, a shield, Ancile, fell from
+heaven, and a voice was distinctly heard to declare that Rome would
+endure as long as this token of the god's good will was preserved. The
+very same day the plague ceased its frightful ravages, and the Romans,
+delighted with the result of their petitions, placed the heavenly
+shield in one of their principal temples.
+
+Then, in constant dread lest some of their enemies should succeed in
+stealing it, they caused eleven other shields to be made, so exactly
+like the heaven-sent Ancile, that none but the guardian priests, the
+Salii, who kept continual watch over them, could detect the original
+from the facsimiles. During the month of March, which, owing to its
+blustery weather, was dedicated to Mars and bore his name, the ancilae
+were carried in a procession all through the city, the Salii chanting
+their rude war songs, and executing intricate war dances.
+
+A Roman general, ere setting out on any warlike expedition, always
+entered the sanctuary of Mars, touched the sacred shield with the
+point of his lance, shook the spear in the hand of the god's effigy,
+and called aloud, "Mars, watch over us!"
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Mars.]
+
+A common superstition among the Roman soldiery was, that Mars, under
+the name of Gradivus, marched in person at the head of their army, and
+led them on to victory. Mars' principal votaries were therefore the
+Roman soldiers and youths, whose exercising ground was called, in his
+honor, the Campus Martius, or Field of Mars. All the laurel crowns
+bestowed upon victorious generals were deposited at the foot of his
+statues, and a bull was the customary thank offering after a
+successful campaign.
+
+    "The soldier, from successful camps returning
+    With laurel wreath'd, and rich with hostile spoil,
+    Severs the bull to Mars."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VULCAN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's fall.]
+
+Vulcan, or Hephaestus, son of Jupiter and Juno, god of fire and the
+forge, seldom joined the general council of the gods. His aversion to
+Olympus was of old standing. He had once been tenderly attached to his
+mother, had lavished upon her every proof of his affection, and had
+even tried to console her when she mourned Jupiter's neglect. On one
+occasion, intending to punish Juno for one of her usual fits of
+jealousy, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, fast bound by a golden
+chain; and Vulcan, perceiving her in this plight, tugged at the chain
+with all his might, drew her up, and was about to set her free, when
+Jupiter returned, and, in anger at his son's interference in his
+matrimonial concerns, kicked him out of heaven.
+
+The intervening space between heaven and earth was so great, that
+Vulcan's fall lasted during one whole day and night, ere he finally
+touched the summit of Mount Mosychlus, in the Island of Lemnos.
+
+                              "From morn
+    To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
+    A summer's day; and with the setting sun
+    Dropt from the zenith like a falling star,
+    On Lemnos th' AEgean isle."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+Of course, to any one but a god such a terrible fall would have proved
+fatal; and even Vulcan did not escape entirely unharmed, for he
+injured one of his legs, which accident left him lame and somewhat
+deformed for the remainder of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's forge.]
+
+Now, although Vulcan had risked so much and suffered so greatly in
+taking his mother's part, she never even made the slightest attempt to
+ascertain whether he had reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her
+indifference and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed never again to return to
+Olympus, and withdrew to the solitudes of Mount AEtna, where he
+established a great forge in the heart of the mountain, in partnership
+with the Cyclopes, who helped him manufacture many cunning and useful
+objects from the metals found in great profusion in the bosom of the
+earth.
+
+Among these ingenious contrivances were two golden handmaidens gifted
+with motion, who attended the god wherever he went, and supported his
+halting footsteps.
+
+    "Two golden statues, like in form and look
+    To living maidens, aided with firm gait
+    The monarch's steps."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The golden throne.]
+
+Vulcan also devised a golden throne with countless hidden springs,
+which, when unoccupied, did not present an extraordinary appearance;
+but as soon as any one ventured to make use of it, the springs moved,
+and, the chair closing around the person seated upon it, frustrated
+all attempts to rise and escape from its treacherous embrace.
+
+Vulcan dispatched this throne, when completed, to his mother, who,
+delighted with its beauty and delicate workmanship, proudly seated
+herself upon it, and found herself a prisoner. In vain she strove to
+escape, in vain the gods all gallantly rushed to her assistance. Their
+united strength and skill proved useless against the cunning springs.
+
+  [Illustration: FORGE OF VULCAN.--Velasquez. (Museum, Madrid.)]
+
+Finally Mercury was sent to Vulcan, primed with a most diplomatic
+request to honor high Olympus with his presence; but all Mercury's
+eloquence and persuasions failed to induce the god of the forge to
+leave his sooty abode, and the messenger god was forced to return
+alone and report the failure of his attempt. Then the gods
+deliberated anew, and decided to send Bacchus, god of wine, hoping his
+powers of persuasion would prove more effective.
+
+Armed with a flask of his choicest vintage, Bacchus presented himself
+before Vulcan, and offered him a refreshing draught. Vulcan,
+predisposed to thirst, and incited to drink by the very nature of his
+labor, accepted the offered cup, and allowed himself to be beguiled
+into renewing his potations, until he was quite intoxicated. In this
+condition, Bacchus led him passive to Olympus, made him release the
+Queen of Heaven, and urged him to embrace his father and crave
+forgiveness.
+
+Although restored to favor, Vulcan would not remain permanently in
+Olympus, but preferred to return to his forge and continue his labors.
+He undertook, however, the construction of magnificent golden palaces
+for each of the gods upon the Olympian heights, fashioned their
+sumptuous furniture from precious metals, and further embellished his
+work by a rich ornamentation of precious stones.
+
+    "Then to their starry domes the gods depart,
+    The shining monuments of Vulcan's art:
+    Jove on his couch reclin'd his awful head,
+    And Juno slumber'd on the golden bed."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+Aided by the Cyclopes, Vulcan manufactured Jupiter's weapons, the
+dread thunderbolts, whose frightful power none could withstand, and
+Cupid's love-inspiring darts.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan's loves.]
+
+Vulcan, in spite of his deformity, extreme ugliness, and well-known
+aversion to any home but his sooty forge, was none the less prone to
+fall in love with the various goddesses. He first wooed Minerva, who,
+having sworn never to marry, contemptuously dismissed his suit. To
+console Vulcan for this rebuff, and at the same time punish the
+Goddess of Beauty, who, according to some mythologists, had refused
+even his addresses, Jupiter bestowed upon him the fair hand of Venus,
+and sent her and her mischievous train of Loves and Graces to reside
+in the dark caves of Mount AEtna.
+
+Amused by all the strange sights and sounds, the goddess at first
+seemed quite contented; but after a time Vulcan's gloomy abode lost
+all its attractions: so she forsook her ill-favored husband, and went
+in search of another, more congenial mate.
+
+Some time after, Vulcan married one of the Graces, who, however, seems
+to have also soon wearied of his society, for she deserted him.
+
+Vulcan's children were mostly monsters, such as Cacus, Periphetes,
+Cercyon, etc., all of whom play an important part in heroic mythology.
+He is also the reputed father of Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome,
+by a slave Ocrisia, whom he was wont to visit in the guise of a bright
+flame, which played harmlessly about her.
+
+Vulcan was worshiped by all blacksmiths and artisans, who recognized
+him as their special patron, and venerated him accordingly.
+
+                  "Those who labor
+    The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
+    Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,
+    Acknowledge Vulcan's aid."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+Great festivals, the Vulcanalia and the Hephaestia, were celebrated in
+honor of this god, who is generally represented as a short, muscular
+man, with one leg shorter than the other, a workman's cap on his curly
+locks, a short upper garment, and a smith's tools in his hand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+
+When Jupiter assigned to each of his brothers a separate portion of
+the universe, he decreed that Neptune, or Poseidon, should govern all
+the waters upon the face of the earth, and be sole monarch of the
+ocean.
+
+    "Neptune, the mighty marine god, I sing;
+    Earth's mover, and the fruitless ocean's king.
+    That Helicon and th' AEgean deeps dost hold.
+    O thou earth-shaker; thy command, twofold
+    The gods have sorted; making thee of horses
+    The awful tamer, and of naval forces
+    The sure preserver. Hail, O Saturn's birth!
+    Whose graceful green hair circles all the earth.
+    Bear a benign mind; and thy helpful hand
+    Lend all, submitted to thy dread command."
+
+                      Homer (Chapman's tr.).
+
+Before this new ruler made his appearance, the Titan Oceanus had
+wielded the scepter of the sea; and regretfully he now resigned it to
+his youthful supplanter, whom he nevertheless admired sincerely, and
+described in glowing colors to his brothers.
+
+    "Have ye beheld the young God of the Seas,
+    My dispossessor? Have ye seen his face?
+    Have ye beheld his chariot, foam'd along
+    By noble winged creatures he hath made?
+    I saw him on the calmed waters scud,
+    With such a glow of beauty in his eyes,
+    That it enforc'd me to bid sad farewell
+    To all my empire."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+  [Illustration: FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE.--Bologna. (Bologna.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's exile.]
+
+Neptune, the personification as well as the god of the sea, was of an
+exceedingly encroaching disposition. Dissatisfied with the portion
+allotted him, he once conspired to dethrone Jupiter; but,
+unfortunately for the success of his undertaking, his plot was
+discovered before he could put it into execution, and Jupiter, in
+punishment for his temerity, exiled him to earth. There he was
+condemned to build the walls of Troy for Laomedon, king of that city,
+who, in return, promised a handsome compensation.
+
+Apollo, also banished from heaven at that time, volunteered to aid
+Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by the power of
+sweet sounds (p. 65). The task satisfactorily ended, Laomedon, an
+avaricious and dishonest king, refused the promised guerdon, whereupon
+Neptune created a terrible monster, which came upon the shore,
+devoured the inhabitants, devastated everything within his reach, and
+inspired all with great terror.
+
+            "A great serpent from the deep,
+    Lifting his horrible head above their homes,
+    Devoured the children."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+To save themselves from the awful death which threatened them all, the
+Trojans consulted an oracle, who advised the sacrifice of a beautiful
+virgin, and promised the monster would disappear as soon as he had
+devoured the appointed victim.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hesione.]
+
+A young girl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the seashore,
+and chained by the priest's own hands to a slimy rock. As soon as her
+mourning friends had forsaken her, the hideous serpent came out of his
+lair in the waves, and devoured her; then he vanished, and nothing
+more was heard of him for a whole year, at the end of which time he
+reappeared, and resumed his former depredations, which were only
+checked by the sacrifice of a second virgin.
+
+Year after year, however, he returned, and year after year a fair girl
+was doomed to perish, until finally the lot fell upon Hesione, the
+king's only daughter. He could not bear the thought of the terrible
+fate awaiting her, and tried every means in his power to save her. As
+a last resort he sent heralds to publish far and wide that the king
+would give a great reward to any man who would dare attack and succeed
+in slaying the monster.
+
+Hercules, on his return from the scene of one of his stupendous
+labors, heard the proclamation, and, with no other weapon than the
+oaken club he generally carried, slew the monster just as he was about
+to drag poor Hesione down into his slimy cave. Laomedon was, of
+course, overjoyed at the monster's death, but, true to his nature,
+again refused the promised reward, and by his dishonesty incurred the
+hatred and contempt of this hero also. Some time after, having
+finished his time of servitude with Eurystheus, Hercules, aided by a
+chosen band of adventurers, came to Troy to punish him for his
+perfidy. The city was stormed and taken, the king slain, and his wife
+and children carried to Greece as captives. There Hesione became the
+bride of Telamon; while her brother Podarces, later known as Priam,
+was redeemed by his people and made King of Troy.
+
+Laomedon's failure to pay his just debts was the primary cause of the
+enmity which Apollo and Neptune displayed towards the Trojans during
+their famous war with the Greeks (p. 305).
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's contests.]
+
+Their term of exile ended, the gods were reinstated in their exalted
+positions, and hastened to resume their former occupations; but, in
+spite of the severe lesson just received, Neptune was not yet cured of
+his grasping tendencies. Not long after his return from Troy, he
+quarreled with Minerva for the possession of the then recently founded
+city of Athens, then nameless, and entered into the memorable contest
+in which he was signally defeated (p. 57). He also disputed the
+sovereignty of Troezene with Minerva, and that of Corinth with Apollo.
+In the latter instance, the disputants having chosen Briareus as
+umpire, the prize was awarded to him as the most powerful of all the
+gods except Jupiter.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's power.]
+
+As god of the sea, Neptune did not generally remain in Olympus, but
+dwelt way down in the coral caves of his kingdom, over which he ruled
+with resistless sway. By one word he could stir up or calm the wildest
+storm, and cause the billows to roar with fury or subside into
+peaceful ripples.
+
+      "He spake, and round about him called the clouds
+    And roused the ocean,--wielding in his hand
+    The trident,--summoned all the hurricanes
+    Of all the winds, and covered earth and sky
+    At once with mists, while from above the night
+    Fell suddenly."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The rivers, fountains, lakes, and seas were not only subject to his
+rule, but he could also cause terrible earthquakes at will, and, when
+he pleased, raise islands from the deep, as he did when Latona
+entreated him to shelter her from Juno's persecutions (p. 62).
+
+Neptune is said to have loved the goddess Ceres, and to have followed
+her during her prolonged search for her daughter, Proserpina. Annoyed
+by his persistent wooing, the goddess, to escape him, assumed the form
+of a mare; but the God of the Sea, not at all deceived by this
+stratagem, straightway assumed the form of a horse, in which guise he
+contentedly trotted after her and renewed his attentions.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's wives.]
+
+The offspring of this equine pair was Arion, a wonderful winged steed,
+gifted with the power of speech, whose early education was intrusted
+to the Nereides. They trained him to draw his father's chariot over
+the waves with incredible rapidity, and parted with him regretfully
+when he was given to Copreus, Pelops' son. This marvelous horse passed
+successively into Hercules' and Adrastus' hands; and the latter won
+all the chariot races, thanks to his fleetness.
+
+On another occasion, Neptune, having fallen deeply in love with a
+maiden named Theophane, and fearful lest some one of her numerous
+suitors should find favor in her eyes before he had time to urge his
+wooing, suddenly changed her into a sheep, and conveyed her to the
+Island of Crumissa, where he assumed the guise of a ram, and, in this
+metamorphosed condition, carried on his courtship, which eventually
+proved successful. The offspring of this union was the golden-fleeced
+ram which bore Phryxus in safety to the Colchian shores, and whose
+pelt was the goal of the Argonautic expedition (p. 265).
+
+Neptune also loved and married Medusa in the days of her youth and
+beauty, and when some drops of blood fell from her severed head into
+the salt sea foam, he produced from them the graceful winged steed
+Pegasus (p. 244).
+
+Neptune is also said to be the father of the giants Otus and
+Ephialtes, of Neleus, Pelias, and Polyphemus.
+
+[Sidenote: Amphitrite.]
+
+The Queen of the Ocean, Neptune's own true and lawful wife, was a
+Nereid, one of the fifty daughters of Doris and Nereus,--the
+personification of the calm and sunlit aspect of the sea. Her name was
+Amphitrite, or Salacia. At first she was in great awe of her
+distinguished suitor, and in her fear fled at his approach, leaving
+him no chance to admire any of her charms, except the grace and
+celerity with which she managed to flit, or rather glide, out of his
+sight.
+
+                "Along the deep
+    With beauteous ankles, Amphitrite glides."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+This conduct grieved Neptune so sorely, that he sent a dolphin to
+plead his cause, and persuade the fair nymph to share his throne. The
+messenger, carefully instructed beforehand, carried out the directions
+with such skill, that Amphitrite formally consented to become
+Neptune's wife.
+
+The King of the Deep was so overjoyed at these good tidings, that he
+transferred the dolphin to the sky, where he forms a well-known
+constellation. Neptune and Amphitrite in due time became the happy
+parents of several children, among whom the most celebrated is Triton,
+whose body was half man and half fish, and who gave his name to all
+his male descendants.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Idas and Marpessa.]
+
+Like all other gods, Neptune took a lively interest in men's affairs,
+and sometimes interfered in their behalf. On one occasion, for
+instance, he even lent his beautiful chariot to a youth by the name of
+Idas, who, loving a maiden dearly, and unable to win her father's
+consent to their union, had resolved to kidnap her. Marpessa, for such
+was the lady's name, allowed herself to be carried off without
+protest; and the lovers were blissfully speeding along in Neptune's
+chariot, when her father, Evenus, perceiving their escape, started in
+pursuit of them. In spite of the most strenuous efforts, he could not
+overtake the fleeing pair, and in his anger plunged into a river,
+where he was drowned, and which from him received the name of Evenus.
+
+Idas and Marpessa were just congratulating themselves upon their
+narrow escape, when suddenly Apollo appeared before them, and,
+checking their steeds, declared he loved the maiden too, and would not
+tamely yield her up to a rival.
+
+This was quite equivalent to a challenge; and Idas, stepping down from
+the chariot, was about to engage in the fight, when suddenly out of a
+clear sky a thunderbolt came crashing down to earth, and an imperious
+voice was heard to declare that the quarrel could be settled by
+Marpessa only, and that she should freely choose the suitor she
+preferred as husband.
+
+The maiden glanced at both her lovers, and quickly reviewed their
+respective attractions. Remembering that Apollo, being immortal, would
+retain all his youthful bloom when her more ephemeral beauty had
+vanished, and that he would then probably cease to love her, she held
+out her hand to Idas, declaring she preferred to link her fate to that
+of a mortal, who would grow old when she did, and love her as long as
+they both lived. This choice was approved by Jupiter; and the lovers,
+after reaching a place of safety, returned the wondrous chariot to
+Neptune, with many grateful thanks for his timely aid.
+
+[Sidenote: Neptune's attendants.]
+
+All the Nereides, Tritons, and lesser sea divinities formed a part of
+Neptune and Amphitrite's train, and followed closely when they rode
+forth to survey their kingdom.
+
+Neptune had, besides this, many subordinates, whose duty it was to
+look after various seas, lakes, rivers, fountains, etc., confided to
+their special care. In harmony with their occupations, these
+divinities were either hoary river gods (such as Father Nile), slender
+youths, beautiful maidens, or little babbling children. They seldom
+left the cool waves of their appointed dwellings, and strove to win
+Neptune's approbation mostly by the zeal they showed in the discharge
+of their various duties.
+
+Proteus, too, another inferior deity, had the care of the flocks of
+the deep, and he always attended Neptune when it was safe to leave his
+great herds of sea calves to bask on the sunny shores.
+
+    "In ages past old Proteus, with his droves
+    Of sea calves, sought the mountains and the groves."
+
+                                     Cowper.
+
+[Sidenote: Proteus.]
+
+In common with all the other gods, Proteus enjoyed the gift of
+prophecy, and had the power to assume any shape he pleased. The former
+gift he was wont to exercise very reluctantly; and when mortals wished
+to consult him, he would change his form with bewildering rapidity,
+and, unless they clung to him through all his changes, they could
+obtain no answer to their questions.
+
+      "Shouting [we] seize the god: our force t' evade,
+    His various arts he soon resumes in aid:
+    A lion now, he curls a surgy mane;
+    Sudden, our hands a spotted pard restrain;
+    Then, arm'd with tusks, and lightning in his eyes,
+    A boar's obscener shape the god belies:
+    On spiry volumes, there, a dragon rides;
+    Here, from our strict embrace a stream he glides;
+    And last, sublime, his stately growth he rears,
+    A tree, and well-dissembled foliage wears."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+But if these manifestations proved unavailing to drive his would-be
+hearers away, the god answered every question circumstantially.
+
+  [Illustration: FATHER NILE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+Amphitrite, Neptune's wife,--generally represented as a beautiful
+nude nymph, crowned with seaweed, and reclining in a pearl-shell
+chariot drawn by dolphins, or sea-horses,--was worshiped with her
+husband.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Neptune.]
+
+Neptune, majestic and middle-aged, with long, flowing hair and beard,
+wearing a seaweed crown, and brandishing a trident, or three-pronged
+fork, was widely worshiped throughout Greece and Italy, and had
+countless shrines. His principal votaries were the seamen and horse
+trainers, who often bespoke his aid.
+
+    "Hail, Neptune, greatest of the gods!
+    Thou ruler of the salt sea floods;
+    Thou with the deep and dark-green hair,
+    That dost the golden trident bear;
+    Thou that, with either arm outspread,
+    Embosomest the earth we tread:
+    Thine are the beasts with fin and scales,
+    That round thy chariot, as it sails,
+    Plunging and tumbling, fast and free,
+    All reckless follow o'er the sea."
+
+                                      Arion.
+
+Many large temples were dedicated exclusively to the worship of
+Neptune, and games were frequently celebrated in his honor. The most
+noted of all were undoubtedly the Isthmian Games,--a national
+festival, held every four years at Corinth, on the isthmus of the same
+name. Hither people came from all points of the compass, and all parts
+of the then known world, either to witness or to take part in the
+noted wrestling, boxing, and racing matches, or in the musical and
+poetical contests.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+PLUTO.
+
+
+Pluto[1] (Dis, Hades, Orcus, Aidoneus), son of Cronus and Rhea,
+received as his share of the world the supervision of the Infernal
+Regions, situated beneath the earth, and was also appointed god of the
+dead and of riches, for all precious metals are buried deep in the
+bosom of the earth.
+
+    [1] Besides this Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, the
+    Greeks also worshiped Plutus, a son of Ceres and Jason, who
+    was known exclusively as the god of wealth. Abandoned in
+    infancy, he was brought up by Pax, the goddess of peace, who
+    is often represented holding him in her lap. Because Plutus
+    insisted upon bestowing his favors upon good and noble
+    mortals only, Jupiter soon deprived him of his sight. Since
+    then the blind god's gifts have been distributed
+    indiscriminately.
+
+This god inspired all men with a great fear. They never spoke of him
+without trembling, and fervently prayed that they might never see his
+face; for, when he appeared on the surface of the earth, it was only
+in search of some victim to drag down into his dismal abode, or to
+make sure there was no crevice through which a sunbeam might glide to
+brighten its gloom and dispel its shadows. Whenever the stern god set
+out on one of these expeditions, he rode in a chariot drawn by four
+coal-black steeds; and, if any obstacle presented itself to impede his
+progress, he struck it with his two-pronged fork, the emblem of his
+power, and the obstacle was immediately removed. It was on one of
+these occasions that Pluto kidnapped Proserpina, the fair goddess of
+vegetation, daughter of Ceres, whom he set on his throne in Hades, and
+crowned his queen (p. 183).
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Pluto.]
+
+Pluto is always represented as a stern, dark, bearded man, with
+tightly closed lips, a crown on his head, a scepter and a key in hand,
+to show how carefully he guards those who enter his domains, and how
+vain are their hopes to effect their escape. No temples were dedicated
+to him, and statues of this god are very rare. Human sacrifices were
+sometimes offered on his altars; and at his festivals, held every
+hundred years, and thence called Secular Games, none but black animals
+were slain.
+
+[Sidenote: Hades.]
+
+His kingdom, generally called Hades, was very difficult of access.
+According to Roman traditions, it could only be entered at Avernus,
+but the Greeks asserted that there was another entrance near the
+Promontory of Taenarum. Both nations agreed, however, in saying that it
+was an almost impossible feat to get out again if one were rash enough
+to venture in.
+
+    "To the shades you go a down-hill, easy way;
+    But to return and re-enjoy the day,
+    This is a work, a labor!"
+
+                                     Virgil.
+
+To prevent all mortals from entering, and all spirits from escaping,
+Pluto placed a huge three-headed dog, called Cerberus, to guard the
+gate.
+
+      "There in state old Cerberus sate,
+    A three-headed dog, as cruel as Fate,
+    Guarding the entrance early and late."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+From thence a long subterranean passage, through which shadowy spirits
+glided incessantly, led to the throne room, where Pluto and Proserpina
+sat in state, clad in their sable robes. From the foot of this throne
+flowed the rivers which channeled the Lower World. One, the Cocytus,
+rolled salt waves, composed of naught but the tears flowing
+continually from the eyes of the criminals condemned to hard labor in
+Tartarus, the portion of Hades reserved for the exclusive use of the
+wicked.
+
+    "Cocytus, named of lamentation loud
+    Heard on the rueful stream."
+
+                                      Homer.
+
+[Sidenote: Rivers of Hades.]
+
+To separate this section from the remainder of his realm, Pluto
+surrounded it with the Phlegethon, a river of fire; while the Acheron,
+a black and deep stream, was to be passed by all souls ere they
+reached Pluto's throne and heard his decree. The current of this river
+was so swift, that even the boldest swimmer could not pass over; and,
+as there was no bridge, all the spirits were obliged to rely upon the
+aid of Charon, an aged boatman, who plied the only available skiff--a
+leaky, worm-eaten punt--from shore to shore. Neither would he allow
+any soul to enter his bark, unless he was first given a small coin,
+called the obolus, the ferryman's fare, which the ancients carefully
+laid under the tongue of the dead, that they might pass on to Pluto
+without delay. Charon's leaky boat no sooner touched the shore than a
+host of eager spirits pressed forward to claim a place. The cruel
+boatman repulsed them roughly, and brandished his oars, while he
+leisurely selected those he would next ferry across the stream.
+
+              "The shiv'ring army stands,
+    And press for passage with extended hands.
+    Now these, now those, the surly boatman bore;
+    The rest he drove to distance from the shore."
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+All those who could not produce the required obolus were obliged to
+wait one hundred years, at the end of which time Charon reluctantly
+ferried them over free of charge.
+
+There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose waters the
+gods swore their most irrevocable oaths; and the blessed Lethe, whose
+waters had the power to make one forget all unpleasant things, thus
+preparing the good for a state of endless bliss in the Elysian Fields.
+
+  [Illustration: THE FURIES.--A Study for the Masque of
+      Cupid.--Burne-Jones.]
+
+    "Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls
+    Her wat'ry labrinth, whereof who drinks,
+    Forthwith his former state and being forgets,
+    Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+[Sidenote: The judges.]
+
+Near Pluto's throne were seated the three judges of Hades, Minos,
+Rhadamanthus, and AEacus, whose duty it was to question all newly
+arrived souls, to sort out the confused mass of good and bad thoughts
+and actions, and place them in the scales of Themis, the blindfolded,
+impartial goddess of justice, who bore a trenchant sword to indicate
+that her decrees would be mercilessly enforced. If the good outweighed
+the evil, the spirit was led to the Elysian Fields; but if, on the
+contrary, the evil prevailed, the spirit was condemned to suffer in
+the fires of Tartarus.
+
+                "Where his decrees
+    The guilty soul within the burning gates
+    Of Tartarus compel, or send the good
+    To inhabit, with eternal health and peace,
+    The valley of Elysium."
+
+                                   Akenside.
+
+[Sidenote: The Furies.]
+
+The guilty souls were always intrusted to the three snake-locked
+Furies (Erinnyes, or Eumenides), who drove them with their stinging
+lashes to the gates of Tartarus. These deities, who were sisters, and
+children of Acheron and Nyx, were distinguished by the individual
+names of Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera, and with Nemesis, goddess of
+revenge, were noted for their hard hearts and the merciless manner in
+which they hurried the ghosts intrusted to their care over the fiery
+flood of the Phlegethon, and through the brazen gates of their future
+place of incessant torment.
+
+  [Illustration: THE THREE FATES.--Thumann.]
+
+    "There rolls swift Phlegethon, with thund'ring sound,
+    His broken rocks, and whirls his surges round.
+    On mighty columns rais'd sublime are hung
+    The massy gates, impenetrably strong.
+    In vain would men, in vain would gods essay,
+    To hew the beams of adamant away.
+    Here rose an iron tow'r: before the gate,
+    By night and day, a wakeful Fury sate,
+    The pale Tisiphone; a robe she wore,
+    With all the pomp of horror, dy'd in gore."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Fates.]
+
+The three Fates (Moerae, Parcae), sisters, also sat near Pluto's throne.
+Clotho, the youngest, spun the thread of life, in which the bright and
+dark lines were intermingled. Lachesis, the second, twisted it; and
+under her fingers it was now strong, now weak.
+
+    "Twist ye, twine ye! even so,
+    Mingle shades of joy and woe,
+    Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,
+    In the thread of human life."
+
+                                      Scott.
+
+Atropos, the third sister, armed with a huge pair of shears,
+remorselessly cut short the thread of life,--an intimation that
+another soul would ere long find its way down into the dark kingdom of
+Hades.
+
+[Sidenote: Tartarus.]
+
+When the gates of Tartarus turned on their hinges to receive the
+newcomer, a chorus of cries, groans, and imprecations from within fell
+upon his ear, mingled with the whistling of the whips incessantly
+plied by retributive deities.
+
+    "What sounds were heard,
+    What scenes appeared,
+    O'er all the dreary coasts!
+        Dreadful gleams,
+        Dismal screams,
+        Fires that glow,
+        Shrieks of woe,
+        Sullen moans,
+        Hollow groans,
+    And cries of tortured ghosts."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+[Sidenote: The Danaides.]
+
+Many victims renowned while on earth for their cruelty found here the
+just punishment of their sins. Attention was first attracted by a
+group of beautiful maidens, who carried water to fill a bottomless
+cask. Down to the stream they hastened, a long procession, filled
+their urns with water, painfully clambered up the steep and slippery
+bank, and poured their water into the cask; but when, exhausted and
+ready to faint from fatigue, they paused to rest for a moment, the
+cutting lash fell upon their bare shoulders, and spurred them on to
+renewed efforts to complete a task so hopeless that it has become
+proverbial.
+
+These fair maidens were the Danaides, daughters of Danaus, who had
+pledged his fifty daughters to the fifty sons of his brother AEgyptus.
+The marriage preparations were all completed, when Danaus suddenly
+remembered an ancient prophecy which had quite escaped his memory, and
+which foretold that he would perish by the hand of his son-in-law.
+
+It was now too late to prevent the marriages, so, calling his
+daughters aside, he told them what the oracle had said, and, giving
+them each a sharp dagger, bade them slay their husbands on their
+wedding night. The marriages were celebrated, as was customary, with
+mirth, dance, and song; and the revelry continued until late at night,
+when, the guests having departed, the newly married couples retired.
+But as soon as Danaus' daughters were quite certain their husbands
+were fast asleep, they produced their daggers and slew their mates.
+
+    "Danaus arm'd each daughter's hand
+    To stain with blood the bridal bed."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+One of the brides only, Hypermnestra, loved her husband too dearly to
+obey her father's command, and, when morning broke, only forty-nine of
+AEgyptus' sons were found lifeless. The sole survivor, Lynceus, to
+avenge his brothers' death, slew Danaus, thus fulfilling the ominous
+prophecy; while the gods, incensed by the Danaides' heartlessness,
+sent them to Hades, where they were compelled to fill the bottomless
+cask.
+
+[Sidenote: Tantalus.]
+
+Tartarus also detained within its brazen portals a cruel king named
+Tantalus (the father of Niobe), who, while on earth, had starved and
+ill-treated his subjects, insulted the immortal gods, and on one
+occasion had even dared to cook and serve up to them his own son
+Pelops. Most of the gods were immediately aware of the deception
+practiced upon them, and refused the new dish; but Ceres, who was very
+melancholy on account of the recent loss of her daughter, paid no heed
+to what was offered her, and in a fit of absent-mindedness ate part of
+the lad's shoulder.
+
+The gods in pity restored the youth to life, and Ceres replaced the
+missing shoulder with one of ivory or of gold. Driven away from his
+kingdom, which was seized by the King of Troy, Pelops took refuge in
+Greece, where he ruled the extensive peninsula, the Peloponnesus,
+which still bears his name.
+
+To punish the inhuman Tantalus, the gods then sent him to Tartarus,
+where he stood up to his chin in a stream of pure water, tormented
+with thirst; for, whenever he stooped to drink, the waters fled from
+his parched lips. Over his head hung a branch of luscious fruit. His
+hunger was as intolerable as his thirst; but, whenever he clutched at
+the fruit, the branch swung upward, and eluded his eager grasp.
+
+    "Above, beneath, around his hapless head,
+    Trees of all kinds delicious fruitage spread.
+    The fruit he strives to seize; but blasts arise,
+    Toss it on high, and whirl it to the skies."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+This singular punishment inflicted upon Tantalus gave rise to the
+expression "to tantalize."
+
+[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]
+
+Another criminal was Sisyphus, who, while king of Corinth, had misused
+his power, had robbed and killed travelers, and even deceived the
+gods. His reprehensible conduct was punished in Tartarus, where he was
+condemned to roll a huge stone to the top of a very steep hill; and
+just as he reached the summit, and fancied his task done, the rock
+would slip from his grasp and roll to the foot of the hill, thus
+obliging him to renew all his exertions.
+
+    "With many a weary step, and many a groan,
+    Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;
+    The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,
+    Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground.
+    Again the restless orb his toil renews,
+    Dust mounts in clouds, and sweat descends in dews."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Salmoneus.]
+
+Salmoneus, another king, had vainly tried to make his subjects believe
+he was Jupiter. To that effect, he had once driven over a brazen
+bridge to imitate the roll of thunder, and, to simulate the
+thunderbolts, had thrown lighted torches down upon the multitude,
+purposely assembled below.
+
+    "Th' audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew:
+    He wav'd a torch aloft, and, madly vain,
+    Sought godlike worship from a servile train.
+    Ambitious fool, with horny hoofs to pass
+    O'er hollow arches of resounding brass,
+    To rival thunder in its rapid course,
+    And imitate inimitable force!"
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+This insolent parody so incensed Jupiter, that he grasped one of his
+deadliest thunderbolts, brandished it aloft for a moment, and then
+hurled it with vindictive force at the arrogant king. In Tartarus,
+Salmoneus was placed beneath an overhanging rock, which momentarily
+threatened to fall, and crush him under its mass.
+
+    "He was doomed to sit under a huge stone,
+    Which the father of the gods
+    Kept over his head suspended.
+    Thus he sat
+    In continual dread of its downfall,
+    And lost to every comfort."
+
+                                     Pindar.
+
+[Sidenote: Tityus.]
+
+Still farther on was the recumbent form of Tityus, a giant whose body
+covered nine acres of ground. He had dared offer an insult to Juno,
+and in punishment was chained like Prometheus, while a vulture feasted
+on his liver.
+
+    "There Tityus was to see, who took his birth
+    From heav'n, his nursing from the foodful earth:
+    Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace,
+    Infold nine acres of infernal space.
+    A rav'nous vulture in his open side
+    Her crooked beak and cruel talons try'd:
+    Still for the growing liver digg'd his breast,
+    The growing liver still supply'd the feast."
+
+                      Virgil (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ixion.]
+
+Here in Tartarus, too, was Ixion, king of the Lapithae, who had been
+given the hand of Dia in marriage on condition that he would give her
+father a stipulated sum of money in exchange, but who, as soon as the
+maiden was his, refused to keep his promise. The father-in-law was an
+avaricious man, and clamored so loudly for his money, that Ixion, to
+be rid of his importunities, slew him. Such an act of violence could
+not be overlooked by the gods: so Jupiter summoned Ixion to appear
+before him and state his case.
+
+Ixion pleaded so skillfully, that Jupiter was about to declare him
+acquitted, when he suddenly caught him making love to Juno, which
+offense seemed so unpardonable, that he sent him to Tartarus, where he
+was bound to a constantly revolving wheel of fire.
+
+        "Proud Ixion (doom'd to feel
+    The tortures of the eternal wheel,
+    Bound by the hand of angry Jove)
+    Received the due rewards of impious love."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Elysian Fields.]
+
+Far out of sight and hearing of the pitiful sounds which so constantly
+rose out of Tartarus, were the Elysian Fields, lighted by a sun and
+moon of their own, decked with the most fragrant and beautiful of
+flowers, and provided with every charm that nature or art could
+supply. No storms or wintry winds ever came to rob these fields of
+their springlike beauty; and here the blessed spent eternity, in
+pleasant communion with the friends they had loved on earth.
+
+    "Patriots who perished for their country's rights,
+    Or nobly triumphed in the fields of fight:
+    There holy priests and sacred poets stood,
+    Who sang with all the raptures of a god:
+    Worthies whose lives by useful arts refined;
+    With those who leave a deathless name behind,
+    Friends of the world, and fathers of mankind."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+BACCHUS.
+
+
+Among all the mortal maidens honored by the love of Jupiter, king of
+the gods, none was more attractive than Semele, daughter of Cadmus and
+Harmonia.
+
+    "For Semele was molded in the form
+    Of elegance; the beauty of her race
+    Shone in her forehead."
+
+                       Nonnus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Semele.]
+
+Although conscious of these superior attractions, Semele was
+excessively coy, and it was only with the greatest difficulty that
+Jupiter, disguised as a mortal, could urge his love suit. When he had
+at last obtained a hearing, he told her who he was, calculating upon
+the effect which such a revelation must necessarily produce.
+
+He was not mistaken in his previsions, for Semele, proud of having
+attracted the greatest among the gods, no longer offered any
+resistance, and consented to their union. Their love grew and
+prospered, and Jupiter came down from Olympus as often as possible to
+enjoy the society of his beloved. His frequent absences finally
+aroused Juno's suspicions, and, as usual, she spared no pains to
+discover what powerful charm could draw him from her side. After a few
+days she knew all, and straightway determined to have her revenge, and
+punish her fickle spouse. To accomplish this successfully, she assumed
+the face and form of Beroe, Semele's old nurse, and thus entered the
+young princess's apartment quite unsuspected.
+
+      "Old Beroe's decrepit shape she wears,
+    Her wrinkled visage, and her hoary hairs;
+    Whilst in her trembling gait she totters on,
+    And learns to tattle in the nurse's tone."
+
+                       Ovid (Addison's tr.).
+
+There she immediately entered into conversation with her supposed
+nursling, artfully extracted a complete confession, heard with
+suppressed rage how long Jupiter had wooed ere he had finally won the
+maiden's consent, and received a rapturous and minute catalogue of all
+his personal charms and a synopsis of all they had both said.
+
+The false nurse listened with apparent sympathy; but in reality she
+was furious, and, to put an end to it all, asked Semele if she were
+quite sure he was king of the gods, as he asserted, and whether he
+visited her in all the pomp of his regal apparel. The maiden
+shamefacedly replied that he was wont to visit her in the guise of a
+mortal only; whereupon Beroe, with feigned indignation, told her
+nursling he must either be a vile impostor, or else that he did not
+love her as dearly as he loved Juno, in whose presence he seldom
+appeared except in godlike array.
+
+With artful words she so worked upon the guileless nature of her
+rival, that, when Jupiter next came, the maiden used all her
+blandishments to extort from him a solemn oath to grant any request
+she chose to make. A lover is not very likely to weigh his words under
+such circumstances, and Jupiter took the most solemn of all the oaths
+to gratify her whim.
+
+    "'Bear me witness, Earth, and ye, broad Heavens
+    Above us, and ye, waters of the Styx,
+    That flow beneath us, mightiest oath of all,
+    And most revered by the blessed gods!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The promise won, the delighted Semele bade her lover speedily return
+to Olympus, don his own majestic form and apparel, and hasten back to
+her side, surrounded by all his heavenly pomp, and armed with his
+dreaded thunderbolts. Jupiter, horrified at this imprudent request,
+implored her to ask something else, and release him from a promise
+fraught with such danger to her; but all in vain. Semele, like many
+another fair lady, enjoyed having her own way, and fairly forced him
+to obey.
+
+Jupiter returned to Olympus, modified his costume as much as possible,
+dimmed his glory wherever he could, and chose the feeblest of all his
+bolts, for well he knew no mere mortal could endure the shock of his
+full glory. Then, mounted on a pale flash of lightning, he darted back
+to Semele.
+
+      "To keep his promise he ascends, and shrouds
+    His awful brow in whirlwinds and in clouds;
+    Whilst all around, in terrible array,
+    His thunders rattle, and his lightnings play.
+    And yet, the dazzling luster to abate,
+    He set not out in all his pomp and state,
+    Clad in the mildest lightning of the skies,
+    And arm'd with thunder of the smallest size:
+    Not those huge bolts, by which the giants slain,
+    Lay overthrown on the Phlegrean plain.
+    'Twas of a lesser mold, and lighter weight;
+    They call it thunder of a second-rate.
+    For the rough Cyclops, who by Jove's command
+    Temper'd the bolt and turn'd it to his hand,
+    Work'd up less flame and fury in its make,
+    And quench'd it sooner in the standing lake.
+    Thus dreadfully adorn'd, with horror bright,
+    Th' illustrious god, descending from his height,
+    Came rushing on her in a storm of light."
+
+                       Ovid (Addison's tr.).
+
+But, although so much milder than usual, this apparition was more than
+poor Semele's human nerves could bear, and she dropped to the floor in
+a swoon at the first glimpse of her lover. Oblivious of all but her
+alarming condition, Jupiter sprang to her side; but the lightning
+which played about his head set fire to the whole palace, which was
+reduced to ashes.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Bacchus.]
+
+Semele herself perished, burned to death; and the only person in all
+the building who escaped uninjured was Bacchus (Liber, Dionysus), the
+infant son of Jupiter and Semele, who was saved by his father's
+powerful hand. Jupiter was at first inconsolable at the death of
+Semele; and, to testify to all mortals how fondly he had loved her, he
+brought her spirit up to heaven, where he raised her to the rank of a
+deity.
+
+      "Semele of the flowing hair,
+    Who died in Thunder's crashing flame,
+    To deified existence came."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+The infant Bacchus was first intrusted to the care of his aunt Ino,
+the second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, who nursed him as tenderly
+as if he had been her own child. But all her love could not avail to
+screen him from the effects of Juno's persistent hatred: so Jupiter,
+fearing lest some harm might befall his precious son, bade Mercury
+convey him to the distant home of the Nysiades,--nymphs who guarded
+him most faithfully.
+
+Juno, not daring to continue her persecutions, wreaked all her anger
+upon poor Ino and her unhappy household by sending the Fury Tisiphone
+to goad Athamas to madness. In a fit of deluded frenzy, he pursued his
+wife and children as if they were wild beasts. One of his sons,
+Learchus, fell beneath his arrows; and, to escape his murderous fury,
+Ino plunged headlong into the sea with her second child in her arms.
+The gods, in pity for her sufferings, changed her into the goddess
+Leucothea, and her son into a sea deity by the name of Palaemon.
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus' attendants.]
+
+When still but a youth, Bacchus was appointed god of wine and revelry,
+and intrusted to the guidance of Silenus, a satyr, half man and half
+goat, who educated him, and accompanied him on all his travels; for he
+delighted in roaming all over the world, borne by his followers, or
+riding in his chariot drawn by wild beasts, while his tutor followed
+him, mounted on an ass, supported on either side by an attendant.
+
+  [Illustration: BACCHUS. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+    "And near him rode Silenus on his ass,
+    Pelted with flowers as he on did pass."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Bacchus' train was very large indeed, and composed of men and women,
+nymphs, fauns, and satyrs, all crowned with ivy leaves, who drank
+wine,--a drink compounded for their express use out of water and
+sunshine,--ate grapes, danced and sang, and loudly proclaimed him
+their chosen leader.
+
+    "'We follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,
+        A conquering!
+    Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,
+    We dance before him thorough kingdoms wide.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+The most unruly among his female followers were the Bacchantes, who
+delighted in revelry, and were in a perpetual state of intoxication as
+they went with him from land to land, where he taught the people the
+cultivation of the vine and the art of making wine. He traveled thus,
+it is said, throughout Greece and Asia Minor, and even ventured as far
+as India and Ethiopia.
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus and the pirates.]
+
+During these long journeys, Bacchus, as was inevitable, met with many
+adventures, which have been fertile themes for poetry and art. On one
+occasion, having strayed away from his followers and lost his way,
+Bacchus laid himself down upon the sand on the seashore to rest. Some
+pirates, sailing by, saw the handsome young sleeper, and noiselessly
+bore him off to their vessel, intending to sell him as a slave in
+Egypt.
+
+They were already quite far out at sea when the god awoke, and gazed
+around him in mute wonder at his surroundings. When fully roused, he
+bade the seamen take him back to land, but they merely replied by
+laughter and mockery. Their amusement was cut short, however, for the
+ship came to a sudden standstill; and, when they leaned over the sides
+to ascertain why their oars could no longer propel it onward, they saw
+a vine grow out of the sea, and twine its branches and tendrils with
+lightning-like velocity around oars, mast, and rigging, thus
+transforming the vessel into a floating arbor. Then a sound of music
+and revelry greeted their astonished ears, and Bacchus' followers came
+thronging over the ship's sides, riding on wild beasts, and chanting
+the praises of their god and of his favorite beverage.
+
+    "In chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,
+    Its power benign, and its flavor divine."
+
+                        Martinez de la Rosa.
+
+These extraordinary sights and sounds so bewildered the poor sailors,
+that they lost all presence of mind, and jumped overboard into the
+sea, where they were drowned and changed into dolphins.
+
+On another occasion, Silenus, after a great carousal, lost his way in
+the forest, and helplessly wandered from place to place in search of
+his companions, until he finally came to the court of Midas, King of
+Lydia, of ass's ears fame (p. 75).
+
+[Sidenote: The curse of gold.]
+
+Midas no sooner beheld the red nose and bloated appearance of the
+wanderer, than he recognized him as Bacchus' tutor, and volunteered to
+lead him back to his divine pupil. Delighted to see Silenus again,
+Bacchus promised Midas any reward he wished; whereupon Midas, who was
+an avaricious old king, fell upon his knees, and humbly besought the
+god to grant that all he touched might be changed into gold.
+
+    "'Give me,' says he (nor thought he ask'd too much),
+    'That with my body whatsoe'er I touch,
+    Changed from the nature which it held of old,
+    May be converted into yellow gold.'"
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+Bacchus immediately signified that his prayer was granted; and Midas,
+overjoyed at the success of his bold venture, wandered back to his
+palace, testing his new-won power, which changed all to gold at a mere
+touch of one of his fingers.
+
+    "Down from a lowly branch a twig he drew,
+    The twig straight glitter'd with a golden hue.
+    He takes a stone, the stone was turn'd to gold:
+    A clod he touches, and the crumbling mold
+    Acknowledged soon the great transforming power,
+    In weight and substance like a mass of ore.
+    He pluck'd the corn, and straight his grasp appears
+    Fill'd with a bending tuft of golden ears.
+    An apple next he takes, and seems to hold
+    The bright Hesperian vegetable gold:
+    His hand he careless on a pillar lays,
+    With shining gold the fluted pillars blaze."
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+The sight of these and many other wonders, wrought by a mere touch,
+filled his heart with joy; and in his elation he bade his servants
+prepare a sumptuous feast, and invite all his courtiers to share his
+merriment. His commands were obeyed with the utmost celerity, and
+Midas beamed with satisfaction as he took his place at the head of the
+board, and viewed the choice dishes and wines prepared for his
+delectation.
+
+Here, too, however, a new revelation awaited him; for cloth, plate,
+and cup turned to gold, as did the food and drink as soon as they met
+his eager lips.
+
+    "Whose powerful hands the bread no sooner hold,
+    But all its substance is transform'd to gold:
+    Up to his mouth he lifts the savory meat,
+    Which turns to gold as he attempts to eat:
+    His patron's noble juice of purple hue,
+    Touch'd by his lips, a gilded cordial grew,
+    Unfit for drink; and, wondrous to behold,
+    It trickles from his jaws a fluid gold.
+    The rich poor fool, confounded with surprise,
+    Starving in all his various plenty lies."
+
+                       Ovid (Croxall's tr.).
+
+In the midst of plenty, the gnawing pangs of hunger now made
+themselves felt; and the precious gift, which prevented his allaying
+them, soon lost all its attractions. With weary feet, Midas now
+retraced the road he had traveled in his pride a few hours before,
+again cast himself at Bacchus' feet, and this time implored him to
+take back the inconvenient gift, which prevented him from satisfying
+his natural appetites.
+
+His distress seemed so real, that Bacchus bade him go and wash in the
+Pactolus River, if he would be rid of the power which had so soon
+turned into a curse. Midas hastened off to the river and plunged in
+its tide, noting that even its sands all turned to gold beneath his
+tread; since when,
+
+    "Pactolus singeth over golden sands."
+
+                                       Gray.
+
+[Sidenote: Naxos.]
+
+Bacchus' favorite place of resort was the Island of Naxos, which he
+visited after every journey. During one of his sojourns there, he
+discovered a fair maiden lying alone on the sandy shore. Ariadne, for
+such was the girl's name, had been forsaken there by her lover,
+Theseus, who had sailed away while she slept (p. 257). As soon as she
+awoke, she called her faithless lover; but no answering sound fell
+upon her ear except the mocking tones of Echo. Her tears flowed freely
+as she beat her breast in despair; but suddenly her lamentations
+ceased, as she caught the faint sound of music floating toward her on
+the summer breeze. Eagerly turning toward the pleasant music, she
+caught sight of a merry procession, headed by the God of Wine.
+
+    "'And as I sat, over the light blue hills
+    There came a noise of revelers: the rills
+    Into the wide stream came of purple hue--
+        'Twas Bacchus and his crew!
+    The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills
+    From kissing cymbals made a merry din--
+        'Twas Bacchus and his kin!
+    Like to a moving vintage down they came,
+    Crown'd with green leaves, and faces all on flame;
+    All madly dancing through the pleasant valley.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+  [Illustration: MARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.--Tintoretto. (Ducal
+      Palace, Venice.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Bacchus and Ariadne.]
+
+Bacchus, the first to perceive the fair mourner, hastened to her side,
+and brought all his powers of persuasion into play to console her. His
+devotion at last induced her to forget her recreant lover, and, after
+a short courtship, Bacchus won her as a bride.
+
+Their wedding was the gayest ever seen, and the feasting lasted for
+several days. The bridegroom presented the bride with a crown adorned
+with seven glittering stars,--an ornament which fitly enhanced her
+peerless beauty. Shortly after her marriage, however, poor Ariadne
+sickened and died, leaving a disconsolate widower, who took the crown
+she had so often worn and flung it up into the air. It rose higher and
+higher, until the gods fixed it in the sky, where it still forms a
+brilliant constellation, known as Ariadne's Crown, or Corona.
+
+    "And still her sign is seen in heaven,
+    And, 'midst the glittering symbols of the sky,
+    The starry crown of Ariadne glides."
+
+                         Apollonius Rhodius.
+
+Bacchus' lightheartedness had all vanished, and he no longer took any
+pleasure in music, dance, or revelry, until Jupiter, in pity for his
+bereavement, restored Ariadne to his longing arms, and, to prevent her
+being again claimed by Death, gave her immortal life.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Pentheus.]
+
+When but a short distance from Thebes, Bacchus once sent a herald to
+Pentheus, the king, to announce his approach, and bespeak a suitable
+reception and sumptuous entertainment. Rumors of the noise and
+disorder, which seemed to have been the invariable accompaniment of
+the god's presence, had already reached Pentheus, who therefore
+dismissed the herald with an insolent message, purporting that Bacchus
+had better remain outside of the city gates.
+
+To avenge this insult, Bacchus inspired the Theban women with a
+species of dementia, which made them rush simultaneously out of the
+city and join his followers. Then they all clamored for permission to
+witness the religious rites in his honor, generally called Mysteries,
+which permission was graciously granted.
+
+The king's spies reported all that had occurred, and their accounts
+made Pentheus long to view the ceremonies in secret. He therefore
+disguised himself, and hid in a bush near the consecrated place,
+hoping to see all without being seen; but an inadvertent movement
+attracted the attention of the already excited Bacchantes, who, led by
+Agave, the king's own mother, dragged him from his hiding place and
+tore him limb from limb.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Bacchus.]
+
+Bacchus, god of wine, was worshiped throughout the ancient world, and
+festivals without number were held in his honor. The most noted were
+the Greater and Lesser Dionysia, the Liberalia, and the Bacchanalia,
+where the wildest merrymaking and license were freely indulged in by
+all participants.
+
+    "Bacchus, on thee they call, in hymns divine,
+    And hang thy statues on the lofty pine:
+    Hence plenty every laughing vineyard fills,
+    Thro' the deep valleys and the sloping hills;
+    Where'er the god inclines his lovely face,
+    More luscious fruits the rich plantations grace.
+    Then let us Bacchus' praises duly sing,
+    And consecrated cakes, and chargers bring,
+    Dragg'd by their horns let victim goats expire,
+    And roast on hazel spits before the sacred fire."
+
+    "Come, sacred sire, with luscious clusters crown'd,
+    Here all the riches of thy reign abound;
+    Each field replete with blushing autumn glows,
+    And in deep tides for thee the foaming vintage flows."
+
+                      Virgil (Warton's tr.).
+
+Bacchus is generally represented as a handsome youth, crowned with ivy
+or grape leaves and clusters, bearing the thyrsus, an ivy-circled
+wand, as scepter, and riding in a chariot drawn by panthers or
+leopards.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+CERES AND PROSERPINA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]
+
+Ceres (Demeter), daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and one of Jupiter's
+numerous consorts, was goddess of agriculture and civilization. Her
+manifold cares were shared by her daughter, Proserpina (Cora,
+Pherephatta, Persephone), the goddess of vegetation. Whenever her
+duties permitted, this fair young goddess hastened off to the Island
+of Sicily, her favorite place of resort, where she wandered about all
+day long, attended by a merry girlish train, gathering flowers, on the
+green slopes of Mount AEtna, and danced with the nymphs in the
+beautiful plain of Enna.
+
+One day, weary of labor, Proserpina called these fair playmates to
+join her and spend a merry day gathering flowers.
+
+                      "And one fair morn--
+    Not all the ages blot it--on the side
+    Of AEtna we were straying. There was then
+    Summer nor winter, springtide nor the time
+    Of harvest, but the soft unfailing sun
+    Shone always, and the sowing time was one
+    With reaping."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Pluto kidnaps Proserpina.]
+
+The maidens sang merry lays as they wound their long garlands; and
+their joyous voices and ripples of silvery laughter attracted the
+attention of Pluto, just then driving past in his dark chariot drawn
+by four fiery coal-black steeds. To ascertain whence these sounds
+proceeded, the god stepped out of his car, and cautiously peeped
+through the thick foliage.
+
+He saw Proserpina sitting on a mossy bank, almost buried in many-hued
+blossoms, her laughing companions picturesquely grouped around her.
+One glance sufficed to convince Pluto of her loveliness and grace, and
+to make him feel that his happiness depended on the possession of this
+bright young creature.
+
+Long ere this, he had tried to persuade one after another of the
+goddesses to share his gloomy throne; but one and all had refused the
+honor, and declined to accompany him to a land where the sun never
+shone, the birds never sang, and the flowers never bloomed. Hurt and
+disappointed by these rebuffs, Pluto had finally registered a solemn
+vow never to go wooing again; and so, instead of gently inviting
+Proserpina to become his queen, he resolved to kidnap her.
+
+Straight through the bushes he strode, direct to the spot where she
+was seated. The noise of crackling branches and hasty footsteps made
+the assembled maidens swiftly turn. One glance sufficed to identify
+the intruder, for none but he could boast of such a dark, lowering
+countenance; and all exclaimed in mingled wonder and terror at his
+unwonted presence in those sunlit regions.
+
+  [Illustration: ABDUCTION OF PROSERPINA.--Schobelt.]
+
+    "'Tis he, 'tis he: he comes to us
+    From the depths of Tartarus.
+    For what of evil doth he roam
+    From his red and gloomy home,
+    In the center of the world,
+    Where the sinful dead are hurled?
+    Mark him as he moves along,
+    Drawn by horses black and strong,
+    Such as may belong to Night
+    Ere she takes her morning flight.
+    Now the chariot stops: the god
+    On our grassy world hath trod:
+    Like a Titan steppeth he,
+    Yet full of his divinity.
+    On his mighty shoulders lie
+    Raven locks, and in his eye
+    A cruel beauty, such as none
+    Of us may wisely look upon."
+
+                             Barry Cornwall.
+
+Frightened by his impetuous approach, the trembling nymphs first
+crowded around Proserpina, who, in her astonishment and trepidation,
+dropped all her pretty flowers and stood motionless among them. Her
+uncertainty as to his purpose was only momentary, for, catching her in
+his brawny arms ere she could make an attempt to escape, he bore her
+off to his chariot, in spite of prayers and struggles, and drove away
+as fast as his fleet steeds could carry him.
+
+He was soon out of hearing of the wild cries and lamentations of the
+nymphs, who vainly pursued him, and tried to overtake their beloved
+mistress. Afraid lest Ceres should come and force him to relinquish
+his new-won treasure, Pluto drove faster and faster, nor paused for an
+instant until he reached the banks of the Cyane River, whose waters,
+at his approach, began to seethe and roar in a menacing fashion, and
+spread themselves as much as possible, to check him in his flight.
+
+Pluto quickly perceived that to attempt to cross the river in his
+chariot would be madness, while by retracing his footsteps he ran the
+risk of meeting Ceres, and being forced to relinquish his prize. He
+therefore decided to have recourse to other means, and, seizing his
+terrible two-pronged fork, struck the earth such a mighty blow, that a
+great crevice opened under his feet, through which horses and chariot
+plunged down into the darkness of the Lower World.
+
+Proserpina turned her weeping eyes to catch a parting glimpse of the
+fair earth she was leaving, and then, with a fond thought of her
+anxious mother, who, when evening came, would vainly seek her child in
+all her favorite haunts, she quickly flung her girdle into the Cyane,
+and called to the water nymph to carry it to Ceres.
+
+Elated by the complete success of his bold venture, and no longer
+fearful of immediate pursuit, the happy god strained his fair captive
+to his breast, pressed kisses on her fresh young cheeks, and tried to
+calm her terrors, as the black steeds rushed faster and faster along
+the dark passage, nor paused until they reached the foot of their
+master's throne.
+
+    "Pleased as he grasps her in his iron arms,
+    Frights with soft sighs, with tender words alarms."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres' search.]
+
+In the mean while the sun had sunk below the Sicilian horizon; and
+Ceres, returning from the fields of fast-ripening grain to her own
+dwelling, sought for the missing Proserpina, of whom no trace could be
+found except the scattered flowers. Hither and thither the mother
+wandered, calling her daughter, and wondering where she could be, and
+why she did not come bounding to meet her. As time passed, and still
+Proserpina did not appear, Ceres' heart beat fast with apprehension,
+and the tears coursed down her cheeks as she rushed about from place
+to place, calling her daughter.
+
+    "What ails her that she comes not home?
+      Demeter seeks her far and wide,
+    And gloomy-browed doth ceaseless roam
+      From many a morn till eventide.
+    'My life, immortal though it be,
+    Is naught!' she cries, 'for want of thee,
+    Persephone--Persephone!'"
+
+                                    Ingelow.
+
+Night came, and Ceres, kindling a torch at the volcanic fires of Mount
+AEtna, continued her search. Day dawned, and still the mother called,
+awakening the morning echoes with her longing cries for her child. Her
+daily duties were all neglected. The rain no longer refreshed the
+drooping flowers, the grain was parched by the ardent rays of the sun,
+and the grass all perished, while Ceres roamed over hill and dale in
+search of Proserpina.
+
+Weary at last of her hopeless quest, the goddess seated herself by
+the wayside, near the city of Eleusis, and gave way to her
+overwhelming grief.
+
+    "Long was thine anxious search
+    For lovely Proserpine, nor didst thou break
+    Thy mournful fast, till the far-fam'd Eleusis
+    Received thee wandering."
+
+                                Orphic Hymn.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Triptolemus.]
+
+To avoid recognition, she had assumed the appearance of an aged crone;
+and as she sat there by the wayside, in tears, she attracted the
+compassionate inquiries of the daughters of Celeus, king of the
+country. Having heard her bewail the loss of her child, they entreated
+her to come to the palace, and, knowing nothing could so well soothe a
+breaking heart, offered her the charge of their infant brother
+Triptolemus.
+
+Ceres, touched by their ready sympathy, accepted the offer; and when
+she arrived at the palace, the royal heir was intrusted to her care.
+Tenderly the goddess kissed the puny child's little pinched face; and
+at her touch the child became rosy and well, to the unbounded
+astonishment of the royal family and all the court.
+
+In the night, while Ceres sat alone with her charge, it occurred to
+her that she might confer a still greater blessing upon him, that of
+immortality: so she anointed his limbs with nectar, murmured a
+powerful charm, and placed him upon the red-hot coals, to consume all
+the perishable elements left in his body.
+
+The queen, Metaneira, who had thought it somewhat imprudent to leave
+the child thus alone with a stranger, now stole noiselessly into the
+apartment, and with a wild shriek rushed to the fire and snatched her
+child out of the flames, pressed him anxiously to her breast, and,
+after ascertaining that he was quite unharmed, turned to vent her
+indignation upon the careless nurse; but the aged beggar woman had
+vanished, and in her stead she confronted the radiant Goddess of
+Agriculture.
+
+  [Illustration: CERES. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+              "From her fragrant robes
+    A lovely scent was scattered, and afar
+    Shone light emitted from her skin divine,
+    And yellow locks upon her shoulders waved;
+    White as from lightning, all the house was filled
+    With splendor."
+
+                               Homeric Hymn.
+
+With a gentle reproof to the queen for her untimely interference,
+Ceres explained what she fain would have done, and vanished, to
+continue her wanderings in other lands. She finally returned to Italy;
+and, while wandering along the river banks one day, the waters
+suddenly cast a glittering object at her feet. Stooping hastily to
+ascertain what it might be, she recognized the girdle her daughter had
+worn when she had parted from her in Sicily.
+
+Joyfully she embraced the token, and, thinking she must now be upon
+Proserpina's track, hastened on until she came to a crystal fountain,
+by whose side she sat down to rest. Her eyes were heavy with the
+combined effect of tears, fatigue, and oppressive heat, and she was
+about to lose all consciousness of her trouble in sleep, when the
+murmur of the fountain increased, until she fancied it was talking;
+not as mortals do, but in its own silvery accents.
+
+[Sidenote: Arethusa and Alpheus.]
+
+The goddess was not mistaken; for a few minutes later she could
+distinguish words, and heard the fountain entreat her to listen, if
+she would hear what had befallen her child. The fountain then went on
+to tell how she had not always been a mere stream, but was once a
+nymph, called Arethusa, in Diana's train, and how, overcome by the
+heat, she had once sought a cool stream wherein she might bathe her
+heated limbs.
+
+  [Illustration: A NYMPH.--Kray.]
+
+She soon found one, the Alpheus River, and selected a spot where the
+trees hung over the limpid waters, where the sand on the bottom was
+fine and even, and where no mortal eyes could see her as she threw
+aside her sandals and outer garments. She was enjoying the refreshing
+sensation of the water rippling around her hot limbs, and was
+reveling in the complete solitude, when suddenly the river, until now
+as smooth as a mirror, was ruffled by waves, which crept nearer and
+nearer to the startled nymph, until in affright she sprang out of the
+water.
+
+Then a voice--the voice of the river god Alpheus--was heard, calling
+to her in pleading accents to stay her flight and lend an ear to his
+wooing; but when the impetuous god, instead of waiting for an answer
+to his suit, rose up out of the water and rushed to clasp her in his
+arms, she turned and fled in great terror. She fled, but he pursued.
+Over hill and dale, through forest and field, Arethusa ran, still
+closely followed by her too ardent lover, until, exhausted, she paused
+for breath, crying aloud to Diana to come to her rescue.
+
+Her prayer was answered. A moment later she was enveloped in a thick
+mist and transformed into a fountain. Alpheus could no longer see her,
+but wandered about, bewailing her disappearance, and calling her in
+passionate accents.
+
+      "'O Arethusa, peerless nymph! why fear
+    Such tenderness as mine? Great Dian, why,
+    Why didst thou hear her prayer? Oh that I
+    Were rippling round her dainty fairness now,
+    Circling about her waist, and striving how
+    To entice her to a dive! then stealing in
+    Between her luscious lips and eyelids thin.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+The misty cloud in which Arethusa had been enveloped by Diana's
+protecting care was soon blown away by a mischievous breath from
+Zephyrus; and Alpheus, who was still hovering near there, suddenly
+beholding a fountain where none had ever existed before, surmised what
+had happened. Changing himself into an impetuous torrent, he rushed to
+join his beloved, who sprang out of her mossy bed, and hurried on over
+sticks and stones, until Diana, seeing her new plight, opened a
+crevice, through which she glided away from the bright sunlight she
+loved so well into the depths of Pluto's realm.
+
+While gliding there in the gloom, Arethusa had caught a glimpse of
+Proserpina on her sable throne, beside the stern-browed Pluto. She
+could not, however, pause to inquire how she came there, but hurried
+on breathlessly, until another crevice offered her the means of
+returning to the upper world, and seeing once more the blue sky and
+sun on the Sicilian plains.
+
+The monotonous murmur of the fountain now subsided again into its
+usual undertone; and Ceres, knowing where to seek her daughter, was
+about to depart, when she heard the sudden rush and roar of a large
+body of water. She immediately turned, and beheld the torrent Alpheus,
+who, after a disconsolate search underground for the lost Arethusa,
+had found a crevice, through which he passed to join his beloved on
+the Sicilian plains.
+
+    "Alpheus, Elis' stream, they say,
+    Beneath the seas here found his way,
+    And now his waters interfuse
+    With thine, O fountain Arethuse,
+        Beneath Sicilian skies."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+In spite of her previous efforts to escape him, Arethusa must still
+have been very glad to see him once more, for Ceres heard her murmur
+contentedly as she sank into his arms and listened to his louder tones
+of rapturous love.
+
+Maidens in Greece were wont to throw fresh garlands into the Alpheus
+River; and it was said the selfsame flowers, carried away by his
+current, soon reappeared in the Sicilian fountain, carried there as
+love offerings by the enamored river.
+
+    "O my beloved, how divinely sweet
+    Is the pure joy when kindred spirits meet!
+    Like him, the river god, whose waters flow,
+    With love their only light, through caves below,
+    Wafting in triumph all the flowery braids
+    And festal rings, with which Olympic maids
+    Have decked his current, an offering meet
+    To lay at Arethusa's shining feet.
+    Think when at last he meets his fountain bride
+    What perfect love must thrill the blended tide!
+    And lost in each, till mingling into one,
+    Their lot the same for shadow or for sun,
+    A type of true love, to the deep they run."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres' mourning.]
+
+Now, although poor Ceres had ascertained where to find her missing
+daughter, her grief was not at all diminished, for she felt convinced
+that Pluto would never willingly relinquish her. She therefore
+withdrew into a dark cave to mourn unseen, and still further neglected
+her wonted duties.
+
+Famine threatened to visit the people, and they prayed and clamored
+for her aid; but, absorbed in grief, she paid no heed to their
+distress, and vowed that nothing on earth should grow, with her
+permission, as long as her daughter was detained in Hades. In despair
+at this frightful state of affairs, the people then besought Jupiter
+to pity the sufferings they endured, and to allow Proserpina to
+revisit the upper world once more.
+
+    "Arise, and set the maiden free;
+    Why should the world such sorrow dree
+    By reason of Persephone?"
+
+                                    Ingelow.
+
+As soon as she became aware of this petition, Ceres hastened to
+Olympus, to join her supplications to the cries which rose from all
+parts of the earth; until Jupiter, wearied by these importunities,
+consented to Proserpina's return, upon condition, however, that she
+had not touched any food during the whole time of her sojourn in the
+Infernal Regions.
+
+                      "Last, Zeus himself,
+    Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth
+    His messenger beyond the western rim
+    To fetch me back to earth."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: The pomegranate seeds.]
+
+Ceres in person hastened to her daughter's new abode, and was about to
+lead her away in spite of Pluto, when a spirit, Ascalaphus, suddenly
+declared that the queen had partaken of some pomegranate seeds that
+very day. Proserpina could not refute the charge, and Jupiter decreed
+that for every seed she had eaten she should spend one month of every
+year in her husband's gloomy kingdom.
+
+Thus it came about that Proserpina was condemned to spend one half the
+year in Hades, and could linger on the bright earth only for six
+months at a time.
+
+Mercury was chosen to lead her to and from Hades; and, whenever he
+brought her out of her gloomy prison, the skies became blue and sunny,
+the grass sprang fresh and green beneath her elastic tread, the
+flowers bloomed along her way, the birds trilled forth their merry
+lays, and all was joy and brightness.
+
+    "And when, in springtime, with sweet-smelling flowers
+    Of various kinds the earth doth bloom, thou'lt come
+    From gloomy darkness back--a mighty joy
+    To gods and mortal men."
+
+                               Homeric Hymn.
+
+[Sidenote: Proserpina's return.]
+
+Ceres, happy once more in the possession of her beloved daughter,
+cheerfully and diligently attended to all her duties, and blessed the
+earth with plenty; but when the six months were over, and the skies
+wept and all nature mourned Proserpina's departure, she again returned
+to her cave, whence no entreaties could draw her.
+
+As for the merry, happy-natured Proserpina, the moment Hades' portals
+closed behind her, she became pale and melancholy; and none would have
+dreamed the playful, flower-crowned Goddess of Vegetation was
+identical with the sad-faced, sable-vested Queen of Hades (now called
+Hecate), who held a pomegranate in one hand, and a torch in the other.
+Proserpina, like Adonis, was the personification of vegetation,
+visibly prosperous during the six favorable months of the year, and
+lurking hidden under the cold ground during the remainder of the time.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Ceres.]
+
+Many beautiful temples were dedicated to Ceres and Proserpina in
+Greece and Italy, where yearly festivals, the Thesmophoria and the
+Cerealia, were celebrated with great pomp.
+
+    "To Ceres chief her annual rites be paid,
+    On the green turf, beneath a fragrant shade,
+    When winter ends, and spring serenely shines,
+    Then fat the lambs, then mellow are the wines,
+    Then sweet are slumbers on the flowery ground,
+    Then with thick shades are lofty mountains crown'd.
+    Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres' shrine;
+    Mix honey sweet, for her, with milk and mellow wine;
+    Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around,
+    And Ceres call, and choral hymns resound:
+    Presume not, swains, the ripen'd grain to reap,
+    Till crown'd with oak in antic dance ye leap,
+    Invoking Ceres, and in solemn lays,
+    Exalt your rural queen's immortal praise."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+To commemorate her long search for her daughter, Ceres returned to
+Eleusis, taught her former nursling, Triptolemus, the various secrets
+of agriculture, and gave him her chariot, bidding him travel
+everywhere, and teach the people how to plow, sow, and reap; and then
+she instituted the Eleusinia, festivals held in honor of her daughter
+and herself at Eleusis.
+
+Triptolemus did not fail to carry out the goddess's instructions, and
+journeyed far and wide, until he finally reached the court of Lyncus,
+King of Scythia, where the false monarch would have treacherously
+slain him had not Ceres by timely interference prevented the execution
+of his base purpose by changing the traitor into a lynx, the emblem of
+perfidy.
+
+Ceres was generally represented as a fair, matronly woman, clad in
+flowing draperies, sometimes crowned with wheat ears, and bearing a
+sheaf of grain and a sickle, or with a plow and a horn of plenty
+disgorging its wealth of fruit and flowers at her feet. Groves were
+frequently dedicated to her; and any mortal rash enough to lay the ax
+on one of these sacred trees was sure to incur the goddess's wrath, as
+is proved by the story of Erisichthon.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Erisichthon.]
+
+This man was evidently a freethinker, and, to show his contempt for
+the superstitious veneration paid to Ceres' trees, took his ax and cut
+down one of her sacred oaks. At his first blow, blood began to flow
+from the tree; but, undeterred by the phenomenon or the entreaties of
+the bystanders, Erisichthon continued. Finally, annoyed by the
+importunities of the spectators, he turned and slew one or two, and
+then completed his sacrilege.
+
+Ceres, incensed by his insolence and cruelty, devised a terrible
+chastisement for the unfortunate man, and sent Famine to gnaw his
+vitals, and torment him night and day. The wretch, tortured by a
+hunger which no amount of food could allay, disposed of all his
+property to obtain the means of procuring nourishment; but his
+monstrous appetite continued, and, as he had but one daughter left, he
+sold her as a slave to obtain food.
+
+The girl's master left her alone for a moment upon the seashore, and,
+in answer to her prayer, Neptune delivered her from servitude by
+changing her into a fisherman. When the master returned and found his
+slave gone, he questioned the fisherman, and, not obtaining any
+satisfactory information, departed. Neptune then restored the maiden
+to her own form, and let her return home; but, as her father sold her
+again, the god was obliged to interfere once more in her behalf, until
+at last Erisichthon, deprived of means to procure food, devoured
+himself.
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Stellio.]
+
+Another anecdote illustrating Ceres' power is told about a lad,
+Stellio, who made fun of the goddess when she was journeying, on
+account of the haste with which she disposed of a bowl of gruel
+offered by some charitable person. To punish the boy for his rudeness,
+Ceres flung the remainder of her gruel into his face, and changed him
+into a lizard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+VESTA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Vesta.]
+
+Vesta, or Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, goddess of fire and of
+the family hearth, and guardian angel of mankind, was worshiped
+principally throughout Italy, although she also had shrines in Greece
+and Asia Minor.
+
+The family hearth in ancient times possessed a far different
+signification from what it does now, and was considered the family
+altar, for there the father of the family was wont to offer up his
+daily prayers and sacrifices. "As, according to the old heathen
+custom, all men were regarded as enemies unless by a special compact
+they had been made friends, so Vesta presided especially over true and
+faithful dealing;" and she was therefore generally represented as pure
+and undefiled.
+
+A beautiful circular temple in Rome was dedicated to Vesta's service;
+and here the Palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved, together
+with the goddess's sacred fire, originally kindled by the rays of the
+sun.
+
+This fire--an emblem of the flame of life, which the ancients fancied
+was kept burning within each human breast by Vesta, the
+life-giver--was kept constantly burning, and never allowed to go out
+for want of fuel or timely care. Its flames were also intended to
+represent the purity of the goddess, who, although wooed by many
+lovers,--among whom Apollo and Neptune can justly claim the
+precedence,--remained always a virgin.
+
+  [Illustration: SCHOOL OF THE VESTAL VIRGINS.--Le Roux.]
+
+The Romans fancied that her worship had been introduced in Italy by
+AEneas, their famous ancestor, who brought thither his home gods, and
+who, according to tradition, selected the first Vestal Virgins.
+
+[Sidenote: Vestal Virgins.]
+
+The second king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, built a beautiful temple, and
+instituted various religious ceremonies, in honor of Vesta. The
+loveliest and noblest among the Roman maidens were chosen to serve
+this goddess, and were known as Vestals, or Vestal Virgins. Admitted
+into the temple at the early age of six, they were compelled to serve
+ten years in fitting themselves to fulfill the duties they would be
+called upon to perform during the next decade as priestesses and
+guardians of the sacred fire. The last ten years were spent in
+instructing the novices; and, when their thirty-years' service was
+ended, they were at liberty either to continue in the temple, where
+they were treated with the greatest respect, or to leave it, and even
+marry, if such were their pleasure.
+
+During their time of servitude, they were expected to keep their vows
+of chastity and fidelity to their patroness, and to maintain her
+sacred fire, under penalty of being buried alive in a vaulted chamber,
+fashioned for this express purpose by Numa Pompilius's order. In turn,
+each of the priestesses watched the fire, renewed the fuel, and fanned
+the flame, nor lost sight of it night or day; for the Romans
+considered the extinction of this sacred flame the precursor of some
+great public calamity.
+
+The Vestals were, however, so pure and vigilant, that during one
+thousand years only eighteen failed to keep their vows satisfactorily,
+and suffered punishment. The Vestal Tuccia was accused of breach of
+faith, but, as proof of her purity, was given power to carry water in
+a sieve from the Tiber to the temple.
+
+  [Illustration: THE VESTAL TUCCIA.--Le Roux.]
+
+In return for the signal services the Vestals rendered to the state by
+maintaining this sacred fire, they enjoyed many privileges: among
+others, that of being preceded by a lictor with fasces when they
+walked abroad; of occupying the seats of honor in public ceremonies
+and festivities; of being buried within the city limits (a privilege
+granted to but very few); and of obtaining the pardon of criminals
+whom they met by accident on their way to the place of execution.
+Loved and greatly honored by all, the Vestals have become types of all
+things pure and lovely in woman.
+
+          "By these her trembling fires,
+    Like Vesta's, ever burning; and, like hers,
+    Sacred to thoughts immaculate and pure."
+
+                                      Young.
+
+The Vestal Virgins were further distinguished by a vesture of pure
+white linen, with a purple border and a wide purple mantle. In time of
+war or danger they were answerable for the preservation of the sacred
+fire, which they were allowed to remove to any place of safety; and on
+several occasions they therefore carried it out of Rome and down the
+Tiber, lest it should fall into the enemy's hands.
+
+The Vestals continued their office until the reign of Theodosius the
+Great, who, being converted to Christianity A.D. 380, abolished the
+worship of Vesta, dispersed the Vestals, and extinguished the sacred
+fire.
+
+[Sidenote: Festivals.]
+
+Vesta's services were held with great pomp; and her festivals, the
+Vestalia, were among the most beautiful and popular in Rome. Statues
+of this goddess--generally representing a woman of majestic beauty,
+clad in long robes, holding a lighted torch or lamp in one hand and a
+votive bowl in the other--were carried through the main streets of the
+city on all solemn occasions.
+
+In public processions the Vestals had the privilege of carrying their
+sacred fire; while the Roman matrons, glad to swell their ranks,
+followed them, barefooted, chanting the praises of the good goddess
+Vesta.
+
+        "And from the temple brings
+    Dread Vesta, with her holy things,
+    Her awful fillets, and the fire
+    Whose sacred embers ne'er expire."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+On these occasions great banquets were prepared before each house,
+all daily toil was suspended, the millstones were decked with flowers,
+and the very asses wont to turn them were covered with garlands and
+led in the processions.
+
+Among the Romans, Vesta was not the only goddess invoked on the family
+hearth, for she shared that place of honor with the Lares, Manes, and
+Penates, who all enjoyed special veneration and sacrifices.
+
+[Sidenote: Lares, Manes, and Penates.]
+
+The Lares, quite unknown to the Greeks, were two in number, the
+children of Mercury and Lara, a naiad famous for her beauty as well as
+for her extreme loquacity, which no one could check. Tradition relates
+that this fair maiden talked from morning till night, and told all she
+knew. Upon one occasion she incurred Jupiter's wrath by relating to
+Juno a conversation she had overheard between him and one of his
+numerous ladyloves.
+
+To punish her, and at the same time prevent further tale-bearing, the
+king of the gods cut off Lara's tongue, and, summoning Mercury, bade
+him lead her down to Hades to linger there forever. But on the way to
+the dismal abode of the dead, the messenger god fell in love with his
+fair charge, who, being now effectually cured of her sole fault, was
+irresistibly charming; and, instead of obeying Jupiter, he made love
+to her, and by pantomime obtained her consent to their union. She bore
+him two children, who from her were called Lares, and to whom the
+Romans always paid divine honors, reserving special places for them on
+the family hearth, for they were supposed to preside over houses and
+families. Their statues resembled monkeys covered with the skins of
+dogs; while at their feet a barking dog, the symbol of their care and
+vigilance, was always represented.
+
+The Manes--a name generally applied to souls when separated from the
+body--were also reckoned among the Roman divinities, and the
+illustrious ancestors of different families were often worshiped under
+this name.
+
+As for the Penates, they presided over the houses and domestic
+affairs. Each head of a household was wont to choose his own Penates,
+whom he then invoked as his special patrons. The statues of the
+Penates were of clay, wax, ivory, silver, or gold, according to the
+wealth of the family whose hearth they graced, and the offerings
+generally made to them were a small part of each meal.
+
+Upon removing from one house to another or from one place to another,
+it was customary for the head of the family to remove his household
+gods also, and establish them suitably before he thought of his own or
+his family's comfort, and in return for this kindly care the Penates
+blessed him with peace and prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+JANUS.
+
+
+Janus, god of the past, present, and future, of gates, entrances, war,
+and peace, and patron of all beginnings, although one of the most
+important of all the Roman divinities, was entirely unknown to the
+Greeks.
+
+According to some mythologists, he was the son of Apollo; and,
+although born in Thessaly, he early in life came to Italy, where he
+founded a city on the Tiber, to which he gave the name Janiculum. Here
+he was joined by the exiled Saturn, with whom he generously shared his
+throne. Together they civilized the wild inhabitants of Italy, and
+blessed them with such prosperity that their reign has often been
+called the Age of Gold.
+
+              "Saturn fled before victorious Jove,
+    Driven down and banish'd from the realms above.
+    He, by just laws, embodied all the train,
+    Who roam'd the hills, and drew them to the plain;
+    There fixed, and Latium called the new abode,
+    Whose friendly shores concealed the latent god.
+    These realms, in peace, the monarch long controlled,
+    And blessed the nations with an age of gold."
+
+                     Virgil (C. Pitt's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Janus' two faces.]
+
+Janus is generally represented with two faces, turned in opposite
+directions, because he was acquainted with the past and future as well
+as with the present, and because he is considered an emblem of the
+sun, which opens the day at its rising, and closes the day at its
+setting.
+
+In some statues he is represented with one white-haired and bearded
+face, and the other quite youthful in appearance, while others
+represent him with three and even four heads.
+
+    "Janus am I; oldest of potentates;
+      Forward I look, and backward, and below
+    I count, as god of avenues and gates,
+      The years that through my portals come and go.
+
+    "I block the roads and drift the fields with snow;
+      I chase the wild-fowl from the frozen fen;
+    My frosts congeal the rivers in their flow;
+      My fires light up the hearths and hearts of men."
+
+                                 Longfellow.
+
+The commencement of every new year, month, and day was held sacred to
+Janus, and at that time special sacrifices and prayers were offered up
+at his shrines. He also presided over all gates and avenues, and
+through him alone prayers were supposed to reach the immortal gods:
+therefore in all religious ceremonies his name was always the first
+invoked. From this circumstance he often appears with a key in his
+right hand, and a rod in his left; or, when he presides over the year,
+he holds the number 300 in one hand, and 65 in the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Janus.]
+
+He was also supposed to watch over peace and war, and had numerous
+temples throughout all Italy. One very celebrated temple was called
+Janus Quadrifons, because it was perfectly square. On each side of the
+building there was one door and three windows. These apertures were
+all symbolical,--the doors of the four seasons, and the windows of the
+twelve months, of the year.
+
+In times of war the temple gates were opened wide, for the people,
+being in need of aid and comfort, were all anxious to enter and
+present their offerings; but when peace reigned, the doors were
+immediately closed, for the god's intercession was no longer
+necessary. The Romans, however, were such a belligerent people, that
+the temple gates were closed but thrice in more than seven centuries,
+and then only for a very short period.
+
+Festivals in honor of Janus were celebrated on the first day of the
+new year; and one month bore the god's name, and was considered sacred
+to him. It was customary for friends and relatives to exchange calls,
+good wishes, and gifts on the first day of this month,--a Roman custom
+in force to this day.
+
+[Sidenote: Ancient divisions of time.]
+
+Janus is not the only one among the Greek and Latin divinities whose
+name has been given to a part of the year or week; for in Latin the
+names of the days are _dies Solis_ (Sun day), _dies Lunae_ (Moon day),
+_dies Martis_ (Mars' day), _dies Mercurii_ (Mercury's day), _dies
+Jovis_ (Jove's day), _dies Veneris_ (Venus' day), _dies Saturni_
+(Saturn's day); Latin names which are still in use in legislative and
+judiciary acts, while in English the common nomenclature is derived
+from the names of the corresponding Saxon divinities.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+SOMNUS AND MORS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Cave of sleep.]
+
+After leaving the joyless regions of Pluto's realm, and following the
+even course of the Lethe River, the ancients fancied one reached a
+large cave in a remote and quiet valley. This cave was the dwelling of
+Somnus (or Hupnos), god of sleep, and of his twin brother Mors (or
+Thanatos), god of death; and both were sons of the Goddess of Night,
+who had once ruled the whole universe. Near the entrance of the cave,
+shadowy forms kept constant watch, gently shaking great bunches of
+poppies, and, with finger to lips, enjoining silence on all who
+ventured near. These forms were the genii of sleep and death,
+represented in art as crowned with poppies or amaranths, and sometimes
+holding a funeral urn or a reversed torch.
+
+[Sidenote: Somnus and Morpheus.]
+
+The cave was divided into chambers, each one darker and more silent
+than the one which preceded it. In one of the inner rooms, which was
+all draped with sable curtains, stood a downy couch, upon which
+reclined the monarch of sleep. His garments were also black, but all
+strewn with golden stars. He wore a crown of poppies on his head, and
+held a goblet full of poppy juice in his languid hand. His drowsy head
+was supported by Morpheus, his prime minister, who watched incessantly
+over his prolonged slumbers, and hindered any one from troubling his
+repose.
+
+  [Illustration: GENIUS OF DEATH.--Canova. (Tomb of Clement XIII.;
+      St. Peter's, Rome.)]
+
+    "Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god:
+    Whose gloomy mansion nor the rising sun,
+    Nor setting, visits, nor the lightsome noon:
+    But lazy vapors round the region fly,
+    Perpetual twilight, and a doubtful sky;
+    No crowing cock does there his wings display,
+    Nor with his horny bill provoke the day:
+    Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,
+    Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace:
+    Nor beast of nature, nor the tame, are nigh,
+    Nor trees with tempest rock'd, nor human cry;
+    But safe repose, without an air of breath,
+    Dwells here, and a dumb quiet next to death.
+      An arm of Lethe, with a gentle flow,
+    Arising upwards from the rock below,
+    The palace moats, and o'er the pebbles creeps,
+    And with soft murmurs calls the coming sleeps;
+    Around its entry nodding poppies grow,
+    And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;
+    Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,
+    And passing, sheds it on the silent plains:
+    No door there was the unguarded house to keep,
+    On creaking hinges turn'd to break his sleep.
+      But in the gloomy court was rais'd a bed,
+    Stuff'd with black plumes, and on an ebon sted:
+    Black was the covering too, where lay the god,
+    And slept supine, his limbs display'd abroad.
+    About his head fantastic visions fly,
+    Which various images of things supply,
+    And mock their forms; the leaves on trees not more,
+    Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore."
+
+                        Ovid (Dryden's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Dreams and Nightmares.]
+
+All around the bed and over it hovered throngs of exquisite spirits,
+the Dreams, who stooped to whisper their pleasant messages in his ear;
+while in the distant corners of the apartment lurked the hideous
+Nightmares. The Dreams were often dispatched to earth under Mercury's
+charge, to visit mortals.
+
+Two gates led out of the valley of sleep,--one of ivory, and the other
+of horn. The Dreams which passed through the glittering gates of ivory
+were delusive, while those which passed through the homely gate of
+horn were destined to come true in the course of time.
+
+    "Of dreams, O stranger, some are meaningless
+    And idle, and can never be fulfilled.
+    Two portals are there for their shadowy shapes,
+    Of ivory one, and one of horn. The dreams
+    That come through the carved ivory deceive
+    With promises that never are made good;
+    But those which pass the doors of polished horn,
+    And are beheld of men, are ever true."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Dreams were also frequently sent through the gates of horn to prepare
+mortals for misfortunes, as in the case of Halcyone.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Ceyx and Halcyone.]
+
+Ceyx, King of Thessaly, was once forced to part from his beloved wife,
+Halcyone, to travel off to Delphi to consult the oracle. With many
+tears this loving couple parted, and Halcyone watched the lessening
+sail until it had quite vanished from sight; then she returned to her
+palace to pray for her husband's safe return. But, alas! the gods had
+decreed they should never meet again on earth; and, even while
+Halcyone prayed, a tempest arose which wrecked Ceyx's vessel, and
+caused him and all his crew to perish in the seething waves.
+
+Day after day the queen hastened down to the seashore, followed by her
+attendants, to watch for the returning sails of her husband's vessel;
+and night after night she lay on her couch, anxiously expecting the
+morrow, which she ever fancied would prove auspicious. The gods,
+seeing her anxiety, and wishing to prepare her to receive the news of
+his death, and especially to view with some composure his corpse,
+which they had decided should be washed ashore, sent a Dream to visit
+her.
+
+After assuming the face and form of Ceyx, the Dream glided away
+through the gate of horn, hastened to Halcyone's bedside, and
+whispered that her husband was dead, and that his body was even now
+being cast up on the smooth, sandy beach by the salt sea waves. With a
+wild cry of terror and grief, Halcyone awoke, and hastened to the
+seashore to convince herself that the dream had been false; but she
+had no sooner reached the beach, than the waves washed her husband's
+corpse to her feet.
+
+To endure life without him seemed too great a task for poor Halcyone,
+who immediately cast herself into the sea, to perish beside him.
+Touched by grief so real and intense, the gods changed both bodies
+into birds, since known as Halcyon birds, and decreed they should ever
+live on the waters. These birds were said to build their nests and
+hatch their young on the heaving billows, and to utter shrill cries of
+warning to the seamen whenever a storm threatened, bidding them
+prepare for the blast, and hasten to shelter in port, if they would
+not encounter the mournful fate of poor Ceyx.
+
+[Sidenote: Mors.]
+
+Mors, god of death, occupied one of the corners of Somnus' cave. He
+was a hideous, cadaverous-looking deity, clad in a winding sheet, and
+held an hourglass and a scythe in his hand. His hollow eyes were fixed
+upon the sands of time; and when they had run out, he knew some life
+was about to end, and sallied forth, scythe in hand, to mow down his
+prey with relentless joy.
+
+Needless to say, this cruel deity was viewed by the ancients with fear
+and dislike, and no homage was offered him.
+
+These two divinities were, however, but of slight importance in the
+general scheme of ancient mythology, in which Proserpina was generally
+regarded as the emblem of death, and they were therefore more like
+local divinities. The Lacedaemonians paid the most heed to them, and
+invariably placed their statues side by side.
+
+[Sidenote: Morpheus.]
+
+As for Morpheus, the son as well as the prime minister of Somnus, he
+was also called the god of sleep, and mortals were wont to intercede
+for his good offices. He is generally represented as a sleeping child
+of great corpulence, and with wings. Morpheus held a vase in one hand,
+and poppies in the other, which he gently shook to induce a state of
+drowsiness,--according to him, the acme of bliss.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+AEOLUS.
+
+
+Not very far away from the quiet realm of Somnus and Mors, but on the
+surface of the earth, were the AEolian Islands, now known as the Lipari
+Islands, where AEolus, god of the storm and winds, governed a very
+unruly and turbulent population.
+
+He is said to have received his royal dignity from the fair hands of
+Juno, and he was therefore specially eager to obey all her behests. He
+is commonly reputed to have married Aurora, or Eos, who gave him six
+sons i.e., Boreas, the north wind; Corus, the northwest wind; Aquilo,
+the west wind; Notus, the southwest wind; Eurus, the east wind; and
+lastly, Zephyrus, the gentle and lovable south wind, whose mission it
+was to announce to mortals the return of ever-welcome spring.
+
+[Sidenote: AEolus' children.]
+
+AEolus' five elder sons were of a noisy, roving, mischievous, turbulent
+disposition, and peace and quiet were utterly impossible to them. To
+prevent their causing serious disasters, he therefore ruled them with
+a very strict hand, kept them very closely confined in a great cave,
+and let them loose only one at a time, to stretch their limbs and take
+a little exercise.
+
+        "AEolus in a cavern vast
+    With bolt and barrier fetters fast
+    Rebellious storm and howling blast.
+    They with the rock's reverberant roar
+    Chafe blustering round their prison door
+    He, throned on high, the scepter sways,
+    Controls their moods, their wrath allays."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Although very unruly indeed, the winds always obeyed their father's
+voice, and at his command, however reluctant, returned to their gloomy
+prison, where they expended their impotent rage in trying to shake its
+strong walls.
+
+According to his own mood, or in conformity with the gods' request,
+AEolus either sent the gentler winds to play among the flowers, or,
+recalling them, let the fiercest of all his children free, with orders
+to pile up the waves mountain-high, lash them to foam, tear the sails
+of all the vessels at sea, break their masts, uproot the trees, tear
+the roofs off the houses, etc.,--in short, to do all the harm they
+possibly could.
+
+    "Now rising all at once, and unconfin'd,
+    From every quarter roars the rushing wind:
+    First, from the wide Atlantic Ocean's bed,
+    Tempestuous Corus rears his dreadful head,
+    Th' obedient deep his potent breath controls,
+    And, mountain-high, the foamy flood he rolls;
+    Him the Northeast encountering fierce, defied,
+    And back rebuffeted the yielding tide.
+    The curling surges loud conflicting meet,
+    Dash their proud heads, and bellow as they beat;
+    While piercing Boreas, from the Scythian strand,
+    Plows up the waves and scoops the lowest sand.
+    Nor Eurus then, I ween, was left to dwell,
+    Nor showery Notus in th' AEolian cell,
+    But each from every side, his power to boast,
+    Ranged his proud forces to defend the coast."
+
+                                      Lucan.
+
+AEolus, king of the winds, shared with Daedalus the honor of inventing
+the sails which propel the ships so swiftly over the tide. It was he,
+too, who, according to Homer, bound all his children but one in a
+leather bag, which he gave to Ulysses when the latter visited AEolia.
+Thanks to this gift, Ulysses reached the shores of Ithaca, and would
+have landed in safety, had not his men, in view of port, untied the
+sack to investigate its contents, and thus set free the angry winds,
+who stirred up the most frightful tempest in mythic annals.
+
+[Sidenote: Temple of AEolus.]
+
+The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular attention
+to the winds, to whom they dedicated a temple, which is still extant,
+and generally known as the Tower of the Winds, or the Temple of AEolus.
+This temple is hexagonal, and on each side a flying figure of one of
+the winds is represented.
+
+Eurus, the east wind, was generally depicted "as a young man flying
+with great impetuosity, and often appearing in a playful and wanton
+humor." Notus, or Auster, the southwest wind, "appeared generally as
+an old man, with gray hair, a gloomy countenance, a head covered with
+clouds, a sable vesture, and dusky wings," for he was considered the
+dispenser of rain and of all sudden and heavy showers. Zephyrus, mild
+and gentle, had a lapful of flowers, and, according to the Athenian
+belief, was wedded to Flora, with whom he was perfectly happy, and
+visited every land in turn. Corus, the northwest wind, drove clouds of
+snow before him; while Aquilo, dreadful in appearance, caused cold
+shivers to run down one's back at his mere sight. Boreas, rough and
+shivering too, was the father of rain, snow, hail, and tempests, and
+was therefore generally represented as veiled in impenetrable clouds.
+His favorite place of abode was in the Hyperborean Mountains, from
+whence he sallied forth on wild raids. During one of these excursions
+he carried off Orithyia, who always fled at his approach. But all her
+fleetness could not save her: she was overtaken, and borne away to the
+inaccessible regions of snow and ice, where he detained her, and made
+her his wife. She became the mother of Zetes and Calais,--who took
+part in the Argonautic expedition, and drove away the Harpies (p.
+267),--and of two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione.
+
+On another occasion, Boreas, having changed himself into a horse and
+united himself to the mares of Dardanus, King of Troy, became the
+father of twelve steeds so swift that none could overtake them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+HERCULES.
+
+      "Unto this thy son it shall be given,
+    With his broad heart to win his way to heaven;
+    Twelve labors shall he work; and all accurst
+    And brutal things o'erthrow, brute men the worst;
+    And in Trachinia shall the funeral pyre
+    Purge his mortalities away with fire;
+    And he shall mount amid the stars, and be
+    Acknowledg'd kin to those who envied thee,
+    And sent these den-born shapes to crush his destiny."
+
+                    Theocritus (Hunt's tr.).
+
+
+The ancients were not content to worship the gods only, but also
+offered up sacrifices to a few mortals, who, by their heroic deeds and
+virtuous lives, had won both admiration and respect. Foremost among
+these heroes--generally designated by the title of demigods--is
+Hercules (Heracles, Alcides), son of Jupiter and Alcmene, a mortal
+princess.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno persecutes Hercules.]
+
+As soon as the tidings of Hercules' birth reached Olympus, Juno began
+to plot how to destroy her rival's child. Two colossal serpents with
+poisonous fangs were therefore dispatched by her orders to attack the
+babe in its cradle. The monsters crept along noiselessly, entered the
+palace unseen, twined themselves around the cradle, and were about to
+crush the child to death in their folds, when, to the utter
+astonishment of the helpless attendants, little Hercules caught them
+fast by the neck in each tiny hand and strangled them, thus giving the
+first proof of the marvelous strength which was to make him famous.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AN INFANT. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+    "First two dread Snakes at Juno's vengeful nod
+    Climb'd round the cradle of the sleeping God;
+    Waked by the shrilling hiss, and rustling sound,
+    And shrieks of fair attendants trembling round,
+    Their gasping throats with clenching hands he holds;
+    And Death untwists their convoluted folds."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+When Juno perceived how easily Hercules had escaped from the danger
+which threatened him, she deemed it useless to make another attempt to
+take his life, but decided to vex his proud spirit by inflicting many
+petty annoyances, and to prevent his enjoying any lasting peace or
+happiness.
+
+To achieve this purpose, she first extorted from Jupiter a decree that
+condemned Hercules to serve his cousin Eurystheus--a mean and cowardly
+prince who ruled over the kingdom of Argos--for a certain number of
+years.
+
+Hercules' education was carefully attended to by Chiron, a learned
+Centaur, who taught him how to use all the different weapons, and
+trained him in all kinds of athletic sports. The years passed by
+happily and swiftly, until at last the time came when Hercules'
+education was completed, and the whole world lay before him, full of
+pleasant possibilities, and rich with many attractions.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' choice.]
+
+The youthful hero, dismissed by his instructor, now set out to seek
+his fortunes. He had not gone very far, however, before he met two
+beautiful women, who immediately entered into conversation with him,
+and drew from him a confession that he was in search of adventures.
+The women, Arete (Virtue) and Kakia (Vice), each offered to be his
+guide, but bade him choose which he preferred to follow.
+
+Kakia, to induce him to follow her guidance, promised riches, ease,
+consideration, and love; while Arete, a modest maiden, warned him that
+in her wake he would be obliged to wage incessant war against evil, to
+endure hardships without number, and spend his days in toil and
+poverty.
+
+Silently Hercules pondered for a while over these two so dissimilar
+offers, and then, mindful of his tutor's oft-repeated instructions,
+rose from his seat by the wayside, and, turning to Arete, declared
+himself ready to obey any command she might choose to give him.
+
+              "Young Hercules with firm disdain
+    Braved the soft smiles of Pleasure's harlot train;
+    To valiant toils his forceful limbs assign'd,
+    And gave to Virtue all his mighty mind."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+Courageously he then trod along the rough and thorny path she pointed
+out, and patiently performed the various tasks she assigned him,
+delivering the oppressed, defending the weak, and redressing all
+wrongs.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' madness.]
+
+In reward for these good actions he received the hand of Megara,
+daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, in marriage, and by her had three
+children, whom he tenderly loved. But Juno was not at all satisfied to
+see him leading such a peaceful and prosperous life, and to interrupt
+its even course drove the hero mad.
+
+In a fit of delirium he threw his offspring into the fire, and, we are
+told, slew his dearly beloved wife. Then only he recovered his senses,
+and suffered agonies of sorrow and remorse for the terrible crimes he
+had unwittingly committed. In his grief he withdrew to the mountain
+solitudes, where he would probably have lingered all the remainder of
+his life, had not Mercury come to get him, and announced that he was
+to serve Eurystheus, King of Argos, for a twelvemonth.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules in servitude.]
+
+The messenger god then offered to lead him to his appointed
+taskmaster. But when Hercules learned he was doomed to be a slave, he
+fell into such a passion, that he nearly lost his reason again; and
+instead of killing noxious beasts, and winning the people's blessings
+by his deeds of kindness, he wandered about stupidly and aimlessly,
+until he finally perceived how vain was his attempt to struggle
+against fate, and urged by his chosen adviser, Arete, voluntarily
+offered his services to Eurystheus, who informed him that he must
+accomplish twelve great labors ere he could again be free.
+
+[Sidenote: Nemean lion.]
+
+Eager to begin the appointed tasks, Hercules set out first to find and
+destroy a monstrous lion, whose den was in the Nemean Forest. Far and
+wide, throughout the whole neighborhood, this monster committed his
+depredations, carrying off cattle and sheep, men, women, and children,
+to devour at his ease. All warned Hercules of the danger and
+difficulty of the undertaking, described the failure of countless
+previous attempts to slay the monster, and prophesied that he would
+never return alive. The hero would not be dissuaded, but entered the
+forest, tracked the lion to his den, grasped him by the throat, and
+strangled him as he had strangled the snakes in his infancy. He then
+skinned the monster, whose shaggy pelt became his favorite covering.
+
+    "So from Nemea's den Alcides strode,
+    The lion's yellow spoil around his shoulders flow'd."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Hydra of Lerna.]
+
+On his return to Argos to report the successful termination of his
+first task, Hercules was told to repair to the marshes of Lerna, where
+lurked a seven-headed serpent, the Hydra, and put an end to its career
+of rapacity, for this snake devoured man and beast. Armed with a great
+sword, Hercules succeeded in cutting off one of the seven heads; but
+he had no sooner done so, than, to his dismay, he saw seven other
+heads suddenly spring from the bleeding stump. To prevent a repetition
+of this unpleasant miracle, Hercules bade his friend Iolaus, who had
+accompanied him thither to view his prowess, take a lighted brand and
+sear the wounds as soon as inflicted. Thanks to this wise plan, the
+monster was finally slain, although a friendly crab sent by Juno to
+defend Hydra continually pinched Hercules' feet. The hero, angry at
+this intervention, crushed the crab, which, however, received its
+reward, for the Queen of Heaven placed it in the sky as the
+constellation of Cancer (the Crab). The country was thus freed from
+its long state of thraldom; but, before leaving the scene of his
+second labor, Hercules dipped his arrows in the Hydra's venomous
+blood, knowing well that any wound they inflicted, however slight,
+would be sure to prove fatal.
+
+[Sidenote: Stag of Cerynea.]
+
+The third task appointed by Eurystheus was the capture of the
+golden-horned, brazen-footed stag of Cerynea, whose fleetness was such
+that he seemed scarcely to touch the ground. Hercules was obliged to
+pursue this animal for many a weary mile before he could overtake him;
+and he only managed the capture by driving him into a deep snowdrift,
+in a distant northern land, from which he extricated him, and carried
+him home in triumph.
+
+[Sidenote: Erymanthian boar.]
+
+The same success crowned his fourth labor, the capture of the wild
+boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia. Attacked by the Centaurs during the
+performance of this labor, Hercules turned his deadly arrows upon
+them, and accidentally wounded his beloved tutor Chiron, who was
+coming to settle the dispute. Vainly the hero applied every healing
+herb. The wound was mortal, and Chiron died; but in reward for his
+good offices the gods transferred him to the sky, where he is known as
+the constellation Sagittarius.
+
+[Sidenote: Augean stables.]
+
+Hercules was next sent to Augeas, King of Elis, who had immense droves
+of cattle. The stables usually occupied by these animals were in an
+incredibly filthy state, as they had not been cleaned in years; and
+now Hercules was given the task to remove the accumulated filth, and
+make a complete purification of the premises.
+
+Close by these stables rushed a torrent, or rather a river, the
+Alpheus. Hercules, with one glance, saw the use he could make of this
+rushing stream, which he dammed and turned aside from its course, so
+that the waters passed directly through the stables, carrying away all
+impurities, and finally washing them perfectly clean.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AND CENTAUR.--Bologna. (Florence.)]
+
+                    "Nothing else
+    Could clean the Augean stables."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+When Hercules saw that the work of purification was thoroughly
+accomplished, he guided the stream back to its original bed, and
+returned home to announce that the fifth labor was accomplished. The
+fabulous filth of the Augean stables, and the radical methods employed
+for their cleansing, have given rise to proverbial expressions still
+in current use.
+
+[Sidenote: Cretan bull.]
+
+Hercules next journeyed off to Crete to accomplish his sixth task, the
+capture of a mad bull given by Neptune to Minos, king of the island.
+The god had sent the animal with directions that he should be offered
+up in sacrifice; but Minos, charmed with his unusual size and beauty,
+resolved to keep him, and substituted a bull from his own herds for
+the religious ceremony.
+
+Angry at seeing his express command so wantonly disobeyed, Neptune
+maddened the bull, which rushed wildly all over the island, causing
+great damage. This was the animal that Hercules, with his usual
+strength and skill, caught and bound fast, thus finishing the sixth
+task.
+
+[Sidenote: Diomedes' steeds.]
+
+He then hastened on to Thrace, where Diomedes, the king, kept some
+fine coursers, which were fed on human flesh. In order to obtain a
+sufficient supply of fresh meat for his horses, Diomedes had decreed
+that all strangers who ventured into his kingdom should be seized,
+and, when sufficiently fat, executed, and served up in his horses'
+mangers. To punish Diomedes for this long-continued barbarity,
+Hercules fed him to his own horses, which were then led off to
+Eurystheus, as a token that the seventh labor was done.
+
+[Sidenote: Hippolyte's girdle.]
+
+Now, at the court of Eurystheus was his beautiful daughter, Admete, a
+vain princess, who delighted in dress and jewels, and who was never
+happier than when she obtained some new ornament or article of
+apparel. One day Admete heard a traveler describe a girdle worn by
+Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, and was immediately seized by the
+desire to possess the ornament.
+
+She imparted this wish to Eurystheus, who, delighted to gratify her as
+long as he could do so without taking any personal risk or trouble,
+sent Hercules in quest of the coveted jewel. The journey to the land
+of the Amazons--a fierce, warlike nation of women--was long and
+dangerous; but Hercules traveled on undaunted, nor paused, except when
+his services were needed in furthering some good work for mortals,
+until he reached their land, presented himself before their queen, and
+boldly explained the cause of his presence. Hippolyte listened to his
+explanation and request with queenly condescension, promised to
+consider the matter, and in the mean while bade him feast and rest in
+her palace.
+
+Hercules would have succeeded in this undertaking without any trouble,
+had not Juno suddenly remembered his existence, and resolved to
+continue her never entirely forgotten persecutions. In the guise of an
+Amazon, she mingled among the women, and artfully spread the report
+that Hercules had really come to kidnap their queen, and that the
+pretended quest of the girdle was a mere excuse, and only intended to
+distract their attention from his real purpose. The Amazons yielded
+implicit belief to these rumors, flew to arms, and surrounded their
+queen.
+
+    "The Amazons array their ranks,
+    In painted arms of radiant sheen
+    Around Hippolyte the queen."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+The assembled force then attacked Hercules, who met their onslaught
+single-handed, defeated them, and finally bore away the prize he had
+risked so much to obtain. It was on his homeward journey from this
+expedition that he saved Hesione, Laomedon's daughter, from the jaws
+of the sea monster who was about to devour her, as he had devoured
+many a fair Trojan maid before her (p. 152).
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNTED AMAZON GOING TO THE CHASE.--Thorwaldsen.
+      (Copenhagen.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Stymphalian birds.]
+
+Eurystheus, well pleased with the manner in which Hercules had
+accomplished eight out of the twelve tasks, bade him now go forth and
+slay the dangerous, brazen-clawed birds which hovered over the
+stagnant waters of Lake Stymphalus. The poisoned arrows now served him
+in good stead, and enabled him to put a speedy end to the whole flock.
+
+                          "His arrows slew
+    The monsters hov'ring fell Stymphalus round."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Cattle of Geryones.]
+
+Hercules was next told to capture the divine cattle of Geryones, a
+giant of Erythea. On his way home with this marvelous herd, Hercules
+paused on Mount Aventine, where, during the night, the loathsome giant
+Cacus stole some of his cows. To punish him for this theft, Hercules
+forced his way into his cave, attacked him, and, after a memorable
+encounter, slew him. The animals were soon after delivered into the
+hands of Eurystheus, who then sent Hercules in search of the Golden
+Apples of the Hesperides.
+
+[Sidenote: Hesperian apples.]
+
+This commission sadly perplexed Hercules, for he did not know in what
+portion of the world he would find these apples, which had been given
+to Juno as a wedding present, and which she had intrusted to the care
+of the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, god of the West. After
+numerous journeys and many inquiries, Hercules discovered that these
+maidens had carried these apples off to Africa, hung them on a tree in
+their garden, and placed the dragon Ladon at its foot to guard their
+treasures night and day. Unfortunately, no one could tell Hercules in
+what part of Africa the garden of the Hesperides might be situated: so
+he set out at a venture, determined to travel about until he gained
+some information. On his way he met with many adventures, and saw many
+strange sights. For instance, he first met the nymphs of the Eridanus
+River, and, questioning them about the golden apples, was told to
+consult old Nereus, god of the sea, who would probably be able to give
+him some information on the subject.
+
+Hercules, having surprised this aged divinity while asleep on the
+seashore, held him fast, in spite of the multitudinous transformations
+he underwent in the vain hope of frightening his would-be interlocutor
+away. In answer to Hercules' question, he finally very reluctantly
+bade him seek Prometheus, who alone would be able to direct him
+aright.
+
+In obedience to this advice, Hercules went to the Caucasian Mountains,
+where, on the brink of a mighty precipice, he found Prometheus, still
+bound with adamantine chains, and still a prey to the ravenous vulture
+(p. 28). To spring up the mountain side, kill the cruel bird, snap the
+adamantine chains, and set free the benefactor of all mankind, was the
+work of but a few minutes for such a hero as Hercules; and, in
+gratitude for the deliverance he had so long sought in vain,
+Prometheus directed Hercules to his brother Atlas, telling him he
+would be sure to know where the apples could be found.
+
+[Sidenote: Pygmies.]
+
+Hercules wended his way to Africa, where Atlas dwelt, and on his way
+passed through the land of a diminutive race of men, called Pygmies,
+who were so small that they lived in constant dread of their
+neighbors, so much larger and stronger than they, and of the cranes,
+which passed over their country in great flocks, and sometimes
+alighted to devour their harvests.
+
+To guard against these constant inroads, the Pygmies finally accepted
+the services of Antaeus, a giant son of Gaea, who generously offered to
+defend them against all their enemies. When these little people,
+therefore, saw Hercules' mighty form looming up in the dim distance,
+they called aloud for fear, and bade Antaeus go forth and kill the new
+invader, who, they wrongly fancied, had evil designs against them.
+
+Proud of his strength, Antaeus went to meet Hercules, and defied him. A
+fierce struggle was the immediate result of this challenge, and, as
+the combatants were of equal size and strength, the victory seemed
+very uncertain. At last Hercules felt his great strength begin to
+fail, and noticed that every time his adversary touched the ground he
+seemed to renew his vigor. He therefore resolved to try and win by
+strategy, and, watching his opportunity, seized Antaeus round the
+waist, raised him from the ground, and held him aloft in his powerful
+embrace.
+
+The giant struggled with all his might to get free; but Hercules held
+him fast, and felt him grow weaker and weaker, now that he was no
+longer sustained by his mother Earth, from whom he derived all his
+strength, until at last his struggles ceased, and he hung limp and
+lifeless in Hercules' crushing embrace.
+
+    "Lifts proud Antaeus from his mother-plains,
+    And with strong grasp the struggling giant strains;
+    Back falls his fainting head and clammy hair,
+    Writhe his weak limbs, and flits his life in air."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: Atlas.]
+
+Now that the gigantic defender of the Pygmies no longer blocked his
+way, Hercules traveled onward in search of Atlas, whom he finally
+found supporting the heavens on his broad shoulders. Atlas listened
+attentively to all Hercules had to say, declared he knew where the
+apples could be found, and promised to get them if the hero would only
+relieve him of his burden for a little while. Glad to accomplish his
+purpose so easily, Hercules allowed the burden of the heavens to be
+transferred to his shoulders, and Atlas hastened off to fulfill his
+part of the agreement.
+
+From afar the giant saw the golden fruit glittering in the sunshine.
+Stealthily he drew near, entered the gardens, slew the dragon in his
+sleep, plucked the apples, and returned unmolested to the place where
+he had left Hercules. But his steps became slower and slower; and as
+he neared the hero, he could not help thinking with horror of the
+burden he must so soon resume, and bear for centuries, perhaps,
+without relief.
+
+This thought oppressed him. Freedom was so sweet, that he resolved to
+keep it, and, coolly stepping up to Hercules, announced that he would
+carry the golden apples to Eurystheus, and leave him to support the
+heavens in his stead. Feigning a satisfaction which he was very far
+from feeling, Hercules acquiesced, but detained Atlas for a moment,
+asking him to hold the heavens until he could place a cushion on his
+shoulders. Good-natured, as giants proverbially are, Atlas threw the
+apples on the grass beside him, and assumed the incumbent weight; but
+Hercules, instead of preparing to resume it, picked up the apples,
+leaving Atlas alone, in the same plight as he had found him, there to
+remain until some more compassionate hero should come and set him
+free.
+
+    "There Atlas, son of great Iapetus,
+    With head inclined and ever-during arms,
+    Sustains the spacious heavens."
+
+                                     Hesiod.
+
+It was during the course of one of his mighty labors, that Hercules,
+with one wrench of his powerful arm, tore a cleft in the mountains,
+and allowed the waters of the Sea to flow into Oceanus; and ever
+since, the rocks on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar have borne
+the name of Hercules' Pillars.
+
+The twelfth and last task appointed by Eurystheus was the most
+difficult of all to perform. Hercules was commanded to descend into
+Hades and bring up the dog Cerberus, securely bound.
+
+    "But for the last, to Pluto's drear abode
+    Through the dark jaws of Taenarus he went,
+    To drag the triple-headed dog to light."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+This command, like all the others, was speedily obeyed; but Eurystheus
+was so terrified at the aspect of the triple-headed dog, from the foam
+of whose dripping jaws the nightshade sprang, that he took refuge in a
+huge jar, and refused to come out until Hercules had carried the
+monster back to his cave.
+
+[Sidenote: Olympian Games.]
+
+The twelve appointed labors were finished; the time of bondage was
+ended; and Hercules, a free man, could wander at his own sweet will,
+and enjoy the happiness of freedom. A roaming existence had, from
+force of habit, become a necessity: so the hero first journeyed to
+Olympia, where he instituted games to be celebrated every fifth year
+in honor of Jupiter, his father. Thence he wandered from place to
+place, doing good, and came to the house of Admetus, where he was
+surprised to find all the court in mourning.
+
+His sympathetic inquiries soon brought forth a full account of
+Alcestis' sacrifice of her own life to insure the immortality of her
+husband (p. 65). The hero's heart was touched by the king's
+loneliness; and he again braved the terrors of Hades, and brought
+Alcestis back from the grave, and restored her to her husband's arms.
+
+Hercules took a prominent part in many heroic enterprises. Among
+others, he joined in the Argonautic expedition (p. 266), in the battle
+between the Centaurs and Lapithae (p. 260), in the war of the gods and
+giants, and in the first siege of Troy (p. 152), which proved
+successful.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules and Omphale.]
+
+But the hero, although so lately escaped from servitude, was soon
+obliged to return into bondage; for in a fit of anger he slew a man,
+and was condemned by the assembled gods to serve Omphale, Queen of
+Lydia, for a certain lapse of time.
+
+No great deeds were now required of Hercules, whose strength was
+derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily by his
+admiration for her, made him submit to occupations unworthy of a man,
+and, while he was busy spinning, decked herself in his lion's skin,
+and brandished his renowned club.
+
+    "His lion spoils the laughing Fair demands,
+    And gives the distaff to his awkward hands."
+
+                                     Darwin.
+
+  [Illustration: HERCULES AT THE FEET OF OMPHALE.--Gleyre.]
+
+However unworthy these effeminate tasks may seem for such a hero, they
+proved very agreeable indeed to Hercules, who, having fallen in love
+with his new mistress, seemed to wish nothing better than to remain
+her slave forever, and end his days in idleness and pleasure. Great
+labors were awaiting his mighty arm, however; and the gods, at the
+appointed time, freed him from his bondage to the Lydian queen, and
+bade him go forth and do all the good in his power.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules and Deianeira]
+
+In the course of his wanderings, Hercules next met Deianeira, daughter
+of Oeneus, and, having fallen in love with her, expressed a desire to
+marry her. But unfortunately another suitor, the river god Achelous,
+had already won the father's consent.
+
+                      "Achelous came,
+    The river god, to ask a father's voice,
+    And snatched me to his arms."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+So sure was this suitor of his attractions, that he did not even deem
+it necessary to secure the maiden's good graces; and when Hercules
+made known his love, she immediately promised to marry him, if he
+would only free her from the lover her father would fain force upon
+her. Delighted to be able to win his bride and punish his rival at the
+same time, Hercules challenged Achelous; and now began a wrestling
+match, the fame of which has come down to us through all the
+intervening centuries.
+
+Achelous was an opponent worthy of Hercules, and, besides, took
+advantage of his power to change his form at will, further to perplex
+and harass the sturdy hero. At last he assumed the shape of a bull,
+and with lowered horns rushed toward Hercules, intending to toss him
+aside. The hero, skillfully avoiding his first onset, seized him by
+one of his great thickset horns, and held it so firmly that all the
+bull's efforts to free himself from his powerful grasp were vain,
+until the horn broke.
+
+The Goddess of Plenty, the Attican Fortuna, a witness of this strange
+combat, appropriated the broken horn, stuffed her treasures in its
+hollow, and was so well pleased with the effect, that she decreed it
+should henceforth be one of her attributes. The fight, only
+temporarily suspended, was now resumed with redoubled ardor, for each
+of the lovers was intent upon winning the hand of the fair Deianeira.
+
+  [Illustration: FORTUNA. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+    "Warm, and more warm the conflict grows:
+    Dire was the noise of rattling bows,
+    Of front to front opposed, and hand to hand:
+    Deep was the animated strife
+    For love, for conquest, and for life."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+The victory, though long uncertain, finally rested with Hercules, who
+triumphantly departed with his hard-won bride, for his destiny would
+not permit him to tarry long in any place. Instead of wandering alone
+now, with none to cheer or sympathize, Hercules had Deianeira ever at
+his side; and after many days they came to the river Evenus, whose
+usually shallow and peaceful waters were swollen and turbid, for
+violent rainstorms had recently swept over that portion of the
+country.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Nessus.]
+
+Hercules paused for a moment to contemplate the stream, and glanced
+about for some safe mode to transport Deianeira across. While he was
+thus considering, a Centaur by the name of Nessus came to his
+assistance, and proposed to carry the fair young bride to the other
+shore in complete safety, if she would but consent to mount upon his
+broad back.
+
+    "The hoary centaur, who was wont for hire
+    To bear the traveler o'er the rapid flood
+    Of deep Evenus: not with oars or sail
+    He stemm'd the torrent, but with nervous arm
+    Opposed and pass'd it; me, when first a bride,
+    I left my father's hospitable roof
+    With my Alcides, in his arms he bore
+    Athwart the current."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Hercules, only too glad to avail himself of the Centaur's kind offer
+of assistance, quickly helped Deianeira to mount, saw them descend
+into the water, and prepared to follow, holding his bow and arrows
+aloft in one hand, and breasting the waves with the other.
+
+Now, the Centaur Nessus did not often have the good fortune to carry
+such a pretty passenger as Deianeira over the river, and as he swam he
+made up his mind to gallop off with her as soon as he reached the
+opposite shore. All his strength and energy, therefore, were called
+into requisition; and when he reached the shore, instead of pausing to
+allow his fair burden to dismount, he set off as fast as he could run.
+
+[Sidenote: Nessus' robe.]
+
+A loud shriek from Deianeira attracted Hercules' attention, and a
+second later one of his poisoned arrows had brought the would-be
+ravisher to the ground, pierced through the heart. With dying accents
+the Centaur Nessus professed repentance, and bade Deianeira take his
+robe,--but slightly stained with the blood which gushed from the wound
+inflicted by the poisoned arrow,--and keep it carefully, for it had
+magic power; and if she ever found her husband's love waning, he
+assured her, that, could she but induce him to put it on, all his
+early affection would revive, as pure and fervent as during their
+honeymoon.
+
+                                    "'Take
+    This white robe. It is costly. See, my blood
+    Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:
+    I know it, and repent me. If there come
+    A time when he grows cold--for all the race
+    Of heroes wander, nor can any love
+    Fix theirs for long--take it and wrap him in it,
+    And he shall love again.'"
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Deianeira gratefully accepted the proffered gift, and promised to
+treasure it up carefully, although she sincerely hoped she would never
+be called upon to make use of it. Years passed by. Hercules often left
+Deianeira to deliver the oppressed and relieve the suffering, for
+people came from great distances to ask for his aid; and although his
+absences were sometimes prolonged, he always returned to her side, as
+loving as ever, and she had no cause for complaint. Finally duty took
+him back to the court of Eurytus, where he beheld Iole, whom he had
+seen and loved in the beginning of his career, but whom he had been
+obliged to leave to fulfill his arduous tasks. She was still young
+and charming, and his first glance into her sweet face rekindled all
+his former passion. Day after day he lingered by her side, forgetful
+of duty, Deianeira, and all but his first dream of love and happiness.
+When absent, Deianeira was wont to hear rumors of his heroic
+achievements; but on this occasion the only report which reached her
+ear was that he had returned to his allegiance to his first love, and
+this roused her jealousy, so long dormant.
+
+[Sidenote: Deianeira's jealousy.]
+
+Finally she heard that Hercules was wending his way homeward again,
+and her heart bounded with joy, but only to sink more heavily when
+told that he was accompanied by Iole and a numerous train. Then she
+remembered the long-forgotten gift of the Centaur. With trembling
+hands she sought the glittering robe, gave it to a messenger, and bade
+him hasten to meet Hercules, and prevail upon him to wear it for his
+triumphant return. The messenger, Lichas, hastened to do her bidding,
+and Deianeira waited with fast-beating heart for the success of her
+venture.
+
+    "I only wish the charm may be of power
+    To win Alcides from this virgin's love,
+    And bring him back to Deianeira's arms."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Lichas acquitted himself faithfully of his errand; and Hercules,
+viewing the costly garment, and anxious to appear to his best
+advantage before the bright eyes of Iole, immediately donned the
+richly embroidered robe.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules' death.]
+
+He had no sooner put it on, than the Centaur's poisoned blood began
+its deadly work. First he experienced a burning, stinging sensation,
+which ran like fire through every vein. Vainly he tried to tear off
+the fatal garment. It clung to his limbs, and the poison ate its way
+into his flesh, until the pain was greater than he could bear.
+
+  [Illustration: FARNESE HERCULES. (National Museum, Naples.)]
+
+In his rage at the trick which had been played upon him, he seized
+Lichas--the unfortunate bearer of the poisoned robe--by the foot,
+and flung him from the heights of Mount Oeta down into the sea, where
+he perished.
+
+    "And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw
+    Into th' Euboic Sea."
+
+                                     Milton.
+
+Then, resolved to end these unendurable torments by a death worthy of
+his whole life, Hercules called his servants, and bade them build his
+funeral pyre on the mountain peak; but they, in tears, refused to
+obey, for they could not bear the thought of parting with their
+beloved master. Commands and entreaties alike failed to move them: so
+Hercules climbed up the mountain side alone, tore up the huge oaks by
+their roots, flung them one upon the other until he had raised a
+mighty pile, upon which he stretched his colossal, pain-racked limbs,
+and bade his friend Philoctetes set fire to the stupendous mass.
+
+At first Philoctetes also refused to do his bidding; but, bribed by
+the promise of the world-renowned poisoned arrows, he finally
+consented to do as Hercules wished, and the red flames rose higher and
+higher, the wood crackled and burned, and the hero was soon enveloped
+in sheets of flame, which purged him from all mortality.
+
+Then Jupiter came down from his glorious abode, caught the noble soul
+in his mighty arms, and bore it off to Olympus, there to dwell in
+happiness forever with Hebe, the fair goddess of youth, whose hand was
+given him in marriage.
+
+    "Till the god, the earthly part forsaken,
+    From the man in flames asunder taken,
+    Drank the heavenly ethers' purer breath.
+    Joyous in the new, unwonted lightness,
+    Earth's dark, heavy burden lost in death.
+    High Olympus gives harmonious greeting
+    To the hall where reigns his sire adored;
+    Youth's bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,
+    Gives the nectar to her lord."
+
+                  Schiller (S. G. B.'s tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Worship of Hercules.]
+
+Hercules, the special divinity of athletic sports and of strength, was
+principally worshiped by young men. He is generally represented in art
+as a tall, powerfully built man, with a small, bearded head, a lion's
+skin carelessly thrown over his shoulder, and leaning upon a massive
+club.
+
+    "Great Alcides, stooping with his toil,
+    Rests on his club."
+
+                                       Pope.
+
+It is said that some of the games celebrated at Olympia were held in
+his honor, although originally instituted by him in honor of Jupiter,
+his father. The Nemean Games, celebrated in the forest of Nemea, the
+scene of his first great labor, were the principal games held in
+Greece in commemoration of his noble deeds and early death.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+PERSEUS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Acrisius and Danae.]
+
+The life of Acrisius, King of Argos, had been a burden to him ever
+since the unfortunate day when an oracle had predicted that he would
+be killed by his grandson. Until then the king had been very fond of
+his only child, Danae, and until then, too, had thought with pride of
+the time when he would bestow her hand in marriage upon the noblest of
+all who came to woo.
+
+Now his plans were all changed, and his only wish was to keep her
+unmated,--a somewhat difficult task, for the maiden was very fair, and
+Acrisius knew that the wily God of Love would endeavor to find some
+way to outwit him and bring his plans to naught. After much thought,
+Acrisius decided to lock Danae up in a brazen tower, around which he
+stationed guards to prevent any one from even approaching the captive
+princess.
+
+But, although safely concealed from the eyes of men, Danae was plainly
+seen by the everlasting gods; and Jupiter, looking down from Olympus,
+beheld her in all her loveliness and in all her loneliness. She was
+seated on top of her brazen tower, her eyes wistfully turned toward
+the city, where girls of her age enjoyed freedom, and were allowed to
+marry when they pleased.
+
+[Sidenote: The shower of gold.]
+
+Jupiter, pitying her isolation and admiring her beauty, resolved to go
+down and converse with her for a little while. To avoid being seen, he
+changed himself into a golden shower, and gently dropped down on the
+turret beside her, where his presence and spirited conversation soon
+won the maiden's heart.
+
+    "Danae, in a brazen tower
+    Where no love was, loved a shower."
+
+                                    Shelley.
+
+This first successful visit was frequently repeated, and Danae no
+longer felt lonely and deserted, for Jupiter spent most of his time
+with her, pursuing his courtship most diligently, and finally winning
+her to a secret marriage, to which no one offered the slightest
+objection, as no one suspected his visits, which he continued quite
+unmolested.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Perseus.]
+
+But one morning the guards rushed in terror to Acrisius' palace to
+announce that Danae, his daughter, had given birth to a son, who, on
+account of his beauty, was called Perseus. The king no sooner learned
+this astonishing news, than he flew into a great rage, vowed that
+mother and child should perish, and dispatched the guards to fetch the
+unfortunate victims.
+
+Acrisius, however, was not cruel enough to stain his own hands with
+his child's blood, or to witness her execution: so he ordered that she
+should be placed in an empty cask with her helpless infant, and
+exposed to the fury of the waves. These orders were speedily executed;
+and Danae's heart sank with terror when she felt the cask buffeted
+about by the great waves far out of sight of land, and out of all
+reach of help. Clasping her babe close to her bosom, she fervently
+prayed the gods to watch over them both, and bring them in safety to
+some hospitable shore.
+
+    "When round the well-fram'd ark the blowing blast
+    Roar'd, and the heaving whirlpools of the deep
+    With rough'ning surge seem'd threatening to o'erturn
+    The wide-tost vessel, not with tearless cheeks
+    The mother round her infant gently twined
+    Her tender arm, and cried, 'Ah me! my child!
+    What sufferings I endure! thou sleep'st the while,
+    Inhaling in thy milky-breathing breast
+    The balm of slumber.'"
+
+                    Simonides (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Danae at Seriphus.]
+
+Her piteous prayer was evidently heard, for, after much tossing, the
+cask was finally washed ashore on the Island of Seriphus, where
+Polydectes, the king, kindly received mother and child. Here Perseus,
+the golden-haired, grew to manhood, and here made his first appearance
+in games and combats.
+
+In the mean while, Polydectes had fallen in love with Danae, and
+expressed his desire to marry her; but Danae did not return his
+affections, and would not consent. Angry at her persistent refusal of
+his proposals, Polydectes wished to compel her to obey, and thereby
+incurred the wrath of young Perseus, who loudly declared that none
+should dare force his mother as long as he were there to defend her.
+This boast did not at all allay the monarch's wrath; and, hoping to
+get rid of the young boaster, he bade him go forth and slay Medusa, if
+he wished to convince people that his bravery was real.
+
+[Sidenote: The Gorgons.]
+
+This Medusa was one of the three Gorgons. Her sisters, Euryale and
+Stheno, although immortal, had never had any claims to beauty; but
+Medusa, when only a girl, had been considered very handsome indeed.
+Her home, in a land where the sun never shone, was very distasteful to
+her, so she entreated Minerva to let her go and visit the beautiful
+sunny south.
+
+But when Minerva refused to grant her wish, she reviled the goddess,
+and declared that nothing but a conviction that mortals would no
+longer consider her beautiful if they but once beheld Medusa, could
+have prompted this denial. This presumptuous remark so incensed
+Minerva, that, to punish her for her vanity, she changed her beautiful
+curling locks into hissing, writhing serpents, and decreed that one
+glance into her still beautiful face would suffice to change the
+beholder into stone.
+
+    "Fatal Beauty! thou didst seem
+    The phantom of some fearful dream.
+    Extremes of horror and of love
+    Alternate o'er our senses move,
+    As, rapt and spellbound, we survey
+    The horrid coils which round thee play,
+    And mark thy wild, enduring smile,
+    Lit by no mortal fire the while,
+    Formed to attract all eyes to thee,
+    And yet their withering blight to be;
+    Thy power mysterious to congeal
+    And from life's blood its warmth to steal,
+    To petrify the mortal clay
+    In its first gleam of wild dismay,
+    Is a dread gift to one like thee,
+    Cursed with a hateful destiny."
+
+                              Mrs. St. John.
+
+[Sidenote: Perseus' quest.]
+
+The gods, who had carefully watched over Perseus through his childhood
+and youth, now decided to lend him their aid, so that he might
+successfully accomplish the great task of slaying Medusa. Pluto lent
+him a magic helmet, which made the wearer invisible at will; Mercury
+attached his own winged sandals to the youth's heels, to endow him
+with great rapidity of flight; while Minerva armed him with her own
+mirrorlike shield, the dreadful AEgis.
+
+      "Minerva thus to Perseus lent her shield;
+    Secure of conquest, sent him to the field:
+    The hero acted what the queen ordain'd,
+    So was his fame complete."
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+[Sidenote: The Graeae.]
+
+Thus equipped, Perseus flew northward until he came to the land of
+perpetual darkness, the home of the Graeae, three horrible sisters, who
+possessed but one eye and one tooth, which they handed about and used
+in turn, and who were the only living beings cognizant of the place
+where Medusa dwelt.
+
+Invisible by virtue of his magic helmet, Perseus drew near the cave
+without fear of detection, and intercepted the eye while on its way
+from one sister to another. As soon as it was safe in his possession,
+he spoke to them, promising to restore it if they would only give him
+accurate directions for finding Medusa. The sisters, eager to recover
+the treasured eye, immediately gave the desired information; and
+Perseus, having honorably fulfilled his share of the contract,
+departed in search of Medusa.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Medusa.]
+
+Perseus at last perceived the Gorgon's home in the dim distance; and,
+as he was fully aware of Medusa's petrifying proclivities, he advanced
+very cautiously, holding his shield before him at such an angle that
+all surrounding objects were clearly reflected on its smooth,
+mirrorlike surface.
+
+He thus discovered Medusa asleep, raised his sword, and, without
+looking at anything but her mirrored form, severed her head from her
+body, seized it in one hand, and, holding it persistently behind his
+back, flew away in great haste, lest the two remaining Gorgons should
+fall upon him and attempt to avenge their sister's death.
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of snakes.]
+
+Perseus then swiftly winged his way over land and sea, carefully
+holding his ghastly trophy behind him; and as he flew, Medusa's blood
+trickled down on the hot African sand, where it gave birth to a race
+of poisonous reptiles destined to infest the region in future ages,
+and cause the death of many an adventurous explorer. The drops which
+fell into the sea were utilized by Neptune, who created from them the
+famous winged steed called Pegasus (p. 154).
+
+    "And the life drops from thy head
+    On Libyan sands, by Perseus shed,
+    Sprang a scourging race from thee--
+    Fell types of artful mystery."
+
+                              Mrs. St. John.
+
+The return journey was long and wearisome, and on his way the hero had
+many adventures. Once, when flying high above a mountainous country,
+he caught a glimpse of Atlas, his pale face turned up to the heavens,
+whose weight he had patiently borne for many a long year,--a burden
+which seemed all the more grievous after the short taste of freedom he
+had enjoyed while Hercules stood in his place (pp. 228-9),--
+
+  [Illustration: PERSEUS.--Cellini. (Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence.)]
+
+    "Supporting on his shoulders the vast pillar
+    Of Heaven and Earth, a weight of cumbrous grasp."
+
+                    AEschylus (Potter's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Atlas petrified.]
+
+When Atlas saw Perseus flying toward him, hope revived, for he
+remembered that Fate had decreed that it was this hero who was to slay
+the Gorgon; and he thought, that, if he could but once gaze upon her
+stony face, he would be free from pain and weariness forever. As soon
+as the hero was within hearing, Atlas therefore addressed him as
+follows:--
+
+"'Hasten now, Perseus, and let me look upon the Gorgon's face, for the
+agony of my labor is well-nigh greater than I can bear.' So Perseus
+hearkened unto the word of Atlas, and he unveiled before him the dead
+face of Medusa. Eagerly he gazed for a moment on the changeless
+countenance, as though beneath the blackness of great horror he yet
+saw the wreck of her ancient beauty and pitied her for her hopeless
+woe. But in an instant the straining eyes were stiff and cold; and it
+seemed to Perseus, as he rose again into the pale yellow air, that the
+gray hairs which streamed from the giant's head were like the snow
+which rests on the peak of a great mountain, and that in place of the
+trembling limbs he saw only the rents and clefts on a rough hillside."
+
+Thus the mere sight of Medusa changed Atlas into the rugged mountains
+which have since borne his name; and, as their summits are lost in the
+clouds, the ancients supposed they sustained the full weight of the
+heavenly vault.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Andromeda.]
+
+Thence Perseus flew on until he reached the seashore, where a strange
+sight greeted him. Away down on the "rock-bound coast," so near the
+foaming billows that their spray continually dashed over her fair
+limbs, a lovely maiden was chained fast to an overhanging rock. This
+maiden was the Princess Andromeda. To atone for the vanity of her
+mother, Cassiopeia, who claimed she was fairer than any of the sea
+nymphs, she had been exposed there as prey for a terrible sea monster
+sent to devastate the homes along the coast.
+
+  [Illustration: PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.--Coypel.]
+
+An oracle, when consulted, declared that the monster would not depart
+until Andromeda was sacrificed to his fury; and Perseus could even now
+perceive the receding procession which had solemnly accompanied her to
+the appointed place of sacrifice, and chained her fast.
+
+At the same time, too, he saw the waters below the maiden lashed to
+foam by the monster's tail, and the scales of his hideous body slowly
+rising up out of the water. Fascinated by this horrible sight, the
+maiden's eyes were fixed on the monster. She did not see the rapid
+approach of her deliverer, who, dauntless, drew his sword from its
+scabbard, and, swooping down, attacked the monster, cheered by the
+shouts of the people, who had seen him, and now rushed back to witness
+the slaying of their foe.
+
+                      "On the hills a shout
+    Of joy, and on the rocks the ring of mail;
+    And while the hungry serpent's gloating eyes
+    Were fixed on me, a knight in casque of gold
+    And blazing shield, who with his flashing blade
+    Fell on the monster. Long the conflict raged,
+    Till all the rocks were red with blood and slime,
+    And yet my champion from those horrible jaws
+    And dreadful coils was scathless."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+Of course, this fierce struggle could have but one conclusion; and
+when Perseus had slain the monster, freed Andromeda from her chains,
+and restored her to the arms of her overjoyed parents, they
+immediately offered any reward he might be pleased to claim. When he,
+therefore, expressed a desire to marry the maiden he had so bravely
+rescued, they gladly gave him her hand, although in early youth the
+princess had been promised to her uncle Phineus.
+
+[Sidenote: Phineus petrified.]
+
+Preparations for the marriage were immediately begun; and the former
+suitor, who had been too cowardly to venture a single blow to deliver
+her from the monster, prepared to fight the rival who was about to
+carry off his promised bride. Unbidden he came to the marriage feast
+with a number of armed followers, and was about to carry off
+Andromeda, when Perseus suddenly bade his adherents stand behind him,
+unveiled the Medusa head, and, turning its baleful face toward Phineus
+and his followers, changed them all into stone.
+
+The interrupted marriage feast was now resumed; and when it was over,
+Perseus took his bride to Seriphus. There, hearing that Polydectes had
+dared to ill treat his mother because she still refused to accede to
+his wishes and become his wife, he changed the importunate king into a
+rock by showing him his Medusa trophy, gave the kingdom to the king's
+brother, and, accompanied by wife and mother, returned to his native
+land. The borrowed helmet, sandals, and shield were all duly restored
+to their respective owners, and the Medusa head was given to Minerva
+in token of gratitude for her help. Greatly pleased with this gift,
+the goddess set it in the center of her terrible AEgis, where it
+retained all its petrifying power, and served her in many a fight.
+
+[Sidenote: Return to Argos.]
+
+Arrived at Argos, Perseus discovered that a usurper had claimed his
+grandfather's throne. To hurl the unlawful claimant from his exalted
+seat, and compel him to make full restitution and atonement, was but a
+trifle for the hero who had conquered Medusa; and Acrisius, now old
+and weak, was taken from the prison where he languished, and restored
+to his wonted honors, by the very youth he had been taught to fear.
+
+But the gods' decree was always sure to be fulfilled sooner or later;
+and one day, when Perseus was playing quoits, he accidentally killed
+his grandfather. To remain at Argos, haunted by the memory of this
+involuntary crime, was too painful for him: so he exchanged his
+kingdom for another, that of Mycenae, which he ruled wisely and well.
+When Perseus died, after a long and glorious reign, the gods, who had
+always loved him, placed him among the stars, where he can still be
+seen, with his wife Andromeda, and mother-in-law Cassiopeia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+THESEUS.
+
+
+When yet but a very young man, AEgeus, King of Athens, journeyed off to
+Troezene, where he fell in love with and married a pretty young
+princess by the name of AEthra. For some reason, which mythologists do
+not make known, the king was forced to return alone to Athens; but ere
+he departed he concealed his sword and sandals beneath a stone,
+bidding his wife remember, that, as soon as the strength of their son
+Theseus permitted, he must raise the rock, appropriate sword and
+sandals, and come and join him in Athens, where he should be
+introduced to the people as his son and heir. These instructions
+given, AEgeus bade a fond farewell to his wife and infant son, and
+returned home.
+
+As the years passed by, they brought strength, beauty, and wisdom to
+Theseus, whose fame began to be published abroad. At last AEthra deemed
+him strong enough to raise the rock beneath which his father's trusty
+weapon lay; and, conducting him to the spot where it was, she told him
+the whole story, and bade him try his strength.
+
+Theseus immediately obeyed. With a mighty effort he raised the rock,
+and, to his great satisfaction, found the sword and sandals in a
+perfect state of preservation. Sword in hand, he then set out for
+Athens,--a long and dangerous journey. He proceeded slowly and
+cautiously, for he knew that many dangers lurked along his pathway,
+and that ere he reached his father's city he would have to encounter
+both giants and monsters, who would strive to bar his way.
+
+[Sidenote: Periphetes.]
+
+He was not at all mistaken in his previsions; for Troezene was
+scarcely lost to sight ere he came across the giant Periphetes, son of
+Vulcan, who stood in the road and attacked with a huge club, whose
+blows were generally fatal, all who strove to pass. Adroitly evading
+the giant's first onslaught, Theseus plunged his sword deep into his
+huge side ere he could renew the attack, and brought him lifeless to
+the ground.
+
+[Sidenote: Sinis.]
+
+Theseus then disarmed his fallen foe, and, retaining the club for
+future use, continued his journey in peace, until he came to the
+Isthmus of Corinth, where two adventures awaited him. The first was
+with a cruel giant named Sinis, nicknamed The Pine-bender, whose usual
+practice was to bend some huge pine until its top touched the ground,
+and call to any unsuspecting passer-by to seize it and lend him a
+helping hand for a moment. Then, as soon as the innocent stranger had
+complied with his request, he would suddenly let go the pine, which,
+freed from his gigantic grasp, sprang back to its upright position,
+and hurled the unfortunate traveler way up in the air, to be dashed to
+pieces against the rocky mountain side.
+
+Theseus, who had already heard of the giant's stratagem, skillfully
+eluded the danger, and finally caused Sinis to perish by the same
+cruel death which he had dealt out to so many others.
+
+[Sidenote: Sciron.]
+
+In one place the Isthmus of Corinth was exceedingly narrow, and the
+only practicable pathway led along a rocky ledge, guarded by a robber
+named Sciron, who forced all who tried to pass him to wash his feet.
+While the traveler was thus engaged, and knelt in the narrow pathway
+to do his bidding, he would suddenly raise his foot, kick him over the
+side, and hurl him down into the sea below, where a huge tortoise was
+ever waiting with gaping jaws to devour the victims.
+
+Instead of yielding to Sciron's exactions, Theseus drew his sword, and
+by his determined bearing so terrified the robber, that he offered him
+a free passage. This offer, however, did not satisfy Theseus, who
+said he would sheathe his sword only on condition that Sciron
+performed for him the menial office he had imposed upon so many
+others. Sciron dared not refuse, and obeyed in fear and trembling; but
+he was doomed never to molest any one again, for Theseus kicked him
+over the precipice, into the breakers, where the tortoise feasted upon
+his remains with as keen a relish as upon former victims.
+
+[Sidenote: Cercyon and Procrustes.]
+
+After disposing of another world-renowned robber, Cercyon (The
+Wrestler), Theseus encountered Procrustes (The Stretcher), a cruel
+giant, who, under pretext of entertainment, deluded travelers into
+entering his home, where he had two beds of very different
+dimensions,--one unusually short, the other unusually long. If the
+unfortunate traveler were a short man, he was put to bed in the long
+bedstead, and his limbs were pulled out of joint to make him fit it;
+but if, on the contrary, he were tall, he was assigned the short bed,
+and the superfluous length of limb was lopped off under the selfsame
+pretext. Taking Procrustes quite unawares, Theseus gave him a faint
+idea of the sufferings he had inflicted upon others by making him try
+each bed in turn, and then, to avoid his continuing these evil
+practices, put an end to his wretched existence.
+
+Theseus successfully accomplished a few more exploits of a similar
+character, and finally reached Athens, where he found that his fame
+had preceded him.
+
+    "In days of old, there liv'd of mighty fame,
+    A valiant prince, and Theseus was his name:
+    A chief, who more in feats of arms excell'd,
+    The rising nor the setting sun beheld."
+
+                                     Morris.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea's draught.]
+
+The first tidings that there reached his ear were that AEgeus had just
+married Medea, the enchantress; but, although these tidings were very
+unwelcome, he hastened on to his father's court, to make himself
+known, and receive the welcome promised so many years before. Medea,
+seated by AEgeus' side, no sooner saw the young stranger draw near,
+than she knew him, and foresaw that he had come to demand his rights.
+To prevent his making known claims which might interfere with the
+prospects of her future offspring, she hastily mixed a deadly poison
+in a cup, which she filled with fragrant wine, and bade AEgeus offer it
+to the stranger.
+
+The monarch was about to execute her apparently hospitable purpose,
+when his eye suddenly rested upon the sword at Theseus' side, which he
+immediately recognized. One swift glance into the youth's open face
+convinced him that AEthra's son stood before him, and he eagerly
+stretched out his arms to clasp him to his heart. This sudden movement
+upset the goblet, and the poisonous contents, falling upon a dog lying
+at the king's feet, caused his almost instantaneous death. Seeing her
+crime discovered and Theseus recognized, Medea quickly mounted her
+magic dragon car, and fled to Media, whence she never returned.
+
+[Sidenote: Tribute to the Minotaur.]
+
+One day, some time after his arrival at Athens, Theseus heard a sound
+of weeping and great lamentation throughout all the city, and in reply
+to his wondering inquiries was told, that ever since an unfortunate
+war between the Cretans and Athenians, the latter, who had been
+vanquished, were obliged to pay a yearly tribute of seven youths and
+as many maidens, destined to serve as food for the Minotaur. Further
+questions evolved the fact that the Minotaur was a hideous monster,
+the property of Minos, King of Crete, who kept it in an intricate
+labyrinth, constructed for that express purpose by Daedalus, the
+far-famed architect.
+
+    "There lived and flourished long ago, in famous Athens town,
+    One Daedalus, a carpenter of genius and renown;
+    ('Twas he who with an augur taught mechanics how to bore,--
+    An art which the philosophers monopolized before.)"
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+  [Illustration: DAEDALUS AND ICARUS.--Vien.]
+
+[Sidenote: Daedalus and Icarus.]
+
+This labyrinth was so very intricate, that those who entered could not
+find their way out; and even Daedalus and his son Icarus, after many
+days' attempt, found they could not leave it. Rather than remain
+imprisoned forever, Daedalus then manufactured wings for himself and
+for his son, and determined to make use of them to effect his escape.
+
+    "Now Daedalus, the carpenter, had made a pair of wings,
+    Contrived of wood and feathers and a cunning set of springs,
+    By means of which the wearer could ascend to any height,
+    And sail about among the clouds as easy as a kite."
+
+                                       Saxe.
+
+After repeated cautions to his son not to venture too high, lest the
+sun's heat should melt the wax fixing the feathers to the frame,
+Daedalus bade Icarus don his plumage and fly to a country where they
+would be free, promising to follow him thither very shortly.
+
+    "'My Icarus!' he says; 'I warn thee fly
+    Along the middle track: nor low, nor high;
+    If low, thy plumes may flag with ocean's spray;
+    If high, the sun may dart his fiery ray.'"
+
+                         Ovid (Elton's tr.).
+
+Delighted with this new mode of travel, Icarus flew swiftly along.
+Little by little he forgot the danger and his father's caution, and
+rose up higher and higher, until he could bask in the direct rays of
+the ardent sun. The heat, which seemed so grateful after his chilly
+flight, soon softened and melted the wax on his wings; and Icarus, no
+longer supported by the light feathers, sank down faster and faster,
+until he fell into the sea, where he was drowned, and which, in memory
+of him, bears the name of Icarian to this day.
+
+These varied details kindled Theseus' love of adventure, and still
+further strengthened him in his sudden resolve to join the mournful
+convoy, try his strength against the awful Minotaur, and, if possible,
+save his country from further similar exactions.
+
+    "While Attica thus groan'd, with ills opprest;
+    His country's wrongs inflam'd brave Theseus' breast;
+    Instant his gen'rous soul resolv'd to save
+    Cecrops' great offspring from a timeless grave."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+Even his father's tears and entreaties were powerless to move him
+from his purpose, and, the hour having come, he embarked upon the
+black-sailed vessel which was to bear the yearly tribute to Crete,
+promising to change the black sails for snowy white ones if he were
+fortunate enough to return victorious.
+
+[Sidenote: Talus.]
+
+Favorable winds soon wafted the galley to distant Crete, and as they
+sailed along the coast, searching for the harbor, they were challenged
+by the brazen giant Talus, who walked daily thrice around the whole
+island, killing, by contact with his red-hot body, all who had no
+business to land on that coast. Knowing, however, that the
+black-sailed galley brought a fresh supply of youths and maidens for
+the terrible Minotaur, Talus let it pass unharmed; and the victims
+were brought into the presence of Minos, who personally inspected each
+new freight-load, to make sure he was not being cheated by the
+Athenians.
+
+[Sidenote: Ariadne's clew.]
+
+At the monarch's side stood his fair daughter Ariadne, whose tender
+heart was filled with compassion when she beheld the frail maidens and
+gallant youths about to perish by such a loathsome death. Theseus, by
+right of his birth, claimed the precedence, and proffered a request to
+be the first victim,--a request which the king granted with a sardonic
+smile, ere he returned unmoved to his interrupted feast.
+
+Unnoticed by all, Ariadne slipped out of the palace, and, under cover
+of the darkness, entered the prison where Theseus was confined. There
+she tremblingly offered him a ball of twine and a sharp sword, bidding
+him tie one end of the twine to the entrance of the labyrinth, and
+keep the other in his hand as a clew to find the way out again should
+the sword enable him to kill the dreaded Minotaur. In token of
+gratitude for this timely assistance, Theseus solemnly promised
+Ariadne to take her with him to Athens as his bride, were he only
+successful in his undertaking.
+
+At dawn the next day Theseus was conducted to the entrance of the
+labyrinth, and there left to await the tender mercies of the Minotaur.
+Like all heroes, he preferred to meet any danger rather than remain
+inactive: so, mindful of Ariadne's instructions, he fastened his
+twine to the entrance, and then boldly penetrated into the intricate
+ways of the labyrinth, where many whitening bones plainly revealed the
+fate of all who had preceded him.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus and the Minotaur.]
+
+He had not gone very far before he encountered the Minotaur,--a
+creature more hideous than fancy can paint,--and he was obliged to use
+all his skill and ingenuity to avoid falling a prey to the monster's
+appetite, and all his strength to lay him low at last.
+
+The Minotaur slain, Theseus hastily retraced his footsteps.
+
+                    "And the slender clew,
+    Prepar'd in secret by th' enamor'd maid,
+    Thro' the curv'd labyrinth his steps convey'd."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' escape.]
+
+Arrived at the place where his ship rode at anchor, he found his
+companions and Ariadne awaiting him, and, springing on board, bade the
+sailors weigh anchor as quickly as possible. They were almost out of
+reach of the Cretan shores, when Talus came into view, and, perceiving
+that his master's prisoners were about to escape, leaned forward to
+catch the vessel by its rigging. Theseus, seeing this, sprang forward,
+and dealt the giant such a blow, that he lost his balance and fell
+into the deep sea, where he was drowned, and where thermal springs
+still bear witness to the heat of his brazen body.
+
+[Sidenote: Ariadne forsaken.]
+
+The returning vessel, favored by wind and tide, made but one port,
+Naxos; and here youths and maidens landed to view the beautiful
+island. Ariadne strayed apart, and threw herself down upon the ground
+to rest, where, before she was aware of it, sleep overtook her. Now,
+although very brave, Theseus was not very constant. He had already
+grown weary of Ariadne's love; and, when he saw her thus asleep, he
+basely summoned his companions, embarked with them, and set sail,
+leaving her alone upon the island, where Bacchus soon came to console
+her for the loss of her faithless lover (p. 181).
+
+  [Illustration: ARIADNE.--Rae.]
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' punishment.]
+
+Theseus, having committed a deed heinous in the eyes of gods and men,
+was doomed to suffer just punishment. In his preoccupation he entirely
+forgot his promise to change the black sails for white; and AEgeus,
+from Attica's rocky shore, seeing the sable sails when the vessel was
+yet far from land, immediately concluded that his son was dead, and in
+his grief cast himself into the sea since known as the AEgean, where he
+perished.
+
+      "As from a mountain's snowy top are driv'n
+    The rolling clouds, by the rude blasts of heav'n;
+    So from the mem'ry of lost Theseus fled
+    Those dictates, which before his reason sway'd:
+    But now his father from the ramparts' height,
+    All bath'd in tears, directs his eager sight;
+    O'er the wide sea, distended by the gale,
+    He spies, with dread amaze, the lurid sail."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus' reign and marriage.]
+
+Theseus, on entering the city, heard of his father's death; and when
+he realized that it had been caused by his carelessness, he was
+overwhelmed with grief and remorse. All the cares of royalty and the
+wise measures he introduced for the happiness of his people could not
+divert his mind from this terrible catastrophe: so he finally resolved
+to resign his authority and set out again in search of adventures,
+which might help him forget his woes. He therefore made an excursion
+into the land of the Amazons, where Hercules had preceded him, and
+whence he brought back Hippolyte, whom he married. Theseus was now
+very happy indeed, and soon all his hopes were crowned by the birth of
+a son, whom he called Hippolytus. Shortly after this joyful event, the
+Amazons invaded his country under pretext of rescuing their kidnapped
+queen, and in the battle which ensued Hippolyte was accidentally
+wounded by an arrow, and breathed her last in Theseus' arms.
+
+Theseus next set out with an Athenian army to fight Pirithous, king of
+the Lapithae, who had dared to declare war; but when the armies were
+face to face, the two chiefs, seized with a sudden liking for each
+other, simultaneously cast down their weapons, and, falling on each
+other's necks, embraced, and swore an eternal friendship.
+
+[Sidenote: Centaurs and Lapithae]
+
+To show his devotion to this newly won friend, Theseus consented to
+accompany him to the court of Adrastus, King of Argos, and witness his
+marriage to Hippodamia, daughter of the king. Many guests were, of
+course, present to witness the marriage ceremony, among others
+Hercules and a number of the Centaurs. The latter, struck with
+admiration for the bride's unusual beauty, made an attempt to kidnap
+her, which was frustrated by the Lapithae, seconded by Theseus and
+Hercules. The terrible struggle which ensued between the conflicting
+parties has ever been a favorite subject in art, and is popularly
+known as the "Battle between the Centaurs and Lapithae."
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus in Hades.]
+
+The hotly contested bride did not, however, enjoy a very long life,
+and Pirithous soon found himself, like Theseus, a disconsolate
+widower. To avoid similar bereavement in future, they both resolved to
+secure goddesses, who, being immortal, would share their thrones
+forever. Aided by Pirithous, Theseus carried off Helen, the daughter
+of Jupiter (p. 311), and, as she was still but a child, intrusted her
+to the care of his mother, AEthra, until she attained a suitable age
+for matrimony. Then, in return for Pirithous' kind offices, he
+accompanied him to Hades, where they intended to carry off Proserpina.
+
+While they were thus engaged, Helen's twin brothers, Castor and
+Pollux, came to Athens, delivered her from captivity, and carried her
+home in triumph. As for Theseus and Pirithous, their treacherous
+intention was soon discovered by Pluto, who set the first on an
+enchanted rock, from which he could not descend unassisted, and bound
+the second to the constantly revolving wheel of his father, Ixion.
+
+  [Illustration: THESEUS.--Canova. (Volksgarten, Vienna.)]
+
+When Hercules was in Hades in search of Cerberus (p. 229), he
+delivered Theseus from his unpleasant position, and thus enabled him
+to return to his own home, where he now expected to spend the
+remainder of his life in peace.
+
+[Sidenote: Phaedra and Hippolytus.]
+
+Although somewhat aged by this time, Theseus was still anxious to
+marry, and looked about him for a wife to cheer his loneliness.
+Suddenly he remembered that Ariadne's younger sister, Phaedra, must be
+a charming young princess, and sent an embassy to obtain her hand in
+marriage. The embassy proved successful, and Phaedra came to Athens;
+but, young and extremely beautiful, she was not at all delighted with
+her aged husband, and, instead of falling in love with him, bestowed
+all her affections upon his son, Hippolytus, a virtuous youth, who
+utterly refused to listen to her proposals to elope. In her anger at
+finding her advances scorned, Phaedra went to Theseus and accused
+Hippolytus of attempting to kidnap her. Theseus, greatly incensed at
+what he deemed his son's dishonorable behavior, implored Neptune to
+punish the youth, who was even then riding in his chariot close by the
+shore. In answer to this prayer, a great wave suddenly arose, dashed
+over the chariot, and drowned the young charioteer, whose lifeless
+corpse was finally flung ashore at Phaedra's feet. When the unfortunate
+queen saw the result of her false accusations, she confessed her
+crime, and, in her remorse and despair, hung herself.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Theseus.]
+
+As for Theseus, soured by these repeated misfortunes, he grew so stern
+and tyrannical, that he gradually alienated his people's affections,
+until at last they hated him, and banished him to the Island of
+Scyros, where, in obedience to a secret order, Lycomedes, the king,
+treacherously slew him by hurling him from the top of a steep cliff
+into the sea. As usual, when too late, the Athenians repented of their
+ingratitude, and in a fit of tardy remorse deified this hero, and
+built a magnificent temple on the Acropolis in his honor. This
+building, now used as a museum, contains many relics of Greek art.
+Theseus' bones were piously brought back, and inhumed in Athens, where
+he was long worshiped as a demigod.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+JASON.
+
+
+At Iolcus, in Thessaly, there once reigned a virtuous king, AEson, with
+his good wife, Alcimede. Their happiness, however, was soon disturbed
+by Pelias, the king's brother, who, aided by an armed host, took
+forcible possession of the throne. AEson and Alcimede, in fear of their
+lives, were forced to resort to a hasty and secret flight, taking with
+them their only son, Jason.
+
+The king and queen soon found a place of refuge, but, afraid lest
+their hiding place should be discovered and they should all be slain
+by the cruel Pelias, they intrusted their son to the Centaur Chiron,
+revealing to him alone the secret of the child's birth, and bidding
+him train him up to avenge their wrongs.
+
+Chiron discharged his duties most faithfully, trained the young prince
+with great care, and soon made him the wisest and most skillful of his
+pupils. The years spent by Jason in the diligent acquisition of
+knowledge, strength, and skill, passed very quickly; and at last the
+time came when Chiron made known to him the secret of his birth, and
+the story of the wrongs inflicted by Pelias, the usurper, upon his
+unfortunate parents.
+
+[Sidenote: Jason's vow.]
+
+This tale aroused the young prince's anger, and made him solemnly vow
+to punish his uncle, or perish in the attempt. Chiron encouraged him
+to start, and in parting bade him remember that Pelias alone had
+injured him, but that all the rest of the human race were entitled to
+any aid he could bestow. Jason listened respectfully to his tutor's
+last instructions; then, girding his sword and putting on his sandals,
+he set out on his journey to Iolcus.
+
+It was early in the spring, and the young man had not gone very far
+before he came to a stream, which, owing to the usual freshets of the
+season, was almost impassable. Jason, however, quite undaunted by the
+rushing, foaming waters, was about to attempt the crossing, when he
+saw an aged woman not far from him, gazing in helpless despair at the
+waters she could not cross.
+
+Naturally kind-hearted and helpful, and, besides that, mindful of
+Chiron's last recommendation, Jason offered the old woman his
+assistance, proposing to carry her across on his back if she would but
+lend him her staff to lean upon. The old woman gladly accepted this
+offer; and a few moments later, Jason, bending beneath his strange
+load, was battling with the rapid current.
+
+After many an effort, breathless and almost exhausted, Jason reached
+the opposite bank, and, after depositing his burden there, scrambled
+up beside her, casting a rueful glance at the torrent, which had
+wrenched off one of his golden sandals. He was about to part from the
+old dame with a kindly farewell, when she was suddenly transformed
+into a large, handsome, imperious-looking woman, whom, owing to the
+peacock by her side, he immediately recognized as Juno, queen of
+heaven. He bent low before her, and claimed her aid and protection,
+which she graciously promised ere she vanished from his sight.
+
+With eager steps Jason now pressed onward, nor paused until he came in
+view of his native city. As he drew near, he noticed an unusual
+concourse of people, and upon inquiry discovered that Pelias was
+celebrating a festival in honor of the immortal gods. Up the steep
+ascent leading to the temple Jason hastened, and pressed on to the
+innermost circle of spectators, until he stood in full view of his
+enemy Pelias, who, unconscious of coming evil, continued offering the
+sacrifice.
+
+[Sidenote: The one sandal.]
+
+At last the ceremony was completed, and the king cast an arrogant
+glance over the assembled people. His eyes suddenly fell upon Jason's
+naked foot, and he grew pale with horror as there flashed into his
+memory the recollection of an ancient oracle, warning him to beware of
+the man who appeared before him wearing but one sandal. Pelias
+tremblingly bade the guards bring forth the uninvited stranger. His
+orders were obeyed; and Jason, confronting his uncle boldly, summoned
+him to make a full restitution of the power he had so unjustly seized.
+
+[Sidenote: Phryxus and Helle.]
+
+To surrender power and wealth and return to obscurity was not to be
+thought of; but Pelias artfully concealed his displeasure, and told
+his nephew that they would discuss the matter and come to an amicable
+understanding after the banquet, which was already spread and awaiting
+their presence. During the festive meal, bards sang of all the heroic
+deeds accomplished by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery,
+stimulated Jason to attempt similar feats. At last the musicians
+recited the story of Phryxus and Helle, the son and daughter of
+Athamas and Nephele, who, to escape the cruel treatment of their
+stepmother, Ino (p. 174), mounted a winged, golden-fleeced ram sent by
+Neptune to transport them to Colchis.
+
+The ram flew over land and sea; but Helle, frightened at the sight of
+the waves tossing far beneath her, suddenly lost her hold on the
+golden fleece, and tumbled off the ram's back into a portion of the
+sea since known as the Hellespont,
+
+    "Where beauteous Helle found a watery grave."
+
+                                   Meleager.
+
+Phryxus, more fortunate than his sister, reached Colchis in safety,
+and in gratitude to the gods sacrificed the ram they had sent to
+deliver him, and hung its golden fleece on a tree, near which he
+stationed a dragon to guard it night and day. The bards then went on
+to relate that the glittering trophy still hung there, awaiting a hand
+bold enough to slay the dragon and bear it off.
+
+[Sidenote: The golden fleece.]
+
+This tale and his liberal potations greatly excited the youth Jason;
+and Pelias, perceiving it, hypocritically regretted his inability to
+win the golden fleece, and softly insinuated that young men of the
+present generation were not brave enough to risk their lives in such
+a glorious cause. The usurper's crafty remarks had the desired effect;
+for Jason suddenly sprang from his seat, and vowed he would go in
+quest of the golden fleece. Pelias, quite certain that the rash youth
+would lose his life in the attempt, and thus cause no more trouble,
+with much difficulty restrained all expressions of joy, and dared him
+to make the attempt.
+
+    "With terror struck, lest by young Jason's hand
+    His crown should be rent from him, Pelias sought
+    By machinations dark to slay his foe.
+    From Colchis' realm to bring the golden fleece
+    He charged the youth."
+
+                         Orphic Argonautics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Speaking Oak.]
+
+When Jason, sobered and refreshed by a long night's rest, perceived
+how foolish had been his vow, he would fain have recalled it; but,
+mindful of Chiron's teachings ever to be true to his word, he resolved
+to depart for Colchis. To secure Juno's assistance, he began by
+visiting her shrine at Dodona, where the oracle, a Speaking Oak,
+assured him of the goddess's good will and efficacious protection.
+Next the Speaking Oak bade him cut off one of its own mighty limbs,
+and carve from it a figurehead for the swift-sailing vessel which
+Minerva, at Juno's request, would build for his use from pine trees
+grown on Mount Pelion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Argo and crew.]
+
+Jason, having finished his figurehead, found that it too had the gift
+of speech, and that it would occasionally vouchsafe sage counsel in
+the direction of his affairs. When quite completed, Jason called his
+vessel the Argo (swift-sailing), and speedily collected a crew of
+heroes as brave as himself, among whom were Hercules, Castor, Pollux,
+Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, and Orpheus, who were all glad to undertake
+the perilous journey to lands unknown. To speed them on their way,
+Juno then bargained with AEolus for favorable winds, and forbade any
+tempest which might work them harm.
+
+    "Then with a whistling breeze did Juno fill the sail,
+    And Argo, self-impell'd, shot swift before the gale."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Hylas.]
+
+On several occasions the heroes landed, either to renew their stock of
+provisions or to recruit their strength, but in general every delay
+brought them some misfortune. Once Hercules, having landed with a
+youth named Hylas to cut wood for new oars, bade the youth go to a
+neighboring spring and draw a pitcher of water to quench the thirst
+produced by his exertions. The youth promptly departed; but as he bent
+over the fountain, the nymphs, enamored with his beauty, drew him down
+into their moist abode to keep them company. Hercules, after vainly
+waiting for Hylas' return, went in search of him, but could find no
+trace of him, and, in his grief and disappointment at the death of his
+young friend, refused to continue the expedition, and, deserting the
+Argonauts, made his way home alone and on foot.
+
+[Sidenote: Phineus and the Harpies.]
+
+On another occasion, when Jason visited Phineus, the blind king of
+Thrace, he heard that this monarch's life was imbittered by the
+Harpies, vile monsters, part woman, part bird, who ate or befouled all
+the food placed before him, and never let him eat a mouthful in peace.
+Having repeated this tale to his companions, the two sons of Boreas,
+who were also in the Argo, begged permission to drive them away. Jason
+could not refuse their request; and the two youths, with drawn swords,
+pursued the Harpies to the Strophades Islands, where the birds
+promised to remain.
+
+Jason, sailing on in the mean while, was attacked by a flock of
+brazen-feathered birds, which rained their sharp plumage down upon the
+Argonauts, wounding many of them sorely. The captain of the
+expedition, seeing weapons were of no avail against these foes,
+consulted the figurehead, and, in obedience to its directions, clashed
+his arms against his shield, until, terrified by the din, the
+brazen-feathered birds flew rapidly away, uttering discordant cries of
+terror.
+
+[Sidenote: The Symplegades.]
+
+Some time during the course of their journey the Argonauts came to the
+Symplegades,--floating rocks which continually crashed together, and
+ground to powder all objects caught between them. Jason knew he was
+obliged to pass between these rocks or give up the expedition: so,
+calculating that the speed of his vessel was equal to that of a dove
+on the wing, he sent one out before him. The dove flew safely between
+the rocks, losing only one of its tail feathers as they again clashed
+together. Watching his opportunity, therefore, Jason bade his men row
+swiftly. The Argo darted through the opening, and, when the rocks
+again came into contact, they merely grazed the rudder. As a vessel
+had passed between them unharmed, their power for evil left them, and
+they were chained fast to the bottom of the sea, near the mouth of the
+Bosporus, where they remained immovable like any other rocks.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival at Colchis.]
+
+The Argonauts, after other adventures far too numerous to recount in
+detail, reached the Colchian shores, and presented themselves before
+AEetes, the king, to whom they made known their errand. Loath to part
+with his golden treasure, AEetes declared, that, before Jason could
+obtain the fleece, he must catch and harness two wild, fire-breathing
+bulls dedicated to Vulcan, and make use of them to plow a stony piece
+of ground sacred to Mars. This done, he must sow the field with some
+dragon's teeth, as Cadmus had done (p. 48), conquer the giants which
+would spring up, and, last of all, slay the guardian dragon, or the
+fleece would never be his.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea's aid.]
+
+One of these tasks would have sufficed to dismay many a brave youth;
+but Jason was of the dauntless kind, and merely hastened down to his
+vessel to ask the figurehead how he had better proceed. On his way to
+the seashore he met the king's daughter, Medea, a beautiful young
+sorceress, who had been charmed by his modest but firm bearing, and
+who was quite ready to bring her magic to his aid if he would but
+promise to marry her. Jason, susceptible to her attractions, and free
+from any conflicting ties, readily agreed to her proposal, and,
+carrying out her directions, caught and harnessed the fiery bulls,
+plowed the field, and sowed it with the dragon's teeth.
+
+    "And how he yoked the bulls, whose breathings fiery glow'd,
+    And with the dragons' teeth the furrow'd acres sow'd."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+But when he saw glittering spears and helmets grow out of the ground,
+and beheld the close ranks of giants in full armor, he was filled with
+dismay, and would have fled had it been possible. However, aware that
+such a performance would insure his ruin, he stood his ground, and,
+when the phalanx was quite near him, threw a handful of dust full in
+the giants' faces. Blinded with the sand, the giants attacked one
+another, and in a short time were exterminated.
+
+                    "They, like swift dogs,
+    Ranging in fierceness, on each other turn'd
+    Tumultuous battle. On their mother earth
+    By their own spears they sank; like pines, or oaks,
+    Strew'd by a whirlwind in the mountain dale."
+
+           Apollonius Rhodius (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The fleece captured.]
+
+Accompanied by Medea, Jason next hastened to the tree where the dragon
+kept guard over his treasure. An opiate prepared by Medea's magic
+skill soon made the dragon forget his charge in a profound sleep, and
+enabled Jason to draw near enough to sever his frightful head from his
+hideous trunk. Jason then tore the coveted fleece from the branch
+where it had hung for many a year, and bore it in triumph to the Argo.
+
+    "Exulting Jason grasped the shining hide,
+    His last of labors, and his envied pride.
+    Slow from the groaning branch the fleece was rent."
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+His companions, who had made ready for a hasty departure, were already
+seated at their oars; and, as soon as he had embarked with Medea and
+her attendants, the Argo shot out of the Colchian harbor.
+
+  [Illustration: JASON AND THE DRAGON.--Salvator Rosa.]
+
+      "How softly stole from home the luckless-wedded maid,
+    Through darkness of the night, in linen robe array'd;
+    By Fate to Argo led, and urged by soft desire,
+    Nor yet regarding aught her father's furious ire."
+
+                  Onomacritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+When morning dawned and AEetes awoke, he heard that the dragon was
+slain, the fleece stolen, his daughter gone, and the Grecian ship far
+out of sight. No time was lost in useless wailing, but a vessel was
+hurriedly launched and manned, and the king in person set out in
+pursuit of the fugitives, who had, moreover, taken his most precious
+treasure, his only son and heir, Absyrtus. Although the Colchian men
+were good sailors and skillful rowers, they did not catch sight of the
+Argo until they came near the mouth of the Danube, and AEetes wildly
+called to his daughter to return to her home and to her father.
+
+      "'Stay thy rash flight! and, from the distant main,--
+    For oh! thou canst, my daughter,--turn again.
+    Whither depart? the vessel backward steer;
+    Thy friends, thy still fond father, wait thee here.'"
+
+                      Flaccus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Absyrtus.]
+
+But Medea had no wish to be torn away from Jason's arms, and, instead
+of listening to her father's entreaties, urged the Argonauts to
+redoubled efforts. Little by little the distance between the two
+vessels grew less; the Colchian rowers were gaining upon the Greek;
+and Medea saw, that, unless she found means to delay her father, he
+would overtake her and compel her to return. With her own hands she
+therefore slew her little brother, Absyrtus, and cut his body into
+pieces, which she dropped over the side of the vessel one by one.
+AEetes, a helpless witness of this cruel, awful deed, piously collected
+his son's remains, and, in pausing to do so, lost sight of the Argo,
+and all hope of recovering his unnatural daughter: so he returned
+sadly to Colchis, where he buried his son's remains with due
+solemnity.
+
+  [Illustration: MEDEA.--Sichel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pelias dethroned.]
+
+In the mean while, Pelias had reigned contentedly over Thessaly,
+confident that Jason would never return. Imagine his dismay,
+therefore, when he heard that the Argo had arrived, bearing Jason, now
+the proud possessor of the renowned golden fleece. Ere he could take
+measures to maintain his usurped authority, Jason appeared, and
+compelled him to resign the throne in favor of the rightful king,
+AEson.
+
+Unfortunately, AEson was now so old and decrepit, that power had no
+charms for him: so Jason begged Medea to use her magic in his behalf,
+and restore him to the vigor and beauty of his early manhood. To
+gratify Jason, Medea called all her magic into play, and by some
+mysterious process restored AEson to all his former youth, strength,
+activity, and grace.
+
+    "Medea's spells dispersed the weight of years,
+    And AEson stood a youth 'mid youthful peers."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: The magic recipe.]
+
+As soon as Pelias' daughters heard of this miraculous transformation,
+they hastened to Medea and implored her to give them the recipe, that
+they might rejuvenate their father also. The sorceress maliciously
+bade them cut their father's body into small pieces, and boil them in
+a caldron with certain herbs, declaring that, if the directions were
+carefully carried out, the result would be satisfactory; but, when the
+too credulous maidens carried out these instructions, they only slew
+the father whom they had so dearly loved.
+
+Days and years now passed happily and uneventfully for Jason and
+Medea; but at last their affection for each other cooled, and Jason
+fell in love with Glauce, or Creusa. Frantic with jealousy, Medea
+prepared and sent the maiden a magic robe, which she no sooner donned
+than she was seized with terrible convulsions, in which she died.
+Medea, still full of resentment against Jason, then slew her own
+children, and, mounting her dragon car, departed, leaving a message
+for Jason, purporting that the Argo would yet cause his death.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Jason.]
+
+Jason, a victim of remorse and despair, now led a weary and sorrowful
+life, and every day he wandered down to the shore, where he sat under
+the shade of the Argo's hulk, which was slowly rotting away. One day,
+while he was sitting there musing over his youthful adventures and
+Medea's strange prophecy, a sudden gale detached a beam, which,
+falling on his head, fractured his skull and caused instantaneous
+death.
+
+The Argonautic expedition is emblematic of the first long maritime
+voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes; while the
+golden fleece which Jason brought back from Colchis is but a symbol of
+the untold riches they found in the East, and brought back to their
+own native land.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth of Meleager.]
+
+Oeneus and Althaea, King and Queen of Calydon, in AEtolia, were very
+happy in the possession of a little son, Meleager, only a few days
+old, until they heard that the Fates had decreed the child should live
+only as long as the brand then smoking and crackling on the hearth.
+The parents were motionless with grief, until Althaea, with true
+mother's wit, snatched the brand from the fire, plunged it into an
+earthen jar filled with water, quenched the flames which were
+consuming it, and, carefully laying it aside, announced her intention
+to keep it forever.
+
+Meleager, thus saved from an untimely death by his mother's presence
+of mind, grew up a brave and handsome youth, and joined the Argonautic
+expedition. While he was absent, his father omitted the yearly
+sacrifice to Diana, who, enraged at his neglect, sent a monstrous boar
+to devour his subjects and devastate his realm. Meleager, on his
+return, gathered together all the brave men of the country, and
+instituted a great hunt, whose main object was the capture or death of
+the obnoxious boar.
+
+[Sidenote: The hunters.]
+
+Jason, Nestor, Peleus, Admetus, Theseus, Pirithous, and many other
+noted heroes, came at his call; but the attention of all the
+spectators was specially attracted by Castor and Pollux, and by the
+fair Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, King of Arcadia. This princess had
+led a very adventurous life; for when but a babe, her father,
+disappointed to see a daughter instead of the longed-for son, had
+exposed her on Mount Parthenium to the fury of the wild beasts. Some
+hunters, passing there shortly after this, found the babe fearlessly
+nursing from a she-bear, and in compassion carried her home, where
+they trained her to love the chase.
+
+The grand Calydonian Hunt was headed by Meleager and Atalanta, who
+were very fond of each other, and who boldly led the rest in pursuit
+of the boar. From one end of the Calydonian forest to the other the
+boar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and was at last brought to bay
+by Atalanta, who succeeded in dealing him a mortal wound. But even in
+his dying struggles the boar would have killed her, had not Meleager
+come to her rescue and given him his deathblow.
+
+[Sidenote: Meleager slays his uncles.]
+
+All the hunt now gathered around the boar's corpse, and watched
+Meleager take its spoil, which he gallantly bestowed upon Atalanta.
+Althaea's two brothers were present at the hunt; and, as they wished to
+possess the skin, they bitterly reproved their nephew on their way
+home for giving it to a stranger. They added taunts to this reproof,
+which so angered Meleager, that, in a sudden fit of passion, he slew
+them both. When Althaea saw her brothers' corpses, and heard that they
+had been slain by her son, she vowed to avenge their death, drew the
+carefully cherished brand from its hiding place, and threw it upon the
+fire burning brightly on her hearth. When the last bit of the precious
+wood crumbled away into ashes, Meleager died. All Althaea's affection
+for her son returned when his lifeless corpse was brought to her, and
+in her despair she committed suicide.
+
+  [Illustration: ATALANTA'S RACE.--Poynter.]
+
+[Sidenote: Atalanta's race.]
+
+In the mean while, Atalanta, proud of her skill and of her spoil, had
+returned to her father's court, where, no other heir having appeared,
+she was joyfully received, and entreated to marry. Many suitors came
+to woo the fair princess, but most of them refrained from pressing
+their suit when they heard what conditions were imposed upon all who
+would obtain her hand; for Atalanta disapproved of marriage, and,
+anxious to keep her freedom, decreed that she should marry only on
+condition that her suitor would beat her in a foot race. If he were
+beaten, however, he must pay for his defeat by forfeiting his life.
+
+[Sidenote: The golden apples.]
+
+In spite of these barbarous terms, a few youths had tried to outrun
+her; but they failed, and their lifeless heads were exposed on the
+racing ground to deter all other suitors. Undaunted by these ghastly
+trophies, Hippomenes, or Milanion, once came to Atalanta and expressed
+a desire to race with her. This youth had previously obtained Venus'
+protection, and concealed under his garment her gift of three golden
+apples. Atalanta prepared for her race as usual, and, as usual, passed
+her rival; but just as she did so, one of the golden apples rolled at
+her feet. For a moment she paused, then stooped and picked it up ere
+she resumed the race. Her adversary had passed her and won some
+advance; but she soon overtook him, when a second golden apple caused
+a second delay. She was about to reach the goal first, as usual, when
+a third golden treasure tempted her to pause, and enabled Hippomenes
+to win the race.
+
+                "Hippomenes turns her astray
+    By the golden illusions he flings on her way."
+
+                                      Moore.
+
+Atalanta could now no longer refuse to marry, and her nuptials were
+soon celebrated. In his happiness at having won such a peerless bride,
+Hippomenes forgot to pay the promised thanks to Venus, for which
+offense he and his wife were severely punished by being transformed
+into a pair of lions, and doomed to drag Cybele's car (p. 19).
+
+[Sidenote: Castor and Pollux.]
+
+The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, or Gemini, who had
+greatly distinguished themselves by their daring in the Calydonian
+Hunt, were made the deities of boxing, wrestling, and all equestrian
+exercises.
+
+            "Leda's sons I'll sound,
+    Illustrious twins, that are
+    For wrestling this, and for the race renown'd."
+
+                                     Horace.
+
+One of these twins, Castor, was a mortal, and in a combat with the
+sons of Aphareus was slain. Pollux, who was immortal, then implored
+Jupiter to allow him to die also, that he might not be parted from his
+brother,--a proof of brotherly affection which so touched the father
+of the gods, that he permitted Castor to return to life on condition
+that Pollux would spend half his time in Hades.
+
+Later on, satisfied that even this sacrifice was none too great for
+their fraternal love, he translated them both to the skies, where they
+form a bright constellation, one of the signs of the zodiac. Castor
+and Pollux are generally represented as handsome youths, mounted on
+snowy chargers.
+
+    "So like they were, no mortal
+      Might one from other know:
+    White as snow their armor was:
+      Their steeds were white as snow."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Their appearance under certain circumstances foretold success in war,
+and the Romans believed that they fought at the head of their legions
+at the celebrated battle of Lake Regillus. Their name was also given
+to meteors, sometimes seen at sea, which attach themselves like balls
+of fire to the masts of ships,--a sure sign, according to the sailors,
+of fine weather and an auspicious journey.
+
+    "Safe comes the ship to haven,
+      Through billows and through gales,
+    If once the Great Twin Brethren
+      Sit shining on the sails."
+
+                                   Macaulay.
+
+Festivals celebrated in honor of these twin brethren, and called the
+Dioscuria, were held in many places, but specially in Sparta, their
+birthplace, where they had world-renowned wrestling matches.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+OEDIPUS.
+
+
+Laius and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes, in Boeotia, were greatly
+delighted at the birth of a little son. In their joy they sent for the
+priests of Apollo, and bade them foretell the glorious deeds their
+heir would perform; but all their joy was turned to grief when told
+that the child was destined to kill his father, marry his mother, and
+bring great misfortunes upon his native city.
+
+                                "Laius once,
+    Not from Apollo, but his priests, receiv'd
+    An oracle, which said, it was decreed
+    He should be slain by his own son."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+To prevent the fulfillment of this dreadful prophecy, Laius bade a
+servant carry the new-born child out of the city, and end its feeble
+little life. The king's mandate was obeyed only in part; for the
+servant, instead of killing the child, hung it up by its ankles to a
+tree in a remote place, and left it there to perish from hunger and
+exposure if it were spared by the wild beasts.
+
+When he returned, none questioned how he had performed the appointed
+task, but all sighed with relief to think that the prophecy could
+never be accomplished. The child, however, was not dead, as all
+supposed. A shepherd in quest of a stray lamb had heard his cries,
+delivered him from his painful position, and carried him to Polybus,
+King of Corinth, who, lacking an heir of his own, gladly adopted the
+little stranger. The Queen of Corinth and her handmaidens hastened
+with tender concern to bathe the swollen ankles, and called the babe
+Oedipus (swollen-footed).
+
+Years passed by. The young prince grew up in total ignorance of the
+unfortunate circumstances under which he had made his first appearance
+at court, until one day at a banquet one of his companions, heated by
+drink, began to quarrel with him, and taunted him about his origin,
+declaring that those whom he had been accustomed to call parents were
+in no way related to him.
+
+    "A drunken rev'ler at a feast proclaim'd
+    That I was only the supposed son
+    Of Corinth's king."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus consults the oracle.]
+
+These words, coupled with a few meaning glances hastily exchanged by
+the guests, excited Oedipus' suspicions, and made him question the
+queen, who, afraid lest he might do himself an injury in the first
+moment of his despair if the truth were revealed to him, had recourse
+to prevarication, and quieted him by the assurance that he was her
+beloved son.
+
+Something in her manner, however, left a lingering doubt in Oedipus'
+mind, and made him resolve to consult the oracle of Delphi, whose
+words he knew would reveal the exact truth. He therefore went to this
+shrine; but, as usual, the oracle answered somewhat ambiguously, and
+merely warned him that fate had decreed he should kill his father,
+marry his mother, and cause great woes to his native city.
+
+                                    "I felt
+    A secret anguish, and unknown to them
+    Sought out the Pythian oracle; in vain;
+    Touching my parents, nothing could I learn;
+    But dreadful were the mis'ries it denounc'd
+    Against me; 'twas my fate, Apollo said,
+    To wed my mother, to produce a race
+    Accursed and abhorr'd; and last, to slay
+    My father."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus leaves Corinth.]
+
+What! kill Polybus, who had ever been such an indulgent father, and
+marry the queen, whom he revered as his mother! Never! Rather than
+perpetrate these awful crimes, and bring destruction upon the people
+of Corinth, whom he loved, he would wander away over the face of the
+earth, and never see city or parents again.
+
+    "Lest I should e'er fulfill the dire prediction,
+    Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars
+    Guiding my hapless journey."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+But his heart was filled with intense bitterness, and as he journeyed
+he did not cease to curse the fate which drove him away from home.
+After some time, he came to three crossroads; and while he stood
+there, deliberating which direction to take, a chariot, wherein an
+aged man was seated, came rapidly toward him.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Laius.]
+
+The herald who preceded it haughtily called to the youth to stand
+aside and make way for his master; but Oedipus, who, as Polybus' heir,
+was accustomed to be treated with deference, resented the commanding
+tone, and refused to obey. Incensed at what seemed unparalleled
+impudence, the herald struck the youth, who, retaliating, stretched
+his assailant lifeless at his feet.
+
+This affray attracted the attention of the master and other servants.
+They immediately attacked the murderer, who slew them all, thus
+unconsciously accomplishing the first part of the prophecy; for the
+aged man was Laius, his father, journeying _incognito_ from Thebes to
+Delphi, where he wished to consult the oracle.
+
+Oedipus then leisurely pursued his way until he came to the gates of
+Thebes, where he found the whole city in an uproar, "because the king
+had been found lifeless by the roadside, with all his attendants slain
+beside him, presumably the work of a band of highway robbers or
+assassins."
+
+                                    "He fell
+    By strangers, murdered, for so fame reports,
+    By robbers in the place where three ways meet."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Of course, Oedipus did not connect the murder of such a great
+personage as the King of Thebes by an unknown band of robbers, with
+the death he had dealt to an arrogant old man, and he therefore
+composedly inquired what the second calamity alluded to might be.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sphinx.]
+
+With lowered voices, as if afraid of being overheard, the Thebans
+described the woman's head, bird's wings and claws, and lion's body,
+which were the outward presentment of a terrible monster called the
+Sphinx, which had taken up its station without the city gates beside
+the highway, and would allow none to pass in or out without
+propounding a difficult riddle. Then, if any hesitated to give the
+required answer, or failed to give it correctly, they were mercilessly
+devoured by the terrible Sphinx, which no one dared attack or could
+drive away.
+
+While listening to these tidings, Oedipus saw a herald pass along the
+street, proclaiming that the throne and the queen's hand would be the
+reward of any man who dared encounter the Sphinx, and was fortunate
+enough to free the country of its terrible presence.
+
+[Sidenote: The riddle.]
+
+As Oedipus attached no special value to the life made desolate by the
+oracle's predictions, he resolved to slay the dreaded monster, and,
+with that purpose in view, advanced slowly, sword in hand, along the
+road where lurked the Sphinx. He soon found the monster, which from
+afar propounded the following enigma, warning him, at the same time,
+that he forfeited his life if he failed to give the right answer:--
+
+    "Tell me, what animal is that
+    Which has four feet at morning bright,
+    Has two at noon, and three at night?"
+
+                                      Prior.
+
+  [Illustration: OEDIPUS AND THE SPHINX.--Ingres. (Louvre, Paris.)]
+
+Oedipus was not devoid of intelligence, by any manner of means, and
+soon concluded that the animal could only be man, who in infancy, when
+too weak to stand, creeps along on hands and knees, in manhood walks
+erect, and in old age supports his tottering steps with a staff.
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus marries his mother.]
+
+This reply, evidently as correct as unexpected, was received by the
+Sphinx with a hoarse cry of disappointment and rage as it turned to
+fly; but ere it could effect its purpose, it was stayed by Oedipus,
+who drove it at his sword's point over the edge of a neighboring
+precipice, where it was killed. On his return to the city, Oedipus was
+received with cries of joy, placed on a chariot, crowned King of
+Thebes, and married to his own mother, Jocasta, unwittingly fulfilling
+the second fearful clause of the prophecy.
+
+[Sidenote: The plague.]
+
+A number of happy and moderately uneventful years now passed by, and
+Oedipus became the father of two manly sons, Eteocles and Polynices,
+and two beautiful daughters, Ismene and Antigone; but prosperity was
+not doomed to favor him long.
+
+Just when he fancied himself most happy, and looked forward to a
+peaceful old age, a terrible scourge visited Thebes, causing the death
+of many faithful subjects, and filling the hearts of all with great
+terror. The people now turned to him, beseeching him to aid them, as
+he had done once before when threatened by the Sphinx; and Oedipus
+sent messengers to consult the Delphic oracle, who declared the plague
+would cease only when the former king's murderers had been found and
+punished.
+
+            "The plague, he said, should cease,
+    When those who murder'd Laius were discover'd,
+    And paid the forfeit of their crime by death,
+    Or banishment."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Messengers were sent in every direction to collect all possible
+information about the murder committed so long ago, and after a short
+time they brought unmistakable proofs which convicted Oedipus of the
+crime. At the same time the guilty servant confessed that he had not
+killed the child, but had exposed it on a mountain, whence it was
+carried to Corinth's king.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Jocasta.]
+
+The chain of evidence was complete, and now Oedipus discovered that he
+had involuntarily been guilty of the three crimes to avoid which he
+had fled from Corinth. The rumor of these dreadful discoveries soon
+reached Jocasta, who, in her despair at finding herself an accomplice,
+committed suicide.
+
+Oedipus, apprised of her intention, rushed into her apartment too late
+to prevent its being carried out, and found her lifeless. This sight
+was more than the poor monarch could bear, and in his despair he
+blinded himself with one of her ornaments.
+
+        "He pluck'd from off the robe she wore
+    A golden buckle that adorn'd her side,
+    And buried in his eyes the sharpen'd point,
+    Crying, he ne'er again would look on her,
+    Never would see his crimes or mis'ries more,
+    Or those whom guiltless he could ne'er behold,
+    Or those to whom he now must sue for aid."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Oedipus.]
+
+Penniless, blind, and on foot, he then left the scene of his awful
+crimes, accompanied by his daughter Antigone, the only one who loved
+him still, and who was ready to guide his uncertain footsteps wherever
+he wished to go. After many days of weary wandering, father and
+daughter reached Colonus, where grew a mighty forest sacred to the
+avenging deities, the Furies, or Eumenides.
+
+Here Oedipus expressed his desire to remain, and, after bidding his
+faithful daughter an affectionate farewell, he groped his way into the
+dark forest alone. The wind rose, the lightning flashed, the thunder
+pealed; but although, as soon as the storm was over, a search was made
+for Oedipus, no trace of him was ever found, and the ancients fancied
+that the Furies had dragged him down to Hades to receive the
+punishment of all his crimes.
+
+[Sidenote: Eteocles and Polynices.]
+
+Antigone, no longer needed by her unhappy father, slowly wended her
+way back to Thebes, where she found that the plague had ceased, but
+that her brothers had quarreled about the succession to the throne. A
+compromise was finally decided upon, whereby it was decreed that
+Eteocles, the elder son, should reign one year, and at the end of that
+period resign the throne to Polynices for an equal space of time, both
+brothers thus exercising the royal authority in turn. This arrangement
+seemed satisfactory to Eteocles; but when, at the end of the first
+year, Polynices returned from his travels in foreign lands to claim
+the scepter, Eteocles refused to relinquish it, and, making use of his
+power, drove the claimant away.
+
+    "Thou seest me banish'd from my native land,
+    Unjustly banish'd, for no other crime
+    But that I strove to keep the throne of Thebes,
+    By birthright mine, from him who drove me thence,
+    The young Eteocles: not his the claim
+    By justice, nor to me his fame in arms
+    Superior; but by soft, persuasive arts
+    He won the rebel city to his love."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The seven chiefs before Thebes.]
+
+Polynices' nature was not one to endure such a slight patiently; and
+he hastened off to Argos, where he persuaded Adrastus, the king, to
+give him his daughter in marriage, and aid him to recover his
+inheritance. True to his promise, Adrastus soon equipped a large army,
+which was led by seven determined and renowned chiefs, ready to risk
+all in the attempt, and either win or perish.
+
+                "Seven valiant leaders march
+    To Thebes, resolved to conquer or to die."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Their bravery was of no avail, however, for Thebes was well fortified
+and defended; and after a seven-years' siege they found themselves no
+nearer their goal than at the beginning of the war. Weary of the
+monotony of this quarrel, the conflicting armies finally decreed that
+the difference should be settled by a duel between the inimical
+brothers, who no sooner found themselves face to face, than they
+rushed upon each other with such animosity that both fell.
+
+By order of Jocasta's father, Creon, the corpse of Eteocles received
+all the honors of a Greek burial, while that of Polynices was left on
+the plain, a prey to the birds and wild beasts.
+
+      "Polynices' wretched carcass lies
+    Unburied, unlamented, left expos'd
+    A feast for hungry vultures on the plain."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Antigone's devotion.]
+
+Then a proclamation was issued, that, if any dared bury the body of
+the fallen prince, he would incur the penalty of being buried alive.
+Heedless of this injunction and Ismene's prayers to refrain from
+endangering her own life, Antigone dug a grave for her brother's
+remains, and, unaided, fulfilled the various customary funeral rites.
+Her task was almost completed, when the guards discovered her, and
+dragged her into the presence of Creon, who, although she was a
+relative and the promised wife of his son Haemon, condemned her to
+death.
+
+    "Let her be carried instant to the cave,
+    And leave her there alone, to live, or die;
+    Her blood rests not on us: but she no longer
+    Shall breathe on earth."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Antigone and Haemon.]
+
+Haemon pleaded passionately for her life; but, when he saw his prayers
+were vain, he ran to the place where Antigone was confined, sprang
+into her narrow cell, wound his arms closely around her, and refused
+to leave her. There they were walled in; Antigone's sufferings were
+cut mercifully short by asphyxiation; and, when Haemon saw she was no
+more, he, in utter despair, thrust his dagger into his side, and
+perished too.
+
+  [Illustration: ANTIGONE AND ISMENE.--Teschendorf.]
+
+          "On himself bent all his wrath,
+    Full in his side the weapon fix'd, but still,
+    Whilst life remain'd, on the soft bosom hung
+    Of the dear maid, and his last spirit breath'd
+    O'er her pale cheek, discolor'd with his blood.
+    Thus lay the wretched pair in death united,
+    And celebrate their nuptials in the tomb."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Ismene, the last of Oedipus' unfortunate race, died of grief, and thus
+the prophecy was fully accomplished. The Theban war was not, however,
+entirely ended, for, when both brothers fell, the two armies flew to
+attack each other; and such was their courage, that many fell, and
+only one of the seven chiefs returned to Argos. There he patiently
+waited until the children of these brave captains were old enough to
+bear arms, and then proposed to them to attack Thebes and avenge their
+fathers' death.
+
+The Epigoni (or those who come after), as these youths are
+collectively designated, received this proposal with rapture; and
+Thebes, again besieged, fell into their hands, and was duly sacked,
+burned, and destroyed, as the Delphic oracle had foretold so many
+years before.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+BELLEROPHON.
+
+
+Bellerophon, a brave young prince, the grandson of Sisyphus, King of
+Corinth, had the great misfortune to kill his own brother while
+hunting in the forest. His grief was, of course, intense; and the
+horror he felt for the place where the catastrophe had occurred, added
+to his fear lest he should incur judicial punishment for his
+involuntary crime, made him flee to the court of Argos, where he took
+refuge with Proetus, the king, who was also his kinsman.
+
+[Sidenote: Anteia's treachery.]
+
+He had not sojourned there very long, before Anteia, the queen, fell
+in love with him; and although her husband, Proetus, treated her with
+the utmost kindness, she made up her mind to desert him, and tried to
+induce Bellerophon to elope with her. Too honest to betray a man who
+had treated him as a friend, the young prince refused to listen to the
+queen's proposals. His refusal was to cost him dear, however; for,
+when Anteia saw that the youth would never yield to her wishes, she
+became very angry indeed, sought her husband, and accused the young
+stranger of crimes he had never even dreamed of committing.
+
+Proetus, indignant at what he deemed deep treachery on the part of an
+honored guest, yet reluctant to punish him with his own hand as he
+deserved, sent Bellerophon to Iobates, King of Lycia, with a sealed
+message bidding him put the bearer to death.
+
+Quite unconscious of the purport of this letter, Bellerophon traveled
+gayly onward, and presented himself before Iobates, who received him
+very hospitably, and, without inquiring his name or errand,
+entertained him royally for many days. After some time, Bellerophon
+suddenly remembered the sealed message intrusted to his care, and
+hastened to deliver it to Iobates, with many apologies for his
+forgetfulness.
+
+[Sidenote: The Chimaera.]
+
+With blanched cheeks and every outward sign of horror, the king read
+the missive, and then fell into a deep reverie. He did not like to
+take a stranger's life, and still could not refuse to comply with
+Proetus' urgent request: so, after much thought, he decided to send
+Bellerophon to attack the Chimaera, a terrible monster with a lion's
+head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail.
+
+        "Dire Chimaera's conquest was enjoin'd;
+    A mingled monster, of no mortal kind;
+    Behind, a dragon's fiery tail was spread;
+    A goat's rough body bore a lion's head;
+    Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire;
+    Her gaping throat emits infernal fire."
+
+                         Homer (Pope's tr.).
+
+His principal motive in choosing this difficult task was, that,
+although many brave men had set forth to slay the monster, none had
+ever returned, for one and all had perished in the attempt.
+
+Although very courageous, Bellerophon's heart beat fast with fear when
+told what great deed he must accomplish; and he left Iobates' palace
+very sorrowfully, for he dearly loved the king's fair daughter,
+Philonoe, and was afraid he would never see her again.
+
+[Sidenote: Minerva's advice.]
+
+While thus inwardly bewailing the ill luck which had so persistently
+dogged his footsteps, Bellerophon suddenly saw Minerva appear before
+him in all her splendor, and heard her inquire in gentle tones the
+cause of his too evident dejection. He had no sooner apprised her of
+the difficult task appointed him, than she promised him her aid, and
+before she vanished gave him a beautiful golden bridle, which she bade
+him use to control Pegasus.
+
+  [Illustration: CHIMAERA. (Egyptian Museum, Florence.)]
+
+Bridle in hand, Bellerophon stood pondering her words, and gradually
+remembered that Pegasus was a wonderful winged steed, born from the
+blood which fell into the foam of the sea from Medusa's severed head
+(p. 244). This horse, as white as snow, and gifted with immortal life
+as well as incredible speed, was the favorite mount of Apollo and the
+Muses, who delighted in taking aerial flights on his broad back; and
+Bellerophon knew that from time to time he came down to earth to drink
+of the cool waters of the Hippocrene (a fountain which had bubbled
+forth where his hoofs first touched the earth), or to visit the
+equally limpid spring of Pirene, near Corinth.
+
+[Sidenote: Pegasus bridled.]
+
+Bellerophon now proceeded to the latter fountain, where, after
+lingering many days in the vain hope of catching even a glimpse of the
+winged steed, he finally beheld him sailing downward in wide curves,
+like a bird of prey. From his place of concealment in a neighboring
+thicket, Bellerophon watched his opportunity, and, while the winged
+steed was grazing, he boldly vaulted upon his back.
+
+Pegasus, who had never before been ridden by a mortal, reared and
+pranced, and flew up to dizzy heights; but all his efforts failed to
+unseat the brave rider, who, biding his time, finally thrust Minerva's
+golden bit between his teeth, and immediately he became gentle and
+tractable. Mounted upon this incomparable steed, Bellerophon now went
+in search of the winged monster Chimaera, who had given birth to the
+Nemean lion and to the riddle-loving Sphinx.
+
+[Sidenote: Chimaera slain.]
+
+From an unclouded sky Bellerophon and Pegasus swooped suddenly and
+unexpectedly down upon the terrible Chimaera, whose fiery breath and
+great strength were of no avail; for after a protracted struggle
+Bellerophon and Pegasus were victorious, and the monster lay lifeless
+upon the blood-soaked ground.
+
+This mighty deed of valor accomplished, Bellerophon returned to
+Iobates, to report the success of his undertaking; and, although the
+king was heartily glad to know the Chimaera was no more, he was very
+sorry to see Bellerophon safe and sound, and tried to devise some
+other plan to get rid of him.
+
+He therefore sent him to fight the Amazons; but the hero, aided by the
+gods, defeated these warlike women also, and returned to Lycia, where,
+after escaping from an ambush posted by the king for his destruction,
+he again appeared victorious at court.
+
+These repeated and narrow escapes from certain death convinced Iobates
+that the youth was under the special protection of the gods; and this
+induced the king not only to forego further attempts to slay him, but
+also to bestow upon the young hero his daughter's hand in marriage.
+
+Bellerophon, having now attained his dearest wishes, might have
+settled down in peace; but his head had been utterly turned by the
+many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus' back, and, encouraged by
+the fulsome flattery of his courtiers, he finally fancied himself the
+equal of the immortal gods, and wished to join them in their celestial
+abode.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellerophon's fall.]
+
+Summoning his faithful Pegasus once more, he rose higher and higher,
+and would probably have reached Olympus' heights, had not Jupiter sent
+a gadfly, which stung poor Pegasus so cruelly, that he shied
+viciously, and flung his too confident rider far down to the earth
+below.
+
+            "Bold Bellerophon (so Jove decreed
+    In wrath) fell headlong from the fields of air."
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+This fall, which would doubtless have killed any one but a
+mythological hero, merely deprived Bellerophon of his eyesight; and
+ever after he groped his way disconsolately, thinking of the happy
+days when he rode along the paths of air, and gazed upon the beautiful
+earth at his feet.
+
+Bellerophon, mounted upon Pegasus, winging his flight through the air
+or fighting the Chimaera, is a favorite subject in sculpture and
+painting, which has frequently been treated by ancient artists, a few
+of whose most noted works are still extant in various museums.
+
+This story, like many others, is merely a sun myth, in which
+Bellerophon, the orb of day, rides across the sky on Pegasus, the
+fleecy white clouds, and slays Chimaera, the dread monster of darkness,
+which he alone can overcome. Driven from home early in life,
+Bellerophon wanders throughout the world like his brilliant prototype,
+and, like it, ends his career in total darkness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+MINOR DIVINITIES.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Naiades and Oreades.]
+
+According to the ancients' belief, every mountain, valley, plain,
+lake, river, grove, and sea was provided with some lesser deity, whose
+special duty was assigned by the powerful gods of Olympus. These were,
+for instance, the Naiades, beautiful water nymphs, who dwelt in the
+limpid depths of the fountains, and were considered local patrons of
+poetry and song.
+
+The Oreades, or mountain nymphs, were supposed to linger in the
+mountain solitudes, and guide weary travelers safely through their
+rocky mazes.
+
+    "Mark how the climbing Oreads
+    Beckon thee to their Arcades!"
+
+                                    Emerson.
+
+[Sidenote: Napaeae and Dryades.]
+
+As for the Napaeae, they preferred to linger in the valleys, which were
+kept green and fruitful by their watchful care, in which task they
+were ably seconded by the Dryades, the nymphs of vegetation.
+
+The very trees in the forest and along the roadside were supposed to
+be each under the protection of a special divinity called Hamadryad,
+said to live and die with the tree intrusted to her care.
+
+    "When the Fate of Death is drawing near,
+    First wither on the earth the beauteous trees,
+    The bark around them wastes, the branches fall,
+    And the nymph's soul, at the same moment, leaves
+    The sun's fair light."
+
+                                      Homer.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Dryope.]
+
+A sweet and touching story was told by the ancients of a mortal who
+was changed into a Hamadryad. This young girl, whose name was Dryope,
+was a beautiful young princess, the daughter of Baucis, so bright and
+clever, that all who knew her loved her dearly. Of course, as soon as
+she was old enough to think of marriage, a host of suitors asked her
+hand, each eager to win for his bride one so beautiful and gifted.
+
+    "No nymph of all Oechalia could compare,
+    For beauteous form, with Dryope the fair."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+Fully aware of the importance of making a wise choice, Dryope took her
+time, and finally decided to marry Andraemon, a worthy young prince,
+who possessed every charm calculated to win a fair girl's heart. The
+young people were duly married, and daily rejoiced in their happiness,
+which seemed almost too great for earth, when they became the parents
+of a charming little son.
+
+Every day Dryope carried the child along the banks of a little lake
+close by the palace, where bloomed a profusion of gay-colored flowers.
+
+      "A lake there was, with shelving banks around,
+    Whose verdant summit fragrant myrtles crown'd.
+    Those shades, unknowing of the Fates, she sought,
+    And to the Naiads flowery garlands brought;
+    Her smiling babe (a pleasing charge) she press'd
+    Between her arms."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+One day, while wandering there as usual, accompanied by her sister,
+she saw a lotus blossom, and pointed it out to her little son. He no
+sooner saw the brilliant flower, than he stretched out his little
+hands. To please him, the fond mother plucked it and gave it to him.
+
+She had scarcely done so, when she noticed drops of blood trickling
+from the broken stem; and while she stood there, speechless with
+wonder, a voice was heard accusing her of having slain Lotis, a nymph,
+who, to escape the pursuit of Priapus, god of the shade, had assumed
+the guise of a flower.
+
+    "Lotis the nymph (if rural tales be true),
+    As from Priapus' lawless love she flew,
+    Forsook her form; and fixing here became
+    A flowery plant, which still preserves her name."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+Recovering from her first speechless terror, Dryope turned to flee,
+with a pitiful cry of compassion on her pale lips, but, to her
+astonishment, she could not leave the spot: her feet seemed rooted to
+the ground. She cast a rapid glance downward to ascertain what could
+so impede her progress, and noticed the rough bark of a tree growing
+with fearful rapidity all around her.
+
+Higher and higher it rose, from her knees to her waist, and still it
+crept upward, in spite of her frantic attempts to tear it away from
+her shapely limbs. In despair she raised her trembling hands and arms
+to heaven to implore aid; but, ere the words were spoken, her arms
+were transformed into twisted branches, and her hands were filled with
+leaves.
+
+Nothing human now remained of poor Dryope except her sweet,
+tear-stained face; but this too would soon vanish under the
+all-involving bark. She therefore took hasty leave of her father,
+sister, husband, and son, who, attracted by her first cry, had rushed
+to give her all the assistance in their power. The last words were
+quickly spoken, but none too soon, for the bark closed over the soft
+lips and hid the lovely features from view.
+
+    "She ceased at once to speak, and ceased to be,
+    And all the nymph was lost within the tree:
+    Yet latent life through her new branches reign'd,
+    And long the plant a human heat retain'd."
+
+                          Ovid (Pope's tr.).
+
+One of Dryope's last requests had been that her child might often play
+beneath her shady branches; and when the passing winds rustled
+through her leaves, the ancients said it was "Dryope's lone lulling of
+her child."
+
+[Sidenote: Satyrs and Pan.]
+
+The male divinities of the woods, which were also very numerous, were
+mostly Satyrs,--curious beings with a man's body and a goat's legs,
+hair, and horns. They were all passionately fond of music and revelry,
+and were wont to indulge in dancing at all times and in all places.
+The most famous among all the Satyrs was Silenus, Bacchus' tutor; and
+Pan, or Consentes, god of the shepherds, and the personification of
+nature. The latter was the reputed son of Mercury and a charming young
+nymph named Penelope; and we are told, that, when his mother first
+beheld him, she was aghast, for he was the most homely as well as the
+most extraordinary little creature she had ever seen. His body was all
+covered with goat's hair, and his feet and ears were also those of a
+goat.
+
+Amused at the sight of this grotesque little divinity, Mercury carried
+him off to Olympus, where all the gods turned him into ridicule. Pan
+was widely worshiped in olden times, however; and the ancients not
+only decked his altars with flowers, but sang his praises, and
+celebrated festivals in his honor.
+
+    "He is great and he is just,
+    He is ever good, and must
+    Be honored. Daffodillies,
+    Roses, pinks, and loved lilies,
+    Let us fling, while we sing,
+    Ever Holy! Ever Holy!
+    Ever honored! Ever young!
+    The great Pan is ever sung!"
+
+                      Beaumont and Fletcher.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Syrinx.]
+
+Pan was equally devoted to music, the dance, and pretty nymphs. He saw
+one of the nymphs, Syrinx, whom he immediately loved; but
+unfortunately for him, she, frightened at his appearance, fled.
+Exasperated by her persistent avoidance of him, Pan once pursued and
+was about to overtake her, when she paused, and implored Gaea to
+protect her. The prayer was scarcely ended, when she found herself
+changed into a clump of reeds, which the panting lover embraced,
+thinking he had caught the maiden, who had stood in that very spot a
+few moments before.
+
+His deception and disappointment were so severe, that they wrung from
+him a prolonged sigh, which, passing through the rustling reeds,
+produced plaintive tones. Pan, seeing Syrinx had gone forever, took
+seven pieces of the reed, of unequal lengths, bound them together, and
+fashioned from them a musical instrument, which was called by the name
+of the fair nymph.
+
+            "Fair, trembling Syrinx fled
+    Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread.
+    Poor nymph!--poor Pan!--how he did weep to find
+    Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind
+    Along the reedy stream; a half-heard strain
+    Full of sweet desolation--balmy pain."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Pan was supposed to delight in slyly overtaking belated travelers and
+inspiring them with sudden and unfounded fears,--from him called
+"panic." He is generally represented with a syrinx and shepherd's
+crook, and a pine garland around his misshapen head.
+
+[Sidenote: Silvan deities.]
+
+The Romans also worshiped three other divinities of nature entirely
+unknown to the Greeks; i.e., Silvanus, Faunus, and Fauna, the latter's
+wife, who had charge over the woods and plants. Priapus, god of the
+shade, was also a rural deity, but his worship was only known along
+the shores of the Hellespont.
+
+[Sidenote: Flora and Zephyrus.]
+
+The fairest among all the lesser gods was doubtless Flora, goddess of
+flowers, who married Zephyrus, the gentle god of the south wind, and
+wandered happily with him from place to place, scattering her favors
+with lavish generosity. She was principally worshiped by young girls,
+and the only offerings ever seen on her altars were fruits and
+garlands of beautiful flowers. Her festivals, generally celebrated in
+the month of May, were called the Floralia.
+
+  [Illustration: "A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY."--Thumann. (Vertumnus and
+      Pomona.)]
+
+                "Crowds of nymphs,
+    Soft voiced, and young, and gay,
+    In woven baskets bringing ears of corn,
+    Roses and pinks and violets to adorn
+    The shrine of Flora in her early May."
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+[Sidenote: Vertumnus and Pomona.]
+
+Vertumnus and Pomona were the special divinities of the garden and
+orchard. They are represented with pruning knives and shears,
+gardening implements, and fruits and flowers. Pomona was very coy
+indeed, and had no desire to marry. Vertumnus, enamored of her charms,
+did his best to make her change her mind, but she would not even
+listen to his pleadings.
+
+At last the lover had recourse to stratagem, disguised himself as an
+aged crone, entered Pomona's garden, and inquired how it happened that
+such a very charming young woman should remain so long unmarried.
+Then, having received a mocking answer, he began to argue with her,
+and finally extracted an avowal, that, among all the suitors, one
+alone was worthy of her love, Vertumnus. Vertumnus seized the
+favorable opportunity, revealed himself, and clasped her to his
+breast. Pomona, perceiving that she had hopelessly betrayed herself,
+no longer refused to wed, but allowed him to share her labors, and
+help her turn the luscious fruit to ripen in the autumn sunshine.
+
+[Sidenote: Sea deities.]
+
+The lesser divinities of the sea were almost as numerous as those of
+the land, and included the lovely Oceanides and Nereides, together
+with their male companions the Tritons, who generally formed Neptune's
+regal train.
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Glaucus.]
+
+One of the lesser sea gods, Glaucus, was once a poor fisherman, who
+earned his daily bread by selling the fish he caught in his nets. On
+one occasion he made an extra fine haul, and threw his net full of
+fish down upon a certain kind of grass, which the flapping fish
+immediately nibbled, and, as if endowed with extraordinary powers,
+bounded back into the waves and swam away.
+
+Greatly surprised at this occurrence, Glaucus began chewing a few
+blades of this peculiar grass, and immediately felt an insane desire
+to plunge into the sea,--a desire which soon became so intense, that
+he could no longer resist it, but dived down into the water. The mere
+contact with the salt waves sufficed to change his nature; and
+swimming about comfortably in the element, where he now found himself
+perfectly at home, he began to explore the depths of the sea.
+
+    "'I plung'd for life or death. To interknit
+    One's senses with so dense a breathing stuff
+    Might seem a work of pain; so not enough
+    Can I admire how crystal-smooth it felt,
+    And buoyant round my limbs. At first I dwelt
+    Whole days and days in sheer astonishment;
+    Forgetful utterly of self-intent;
+    Moving but with the mighty ebb and flow.
+    Then, like a new fledg'd bird that first doth show
+    His spreaded feathers to the morrow chill,
+    I try'd in fear the pinions of my will.
+    'Twas freedom! and at once I visited
+    The ceaseless wonders of this ocean-bed.'"
+
+                                      Keats.
+
+Glaucus was worshiped most particularly by the fishermen and boatmen,
+whose vessels he was supposed to guard from evil, and whose nets were
+often filled to overflow through his intervention.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+THE TROJAN WAR.
+
+
+Jupiter, father of the gods, once fell deeply in love with a beautiful
+sea nymph named Thetis, the daughter of Nereus and Doris,--
+
+      "Thetis of the silver feet, and child
+    Of the gray Ancient of the Deep."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter and Thetis.]
+
+He was very anxious indeed to marry her, but, before taking such an
+important step, deemed it prudent to consult the Fates, who alone
+could inform him whether this union would be for his happiness or not.
+It was very fortunate for him that he did so, for the three sisters
+told him that Thetis was destined to be the mother of a son who would
+far outshine his father.
+
+Jupiter carefully pondered this reply, and concluded to renounce the
+marriage rather than run any risk of being forced to surrender his
+power to one greater than he. Thetis' hand he then decreed should be
+given in marriage to Peleus, King of Phthia, who had loved her
+faithfully, and had long sued in vain.
+
+Thetis, however, was not at all anxious to accept the hand of a mere
+mortal after having enjoyed the attention of the gods (for Neptune
+also had wooed her), and demurred, until Jupiter promised his own and
+the gods' attendance at the marriage feast. The prospect of this
+signal honor reconciled the maiden, and the wedding preparations were
+made in the coral caves of her father, Nereus, beneath the
+foam-crested waves.
+
+Thither, mindful of his promise, came Jupiter, with all the gods of
+Olympus.
+
+      "Then, with his Queen, the Father of the gods
+    Came down from high Olympus' bright abodes;
+    Came down, with all th' attending deities."
+
+                                   Catullus.
+
+The guests took their seats, and pledged the bride and groom in
+brimming cups of wine,--Bacchus' wedding gift to Thetis. All was joy
+and merriment, when an uninvited guest suddenly appeared in the
+banquet-hall. All present immediately recognized Eris, or Discordia,
+goddess of discord, whose snaky locks, sour looks, and violent temper
+had caused her to be omitted from the wedding list,--
+
+    "The Abominable, that uninvited came
+    Into the fair Peleian banquet-hall."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: The apple of discord.]
+
+This omission angered her, and made her determine to have her revenge
+by troubling the harmony which evidently reigned among all the guests.
+For a moment she stood beside the bountiful board, then threw upon it
+a golden apple, and, exhaling over the assembly her poisoned breath,
+she vanished. The general attention was, of course, turned upon the
+golden fruit, whereon the inscription "To the fairest" was clearly
+traced.
+
+All the ladies were at first inclined to contend for the prize; but
+little by little all the claimants withdrew except Juno, Minerva, and
+Venus, who hotly disputed for its possession. Juno declared that the
+queen of the gods, in her majesty and power, surely had the best
+right; Minerva, that the beauty of wisdom and knowledge far surpassed
+external charms; and Venus smiled, and archly requested to be informed
+who might assert greater claims than the goddess of beauty.
+
+The dispute grew more and more bitter, and the irate goddesses called
+upon the guests to award the prize to the most deserving; but the
+guests, one and all, refused to act as umpires, for the apple could be
+given to but one, and the two others would be sure to vent their anger
+and disappointment upon the judge who passed over their charms in
+favor of a third. The final decision was therefore referred to Paris,
+who, although performing the lowly duties of a shepherd, was the son
+of Priam and Hecuba, King and Queen of Troy.
+
+When but a babe, Paris had been exposed on a mountain to perish,
+because an oracle had predicted that he would cause the death of his
+family and the downfall of his native city. Although thus cruelly
+treated, he had not perished, but had been adopted by a shepherd, who
+made him follow his own calling.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris and Oenone.]
+
+When Paris reached manhood, he was a very handsome and attractive
+young man, and won the love of Oenone, a beautiful nymph to whom he
+was secretly united. Their happiness, however, was but fleeting, for
+the Fates had decreed that Paris' love for the fair Oenone would soon
+die.
+
+                                "The Fate,
+    That rules the will of Jove, had spun the days
+    Of Paris and Oenone."
+
+             Quintus Smyrnaeus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Judgment of Paris.]
+
+Instead of lingering by the fair nymph's side, Paris wandered off to a
+lonely mountain top, where the three goddesses sought him to judge
+their quarrel. Minerva, in glittering armor, first appeared before his
+dazzled eyes, and proffered the bribe of extensive wisdom if he would
+but give her the preference.
+
+Juno, queen of heaven, next appeared in royal robes and insignia, and
+whispered that he should have great wealth and unlimited power were he
+only to award the prize to her.
+
+                            "She to Paris made
+    Proffer of royal power, ample rule
+    Unquestion'd, overflowing revenue
+    Wherewith to embellish state, 'from many a vale
+    And river-sunder'd champaign clothed with corn,
+    Or labor'd mine undrainable of ore.
+    Honor,' she said, 'and homage, tax and toll,
+    From many an inland town and haven large,
+    Mast-throng'd beneath her shadowing citadel
+    In glassy bays among her tallest towers.'"
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+But all Minerva's and Juno's charms and bribes were forgotten when
+Venus, in her magic cestus, appeared before the judge. This artful
+simplicity was the result of much thought, for we are told that
+
+    "Venus oft with anxious care
+    Adjusted twice a single hair."
+
+                                     Cowper.
+
+Then, trembling lest her efforts should prove vain, she gently drew
+near the youth, and softly promised him a bride as fair as herself, in
+return for the coveted golden apple.
+
+Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe, Paris
+no longer hesitated, but placed the prize in her extended palm.
+
+      "Ere yet her speech was finished, he consign'd
+    To her soft hand the fruit of burnished rind;
+    And foam-born Venus grasp'd the graceful meed,
+    Of war, of evil war, the quickening seed."
+
+                     Coluthus (Elton's tr.).
+
+This act of partiality, of course, called down upon him the wrath and
+hatred of Juno and Minerva, who, biding their time, watched for a
+suitable opportunity to avenge themselves; while Venus, triumphant,
+and anxious to redeem her promise, directed Paris to return to Troy,
+make himself known to his parents,--who, the goddess promised, would
+welcome him warmly,--and obtain from them a fleet in which he might
+sail to Greece.
+
+  [Illustration: PARIS. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+In obedience to these instructions, Paris ruthlessly abandoned the
+fair and faithful Oenone, and, joining a band of youthful shepherds,
+went to Troy, under pretext of witnessing a solemn festival. There
+he took part in the athletic games, distinguished himself, and
+attracted the attention of his sister Cassandra.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris' return to Troy.]
+
+This princess was noted for her beauty, and it is said had even been
+wooed by Apollo, who, hoping to win her favor, bestowed upon her the
+gift of prophecy. For some reason the god's suit had not prospered;
+and, as he could not take back the power conferred, he annulled it by
+making her hearers refuse to credit her words.
+
+Cassandra immediately called her parents' attention to the
+extraordinary likeness Paris bore to her other brothers; and then,
+breaking out into a prophetic strain, she foretold that he would bring
+destruction upon his native city. Priam and Hecuba, scorning her
+prophecy, joyfully received their long-lost son, lovingly compelled
+him to take up his abode in their palace, and promised to atone for
+their past neglect by granting his every wish.
+
+[Sidenote: Paris sails for Greece.]
+
+Still advised by Venus, Paris soon expressed a desire to sail for
+Greece, under the pretext of rescuing Hesione, his father's sister,
+whom Hercules had carried off, after besieging Troy. He was promptly
+provided with several well-manned galleys, and soon after appeared at
+the court of Menelaus, King of Sparta, whose young wife, Helen, was
+the most beautiful woman of her time, if we are to believe the
+testimony of her contemporaries.
+
+    "Full threescore girls, in sportive flight we stray'd,
+    Like youths anointing, where along the glade
+    The baths of cool Eurotas limpid play'd.
+    But none, of all, with Helen might compare,
+    Nor one seem'd faultless of the fairest fair.
+    As morn, with vermeil visage, looks from high,
+    When solemn night has vanish'd suddenly;
+    When winter melts, and frees the frozen hours,
+    And spring's green bough is gemm'd with silvery flowers:
+    So bloom'd the virgin Helen in our eyes,
+    With full voluptuous limbs, and towering size:
+    In shape, in height, in stately presence fair,
+    Straight as a furrow gliding from the share;
+    A cypress of the gardens, spiring high,
+    A courser in the cars of Thessaly.
+    So rose-complexion'd Helen charm'd the sight;
+    Our Sparta's grace, our glory, and delight."
+
+                   Theocritus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Helen's suitors.]
+
+A daughter of Jupiter and Leda (whom Jove had courted in the guise of
+a snow-white swan), Helen had many suitors who ardently strove to win
+her favor. The noblest, bravest, and best came to woo and hoped to
+win; but all were left in suspense, as the maiden did not show any
+preference, and refused to make known her choice.
+
+Tyndareus, Helen's stepfather, thinking the rejected suitors might
+attempt to steal her away from any husband she selected, proposed that
+all the candidates for her hand should take a solemn oath, binding
+themselves to respect the marital rights of the favored suitor, and
+help him regain possession of his wife should any one venture to
+kidnap her.
+
+                  "This was cause
+    To Tyndarus her father of much doubt,
+    To give, or not to give her, and how best
+    To make good fortune his: at length this thought
+    Occurr'd, that each to each the wooers give
+    Their oath, and plight their hands, and on the flames
+    Pour the libations, and with solemn vows
+    Bind their firm faith that him, who should obtain
+    The virgin for his bride, they all would aid;
+    If any dar'd to seize and bear her off,
+    And drive by force her husband from her bed,
+    All would unite in arms, and lay his town,
+    Greek or Barbaric, level with the ground."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+All agreed to this proposal, the oath was taken, and Helen, whose
+deliberations had come to an end, bestowed her hand upon Menelaus,
+King of Sparta.
+
+[Sidenote: Abduction of Helen.]
+
+On his arrival at Sparta, in Lacedaemonia, Paris was received with
+graceful hospitality by Menelaus and Helen. He had not sojourned there
+many days, however, before the king was called away from home, and
+departed, confiding to his wife the care of entertaining his princely
+guest. During his absence, Paris, urged by Venus, courted Helen so
+successfully, that she finally consented to elope with him, and
+allowed herself to be borne away in triumph to Troy.
+
+    "Then from her husband's stranger-sheltering home
+    He tempted Helen o'er the ocean foam."
+
+                     Coluthus (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Preparations for war.]
+
+Menelaus, on his return from Crete, discovered his guest's treachery,
+and swore never to rest satisfied until he had recovered his truant
+wife, and punished her seducer. Messengers were sent in haste in every
+direction, to summon Helen's former suitors to keep their oath, and
+join Menelaus at Aulis with men and weapons. All came promptly at his
+call except Ulysses, King of Ithaca, who, to console himself for
+Helen's refusal of his suit, had married her cousin, Penelope, and had
+now no dearer wish than to linger by her side and admire his infant
+son, Telemachus.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses feigns madness.]
+
+In the presence of the messenger Palamedes, Ulysses feigned insanity,
+hoping thereby to elude the tedious journey to Troy; but the messenger
+was not so easily duped, and cleverly determined to ascertain the
+truth by stratagem. One day, therefore, when the king was plowing the
+seashore with an ox and horse harnessed together, and sowing this
+strange field with salt, Palamedes placed the babe Telemachus in the
+furrow, directly in front of the plow, and marked how skillfully
+Ulysses turned his ill-assorted team aside to avoid harming his heir.
+This action sufficed to prove to Palamedes that the king had not lost
+all control of his senses, and enabled him to force Ulysses to obey
+Menelaus' summons.
+
+  [Illustration: ABDUCTION OF HELEN.--Deutsch.]
+
+[Sidenote: Agamemnon made chief.]
+
+At Aulis the assembled army with unanimous consent elected
+Agamemnon, Menelaus' brother, chief of the expedition, which
+numbered, among many others, Nestor, noted for his wise counsel; Ajax,
+gigantic in strength and courage; and Diomedes, the renowned warrior.
+
+The troops were assembled, the vessels freighted; but before they
+departed, the chiefs considered it expedient to consult an oracle, to
+ascertain whether their expedition was destined to succeed. In a
+somewhat veiled and ambiguous manner, they received answer that Troy
+could never be taken without the aid of the son of Peleus and Thetis,
+Achilles, of whom the Fates had predicted that he would surpass his
+father in greatness (p. 305).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' early life.]
+
+Thetis loved this only child so dearly, that when he was but a babe,
+she had carried him to the banks of the Styx, whose waters had the
+magic power of rendering all the parts they touched invulnerable.
+Premising that her son would be a great warrior, and thus exposed to
+great danger, she plunged him wholly into the tide with the exception
+of one heel, by which she held him, and then returned home.
+
+Some time after, an oracle foretold that Achilles would die beneath
+the walls of Troy from a wound in his heel, the only vulnerable part
+of his body. With many tears Thetis vowed that her son should never
+leave her to encounter such a fate, and intrusted the care of his
+education to the Centaur Chiron, who had taught all the greatest
+heroes in turn.
+
+From this instructor Achilles learned the arts of war, wrestling,
+poetry, music, and song,--all, in short, that an accomplished Greek
+warrior was expected to know,--and, when his studies were finished,
+returned to his father's court to gladden his fond mother's heart by
+his presence.
+
+Thetis' joy was all turned to grief, however, when rumors of the war
+imminent between Greece and Troy came to her ears. She knew her son
+would soon be summoned, and, to prevent his going, sent him off to the
+court of Lycomedes, where, under some pretext, he was prevailed upon
+to assume a disguise and mingle with the king's daughters and their
+handmaidens.
+
+One messenger after another was dispatched to summon Achilles to join
+the fleet at Aulis, but one after another returned without having seen
+him, or being able to ascertain where he was hiding. The Greeks,
+however anxious to depart, dared not sail without him. They were in
+despair, until Ulysses, the wily, proposed a plan, and offered to
+carry it out.
+
+    "Ulysses, man of many arts,
+    Son of Laertes, reared in Ithaca,
+    That rugged isle, and skilled in every form
+    Of shrewd device and action wisely planned."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses discovers Achilles.]
+
+Arrayed in peddler's garb, with a pack upon his shoulders, Ulysses
+entered Lycomedes' palace, where he shrewdly suspected Achilles was
+concealed, and offered his wares for sale. The maidens selected
+trinkets; but one of them, closely veiled, seized a weapon concealed
+among the ornaments, and brandished it with such skill, that Ulysses
+saw through the assumed disguise, explained his presence and purpose,
+and by his eloquence persuaded the young Achilles to accompany him to
+Aulis.
+
+The Greeks were now ready to embark; but no favorable wind came to
+swell the sails, which day after day hung limp and motionless against
+the tall masts of their vessels.
+
+                    "The troops
+    Collected and imbodied, here we sit
+    Inactive, and from Aulis wish to sail
+    In vain."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Sacrifice of Iphigenia.]
+
+Calchas, the soothsayer of the expedition, was again consulted, to
+discover how they might best win the favor of the gods; and the reply
+given purported that no favorable wind would blow until Iphigenia,
+daughter of Agamemnon, was offered up in sacrifice to appease the
+everlasting gods.
+
+Many other propitiatory methods were tried; but as they all proved
+ineffective, Agamemnon, urged by his companions, sent for his
+daughter, feigning that he wished to celebrate her nuptials with
+Achilles before his departure.
+
+            "I wrote, I seal'd
+    A letter to my wife, that she should send
+    Her daughter, to Achilles as a bride
+    Affianc'd."
+
+                   Euripides (Potter's tr.).
+
+Iphigenia came to her father secretly delighted at being the chosen
+bride of such a hero; but, instead of being led to the hymeneal altar,
+she was dragged to the place of sacrifice, where the priest, with
+uplifted knife, was about to end her sufferings, when Diana suddenly
+appeared, snatched her up in a cloud, and left in her stead a deer,
+which was duly sacrificed, while Iphigenia was borne in safety to
+Tauris, where she became a priestess in one of the goddess's temples.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival at Troy.]
+
+The gods were now propitious, and the wind slowly rose, filled the
+sails of the waiting vessels, and wafted them swiftly and steadily
+over the sea to the Trojan shores, where an army stood ready to
+prevent the Greek troops from disembarking. The invaders were eager to
+land to measure their strength against the Trojans; yet all hesitated
+to leave the ships, for an oracle had foretold that the first warrior
+who attempted to land would meet with instant death.
+
+                        "'The Delphic oracle foretold
+    That the first Greek who touched the Trojan strand
+    Should die.'"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+[Sidenote: Protesilaus and Laodamia.]
+
+Protesilaus, a brave chief, seeing his comrades' irresolution, and
+animated by a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore, and
+perished, slain by the enemy, as soon as his foot had touched the
+foreign soil. When the tidings of his death reached his beloved wife,
+Laodamia, whom he had left in Thessaly, they well-nigh broke her
+heart; and in her despair she entreated the gods to let her die, or
+allow her to see her lord once more, were it but for a moment. Her
+appeal was so touching, that the gods could not refuse to hear it, and
+bade Mercury conduct her husband's shade back to earth, to tarry with
+her for three hours' time.
+
+          "'Such grace hath crowned thy prayer,
+    Laodamia! that at Jove's command
+    Thy husband walks the paths of upper air:
+    He comes to tarry with thee three hours' space;
+    Accept the gift, behold him face to face!'"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+With an inarticulate cry of joy, Laodamia beheld the beloved
+countenance of Protesilaus once more, and from his own lips heard the
+detailed account of his early death. The three hours passed all too
+quickly in delicious intercourse; and when Mercury reappeared to lead
+him back to Hades, the loving wife, unable to endure a second parting,
+died of grief.
+
+The same grave, it is said, was the resting place of this united pair,
+and kind-hearted nymphs planted elm trees over their remains. These
+trees grew "until they were high enough to command a view of Troy, and
+then withered away, while fresh branches sprang from the roots."
+
+                              "Upon the side
+    Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)
+    A knot of spiry trees for ages grew
+    From out the tomb of him for whom she died;
+    And ever, when such stature they had gained
+    That Ilium's walls were subject to their view,
+    The trees' tall summits withered at the sight;
+    A constant interchange of growth and blight!"
+
+                                 Wordsworth.
+
+Hostilities had now begun, and the war between the conflicting hosts
+was waged with equal courage and skill. During nine long years of
+uninterrupted strife, the Greeks' efforts to enter Troy, or Ilium, as
+it was also called, were vain, as were also the Trojans' attempts to
+force the foe to leave their shores. This memorable struggle is the
+theme of many poems. The oldest and most renowned of all, the Iliad,
+begins with the story of the tenth and last year's events.
+
+[Sidenote: Chryseis and Briseis.]
+
+Among a number of captives taken in a skirmish by the Hellenic troops,
+were two beautiful maidens, Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, priest of
+Apollo, and Briseis. The prisoners were, as usual, allotted to various
+chiefs, and Agamemnon received the priest's daughter as reward for his
+bravery, while Achilles triumphantly led to his tent the equally fair
+Briseis.
+
+When Chryses heard that his child had fallen into the hands of the
+enemy, he hastened to Agamemnon's tent to offer a rich ransom for her
+recovery; but the aged father's entreaties were all unheeded, and he
+was dismissed with many heartless taunts. Exasperated by this cruel
+treatment, he raised his hands to heaven, and implored Apollo to
+avenge the insults he had received by sending down upon the Greeks all
+manner of evil. This prayer was no sooner heard than answered, by the
+sun god's sending a terrible plague to decimate the enemy's troops.
+
+    "The aged man indignantly withdrew;
+    And Phoebus--for the priest was dear to him--
+    Granted his prayer, and sent among the Greeks
+    A deadly shaft. The people of the camp
+    Were perishing in heaps."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+The Greeks, in terror, now consulted an oracle to know why this
+calamity had come upon them, and how they might check the progress of
+the deadly disease which was so rapidly reducing their forces. They
+were told that the plague would never cease until Agamemnon
+surrendered his captive, and thus disarmed Apollo's wrath, which had
+been kindled by his rude refusal to comply with the aged priest's
+request.
+
+All the Greek chiefs, assembled in council, decided to send Achilles
+to Agamemnon to apprise him of their wish that he should set Chryseis
+free,--a wish which he immediately consented to grant, if Briseis were
+given him in exchange.
+
+The plague was raging throughout the camp; the cries of the sufferers
+rent the air; many had already succumbed to the scourge, and all were
+threatened with an inglorious death. Achilles, mindful of all this,
+and anxious to save his beloved companions, consented to comply with
+this unreasonable request; but at the same time he swore, that, if
+Agamemnon really took his captive away, he would not strike another
+blow.
+
+Chryseis was immediately consigned to the care of a herald, who led
+her back to her aged father's arms. Ready to forgive all, now that his
+child was restored to him, Chryses implored Apollo to stay his hand,
+and the plague instantly ceased.
+
+As for Agamemnon, he sent his slaves to Achilles' tent to lead away
+Briseis; and the hero, true to his promise, laid aside his armor,
+determined to fight no more.
+
+    "The great Achilles, swift of foot, remained
+    Within his ships, indignant for the sake
+    Of the fair-haired Briseis."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' wrath.]
+
+Thetis, hearing of the wanton insult offered her son, left her coral
+caves, ascended to Olympus, cast herself at Jupiter's feet, and with
+many tears tremulously prayed he would avenge Achilles and make the
+Greeks fail in all their attempts as long as her son's wrath remained
+unappeased.
+
+Jupiter, touched by her beauty and distress, frowned until the very
+firmament shook, and swore to make the Greeks rue the day they left
+their native shores,
+
+    "To give Achilles honor and to cause
+    Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Agamemnon misled.]
+
+In consequence of a treacherous dream purposely sent by Jupiter to
+delude him, Agamemnon again assembled his troops, and proposed a new
+onslaught upon the Trojan forces. But when the army was drawn up in
+battle array, Hector, the eldest son of Priam, and therefore leader of
+his army, stepping forward, proposed that the prolonged quarrel should
+be definitely settled by a single combat between Paris and Menelaus.
+
+          "Hector then stood forth and said:--
+    'Hearken, ye Trojans and ye nobly-armed
+    Achaians, to what Paris says by me.
+    He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down
+    Their shining arms upon the teeming earth,
+    And he and Menelaus, loved of Mars,
+    Will strive in single combat, on the ground
+    Between the hosts, for Helen and her wealth;
+    And he who shall o'ercome, and prove himself
+    The better warrior, to his home shall bear
+    The treasure and the woman, while the rest
+    Shall frame a solemn covenant of peace.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Menelaus and Paris fight.]
+
+This proposal having been received favorably, Menelaus and Paris soon
+engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both armies, by Helen and
+Priam from the Trojan walls, and by the everlasting gods from the
+wooded heights of Mount Ida; but in the very midst of the fight,
+Venus, seeing her favorite about to succumb, suddenly snatched him
+away from the battlefield, and bore him unseen to his chamber, where
+he was joined by Helen, who bitterly reproached him for his cowardly
+flight.
+
+Indignant at this interference on Venus' part, the gods decreed that
+the war should be renewed; and Minerva, assuming the form of a Trojan
+warrior, aimed an arrow at Menelaus, who was vainly seeking his
+vanished opponent. This act of treachery was the signal for a general
+call to arms and a renewal of hostilities. Countless deeds of valor
+were now performed by the heroes on both sides, and also by the gods,
+who mingled in the ranks and even fought against each other, until
+recalled by Jupiter, and forbidden to fight any more.
+
+[Sidenote: Hector and Andromache.]
+
+For a little while fortune seemed to favor the Greeks; and Hector,
+hastening back to Troy, bade his mother go to the temple with all her
+women, and endeavor by her prayers and gifts to propitiate Minerva and
+obtain her aid. Then he hastened off in search of his wife Andromache
+and little son Astyanax, whom he wished to embrace once more before
+rushing out to battle and possible death.
+
+He found his palace deserted, and, upon questioning the women, heard
+that his wife had gone to the Scaean Gate, where he now drove as fast
+as his noble steeds could drag him. There, at the gate, took place the
+parting scene, which has deservedly been called the most pathetic in
+all the Iliad, in which Andromache vainly tried to detain her husband
+within the walls, while Hector gently reproved her, and demonstrated
+that his duty called him out upon the field of battle, where he must
+hold his own if he would not see the city taken, the Trojans slain,
+and the women, including his mother and beloved Andromache, borne away
+into bitter captivity.
+
+  [Illustration: PARTING OF HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE.--Maignan.]
+
+                                "Andromache
+    Pressed to his side meanwhile, and, all in tears,
+    Clung to his hand, and, thus beginning, said:--
+      'Too brave! thy valor yet will cause thy death.
+    Thou hast no pity on thy tender child,
+    Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be
+    Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee
+    To take thy life. A happier lot were mine,
+    If I must lose thee, to go down to earth,
+    For I shall have no hope when thou art gone,--
+    Nothing but sorrow. Father have I none,
+    And no dear mother.
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+                                Hector, thou
+    Art father and dear mother now to me,
+    And brother and my youthful spouse besides.
+    In pity keep within the fortress here,
+    Nor make thy child an orphan nor thy wife
+    A widow.'
+      Then answered Hector, great in war: 'All this
+    I bear in mind, dear wife; but I should stand
+    Ashamed before the men and long-robed dames
+    Of Troy, were I to keep aloof and shun
+    The conflict, coward-like.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then he stretched out his arms for his infant son, who, however,
+shrank back affrighted at the sight of his brilliant helmet and
+nodding plumes, and would not go to him until he had set the gleaming
+headdress aside. After a passionate prayer for his little heir's
+future welfare, Hector gave the child back to Andromache, and, with a
+last farewell embrace, sprang into his chariot and drove away.
+
+    "'Sorrow not thus, beloved one, for me.
+    No living man can send me to the shades
+    Before my time; no man of woman born,
+    Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.
+    But go thou home, and tend thy labors there,--
+    The web, the distaff,--and command thy maids
+    To speed the work. The cares of war pertain
+    To all men born in Troy, and most to me.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Greeks repelled.]
+
+Paris, ashamed now of his former flight, soon joined his brother upon
+the battlefield, and together they performed many deeds of valor. The
+time had now come when Jupiter was about to redeem the promise given
+to Thetis, for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before
+the might of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success,
+and fired by Hector's example, performed miracles of valor, and
+finally drove their assailants into their intrenchments.
+
+Death and defeat now dogged the very footsteps of the Greek forces,
+who were driven, inch by inch, away from the walls, ever nearer the
+place where their vessels rode at anchor. They now ardently longed for
+the assistance of Achilles, whose mere presence, in days gone by, had
+filled the Trojan hearts with terror; but the hero, although Briseis
+had been returned unmolested, paid no heed to their entreaties for
+aid, and remained a sullen and indifferent spectator of their flight,
+while the Trojans began to set fire to some of the vessels of their
+fleet.
+
+      "The goddess-born Achilles, swift of foot,
+    Beside his ships still brooded o'er his wrath,
+    Nor came to counsel with the illustrious chiefs,
+    Nor to the war, but suffered idleness
+    To eat his heart away; for well he loved
+    Clamor and combat."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Discouraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resistance,
+the Greeks, in despair, concluded that the gods had entirely forsaken
+them, and beat a hasty and ignominious retreat to the shore, closely
+followed by the enemy, who uttered loud cries of triumph.
+
+[Sidenote: Patroclus dons Achilles' armor.]
+
+Patroclus, Achilles' intimate friend, then hastened to the hero's side
+to inform him of his comrades' flight, and implore him once more to
+rescue them from inevitable death. But Achilles, summoning all his
+pride to his assistance, did not waver in his resolve. Suddenly
+Patroclus remembered that the mere sight of Achilles' armor might
+suffice to arrest the enemy's advance and produce a diversion in favor
+of the Greeks: so he asked permission to wear it and lead the
+Myrmidons, Achilles' trusty followers, into the fray.
+
+        "Send me at least into the war,
+    And let me lead thy Myrmidons, that thus
+    The Greeks may have some gleam of hope. And give
+    The armor from thy shoulders. I will wear
+    Thy mail, and then the Trojans, at the sight,
+    May think I am Achilles, and may pause
+    From fighting, and the warlike sons of Greece,
+    Tired as they are, may breathe once more, and gain
+    A respite from the conflict."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Achilles had sworn, it is true, not to return to the scene of strife,
+but was quite willing to lend men and arms, if they might be of any
+use, and immediately placed them at his friend's disposal. Hastily
+Patroclus donned the glittering armor, called aloud to the Myrmidons
+to follow his lead, and rushed forth to encounter the enemy.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Patroclus.]
+
+The Trojans paused in dismay, thinking Achilles had come, and were
+about to take flight, when all at once they discovered the fraud. With
+renewed courage, they opposed the Greek onslaught. Many heroes bit the
+dust in this encounter, among others Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter and
+Europa (p. 45),--whose remains were borne away from the battlefield by
+the twin divinities Sleep and Death,--ere Hector, son of Priam, and
+chief among the Trojan warriors, challenged Patroclus to single
+combat. Needless to say, the two closed in deadly battle, and fought
+with equal valor, until Patroclus, already exhausted by his previous
+efforts, and betrayed by the gods, finally succumbed.
+
+                    "The hero fell
+    With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld
+    His fall with grief."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With a loud cry of victory, Hector wrenched the armor off the mangled
+corpse, and quickly withdrew to array himself in the brilliant spoils.
+The tidings of Patroclus' fall spread rapidly all through the Grecian
+camp, and reached Achilles, who wept aloud when he heard that his
+beloved friend, who had left him but a short time before full of life
+and energy, was now no more. So noisily did the hero mourn his loss,
+that Thetis, in the quiet ocean depths, heard his groans, and rushed
+to his side to ascertain their cause.
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' grief.]
+
+Into his mother's sympathetic ear Achilles poured the whole story of
+his grief and loss, while she gently strove to turn his thoughts aside
+from the sad event, and arouse an interest for some pursuit less
+dangerous than war. All her efforts were vain, however; for Achilles'
+soul thirsted for revenge, and he repeatedly swore he would go forth
+and slay his friend's murderer.
+
+                              "No wish
+    Have I to live, or to concern myself
+    In men's affairs, save this: that Hector first,
+    Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay
+    The debt of vengeance for Patroclus slain."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then, in sudden dread lest Hector should fall by another's hand, or
+withdraw from the battlefield and thus escape his vengeance, Achilles
+would have rushed from his tent unarmed; but his mother prevailed upon
+him to wait until the morrow, when she promised to bring him a full
+suit of armor from Vulcan's own hand. Rapidly Thetis then traversed
+the wide space which separates the coast of Asia Minor from Mount
+AEtna, where Vulcan labored at his forge.
+
+            "She found him there
+    Sweating and toiling, and with busy hand
+    Plying the bellows."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Achilles' armor.]
+
+Arrived before him, she breathlessly made known her errand, and the
+god promised that the arms should be ready within the given time, and
+immediately set to work to fashion them. By his skillful hands the
+marvelous weapons were forged; and when the first streak of light
+appeared above the horizon, he consigned them to Thetis, who hastened
+back to her son's tent, where she found him still bewailing the loss
+of Patroclus.
+
+  [Illustration: THETIS BEARING THE ARMOR OF ACHILLES.--Gerard.]
+
+During Thetis' absence, messengers had come to Achilles' tent to warn
+him that Patroclus' body was still in the enemy's hands, and to
+implore him to come and rescue the precious corpse. Mindful of his
+promise to his mother, Achilles still refused to fight, but, springing
+upon the rampart, uttered his mighty war-cry, the sound of which
+filled the enemy's hearts with terror, and made them yield to the
+well-directed onslaught of Ajax and Diomedes, who finally succeeded in
+recovering the body, which they then reverently bore to Achilles'
+tent.
+
+To console Achilles for his friend's death, Thetis exhibited the
+glorious armor she had just obtained, helped him put it on, and then
+bade him go forth and conquer.
+
+      "'Leave we the dead, my son, since it hath pleased
+    The gods that he should fall; and now receive
+    This sumptuous armor, forged by Vulcan's hand,
+    Beautiful, such as no man ever wore.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Hector.]
+
+Thus armed, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favorite steeds, and
+driven by his faithful charioteer Automedon, Achilles went forth to
+battle, and finally seeing Hector, whom alone he wished to meet, he
+rushed upon him with a hoarse cry of rage. The Trojan hero, at the
+mere sight of the deadly hatred which shone in Achilles' eyes, turned
+to flee. Achilles pursued him, and taunted him with his cowardice,
+until Hector turned and fought with all the courage and recklessness
+of despair.
+
+Their blows fell like hail, a cloud of dust enveloped their struggling
+forms, and the anxious witnesses only heard the dull thud of the blows
+and the metallic clash of the weapons. Suddenly there came a loud cry,
+then all was still; and when the dust-cloud had blown away, the
+Trojans from the ramparts, where they had waited in agony for the
+issue of the fight, beheld Achilles tear the armor from their
+champion's body, bind the corpse to his chariot, and drive nine times
+round the city walls, Hector's princely head dragging in the dust.
+Priam, Hecuba, and Andromache, Hector's beautiful young wife,
+tearfully watched this ignominious treatment, and finally saw Achilles
+drive off to the spot where Patroclus' funeral pile was laid, and
+there abandon the corpse.
+
+Achilles then returned to his tent, where for a long time he
+continued to mourn his friend's untimely end, refusing to be
+comforted.
+
+[Sidenote: The gods' decree.]
+
+The gods, from their celestial abode, had also witnessed this
+heartrending scene, and now Jupiter sent Iris to Thetis, and bade her
+hasten down to Achilles and command him to restore Hector's body to
+his mourning family. He also directed Mercury to lead Priam, unseen,
+into Achilles' tent, to claim and bear away his son's desecrated
+corpse. Thetis, seeking Achilles in his tent, announced the will of
+Jove:--
+
+                        "I am come
+    A messenger from Jove, who bids me say
+    The immortals are offended, and himself
+    The most, that thou shouldst in thy spite detain
+    The corse of Hector at the beaked ships,
+    Refusing its release. Comply thou, then,
+    And take the ransom and restore the dead."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Return of Hector's body.]
+
+Mercury acquitted himself with his usual dispatch, and soon guided
+Priam in safety through the Grecian camp to Achilles' tent, where the
+aged king fell at the hero's feet, humbly pleading for his son's body,
+and proffering a princely ransom in exchange.
+
+Achilles, no longer able to refuse this entreaty, and touched by a
+father's tears, consigned Hector's corpse to the old man's care, and
+promised an armistice of fourteen days, that the funeral rites in both
+camps might be celebrated with all due pomp and solemnity; and with
+the burial of Hector the Iliad comes to a close.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Penthesilea.]
+
+At the end of the truce the hostilities were renewed, and the Trojans
+were reinforced by the arrival of Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons,
+who, with a chosen troop of warrior maidens, came to offer her aid.
+The brave queen afforded them, however, only temporary relief, as she
+was slain by Achilles in their very first encounter.
+
+He, too, however, was doomed to die "in the flower of his youth and
+beauty," and the Fates had almost finished spinning his thread of
+life. In an early skirmish, while in close pursuit of the Trojans,
+Thetis' son had once caught sight of Polyxena, daughter of Priam, and
+had been deeply smitten by her girlish charms. He now vainly tried to
+make peace between the conflicting nations, hoping that, were the war
+but ended, he might obtain her hand in marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Achilles.]
+
+His efforts to make peace failed; but at last he prevailed upon Priam
+to celebrate his betrothal with Polyxena, with the stipulation that
+the marriage would take place as soon as the war was over. The
+betrothal ceremony was held without the city gates; and Achilles was
+just about to part from his blushing betrothed, when Paris, ever
+treacherous, stole behind him and shot a poisoned arrow into his
+vulnerable heel, thus slaying the hero who had caused so many brave
+warriors to bite the dust.
+
+    "Thus great Achilles, who had shown his zeal
+    In healing wounds, died of a wounded heel."
+
+                               O. W. Holmes.
+
+His armor--the glorious armor forged by Vulcan--was hotly contested
+for by Ulysses and Ajax. The former finally obtained the coveted
+weapons; and Ajax' grief at their loss was so intense, that he became
+insane, and killed himself in a fit of frenzy, while Polyxena,
+inconsolable at her betrothed's death, committed suicide on the
+magnificent tomb erected over his remains on the Trojan plain.
+
+[Sidenote: Philoctetes' arrows.]
+
+The oracles, silent so long, now announced that Troy could never be
+taken without the poisoned arrows of Hercules, then in the keeping of
+Philoctetes (p. 238). This hero had started with the expedition, but
+had been put ashore on the Island of Lemnos on account of a wound in
+his foot, which had become so offensive that none of the ship's
+company could endure his presence on board.
+
+Ten long years had already elapsed since then, and, although a party
+of Greeks immediately set out in search of him, they had but little
+hope of finding him alive. They nevertheless wended their way to the
+cave where they had deposited him, where, to their unbounded surprise,
+they still found him. The wound had not healed, but he had managed to
+exist by killing such game as came within reach of his hand.
+
+        "Exposed to the inclement skies,
+        Deserted and forlorn he lies;
+        No friend or fellow-mourner there,
+    To soothe his sorrows, and divide his care;
+    Or seek the healing plant, of power to 'suage
+    His aching wound, and mitigate its rage."
+
+                Sophocles (Francklin's tr.).
+
+Incensed by the Greeks' former cruel desertion, no entreaty could now
+induce Philoctetes to accompany the messengers to Troy, until Hercules
+appeared to him in a dream, and bade him go without delay, for there
+he would find Machaon (p. 64), AEsculapius' son, who was to heal his
+wound.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Paris and Oenone.]
+
+The dream was realized. Philoctetes, whole once more, joined the Greek
+host, and caused great dismay in the enemy's ranks with his poisoned
+arrows. One of his deadly missiles even struck Paris, and, as the
+poison entered his veins, it caused him grievous suffering. Paris then
+remembered that his first love, Oenone, who knew all remedies and the
+best modes of applying them, had once told him to send for her should
+he ever be wounded. He therefore sent for Oenone; but she, justly
+offended by the base desertion and long neglect of her lover, refused
+her aid, and let him die in torture. When he was dead, Oenone repented
+of this decision; and when the flames of his funeral pyre rose around
+him, she rushed into their midst, and was burned to death on his
+corpse.
+
+    "But when she gain'd the broader vale and saw
+    The ring of faces redden'd by the flames
+    Infolding that dark body which had lain
+    Of old in her embrace, paused--and then ask'd
+    Falteringly, 'Who lies on yonder pyre?'
+    But every man was mute for reverence.
+    Then moving quickly forward till the heat
+    Smote on her brow, she lifted up a voice
+    Of shrill command, 'Who burns upon the pyre?'
+    Whereon their oldest and their boldest said,
+    'He, whom thou would'st not heal!' and all at once
+    The morning light of happy marriage broke,
+    Thro' all the clouded years of widowhood,
+    And muffling up her comely head, and crying
+    'Husband!' she leapt upon the funeral pile,
+    And mixt herself with _him_ and past in fire."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+[Sidenote: The Palladium.]
+
+Two of Priam's sons had already expired, and yet Troy had not fallen
+into the hands of the Greeks, who now heard another prophecy, to the
+effect that Troy could never be taken as long as the Palladium--a
+sacred statue of Minerva, said to have fallen from heaven--remained
+within its walls (p. 60). So Ulysses and Diomedes in disguise effected
+an entrance into the city one night, and after many difficulties
+succeeded in escaping with the precious image.
+
+[Sidenote: The wooden horse.]
+
+Men and chiefs, impatient of further delay, now joyfully hailed
+Ulysses' proposal to take the city by stratagem. They therefore
+secretly built a colossal wooden horse, within whose hollow sides a
+number of brave warriors might lie concealed. The main army feigned
+weariness of the endless enterprise, and embarked, leaving the horse
+as a pretended offering to Minerva; while Sinon, a shrewd slave,
+remained to persuade the Trojans to drag the horse within their gates
+and keep him there, a lasting monument of their hard-won triumph.
+
+To the unbounded joy of the long-besieged Trojans, the Greek fleet
+then sailed away, until the Island of Tenedos hid the ships from view.
+All the inhabitants of Troy poured out of the city to view the wooden
+horse, and question Sinon, who pretended to have great cause of
+complaint against the Greeks, and strongly advised them to secure
+their last offering to Minerva.
+
+The Trojans hailed this idea with rapture; but Laocoon, a Trojan
+priest, implored them to leave the horse alone, lest they should bring
+untold evil upon their heads.
+
+          "'Wretched countrymen,' he cries,
+    'What monstrous madness blinds your eyes?
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+    Perchance--who knows?--these planks of deal
+    A Grecian ambuscade conceal,
+    Or 'tis a pile to o'erlook the town,
+    And pour from high invaders down,
+    Or fraud lurks somewhere to destroy:
+    Mistrust, mistrust it, men of Troy!'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Laocoon.]
+
+Deaf to all warnings and entreaties, they dragged the colossal image
+into the very heart of their city, tearing down a portion of their
+ramparts to allow its passage, while Laocoon hastened down to the
+shore to offer sacrifice to the gods. As he stood there by the
+improvised altar, with one of his sons on either side to assist him in
+his office, two huge serpents came out of the sea, coiled themselves
+around him and his sons, and crushed and bit them to death.
+
+                "Unswerving they
+    Toward Laocoon hold their way;
+    First round his two young sons they wreathe,
+    And grind their limbs with savage teeth:
+    Then, as with arms he comes to aid,
+    The wretched father they invade
+    And twine in giant folds: twice round
+    His stalwart waist their spires are wound,
+    Twice round his neck, while over all
+    Their heads and crests tower high and tall.
+    He strains his strength their knots to tear,
+    While gore and slime his fillets smear,
+    And to the unregardful skies
+    Sends up his agonizing cries."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: LAOCOON. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+The awestruck witnesses of this terrible scene, of course, declared
+that the gods resented his interference concerning the wooden horse,
+and had justly punished the sacrilegious hand which had dared strike
+it with a spear, merely to demonstrate, that, being hollow, it might
+contain an armed band. Ever since then, Laocoon and his sons' struggle
+with the serpents has been a favorite subject for poets and artists.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of Troy.]
+
+In the mean while, the Greeks had been hiding behind Tenedos; but when
+night came on, they returned to the site of their ten-years'
+encampment, and were let into the city by Sinon, who also released
+their companions from their prison within the wooden horse. Although
+taken by surprise, the city guards made desperate attempts to repel
+the Greeks; but it was now too late, for the enemy had already broken
+into houses and palaces, and were killing, pillaging, and burning all
+in their way.
+
+          "The melancholy years,
+    The miserable melancholy years,
+    Crept onward till the midnight terror came,
+    And by the glare of burning streets I saw
+    Palace and temple reel in ruin and fall,
+    And the long-baffled legions, bursting in
+    Through gate and bastion, blunted sword and spear
+    With unresisted slaughter."
+
+                               Lewis Morris.
+
+The royal family, even, was not exempt from the general massacre; and
+the aged Priam, who lived to see his last son perish before his eyes,
+finally found relief in death.
+
+[Sidenote: Return of the Greeks.]
+
+Their object accomplished, the Greeks immediately sailed for home,
+their vessels heavily laden with plunder and slaves. But the homeward
+journey was not as joyful as might have been expected; and many, after
+escaping from the enemy's hands, perished in the waves, or found death
+lying in wait for them by their own fireside.
+
+Menelaus, with his wife Helen, who, in spite of the added ten years,
+retained all her youthful beauty, were detained in Egypt by contrary
+winds, sent to punish them for omitting the usual sacrifice to the
+gods. He at last consulted Proteus, who revealed how the wrath of the
+gods could best be allayed, and how favorable winds could be secured
+to waft him home.
+
+As for Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks, he returned to Argos only to
+be murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra and her paramour AEgisthus.
+
+          "'AEgisthus, bent upon my death,
+    Plotted against me with my guilty wife,
+    And bade me to his house, and slew me there,
+    Even at the banquet.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Then, mortally afraid lest Orestes, Agamemnon's son, should avenge his
+father's death, AEgisthus prepared to slay him too; but Electra, the
+boy's sister, discovering this intention, helped him to escape, and
+placed him under the fatherly protection of Strophius, King of Phocis,
+whose son, Pylades, became his inseparable friend. In fact, their
+devotion to each other was so great, that it has become proverbial in
+every tongue.
+
+Electra had not forgotten her father's base murder, although years had
+elapsed since it occurred; and when Orestes had attained manhood, she
+bade him come and punish those who had committed the crime. Orestes
+came, slew AEgisthus and Clytaemnestra, and then, terrified at what he
+had done, took flight, but only to be pursued by the Furies and
+Nemesis, goddess of revenge, sent by the gods to punish him for taking
+justice into his own hands.
+
+Arrived at Delphi, Orestes consulted the oracle, and learned that his
+crime would be forgiven if he brought a statue of Diana in Tauris back
+to Greece. The young prince hastened thither, accompanied by the
+ever-faithful Pylades, who never left his side; and there, in a
+temple, he found his long-lost sister Iphigenia, who helped him obtain
+the image he sought, and accompanied him back to his native land,
+where Nemesis left him forever.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES.
+
+
+The Greek chiefs, on their return from Troy, were, as we have seen,
+all more or less visited by the wrath of the gods; but none of them
+endured as many hardships as Ulysses (Odysseus), King of Ithaca, the
+hero of Homer's world-renowned epic the Odyssey. During ten long years
+he roamed the seas, driven away from his native land by adverse winds,
+sailing about from place to place, losing his ships and companions,
+until at last the gods allowed him to return home. His marvelous
+adventures and numerous mishaps during these ten years form the theme
+of the Odyssey, which is about as follows.
+
+[Sidenote: Siege of Ismarus.]
+
+After leaving Troy in ruins, Ulysses embarked with his men and spoils,
+and, favored by a good wind, soon came within sight of Ismarus, the
+home of the worthy and wealthy Ciconians. To increase the riches he
+was carrying home, he proposed to his army to land and storm the
+city,--a proposal which was enthusiastically received and immediately
+carried out.
+
+But when the men collected near the fleet, instead of embarking as
+Ulysses urged them to do, they began to drink the rich wine, to roast
+oxen whole, and to indulge in games and revelry. While they were thus
+employed and entirely off their guard, the neighbors and allies of the
+Ciconians came upon them unawares, and put many to death.
+
+The Greeks, although taken by surprise, fought bravely; but it was
+only when the sun was fast sinking, that they finally embarked, and
+left the fatal Ciconian shores.
+
+      "Onward we sailed, lamenting bitterly
+    Our comrades slain, yet happy to escape
+    From death ourselves."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Lotus-eaters.]
+
+A hurricane soon arose. The flying clouds blotted the stars from view.
+The vessels, with broken masts and torn sails, were driven far out of
+their course, and, after ten days, reached the land of the Lotophagi
+or Lotus-eaters,--a people whose sole food consisted of lotus fruit
+and blossoms.
+
+Three of Ulysses' best men were sent ashore to reconnoiter: but they
+had not gone very far before they met the natives, seated under their
+favorite trees, banqueting on their sweet food. These received the
+strangers hospitably, and made them partake of the lotus blossoms; but
+no sooner had the three men done so, than all recollection of their
+waiting companions or distant homes passed from their minds, while a
+dreamy, lethargic sensation stole over them, and made them long to
+recline there and feast forever.
+
+    "Whoever tasted once of that sweet food
+    Wished not to see his native country more,
+    Nor give his friends the knowledge of his fate.
+    And then my messengers desired to dwell
+    Among the Lotus-eaters, and to feed
+    Upon the lotus, never to return."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Ulysses impatiently watched for their return; then, seeing they did
+not appear, feared some evil had befallen them, and set out, with a
+few well-armed men, to go in search of them. Instead of finding them
+in chains, as he fully expected, he soon perceived them feasting among
+the Lotus-eaters. Their eyes had lost all animation, and rested upon
+him in a vague, dreamy way, which aroused his suspicions. At the same
+moment some of the Lotus-eaters advanced to invite him and his troop
+to join in their feast.
+
+    "Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,
+    Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave
+    To each, but whoso did receive of them,
+    And taste, to him the gushing of the wave
+    Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave
+    On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,
+    His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;
+    And deep asleep he seem'd, yet all awake,
+    And music in his ears his beating heart did make."
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+In peremptory tones Ulysses quickly forbade his men to taste of the
+magic food, directed them to seize and bind their unwilling comrades,
+and forcibly take them back to their ships. There the magic effect of
+the lotus food soon wore away, and the men rowed steadily westward,
+until they came to the Island of Sicily, then inhabited by the
+Cyclopes, a rude race of one-eyed giants.
+
+              "A single ball of sight was fix'd
+    In their mid-forehead: hence the Cyclops' name:
+    For that one circular eye was broad infix'd
+    In the mid-forehead:--strength was theirs, and force,
+    And craft of curious toil."
+
+                       Hesiod (Elton's tr.).
+
+The main part of the fleet was stationed at another island not far
+distant, but Ulysses and twelve companions landed in Sicily in search
+of food. The prospect was promising, for on the plains and hillsides
+great flocks of sheep cropped the tender grass; and Ulysses and his
+followers soon came to a great cave filled with rich stores of milk
+and cheese. This was the abode of Polyphemus, son of Neptune, the
+largest and fiercest among the gigantic Cyclopean race. The Greeks'
+first impulse was to help themselves, since no one was there to say
+them nay; but they finally decided to await the master's home-coming,
+and courteously ask his assistance. They had moored their vessel under
+an overhanging cliff, where no one would be likely to find it, and had
+therefore no fear lest their means of escape should be cut off.
+
+  [Illustration: TRIUMPH OF GALATEA.--Raphael.]
+
+[Sidenote: Polyphemus and Galatea.]
+
+Polyphemus, the ugly giant in whose cave they were waiting, had once
+seen the charming sea nymph Galatea riding in her pearl-shell chariot
+drawn by bounding dolphins. Her unsurpassed loveliness made a vivid
+impression upon him, and he was soon deeply in love with her. He
+neglected his flocks, shunned his companions, and spent all his time
+near the seashore, watching for her, and bitterly cursing his fate,
+which prevented his seeking her in her native element, for the gods
+had cursed the race of Cyclops with an unconquerable aversion to
+water. He
+
+                                --"lov'd
+    Not in the little present-making style,
+    With baskets of new fruit and pots of roses,
+    But with consuming passion. Many a time
+    Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve,
+    Leaving him wasting by the dark seashore,
+    And sunrise would behold him wasting still."
+
+                    Theocritus (Hunt's tr.).
+
+To induce Galatea to leave the salt sea waves and linger by his side
+on the white sandy beach, Polyphemus constantly made the most
+extravagant promises; but the dainty nymph merely laughed at all his
+professions, and strolled on the shore only when he was sound asleep.
+Although she made fun of his love, she was not so obdurate to the suit
+of Acis, a very fascinating young shepherd, who had no need to call
+her repeatedly; for she always yielded to his first appeal, joyfully
+joined him, and sat beside him under the shade of some great rock,
+listening to his tender wooing.
+
+  [Illustration: ACIS AND GALATEA (Evening).--Claude Lorraine. (St.
+      Petersburg.)]
+
+Polyphemus once accidentally came upon them thus, ere they were aware
+of his proximity. For a moment he glared down upon them; then, seizing
+a huge rock, he vowed his rival Acis should not live to enjoy the love
+which was denied him, and hurled it down upon the unsuspecting lovers.
+Galatea, the goddess, being immortal, escaped unhurt; but poor Acis,
+her beloved, was crushed to death. The stream of blood from his
+mangled remains was changed by the gods into an exhaustless stream
+of limpid water, which ever hastened down to the sea to join Galatea.
+
+[Sidenote: Polyphemus' cave.]
+
+Ulysses and his companions, waiting in the cave, soon felt the ground
+shake beneath their feet, and saw the sheep throng into the cave and
+take their usual places; then behind them came the horrible apparition
+of Polyphemus, who picked up a huge rock and placed it before the
+opening of the cave, preventing all egress. Ulysses' companions had
+shrunk with fear into the darkest corners of the cave, whence they
+watched the giant milk his ewes, dispose of his cheeses, and make his
+evening meal. But the firelight soon revealed the intruders; and
+Polyphemus immediately demanded who they were, whence they came, and
+what they were seeking.
+
+Ulysses, ever wily, replied that his name was No man, that he and his
+companions were shipwrecked mariners, and that they would fain receive
+his hospitality. In answer to this statement, the Cyclops stretched
+forth his huge hand and grasped two of the sailors, whom he proceeded
+to devour for dessert. Then, his frightful repast being ended, he lay
+down on the rushes and fell asleep, his loud snores reverberating like
+thunder through the great cave.
+
+Ulysses silently crept to his side, sword in hand, and was about to
+kill him, when he suddenly recollected that neither he nor his men
+could move the rock at the cave's mouth, and that they would never be
+able to escape. He therefore resolved to have recourse to a stratagem.
+
+When morning came, the giant rose, milked his flock, made his cheese,
+arranged the vessels, and then, without the least warning, again
+seized and devoured two of the Greeks. His brawny arm next pushed
+aside the rock, and he stood beside it with watchful eye, until all
+his herd had passed out; then, replacing the stone to prevent the
+escape of his prisoners, he went off to the distant pasture ground.
+
+During his absence, Ulysses and his men devised a cunning plan
+whereby they hoped to effect their escape, and made all their
+preparations to insure its complete success. A huge pine club which
+they found in the cave was duly pointed, hardened in the fire, and set
+aside for future use.
+
+When the darkness began to fall over the earth, Polyphemus again
+rolled the stone away to admit his flocks, keeping careful guard upon
+the Greeks. The sheep all in, he replaced the rock, performed his
+usual evening duties, and then devoured two of Ulysses' crew.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses blinds Polyphemus.]
+
+When this part of the evening meal was over, Ulysses drew near and
+offered him a leather flask full of heady wine, which the giant took
+down at a gulp, little suspecting its effect. Very soon he sank into a
+deep drunken sleep; and then the men, at a sign from Ulysses, heated
+the point of the huge club and put out his sole eye, in spite of his
+frightful cries and execrations, which soon attracted the attention of
+the other Cyclopes.
+
+They thronged without the cave, clamoring to know who was hurting him.
+"No man!" replied the Cyclops, howling with pain, "No man!" which
+answer convinced his would-be helpers that he needed no assistance,
+and made them disperse.
+
+      "'If no man does thee violence, and thou
+    Art quite alone, reflect that none escape
+    Diseases; they are sent by Jove.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' escape.]
+
+Deserted by his companions, Polyphemus spent the night in agony; and,
+when the anxious lowing of his herd roused him at break of day, he
+fumblingly milked them, and prepared to let them go forth, as usual,
+in search of their morning meal. To avoid the Greeks escaping, he
+rolled the stone only partly aside, and allowed the sheep to pass out
+a few at a time, carefully running his hand over each broad back to
+make sure that none of the prisoners were mounted upon them.
+
+Ulysses, in the mean while, having observed this maneuver, fastened
+his companions under the rams, reserving one for his own use, and
+watched them pass out one after the other undetected. Then, clinging
+to the wool of the largest ram, he too was slowly dragged out; while
+Polyphemus petted the ram, and inquired how he came to pass out last
+of all.
+
+    "'My favorite ram, how art thou now the last
+    To leave the cave? It hath not been thy wont
+    To let the sheep go first, but thou didst come
+    Earliest to feed among the flowery grass,
+    Walking with stately strides, and thou wert first
+    At the fresh stream, and first at eve to seek
+    The stable; now thou art the last of all.
+    Grievest thou for thy master, who has lost
+    His eye, put out by a deceitful wretch
+    And his vile crew?'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Ulysses, having thus escaped, sprang to his feet, set his companions
+free, rushed with them down to the seashore, taking the choice animals
+on board, and then, when his men had rowed some distance, raised his
+voice and taunted Polyphemus, revealing at the same time his identity.
+
+    "'Ha! Cyclops! those whom in thy rocky cave
+    Thou, in thy brutal fury, hast devoured,
+    Were friends of one not unexpert in war;
+    Amply have thy own guilty deeds returned
+    Upon thee. Cruel one! who didst not fear
+    To eat the strangers sheltered by thy roof,
+    Jove and the other gods avenge them thus!
+
+              *   *   *   *   *
+
+    Cyclops, if any man of mortal birth
+    Note thine unseemly blindness, and inquire
+    The occasion, tell him that Laertes' son,
+    Ulysses, the destroyer of walled towns,
+    Whose home is Ithaca, put out thine eye.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+With a cry of rage, Polyphemus then ran down to the shore, tore up
+some huge rocks, which he hurled in the direction whence the taunting
+voice came, and in his rage almost destroyed the Greeks; for one piece
+of rock fell very near their vessel, and they were forced to redouble
+their efforts to row out of reach and prevent disaster.
+
+[Sidenote: Gift of AEolus.]
+
+The Greeks now sailed on until they reached the AEolian Islands, where
+dwelt AEolus, king and father of the winds. He had heard of Ulysses'
+prowess, received him kindly, and at parting gave him a leather bag
+containing all the contrary winds, which Ulysses was thus at liberty
+to retain imprisoned until he had safely reached home (p. 214).
+
+Day and night Ulysses' barks now bounded over the blue waves. On the
+ninth evening the shores of Ithaca were discerned by the eager eyes on
+board, and all made their preparations for landing early the next
+morning. For the first time since he had left the AEolian shores,
+Ulysses now indulged in sleep; and while he was lost in oblivion his
+sailors opened the leather bag, intending to rob their master of a
+portion of his treasure, for they imagined that AEolus had given him
+much gold.
+
+The bag was no sooner opened, than the contrary winds, weary and
+cramped with their uncomfortable position, sprang out with a rush and
+a roar, and in a few moments stirred up a terrible storm, which tore
+the ships from their anchors, and soon drove them far out to sea.
+
+After untold suffering, the Greeks landed again upon the AEolian Isle,
+and Ulysses sought the king, to beseech his aid once more; but this
+time the god received him coldly, and bade him depart, as his cruelty
+to Polyphemus had awakened the gods' wrath.
+
+    "'Hence with thee! Leave our island instantly,
+    Vilest of living men! It may not be
+    That I receive or aid as he departs
+    One who is hated by the blessed gods,--
+    And thou art hated by the gods. Away!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The Laestrygonians.]
+
+Sorrowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being hurried
+along by favorable winds, they were obliged to row against wind and
+waves, and only after many days came to the land of the Laestrygonians,
+where fresh losses awaited them. These people were cannibals, who were
+in the habit of slaying all the strangers who visited their shores, to
+satisfy their horrible appetites. When they saw the vessels enter
+their harbor, they sunk some of them by casting huge rocks at them
+from their tall cliffs, and speared and devoured the unfortunate
+crews.
+
+Ulysses, ever cautious, had lingered without the harbor; and when,
+from afar, he saw his companions' horrible fate, he bade his men
+strike the waves with their "sounding oars" and escape.
+
+[Sidenote: Circe, the enchantress.]
+
+The Greeks went on again until they came to AEaea, an island inhabited
+by the golden-haired enchantress Circe, sister of AEetes, and aunt of
+Medea. Here Ulysses' crew was divided into two parties, one of which,
+led by Eurylochus, set out to explore the island, while the other,
+headed by Ulysses, remained to guard the ships. Through a dense
+forest, peopled with strangely gentle wild beasts, Eurylochus led his
+force, until they came in sight of the beautiful palace home of Circe.
+From afar they could hear her sweet voice raised in song, as she wove
+a beautiful web for her own adornment: so they pressed eagerly on, and
+entered the palace hall, Eurylochus alone lingering on the porch,
+fearing lest some fraud might suddenly be revealed.
+
+Circe received her self-invited guests most graciously, seated them on
+tapestry-covered couches, and bade her numerous handmaidens speedily
+set before them all manner of good cheer,--an order which was
+immediately carried out. The men feasted greedily, for they had fasted
+for many days, and Circe watched them with ill-concealed disgust.
+Suddenly she started from her seat, waved her wand over their heads,
+and bade them assume the form of swine (which obscene animals their
+gluttony suggested), and hie them to their sties.
+
+  [Illustration: CIRCE AND THE FRIENDS OF ULYSSES.--Riviere.]
+
+                                  "Then instantly
+    She touched them with a wand, and shut them up
+    In sties, transformed to swine in head and voice,
+    Bristles and shape, though still the human mind
+    Remained to them. Thus sorrowing they were driven
+    Into their cells, where Circe flung to them
+    Acorns of oak and ilex, and the fruit
+    Of cornel, such as nourish wallowing swine."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+Eurylochus, meanwhile, vainly awaited their return, and finally
+resolved to go back alone to the ships and report what had happened.
+Sword in hand, Ulysses then set out alone to rescue his comrades; but
+he had not gone far before he met a youth,--Mercury in disguise,--who
+warned him not to approach any nearer Circe, and told him of his
+companions' transformation.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses and Circe.]
+
+As Ulysses would not be dissuaded from his purpose, Mercury gave him
+some moly, an herb warranted to preserve him from Circe's magic
+spells, and sundry important directions, which were all duly listened
+to and observed.
+
+Pressing onward, Ulysses reached the palace, entered the banquet room,
+drank Circe's mixture, which was rendered ineffective by the moly's
+power, and, when she waved her wand over his head and bade him join
+his fellows, drew his sword and rushed upon her, threatening to take
+her life if she did not immediately restore his friends to their human
+forms, and promise to do them no further harm.
+
+Circe, terrified at the threat, agreed to comply with all his demands;
+and in a few moments Ulysses was again surrounded by his companions,
+who were touchingly grateful for their rescue. Circe now prepared a
+second feast, and entertained them all so well, that Ulysses lingered
+there for one whole year.
+
+                "And there from day to day
+    We lingered a full year, and banqueted
+    Nobly on plenteous meats and delicate wines."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses visits Cimmeria.]
+
+At the end of that time, Ulysses' companions began to long for their
+own homes, and prevailed upon their chief to leave the fair
+enchantress Circe. At first she was loath to let him go; but, seeing
+that her efforts to detain him longer would be of no avail, she bade
+him seek the Cimmerian shores, and there consult the seer Tiresias.
+This land, which lay on the confines of Pluto's dark realm, was
+inhabited by shadows, the spirits of the dead, condemned to sojourn
+there a while ere they were admitted into Hades.
+
+Ulysses embarked, and, according to Circe's directions, let his vessel
+drift along until its prow grated on a pebbly beach, where he landed.
+Then, walking straight before him, he came to a spot whence he could
+hear the roar of the Phlegethon as it joined the Acheron, and here he
+dug a trench with his sword.
+
+The trench finished, he killed two black victims, furnished by Circe,
+and made their blood flow into the trench. Immediately all the spirits
+crowded about him, eager to drink the fresh blood; but Ulysses, with
+drawn sword, forced them back, until at last Tiresias, the blind seer,
+approached.
+
+He was allowed to stoop down and drink; and, as soon as he had done
+so, he recovered the power of human speech, and warned Ulysses of the
+many trials still awaiting him. Then, his prophecy concluded, he
+vanished; but Ulysses lingered a little longer to allow his mother to
+drink some blood, and explain how she came to be here in the spirit
+land.
+
+Many others came and conversed with him; but at last he was forced to
+depart, and return to AEaea, where he lingered to perform the funeral
+rites for Elpenor,--one of his followers, a youth who had fallen
+asleep on one of the palace turrets, and by an inadvertent movement
+had fallen to the ground, where he had been found dead.
+
+  [Illustration: SIREN. (Acropolis Museum, Athens.)]
+
+[Sidenote: The Sirens.]
+
+These obsequies over, the Greeks, favored by a fresh wind, left
+Circe's isle, and sailed along until they drew near the rocky ledge
+where the Sirens had their abode. These maidens were wont to sit on
+the rocks and sing entrancing songs, which allured the mariners
+until they turned aside from their course, and their vessels were
+dashed to pieces on the rocks.
+
+According to Circe's advice, Ulysses bade his men bind him fast to the
+mast, disregard his cries and gestures of command, and keep on their
+course until the dangerous rocks were lost to view; but, before he
+allowed them to execute these orders, he stopped their ears with
+melted wax, so they could not hear a sound, for he alone could hear
+the Sirens' song and live.
+
+The men then bound him hand and foot to the mast, returned to their
+oars, and rowed steadily on. Soon the Sirens' melody fell upon
+Ulysses' charmed ears; but, although he commanded and implored his men
+to set him free and alter their course, they kept steadily on until no
+sound of the magic song could reach them, when they once more set
+their leader free.
+
+[Sidenote: Charybdis and Scylla.]
+
+Now, although this danger had been safely passed, Ulysses was troubled
+in spirit, for he knew he would soon be obliged to steer his course
+between two dread monsters, Charybdis and Scylla, who lay so close
+together, that, while striving to avoid one, it was almost impossible
+not to fall an easy prey to the other.
+
+Charybdis' den lay under a rock crowned with a single wild fig tree;
+and three times daily she ingulfed the surrounding waters, drawing
+even large galleys into her capacious jaws.
+
+As for Scylla, she too dwelt in a cave, whence her six ugly heads
+protruded to devour any prey that came within reach.
+
+                    "No mariner can boast
+    That he has passed by Scylla with a crew
+    Unharmed; she snatches from the deck, and bears
+    Away in each grim mouth, a living man."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+This selfsame Scylla, once a lovely maiden, had won the heart of the
+sea god Glaucus (p. 303), but coquettishly tormented him until he
+implored Circe to give him some love potion strong enough to compel
+her love.
+
+Circe, who had long nursed a secret passion for Glaucus, was angry at
+him, and jealous of her rival, and, instead of a love potion, prepared
+a loathsome drug, which she bade him pour into the water where Scylla
+was wont to bathe. Glaucus faithfully did as she commanded; but when
+Scylla plunged into the water, her body, and not her feelings,
+changed, and she became a loathsome monster, a terror to gods and men.
+
+When in sight of the fig tree, Ulysses, cased in armor, stood on the
+prow to attack Scylla should she attempt to seize one of his crew. The
+sound of the rushing waters whirling around Charybdis made all on
+board tremble with fear, and the pilot steered nearer still to dread
+Scylla's den.
+
+Suddenly a piercing cry was heard, as the monster seized six of the
+men and devoured them. The rest passed on unharmed; but since then, in
+speaking of conflicting dangers, it has been customary to use the
+expression, "falling from Charybdis into Scylla."
+
+[Sidenote: Cattle of the sun.]
+
+Only too glad to effect an escape at any price, the Greeks again rowed
+on until they sighted Trinacria, the island of the sun, where Phaetusa
+and Lampetia watched over the sun god's sacred herds. The men wished
+to land here to rest; but Ulysses reminded them that Tiresias, the
+blind seer, had warned them to avoid it, lest by slaying any of the
+sacred animals they should incur divine wrath.
+
+The men, however, worn out with the toil of many days' rowing,
+entreated so piteously to be allowed to rest, voluntarily pledging
+themselves to be content with their own provisions and not to slay a
+single animal, that Ulysses reluctantly yielded to their entreaties,
+and all went ashore.
+
+After they had duly rested, they were still detained by unfavorable
+winds, until all their provisions were exhausted, and the few birds
+and fishes they managed to secure no longer sufficed to still the
+pangs of hunger.
+
+Led by Eurylochus, some of the men, during one of Ulysses' temporary
+absences, caught and slew some of the sun god's cattle. To the
+general amazement and terror, the meat lowed while roasting on the
+spit, and the empty skins moved and crawled as if alive. All these
+sounds and sights could not, however, deter the sailors, who were
+bound to have a good feast, which they kept up for seven days, ere
+Ulysses could make them leave the Trinacrian shores.
+
+In the mean while, Lampetia had hastened to Apollo to apprise him of
+the crime committed by Ulysses' men. In anger he appeared before the
+assembled gods and demanded amends, threatening to withdraw the light
+of his countenance if he were not properly indemnified. Jupiter, to
+appease his hot anger, immediately promised that all the offenders
+should perish.
+
+    "'Still shine, O Sun! among the deathless gods
+    And mortal men, upon the nourishing earth.
+    Soon will I cleave, with a white thunderbolt,
+    Their galley in the midst of the black sea!'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+This promise he immediately fulfilled by drowning all except Ulysses,
+who alone had not partaken of the sacred flesh, and who, after
+clinging to the rudder for nine long days, a plaything for the wind
+and waves, was washed ashore on the Island of Ogygia, where the fair
+sea nymph Calypso had taken up her abode.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses and Calypso.]
+
+There he was kindly and most hospitably entertained during eight long
+years; but he could not depart, as he had no vessel or crew to bear
+him away. At last Minerva, who had always befriended him, prevailed
+upon Jupiter to allow him to return to Ithaca. Mercury was sent to
+Ogygia to bid Calypso furnish all things necessary for his comfort,
+and aid in the construction of a huge raft, whereon our hero found
+himself afloat after many years of reluctant lingering on the land.
+
+All seemed well now; but Neptune suddenly became aware that his old
+enemy, the torturer of Polyphemus, was about to escape from his
+clutches. With one blow of his trident he stirred up one of those
+sudden tempests whose fury nothing can withstand, shattered Ulysses'
+raft, and buffeted him about on the waves, until the goddess Leucothea
+(p. 174), seeing his distress, helped him to reach the Phaeacian shore.
+
+[Sidenote: Nausicaa and Ulysses.]
+
+Too weary to think of aught but rest, Ulysses dragged himself into a
+neighboring wood, where he fell asleep on a bed of dry leaves. While
+he was thus resting, Minerva visited Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous,
+King of the Phaeacians, in a dream, and bade her go down to the shore
+and wash her linen robes in readiness for her wedding day, which the
+goddess assured her was near at hand. Nausicaa obeyed, and drove with
+her maidens down to the shore, where, after their labors were duly
+finished, they all indulged in a game of ball, with the usual
+accompaniment of shrill cries and much laughter. Their cries awoke
+Ulysses, who came on the scene just in time to save their ball from
+the waves, and claimed Nausicaa's protection for a shipwrecked
+mariner.
+
+She graciously permitted him to follow her to her father's palace, and
+presented him to Alcinous and Arete, who bade him welcome, and invited
+him to join in the games then taking place. He did so, and displayed
+such strength and skill that his identity was revealed. Alcinous then
+promised to send him safely home in a Phaeacian bark, which reached
+Ithaca in safety, and deposited Ulysses, asleep, on his native shore.
+
+[Sidenote: The petrified ship.]
+
+When Neptune discovered that the Phaeacians had outwitted him, he was
+so angry that he changed the returning vessel into a rock, which
+blocked the harbor and put an end to further maritime excursions on
+their part.
+
+                              "He drew near
+    And smote it with his open palm, and made
+    The ship a rock, fast rooted in the bed
+    Of the deep sea."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: PENELOPE. (Vatican, Rome.)]
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' return to Ithaca.]
+
+Disguised as a beggar by Minerva's kindly care, Ulysses sought the
+lowly dwelling of Eumaeus, his swineherd, and from him learned all he
+wished to know about his wife and son. He heard that Penelope was
+fairly besieged with suitors, who were even now feasting and reveling
+in his palace, whence they refused to depart until she had made choice
+of a second husband; and also that Telemachus, now a young man,
+indignant and displeased with the suitors' conduct, and guided and
+accompanied by his tutor Mentor, had set out in search of the father
+whom he could not believe dead.
+
+Mentor was Minerva in disguise, who guided the young man to the courts
+of Nestor and Menelaus, and finally in a dream bade him return to
+Ithaca, where he would find the parent he sought. The young prince
+immediately obeyed, and landed near Eumaeus' hut, escaping a clever
+ambuscade posted by the suitors at the entrance of the port.
+
+Minerva now permitted the father and son to recognize each other, in
+spite of their twenty years' separation, and together they planned how
+best to punish the insolent suitors. They finally agreed that
+Telemachus should return to the palace and make no mention of his
+father's return; while Ulysses, still in the guise of a beggar, should
+enter his home and claim the usual hospitality.
+
+All was executed as they had planned. No one recognized the
+long-expected hero in the miserable old beggar--no one save his aged
+nurse Euryclea, and his faithful old dog Argus, who died for joy at
+his long-lost master's feet.
+
+    "While over Argus the black night of death
+    Came suddenly as soon as he had seen
+    Ulysses, absent now for twenty years."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Penelope's web.]
+
+Penelope, hearing that a stranger was within her gates, sent for him,
+to inquire whether he knew aught of her husband. She too failed to
+pierce his disguise, and languidly continued a piece of work which she
+cleverly used to baffle her suitors; for once, when urged to marry,
+she had replied that she would do so as soon as her work was finished.
+
+As she was a diligent worker, the suitors expected soon to hear her
+decision, little knowing that she raveled at night all the web so
+carefully woven during the day.
+
+                          "Three full years
+    She practiced thus, and by the fraud deceived
+    The Grecian youths."
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' bow.]
+
+At last the subterfuge was discovered, and the unfortunate Penelope
+was forced to finish her work; but ere it was quite done, she found
+another expedient to postpone her choice of a husband. She brought
+Ulysses' bow, and announced that she would marry the man who could
+bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings which she pointed out.
+
+                  "'I bring to you
+    The mighty bow that great Ulysses bore.
+    Whoe'er among you he may be whose hand
+    Shall bend this bow, and send through these twelve rings
+    An arrow, him I follow hence, and leave
+    This beautiful abode of my young years,
+    With all its plenty,--though its memory,
+    I think, will haunt me even in my dreams.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the suitors.]
+
+The suitors all vainly strove to bend the mighty bow, which was then
+seized by the disguised Ulysses, while the youths laughed aloud in
+scorn, until Telemachus bade them let the old man try his strength. To
+the amazement of all, Ulysses easily performed the required feat; and
+then, turning his aim toward Antinous, the handsomest and most
+treacherous of all the suitors, he pierced his heart.
+
+A scene of wild commotion ensued, in which Ulysses, Telemachus,
+Eumaeus, and Minerva disguised as Mentor, opposed and slew all the
+wooers. Penelope, unconscious of all this bloodshed, slept in her
+room, until she was gently awakened by Euryclea, who announced the
+return of her long-absent husband.
+
+      "'Awake, Penelope, dear child, and see
+    With thine own eyes what thou hast pined for long.
+    Ulysses has returned; thy lord is here,
+    Though late, and he has slain the arrogant crew
+    Of suitors, who disgraced his house, and made
+    His wealth a spoil, and dared insult his son.'"
+
+                       Homer (Bryant's tr.).
+
+But Penelope had too long believed her husband dead to credit this
+marvelous news; and it was only after Ulysses had given her an
+infallible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret which was
+shared by her alone, that she received him.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses' last journey.]
+
+Ulysses was now safe at home, after twenty years of warfare and
+adventure, and at first greatly enjoyed the quiet and peace of his
+home life; but after a while these tame joys grew wearisome, and he
+decided to renew his wanderings. He therefore prepared a fleet, and
+sailed "out into the West," whence he never returned. The Greeks,
+however, averred that he had gone in search of the Isles of the Blest,
+where he dwelt in perfect peace, and enjoyed the constant society of
+heroes as brave and renowned as himself.
+
+                  "'Come, my friends,
+    'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
+    Push off, and sitting well in order smite
+    The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
+    To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
+    Of all the western stars, until I die.
+    It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
+    It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
+    And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
+    Tho' much is taken, much abides: and tho'
+    We are not now that strength which in old days
+    Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;
+    One equal temper of heroic hearts,
+    Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
+    To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.'"
+
+                                   Tennyson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+ADVENTURES OF AENEAS.
+
+
+You have already heard how the Greeks entered the city of Troy in the
+dead of night, massacred the inhabitants, and set fire to the
+beautiful buildings which had been the king's pride and delight. Now
+you shall hear how Virgil relates the escape of some of the Trojans
+from general destruction.
+
+Unconscious of coming danger, AEneas, son of Venus and Anchises, lay
+fast asleep in his palace; but the gods had not doomed him to perish,
+and sent the shade of Hector to warn him in a dream to arise, leave
+the city, and fly to some distant land.
+
+    "'Ah, goddess-born,' he warns me, 'fly!
+    Escape these flames: Greece holds the walls;
+    Proud Ilium from her summit falls.
+    Think not of king's or country's claims:
+    Country and king, alas! are names:
+    Could Troy be saved by hands of men,
+    This hand had saved her then, e'en then.
+    The gods of her domestic shrines
+    That country to your care consigns:
+    Receive them now, to share your fate:
+    Provide them mansions strong and great,
+    The city's walls, which Heaven has willed
+    Beyond the seas you yet shall build.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas goes to save Priam.]
+
+Awakened at last by the ever-increasing tumult without, AEneas seized
+his arms and hastened forth, attended by many of his fellow-citizens,
+to ascertain the cause of the great uproar. A few minutes later he
+discovered that the Greek army had entered the town, and was even now
+killing, plundering, and burning without mercy. The men were all
+slain, but the fairest women were dragged away to be sold as slaves in
+Greece; and among them AEneas beheld in the hands of Agamemnon's
+soldiers the unfortunate daughter of Priam, Cassandra, whom the gods
+had endowed with prophetic powers (p. 310), but whom no one would
+heed.
+
+AEneas, seeing ere long that there was no hope of saving the doomed
+city, quickly disguised himself in a Greek armor which he tore from
+the corpse of one of his foes, and rushed on to the palace, hoping to
+save the aged king, who, at the first alarm, had seized his weapons,
+determined to fight to the very last.
+
+Hecuba, his wife, was clinging to him, imploring him to remain, when
+suddenly Polites, their son, rushed into their presence, closely
+followed by Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, who thrust his
+sword into the youth, and then murdered Priam also.
+
+    "So Priam's fortunes closed at last:
+    So passed he, seeing as he passed
+    His Troy in flames, his royal tower
+    Laid low in dust by hostile power,
+    Who once o'er land and peoples proud
+    Sat, while before him Asia bowed:
+    Now on the shore behold him dead,
+    A nameless trunk, a trunkless head."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+AEneas, who arrived just too late to hinder this frightful catastrophe,
+now suddenly remembered that a similar fate awaited his aged father
+Anchises, his wife Creusa, and little son Iulus, who were at home
+without any protector near them. The hero therefore madly cut his way
+through the foe, and rushed through the once magnificent palace, which
+was now stripped of its rarest treasures and desecrated by an enemy's
+tread.
+
+[Sidenote: Venus appears to AEneas.]
+
+There, in one of the abandoned halls, he saw Helen, the fair cause of
+all this war and bloodshed,--who, after Paris' death, had married
+Deiphobus, his brother,--and for a moment he determined to take her
+life; but ere he could do so, Venus, his mother, stayed his hand, and
+bade him remember that the immortal gods had long ago decreed that the
+city should fall, and that Helen was merely the pretext used to induce
+the rival nations to fly to arms.
+
+Further to convince him of the truth of her assertions, she enabled
+him to see what was hidden from mortal eyes: i.e., Neptune, Minerva,
+Juno, and Jupiter even, fighting and leveling the walls with mighty
+blows. She then vehemently implored her son to leave this scene of
+carnage, and fly, with his family and followers, to some safe place
+without the city, whence he could embark, and sail away to a more
+fortunate land; and her entreaties finally prevailed.
+
+[Sidenote: Anchises' escape.]
+
+AEneas rushed home and bade his father prepare to leave Troy; but
+Anchises obstinately refused to leave his post, until he saw a bright
+flame hover for a moment above his grandson's head, which sign he
+interpreted as an omen that his race should endure. He no longer
+resisted; and, as he was too weak to walk, AEneas bade him hold the
+Lares and Penates, and, taking him on his back, carried him off, while
+with one hand he led his little son, and bade Creusa closely follow
+him.
+
+      "'Come, mount my shoulders, dear my sire:
+    Such load my strength shall never tire.
+    Now, whether fortune smiles or lowers,
+    One risk, one safety shall be ours.
+    My son shall journey at my side,
+    My wife her steps by mine shall guide,
+    At distance safe.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Creusa's ghost.]
+
+A trysting place near a ruined temple had already been appointed for
+his servants, and thither AEneas turned his steps. When he arrived
+there, he found many awaiting him, and counted them carefully to make
+sure none were missing. All were there except Creusa, his beloved
+young wife; and he retraced his steps with anxious haste, hoping to
+find her still alive. But on the threshold of his once happy home he
+met her disembodied spirit, and heard her bid him seek the banks of
+the Tiber, where a beautiful young bride would comfort him for her
+loss. This speech ended, Creusa's ghost vanished, and AEneas sadly
+returned to the ruined temple, where he found many fugitives ready to
+follow him wherever he went, and eager to obey his every command.
+Their preparations for departure were speedily completed, the sails
+unfurled, and the little exiled band soon lost sight of the shores of
+Troy.
+
+    "Weeping I quit the port, the shore,
+    The plains where Ilium stood before,
+    And homeless launch upon the main,
+    Son, friends, and home gods in my train."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Thrace.]
+
+Although they had escaped from burning Troy and the swords of the
+Greeks, their trials had only just begun. After many days' sailing,
+they landed in Thrace, viewed the country, decided to settle there,
+and began to trace the foundations of a new city, which they decided
+to call the AEneadae, in honor of their leader.
+
+Their next care was to offer a sacrifice to the gods; but when AEneas,
+with due ceremony, cut down a sapling, he was startled to see blood
+flow from its severed stem. At the same time a mysterious voice was
+heard, bidding him forbear, for his former friend Polydorus, sent to
+Thrace to conceal some treasures, had been murdered there by an
+avaricious king, and this grove of trees had sprouted from the spear
+handles driven into his unhappy breast.
+
+[Sidenote: Delos and Crete.]
+
+After paying the customary funeral rites to appease the soul of his
+unfortunate friend, AEneas easily prevailed upon his followers to leave
+these inhospitable shores and seek another resting place. They rowed
+over the briny deep until they came to Delos, where they stopped to
+consult the oracle, who bade them seek the cradle of their race, and
+settle there.
+
+      "'Stout Dardan hearts, the realm of earth
+    Where first your nation sprang to birth,
+    That realm shall now receive you back:
+    Go, seek your ancient mother's track.
+    There shall AEneas' house, renewed
+    For ages, rule a world subdued.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+This obscure command left them uncertain what course to pursue, until
+the aged Anchises remembered that one of his ancestors, Teucer, had
+once reigned in Crete. Thither they sailed, and hoped to settle; but a
+terrible pestilence came upon them, and decimated their already sparse
+ranks.
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas' vision.]
+
+One night AEneas had a vision, in which his household gods bade him
+seek the Italian or Hesperian shores; and when, on waking, he imparted
+this advice to Anchises, the latter remembered a long-forgotten
+prophecy of Cassandra, purporting that they would settle there, and
+also that Dardanus, their first progenitor, was reported to have come
+from thence.
+
+    "There is a land, by Greece of old
+    Surnamed Hesperia, rich its mold,
+        Its children brave and free:
+    Oenotrians were its settlers: fame
+    Now gives the race its leader's name,
+        And calls it Italy.
+    Here Dardanus was born, our king,
+    And old Iasius, whence we spring:
+        Here our authentic seat."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Celaeno, the Harpy.]
+
+Ere many days AEneas and his trusty followers were once more afloat,
+and forced to battle with fierce storms sent by Juno to hinder their
+advance. Exhausted, they landed on the Strophades Islands, where they
+proposed to recruit their strength by a hearty meal; but no sooner
+was their table spread, than the meats were devoured and destroyed by
+the loathsome Harpies. A terrible prophecy uttered by Celaeno, one of
+these monsters,--half woman and half bird,--made them embark again in
+great haste, and row on until they came to Epirus, where they again
+effected a landing. In this country they met the sorrowing Andromache,
+Hector's widow, the slave of King Helenus, who entertained them
+royally and sent them on their way again, with many kindly cautions to
+beware of the Cyclopes and avoid Charybdis and Scylla by
+circumnavigating the whole island of Sicily.
+
+[Sidenote: Rescue of Achemenides.]
+
+This advice was duly followed by AEneas, who, while rounding one of the
+promontories of the island, saw and rescued Achemenides, one of
+Ulysses' companions, accidentally left behind when they escaped from
+the rage of Polyphemus, the Cyclops. This giant now came down to the
+shore, and was regarded with unconcealed horror by the Trojans, who
+rowed away in haste. Soon after, AEneas moored his ships in the harbors
+of Sicania and Drepanum, and while there lost his aged father
+Anchises.
+
+                          "There
+    I lose my stay in every care,
+    My sire Anchises!"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+Juno, in the mean while, had not been idle, and gloated over the
+dangers she had forced the unhappy Trojans to encounter during the
+seven years which had already elapsed since they first sailed from
+Troy. She was not yet weary of persecuting them, however; and as soon
+as she saw them once more afloat, she hurried off to AEolus, and bade
+him let loose his fiercest children, and scatter the fleet by a
+terrible storm.
+
+    "'O AEolus! since the Sire of all
+    Has made the wind obey thy call
+        To raise or lay the foam,
+    A race I hate now plows the sea,
+    Transporting Troy to Italy
+        And home gods reft of home:
+    Lash thou thy winds, their ships submerge,
+    Or toss them weltering o'er the surge.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: The tempest.]
+
+This request was immediately granted. The vessels, tossed hither and
+thither, lost sight of each other. Some were stranded, some sank, and
+still the tempest raged on with unabated fury, and death stared the
+unhappy Trojans in the face. The commotion on the deep finally aroused
+Neptune, who came to the surface just in time to see all the
+misfortunes which had overwhelmed AEneas. He imperiously sent the winds
+away, and lent a helping hand to float the stranded ships once more.
+
+    "'Back to your master instant flee,
+    And tell him, not to him but me
+    The imperial trident of the sea
+        Fell by the lot's award.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+The Trojans, grateful for his timely aid, and reassured by the calm
+which now reigned supreme, steered for the nearest port, where they
+anchored their seven vessels, all that now remained of their once
+large fleet.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Libya.]
+
+AEneas and Achates, his faithful friend, immediately set out to view
+the land, and ere long encountered Venus, disguised as a mortal, who
+informed them that they had landed upon the Libyan coast, which was
+under the sway of Dido, a fugitive from Tyre. Dido's husband, Sychaeus,
+King of Tyre, the possessor of untold riches, had been murdered by
+Pygmalion, his brother-in-law; but the queen was kept in complete
+ignorance of this crime, until visited in a dream by the shade of
+Sychaeus, which bade her fly with his treasures, whose place of
+concealment she alone knew.
+
+Dido obeyed the ghost's commands, and, accompanied by a number of
+faithful subjects, landed on the Libyan coast, where she entreated
+the inhabitants to sell her as much land as an ox-hide would inclose.
+This seemingly modest request was immediately granted; but the Libyans
+regretted their compliance when they saw the ox-hide cut up into tiny
+strips, which inclosed a considerable tract of land, the site of
+Dido's beautiful capital, Carthage.
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas and Dido.]
+
+Thither Venus advised her son to proceed and claim the queen's
+protection. AEneas and Achates obediently hastened onward, and entered
+the town unseen, for Venus had enveloped them both in a mist. Their
+attention was first attracted by the festive appearance of the people
+assembled together, and by the beauty of the queen, giving audience to
+some of their companions, who had miraculously escaped from the waves.
+
+These men spoke to the queen of their renowned chief, whose fame had
+already reached her ear; and she gladly promised to send out a search
+party to discover him, and aid him if necessary.
+
+                      "'I will send
+    And search the coast from end to end,
+    If haply, wandering up and down,
+    He bide in woodland or in town.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+At these gracious words, AEneas stepped forward, the mist vanished, and
+he stood before the queen in all his manly beauty.
+
+Dido then led her guests to the banquet hall, where they recounted
+their adventures by land and sea, while partaking of the viands and
+wines set before them. At this feast, Cupid, at Venus' request,
+assumed the face and form of Iulus, AEneas' young son, and, reclining
+on the queen's bosom, secretly thrust one of his darts into her heart,
+and made her fall in love with AEneas.
+
+  [Illustration: AENEAS AT THE COURT OF DIDO.--Guerin.]
+
+Day after day now passed in revelry and pleasure, and still AEneas
+lingered by Dido's side, forgetful of the new kingdom he was destined
+to found. One whole year passed thus; and the gods, impatient of
+delay, finally sent Mercury to remind AEneas of his duty.
+
+To avoid Dido's tears and recriminations, the hero kept his
+preparations for departure a complete secret, and finally set sail
+while she was wrapt in slumber. When she awoke and looked out of her
+palace window, it was only to see the last vessel sink beneath the
+horizon.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Dido.]
+
+Concealing her grief, and pretending an anger she did not feel, she
+bade her servants make a funeral pyre, and place upon it all the
+objects AEneas had used during his sojourn in her palace; then, on top
+of it all, she set an effigy of her false lover, set fire to the pyre,
+sprang into the midst of the flames, and there stabbed herself.
+
+    "'Yet let me die: thus, thus I go
+    Exulting to the shades below.
+    Let the false Dardan feel the blaze
+    That burns me pouring on his gaze,
+    And bear along, to cheer his way,
+    The funeral presage of to-day.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+From the mast of his vessel AEneas saw the rising column of smoke, and
+his heart sank within him; for he suspected its fatal import, and
+honestly mourned the death of the beautiful queen.
+
+[Sidenote: Funeral games.]
+
+The Trojans sailed onward until the threatening clouds made them take
+refuge in the Sicanian port, where they celebrated the usual games to
+commemorate Anchises' death, which had occurred there just one year
+previous. While the men were engaged in the customary naval, foot, and
+horse races, boxing, wrestling, and archery matches, the women
+gathered together, and, instigated by Juno, began to bewail the hard
+lot which compelled them to encounter again the perils of the sea.
+Their discontent ultimately reached such a pitch that they set fire to
+the vessels. When AEneas heard of this new misfortune, he rushed down
+to the shore, tore his costly festal garments, and cried to Heaven
+for assistance in this his time of direst need.
+
+      "'Dread Sire, if Ilium's lorn estate
+    Deserve not yet thine utter hate,
+    If still thine ancient faithfulness
+    Give heed to mortals in distress,
+    Oh, let the fleet escape the flame!
+    Oh, save from death Troy's dying name!'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Apparition of Anchises.]
+
+This prayer was instantly answered by a sudden severe shower, which
+quenched the devouring flames. Soon after this miracle, Anchises
+appeared to AEneas, and bade him leave the women, children, and aged
+men in Sicily, and travel on to Cumae, where he was to consult the
+Sibyl, visit the Infernal Regions, and there receive further advice
+from him.
+
+    "First seek the halls of Dis below,
+    Pass deep Avernus' vale, and meet
+    Your father in his own retreat."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+AEneas again dutifully obeyed; but when Venus saw him afloat once more,
+she hastened to Neptune, and bade him watch over her unfortunate son.
+Neptune listened very graciously to her appeal, and promised to take
+but one of all the many lives intrusted to his care. That one was
+AEneas' pilot, Palinurus, who, falling asleep at the helm, fell
+overboard and was drowned.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cumaean Sibyl.]
+
+As for the fleet, it reached the Cumaean shore in safety; and AEneas
+hastened off to the Sibyl's cave, made known his wish to visit Hades,
+and entreated her to serve as his guide in that perilous journey. She
+consented, but at the same time informed him that he must first obtain
+a golden twig, which grew in a dark forest.
+
+      "None may reach the shades without
+    The passport of that golden sprout."
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+  [Illustration: CUMAEAN SIBYL.--Domenichino. (Borghese Gallery, Rome.)]
+
+Almost despairing, AEneas now prayed for assistance; for how could he
+find a tiny golden sprig in the midst of the dense forest foliage
+without the gods' aid? In answer to this appeal, Venus, ever mindful
+of her son, sent two of her snowy doves to lead the way and alight on
+the tree, where AEneas readily found the object of his search.
+
+Armed with this branch as key, he and the Sibyl boldly entered the
+Lower Regions, where all the ghastly sights and sounds we have already
+described (p. 167) met them on every side. Charon quickly ferried them
+over the Acheron, on whose bank they saw the wandering shade of
+Palinurus, who had no obolus to pay his way across, and that of Dido,
+with a gaping wound in her breast.
+
+They did not pause, however, until they reached the Elysian Fields,
+where they found Anchises, gravely considering among the unborn souls
+those who were destined to animate his race and make it illustrious in
+the future. These he carefully pointed out to AEneas, foretelling their
+future achievements, and called by name Romulus, Brutus, Camillus, the
+Gracchi, Caesar,--in fact, all the heroes of Roman history.
+
+    "Anchises showed AEneas, in long line,
+    The illustrious shades of those who were to shine
+    One day the glory of the Italian shore."
+
+                           Tomas de Iriarte.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival in Latium.]
+
+After a prolonged conversation with his father, AEneas returned to his
+companions, and led them to the mouth of the Tiber, whose course they
+followed until they reached Latium, where their wanderings were to
+cease. Latinus, king of the country, received them hospitably, and
+promised the hand of his daughter Lavinia in marriage to AEneas.
+
+Lavinia was very beautiful, and had already had many suitors, among
+whom Turnus, a neighboring prince, boasted of the most exalted rank.
+The queen, Amata, specially favored this youth's suit; and the king
+would gladly have received him for a son-in-law, had he not twice
+been warned by the gods to reserve his daughter for a foreign prince,
+who had now appeared.
+
+In spite of all the years which had elapsed since Paris scorned her
+attractions and bribes (p. 307), Juno had not yet forgotten her hatred
+of the Trojan race, and, afraid lest her enemy's course should now
+prove too smooth, she sent Alecto, the Fury, down upon earth to stir
+up war, and goad Amata to madness. The Fury executed both commands,
+and Amata fled to the woods, where she concealed her daughter Lavinia,
+to keep her safe for Turnus, whom she preferred to AEneas.
+
+[Sidenote: War with the Latins.]
+
+As Iulus and some companions had unfortunately wounded the pet stag of
+Silvia, daughter of the head shepherd, a brawl ensued, which, fomented
+by Alecto, soon developed into a bloody war. Hostilities having thus
+begun, Turnus, with the various Latin chiefs, immediately besought
+Latinus to open the gates of Janus' temple. He refused; but Juno,
+afraid lest even now her plans might be set at naught, came down from
+Olympus, and with her own hand flung wide the brazen doors. This
+unexpected apparition kindled a general ardor; new troops enlisted;
+and even Camilla, the Volscian warrior-maiden, came to proffer her aid
+to Turnus.
+
+    "Last marches forth for Latium's sake
+      Camilla fair, the Volscian maid,
+    A troop of horsemen in her wake
+      In pomp of gleaming steel arrayed;
+    Stern warrior queen!"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: Story of Camilla.]
+
+When but a babe in arms, Camilla had been carried off by her father,
+as he fled before the Volscian troops. When he came to the Amasenus
+River, he found his pursuers close at his heels. Tying his infant
+daughter to his spear, he hurled her to the opposite bank, which,
+thanks to Diana's aid, she reached unharmed, while her father plunged
+into the waves to join her. In his gratitude to find her safe, he
+dedicated her to Diana, who trained her to love the chase and all
+manly pursuits.
+
+Surprised to see Latinus' friendly offers of hospitality so suddenly
+withdrawn, AEneas made rapid preparations for war, and sailed farther
+up the Tiber to secure the aid of Evander, king of the Tuscans, the
+hereditary foe of the Latins. This monarch, too old to lead his troops
+in person, nevertheless promised his aid, and sent his beloved son
+Pallas in his stead to command the troops he supplied.
+
+[Sidenote: Nisus and Euryalus.]
+
+Juno, still implacable, had in the mean while sent Iris to apprise
+Turnus of AEneas' departure, and to urge him to set fire to the
+remainder of the fleet,--a suggestion which Turnus joyfully obeyed.
+The Trojans, headed by young Iulus, AEneas' son, defended themselves
+with their usual courage; but, seeing the enemy would soon overpower
+them, they dispatched Nisus and Euryalus, two of their number, to warn
+AEneas of their danger, and entreat him to hasten up with his
+reenforcements. These unfortunate youths passed through the camp
+unseen, but farther on fell into the hands of a troop of Volscian
+horsemen, who cruelly put them to death, and then hurried with the
+Rutules to lend assistance to Turnus. Next some of the Trojan vessels
+were fired by the enemy; but, instead of being consumed by the flames,
+they were changed into water nymphs by the intervention of the gods,
+and, sailing down the Tiber, met AEneas, and warned him to hasten to
+his son's rescue.
+
+    "His vessels change their guise,
+    And each and all as Nereids rise."
+
+                                     Virgil.
+
+[Sidenote: The armor.]
+
+In the mean while, Venus, who befriended the Trojans, had sought
+Vulcan's detested abode, and had prevailed upon him to forge a
+beautiful armor for AEneas. On the shield, which is minutely described
+in one of the books of Virgil's celebrated epic poem, the AEneid, were
+depicted many of the stirring scenes in the lives of the future
+descendants of AEneas, the heroes of Roman history. As soon as this
+armor was completed, Venus brought it to her son, who donned it with
+visible pleasure, and, encouraged by his mother's words, prepared to
+meet the Latins and hold his own.
+
+Venus and Juno were not the only deities interested in the coming
+struggle; for all the gods, having watched AEneas' career, were anxious
+about his fate. Seeing this, and fearful lest their interference
+should still further endanger the hero whom he favored, Jupiter
+assembled the gods on high Olympus, and sternly forbade their taking
+any active part in the coming strife, under penalty of his severe
+displeasure.
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas' arrival.]
+
+AEneas and his Tuscan allies arrived on the battle scene just in time
+to give the necessary support to the almost exhausted Trojans; and now
+the fight raged more fiercely than ever, and prodigies of valor were
+accomplished on both sides, until finally young Pallas fell, slain by
+Turnus. When aware of the death of this promising young prince, AEneas'
+heart was filled with grief, for he could imagine the sorrow of the
+aged Evander when he saw his son's corpse brought home for burial; and
+he then and there registered a solemn vow to avenge Pallas' death by
+slaying Turnus, and immediately hastened forth to keep his word.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno's treachery.]
+
+In the mean while, Juno, suspecting what his purpose would be, and
+afraid to allow Turnus to encounter such a formidable antagonist as
+AEneas, had determined to lure her favorite away from the field. To
+compass this, she assumed the form of AEneas, challenged Turnus, and,
+as soon as he began the fight, fled toward the river, and took refuge
+on one of the vessels, closely pursued by him. No sooner did she see
+the Rutule chief safe on board, than she loosed the vessel from its
+moorings, and allowed it to drift down the stream, bearing Turnus away
+from the scene of battle. Aware now of the delusion practiced, Turnus
+raved, and accused the gods, and then eagerly watched for an
+opportunity to land, and make his way, alone and on foot, back to the
+scene of conflict.
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas' prowess.]
+
+During Turnus' involuntary absence, AEneas had ranged all over the
+battlefield in search of him, and had encountered and slain many
+warriors, among others Lausus and his aged father Mezentius, two
+allies of Latinus, who had specially distinguished themselves by their
+great valor. The dead and dying covered the field, when Latinus, weary
+of bloodshed, summoned a council, and again vainly tried to make
+peace. But his efforts were of no avail. The war was renewed more
+fiercely than ever; and in the next encounter, Camilla, the brave
+Volscian maiden, fell at last, breathing a fervent entreaty that
+Turnus should hasten to the succor of his despairing people if he
+would not see them all slain and the town in the hands of the Trojans.
+
+    "'Go: my last charge to Turnus tell,
+    To haste with succor, and repel
+    The Trojans from the town--farewell.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas' wound.]
+
+Shortly after her death, in the very midst of the fray, AEneas suddenly
+felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious hand. He
+hastened to seek the aid of the leech Iapis; but, in spite of his
+ministrations, the barb could not be removed nor the wound dressed,
+until Venus brought a magic herb, which instantly healed the hero, and
+enabled him to return to the fight with unabated strength and energy.
+
+The tide was now decidedly turning in favor of the Trojans; for Amata,
+the Latin queen, sorry for her ill-advised opposition to her
+daughter's marriage with AEneas, brought Lavinia home and hung herself
+in a fit of remorse.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Turnus.]
+
+AEneas, appearing once more on the battlefield, finally encountered the
+long-sought Turnus, who had made his way back, and was now driving
+about in his chariot, jealously guarded by his sister Juturna, who,
+the better to watch over his safety, had taken the place of his
+chariot driver. The two heroes, having met, instantly closed in deadly
+fight; but, in spite of Turnus' bravery, he was finally obliged to
+succumb, and sank to the ground, frankly acknowledging himself beaten
+as he exhaled his last sigh.
+
+    "'Yours is the victory: Latian bands
+    Have seen me stretch imploring hands:
+    The bride Lavinia is your own:
+    Thus far let foeman's hate be shown.'"
+
+                   Virgil (Conington's tr.).
+
+[Sidenote: AEneas' progeny.]
+
+With the death of Turnus the war came to an end. A lasting peace was
+made with Latinus; and the brave Trojan hero, whose woes were now
+over, was united in marriage with Lavinia. In concert with Latinus, he
+ruled the Latins, and founded a city, which he called Lavinia in honor
+of his bride, and which became for a time the capital of Latium.
+
+AEneas, as the gods had predicted, became the father of a son named
+AEneas Silvia, who founded Alba Longa, where his descendants reigned
+for many a year, and where one of his race, the Vestal Virgin Ilia,
+after marrying Mars, gave birth to Remus and Romulus, the founders of
+Rome (p. 142).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+ANALYSIS OF MYTHS.
+
+    "I shall indeed interpret all that I can, but I cannot
+    interpret all that I should like."--_Grimm._
+
+
+[Sidenote: Early theories.]
+
+In attempting an analysis of the foregoing myths, and an explanation
+of their origin, it is impossible, in a work of this kind, to do more
+than give a very superficial idea of the scientific theories of
+various eminent mythologists, who, on this subject, like doctors, are
+sure to disagree.
+
+These myths, comprising "the entire intellectual stock of the age to
+which they belonged," existed as "floating talk among the people" long
+ere they passed into the literature of the nation; and while to us
+mythology is merely "an affair of historical or antiquarian study, we
+must remember that the interpretation of myths was once a thing full
+of vital interest to men whose moral and religious beliefs were deeply
+concerned." Received at first with implicit faith, these myths became
+a stumbling block as civilization advanced. Cultured man recoiled from
+much of the grossness which had appeared quite natural to his
+ancestors in a savage state, and made an attempt to find out their
+primitive meaning, or an explanation which would satisfy his purer
+taste.
+
+With the latter object in view, the sages and writers of old
+interpreted all that seemed "silly and senseless" in mythology as
+physical allegories,--a system subsequently carried to extremes by
+many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of evading Christian
+satire.
+
+Learned men have also explained these selfsame myths as historical
+facts disguised as metaphors, or as moral allegories, which the choice
+of Hercules (p. 218) undoubtedly is. Euhemerus (316 B.C.) was the
+pioneer of the former theory, and Bacon an exponent of the latter.
+Euhemerus' method was exaggerated by his disciples, who declared Zeus
+was merely a king of Crete; his war with the giants, an attempt to
+repress a sedition; Danae's shower of gold (p. 240), the money with
+which her guards were bribed; Prometheus, a maker of clay images,
+"whence it was hyperbolically said he created man out of clay;" and
+Atlas, an astronomer, who was therefore spoken of as supporting the
+weight of the heavens. This mode of interpretation was carried to such
+an extreme that it became ridiculous, and the inevitable reaction took
+place. In the course of time, however, the germ of truth it contained
+was again brought to light; and very few persons now refuse to believe
+that some of the heroic myths have some slight historical basis, the
+"silly and senseless" element being classed as accretions similar to
+the fabulous tales attached to the indubitably historical name of
+Charlemagne. During the seventeenth century, some philosophers,
+incited by "the resemblance between biblical narrative and ancient
+myths, came to the conclusion that the Bible contained a pure and the
+myths a distorted form of an original revelation." But within the past
+century new theories have gradually gained ground: for the
+philologists have attempted to prove that the myths arose from a
+"disease of language;" while the anthropologists, basing their theory
+on comparative mythology, declare "it is man, it is human thought and
+human language combined, which naturally and necessarily produced the
+strange conglomerate of ancient fable."
+
+[Sidenote: Modern theories.]
+
+As these two last-named schools have either successfully confuted or
+incorporated the theories of all their predecessors, a brief outline
+of their respective beliefs will not be out of place. While philology
+compares only the "myths of races which speak languages of the same
+family" (as will shortly be demonstrated), anthropology resorts to all
+folklore, and seeks for the origin of myths, not in language, which
+it considers only as a subordinate cause, but in the "condition of
+thought through which all races have passed."
+
+[Sidenote: Anthropological theory.]
+
+The anthropologists, or comparative mythologists, do not deny that
+during the moderate allowance of two hundred and fifty thousand years,
+which they allot to the human race on earth, the myths may have spread
+from a single center, and either by migration, or by slave or wife
+stealing, or by other natural or accidental methods, may have
+"wandered all around the globe;" but they principally base their
+arguments on the fact that just as flint arrowheads are found in all
+parts of the world, differing but slightly in form and manufacture, so
+the myths of all nations "resemble each other, because they were
+formed to meet the same needs, out of the same materials."
+
+They argue that this similarity exists, "not because the people came
+from the same stock" (which is the philologist's view), "but because
+they passed through the same savage intellectual condition." By
+countless examples taken from the folklore of all parts of the earth,
+they prove that the savage considers himself akin to beasts (generally
+to the one whose image is used as a tribal or family badge or totem),
+and "regards even plants, inanimate objects, and the most abstract
+phenomena, as persons with human parts and passions." To the savage,
+"sun, moon, and stars are persons, but savage persons;" and, as he
+believes "many of his own tribe fellows to have the power of assuming
+the form of animals," he concedes the same privilege and power to sun,
+moon, and stars, etc. This school further prove that all pre-Christian
+religions have idols representing beasts, that all mythologies
+represent the gods as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare,
+that, although the Greeks were a thoroughly civilized people, we can
+still find in their mythology and religion "abundant survivals of
+savage manners and savage myths." They claim, that, during the
+myth-making age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an
+intellectual level with the present Australian Bushmen, and that
+"everything in civilized mythologies which we regard as irrational,
+seems only part of the accepted and rational order of things to the
+contemporary savages, and in the past seemed equally rational and
+natural to savages concerning whom we have historical information." Of
+course it is difficult, not to say impossible, for civilized man to
+put himself in the savage's place, and regard things from his point of
+view. The nearest approach to primitive intelligence which comes under
+our immediate observation is the working of the minds of small
+children, who, before they can talk intelligibly, whip the table or
+chair against which they have bumped their heads, and later on delight
+in weaving the most extraordinary tales. A little four-year-old seized
+a book and began to "read a story;" that is to say, to improvise a
+very improbable and highly colored tale of a pony. Forced to pause
+from lack of breath, she resumed the thread of her narrative with the
+words, "Now, this dog;" and, when it was suggested that the story was
+about a pony, she emphatically replied, "Well, this pony was a dog,"
+and continued. Now, either because she perceived that the
+transformation had attracted attention, or to satisfy the childish
+inborn taste for the marvelous, in the course of the next few minutes
+the pony underwent as many transformations as Proteus, all of which
+apparently seemed perfectly natural to her. The anthropologists
+explain the tales of the various transformations of Jupiter and his
+animal progeny "as in many cases survivals of the totemistic belief in
+descent from beasts," while the mythologists explain them as
+"allegories of the fruitful union of heaven and earth, of rain and
+grain." The former school also declare that the myth of Cupid and
+Psyche, which has its parallel in stories found in all parts of the
+world, was invented to explain curious marriage customs (for in some
+countries it is unlawful for the husband to see his wife's face until
+after she has given birth to her first child, and in others a wife may
+not speak her husband's name): the latter school interpret the same
+myth as a beautiful allegory of the soul and the union of faith and
+love.
+
+[Sidenote: Philological theory.]
+
+The philologists' interpretation of myths is not only the most
+accredited at the present time, but also the most poetical. We
+therefore give a brief synopsis of their theory, together with an
+analysis, from their point of view, of the principal myths told at
+length in the course of this work. According to this school, "myths
+are the result of a disease of language, as the pearl is the result of
+a disease of the oyster;" the key to all mythologies lies in language;
+and the original names of the gods, "ascertained by comparative
+philology, will be found, as a rule, to denote elemental or physical
+phenomena," that is, phenomena of the sunshine, the clouds, rain,
+winds, fire, etc.
+
+To make their process of reasoning plain, it should be explained, that
+as French, Spanish, and Italian are derived from the Latin, even so
+Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit have a common source in a much older
+language; that, even if Latin were entirely lost, the similarity of
+the word "bridge," for instance (_pons_ in Latin), in French (_pont_),
+in Spanish (_puente_), and in Italian (_ponte_), would justify the
+conclusion that these terms had their origin in a common language, and
+that the people who spoke it were familiar with bridges, which they
+evidently called by some name phonetically the same.
+
+Further to prove their position, they demonstrate the similarity of
+the most common words in all the languages of the same family, showing
+(as is the case with the word "father" in the accompanying table) that
+they undergo but few changes in sixteen different languages.
+
+    Sanskrit, _pitri_.
+    Zend, _paitar_.
+    Persian, _pader_.
+    Erse, _athair_.
+    Italian, _padre_.
+    Spanish, _padre_.
+    French, _pere_.
+    Saxon, _faeder_.
+    Latin, _pater_.
+    Greek, pronounced _paetair_.
+    Gothic, _vatar_.
+    German, _vater_.
+    Dutch, _fader_.
+    Danish, _fader_.
+    Swedish, _fader_.
+    English, _father_.
+
+The most learned of all these philologists argues that during the
+first or Rhematic period, there existed a tribe in Central Asia which
+spoke a monosyllabic language, in which lay the germs of the Turanian,
+Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This Rhematic period was followed
+by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, when, little by little, the
+languages "received once for all that peculiar impress of their
+formative system which we still find in all the dialects and national
+idioms comprised under the name of Aryan or Semitic;" that is to say,
+in the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Roman, Celt, Slav, and Teutonic
+languages, and in some three thousand kindred dialects.
+
+After the Agglutinative period, and previous to the National era and
+"the appearance of the first traces of literature," he places "a
+period represented everywhere by the same characteristic features,
+called the Mythological or Mythopoeic age."
+
+It was during this period that the main part of the vast fund of
+mythic lore is supposed to have crystallized; for primitive man,
+knowing nothing whatever of physical laws, cause and effect, and the
+"necessary regularity of things," yet seeking an explanation of the
+natural phenomena, described them in the only way possible to him, and
+attributed to all inanimate objects his own sentiments and passions,
+fancying them influenced by the same things, in the same way. This
+tendency to personify or animate everything is universal among
+savages, who are nothing but men in the primitive state; and "in early
+philosophy throughout the world, the sun, moon, and stars are alive,
+and, as it were, human in their nature." "Poetry has so far kept alive
+in our minds the old animative theory of nature, that it is no great
+effort in us to fancy the waterspout a huge giant or a sea monster,
+and to depict, in what we call appropriate metaphor, its march across
+the field of ocean."
+
+As the names of the Greek gods and heroes have in a great measure been
+found to correspond with the Sanskrit names of physical things, we
+have been able to read some of the first thoughts of primitive man;
+and "the obvious meaning" of many words "did much to preserve vestiges
+of plain sense in classic legend, in spite of all the efforts of the
+commentators."
+
+According to the philologists, therefore, these thoughts had already
+assumed a definite form in the remote epoch when many nations, now
+scattered over the face of the earth, occupied the same country, spoke
+the same language, and formed but one people. Of course, "as long as
+such beings as Heaven or Sun are consciously talked of in mythic
+language, the meaning of their legends is open to no question, and the
+action ascribed to them will as a rule be natural and appropriate;"
+but with the gradual diffusion of this one people to various parts of
+the earth, the original meaning of these words was entirely lost, and
+they came to be looked upon eventually simply as the names of deities
+or heroes--very much in the way that the word "good-by" has long
+survived its original form as a conscious prayer, "God be with you!"
+and the word "ostracism" has lost all connection with an oyster shell.
+
+The primitive meaning of a myth died away with the original meaning of
+a word; and it is because "the Greek had forgotten that Zeus (Jupiter)
+meant 'the bright sky,' that he could make him king" over a company of
+manlike deities on Olympus.
+
+We can best explain how the many anomalies occur, and how the myths
+got so tangled up together that now it is almost impossible to
+disentangle them and trace them back to their original meanings, by
+comparing their descent through the ages to the course of a snowball,
+which, rolling down a mountain side, gathers to itself snow, earth,
+rocks, etc., until, in the vast agglomeration of kindred and foreign
+substances, the original nucleus is entirely lost to sight.
+
+The fact that there are many different myths to explain the same
+phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying,
+"circumstances alter cases." Thus the heat of the sun, for example, so
+beneficial at certain times, may prove baleful and injurious at
+others.
+
+The philologists, who believe that all myths (except the imitative
+myths, of which the tale of Berenice is a fair example) were
+originally nature myths, have divided them into a few large classes,
+which include the myths of the sky, the sun, dawn, daylight, night,
+moon, earth, sea, clouds, fire, wind, and finally those of the
+underworld and of the demons of drought and darkness.
+
+
+SKY MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Uranus.]
+
+Taking them in the order in which they are presented in this work, we
+find among the myths of the sky, Uranus, whose name, like that of the
+old Hindoo god Varuna, is derived from the Sanskrit root _var_ ("to
+veil, conceal, or cover"). This god was therefore a personification of
+the heavens, which are spread out like a veil, and cover all the
+earth; and we are further told that he hurled the thunder and
+lightning, his Cyclop children, down from his abode into the abyss
+called Tartarus.
+
+[Sidenote: Jupiter.]
+
+Zeus (or Jupiter), whose name is the same as the Hindoo Dyaus Pitar,
+the god and personification of the bright sky or the heavens, has
+likewise been traced to the Sanskrit root _div_ or _dyu_, meaning "to
+shine;" and there is also a noun _dyu_ in that language which means
+either "sky" or "day." In early times the name was applied to the one
+God, and was therefore "retained by the Greeks and all other kindred
+people to express all they felt toward God;" but as the word also
+meant the visible sky, with its ever-changing aspect, some of the
+phrases used to describe it came, in the course of time, to denote
+vile and fickle actions, and apparently inconsistent behavior.
+
+[Sidenote: Juno.]
+
+The name of Hera (or Juno), the heavenly light, and therefore the
+complement and consort of the sky, is supposed to be derived from the
+Sanskrit _soar_ ("the bright sky") and _surya_ ("the sun"); and all
+the manifold changes which at first merely denoted the varying
+atmosphere, by being personified, gradually gave the impression of the
+jealous, capricious, vengeful person whom poets and writers have taken
+pleasure in depicting ever since.
+
+[Sidenote: Argus.]
+
+Another personification of the sky, this time under the nocturnal and
+starry aspect, is Argus, whose many bright eyes never closed all at
+once, but kept constant watch over the moon (Io)--confided to his care
+by the heavenly light (Juno)--until at last their beams were quenched
+by the wind and rain (Mercury).
+
+
+SUN AND DAWN MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Europa.]
+
+The myths of the sun, from which it is almost impossible to separate
+those of the dawn, are probably more numerous than any others, and
+have some main features of resemblance in all cases. The first sun
+myth mentioned in the course of this work is the story of Europa, in
+which Europa is "the broad spreading light," born in Phoenicia (the
+"purple land of morn"), the child of Telephassa ("she who shines from
+afar"), carried away from her eastern birthplace by the sky (Jupiter),
+closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus), who, after passing
+through many lands, slays a dragon (the usual demon of drought or
+darkness), and sets (dies) at last without having ever overtaken the
+light of dawn (Europa).
+
+[Sidenote: Apollo.]
+
+Apollo, whose name of Helios is pure Greek for "the sun," had
+therefore not lost all physical significance for the Hellenic race,
+who worshiped in him the radiant personification of the orb of day.
+Another of his appellations, Phoebus ("the lord of life and light"),
+still further emphasizes his character; and we are informed that he
+was born of the sky (Jupiter) and of the dark night (Leto), in the
+"bright land" (Delos), whence he daily starts on his westward journey.
+
+Like all other solar heroes, Apollo is beautiful and golden-haired,
+radiant and genial, armed with unerring weapons, which he wields for
+good or evil, as the mood sways him. He is forced to labor, against
+his will at times, for the benefit of man, as, for instance, when he
+serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the cattle, by which he evidently
+sets such store, are the fleecy clouds, pasturing "in the infinite
+meadows of heaven," whose full udders drop down rain and fatness upon
+the land, which are stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the
+storm demon (Cacus), or the impious companions of Ulysses, who pay for
+their sacrilegious temerity with their lives.
+
+[Sidenote: Coronis.]
+
+The sun's affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for Coronis,
+who, however beloved, falls beneath his bright darts; and, as "the
+sun was regarded naturally as the restorer of life" after the
+blighting influence of winter and disease, so their offspring
+(AEsculapius) was naturally supposed to have been endowed with
+marvelous curative powers.
+
+The sun, for the same reason, was supposed to wage continual warfare
+against cold, sickness, and disease, and to use his bright beams or
+arrows against the demon of drought, darkness, or illness (Python),
+which in some form or other inevitably appears in every solar myth.
+
+[Sidenote: Daphne.]
+
+In the story of Daphne, a name derived from _Dahana_, the Sanskrit
+_dawn_, we find another version of the same story, where the sun,
+although enamored with the dawn, causes her death. As some
+mythologists have interpreted it, Daphne is a personification of the
+morning dew, which vanishes beneath the sun's hot breath, and leaves
+no trace of its passage except in the luxuriant verdure.
+
+[Sidenote: Cephalus and Procris.]
+
+In Cephalus and Procris the sun again appears, and his unerring spear
+unwittingly causes the death of his beloved Procris "while she lingers
+in a thicket (a place where the dew lingers longest)." This
+interpretation has been further confirmed by philological researches,
+which prove that the name "Procris" originated from a Sanskrit word
+meaning "to sprinkle;" and the stories evidently arose from three
+simple phrases,--"'the sun loves the dew,' 'the morning loves the
+sun,' and 'the sun kills the dew.'"
+
+[Sidenote: Orpheus and Eurydice.]
+
+In the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice, while some mythologists see in
+him a personification of the winds, which "tear up trees as they
+course along, chanting their wild music," others see an emblem of "the
+morning, with its short-lived beauty." Eurydice, whose name, like that
+of Europa, comes from a Sanskrit word denoting "the broad spreading
+flush of the dawn across the sky," is, of course, a personification of
+that light, slain by "the serpent of darkness at twilight."
+
+Orpheus is also sometimes considered as the sun, plunging into an
+abyss of darkness, in hopes of overtaking the vanishing dawn,
+Eurydice; and as the light (Eurydice) reappears opposite the place
+where he disappeared, but is no more seen after the sun himself has
+fairly risen, "they say that Orpheus has turned around too soon to
+look at her, and so was parted from the wife he loved so dearly."
+
+His death in the forest, when his strength had all forsaken him, and
+his severed head floated down the stream murmuring "Eurydice," may
+also, perchance, have been intended to represent either the last faint
+breath of the expiring wind, or the setting of the sun in blood-tinged
+clouds.
+
+[Sidenote: Phaeton.]
+
+In the story of Phaeton, whose name means "the bright and shining
+one," a description of the golden palace and car of the sun is given
+us. We are told that the venturesome young charioteer, by usurping his
+father's place, causes incalculable mischief, and, in punishment for
+his mismanagement of the solar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is
+hurled from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of
+Jupiter.
+
+"This story arose from phrases which spoke of drought as caused by the
+chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who knew not how to guide
+his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton by the bolt of Zeus is the
+ending of the time of drought by a sudden storm of thunder."
+
+[Sidenote: Endymion.]
+
+The story of Diana and Endymion has also been interpreted as a sun
+myth, in which the name "Endymion" refers specially to the dying or
+setting sun, who sinks to rest on Mount Latmus ("the land of
+forgetfulness," derived from the same root as "Leto"). Mueller, the
+great authority in philology, tells us, that, in the ancient poetical
+and proverbial language of Elis, people said, "Selene loves and
+watches Endymion," instead of saying, "It is getting late;" "Selene
+embraces Endymion," instead of, "The sun is setting and the moon is
+rising;" "Selene kisses Endymion into sleep," instead of, "It is
+night."
+
+These expressions remained long after their real meaning had ceased
+to be understood; and, as the human mind is generally as anxious for a
+reason as ready to invent one, a story arose without any conscious
+effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad loved by a young
+maiden, Selene.
+
+[Sidenote: Adonis.]
+
+In the story of Adonis some mythologists find another sun myth, in
+which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain by the boar, the demon of
+darkness, and passionately mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus),
+who utterly refuses to exist without him.
+
+[Sidenote: Tantalus.]
+
+In the story of Tantalus (the sun), who in time of drought offers to
+Jupiter the flesh of his own offspring, Pelops (the withered fruits),
+and in punishment for his impiety is doomed to hunger and torturing
+thirst, we have again merely a story founded upon an expression used
+in time of drought, when the sun's heat, becoming too intense, burns
+up the fruit his fostering rays had produced, and men exclaimed,
+"Tantalus is slaying and roasting his own child!"
+
+[Sidenote: Sisyphus.]
+
+In the same way the stone which Sisyphus painfully forced up a steep
+ascent, only to see it go rolling down and plunge into a dark abyss
+enveloped in a great cloud of dust, has been interpreted to represent
+the sun, which is no "sooner pushed up to the zenith, than it rolls
+down to the horizon."
+
+[Sidenote: Ixion.]
+
+The name of Ixion has been identified with the Sanskrit word
+_Akshanah_, denoting one who is bound to a wheel, and has been proved
+akin "to the Greek _axon_, the Latin _axis_, and the English _axle_."
+This whirling wheel of fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was
+bound by order of Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insult Juno (the
+queen of the blue air); while Dia, his wife, is the dawn, the
+counterpart of Europa, Coronis, Daphne, Procris, Eurydice, and Venus,
+in the foregoing illustrations.
+
+[Sidenote: Hercules.]
+
+One of the greatest of all the solar heroes is doubtless the demigod
+Hercules, born at Argos (a word signifying "brightness") from the sky
+(Jupiter) and the dawn (Alcmene), who, in early infancy, throttles
+the serpents of darkness, and who, with untiring strength and
+patience, plods through life, never resting, and always on his journey
+performing twelve great tasks, interpreted to represent either the
+twelve signs of the Zodiac, or the twelve months of the solar year, or
+the twelve hours of daylight.
+
+[Sidenote: Iole.]
+
+Like Apollo and Cadmus, Hercules is forced to labor for mankind
+against his will. We see him early in life united to Megara, and, like
+Tantalus, slaying his own offspring in a sudden fit of madness. He
+loves and is soon forced to leave Iole, the violet-colored clouds. He
+performs great deeds, slays innumerable demons of drought and darkness
+on his way, and visits the enchanted land of the Hesperides,--a symbol
+of the western sky and clouds at sunset.
+
+[Sidenote: Deianeira.]
+
+The main part of his life is spent with Deianeira ("the destroying
+spouse"), a personification of the daylight; but toward the end of his
+career he again encounters Iole, now the beautiful twilight. It is
+then that Deianeira (the daylight), jealous of her rival's charms,
+sends him the bloody Nessus robe, which he has no sooner donned, than
+he tears it from his bleeding limbs, ascends the burning pile, and
+ends his career in one grand blaze,--the emblem of the sun setting in
+a framework of flaming crimson clouds.
+
+Like all solar heroes, he too has unerring poisoned weapons ("the word
+_ios_, 'a spear,' is the same in sound as the word _ios_, 'poison'"),
+of which he is shorn only at death.
+
+[Sidenote: Perseus.]
+
+Perseus also belongs to this category of myths. Danae, his mother,
+either the earth (_dano_ means "burnt earth") or the dawn, a daughter
+of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos (brightness). Loved by
+Jupiter, the all-embracing sky, she gives birth to the golden-haired
+Perseus, a personification of the radiant orb of day; and he, like
+many another solar hero, is cast adrift immediately after his birth,
+owing to an ominous prophecy that he will slay the darkness from which
+he originally sprang.
+
+As soon as Perseus attains manhood, he is forced to journey against
+his will into the distant land of the mists (the Graeae), and conquer
+the terrible Medusa, "the starlit night, solemn in its beauty, but
+doomed to die when the sun rises." He accomplishes this by means of
+his irresistible sword, the piercing rays of the sun, and then passes
+on to encounter the monster of drought, and to marry Andromeda,
+another personification of the dawn, the offspring of Celeus and
+Cassiopeia, who also represent night and darkness.
+
+In company with Andromeda, Perseus, whose name also signifies "the
+destroyer," revisits his native land, and fulfills the prophecy by
+slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he originally sprang.
+
+[Sidenote: Theseus.]
+
+In the Athenian solar myth, Theseus is the sun, born of AEgeus (the
+sea, derived from _aisso_, "to move quickly like the waves") and AEthra
+(the pure air). He lingers in his birthplace, Troezene, until he has
+acquired strength enough to wield his invincible sword, then journeys
+onward in search of his father, performing countless great deeds for
+the benefit of mankind. He slays the Minotaur, the terrible monster of
+darkness, and carries off the dawn (Ariadne); whom he is, however,
+forced to abandon shortly after on the Island of Naxos.
+
+In his subsequent career we find him the involuntary cause of his
+father's death, then warring against the Centaurs (personifications of
+the clouds, through which the victorious sun is sometimes forced to
+fight his way), then again plunging for a short space of time into the
+depths of Tartarus, whence he emerges once more; and finally we see
+him uniting his fate to Phaedra (the twilight), a sister of the
+beautiful dawn he loved in his youth. He ends his eventful career by
+being hurled headlong from a cliff into the sea,--an emblem of the
+sun, which often seems to plunge into the waves at eventide.
+
+[Sidenote: Argonauts.]
+
+In the story of the Argonautic expedition we have Athamas, who marries
+Nephele (the mist). Their children are Phryxus and Helle (the cold and
+warm air, or personifications of the clouds), carried off to the far
+east by the ram--whose golden fleece was but an emblem of the rays of
+the sun--to enable them to escape from the baleful influence of their
+stepmother Ino (the broad daylight), who would fain encompass their
+destruction.
+
+[Sidenote: Medea.]
+
+Helle, an emblem of the condensation of vapor, falls from her exalted
+seat into the sea, where she is lost. The ship Argo "is a symbol of
+the earth as a parent, which contains in itself the germs of all
+living things." Its crew is composed mainly of solar heroes, all in
+quest of the golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers
+by the aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dragon (the demon of
+drought). AEetes, Medea's father, is a personification of the darkness,
+which vainly attempts to recover his children, the dawn and light (?),
+after they have been borne away by the all-conquering sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Glauce.]
+
+Glauce (the broad daylight) next charms Jason; and the poisoned robe
+which causes her death is woven by Medea, now the evening twilight,
+who mounts her dragon car and flies to the far east, forsaking her
+husband (the sun) in his old age, when he is about to sink into the
+sleep of death.
+
+[Sidenote: Meleager.]
+
+Meleager is also a solar hero. After joining the Argonautic
+expedition, and wandering far and wide, he returns home, slays the
+boar (or drought fiend), loves, but parts from, Atalanta (the dawn
+maiden), and is finally slain by his own mother, who casts into the
+flames the brand upon which his existence depends.
+
+[Sidenote: Oedipus.]
+
+In the Theban solar myth, Laius (derived from the same root as "Leto"
+and "Latmus") is the emblem of darkness, who, after marrying Jocasta
+(like Iole, a personification of the violet-tinted clouds of dawn),
+becomes the father of Oedipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of
+his father. Early in life Oedipus is exposed on the barren hillside to
+perish,--an emblem of the horizontal rays of the rising sun, which
+seem to lie for a while upon the mountain slopes, ere they rise to
+begin their journey.
+
+He too, like Cadmus, Apollo, Hercules, Perseus, Theseus, and Jason, is
+forced to wander far from home, and, after a prolonged journey,
+encounters and slays Laius (the darkness), from whom he derived his
+existence, and kills the dread monster of drought, the Sphinx, whose
+very name means "one who binds fast,"--a creature who had imprisoned
+the rain in the clouds, and thus caused great distress.
+
+Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother, Jocasta, now
+the violet-tinted twilight, and ends his life amid lightning flashes
+and rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to the end of his course
+by Antigone ("the pale light which springs up opposite the sun at his
+setting"). This story--which at first was merely intended to signify
+that the sun (Oedipus) must slay the darkness (Laius) and linger for a
+while beside the violet-colored clouds (Jocasta)--having lost its
+physical meaning, the Thebans added the tragic sequel, for it seemed
+but poetic justice that the author of such crimes should receive
+signal punishment.
+
+[Sidenote: Eumenides.]
+
+As the Eumenides, or Erinnyes, were at first merely the searching
+light of day, from which nothing can be hidden, they came gradually to
+be considered the detectives and avengers of crime, and were therefore
+said to take possession of a criminal at the end of his course, and
+hurry him down into darkness to inflict horrible torments upon him.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellerophon.]
+
+In the story of Bellerophon, although the name originally came from
+_Bellero_ (some "power of darkness, drought, winter, or moral evil")
+and from _phon_ or _phontes_ (a word derived from the Sanskrit
+_han-ta_, "the killer"), the Greeks, having forgotten the
+signification of the first part of the word, declared this hero was
+the murderer of Bellero, his brother, for which involuntary crime he
+was driven from home, and forced to wander about in search of shelter.
+
+We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn), virtuously
+hastening away, then sent against his will to fight the Chimaera (the
+monster of drought), whom he overcomes, thanks to his weapon and to
+Pegasus (the clouds), born from the mist of the sea, beneath whose
+hoofs fresh fountains were wont to spring.
+
+Bellerophon, after many journeys, is finally united to Philonoe, a
+personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being hurled
+from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter's deadly
+thunderbolts.
+
+"The fall of Bellerophon is the rapid descent of the sun toward
+evening, and the Alein plain is that broad expanse of somber light
+through which the sun sometimes seems to travel sullenly and alone to
+his setting."
+
+[Sidenote: Trojan war.]
+
+In the story of the Trojan war there are several sun myths; for Paris,
+Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Achilles have equal claims to be considered
+personifications of the sun. They love Oenone, Helen, Clytaemnestra,
+Briseis, various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are
+forsaken by, their ladyloves, whom they meet again at the end of their
+career: for Paris sees Oenone, and expires with her on the burning
+pile; Menelaus recovers Helen, with whom he vanishes in the far west;
+Agamemnon rejoins Clytaemnestra, and dies by her hand in a bloody bath;
+while Achilles, after a period of sullen gloom, meets with an untimely
+death shortly after recovering the beautiful Briseis.
+
+Like Perseus and Oedipus, Paris is exposed in early infancy, and lives
+to fulfill his destiny, and cause, though indirectly, the death of his
+parents.
+
+In this myth, Helen (the beautiful dawn or twilight), whose name
+corresponds phonetically with the Sanskrit _Sarama_, born of the sky
+(Jupiter) and of the night (Leda, derived from the same root as
+"Leto," "Latmus," and "Laius"), is carried away by Paris, whom some
+mythologists identify with the Hindoo _Panis_ (or "night demons")
+instead of the sun. In this character he entices away the fickle
+twilight (Helen) during her husband's temporary absence, and bears her
+off to the far east, where, after struggling for a while to retain
+possession of her and her treasures, he is finally forced to
+relinquish her, and she returns to her husband and her allegiance.
+
+The siege of Troy has thus been interpreted to signify "a repetition
+of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that every evening
+are robbed of their brightest treasures in the west."
+
+Achilles, like several of his brother heroes, "fights in no quarrel of
+his own; his wrath is the sun hiding his face behind the clouds; the
+Myrmidons are his attendant beams, who no longer appear when the sun
+is hidden; Patroclus is the feeble reflection of the sun's splendor,
+and stands to him in precisely the same relation as Phaeton to
+Helios," and, like him, meets with an early death.
+
+[Sidenote: Ulysses.]
+
+In the story of Ulysses we find a reproduction of the story of
+Hercules and Perseus: for Ulysses, early in life, after wedding
+Penelope, is forced to leave her to fight for another; and on his
+return, although longing to rejoin his morning bride, he cannot turn
+aside from the course marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the
+moon), who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of
+darkness); but neither can keep him forever, and he returns home
+enveloped in an impenetrable disguise, after having visited the
+Phaeacian land (the land of clouds or mists). It is only after he has
+slain the suitors of Penelope (the weaver of bright evening clouds)
+that he casts aside his beggar's garb to linger for a short time
+beside her ere he vanishes in the west.
+
+[Sidenote: Minerva.]
+
+The greater part of the dawn myths have been explained simultaneously
+with the sun myths, with which they are inextricably interwoven. One
+personification of the dawn, however, stands apart. It is Minerva,
+whose Greek name, Athene, is derived, like Daphne, from the Sanskrit
+_Dahana_, or _ahana_ (meaning "the light of daybreak"), and we are
+thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as sprung from
+the forehead of Zeus (the heavens). She gradually became the
+impersonation of the illuminating and knowledge-giving light of the
+sky; for in Sanskrit the same word also means "to wake" and "to know,"
+while the Latins connected her name of Minerva with _mens_, the same
+as the Greek _menos_ and the English _mind_.
+
+
+MOON MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Diana, Io, and Circe.]
+
+In the moon myths the most important personification is first Diana,
+the horned huntress, "for to the ancients the moon was not a lifeless
+ball of stones and clods." Diana, like Apollo, her twin brother, was
+also a child of the sky (Jupiter) and of night (Latona), and, like
+him, was born in the "bright land" (Delos). She also possessed bright
+and unerring arrows, and in the course of her nightly journey she
+looked lovingly down upon the sleeping face of the setting sun
+(Endymion).
+
+Io and Circe, already mentioned, are also personifications of the
+moon, and Io's wanderings represent its journeys across the sky.
+
+
+EARTH MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Gaea and Rhea.]
+
+In the earth myths, beside those already mentioned in connection with
+the sun myths, we have Gaea and Rhea, the mothers and consorts of the
+Sky and of Time, who swallows his own children, "the Days, as they
+come each in order."
+
+[Sidenote: Ceres and Proserpina.]
+
+We have also Ceres or Demeter, "the mother of all things," and more
+particularly of "the maiden" Cora (or Proserpina), whose loss she
+grievously mourned; for she had been carried away by Pluto to the
+underworld, whence she could only emerge at the command of Jupiter.
+During the time of Ceres' mourning, the earth remained barren, and it
+seemed as though all mortal things must die. But when Proserpina (the
+spring or vegetation) returned from her sojourn under the ground,
+people said "that the daughter of the earth was returning in all her
+beauty; and when summer faded into winter, they said that the
+beautiful child had been stolen away from her mother by dark beings,
+who kept her imprisoned beneath the earth." The sorrow of Ceres was
+therefore merely a poetical way of expressing "the gloom which falls
+on the earth during the cheerless months of winter."
+
+[Sidenote: Danae and Semele.]
+
+Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the golden
+shower, the light of the morning, which streamed in upon the darkness
+of the night. Semele has also been interpreted as the earth, the
+chosen bride of the sky, who brings forth her offspring in the midst
+of the thunder and lightning of a summer storm.
+
+
+SEA MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Oceanus and Neptune.]
+
+The myths of the sea comprise, of course, Oceanus and Neptune (the
+earth-shaker), whose name is connected with such words as "potent" and
+"despot," and whose "green hair circles all the earth." We are further
+informed that he loves the earth (Ceres), whom he embraces, and that
+he marries the graceful undulating Amphitrite, whose gliding charms
+appeal to him. Neptune's palace is beneath the deep waters near
+Greece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift chariot
+drawn by golden or white maned steeds.
+
+[Sidenote: Nereus.]
+
+Nereus, another personification of the sea, whose name is derived from
+_nao_ ("to flow"), is quite inseparable from his native element, even
+in the Greeks' conception of him, as are also the Tritons, Oceanides,
+Nereides, and the alluring Sirens; who, however, have also been viewed
+as personifications of the winds.
+
+
+CLOUD MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Charon.]
+
+The cloud myths, to which frequent allusion has already been made,
+comprise not only the cattle of the sun, the Centaurs, Nephele,
+Phryxus, Helle, and Pegasus, but as, "in primitive Aryan lore, the sky
+itself was a blue sea, and the clouds were ships sailing over it," so
+Charon's boat was supposed to be one of these vessels, and the gilded
+shallop in which the sun daily made his pilgrimage back to the far
+east, another.
+
+[Sidenote: Niobe.]
+
+As the ancient Aryan had the same word to denote cloud and mountain
+("for the piles of vapor on the horizon were so like Alpine ranges"),
+the cloud and mountain myths are often the same. In the story of Niobe
+we have one of the cloud myths. According to some mythologists, Niobe
+herself is a personification of the clouds. Her many children, the
+mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by whose bright
+darts they are ruthlessly slain. Niobe grieves so sorely at their
+untimely death, that she dissolves in a rain of tears, which turns
+into hard ice on the mountain summit. According to other authorities,
+she was a personification of winter, and her tears represented the
+thaw occasioned by the sunbeams (Apollo's arrows).
+
+
+FIRE MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Cyclopes.]
+
+The fire myths also form quite a large class, and comprise the
+Cyclopes (the thunder and lightning), children of Heaven and Earth,
+whose single blazing eye has been considered an emblem of the sun.
+They forge the terrible thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky
+(Jupiter), by means of which he is enabled to triumph over all his
+enemies, and rule supreme.
+
+[Sidenote: Titans.]
+
+The Titans are emblems of the subterranean fires and the volcanic
+forces of nature, which, hidden deep underground, occasionally emerge,
+heave up great masses of rock, and hurl them about with an
+accompaniment of deafening roars, while their ponderous tread causes
+the very earth beneath them to tremble.
+
+[Sidenote: Prometheus.]
+
+In this group we also find Prometheus, whose name has been traced to
+the Sanskrit _pramantha_ (or "fire drill"). Learned men have therefore
+proved that the "beneficent Titan, who stole fire from heaven and
+bestowed it upon mankind as the richest of boons," was originally
+nothing but the lightning ("the celestial drill which churns fire out
+of the clouds"); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this
+etymological meaning, that they interpreted his name as the
+"fore-thinker," and considered him endowed with extraordinary
+prophetic powers.
+
+[Sidenote: Vulcan.]
+
+Vulcan (or Hephaestus), strictly "the brightness of the flame," another
+fire hero, is represented as very puny at birth, because the flame
+comes from a tiny spark. His name is derived from the Hindoo _agni_,
+whence come the Latin _ignis_ and the English verb _to ignite_. Vulcan
+dwells by preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the intense heat
+keeps the metals in fusion, and so malleable that he can mold them at
+will; and, as "the association of the heavenly fire with the
+life-giving forces of nature is very common," the Hindoo Agni was
+considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire; and the Greeks,
+to carry out this idea, united their fire god, Hephaestus, to the
+goddess of marriage, Aphrodite.
+
+[Sidenote: Vesta.]
+
+The Greek Hestia (or Latin Vesta) was also a personification of fire;
+and, her name having retained its primitive meaning to a great extent,
+"she continued to the end, as she had been from the beginning, the
+household altar, the sanctuary of peace and equity, and the source of
+all happiness and wealth." Her office was not limited merely to the
+hearths of households and cities, for it was supposed "that in the
+center of the earth there was a hearth which answered to the hearth
+placed in the center of the universe."
+
+
+WIND MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Mercury.]
+
+In the myths of the wind, Mercury (or Hermes) was one of the principal
+personifications. According to the ancients, he was born of the sky
+(Jupiter) and the plains (Maia), and after a very few hours' existence
+assumed gigantic proportions, stole away the cattle of the sun (the
+clouds), and, after fanning up a great fire in which he consumed some
+of the herd, glided back into his cradle at dawn. With a low, mocking
+chuckle at the recollection of the pranks he had played, he sank
+finally into rest. His name, derived from the Sanskrit _Sarameias_,
+means "the breeze of a summer morning;" and it is in his capacity of
+god of the wind that he is supposed to waft away the souls of the
+dead; for "the ancients held that in the wind were the souls of the
+dead." Mercury is the "lying, tricksome wind god who invented music,"
+for his music is but "the melody of the winds, which can awaken
+feelings of joy and sorrow, of regret and yearning, of fear and hope,
+of vehement gladness and utter despair."
+
+[Sidenote: Mars.]
+
+Another personification of the wind was Mars (or Ares), born of the
+sky (Jupiter) and of the heavenly light (Juno) in the bleak land of
+Thrace, rejoicing in din and in the noise of warfare. His nature is
+further revealed by his inconstancy and capriciousness; and whenever
+he is overcome, he is noted for his great roar. His name comes from
+the same root as Maruts, the Indian god, and means the "grinder" or
+"crusher." It was first applied "to the storms which throw heaven and
+earth into confusion, and hence the idea of Ares is confined to mere
+disorder and tumult."
+
+[Sidenote: Otus and Ephialtes.]
+
+Otus and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Neptune, were also at first
+merely personifications of the wind and hurricanes. The name of the
+latter indicates "one who leaps." Although very short-lived, these
+giants were supposed to increase rapidly in size, and assume colossal
+proportions, which inspired the hearts of men and gods with terror,
+until they saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun.
+
+[Sidenote: Pan, AEolus, and the Harpies.]
+
+Pan, AEolus, his numerous progeny, and the Harpies, were also wind
+divinities who never entirely lost their original character with the
+Greeks, and were therefore worshiped merely as personifications of the
+elements.
+
+
+UNDERWORLD MYTHS.
+
+[Sidenote: Cerberus and Pluto.]
+
+The myths of drought, darkness, and of the underworld have
+sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra,
+Geryones, the Gorgons, Graeae, Minotaur, Sphinx, Chimaera, etc.; but
+their main personifications were Cerberus (the grim three-headed
+guardian of the nether world) and Pluto (or Aides), whose name means
+"the wealth-giver," or "the unseen," who greedily drew all things down
+into his realm, never to relinquish his grasp upon them.
+
+Such is the physical explanation of the various poetical myths which
+form the staple of classic literature, and which have been a fount of
+inspiration for poets and artists of all ages.
+
+
+
+
+GENEALOGICAL TABLE.
+
+
+Note.--Double vertical lines indicate that several generations intervene.
+
+ Chaos-_Nyx_
+  |
+  +-Erebus-_Nyx_
+     |
+     +-_Hemera_-
+     +-AEther
+     |  |
+     |  +-_Gaea_
+     |  |   |
+     |  |   +-Uranus-_Gaea_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Oceanus-
+     |  |      +-_Thetis_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Achelous-_Calliope_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Sirens_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Alpheus-_Arethusa_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Peneus-_Gaea_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Daphne_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Inachus
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Io_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Proteus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Doris_-Nereus
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Amphitrite_-Neptune
+     |  |      |   |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   |   +-Triton
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Dione_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   |   +-_Venus_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Arethusa_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Galatea_-Acis
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Peleus-_Thetis_
+     |  |      |   |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                  Jupiter-_Antiope_-Lycus-_Dirce_
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   +-Zethus    Tantalus
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                   +-Amphion-_Niobe_-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                                     |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                              Pelops-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                                  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                           Atreus-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                               |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |   Tyndareus-_Leda_-Jupiter    |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-_Helen_                  |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-Castor                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-Pollux                   |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    |                          |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |    +-_Clytaemnestra_-Agamemnon-+
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |          _Iphigenia_-+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |     Pylades-_Electra_+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                      |        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |              Orestes-+        |
+     |  |      |   |   |  |                               |
+     |  |      |   |   |  +-Achilles     _Helen_-Menelaus-+
+     |  |      |   |   |     |                    |
+     |  |      |   |   |     +-Pyrrhus-_Hermione_-+
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Clymene_-Apollo
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-_Heliades_
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-Phaeton
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Metis_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Minerva_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clymene_-Iapetus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_AEthra_-Atlas
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Pleiades_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Maia_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |       |
+     |  |      |   |       +-Mercury-_Penelope_-Ulysses
+     |  |      |   |          |                  |
+     |  |      |   |          +-Pan              +-Telemachus
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Calypso_-Ulysses
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clytie_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Electra_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |       |
+     |  |      |       |                 Teucer
+     |  |      |       |                  |
+     |  |      |       +-Dardanus-_Batea_-+
+     |  |      |          ||
+     |  |      |          +-Laomedon
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-Priam-_Hecuba_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Hector-_Andromache_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Paris-_Helen_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-_Cassandra_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Polites
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-_Polyxena_
+     |  |      |          |  |  |
+     |  |      |          |  |  +-Deiphobus-_Helen_
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-_Hesione_-Telamon
+     |  |      |          |  |   |
+     |  |      |          |  |   +-Ajax
+     |  |      |          |  |
+     |  |      |          |  +-Tithonus-_Aurora_
+     |  |      |          |
+     |  |      |          +-_Themis_-Capys
+     |  |      |              |
+     |  |      |              +-Anchises-_Venus_
+     |  |      |                 |
+     |  |      |                 +-AEneas-_Creusa_
+     |  |      |                     &       |
+     |  |      |                 -_Lavinia_  +-Iulus
+     |  |      |                    |
+     |  |      |                    +-AEneas Silvia
+     |  |      |                       ||
+     |  |      |                       +-Numitor
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-_Ilia_-Mars
+     |  |      |                              |
+     |  |      |                              +-Remus
+     |  |      |                              |
+     |  |      |                              +-Romulus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Coeus-
+     |  |      +-_Phoebe_
+     |  |      |    |
+     |  |      |    +-_Latona_-Jupiter               Mars
+     |  |      |        |                             |
+     |  |      |        |                 _Dia_-Ixion-+
+     |  |      |        |                        |    |
+     |  |      |        |               Centaurs-+    |
+     |  |      |        |                        |    |
+     |  |      |        | _Hippodamia_-Pirithous-+    |
+     |  |      |        |                             |
+     |  |      |        +-Apollo- & -_Coronis_--------+
+     |  |      |        +-_Diana_      |
+     |  |      |                       +-AEsculapius
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-Machaon
+     |  |      |                          |
+     |  |      |                          +-_Hygeia_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Iapetus-_Clymene_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Menetius
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Atlas
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Hesperus
+     |  |      |  |  |
+     |  |      |  |  +-_Hesperides_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Epimetheus-_Pandora_
+     |  |      |  |  |
+     |  |      |  |  +-_Pyrrha_-Deucalion
+     |  |      |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |      +-Hellen                            Sol
+     |  |      |  |         |                                 |
+     |  |      |  |         +-AEolus                 _Pasiphae_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |                              |
+     |  |      |  |         |  +-Salmoneus            _Circe_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |  |                           |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |  +-_Tyro_-Neptune      AEetes-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |                  |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-AEson    Absyrtus-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |  |               |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |  +-Jason-_Medea_-+
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Pelias
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |      +-Neleus
+     |  |      |  |         |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         |  |         +-Nestor
+     |  |      |  |         |  |
+     |  |      |  |         |  +-Sisyphus
+     |  |      |  |         |     |
+     |  |      |  |         |     +-Glaucus
+     |  |      |  |         |        |
+     |  |      |  |         |        +-Bellerophon-_Philonoe_
+     |  |      |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Dorus
+     |  |      |  |         |
+     |  |      |  |         +-Xuthus
+     |  |      |  |            |
+     |  |      |  |            +-Ion
+     |  |      |  |            |
+     |  |      |  |            +-Achaeus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Prometheus
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-Deucalion-_Pyrrha_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Hyperion-_Gaea_
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-_Aurora_-AEolus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Boreas-_Orithyia_
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-Zetus
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-Calais
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-_Cleopatra_
+     |  |      |      |  |
+     |  |      |      |  +-_Chione_
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Corus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Eurus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Notus
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Aquilo
+     |  |      |      |
+     |  |      |      +-Zephyrus-_Flora_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Crius
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Themis_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Parcae_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Horae_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Ilia_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Cronus-
+     |  |      +-_Rhea_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Vesta_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Juno_-
+     |  |      |   +-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Mars-_Venus_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Anteros
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cupid-_Psyche_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |       Jupiter-_Io_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        +-Epaphus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |           |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |           +-_Libya_-Neptune
+     |  |      |   |  |  |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  | _Telephassa_- |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |        Agenor-+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |  +-Belus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Pygmalion
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-_Dido_-Sychaeus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-Danaus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |  +-_Danaides_-50 Sons
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      ||
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Acrisius
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         +-_Danae_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |     Celeus-    |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |   _Cassiopeia_ |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |             |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     | _Andromeda_-+  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |    -Perseus----+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Alcaeus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  +-Amphitryon-_Alcmene_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     +-Iphicles
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        +-Iolaus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Electryon
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |  +-_Alcmene_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |   Oeneus-_Althaea_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |      Meleager-+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     | _Deianeira_- -+
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |     +-Hercules
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |        +-Hyllus-_Iole_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |      +-Sthenelus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |         +-Eurystheus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |            |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |            +-_Admete_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |     +-AEgyptus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |        +-50 Sons
+     |  |      |   |  |  |            |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-_Harmonia_ |
+     |  |      |   |  |     | -Cadmus-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Cilix
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Phoenix
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-_Europa_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Sarpedon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Rhadamanthus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                +-Minos
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                   ||
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                   +-Minos-_Pasiphae_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |  AEgeus-_AEthra_          |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |  _Hippolyte_        |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |       &             |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +----Theseus-_Phaedra_-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         |               |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |         +-Hippolytus    |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                         |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |                         +-_Ariadne_-Bacchus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Ino_-Athamas-_Nephele_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |         Phryxus-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |         _Helle_-+
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Palaemon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Learchus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Autonoe_-Aristaeus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Actaeon
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Agave_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Pentheus
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-_Semele_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   |
+     |  |      |   |  |     |   +-Bacchus-_Ariadne_
+     |  |      |   |  |     |
+     |  |      |   |  |     +-Polydorus
+     |  |      |   |  |        |
+     |  |      |   |  |        +-Labdacus
+     |  |      |   |  |           |
+     |  |      |   |  |           +-Laius-_Jocasta_
+     |  |      |   |  |              |
+     |  |      |   |  |              +-Oedipus-_Jocasta_
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-Eteocles
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-Polynices
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-_Antigone_
+     |  |      |   |  |                 |
+     |  |      |   |  |                 +-_Ismene_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Vulcan-_Medusa_
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cacus
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Periphetes
+     |  |      |   |  |  |
+     |  |      |   |  |  +-Cercyon
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-_Hebe_-Hercules
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Neptune-_Amphitrite_
+     |  |      |   |  |
+     |  |      |   |  +-Triton
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Ceres_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-_Proserpina_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-Pluto-_Proserpina_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Mnemosyne_-Jupiter
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Clio_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Hymen
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Calliope_
+     |  |      |   |   |
+     |  |      |   |   +-Orpheus-_Eurydice_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Thalia_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Euterpe_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Urania_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Melpomene_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Terpsichore_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Polyhymnia_
+     |  |      |   |
+     |  |      |   +-_Erato_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Brontes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Steropes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Arges
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Briareus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Cottus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Gyes
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Typhoeus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Hydra
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Cerberus
+     |  |      |  |
+     |  |      |  +-Chimaera
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-Nemean Lion
+     |  |      |     |
+     |  |      |     +-_Sphinx_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Enceladus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Antaeus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-_Harpies_
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Tityus
+     |  |      |
+     |  |      +-Nereus
+     |  |
+     |  +-Eros
+     |  |
+     |  +-Pontus
+     |     |
+     |     +-Phorcys
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Bellona_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Stheno_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Euryale_
+     |        |
+     |        +-_Medusa_-Neptune
+     |            |
+     |            +-Pegasus
+     |            |
+     |            +-Polyphemus
+     |
+     +-Charon
+     |
+     +-_Eris_
+     |
+     +-Somnus
+     |  |
+     |  +-Morpheus
+     |
+     +-Mors
+
+
+{Transcription:
+
+Chaos (M) married Nyx (F).
+Their child was Erebus (M).
+
+  Erebus (M) married Nyx (F).
+  Their children were Hemera (F), AEther (M), Charon (M), Eris (F),
+      Somnus (M) and Mors (M).
+
+    Hemera (F) married AEther (M).
+    Their children were Gaea (F), Eros (M) and Pontus (M).
+
+      Gaea (F) had a child, Uranus (M).
+
+        Uranus (M) married Gaea (F).
+        Their children were Oceanus (M), Thetis (F), Coeus (M), Phoebe
+            (F), Iapetus (M), Hyperion (M), Crius (M), Themis (F),
+            Ilia (F), Cronus (M), Rhea (F), Mnemosyne (F), Brontes
+            (M), Steropes (M), Arges (M), Briareus (M), Cottus (M),
+            Gyes (M), Typhoeus (M), Enceladus (M), Antaeus (M), Harpies
+            (F), Tityus (M) and Nereus (M).
+
+          Oceanus (M) married Thetis (F).
+          Their children were Achelous (M), Alpheus (M), Peneus (M),
+              Inachus (M), Proteus (M), Doris (F), Metis (F), Clymene
+              (F), AEthra (F), Calypso (F), Clytie (F) and Electra (F).
+
+            Achelous (M) married Calliope (F).
+            Their children were Sirens (F).
+
+            Alpheus (M) married Arethusa (F).
+
+            Peneus (M) married Gaea (F).
+            Their child was Daphne (F).
+
+            Inachus (M) had a child, Io (F).
+
+            Doris (F) married Nereus (M).
+            Their children were Amphitrite (F), Dione (F), Arethusa
+                (F), Galatea (F), Thetis (F) and Clymene (F).
+
+              Amphitrite (F) married Neptune (M).
+              Their child was Triton (M).
+
+              Dione (F) married Jupiter (M).
+              Their child was Venus (F).
+
+              Galatea (F) married Acis (M).
+
+              Thetis (F) married Peleus (M).
+              Their child was Achilles (M).
+
+                Achilles (M) had a child, Pyrrhus (M).
+
+                  Pyrrhus (M) married Hermione (F).
+                  Hermione's parents were Menelaus (M) and Helen (F).
+                  Menelaus (M) had a sibling, Agamemnon (M).
+                  Their parent was Atreus (M).
+                  Atreus' (M) parent was Pelops (M).
+                  Pelops (M) had a sibling, Niobe (F).
+                  Their parent was Tantalus (M).
+                  Niobe (F) married Amphion (M).
+                  Amphion (M) had a sibling, Zethus (M).
+                  Their parents were Jupiter (M) and Antiope (F).
+                  Antiope (F) also married Lycus (M), and Lycus (M)
+                      also married Dirce (F).
+                  Agamemnon (M) married Clytaemnestra (F).
+                  Their children were Iphigenia (F), Electra (F) and
+                      Orestes (M).
+                  Electra (F) married Pylades (M).
+                  Clytaemnestra (F) had three siblings, Helen (F),
+                      Castor (M) and Pollux (M)
+                  Their parents were Tyndareus (M) and Leda (F).
+                  Leda (F) also married Jupiter (M).
+
+              Clymene (F) married Apollo (M).
+              Their children were Heliades (F) and Phaeton (M).
+
+            Metis (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Minerva (F).
+
+            Clymene (F) married Iapetus (M).
+
+            AEthra (F) married Atlas (M).
+            Their children were Pleiades (F) and Maia (F).
+
+              Maia (F) married Jupiter (M).
+              Their child was Mercury (M).
+
+                Mercury (M) married Penelope (F).
+                Their child was Pan (M).
+                Penelope (F) also married Ulysses (M).
+                Their child was Telemachus (M).
+
+            Calypso (F) married Ulysses (M).
+
+            Electra (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Dardanus (M).
+
+              Dardanus (M) married Batea (F), whose parent was
+                  Teucer (M).
+              Their descendants were Laomedon (M) and Themis (F).
+
+                Laomedon (M) had three children, Priam (M), Hesione
+                    (F) and Tithonus (M).
+
+                  Priam (M) married Hecuba (F).
+                  Their children were Hector (M), Paris (M), Cassandra
+                      (F), Polites (M), Polyxena (F) and Deiphobus (M).
+
+                    Hector (M) married Andromache (F).
+
+                    Paris (M) married Helen (F).
+
+                    Deiphobus (M) married Helen (F).
+
+                  Hesione (F) married Telamon (M).
+                  Their child was Ajax (M).
+
+                  Tithonus (M) married Aurora (F).
+
+                Themis (F) married Capys (M).
+                Their child was Anchises (M).
+
+                  Anchises (M) married Venus (F).
+                  Their child was AEneas (M).
+
+                    AEneas (M) married Lavinia (F).
+                    Their child was AEneas Silvia (M).
+                    AEneas (M) also married Creusa (F).
+                    Their child was Iulus (M).
+
+                      AEneas Silvia's (M) descendant was Numitor (M).
+
+                        Numitor (M) had a child, Ilia (F).
+
+                          Ilia (F) married Mars (M).
+                          Their children were Remus (M) and Romulus (M).
+
+          Coeus (M) married Phoebe (F).
+          Their child was Latona (F).
+
+            Latona (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their children were Apollo (M) and Diana (F).
+
+              Apollo (M) married Diana (F).
+              Apollo (M) also married Coronis (F).
+              Their child was AEsculapius (M).
+              Coronis (F) had a sibling, Ixion (M)
+              Their parent was Mars (M).
+              Ixion (M) married Dia (F).
+              Their children were Centaurs (M) and Pirithous (M).
+
+                AEsculapius (M) had two children, Machaon (M) and
+                    Hygeia (F).
+
+                Pirithous married Hippodamia (F).
+
+          Iapetus (M) married Clymene (F).
+          Their children were Menetius (M), Atlas (M), Hesperus (M),
+              Epimetheus (M) and Prometheus (M).
+
+            Hesperus (M) had a child, Hesperides (F).
+
+            Epimetheus (M) married Pandora (F).
+            Their child was Pyrrha (F).
+
+            Prometheus (M) had a child, Deucalion (M).
+
+              Pyrrha (F) married Deucalion (M).
+              Their child was Hellen (M).
+
+                Hellen (M) had three children, AEolus (M), Dorus (M)
+                    and Xuthus (M).
+
+                  AEolus (M) had two children, Salmoneus (M) and
+                      Sisyphus (M).
+
+                    Salmoneus (M) had a child, Tyro (F).
+
+                      Tyro (F) married Neptune (M).
+                      Their children were AEson (M), Pelias (M) and
+                          Neleus (M).
+
+                        AEson (M) had a child, Jason (M).
+
+                          Jason (M) married Medea (F).
+                          Medea (F) had a sibling, Absyrtus (M).
+                          Their parent was AEetes (M).
+                          AEetes (M) had two siblings, Pasiphae (F) and
+                              Circe (F).
+                          Their parent was Sol (M).
+
+                        Neleus (M) had a child, Nestor (M).
+
+                    Sisyphus (M) had a child, Glaucus (M).
+
+                      Glaucus (M) had a child, Bellerophon (M).
+
+                        Bellerophon (M) married Philonoe (F).
+
+                  Xuthus (M) had two children, Ion (M) and Achaeus (M).
+
+          Hyperion (M) married Gaea (F).
+          Their child was Aurora (F).
+
+            Aurora (F) married AEolus (M).
+            Their children were Boreas (M), Corus (M), Eurus (M),
+                Notus (M), Aquilo (M) and Zephyrus (M).
+
+              Boreas (M) married Orithyia (F).
+              Their children were Zetus (M), Calais (M), Cleopatra (F)
+                  and Chione (F).
+
+              Zephyrus (M) married Flora (F).
+
+          Themis (F) married Jupiter (M).
+          Their children were Parcae (F) and Horae (F).
+
+          Cronus (M) married Rhea (F).
+          Their children were Vesta (F), Juno (F), Jupiter (M),
+              Neptune (M), Ceres (F) and Pluto (M).
+
+            Juno (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their children were Mars (M), Vulcan (M) and Hebe (F).
+
+              Mars (M) married Venus (F).
+              Their children were Anteros (M), Cupid (M) and
+                  Harmonia (F).
+
+                Cupid (M) married Psyche (F).
+
+                Harmonia (F) married Cadmus (M).
+
+              Vulcan (M) married Medusa (F).
+              Their children were Cacus (M), Periphetes (M) and
+                  Cercyon (M).
+
+              Hebe (F) married Hercules (M).
+
+            Jupiter (M) married Io (F).
+            Their child was Epaphus (M).
+
+              Epaphus (M) had a child, Libya (F).
+
+                Libya (F) married Neptune (M).
+                Their children were Agenor (M) and Belus (M).
+
+                  Agenor (M) married Telephassa (F).
+                  Their children were Cadmus (M), Cilix (M), Phoenix
+                      (M) and Europa (F).
+
+                    Cadmus (M) married Harmonia (F).
+                    Their children were Ino (F), Autonoe (F), Agave
+                        (F), Semele (F) and Polydorus (M).
+
+                      Ino (F) married Athamas (M).
+                      Their children were Palaemon (M) and Learchus (M).
+                      Athamas (M) also married Nephele (F).
+                      Their children were Phryxus (M) and Helle (F).
+
+                      Autonoe (F) married Aristaeus (M).
+                      Their child was Actaeon (M).
+
+                      Agave (F) had a child, Pentheus (M).
+
+                      Semele (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                      Their child was Bacchus (M).
+
+                        Bacchus (M) married Ariadne (F).
+
+                      Polydorus (M) had a child, Labdacus (M).
+
+                        Labdacus (M) had a child, Laius (M).
+
+                          Laius (M) married Jocasta (F).
+                          Their child was Oedipus (M).
+
+                            Oedipus married Jocasta (F).
+                            Their children were Eteocles (M), Polynices
+                                (M), Antigone (F) and Ismene (F).
+
+                    Europa (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                    Their children were Sarpedon (M), Rhadamanthus (M)
+                        and Minos (M).
+
+                      Minos' (M) descendant was Minos (M).
+
+                        Minos (M) married Pasiphae (F).
+                        Their children were Phaedra (F) and Ariadne (F).
+
+                          Phaedra (F) married Theseus (M), whose parents
+                              were AEgeus (M) and AEthra (F).
+                          Theseus (M) also married Hippolyte (F).
+                          Their child was Hippolytus (M).
+
+                          Ariadne (F) married Bacchus (M).
+
+                  Belus (M) had four children, Pygmalion (M), Dido (F),
+                      Danaus (M) and AEgyptus (M).
+
+                    Dido (F) married Sychaeus (M).
+
+                    Danaus' (M) children were the Danaides (F).
+
+                    AEgyptus (M) had 50 sons.
+
+                      The Danaides (F) married the 50 sons.
+                      Their descendant was Acrisius (M).
+
+                        Acrisius (M) had a child, Danae (F).
+
+                          Danae (F) married Jupiter (M).
+                          Their child was Perseus (M).
+
+                            Perseus (M) married Andromeda (F), whose
+                                parents were Celeus (M) and Cassiopeia (F).
+                            Their children were Alcaeus (M), Electryon (M)
+                                and Sthenelus (M).
+
+                              Alcaeus (M) had a child, Amphitryon (M).
+
+                              Electryon (M) had a child, Alcmene (F).
+
+                                Amphitryon (M) married Alcmene (F).
+                                Their child was Iphicles (M).
+
+                                  Iphicles (M) had a child, Iolaus (M).
+
+                                Alcmene (F) also married Jupiter (M).
+                                Their child was Hercules (M).
+
+                                  Hercules (M) married Deianeira (F),
+                                      whose sibling was Meleager (M),
+                                      and whose parents were Oeneus (M)
+                                      and Althaea (F).
+                                  Their child was Hyllus (M), who married
+                                      Iole (F).
+
+                              Sthenelus (M) had a child, Eurystheus (M).
+
+                                Eurystheus (M) had a child, Admete (F).
+
+            Neptune (M) married Amphitrite (F).
+            Their child was Triton (M).
+
+            Ceres (F) married Jupiter (M).
+            Their child was Proserpina (F).
+
+            Pluto (M) married Proserpina (F).
+
+          Mnemosyne (F) married Jupiter (M).
+          Their children were Clio (F), Calliope (F), Thalia (F),
+              Euterpe (F), Urania (F), Melpomene (F), Terpsichore
+              (F), Polyhymnia (F) and Erato (F).
+
+            Clio (F) had a child, Hymen (M).
+
+            Calliope (F) had a child, Orpheus (M).
+
+              Orpheus (M) married Eurydice (F).
+
+          Typhoeus (M) had three children, Hydra (M), Cerberus (M)
+              and Chimaera (M).
+
+            Chimaera (M) had two children, Nemean Lion (M) and
+                Sphinx (F).
+
+      Pontus (M) had a child, Phorcys (M).
+
+        Phorcys (M) had four children, Bellona (F), Stheno (F), Euryale
+            (F) and Medusa (F).
+
+          Medusa (F) married Neptune (M).
+          Their children were Pegasus (M) and Polyphemus (M).
+
+    Somnus (M) had a child, Morpheus (M).}
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO POETICAL QUOTATIONS.
+
+
+    Addison, 24, 49, 83, 85, 165, 172, 173.
+
+    AEschylus, 246.
+
+    Akenside, 163.
+
+    Apollonius, 126.
+
+    Apollonius Rhodius, 181, 269.
+
+    Arion, 158.
+
+    Aristophanes, 15.
+
+    Arnold, Edwin, 111, 112, 114.
+
+    Arnold, Matthew, 74.
+
+
+    Beaumont and Fletcher, 300.
+
+    Bion, 108, 110.
+
+    Boyesen, 97, 137.
+
+    Browning, E. B., 22, 108, 137.
+
+    Bryant, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 153, 172, 211, 305, 315, 318, 319,
+        320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345,
+        346, 349, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359.
+
+    Byron, 49, 91, 93, 116.
+
+
+    Catullus, 226, 255, 257, 259, 306.
+
+    Chapman, 149.
+
+    Coluthus, 308, 312.
+
+    Conington, 41, 51, 64, 142, 193, 202, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361,
+        362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 376, 377.
+
+    Cornwall, 184.
+
+    Cowper, 131, 156, 308.
+
+    Croxall, 177, 178.
+
+
+    Darwin, 123, 187, 218, 219, 228, 230.
+
+    Dryden, 35, 37, 44, 70, 161, 168, 169, 208.
+
+
+    Elton, 12, 15, 21, 29, 33, 45, 52, 108, 110, 136, 138, 154, 171,
+        220, 241, 255, 267, 269, 271, 307, 308, 310, 312, 339.
+
+    Emerson, 297.
+
+    Euripides, 166, 229, 311, 315, 316.
+
+    Eusden, 118.
+
+
+    Flaccus, 52, 220, 269, 271.
+
+    Fletcher, 38.
+
+    Francklin, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287,
+        288, 290, 331.
+
+    Frere, 15.
+
+
+    Goldsmith, 134.
+
+    Gray, 179.
+
+
+    Hemans, 60, 98.
+
+    H. H. (Helen Hunt Jackson), 73.
+
+    Hesiod, 15, 21, 29, 33, 154, 229, 339.
+
+    Holmes, 330.
+
+    Homer, 23, 39, 41, 43, 58, 94, 145, 147, 149, 153, 156, 161, 167,
+        168, 172, 211, 292, 297, 305, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323,
+        324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 352,
+        354, 355, 357, 358, 359.
+
+    Homeric Hymn, 190, 195.
+
+    Horace, 27, 75, 278.
+
+    Hunt, 114, 216, 341.
+
+
+    Ingelow, 187, 194.
+
+    Iriarte, Tomas de, 372.
+
+
+    Keats, 67, 90, 98, 105, 119, 120, 134, 149, 176, 179, 192, 301,
+        303, 304.
+
+
+    Landon, 113.
+
+    Longfellow, 27, 88, 99, 107, 206.
+
+    Lowell, 23, 64, 79, 131.
+
+    Lucan, 214.
+
+
+    Macaulay, 130, 279.
+
+    Martinez de la Rosa, 177.
+
+    Melanippides, 73.
+
+    Meleager, 94, 265.
+
+    Meredith, Owen, 72.
+
+    Milton, 79, 144, 163, 238.
+
+    Moore, 16, 71, 72, 193, 278.
+
+    Morris, 97, 100, 101, 110, 123, 127, 128, 151, 183, 194, 235, 248,
+        252, 335.
+
+    Moschus, 45, 137.
+
+
+    Nonnus, 171.
+
+
+    Onomacritus, 267, 269, 271.
+
+    Orphic Argonautics, 266.
+
+    Orphic Hymn, 188.
+
+    Ovid, 12, 35, 37, 44, 70, 118, 172, 173, 177, 178, 208, 255, 298, 299.
+
+
+    Pike, 61.
+
+    Pindar, 17, 168.
+
+    Pitt, 163, 196, 205.
+
+    Pope, 23, 39, 57, 77, 147, 156, 167, 168, 239, 292, 298, 299.
+
+    Potter, 166, 229, 246, 311, 315, 316.
+
+    Prior, 68, 143, 148, 174, 243, 283.
+
+
+    Quintus Smyrnaeus, 307.
+
+
+    St. John, 242, 244.
+
+    Saxe, 62, 63, 77, 84, 119, 160, 253, 255.
+
+    Schiller, 121, 238.
+
+    Scott, 165.
+
+    S. G. B., 238.
+
+    Shakespeare, 44, 76, 139.
+
+    Shelley, 55, 103, 241.
+
+    Simonides, 241.
+
+    Somerville, 90.
+
+    Sophocles, 169, 232, 234, 236, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287,
+        288, 290, 331.
+
+    Southey, 91.
+
+    Spenser, 59, 82, 105.
+
+    Statius, 136, 138.
+
+    Swift, 75.
+
+
+    Tennyson, 59, 80, 105, 306, 307, 331, 339, 359.
+
+    Theocritus, 216, 310, 341.
+
+    Timocreon of Rhodes, 159.
+
+
+    Virgil, 41, 51, 64, 131, 142, 160, 161, 163, 168, 169, 182, 193,
+        196, 202, 205, 213, 224, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
+        366, 367, 369, 370, 373, 374, 376, 377.
+
+
+    Warton, 182.
+
+    Wordsworth, 33, 65, 88, 223, 273, 295, 316, 317.
+
+    Worsley, 87.
+
+
+    Young, 202.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
+
+
+    Ab-syr'tus.
+      Son of King AEetes of Colchis;
+      slain by Medea, 271.
+
+    A-by'dus.
+      A city of Asia Minor;
+      the home of Leander, 111-116.
+
+    A-chae'us.
+      Grandson of Hellen, and ancestor of the Achaians, 38.
+
+    A-cha'i-ans.
+      Inhabitants of the province of Achaia, 38.
+
+    A-cha'tes.
+      Friend and inseparable companion of AEneas, 366, 367.
+
+    Ach-e-lo'us.
+      River in Greece, bearing the name of its god, 232.
+
+    Ach-e-men'i-des.
+      Ulysses' sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by AEneas, 365.
+
+    Ach'e-ron.
+      1. River in Hades, 161;
+         Ulysses visits, 350;
+         AEneas crosses, 372.
+      2. Father of Furies, 163.
+
+    A-chil'les.
+      Son of Peleus and Thetis, 314-316;
+      surrenders Briseis, 318, 319;
+      the Greeks appeal to, 323-325;
+      slays Hector, 326-329;
+      death, 330;
+      in Happy Isles, 359;
+      father of Pyrrhus, 361;
+      significance, 394, 395.
+
+    A'cis.
+      Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, 341.
+
+    A-cris'i-us.
+      King of Argos, and father of Danae, 240, 241, 249;
+      significance, 390, 391.
+
+    A-crop'o-lis.
+      Hill in Athens, the site of the Parthenon and Theseus' temple, 262.
+
+    Ac-tae'on.
+      Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, 100, 101.
+
+    Ad-me'te.
+      Daughter of Eurystheus, covets Hippolyte's girdle, 223.
+
+    Ad-me'tus.
+      King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by
+          Alcestis, 64, 65;
+      Hercules restores Alcestis to, 230;
+      one of the Argonauts, 266;
+      in Calydonian Hunt, 275;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    A-do'nis.
+      Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, 108-110;
+      significance, 195, 389.
+
+    A-dras'tus.
+      King of Argos;
+      his horse Arion, 153;
+      father of Hippodamia, 260;
+      sends expedition against Thebes, 287.
+
+    AE'a-cus.
+      One of the three judges of the dead in Hades, 163.
+
+    AE-ae'a.
+      Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, 347-350.
+
+    AE-e'tes.
+      King of Colchis, father of Medea and Absyrtus, 268, 271;
+      brother of Circe, 347;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    AE-ge'an Sea.
+      Delos chained in, 62;
+      Arion borne by dolphins in, 82, 83;
+      named after AEgeus, 259.
+
+    AE-ge'us.
+      King of Athens;
+      father of Theseus, 250, 252, 253;
+      drowns himself, 259;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    AE'gis.
+      Shield or breastplate of Minerva and Jupiter, 58;
+      loaned to Perseus, 243;
+      bears Medusa's head, 249.
+
+    AE-gis'thus.
+      Murderer of Agamemnon;
+      slain by Orestes, 336.
+
+    AEg'le.
+      One of the Heliades;
+      changed to a poplar tree, 87.
+
+    AE-gyp'tus.
+      Brother of Danaus, 166.
+
+    AE-ne'a-dae.
+      City which AEneas proposed to found in Thrace, 363.
+
+    AE-ne'as.
+      Son of Venus and Anchises, 111;
+      AEneas' descendants, 140;
+      worship introduced into Italy by, 198;
+      hero of Virgil's AEneid, 360-377.
+
+    AE-ne'as Sil'vi-a.
+      Son of AEneas;
+      founder of Alba Longa, 377.
+
+    AE-ne'id.
+      Virgil's epic poem on the adventures of AEneas, 374.
+
+    AE-o'li-a.
+      1. Same as AEolian Islands.
+      2. In Asia Minor, near AEgean Sea, 214.
+
+    AE-o'li-an Islands.
+      The home of AEolus, god of the winds, 213, 346;
+      supposed to be Lipari Islands, 213.
+
+    AE-o'li-an Race.
+      Descendants of AEolus, son of Hellen, 38.
+
+    AE'o-lus.
+      1. God of the winds, 213-215;
+         Juno's bargain with, 266;
+         gift to Ulysses, 346;
+         destruction of AEneas' fleet, 365;
+         significance, 400.
+      2. Son of Hellen, founder of the AEolian race, 38.
+
+    AEs-cu-la'pi-us.
+      Son of Apollo and Coronis, 63, 64;
+      Machaon, son of, 331;
+      significance, 387.
+
+    AE'son.
+      Father of Jason, 263;
+      rejuvenated by Medea, 273.
+
+    AE'ther.
+      God of light, 13;
+      dethroned, 17.
+
+    AE'thra.
+      Princess of Troezene, 250;
+      mother of Theseus, 253;
+      Helen intrusted to, 260;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    AEt'na.
+      Volcano in Sicily, 183;
+      the tomb of Enceladus, 24;
+      forge of Vulcan, 145, 148, 326;
+      Ceres' visit to, 187.
+
+    AE-to'li-a.
+      Country between Epirus and Locris, 275.
+
+    Af'ri-ca.
+      Hercules' visit to, 226, 227.
+
+    Afterthought.
+      Name given to Epimetheus, 25.
+
+    Ag-a-mem'non.
+      Chief of the expedition against Troy, 314-319;
+      return of, 336;
+      troops of, 361;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    A-ga've.
+      Mother of Pentheus;
+      infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, 182.
+
+    A-ge'nor.
+      Father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Phoenix, 44-47.
+
+    Ag-la'ia.
+      One of the Graces;
+      an attendant of Venus, 105.
+
+    A-i'des.
+      Same as Pluto;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    A-i-do'neus.
+      Same as Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, 159.
+
+    A'jax.
+      Greek hero in Trojan war, 314;
+      Patroclus' corpse recovered by, 328;
+      insanity of, 330.
+
+    Al'ba Lon'ga.
+      City in Italy founded by AEneas Silvia, 377.
+
+    Al-ces'tis.
+      Wife of Admetus;
+      dies to save his life, 65;
+      restored by Hercules, 230.
+
+    Al-ci'des.
+      Same as Hercules, 216;
+      lion skin of, 220;
+      Deianeira accompanies, 234;
+      Deianeira's charm for, 236;
+      pose of, 239.
+
+    Al-cim'e-de.
+      Queen of Iolcus;
+      mother of Jason, 263.
+
+    Al-cin'o-us.
+      Phaeacian king, enables Ulysses to reach Ithaca, 355.
+
+    Al-cip'pe.
+      Daughter of Mars;
+      carried off by Halirrhothius, 139.
+
+    Alc-me'ne.
+      Wife of Jupiter, and mother of Hercules, 28, 216;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    A-lec'to.
+      One of the Furies, 163;
+      sent by Juno to kindle war between AEneas and the Latins, 373.
+
+    A-lec'try-on.
+      Servant of Mars;
+      changed to a cock, 106, 107.
+
+    Al-phe'us.
+      1. River of Peloponnesus;
+         dammed to clean Augean stable, 221.
+      2. The river god who pursued Arethusa, 190-193.
+
+    Al-thae'a.
+      Mother of Meleager, 275, 276.
+
+    Am-al-the'a.
+      Goat which nursed Jupiter, 21.
+
+    Am-a-se'nus.
+      River over which Metabus flung Camilla, 373.
+
+    A-ma'ta.
+      Wife of Latinus, 372;
+      driven mad by Alecto, 373;
+      suicide of, 376.
+
+    Am'a-zons.
+      Nation of warlike women;
+      Hercules visits, 224;
+      Theseus visits, 259;
+      Bellerophon visits, 295;
+      Queen of the, 329.
+
+    Am-bro'si-a.
+      Celestial food used by the gods, 41;
+      gods deprived of, 84.
+
+    Am'mon.
+      Temple of Jupiter in Libya, 48.
+
+    A'mor.
+      Same as Eros, Cupid, etc.;
+      god of love, 13;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 107.
+
+    Am-phi'on.
+      Son of Jupiter and Antiope;
+      musician;
+      King of Thebes, 80-82.
+
+    Am-phi-tri'te.
+      Same as Salacia, queen of the sea;
+      wife of Neptune, 154, 158;
+      train of, 155;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    An-chi'ses.
+      Husband of Venus, 111;
+      father of AEneas, 360-362;
+      prophecy recalled by, 364;
+      death of, 365;
+      death anniversary of, 369;
+      AEneas' visit to, 370-372.
+
+    An-ci'le.
+      Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, 143.
+
+    An-drae'mon.
+      Husband of Dryope;
+      saw her changed to a tree, 298.
+
+    An-drom'a-che.
+      Wife of Hector;
+      parting of Hector and, 321-323;
+      grief of, 328;
+      captivity of, 365.
+
+    An-drom'e-da.
+      Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia;
+      saved by Perseus, 246-249;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    An-tae'us.
+      Giant son of Gaea;
+      defender of the Pygmies;
+      slain by Hercules, 227, 228.
+
+    An-te'i-a.
+      Wife of Proetus;
+      accuses Bellerophon falsely, 291;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    An'te-ros.
+      God of passion, 107, 108;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 140.
+
+    An-tig'o-ne.
+      Daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta;
+      buried alive, 285-288;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    An-tin'o-us.
+      One of Penelope's suitors;
+      slain by Ulysses, 358.
+
+    An-ti'o-pe.
+      Wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Amphion and Zethus;
+      persecuted by Dirce, 80.
+
+    A-pha're-us.
+      Father of Castor's murderer, 279.
+
+    Aph-ro-di'te.
+      Same as Venus, Dione, etc., 103, 105;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    A-pol'lo.
+      Same as Phoebus, Sol, and Helios, 61-91;
+      god of the sun, music, poetry, and medicine, 55;
+      Diana's brother, 93;
+      Niobe's sons slain by, 94;
+      Mars and Venus seen by, 106, 107;
+      Mercury steals cattle of, 132-134;
+      giants slain by, 139;
+      walls built by, 151, 152;
+      Marpessa claimed by, 155;
+      Vesta loved by, 198;
+      Janus, son of, 205;
+      oracles of, 280, 281;
+      steed of, 294;
+      Cassandra loved by, 310;
+      Chryses appeals to, 318, 319;
+      Ulysses incurs anger of, 354;
+      significance, 386, 390, 393, 396, 398.
+
+    Aq'ui-lo.
+      West wind, son of AEolus and Aurora, 213, 215.
+
+    A-rach'ne.
+      Minerva's needlework contest with, 58, 59.
+
+    Ar-ca'di-a.
+      Province of Peloponnesus, 221, 275;
+      Mercury's birthplace, 131.
+
+    Ar'cas.
+      Son of Jupiter and Callisto;
+      constellation of the Little Bear, 52.
+
+    A-re-o-pa-gi'tae.
+      Judges of the criminal court of Athens, 140.
+
+    A-re-op'a-gus.
+      Hill near Athens;
+      site of the Parthenon, 140.
+
+    A'res.
+      Same as Mars, 138;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    A-re'te.
+      1. Goddess of virtue;
+         takes charge of Hercules, 218-220.
+      2. Wife of Alcinous;
+         mother of Nausicaa, 355.
+
+    Ar-e-thu'sa.
+      Nymph of Diana;
+      changed to a fountain, 190-193.
+
+    Ar'ges (Sheet-lightning).
+      A Cyclop;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.
+
+    Ar'go.
+      Vessel in which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece,
+          266-274;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ar-go-nau'tic Expedition
+      in search of golden fleece, 154;
+      Zetes and Calais in, 215;
+      Hercules in, 230;
+      Meleager in, 275;
+      significance, 391, 392.
+
+    Ar'go-nauts.
+      Name given to Jason and crew, 267-271;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ar'gos.
+      City in Argolis, dedicated to Juno, 52-54;
+      Eurystheus, king of, 218-220;
+      Acrisius, king of, 240, 249;
+      Adrastus, king of, 260, 287;
+      Proetus, king of, 291;
+      Agamemnon's return to, 336;
+      significance, 389, 390.
+
+    Ar'gus.
+      1. Name of myriad-eyed giant who watched Io, 135-137;
+         significance, 385.
+      2. Name of Ulysses' faithful hound, 357.
+
+    A-ri-ad'ne.
+      Daughter of Minos;
+      Theseus aided by, 256, 257;
+      deserted by Theseus, 179, 257;
+      marries Bacchus, 181;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    A-ri'on.
+      1. Winged steed;
+         the offspring of Neptune and Ceres, 153.
+      2. Musician;
+         thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, 82, 83.
+
+    Ar-is-tae'us.
+      Youth who indirectly causes Eurydice's death, 76.
+
+    Ar'te-mis.
+      Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 97.
+
+    As-cal'a-phus.
+      Spirit in Hades who saw Proserpina eat pomegranate seeds, 195.
+
+    A'si-a Mi'nor.
+      West of Asia;
+      Bacchus' visit to, 176;
+      Vesta's shrine in, 198;
+      Thetis' flight from, 326.
+
+    As-kle'pi-os.
+      Same as AEsculapius;
+      son of Apollo and Coronis, 63.
+
+    As-ty'a-nax.
+      Infant son of Hector and Andromache, 321.
+
+    At-a-lan'ta.
+      Maiden who takes part in Calydonian Hunt and races with Milanion
+          or Hippomenes, 275-278;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Ath'a-mas.
+      King of Thebes;
+      father of Phryxus and Helle, 265;
+      Ino in madness slain by, 174;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    A-the'ne.
+      Same as Minerva, 55;
+      tutelary goddess of Athens, 57;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    A-the'ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Athens, 215;
+      tribute of, 253, 256;
+      ingratitude of, 262.
+
+    Ath'ens.
+      Minerva's festivals at, 60;
+      tribunal at, 139, 140;
+      contest for, 152;
+      AEgeus, king of, 250;
+      Theseus' arrival at, 252, 253;
+      Ariadne elopes to, 256;
+      Castor and Pollux' visit to, 260;
+      Theseus, king of, 262;
+      Peleus, king of, 305.
+
+    At'las.
+      1. Mountains.
+      2. One of Iapetus' sons, 25;
+         daughters of, 98;
+         heavens supported by, 227-229;
+         Perseus petrifies, 244-246;
+         significance, 379.
+
+    At'ro-pos.
+      One of the Fates;
+      cuts the thread of life, 165.
+
+    At'ti-ca.
+      Province of Greece;
+      Cecrops founds city in, 57;
+      oppression of, 255;
+      shores of, 259.
+
+    Au-ge'as.
+      King of Elis;
+      his stables were cleansed by Hercules, 221-223.
+
+    Au'lis.
+      Port in Boeotia, the meeting-place of the Greek expedition
+          against Troy, 312, 315.
+
+    Au-ro'ra.
+      Same as Eos, goddess of dawn;
+      attendant of Apollo, 85, 107;
+      jealousy of, 70;
+      Tithonus loved by, 90;
+      AEolus' wife, 213.
+
+    Aus'ter.
+      Southwest wind, same as Notus;
+      a son of AEolus and Aurora, 215.
+
+    Au-tom'e-don.
+      Achilles' charioteer, 328.
+
+    Av'en-tine.
+      One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 226.
+
+    A-ver'nus.
+      Lake near Naples;
+      the entrance to Hades in Italy, 160;
+      AEneas' visit to, 370.
+
+
+    Bab'y-lon.
+      The home of Pyramus and Thisbe, 117.
+
+    Bac-cha-na'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Bac-chan'tes.
+      Female followers of Bacchus, 176, 182;
+      Orpheus slain by, 79, 80.
+
+    Bac'chus.
+      Same as Dionysus, god of wine and revelry;
+      son of Jupiter and Semele, 171-182;
+      Vulcan visited by, 147;
+      Ariadne rescued by, 257;
+      tutor of, 300;
+      gift from, 306.
+
+    Bau'cis.
+      1. The mortal who showed hospitality to Jupiter and Mercury;
+         wife of Philemon, 43, 44.
+      2. Father of Dryope (changed to a tree), 298.
+
+    Bel-ler'o-phon.
+      Demigod;
+      mounts Pegasus and slays the dread Chimaera, 291-296;
+      significance, 393, 394.
+
+    Bel-lo'na.
+      Goddess of war;
+      attendant of Mars, 138.
+
+    Ber-e-ni'ce.
+      Queen whose hair was changed into a comet, 130, 384.
+
+    Ber'o-e.
+      Nurse of Semele, whose form Juno assumes to arouse Semele's
+          jealousy, 171, 172.
+
+    Bi'ton.
+      Brother of Cleobis;
+      draws his mother to the temple, 54.
+
+    Boe-o'ti-a.
+      Province in Greece, whose principal city was Thebes, 47, 280.
+
+    Bo're-as.
+      North wind;
+      son of AEolus and Aurora;
+      kidnaps Orithyia, 213-215;
+      sons of, 267.
+
+    Bos'po-rus.
+      Channel connecting Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, on route of
+          Argonauts, 268.
+
+    Brass Age.
+      Third age of world, 35.
+
+    Bri-a're-us.
+      One of the Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 18;
+      umpire, 152.
+
+    Bri-se'is.
+      Captive of Achilles during Trojan war;
+      claimed by Agamemnon, 318, 319, 324;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Bron'tes (Thunder).
+      A Cyclop;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.
+
+    Bru'tus.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+
+    Ca'cus.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, 226;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Cad'mus.
+      Brother of Europa;
+      founder of Thebes, 45-48;
+      husband of Harmonia, 107;
+      daughter of, 171;
+      dragon-tooth seed of, 268;
+      significance, 386, 390, 393.
+
+    Ca-du'ce-us.
+      Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, 134.
+
+    Cae'sar.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Cal'a-is.
+      Son of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Cal'chas.
+      Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, 315.
+
+    Cal-li'o-pe.
+      One of the nine Muses, loved by Apollo, 90;
+      mother of Orpheus, 75.
+
+    Cal-lis'to.
+      Maiden loved by Jupiter;
+      changed into a bear by Juno;
+      the Great Bear, 52.
+
+    Cal'y-don.
+      Home of Meleager;
+      site of Calydonian Hunt, 275.
+
+    Cal-y-do'ni-an Hunt.
+      Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, 275-279.
+
+    Ca-lyp'so.
+      Nymph who detained Ulysses on Ogygia seven years, 354;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Ca-mil'la.
+      Volscian maiden;
+      fights, and is slain by, AEneas, 373, 376;
+      dedicated to Diana, 374.
+
+    Ca-mil'lus.
+      Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Cam'pus mar'ti-us.
+      Roman exercising grounds sacred to Mars, 143.
+
+    Can'cer.
+      Crab which attacked Hercules to defend the Hydra;
+      a constellation, 221.
+
+    Cap'i-tol.
+      Temple dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, 48.
+
+    Car'thage.
+      A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by AEneas, 367.
+
+    Cas-san'dra.
+      Daughter of Priam;
+      her prophecies, though true, were always disbelieved, 310, 364;
+      captivity of, 361.
+
+    Cas-si-o-pe'ia.
+      Mother of Andromeda, 246;
+      a constellation, 249;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Cas'tor.
+      One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, 278, 279;
+      rescue of Helen by, 260;
+      Argonauts joined by, 266;
+      Calydonian Hunt joined by, 275.
+
+    Cau-ca'si-an Mountains.
+      Same as Caucasus;
+      Prometheus chained to, 28, 227.
+
+    Ce'crops.
+      Founder of Athens, 57;
+      descendants of, 255.
+
+    Ce-lae'no.
+      One of the Harpies;
+      frightens AEneas by prophesying harm, 365.
+
+    Ce'le-us.
+      1. King of Eleusis;
+         father of Triptolemus, 188.
+      2. Father of Andromeda;
+         significance, 391.
+
+    Cen'taurs.
+      Children of Ixion, half man, half horse;
+      Chiron, 218, 263, 314;
+      Hercules fights, 221;
+      battle of, 230, 260;
+      Nessus, 234-236;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Cen-tim'a-ni (Hundred-handed).
+      Three sons of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 18.
+
+    Ceph'a-lus.
+      Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, 70, 71, 90;
+      significance, 387.
+
+    Cer'be-rus.
+      Three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of Hades, 76, 77, 160;
+      Hercules captures, 229, 260;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Cer'cy-on.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      encountered by Theseus, 252.
+
+    Ce-re-a'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, 196.
+
+    Ce'res.
+      Same as Demeter, goddess of agriculture and civilization, 159,
+          183-197;
+      Cronus disgorges, 22;
+      Psyche consults, 127, 128;
+      Neptune loves, 153;
+      Pelops' shoulder eaten by, 167;
+      significance, 396, 397.
+
+    Cer-y-ne'a.
+      Town of Achaia, 221.
+
+    Cer-y-ne'ian Stag.
+      Stag taken by Hercules;
+      one of his labors, 221.
+
+    Ces'tus.
+      Venus' magic, love-inspiring girdle, 130, 308.
+
+    Ce'yx.
+      King of Thessaly;
+      shipwrecked, and changed with his wife Halcyone into birds, 211, 212.
+
+    Cha'os.
+      The first of all divinities, who ruled over confusion, 12, 13;
+      ejection of, 17;
+      daughter of, 57.
+
+    Char'i-tes.
+      The three Graces;
+      attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Cha'ron.
+      The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, 161;
+      AEneas ferried by, 372;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Cha-ryb'dis.
+      Whirlpool near the coast of Sicily, 352, 353, 365.
+
+    Chi-mae'ra.
+      Monster slain by Bellerophon, 292-296;
+      significance, 394, 401.
+
+    Chi'o-ne.
+      Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Chi'os.
+      One of the islands of the Archipelago, 99.
+
+    Chi'ron.
+      Learned Centaur, 218, 263, 266, 314;
+      death of, 221.
+
+    Chry-se'is.
+      Daughter of Chryses;
+      taken by Agamemnon, 318, 319.
+
+    Chry'ses.
+      Father of Chryseis;
+      priest of Apollo;
+      brings a plague on the Greek camp, 318, 319.
+
+    Ci-co'ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Ci-lic'i-a.
+      Province in Asia Minor, between AEolia and Troas, 47.
+
+    Ci'lix.
+      Brother of Europa;
+      founder of Cilicia, 45, 47.
+
+    Cim-me'ri-an Shores.
+      Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, 350.
+
+    Cir'ce.
+      Sister of AEetes;
+      sorceress who changes Ulysses' men into swine, 347-353;
+      significance, 395, 396.
+
+    Cle'o-bis.
+      Brother of Biton;
+      a devoted son, 54.
+
+    Cle-o-pa'tra.
+      Daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, 215.
+
+    Cli'o.
+      One of the nine Muses, 88.
+
+    Clo'tho.
+      One of the Fates;
+      she spins the thread of life, 165.
+
+    Clym'e-ne.
+      1. Wife of Iapetus;
+         an ocean nymph, 25.
+      2. Nymph loved by Apollo;
+         mother of Phaeton, 83, 87.
+
+    Clyt-aem-nes'tra.
+      Wife of Agamemnon;
+      slain by Orestes, 336;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Clyt'i-e.
+      Maiden who loves Apollo, and is changed into a sunflower, 72.
+
+    Co-cy'tus.
+      River in Hades, formed of tears of the condemned, 160, 161.
+
+    Coe'us.
+      One of the Titans;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 17.
+
+    Col'chi-an Land.
+      Ram bears Phryxus to, 154;
+      Argonauts arrive at, 268;
+      Argonauts depart from, 269;
+      sailors of, 271.
+
+    Col'chis.
+      Land in Asia ruled by AEetes, where the golden fleece was kept,
+          265, 266;
+      return from, 274.
+
+    Co-lo'nus.
+      Forest sacred to Furies, where Oedipus vanished in a storm, 286.
+
+    Co-los'sus.
+      Statue of Apollo in the Island of Rhodes, 91.
+
+    Con-sen'tes.
+      Same as Pan, god of the universe and of nature, 300.
+
+    Co'pre-us.
+      Son of Pelops;
+      owner of the marvelous horse Arion, 153.
+
+    Co'ra.
+      Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Cor'inth.
+      City and isthmus between Greece proper and the Peloponnesus,
+          152, 158, 294;
+      Sisyphus, king of, 167, 291;
+      Sciron at, 251;
+      Polybus, king of, 280-282, 286.
+
+    Co-ro'na.
+      Constellation, also known as Ariadne's Crown, 181.
+
+    Co-ro'nis.
+      Maiden loved by Apollo;
+      mother of AEsculapius, 62, 63;
+      significance, 386, 389.
+
+    Co'rus.
+      Northwest wind;
+      son of AEolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Cor-y-ban'tes.
+      Same as Curetes;
+      Rhea's priests, 21.
+
+    Cot'tus.
+      One of the Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.
+
+    Cre'on.
+      Father of Jocasta and of Megara, 219;
+      King of Thebes, 288.
+
+    Cre'tan Bull.
+      Hercules captures, 223.
+
+    Crete.
+      Island home of Minos, 223, 253, 256;
+      Menelaus' journey to, 312;
+      AEneas' sojourn in, 364;
+      Zeus, king of, 379.
+
+    Cre-u'sa.
+      1. Wife of AEneas;
+         killed in attempting to fly from Troy, 361-363.
+      2. Same as Glauce;
+         maiden loved by Jason, 273.
+
+    Cri'us.
+      One of the Titans;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 17.
+
+    Cro'nus.
+      Same as Saturn;
+      a Titan who rules supreme;
+      father of Jupiter, 17-23, 25, 35;
+      daughters of, 51, 183, 198;
+      son of, 159.
+
+    Cru'mis-sa.
+      Island where Neptune carried Theophane;
+      birthplace of the golden-fleeced ram, 154.
+
+    Cu'mae.
+      Cave where the Sibyl gave her prophecies, 370.
+
+    Cu'pid, or Cu-pi'do.
+      Same as Amor, god of love;
+      son of Venus and Mars, 107, 140;
+      growth of, 108;
+      darts of, 112, 147, 367;
+      Psyche and, 121-130, 381.
+
+    Cu-re'tes.
+      Same as Corybantes;
+      Rhea's priests, 21.
+
+    Cy'a-ne.
+      River which tried to stop Pluto when he kidnapped Proserpina, 186.
+
+    Cyb'e-le.
+      Same as Rhea, goddess of the earth, 20;
+      chariot of, 278.
+
+    Cy-clo'pes.
+      Three children of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 18;
+      thunderbolts forged by, 22, 64, 147;
+      Orion visits the, 99;
+      Vulcan and the, 145;
+      Island of the, 339;
+      AEneas warned against, 365;
+      significance, 385, 398.
+
+    Cy'clops.
+      Polyphemus the, 339-345, 365.
+
+    Cyc'nus.
+      Intimate friend of Phaeton, 87.
+
+    Cyl-le'ne.
+      Mountain upon which Mercury was born, 131, 132.
+
+    Cyn'thi-a.
+      Same as Diana, goddess of the moon and the chase, 93, 96.
+
+    Cyn'thi-us.
+      Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and fine arts, 61.
+
+    Cyp-a-ris'sus.
+      Friend of Apollo;
+      turned to a cypress tree, 67.
+
+    Cy'prus.
+      Island in the Mediterranean sacred to Venus, 105, 120, 123.
+
+    Cyth-e-re'a.
+      Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, and laughter, 103.
+
+
+    Daed'a-lus.
+      Architect who planned the Cretan Labyrinth, 253-255;
+      inventor of sails, 214.
+
+    Dan'a-e.
+      Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower;
+      mother of Perseus, 240-242;
+      significance, 379, 390, 397.
+
+    Da-na'i-des.
+      Daughters of Danaus, who slay their husbands, 166, 167.
+
+    Dan'a-us.
+      King of Argos;
+      father of the fifty Danaides, 166.
+
+    Dan'ube.
+      River of Europe;
+      Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, 271.
+
+    Daph'ne.
+      Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree, 68-70;
+      significance, 387, 389, 395.
+
+    Dar'da-nus.
+      Ancient king of Troy, who gives his name to his race, 364;
+      mares of, 215.
+
+    De-i-a-nei'ra.
+      Wife of Hercules, 232-236;
+      causes Hercules' death by using the Nessus robe, 235, 236;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    De-iph'o-bus.
+      Son of Priam and Hecuba;
+      married Helen after the death of Paris, 362.
+
+    De'los.
+      Floating island;
+      birthplace of Apollo and Diana, 62;
+      shrine of Apollo at, 91, 363, 364;
+      significance, 386, 396.
+
+    Del'phi.
+      Shrine of Apollo, famed for its oracles, 37, 47, 91;
+      Ceyx visits, 211;
+      Oedipus consults oracle at, 281, 282, 285, 290;
+      Orestes at, 336.
+
+    Del'uge.
+      Caused by Jupiter's wrath, 36;
+      slime from, 65.
+
+    De-me'ter.
+      Same as Ceres;
+      goddess of agriculture, 183, 187;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    De'mi-os (Dread).
+      Attendant or son of Mars, 138.
+
+    Des'ti-ny.
+      One of the ancient deities not subjected to Jupiter, 39.
+
+    Deu-ca'li-on.
+      Only male survivor of Deluge;
+      father of Hellen, 37, 38.
+
+    Di'a.
+      Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapithae, 169;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Di-a'na.
+      Goddess of the moon and chase;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 93-101;
+      birth of, 62;
+      nymphs of, 70, 190;
+      arrows of, 139;
+      Arethusa protected by, 192;
+      Oeneus neglects, 275;
+      Iphigenia saved by, 316;
+      temple of, 336;
+      Camilla rescued by, 373, 374;
+      significance, 388, 396, 398.
+
+    Di'do.
+      Queen of Tyre and Carthage;
+      loved and deserted by AEneas, 366-369;
+      AEneas sees, in Hades, 372.
+
+    Di-o-me'des.
+      1. Greek hero during Trojan war, 314;
+         recovers Patroclus' body, 328;
+         helps Ulysses secure the Palladium, 332.
+      2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, 223.
+
+    Di-o'ne.
+      1. Name given to Venus, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, etc., 103.
+      2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter;
+         goddess of moisture, 44.
+
+    Di-o-nys'i-a.
+      Festivals held in Greece in honor of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Di-o-nys'us.
+      Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.
+
+    Di-os-cu'ri.
+      Collective name given to Castor and Pollux, 278.
+
+    Di-os-cu'ri-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Castor and Pollux, 279.
+
+    Dir'ce.
+      Wife of Lycus;
+      bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.
+
+    Dis.
+      Same as Pluto, god of Infernal Regions, 159, 370.
+
+    Dis-cor'di-a, or Eris.
+      Goddess of discord, 138;
+      she appears at Peleus' marriage feast, 306.
+
+    Do-do'na.
+      Temple and grove sacred to Jupiter, 48, 49, 266.
+
+    Dol'phin.
+      Constellation, 82.
+
+    Do'ri-an Race.
+      Descendants of Dorus, 38.
+
+    Do'ris.
+      Wife of Nereus, 154, 305.
+
+    Do'rus.
+      Son of Hellen;
+      ancestor of Dorian race, 38.
+
+    Dreams.
+      Spirits in cave of Somnus;
+      passed out through gates of ivory and horn, 210, 211;
+      Mercury, leader of, 137.
+
+    Drep'a-num.
+      Land visited by AEneas, where Anchises died, 365.
+
+    Dry'a-des.
+      Plant nymphs, supposed to watch over vegetation, 297.
+
+    Dry'o-pe.
+      Princess changed into a tree, 298-300.
+
+    Dull'ness.
+      Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, 55, 57.
+
+
+    Earth.
+      AEther and Hemera create the, 13;
+      divisions of the, 15;
+      realm of the, 25;
+      the mother of all, 38;
+      oath by the, 172;
+      Antaeus, son of the, 228;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    E'cho.
+      Nymph who pined for love of Narcissus;
+      changed to a voice, 118, 119;
+      answers Cephalus, 71;
+      mocks Ariadne, 179.
+
+    Egg.
+      Earth hatched from a mythical, 15.
+
+    E'gypt.
+      Gods take refuge in, 24;
+      Io takes refuge in, 136;
+      Menelaus and Helen detained in, 336.
+
+    E-lec'tra.
+      Daughter of Agamemnon;
+      saves Orestes, 336.
+
+    El-eu-sin'i-a.
+      Festivals at Eleusis, in honor of Ceres and Proserpina, 196.
+
+    E-leu'sis.
+      City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for
+          Proserpina, 188, 196.
+
+    E'lis.
+      Province of the Peloponnesus;
+      Alpheus in, 193;
+      Augeas, king of, 221;
+      significance, 388.
+
+    El-pe'nor.
+      Follower of Ulysses;
+      dies in Island of AEaea, 350.
+
+    E-lys'i-an Fields.
+      Abode of the blessed in Hades, 161, 163, 169;
+      Cleobis and Biton conveyed to, 54;
+      Adonis conveyed to, 110.
+
+    En-cel'a-dus.
+      Giant defeated by Jupiter;
+      buried under Mt. AEtna, 24.
+
+    En-dym'i-on.
+      Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus, 96-98;
+      significance, 388, 389, 396.
+
+    En'na.
+      Plain in Sicily;
+      favorite resort of Proserpina, 183.
+
+    E-ny'o.
+      Name given to Bellona, goddess of war, 138.
+
+    E'os.
+      Name given to Aurora, goddess of dawn, 72, 90;
+      jealousy of, 70, 71;
+      winds, offspring of, 213.
+
+    Ep'a-phus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Io;
+      founder of Memphis, 136.
+
+    Eph'e-sus.
+      City in Asia Minor sacred to Diana, 101.
+
+    Eph-i-al'tes.
+      Giant son of Neptune, 154;
+      brother of Otus;
+      imprisons Mars, 139;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    E-pig'o-ni.
+      Sons of the seven chiefs who besieged Thebes, 290.
+
+    Ep-i-me'theus (Afterthought).
+      Son of Iapetus, 25;
+      husband of Pandora, 28-34, 37.
+
+    E-pi'rus.
+      Country visited by AEneas, who meets Andromache there, 365.
+
+    Er'a-to.
+      One of the Muses;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.
+
+    Er'e-bus.
+      God of darkness, 13;
+      marries his mother, Night, 13;
+      progenitor of egg, 15;
+      dethroned, 17.
+
+    E-rid'a-nus.
+      River into which Phaeton fell from the sun chariot, 87;
+      Hercules consults nymphs of, 226.
+
+    E-rin'ny-es.
+      Collective name given to the Furies, 163;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    E'ris.
+      Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, 138;
+      apple cast by, 306.
+
+    Er-i-sich'thon.
+      An unbeliever;
+      punished by famine, 197.
+
+    E'ros.
+      Same as Cupid, 107;
+      child of Light and Day, 13;
+      arrows of, 13, 112;
+      egg produces, 15;
+      causes man's creation, 25;
+      man's life given by, 27.
+
+    Er-y-man'thus.
+      Place where Hercules slew the wild boar, 221.
+
+    Er-y-the'a.
+      Island home of Geryones;
+      visited by Hercules, 226.
+
+    E-te'o-cles.
+      Son of Oedipus and Jocasta, 285;
+      reigns one year, 287;
+      slain by his brother, 288.
+
+    E-thi-o'pi-a.
+      Country visited by Bacchus, 176.
+
+    E-thi-o'pi-ans.
+      Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus;
+      visited by the gods, 16.
+
+    Eu-boe'an or Eu-bo'ic Sea.
+      Sea where Hercules cast Lichas, 238.
+
+    Eu-mae'us.
+      Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, 355, 357;
+      Ulysses aided by, 358.
+
+    Eu-men'i-des.
+      Collective name given to Furies, 163;
+      forest sacred to, 286;
+      significance, 393.
+
+    Eu-phros'y-ne.
+      One of the three Graces or Charites;
+      attendant of Venus, 105.
+
+    Eu-ro'pa.
+      Daughter of Agenor;
+      wife of Jupiter, 44-48, 59;
+      mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, 45, 325;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Eu-ro'tas.
+      River near Sparta, where Helen bathed, 310.
+
+    Eu'rus.
+      East wind;
+      son of AEolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Eu-ry'a-le.
+      One of the three terrible Gorgons, 242.
+
+    Eu-ry'a-lus.
+      Youth sent with Nisus to warn AEneas that his son was in danger, 374.
+
+    Eu-ry-cle'a.
+      Nurse of Ulysses;
+      recognizes him after twenty years' absence, 357;
+      Penelope awakened by, 358.
+
+    Eu-ryd'i-ce.
+      Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her in Hades, 75-80;
+      significance, 387-389.
+
+    Eu-ryl'o-chus.
+      Leader of Ulysses' men, 347;
+      escaped Circe's spell, 349;
+      Ulysses' men misled by, 353.
+
+    Eu-ryn'o-me.
+      Wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of the Graces, 105.
+
+    Eu-rys'theus.
+      Hercules' taskmaster;
+      appointed twelve labors, 218-229.
+
+    Eu'ry-tus.
+      Iole's father;
+      visited twice by Hercules, 235.
+
+    Eu-ter'pe.
+      One of the Muses;
+      presided over music, 88.
+
+    Eux'ine Sea.
+      Same as Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea, 15.
+
+    E-van'der.
+      King of Tuscans;
+      ally of AEneas;
+      father of Pallas, 374, 375.
+
+    E-ve'nus.
+      Father of Marpessa;
+      drowned himself in river of same name, 155;
+      Hercules crosses, 234.
+
+
+    Fa'ma.
+      Attendant of Jupiter, goddess of fame, 41.
+
+    Fates.
+      Three sisters;
+      also known as Moerae or Parcae, 165.
+
+    Fau'na.
+      Wife of Faunus;
+      a rural divinity of the Romans, 301.
+
+    Fau'nus.
+      Rural divinity of the Romans;
+      husband of Fauna, 301.
+
+    Flo'ra.
+      Goddess of flowers, 301, 303;
+      wife of Zephyrus, 215, 301.
+
+    Flo-ra'li-a.
+      Festivals in May in honor of Flora, 301.
+
+    Forethought.
+      Name given to Prometheus, 25.
+
+    For-tu'na.
+      1. Goddess of fortune;
+         an attendant of Jupiter, 41.
+      2. Goddess of plenty, 232.
+
+    Fo'rum.
+      Chief place in Rome where public matters were discussed, 142.
+
+    Fu'ries.
+      The Eumenides, or avenging deities, 163;
+      Oedipus punished by, 286;
+      Orestes pursued by, 336.
+
+
+    Gae'a.
+      Same as Tellus and Terra, 13;
+      wife of Uranus, 15;
+      reign of, 17;
+      conspiracy of, 18;
+      Typhoeus created by, 23;
+      Enceladus created by, 24;
+      Antaeus, son of, 227;
+      Syrinx protected by, 300;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Gal-a-te'a.
+      1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, 341-343.
+      2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life, 121.
+
+    Gan'y-mede.
+      Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer, 43.
+
+    Ge.
+      Same as Gaea, Tellus, Terra, the Earth, 13.
+
+    Gem'i-ni.
+      Same as Dioscuri;
+      Castor and Pollux, 278.
+
+    Ge-ry'o-nes.
+      Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, 226;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Glau'ce.
+      Maiden loved by Jason;
+      slain by Medea, 273;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Glau'cus.
+      Fisherman changed to a sea god, 303, 304;
+      lover of Scylla, 352, 353.
+
+    Golden Age.
+      First age of the ancient world, when all was bliss, 35;
+      Janus' reign, 205.
+
+    Gor'gons.
+      Three sisters,--Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa, 242-246;
+      AEgis decorated by head of one of, 58;
+      significance, 401.
+
+    Grac'chi, The.
+      Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades, 372.
+
+    Gra'ces.
+      Same as Gratiae;
+      the three attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Gra-di'vus.
+      Name given to Mars when leader of armies, 143.
+
+    Grae'ae.
+      Three sisters with but one eye and tooth among them, 243;
+      significance, 391, 401.
+
+    Gra'ti-ae.
+      Same as Graces, or Charites;
+      Venus' attendants, 105.
+
+    Great Bear.
+      Constellation formed by Callisto, 52.
+
+    Gre'ci-an.
+      Mythology, 25;
+      camp, 329.
+
+    Greece.
+      Highest peak in, 37;
+      alphabet introduced into, 48;
+      nations of, 49;
+      art in, 52;
+      Cecrops comes to, 57;
+      Pelops takes refuge in, 167;
+      Paris visits, 310;
+      war between Troy and, 314;
+      Orestes' return to, 336;
+      captives taken to, 361.
+
+    Greek Divinities, 39;
+      Panathenaea, 60;
+      fleet, 332.
+
+    Greeks.
+      Departure of, 315;
+      plague visits, 318;
+      defeat of, 323, 324;
+      return of, 335;
+      Agamemnon, chief of, 336;
+      attack Ciconians, 337;
+      Polyphemus visited by, 343-346;
+      Circe visited by, 347;
+      a civilized nation, 380.
+
+    Gy'es.
+      One of the three Centimani;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.
+
+
+    Ha'des.
+      The Infernal Region, kingdom of Pluto, 159-170;
+      Hercules' visit to, 65, 229, 230;
+      Orpheus' visit to, 76-79;
+      Adonis' visit to, 110;
+      Psyche's visit to, 128;
+      Mercury conducts souls to, 137, 317;
+      Proserpina's visit to, 194, 195;
+      Lara conducted to, 203;
+      Theseus' visit to, 260;
+      Pollux in, 279;
+      Oedipus in, 286;
+      Ulysses' visit to, 350;
+      AEneas' visit to, 370.
+
+    Hae'mon.
+      Son of Creon;
+      lover of Antigone, 288.
+
+    Hal-cy'o-ne.
+      Wife of Ceyx, King of Thessaly, 211, 212.
+
+    Hal-irr-ho'thi-us.
+      Son of Neptune;
+      slain by Mars, 139.
+
+    Ham-a-dry'a-des.
+      Nymphs who lived and died with the trees they inhabited, 297, 298.
+
+    Har-mo'ni-a.
+      Daughter of Mars and Venus, 107, 140;
+      wife of Cadmus, 48;
+      mother of Semele, 171.
+
+    Har'pies.
+      Monsters, half woman, half bird;
+      banished to Strophades Islands, 267;
+      AEneas sees, 365;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Heav'en.
+      Creation of, 15;
+      realm of, 25;
+      Atlas, supporter of, 244;
+      significance, 384, 398.
+
+    He'be.
+      Goddess of youth;
+      cup-bearer of the gods, 41;
+      wife of Hercules, 238.
+
+    He'brus.
+      River in which the Bacchantes cast Orpheus' remains, 80.
+
+    Hec'a-te.
+      Name given to Proserpina as Queen of Hades, 195.
+
+    Hec'tor.
+      Son of Priam;
+      leader of Trojan army, 320-326;
+      slain by Achilles, 328;
+      Priam buries, 329;
+      shade of, 360;
+      widow of, 365.
+
+    Hec'u-ba.
+      Wife of Priam;
+      mother of Paris and Hector, 307, 310;
+      Hector seen by, 328;
+      captivity of, 361.
+
+    Hel'en.
+      Daughter of Jupiter and Leda;
+      wife of Menelaus;
+      kidnapped by Paris, 310-312;
+      kidnapped by Theseus, 260;
+      Paris upbraided by, 320;
+      return of, 335;
+      AEneas wishes to slay, 361;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Hel'e-nus.
+      King of Epirus, whose slave Andromache became after the death
+          of Hector, 365.
+
+    He-li'a-des.
+      Sisters of Phaeton;
+      changed into trees, 87.
+
+    Hel'i-con.
+      Mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and Muses, 90, 149.
+
+    He'li-os.
+      Name of Apollo as god of the sun, 61, 72;
+      significance, 386, 388, 395.
+
+    Hel'le.
+      Daughter of Athamas and Nephele;
+      drowned in the Hellespont, 265;
+      significance, 391, 392, 397.
+
+    Hel'len.
+      Son of Deucalion;
+      ancestor of the Hellenes, 38.
+
+    Hel-le'nes.
+      Name given to ancient Greeks, 38.
+
+    Hel'les-pont.
+      Name given to the strait from Helle, 265;
+      Leander swims across the, 111-117.
+
+    He-me'ra (Day).
+      One of the first divinities, who rules with AEther (Light), 13, 17.
+
+    Heph-aes-ti'a.
+      Festivals in honor of Hephaestus, or Vulcan, 148.
+
+    He-phaes'tus.
+      Name given to Vulcan, god of the forge, 144;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    He'ra, or He're.
+      Name given to Juno, queen of heaven, and goddess of the
+          atmosphere and of marriage, 51;
+      significance, 385.
+
+    Her'a-cles.
+      Same as Hercules;
+      son of Jupiter and Alcmene, 216.
+
+    He-rae'um.
+      Town dedicated to the service of Juno, 52.
+
+    Her'cu-les.
+      Same as Heracles, god of all athletic games, 216-239;
+      Prometheus delivered by, 28;
+      Hades visited by, 65;
+      Hesione delivered by, 152;
+      Centaurs defeated by, 260;
+      Argonautic expedition joined by, 266, 267;
+      arrows of, 330;
+      apparition of, 331;
+      significance, 379, 389, 390, 393, 395.
+
+    Her'mes.
+      Same as Mercury, messenger of the gods, 131;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Her-mi'o-ne.
+      Same as Harmonia;
+      daughter of Venus and Mars, 107.
+
+    He'ro.
+      Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her,
+          111-117.
+
+    He-si'o-ne.
+      Daughter of Laomedon;
+      rescued from sea monster by Hercules, 151, 152, 224.
+
+    Hes-pe'ri-a.
+      Ancient name of Italy, so called by AEneas, 23, 364.
+
+    Hes-per'i-des.
+      Daughters of Hesperus, guardians of golden apples, 226;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Hes'pe-rus.
+      God of the West;
+      father of the Hesperides, 72, 226.
+
+    Hes'ti-a.
+      Same as Vesta, goddess of the family hearth, 198;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Him'e-rus.
+      God of the desire of love;
+      attendant in Venus' numerous train, 106.
+
+    Hip-po-cre'ne.
+      Fountain created by Pegasus, 294.
+
+    Hip-po-da-mi'a.
+      Wife of Pirithous;
+      almost carried off by the Centaurs, 260.
+
+    Hip-pol'y-te.
+      Queen of the Amazons, 223, 224;
+      Theseus' wife, 259.
+
+    Hip-pol'y-tus.
+      Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, 259;
+      loved by Phaedra, 262.
+
+    Hip-pom'e-nes.
+      Same as Milanion;
+      lover of Atalanta, 278.
+
+    Hope.
+      The good spirit in Pandora's box;
+      an ancient deity, 33-35.
+
+    Ho'rae.
+      Collective name of the seasons;
+      Venus' attendants, 105.
+
+    Horn Gate.
+      Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.
+
+    Hours.
+      Attendants of Apollo, 85;
+      attendants of Venus, 105.
+
+    Hundred-handed, the.
+      Same as Centimani, 18.
+
+    Hup'nos.
+      Same as Somnus, god of sleep, 208.
+
+    Hy-a-cin'thus.
+      Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus;
+      changed to a flower, 67.
+
+    Hy'dra.
+      Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna, 220, 221;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Hy-ge'ia.
+      Daughter of AEsculapius;
+      watched over health of man, 64.
+
+    Hy'las.
+      Youth loved by Hercules;
+      stolen by the water nymphs, 267.
+
+    Hy'men.
+      God of marriage;
+      attendant of Venus, 106.
+
+    Hy-met'tus. Mountain in Attica, 90.
+
+    Hyp-er-bo're-an Mountains.
+      The mountains separating the land of the Hyperboreans from
+          Thrace, 215.
+
+    Hyp-er-bo're-ans.
+      People north of Oceanus, a virtuous race, 16.
+
+    Hy-pe'ri-on.
+      The Titan who had charge of the sun chariot, 17, 20, 22.
+
+    Hyp-erm-nes'tra.
+      Daughter of Danaus;
+      saves her husband, 166.
+
+
+    I-ap'e-tus.
+      One of the Titans;
+      father of Prometheus, 17, 25, 229.
+
+    I-a'pis.
+      Leech consulted by AEneas;
+      cures AEneas with Venus' aid, 376.
+
+    I-a'si-us.
+      Same as Iasion;
+      father of Atalanta, 275, 364.
+
+    Ic'a-rus.
+      Son of Daedalus;
+      fell into the Icarian Sea, 253-255.
+
+    I'da.
+      Mountain in Crete, and near Troy also, 21, 320.
+
+    I'das.
+      A mortal befriended by Neptune;
+      elopes with Marpessa, 155.
+
+    Il'i-a.
+      1. One of the Titanides;
+         daughter of Uranus and Gaea, 17.
+      2. Priestess of Vesta;
+         wife of Mars;
+         mother of Romulus and Remus, 140, 377.
+
+    Il'i-ad.
+      Homer's epic poem on the Trojan war, 318, 321, 329.
+
+    Il'i-um.
+      Same as Troy whence comes the Iliad's name, 317, 360, 363, 370.
+
+    In'a-chus.
+      River god (father of Io), 134, 136.
+
+    Infernal Regions.
+      Judges in the, 45;
+      Orpheus visits, 76-79;
+      Adonis visits, 108;
+      Pluto's realm, 159;
+      Proserpina's sojourn in, 194;
+      AEneas visits, 370.
+
+    I'no.
+      Same as Leucothea;
+      second wife of Athamas;
+      daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 174, 265;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    I'o.
+      Maiden loved by Jupiter;
+      changed into a heifer, 134-137;
+      significance, 385, 396.
+
+    I-ob'a-tes.
+      King of Lycia;
+      recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon, 291-295.
+
+    I-o-la'us.
+      Friend of Hercules;
+      helped slay the Hydra, 220.
+
+    I-ol'cus.
+      Kingdom of AEson and Jason;
+      usurped by Pelias, 263.
+
+    I'o-le.
+      Maiden loved by Hercules, 235, 236;
+      significance, 390, 392.
+
+    I'on.
+      Grandson of Hellen;
+      ancestor of Ionian race, 38.
+
+    I-o'ni-an Race.
+      Race descended from Ion, grandson of Hellen, 38.
+
+    I-o'ni-an Sea.
+      Sea west of Greece, named after Io, 136, 137.
+
+    Iph-i-ge-ni'a.
+      Daughter of Agamemnon;
+      sacrificed to Diana, 315, 316;
+      Orestes finds, 336.
+
+    I'ris (the Rainbow).
+      Attendant of Juno, 52, 329, 374.
+
+    Iron Age.
+      Fourth and last age previous to the Deluge, 36.
+
+    Isles of the Blest.
+      Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead, 16, 17;
+      Ulysses searches for, 359.
+
+    Is'ma-rus.
+      Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Is-me'ne.
+      Daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, 285;
+      dies of grief, 290.
+
+    Isth'mi-an Games.
+      Games held in honor of Neptune, at Corinth, every four years, 158.
+
+    It'a-ly.
+      Saturn retires to, 23;
+      Ceres returns to, 190;
+      Janus, king of, 205.
+
+    Ith'a-ca.
+      Ulysses' island kingdom, 214, 312, 337;
+      Ulysses arrives in sight of, 346;
+      Ulysses returns to, 354, 355;
+      Telemachus returns to, 357;
+      home of Penelope.
+
+    I-u'lus.
+      AEneas' son;
+      AEneas saves, 361;
+      Cupid assumes form of, 367;
+      stag wounded by, 373;
+      brave defense by, 374.
+
+    Ivory Gate.
+      Gate leading from cave of Somnus to outer world, 210, 211.
+
+    Ix-i'on.
+      Criminal in Tartarus;
+      bound to wheel of fire, 77, 169, 260;
+      significance, 389.
+
+
+    Ja-nic'u-lum.
+      City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, 205.
+
+    Ja'nus.
+      God of all beginnings, of entrances, gates, etc., 205-207;
+      opening of temple of, 373.
+
+    Ja'nus Quad'ri-fons.
+      A square temple dedicated to Janus, 206.
+
+    Ja'son.
+      Son of AEson;
+      captured the golden fleece, 263-274;
+      significance, 392, 393.
+
+    Jo-cas'ta.
+      Wife of Laius, 280;
+      marries Oedipus, her son, 285;
+      commits suicide, 286;
+      significance, 392, 393.
+
+    Jove.
+      Same as Jupiter, 39;
+      birth of, 20;
+      day of, 207;
+      Leda courted by, 311;
+      decree of, 329.
+
+    Ju'no.
+      Birth of, 22;
+      flight of, 24;
+      Jupiter's wife, 44;
+      same as Hera, 51-54;
+      jealousy of, 61, 62, 135-137, 171, 172, 174, 203, 216;
+      Mars, son of, 138;
+      Vulcan, son of, 144;
+      Tityus insults, 169;
+      AEolus, servant of, 213;
+      Hercules persecuted by, 216-218, 219, 224;
+      Jason carries, 264;
+      Jason aided by, 266, 267;
+      contest of Minerva and Venus with, 306-308;
+      Troy destroyed by, 362;
+      AEneas persecuted by, 364, 365, 369, 373-375;
+      significance, 385, 389, 400.
+
+    Ju'pi-ter.
+      Birth of, 20;
+      supremacy of, 21;
+      giants defeated by, 22-24;
+      kingdom divided by, 25;
+      Prometheus punished by, 28;
+      Mercury, messenger of, 31, 134;
+      Deluge caused by, 36;
+      same as Jove, 39-49;
+      Juno courted by, 51;
+      Minerva borne by, 55;
+      Latona courted by, 61;
+      AEsculapius slain by, 64;
+      Amphion, son of, 80;
+      Phaeton slain by, 87;
+      Muses, daughters of, 88;
+      Venus, daughter of, 103;
+      Graces, daughters of, 105;
+      Venus borrows thunderbolts of, 111;
+      Mercury, son of, 131;
+      Io courted by, 135, 136;
+      Mars, son of, 138;
+      Vulcan, son of, 144;
+      thunderbolts of, 147, 155;
+      Neptune exiled by, 151;
+      Semele courted by, 171-174;
+      Ceres, wife of, 183;
+      Hercules, son of, 216, 218;
+      games in honor of, 230, 239;
+      Hercules saved by, 238;
+      Danae courted by, 240, 241;
+      Helen, daughter of, 260, 311;
+      Bellerophon punished by, 295;
+      Thetis loved by, 305, 306;
+      Thetis seeks, 319;
+      interference of, 320, 362, 375;
+      Sarpedon, son of, 325;
+      Apollo appeased by, 354;
+      significance, 381, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 394, 396, 398-400.
+
+    Jus'tice.
+      Same as Themis, 44;
+      mother of seasons, 105.
+
+    Ju-tur'na.
+      Sister and charioteer of Turnus, 376.
+
+    Ju-ven'tas.
+      Same as Hebe, goddess of youth, 41.
+
+
+    Ka'kia.
+      Goddess of vice;
+      tries to mislead Hercules, 218.
+
+
+    Lab'y-rinth.
+      A maze in Crete, constructed by Daedalus for the Minotaur, 253-257.
+
+    Lac-e-dae-mo'ni-a.
+      Province in Peloponnesus;
+      capital Sparta, also name of Sparta, 312.
+
+    Lac-e-dae-mo'ni-ans.
+      Inhabitants of Lacedaemonia, or Sparta, 212.
+
+    Lach'e-sis.
+      One of the Fates;
+      twists the thread of life, 165.
+
+    La'don.
+      Dragon which guarded golden apples of Hesperides, 226.
+
+    La-er'tes.
+      Father of Ulysses, 315, 345;
+      Penelope weaves his shroud, 357.
+
+    Laes-try-go'ni-ans.
+      Cannibals visited by Ulysses, 347.
+
+    La'ius.
+      Father of Oedipus, 280;
+      slain by him, 282;
+      significance, 392-394.
+
+    Lam-pe'tia.
+      One of the Heliades, 87;
+      guards the cattle of the sun, 353, 354.
+
+    La-oc'o-on.
+      Trojan priest;
+      crushed to death by two serpents, 333-335.
+
+    La-od-a-mi'a.
+      Wife of Protesilaus;
+      dies of grief, 316, 317.
+
+    La-om'e-don.
+      King of Troy;
+      employs Neptune and Apollo to build walls, 151, 152;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Lap'i-thae.
+      People who dwelt in Thessaly and fought the Centaurs, 230, 260;
+      Ixion, king of, 169;
+      Pirithous, king of, 259.
+
+    La'ra.
+      Wife of Mercury;
+      mother of the two Lares, 203.
+
+    La'res.
+      Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households, 203;
+      saved by Anchises, 362.
+
+    Lat'in.
+      Names of days in, 207.
+
+    Lat'ins.
+      People of Latinus and AEneas, 377;
+      AEneas fights, 375.
+
+    La-ti'nus.
+      King of Latium, 372;
+      welcomes and then wars against AEneas, 373, 374, 376;
+      AEneas makes peace with, 377.
+
+    La'ti-um.
+      Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, 377;
+      AEneas comes to, 372.
+
+    Lat'mus.
+      Mountain in Asia Minor, where Endymion lies asleep, 97;
+      significance, 388, 392, 394.
+
+    La-to'na.
+      Same as Leto;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Apollo and Diana, 61, 62;
+      boast of, 93;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Lau'sus.
+      Hero slain by AEneas during wars against the Rutules, 376.
+
+    La-vin'i-a.
+      Daughter of Latinus, 372, 373;
+      AEneas' second wife, 376, 377.
+
+    Le-an'der.
+      Youth of Abydus;
+      Hero's lover, who swam the Hellespont, 111-117.
+
+    Le-ar'chus.
+      Son of Athamas and Ino;
+      slain by his father, 174.
+
+    Le'da.
+      Mother of Castor and Pollux, Helen and Clytaemnestra, 311;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Le'laps.
+      The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus, 70.
+
+    Lem'nos.
+      Island in the Grecian Archipelago;
+      Vulcan landed there, 144;
+      Philoctetes on, 330.
+
+    Ler'na.
+      Marsh where the Hydra lay concealed, 220.
+
+    Le'the.
+      River of forgetfulness, which separated the Elysian Fields from
+          Hades, 161, 163, 208, 210.
+
+    Le'to.
+      Same as Latona;
+      mother of Apollo and Diana, 61;
+      significance, 386, 388, 392, 394.
+
+    Leu-co'the-a.
+      Same as Ino, Athamas' wife;
+      sea goddess, 174;
+      Ulysses rescued by, 355.
+
+    Li'ber.
+      Same as Bacchus, god of wine and revelry, 174.
+
+    Lib-er-a'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Liber, or Bacchus, held in the autumn, 182.
+
+    Lib'y-a.
+      Ancient name of Africa;
+      coast upon which AEneas landed, 48, 366.
+
+    Li'chas.
+      Bearer of the Nessus robe;
+      slain by Hercules, 236-238.
+
+    Light.
+      Same as AEther, 13.
+
+    Lip'a-ri Islands.
+      Same as AEolian Islands, where Ulysses landed, 213.
+
+    Little Bear.
+      Arcas changed into the constellation of the, 52.
+
+    Lo'tis.
+      Nymph changed into a lotus blossom, 299.
+
+    Lo-toph'a-gi.
+      People whose food was the lotus;
+      the Lotus-eaters, 338.
+
+    Love.
+      Same as Eros, Cupid, etc., 13;
+      Psyche courted by, 124-127.
+
+    Loves.
+      Attendants of Venus, 148.
+
+    Lower Regions.
+      Visited by AEneas, 372.
+
+    Lu'nae.
+      Same as Diana, 207.
+
+    Lyc'i-a.
+      Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the
+          Chimaera, 291, 295.
+
+    Lyc-o-me'des.
+      King of Scyros;
+      treacherously slays Theseus, 262;
+      shelters Achilles, 314, 315.
+
+    Ly'cus.
+      Antiope's second husband;
+      slain by Amphion and Zethus, 80-82.
+
+    Lyd'i-a.
+      Kingdom of Midas, in Asia Minor, 177, 230.
+
+    Lyn'ceus.
+      Husband of Hypermnestra, who spared his life, 166.
+
+    Lyn'cus.
+      King of Scythia;
+      changed into a lynx by Ceres, 196.
+
+    Ly'ra.
+      Orpheus' lute;
+      placed in heavens as a constellation, 80.
+
+
+    Ma-cha'on.
+      Celebrated leech;
+      son of AEsculapius, 64;
+      Philoctetes healed by, 331.
+
+    Ma'ia.
+      Goddess of the plains;
+      mother of Mercury, 131;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Ma'nes.
+      Tutelary divinities of Roman households, with the Lares and
+          Penates, 203.
+
+    Mar-pes'sa.
+      Daughter of Evenus;
+      marries Idas, 155.
+
+    Mars.
+      Same as Ares;
+      son of Jupiter and Juno, 52;
+      god of war, 138-143;
+      Venus courted by, 106-108;
+      day of, 207;
+      descendants of, 377;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Mar'sy-as.
+      1. Shepherd who enters into competition with Apollo, 73, 74.
+      2. Name of river, 74.
+
+    Mar'ti-us, Cam'pus.
+      Roman exercising grounds, 143.
+
+    Mat-ro-na'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Juno, in Rome, 54.
+
+    Me-de'a.
+      Daughter of AEetes, 268, 269;
+      wife of Jason, 271, 273, 274;
+      wife of AEgeus, 252, 253;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Me'di-a.
+      Country in Asia Minor, where Medea took refuge, 253.
+
+    Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an.
+      Sea dividing world in two, 15.
+
+    Me-du'sa.
+      Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes, 242-249;
+      Neptune marries, 154;
+      Pegasus, offspring of, 294;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Me-gae'ra.
+      One of the Furies, Eumenides, or Erinnyes, 163.
+
+    Meg'a-ra.
+      First wife of Hercules, whose three children he burns in his
+          madness, 219;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Me-le-a'ger.
+      Son of Oeneus and Althaea;
+      leader of Calydonian Hunt, 275, 276;
+      significance, 392.
+
+    Me'li-an Nymphs.
+      Nymphs who nursed Jupiter in infancy, 21.
+
+    Mel-pom'e-ne.
+      One of the Muses;
+      presides over tragedy, 88.
+
+    Mem'phis.
+      Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, 136.
+
+    Men-e-la'us.
+      King of Sparta;
+      husband of Helen of Troy, 310-314;
+      Paris fights, 320;
+      return of, 335;
+      Telemachus visits, 357;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Men'e-ti-us.
+      One of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, 25.
+
+    Men'tor.
+      Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus, 357, 358.
+
+    Mer-cu-ra'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Mercury, the messenger god, 137.
+
+    Mer'cu-ry.
+      Same as Hermes;
+      son of Jupiter and Maia, 131-137;
+      Pandora guided by, 29, 31;
+      Jupiter's ally, 43;
+      Adonis guided by, 108;
+      Mars delivered by, 139;
+      Bacchus guarded by, 174;
+      Proserpina guided by, 195;
+      Lara loved by, 203;
+      day of, 207;
+      leader of dreams, 210;
+      Perseus helped by, 243;
+      Pan, son of, 300;
+      Protesilaus guided by, 317;
+      Priam led by, 329;
+      Ulysses aided by, 349, 354;
+      AEneas aided by, 369;
+      significance, 385, 386, 399, 400.
+
+    Mer'o-pe.
+      Daughter of Oenopion;
+      promised bride of Orion, 99.
+
+    Met-a-nei'ra.
+      Wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis;
+      mother of Triptolemus, 188.
+
+    Me'tis.
+      Daughter of Oceanus;
+      gives a potion to Cronus, 22.
+
+    Me'tus.
+      Attendant of Mars;
+      god of war and strife, 138.
+
+    Me-zen'ti-us.
+      Father of Lausus;
+      slain by AEneas, 376.
+
+    Mi'das.
+      King of Lydia, 74, 75;
+      changed all he touched to gold, 177-179.
+
+    Mi-la'ni-on.
+      Same as Hippomenes;
+      husband of Atalanta, 278.
+
+    Mi'lo.
+      Island where statue of Venus was found, 130.
+
+    Mi-ner'va.
+      Same as Athene, goddess of wisdom;
+      daughter of Jupiter, 55-60;
+      man given soul by, 27;
+      flute of, 73;
+      Vulcan wooes, 147;
+      contest of Neptune and, 152;
+      Medusa punished by, 242;
+      Perseus aided by, 243;
+      gift to, 249;
+      Argo built by, 266;
+      Bellerophon helped by, 292;
+      Juno and Venus dispute with, 306-308;
+      Ulysses aided by, 354-358;
+      significance, 395, 396.
+
+    Min-er-va'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Minerva, in Rome, 60.
+
+    Mi'nos.
+      1. King of Crete, 223;
+         father of Ariadne and Phaedra, 253, 256.
+      2. Son of Jupiter and Europa;
+         judge in Hades, 45, 163.
+
+    Min'o-taur.
+      Monster which Minos kept in the Labyrinth, 253-257;
+      significance, 391, 401.
+
+    Mne-mos'y-ne.
+      A Titanide, 17, 22;
+      goddess of memory;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of the Muses, 88.
+
+    Moe'rae.
+      The Fates, or Parcae, who spin, twist, and cut the thread of
+          life, 165.
+
+    Mor'pheus.
+      Prime minister of Somnus, god of sleep, 208, 212.
+
+    Mors.
+      Same as Thanatos, god of death, 208-212, 213.
+
+    Mo-sych'lus.
+      Mountain in Lemnos, where Vulcan fell from heaven, 144.
+
+    Mu-sag'e-tes.
+      Apollo's name when he led the choir of the Muses, 88.
+
+    Mu'ses, the Nine.
+      Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 73-75, 88-90;
+      mount of the, 294.
+
+    My-ce'nae.
+      Favorite city of Juno, with Sparta and Argos, 52;
+      Perseus exchanges Argos for, 249.
+
+    Myr'mi-dons.
+      Achilles' followers;
+      led by Patroclus, 324, 325;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Mys'ter-ies.
+      Religious rites celebrated in honor of the God of Wine, 182.
+
+    Myths.
+      Fabulous tales, 378-401.
+
+
+    Na-i'a-des.
+      Fountain nymphs subject to Neptune, 297, 298.
+
+    Na-pae'ae.
+      Valley nymphs, who looked after the flocks also, 297.
+
+    Nar-cis'sus.
+      Youth loved by Echo;
+      enamored with his own image, 118-120.
+
+    Nau-sic'a-a.
+      Daughter of Alcinous and Arete;
+      befriends Ulysses, 355.
+
+    Nax'os.
+      Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, 179, 257;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Nec'tar.
+      Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede, 41, 84.
+
+    Ne'leus.
+      Son of Neptune;
+      brother of Pelias, 154.
+
+    Ne'me-a.
+      Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, 220.
+
+    Ne'me-an Games.
+      Games in honor of Jupiter and Hercules, 239.
+
+    Ne'me-an Lion.
+      Monster slain by Hercules, 220.
+
+    Nem'e-sis.
+      Goddess of vengeance, 163;
+      pursues Orestes, 336.
+
+    Ne-op-tol'e-mus.
+      Same as Pyrrhus;
+      Achilles' son;
+      slays Priam, 361.
+
+    Neph'e-le.
+      Wife of Athamas;
+      mother of Phryxus and Helle, 265;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Nep'tune.
+      Same as Poseidon, god of the sea, 149-158;
+      son of Cronus, 22;
+      kingdom given to, 25;
+      Deluge controlled by, 36, 37;
+      horse created by, 57;
+      Delos created by, 62;
+      walls built by, 65;
+      Mars punished by, 139;
+      girl protected by, 197;
+      Vesta wooed by, 198;
+      Minos punished by, 223;
+      Pegasus created by, 244;
+      Hippolytus slain by, 262;
+      Thetis wooed by, 305;
+      Trojans punished by, 332, 333;
+      Polyphemus, son of, 339;
+      Ulysses' men slain by, 354, 355;
+      AEneas saved by, 366, 370;
+      significance, 397, 400.
+
+    Ne-re'i-des.
+      Water nymphs;
+      daughters of Nereus and Doris, 153, 155;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Ne're-us.
+      God of the sea;
+      the personification of its pleasant aspect, 154, 226;
+      father of Thetis, 305;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Nes'sus.
+      The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river;
+      slain by Hercules, 234, 235;
+      significance, 390.
+
+    Nes'tor.
+      Greek hero during Trojan war;
+      noted for wise counsel, 275, 314, 357.
+
+    Ni'ce.
+      Same as Victory;
+      attendant of Jupiter, 41.
+
+    Night.
+      Same as Nyx or Nox, 13, 15, 57, 208.
+
+    Nightmares.
+      Attendants of Somnus, crouching in his cave, 210.
+
+    Ni'o-be.
+      Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and
+          Diana, 93-96, 167;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    Ni'sus.
+      Youth who accompanies Euryalus to summon AEneas back to camp, 374.
+
+    No'man.
+      Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, 343, 344.
+
+    No'tus or Auster.
+      Southwest wind;
+      son of AEolus and Aurora, 213-215.
+
+    Nox.
+      Same as Nyx, goddess of night;
+      marries Chaos and Erebus, 13.
+
+    Nu'ma Pom-pil'i-us.
+      Second king of Rome;
+      built Vesta's temple, 200.
+
+    Nymphs.
+      Name given to female minor divinities, 297.
+
+    Ny-si'a-des.
+      Nymphs who cared for Bacchus, and form a constellation, 174.
+
+    Nyx.
+      Same as Nox, goddess of night;
+      mother of Day and Light, 13, 15, 17, 163.
+
+
+    O-ce-an'i-des.
+      Daughters of Oceanus;
+      nymphs of the ocean, 25, 103, 303;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    O-ce'a-nus.
+      1. River surrounding the earth, according to ancients, 15, 16, 229.
+      2. One of the Titans;
+         son of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 20, 22, 25, 149;
+         significance, 397.
+
+    O-cris'i-a.
+      A slave;
+      wife of Vulcan;
+      mother of Servius Tullius, 148.
+
+    O-dys'seus.
+      Same as Ulysses;
+      hero of the Odyssey, 337.
+
+    Od'ys-sey.
+      Epic poem of Homer on the adventures of Ulysses, 337.
+
+    Oed'i-pus.
+      Son of Laius and Jocasta;
+      King of Thebes, 280-290;
+      significance, 392, 393, 394.
+
+    Oe'neus.
+      Father of Meleager and Deianeira;
+      husband of Althaea, 232, 275.
+
+    Oe-no'ne.
+      Wife of Paris, son of Priam, 307, 308;
+      she dies on his funeral pyre, 331;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Oe-no'pi-on. Father of Merope;
+      blinds Orion, 99.
+
+    Oe'ta.
+      Mountain on whose summit Hercules builds his funeral pyre, 238.
+
+    O-gyg'i-a.
+      Island where Calypso detains Ulysses seven years, 354.
+
+    O-lym'pi-a.
+      City in Elis noted for its temple and games, 49, 230, 239.
+
+    O-lym'pi-ad.
+      Time between Olympian Games; i.e., four years, 49.
+
+    O-lym'pi-an Games.
+      Games instituted by Hercules in honor of Jupiter, 49, 230.
+
+    O-lym'pus.
+      Mountain north of Greece;
+      the abode of the gods, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 39, 51, 55,
+          58, 70, 76, 96, 106, 120, 128, 132, 135, 153, 171, 240, 297,
+          373, 375;
+      gods fly from, 24;
+      Prometheus visits, 28;
+      Ganymede transported to, 43;
+      Vulcan expelled from, 144;
+      Ceres visits, 194;
+      Bellerophon storms, 295;
+      Thetis visits, 319;
+      significance, 384.
+
+    Om'pha-le.
+      Queen of Lydia;
+      the taskmistress of Hercules, 230.
+
+    O-ne-i-co-pom'pus.
+      Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, 131, 137.
+
+    Ops.
+      Same as Cybele;
+      name given to Rhea, and also to Ceres, 20.
+
+    O-re'a-des.
+      Mountain nymphs who guided travelers, 297.
+
+    O-res'tes.
+      Son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra;
+      friend of Pylades, 336.
+
+    O-ri'on.
+      Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, 98-100.
+
+    Or-i-thy'i-a.
+      Wife of Boreas;
+      mother of Calais, Zetus, Cleopatra, and Chione, 215.
+
+    Or'pheus.
+      Musician;
+      son of Apollo and Calliope, 75-80, 266;
+      significance, 387, 388.
+
+    Os'sa.
+      Mountain in Thessaly, upon which the Titans piled Pelion, 23.
+
+    O'tus.
+      Giant son of Neptune;
+      slain by Diana and Apollo, 139, 154;
+      significance, 400.
+
+
+    Pac-to'lus.
+      River in Asia Minor in which Midas washed, to remove his golden
+          plague, 179.
+
+    Pa-lae'mon.
+      Son of Athamas and Ino;
+      changed into sea god, 174.
+
+    Pal-a-me'des.
+      Messenger sent to summon Ulysses to war against Troy, 312.
+
+    Pal-i-nu'rus.
+      AEneas' pilot;
+      lost at sea off Cape Misenum, 370, 372.
+
+    Pal-la'di-um.
+      Statue of Minerva, 60;
+      stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, 198, 332.
+
+    Pal'las.
+      1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, 27, 55, 57.
+      2. Son of Evander;
+         slain by Turnus while fighting for AEneas, 374, 375.
+
+    Pal'lor.
+      Special attendant of Mars;
+      lover of strife, 138.
+
+    Pan.
+      Same as Consentes, god of nature and the universe, 74, 127, 300, 301;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Pan-ath-e-nae'a.
+      Festivals held in honor of Minerva, 60.
+
+    Pan-do'ra.
+      First woman;
+      created in heaven, she brings evil into the world, 29-35, 37.
+
+    Par'cae.
+      The Fates, or Moerae;
+      they spin the thread of destiny, 165.
+
+    Par'is.
+      Son of Priam and Hecuba, 307;
+      judgment of, 308;
+      visits Troy, 308, 310;
+      elopes with Helen, 312;
+      duel with Menelaus, 320;
+      in battle, 323;
+      Achilles slain by, 330;
+      death of, 331;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Par-nas'sus.
+      Mountain in Greece, 37, 38;
+      sacred to Apollo and the Muses, 90.
+
+    Par-the'ni-um.
+      Mountain upon which Atalanta was exposed, 275.
+
+    Par'the-non.
+      Temple dedicated to Minerva at Athens, 60.
+
+    Pa-tro'clus.
+      Friend of Achilles;
+      slain by Hector, 324-328;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Peg'a-sus.
+      Steed born from the sea foam and the blood of Medusa, 154, 244;
+      Bellerophon rides, 292-296;
+      significance, 394, 397.
+
+    Pe'leus.
+      Husband of Thetis;
+      father of Achilles, 266, 275, 305, 314.
+
+    Pe'li-as.
+      Uncle of Jason;
+      brother of Neleus, 154;
+      usurps the throne of AEson, 263-266, 273.
+
+    Pe'li-on.
+      A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to
+          reach Olympus, 23, 266.
+
+    Pel-o-pon-ne'sus.
+      The peninsula south of Greece, 49, 167.
+
+    Pe'lops.
+      Son of Tantalus;
+      gave his name to the Peloponnesus, 167;
+      father of Copreus, 153;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Pe-na'tes.
+      Household gods worshiped in Rome with the Lares, 203, 204;
+      AEneas saves the, 362.
+
+    Pe-nel'o-pe.
+      1. Wife of Ulysses, 312;
+         suitors of, 357-359;
+         significance, 395.
+      2. A nymph, the mother of Pan, 300.
+
+    Pe-ne'us.
+      1. River god;
+         father of Daphne;
+         changes Daphne into a laurel.
+      2. Name of a river in Greece, 68.
+
+    Pen-the-si-le'a.
+      Queen of Amazons;
+      slain during Trojan war, 329.
+
+    Pen'theus.
+      King of Thebes;
+      refuses to receive Bacchus, and is slain, 181, 182.
+
+    Per-i-phe'tes.
+      Son of Vulcan, 148;
+      encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.
+
+    Per-seph'o-ne.
+      Same as Proserpina, goddess of vegetation, 183, 187, 194.
+
+    Per'seus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Danae;
+      slays Medusa, 240-249;
+      significance, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395.
+
+    Pet'a-sus.
+      Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, 134.
+
+    Phae-a'ci-ans.
+      People who dwelt in Scheria, and sent Ulysses home, 355;
+      significance, 395.
+
+    Phae'dra.
+      Daughter of Minos;
+      wife of Theseus, 262;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Pha'e-ton.
+      Son of Apollo and Clymene;
+      drives the sun car, and is slain, 83-88;
+      significance, 388, 395.
+
+    Pha-e-tu'sa.
+      Sister of Phaeton;
+      one of the Heliades, 87;
+      Apollo's flocks guarded by, 353.
+
+    Phe-re-phat'ta.
+      Name given to Persephone, or Proserpina, 183.
+
+    Phid'i-as.
+      Noted Greek sculptor;
+      made statues of the gods, 49, 60.
+
+    Phi-le'mon.
+      Husband of Baucis;
+      changed into an oak, 43, 44.
+
+    Phil-oc-te'tes.
+      Friend of Hercules;
+      receives his arrows, 238, 330, 331.
+
+    Phi-lon'o-e.
+      Daughter of Iobates;
+      wife of Bellerophon, 292;
+      significance, 394.
+
+    Phin'e-us.
+      The blind king of Thrace;
+      annoyed by the Harpies, 248, 249, 267.
+
+    Phleg'e-thon.
+      One of the rivers of Hades;
+      a river of fire, 161, 163, 350.
+
+    Pho'bos.
+      One of the attendants of Mars, god of war, 138.
+
+    Pho'cis.
+      Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of
+          Corinth, 336.
+
+    Phoe'be.
+      One of the Titanides, 17, 20;
+      same as Diana, 93.
+
+    Phoe'bus.
+      Name given to Apollo, god of the sun and of medicine, 61, 67,
+          90, 94, 96, 318;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Phoe-nic'i-a.
+      Province in Asia Minor, named after Phoenix, 47;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Phoe'nix.
+      Brother of Europa, who gave his name to Phoenicia, 45, 47.
+
+    Phryx'us.
+      Son of Athamas and Nephele;
+      rides on golden-fleeced ram to Colchis, 154, 265;
+      significance, 391, 397.
+
+    Pi-re'ne.
+      Fountain near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, 294.
+
+    Pi-rith'o-us.
+      King of the Lapithae;
+      friend of Theseus, 259, 260, 275.
+
+    Ple'ia-des.
+      Seven of Diana's nymphs;
+      pursued by Orion and changed into stars, 98.
+
+    Plu'to.
+      Same as Hades, Dis, Aidoneus, etc., 159-170;
+      god of the Infernal Regions, 25, 76, 77, 79, 110, 208, 350;
+      birth of, 22;
+      Proserpina kidnapped by, 183-187;
+      Arethusa sees, 193;
+      Ceres visits, 195;
+      Perseus aided by, 243;
+      Theseus punished by, 260;
+      significance, 396, 401.
+
+    Plu'tus.
+      Name given to Pluto when invoked as god of wealth, 159.
+
+    Pod-a-lir'i-us.
+      Son of AEsculapius;
+      skilled in medicine, 64.
+
+    Po-dar'ces.
+      Same as Priam, King of Troy;
+      slain by Pyrrhus, 152.
+
+    Po-li'tes.
+      Last of Priam's sons;
+      slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, 361.
+
+    Pol'lux.
+      Son of Jupiter and Leda;
+      brother of Castor, Helen, and Clytaemnestra, 260, 266, 275, 278, 279.
+
+    Pol'y-bus.
+      King of Corinth;
+      adopted Oedipus when forsaken by the servant, 280-282.
+
+    Pol-y-dec'tes.
+      King of Seriphus;
+      sends Perseus in quest of Medusa, 242, 249.
+
+    Pol-y-do'rus.
+      Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace;
+      his grave discovered by AEneas, 363.
+
+    Pol-y-hym'ni-a.
+      Muse of rhetoric;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 90.
+
+    Pol-y-ni'ces.
+      Son of Oedipus, 285;
+      slain by Eteocles, 287;
+      buried by Antigone, 288.
+
+    Pol-y-phe'mus.
+      Giant son of Neptune, 154;
+      Ulysses visits, 339-346;
+      Galatea loved by, 341;
+      blinded by Ulysses, 344;
+      Achemenides escapes from, 365.
+
+    Po-lyx'e-na.
+      Daughter of Priam;
+      affianced wife of Achilles, 330.
+
+    Po-mo'na.
+      Goddess of the orchards;
+      wife of Vertumnus, 303.
+
+    Pon'tus.
+      Name given to the sea when first created, 13, 15.
+
+    Po-sei'don.
+      Same as Neptune, god of the sea and of horse trainers, 149.
+
+    Po'thos.
+      God of the amities of love;
+      one of the numerous attendants of Venus, 106.
+
+    Pri'am.
+      Same as Podarces, 152;
+      King of Troy, 307;
+      Paris received by, 310;
+      duel witnessed by, 320;
+      Hector, son of, 325;
+      Hector's death seen by, 328;
+      Mercury leads, 329;
+      Polyxena, daughter of, 330;
+      death of, 335, 361.
+
+    Pri-a'pus.
+      God of the shade;
+      pursues the nymph Lotis, 299, 301.
+
+    Pro'cris.
+      Wife of Cephalus;
+      slain by his unerring javelin, 70, 71;
+      significance, 387, 389.
+
+    Pro-crus'tes (The Stretcher).
+      Encountered and slain by Theseus, 252.
+
+    Proe'tus.
+      Husband of Anteia, and kinsman of Bellerophon, 291, 292.
+
+    Pro-me'theus (Forethought).
+      Son of Iapetus;
+      man created by, 25;
+      Olympus visited by, 27;
+      chained to Caucasian Mountains, 28;
+      Hercules delivers, 28, 227;
+      Deucalion, son of, 37;
+      significance, 379, 398.
+
+    Pro-ser'pi-na.
+      Same as Proserpine and Persephone;
+      goddess of vegetation, 183-197;
+      Orpheus visits, 77;
+      Adonis welcomed by, 110;
+      Pluto kidnaps, 159;
+      emblem of death, 212;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Pro-tes-i-la'us.
+      First Greek who landed on Trojan coast, 316, 317.
+
+    Pro'teus.
+      Inferior sea divinity;
+      shepherd of the deep, 156;
+      Menelaus consults, 336;
+      significance, 381.
+
+    Psy'che.
+      Fair princess loved by Cupid;
+      the emblem of the soul, 121-130;
+      significance, 381.
+
+    Psy-cho-pom'pus.
+      Name given to Mercury as leader of souls to Hades, 131, 137.
+
+    Pyg-ma'li-on.
+      1. Celebrated sculptor, who loves a statue, 120, 121.
+      2. Brother of Dido;
+         murderer of Sychaeus, Dido's husband, 366.
+
+    Pyg'mies.
+      Race of small people in Africa;
+      defended by Antaeus, 227, 228.
+
+    Pyl'a-des.
+      Son of Strophius;
+      intimate friend of Orestes, 336.
+
+    Pyr'a-mus.
+      Faithful lover of Thisbe;
+      commits suicide, 117, 118.
+
+    Pyr'rha.
+      Wife of Deucalion;
+      the only woman who survives the Flood, 37, 38.
+
+    Pyr'rhus.
+      Same as Neoptolemus;
+      son of Achilles, 361.
+
+    Pyth'e-us.
+      Surname given to Apollo as python slayer, 61, 65.
+
+    Pyth'i-a.
+      Name given to Apollo's priestess at Delphi, 91.
+
+    Pyth'i-an Games.
+      Games celebrated at Delphi every three years, 91.
+
+    Py'thon.
+      Serpent born of the Deluge slime;
+      slain by Apollo, 65-67;
+      significance, 387, 400.
+
+
+    Quin-qua'tri-a.
+      Festivals in honor of the goddess Minerva, 60.
+
+    Quir'i-nal.
+      One of the seven hills on which Rome is built, 142.
+
+    Quir-i-na'li-a.
+      Festivals in Rome in honor of Quirinus, 142.
+
+    Qui-ri'nus.
+      Name given to Romulus when deified, 142.
+
+
+    Re-gil'lus.
+      Lake in Italy where occurred the battle in which the Dioscuri
+          were supposed to assist, 279.
+
+    Re'mus.
+      Son of Mars and Ilia;
+      twin brother of Romulus, 140-142, 377.
+
+    Rhad-a-man'thus.
+      Son of Jupiter and Europa;
+      judge in Hades, 45, 163.
+
+    Rhe'a.
+      Female Titan;
+      daughter of Uranus and Gaea, 17;
+      wife of Cronus, 18;
+      Jupiter saved by, 20;
+      Corybantes, priests of, 21;
+      Cronus defeated by, 22;
+      Juno, daughter of, 51;
+      Pluto, son of, 159;
+      Ceres, daughter of, 183;
+      Vesta, daughter of, 198;
+      significance, 396.
+
+    Rhodes.
+      Island in the Mediterranean, where the Colossus stood, 91.
+
+    Rome.
+      City founded by Romulus;
+      it comprises seven hills, 142.
+
+    Rom'u-lus.
+      Son of Mars and Ilia;
+      founder of Rome, 140, 142, 372, 377.
+
+    Ru'tu-les.
+      Nation in Italy, governed by Turnus, 374, 375.
+
+
+    Sa-git-ta'ri-us.
+      The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught
+          Hercules, 221.
+
+    Sa-la'ci-a.
+      Same as Amphitrite;
+      wife of Neptune, 154.
+
+    Sa'li-i.
+      Priests appointed to watch the sacred shields in Rome, 143.
+
+    Sal-mo'neus.
+      King who wished to emulate Jupiter, 168.
+
+    Sar-pe'don.
+      Son of Jupiter and Europa, 45;
+      slain during the Trojan war, 325.
+
+    Sat'urn, or Cronus.
+      Son of Uranus and Gaea, 18;
+      father of Jupiter, 20;
+      Italy ruled by, 23, 35;
+      husband of Rhea, 25;
+      day of, 207.
+
+    Sa'tyrs.
+      Male divinities of the woods, half man, half goat, 300.
+
+    Scae'an Gate.
+      Gate which led from Troy to the plain, 321.
+
+    Sci'ron.
+      Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth, 251, 252.
+
+    Scyl'la.
+      Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of
+          same name, 352, 353, 365.
+
+    Scy'ros.
+      Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by
+          Achilles and Theseus, 262.
+
+    Scyth'i-a.
+      Country north of the Euxine Sea, 196.
+
+    Seasons.
+      The four daughters of Jupiter and Themis, 105.
+
+    Sec'u-lar Games.
+      Games in honor of Pluto every hundred years, 160.
+
+    Se-le'ne.
+      Name given to Diana as moon goddess, 93;
+      significance, 388, 389.
+
+    Sem'e-le.
+      Daughter of Cadmus;
+      wife of Jupiter;
+      mother of Bacchus, 171-174;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Se-ri'phus.
+      Island where Danae and Perseus were cast ashore, 242, 249.
+
+    Ser'vi-us Tul'li-us.
+      Sixth king of Rome;
+      son of Vulcan and Ocrisia, 148.
+
+    Ses'tus.
+      City opposite Abydus;
+      the home of Hero, 111, 112, 116.
+
+    Seven Wonders of the World, 49, 91.
+
+    Sheet-lightning.
+      Same as Arges, 18.
+
+    Sib'yl.
+      Prophetess of Cumae, who led AEneas down to the infernal Regions,
+          370-372.
+
+    Si-ca'ni-a.
+      Land where Anchises died;
+      visited twice by AEneas, 365.
+
+    Sic'i-ly.
+      Island home of Polyphemus;
+      visited by Arion, 82;
+      visited by Proserpina, 183;
+      visited by Ulysses, 339;
+      visited by AEneas, 365, 370.
+
+    Si-le'nus.
+      Tutor of Bacchus;
+      generally represented on an ass, 174-177, 300.
+
+    Sil-va'nus.
+      God of the woods;
+      one of the lesser Roman divinities, 301.
+
+    Silver Age.
+      Second age of the ancient world, 35.
+
+    Sil'vi-a.
+      Daughter of Latin shepherd;
+      her stag was wounded by Iulus, 373.
+
+    Si'nis (The Pine-bender).
+      Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, 251.
+
+    Si'non.
+      Greek slave, who advised the Trojans to secure the wooden horse,
+          332, 335.
+
+    Sip'y-lus.
+      Mountain where stood the statue of Niobe, 94.
+
+    Si'rens.
+      Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs, 350-352;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Sir'i-us.
+      Favorite dog of Orion;
+      a constellation, 98, 100.
+
+    Sis'y-phus.
+      King condemned to roll a rock in Tartarus to the top of a steep
+          hill, 77, 167;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Sol.
+      Name frequently given to Apollo as god of the sun, 61.
+
+    Som'nus.
+      God of sleep;
+      the child of Nox, and twin brother of Mors, 208-212.
+
+    Spar'ta.
+      Capital of Lacedaemon;
+      favorite city of Juno, 52;
+      home of Menelaus, 310-312.
+
+    Sphinx.
+      Riddle-giving monster;
+      slain by Oedipus, 283-285;
+      significance, 393, 401.
+
+    Stel'li-o.
+      Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina, 197.
+
+    Ster'o-pes (Lightning).
+      One of the Cyclopes;
+      son of Uranus and Gaea, 18.
+
+    Sthe'no.
+      One of the three Gorgon sisters, immortal, like Euryale, 242.
+
+    Stroph'a-des.
+      Islands where the Harpies took refuge when driven from Thrace, 267;
+      AEneas visits the, 364.
+
+    Stro'phi-us.
+      Father of Pylades;
+      shelters Orestes, 336.
+
+    Stym-pha'lus.
+      Lake upon whose banks Hercules slew the brazen-clawed birds, 226.
+
+    Styx.
+      River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most
+          sacred oaths, 43, 77, 84, 161, 172;
+      Achilles bathed in the, 314.
+
+    Su-a-de'la.
+      One of Venus' train of attendants;
+      god of the soft speech of love, 106.
+
+    Sy-chae'us.
+      King of Tyre;
+      husband of Dido;
+      murdered by Pygmalion, 366.
+
+    Sym-pleg'a-des.
+      Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, 268.
+
+    Sy'rinx.
+      Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, 300, 301.
+
+
+    Taen'a-rum, or Taen'a-rus.
+      The Greek entrance to Hades on Cimmerian coast, 160, 229.
+
+    Ta-la'ri-a.
+      Mercury's winged sandals, given by the gods, 134.
+
+    Ta'lus.
+      Brazen giant;
+      son of Vulcan;
+      the watchman of Minos, 256, 257.
+
+    Tan'ta-lus.
+      Father of Pelops;
+      condemned to hunger and thirst in Hades, 77, 93, 167;
+      significance, 389, 390.
+
+    Tar'ta-rus.
+      Abyss under the earth, where the Titans, etc., were confined,
+          17, 18, 22, 25;
+      Orpheus' music heard in, 77;
+      wicked in, 161-169;
+      significance, 385, 391.
+
+    Tau'ris.
+      Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, 316;
+      visited by Orestes, 336.
+
+    Tel'a-mon.
+      Husband of Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, 152.
+
+    Te-lem'a-chus.
+      Son of Ulysses and Penelope, 312;
+      adventures of, 357, 358.
+
+    Tel-e-phas'sa.
+      Wife of Agenor;
+      mother of Europa, 47;
+      significance, 386.
+
+    Tel'lus.
+      Same as Gaea;
+      name given to Rhea, 13.
+
+    Ten'e-dos.
+      Island off the coast of Troy, 332, 335.
+
+    Terp-sich'o-re.
+      Muse of dancing;
+      daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88.
+
+    Ter'ra.
+      Same as Gaea, goddess of the earth, 13.
+
+    Teu'cer.
+      Ancient king of the Trojans, 364.
+
+    Tha-li'a.
+      1. One of the three Graces;
+         daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, 105.
+      2. One of the nine Muses;
+         Muse of comedy, 88.
+
+    Than'a-tos.
+      Same as Mors, god of death, 208.
+
+    Thebes.
+      Capital of Boeotia;
+      founded by Cadmus, 47, 48;
+      Amphion, king of, 80-82;
+      Athamas, king of, 174;
+      Pentheus, king of, 181;
+      Oedipus, king of, 280-290.
+
+    The'mis.
+      One of the six female Titans, 17, 22;
+      goddess of justice, 44, 105, 107, 163.
+
+    The-oph'a-ne.
+      Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, 153.
+
+    The'seus.
+      Son of AEgeus and AEthra;
+      hero of Athens, 179, 250-262, 266, 275;
+      significance, 391, 393.
+
+    Thes-mo-pho'ri-a.
+      Festivals in Greece in honor of Ceres, 196.
+
+    Thes'sa-ly.
+      A province of Greece, 311;
+      fight of the gods in, 23;
+      Admetus, king of, 64;
+      Ceyx, king of, 211;
+      AEson, king of, 263, 273;
+      Protesilaus of, 316.
+
+    The'tis.
+      1. Mother of Achilles, 314;
+         a sea nymph, 20.
+      2. One of the Titanides, 17;
+         marriage feast of, 305, 306;
+         Olympus visited by, 319;
+         Achilles comforted by, 325;
+         Achilles' armor brought by, 326-328;
+         Achilles instructed by, 329.
+
+    This'be.
+      Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, 117, 118.
+
+    Thrace.
+      Country on the Black Sea;
+      the home of Mars, 138, 223, 267, 363;
+      significance, 400.
+
+    Thyr'sus.
+      The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus, 182.
+
+    Ti'ber.
+      River in Italy, 200, 202, 205;
+      AEneas sails up the, 363, 372, 374.
+
+    Ti-re'si-as.
+      The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore, 350, 353.
+
+    Ti-siph'o-ne.
+      One of the three Furies, or Eumenides, 163, 165, 174.
+
+    Ti-tan'i-des.
+      The six daughters of Uranus and Gaea, 17.
+
+    Ti'tans.
+      Name given to the six sons of Uranus and Gaea, 17, 18;
+      revolt of, 22, 23, 25;
+      significance, 398.
+
+    Ti-tho'nus.
+      Trojan prince who visited Aurora, 90.
+
+    Tit'y-us.
+      Giant in Tartarus, whose prostrate body covered nine acres, 169.
+
+    Tra-chin'i-a.
+      Land where Hercules died, 216.
+
+    Tri-na'cri-a.
+      Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun,
+          353, 354.
+
+    Trip-tol'e-mus.
+      Nursling and protege of Ceres, 188, 196.
+
+    Tri'ton.
+      Son of Neptune and Amphitrite;
+      father of the Tritons, 154, 303;
+      significance, 397.
+
+    Troe-ze'ne.
+      Ancient city in Argolis, 152;
+      birthplace of Theseus, 250, 251;
+      significance, 391.
+
+    Tro'jans.
+      Inhabitants of Troy, 316-335, 360-376.
+
+    Troy.
+      City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam;
+      war of, 305-336.
+
+    Tuc'ci-a.
+      Vestal virgin who stood the test of purity, 200.
+
+    Tur'nus.
+      Chief of the Rutules;
+      wars against AEneas, 372-377.
+
+    Tus'cans.
+      People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander;
+      allies of AEneas, 374, 375.
+
+    Tyn-da're-us.
+      Stepfather of Helen;
+      binds her suitors by oath, 311.
+
+    Ty-phoe'us.
+      Same as Typhon;
+      monster sent to dethrone Jupiter, 23, 24.
+
+    Tyre.
+      City in Phoenicia, governed by Sychaeus and Dido, 366.
+
+
+    U-lys'ses.
+      Same as Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey;
+      King of Ithaca, 214, 312, 315, 330, 332;
+      adventures of, 337-359;
+      significance, 386, 395.
+
+    U-ra'ni-a.
+      Muse of astronomy, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 88, 90.
+
+    U'ra-nus (Heaven).
+      Husband of Gaea, created by her, 15, 17, 18;
+      significance, 385.
+
+
+    Ve'nus.
+      Same as Aphrodite, goddess of beauty, 103-130;
+      day of, 207;
+      Hippomenes aided by, 278;
+      Juno and Minerva dispute with, 306-308;
+      Paris advised by, 310, 312;
+      Paris saved by, 320;
+      AEneas, son of, 360, 362, 366, 367, 370, 372, 376;
+      significance, 389.
+
+    Ver-tum'nus.
+      God of the orchards;
+      loved by Pomona, 303.
+
+    Ves'ta.
+      Same as Hestia, goddess of fire and of the family hearth, 198-204;
+      birth of, 22;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Ves-ta'li-a.
+      Festivals in honor of Vesta, held in Rome, 202.
+
+    Ves'tals.
+      Virgins dedicated to the service of Vesta, 200-202, 377.
+
+    Vic-to'ri-a.
+      Same as Nice, goddess of victory, 41.
+
+    Vol'scians.
+      Tribe in Italy who join the Rutules against AEneas, 373, 374, 376.
+
+    Vul'can.
+      Same as Hephaestus, god of the forge, 144-148;
+      Jupiter's head cleft by, 55;
+      Venus, wife of, 106, 107;
+      armor made by, 326, 374;
+      significance, 399.
+
+    Vul-ca-na'li-a.
+      Festivals celebrated in honor of Vulcan, 148.
+
+
+    Zeph'y-rus.
+      God of the south wind;
+      son of AEolus and Aurora, 213;
+      Hyacinthus slain by, 67;
+      Venus conducted by, 105;
+      Psyche saved by, 122, 128;
+      Flora, wife of, 301.
+
+    Ze'tes.
+      Son of Boreas and Orithyia;
+      took part in Argonautic expedition, and drove away Harpies, 215.
+
+    Ze'thus.
+      Twin brother of Amphion;
+      son of Jupiter and Antiope, 80-82.
+
+    Zeus.
+      Same as Jupiter;
+      father of the gods, 39;
+      significance, 379, 385, 388, 395.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Variations in spelling of proper nouns are preserved as printed.
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation and accent
+usage has been made consistent.
+
+Page 260--capitivity amended to captivity--"... came to Athens,
+delivered her from captivity, ..."
+
+The transcriptions of the genealogical table have been added by the
+transcriber for the convenience of the reader. Please note that the
+original table stated erroneously that Hemera was male and AEther was
+female. This has been corrected in the transcriptions.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths of Greece and Rome, by H. A. Guerber
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